https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=DyanLeMessurier 2026-08-03T00:55:08Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doom_Dooma_Assembly_constituency&diff=497590 2026-05-05T04:27:05Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Doom Dooma<br /> | constituency_no = 82<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = Doom Dooma Assembly constituency map 2023.svg<br /> | state = [[Assam]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2026<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | district = [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = File:Rupesh Gowala.jpg<br /> | mla = [[Rupesh Gowala]]<br /> | party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> | alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br /> | electors = <br /> }}<br /> '''Doom Dooma Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of [[India]]. [[Doom Dooma]] is also part of [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Details==<br /> <br /> Following are details on Doom Dooma (Vidhan Sabha constituency):<br /> <br /> *'''Country''': India.<br /> * '''State''': Assam.<br /> * '''District''': Tinsukia district.<br /> * '''Lok Sabha Constituency''': Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency.<br /> * '''Area Includes''': Doom Dooma M.B., Hapjan Dev. Block(Part), Kakopather Dev. Block(Part).<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Election<br /> !Member<br /> !Party affiliation<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> !Harihar Chowdhury<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Molia Tati<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Dileswar Tanti]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> ![[Durga Bhumij]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> ![[Dilip Moran]]<br /> ![[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> ![[Durga Bhumij]]<br /> ![[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Rupesh Gowala]]<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> ||[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election Results==<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Doom Dooma}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rupesh Gowala]]|party=National Democratic Alliance|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Durga Bhumij]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Doom Dooma}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Durga Bhumij]]<br /> |votes = 46,938<br /> |percentage = 45.39<br /> |change = +13.82<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Dilip Moran]]<br /> |votes = 46,156<br /> |percentage = 44.64<br /> |change = +7.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Hrishikesh Baruah<br /> |votes = 1,481<br /> |percentage = 1.43<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = JCP<br /> |candidate = Monoj Sawashi<br /> |votes = 1,443<br /> |percentage = 1.39<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Rajesh Karmakar<br /> |votes = 1,441<br /> |percentage = 1.39<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Sarfaraz Alam<br /> |votes = 846<br /> |percentage = 0.81<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Isab Hussain<br /> |votes = 642<br /> |percentage = 0.62<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Ranjit Gorh<br /> |votes = 571<br /> |percentage = 0.55<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Bhabakanta Chutia<br /> |votes = 557<br /> |percentage = 0.53<br /> |change = -4.22<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 3,317<br /> |percentage = 3.20<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 782<br /> |percentage = 0.75<br /> |change = -4.68<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,03,392<br /> |percentage = 83.58<br /> |change = +12.31<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,23,696<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Doom Dooma}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Dilip Moran]]<br /> |votes = 31,709<br /> |percentage = 37.00<br /> |change = +11.94<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Rupesh Gowala]]<br /> |votes = 27,053<br /> |percentage = 31.57<br /> |change = +4.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = [[Durga Bhumij]]<br /> |votes = 16,971<br /> |percentage = 19.80<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Bhabakanta Chutia<br /> |votes = 4,072<br /> |percentage = 4.75<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Asom Gana Parishad<br /> |candidate = Manoj Manki<br /> |votes = 2,944<br /> |percentage = 3.44<br /> |change = -10.87<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha<br /> |candidate = Bhagawan Tanti<br /> |votes = 1,510<br /> |percentage = 1.76<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |candidate = Bharat Yadav<br /> |votes = 1,432<br /> |percentage = 1.67<br /> |change = +0.42<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 4,656<br /> |percentage = 5.43<br /> |change = +3.18<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 85,691<br /> |percentage = 71.27<br /> |change = -0.21<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,20,233<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2006: Doom Dooma}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Durga Bhumij]]<br /> |votes = 24,255<br /> |percentage = 27.31<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Dilip Moran]]<br /> |votes = 22,259<br /> |percentage = 25.06<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = [[Dileswar Tanti]]<br /> |votes = 17,299<br /> |percentage = 19.48<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Asom Gana Parishad<br /> |candidate = Naren Hazarika<br /> |votes = 12,709<br /> |percentage = 14.31<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Ranjoy Tanti<br /> |votes = 5,119<br /> |percentage = 5.76<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Juga Arandhara<br /> |votes = 3,466<br /> |percentage = 3.90<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Deva Barman<br /> |votes = 1,611<br /> |percentage = 1.81<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |candidate = Bulbul Gowala<br /> |votes = 1,110<br /> |percentage = 1.25<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = AGP(P)<br /> |candidate = Ratna Bordoloi<br /> |votes = 995<br /> |percentage = 1.12<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 1,996<br /> |percentage = 2.25<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 88,823<br /> |percentage = 71.48<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,24,267<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Doom Dooma]]<br /> * [[Tinsukia district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Tinsukia district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaimbwala&diff=507437 2026-05-01T06:36:01Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: Done...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Kaimbwala<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | image_seal = <br /> | government_type = [[Union territory]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Municipal corporation]]<br /> | postal_code = 160103<br /> | governing_body = [[Municipal Corporation Chandigarh]]<br /> | leader_title1 = Adviser to the Administrator<br /> | leader_name1 = Dharam Pal<br /> | leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]]<br /> | leader_name2 = [[Kirron Kher]], [[BJP]]<br /> | leader_title3 = Mayor<br /> | leader_name3 = Sarbjit Kaur, [[BJP]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Chandigarh: Sarabjit is new Mayor as BJP gets ahead of AAP by one vote |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/bjp-wins-chandigarh-mayor-polls-aap-cries-foul-7712913/ |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=9 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader_title4 = Municipal Councillor<br /> | leader_name4 = Jaswinder Kaur, AAP<br /> | area_total_acre = 899<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | area_code = +91 172<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | population_total = 6050<br /> | settlement_type = [[Village]] in [[Union territory|UT]], [[Chandigarh]]<br /> | population_demonym = Chandigarhwala, Chandigarhwale, Chandigarhian, Kaimbwalaala or Kaimbwalaale<br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-CH]]<br /> | registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|CH-01 (Current), CH-02 (Commercial Vehicles &amp; Taxis), PB-01(Taxis to Chandigarh)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Used Cars in Mumbai – Second Hand Cars in Mumbai for Sale |url=https://www.cars24.com/rto-vehicle-registration-details-punjab-pb-01/ |website=Cars24 |access-date=17 August 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website = {{URL|chandigarh.gov.in/}}<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics_type1 = [[Language]]<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in IndiaA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=8 July 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Spoken<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|30.7545|76.8224|type:_region:|display=inline,title}}<br /> | leader_name5 = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Chandigarh#India<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = 72.19%<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kaimbwala'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village {{!}} Chandigarh {{!}} India |url=https://chandigarhdistrict.nic.in/village-list/ |access-date=2023-07-31 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; is a Non Sectoral Village in Northern Periphery&lt;ref&gt;[https://chandigarh.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/villages.pdf Villages] chandigarh.gov.in&lt;/ref&gt; (now under local civic body [[Municipal Corporation Chandigarh]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=13 UT villages set to come under MC |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/13-ut-villages-set-to-come-under-mc-668406 |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; situated near foothills of the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivaliks]] and [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab &amp; Haryana High Court]] in [[Chandigarh district]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village {{!}} Chandigarh {{!}} India |url=https://chandigarhdistrict.nic.in/village-list/ |access-date=9 May 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509161120/https://chandigarhdistrict.nic.in/village-list/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Chandigarh]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The history of the settlement is rather vague. It is however learnt that about three to four centuries ago a family of [[Gurjar|Gujjars]] belonging to Bhainsi gotra established the settlement of Kaimbwala&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2020 |title=चंडीगढ़ बसने से पहले ही बन गया था कैंबवाला, यह कैचमैंट में कैसे आ गया? |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/chandigarh/news/kaimbwala-1138366 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=punjabkesari}}&lt;/ref&gt; by clearing open forest of Kaimb trees, hence the acquired the name of Kaimbwala and [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] became the dominant caste of the Village. It is further believed that an ancestor of Bhainsi gotra was awarded a piece of land by the ruler of the State of [[Mani Majra]] for his loyalty to the king. With the passage of time, [[Gurjar|Gujjars]] belonging to the [[Hindus|Hindu]] religion with sub-caste Kalas, Manne, Gore, Chechi, Mokar, Mogria, and Baharwal. Kataria, VANNA, VANNE (awana) and Poswal migrated and fused with the settlement. The process was facilitated by the matrimonial alliances between various Gujjar gotras, purchase of land, donation of land occupation by legal manipulation and allotment by the Government. Apart from the ethnic attraction, the migrants found habitation ideal for their cattle since the foothills provided desirable grazing land. The most prominent profession of the earlier settlers is said to be rearing goats and sheep.&lt;ref&gt;[http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3315/1/28763_1981_CEN.pdf Linguistic Survey of India]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is believed that Kaimbwala was a part of the revenue estate of Kansal, in the 19th century. The village was detached from Kansal in 1852 by one Kale Rai, the then, widely acclaimed Consolidation Officer. The elders in the village could recall lineage up to five to six generations as such the settlement could be around three to four centuries old.&lt;ref&gt;Survey Report on Village, Kaimbwala, Part -X C, Series-26, Chandigarh http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3318/1/29504_1981_KAL.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography and ecology ==<br /> <br /> === Location ===<br /> Kaimbwala is one of the 27 villages which form the rural ring around the city of [[Chandigarh]]. The village falls in the [[Mani Majra]] [[Revenue block|Patwar Circle]] and has Chandigarh for its [[tehsil]] and [[district]] headquarters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Central Goods &amp; Service Tax Division I {{!}} Official Website of Central Excise &amp; Service Tax Commissionerate Chandigarh-I, Government of India |url=http://www.cexchd1.gov.in/?q=central-goods-service-tax-division-i |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=www.cexchd1.gov.in }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Before the reorganisation of the erstwhile [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] State; on 1 November 1966, the village was a part of [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]] tehsil of [[Ambala]] district.&lt;ref&gt;[http://chandigarhpolice.gov.in/pdf/Notification%20Circular/ps-notification.pdf Home Department, Chandigarh Administration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711185038/http://chandigarhpolice.gov.in/pdf/Notification%20Circular/ps-notification.pdf |date=11 July 2022 }} chandigarhpolice.gov.in&lt;/ref&gt; It is located at a distance of 12&amp;nbsp;km from the [[district]] and [[tehsil]] [[Headquarters|headquarter]]. The [[village]] is situated on the periphery of Chandigarh and is connected by a kachas as well as a pucca [[Road surface|metalled road]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-11-29 |title=Potholes surface on Uttar Marg-Kaimbwala road |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/potholes-surface-on-uttar-marg-kaimbwala-road/articleshow/61840864.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=70 yrs on, villagers deprived of metalled roads, street lights |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/70-yrs-on-villagers-deprived-of-metalled-roads-street-lights-247454}}&lt;/ref&gt; One can reach the village by either of the road and can be reached by bus by a rather circuitous route from the hub of Chandigarh city viz; [[Bus stand|Bus Stand]] at [[Sector-17, Chandigarh|Sector 17]], via [[Punjab Engineering College]] (U.T., Chandigarh), [[Nayagaon, Punjab|Nayagaon]] [[Punjab, India|(Punjab)]], Khuda Ali-sher (U.T., Chandigarh) and Kansal ([[Punjab, India|Punjab]]). This is the normal bus route on a [[Road surface|metalled road]] and the distance to be traversed is about 12&amp;nbsp;km from the [[Bus stand|Bus Stand]] in [[Sector-17, Chandigarh|Sector 17]] of Chandigarh. The pedestrians, cyclists and scooterists etc., however, prefer a shorter route connecting the village to Sector 4 of Chandigarh by a minor road measuring 3&amp;nbsp;km.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://chandigarhenvis.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/2-2.pdf |title=Chandigarh Master Plan |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706022708/https://chandigarhenvis.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/2-2.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; This road through metalled has a width of 11 metres and can thus be used by two-wheelers only.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=पिंड दियां गलियां: गांव कैंबवाला में 69 साल से न सीवर, न सड़कें.. कैसे मानें चंडीगढ़ में हैं हम |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/chandigarh-village-kaimbwala-reality-check |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Chandigarh]] City and [[Mani Majra]] Town are the main administrative, educational, commercial and cultural centres for the inhabitants of the Kaimbwala village. The entire village depends for most of their needs on these centres. The marketing centre of the inhabitants is however [[Mani Majra]], which can be reached by a Kacha road by crossing over the dried up river bed of [[Sukhna Lake|Sukhna]] rivulet and Suketri village situation in [[Haryana]] State. [[Mani Majra]], a satellite town of Chandigarh Union Territory is located at a distance of 6&amp;nbsp;km. from the Village. The inhabitants of the village predominantly frequent two markets viz. [[Mani Majra]] town and the Grain market adjoining Sector 26 of Chandigarh city. Cloth, utensils, ornaments and sundry, groceries are purchased from [[Mani Majra]] while cattle feed like Khal (oilseed cakes) and Varaiwan (cotton seeds) are purchased from the [[grain]] market. In view of the traditional contact of the villagers with the traders of [[Mani Majra]], goods can be obtained in this market on credit. This facility, however, is not available in the grain market. The mode of travel is on foot or by [[bicycle]] and the popular routes are the minor road connecting the village to Sector 4 of Chandigarh and the one connecting the village to Mani Majra. The metalled road passing through [[Punjab Engineering College]], Khuda Ali-sher and Kansal villages is not so popular. Only one bus traverses to this village from Chandigarh [[Bus stand|Bus Stand]]. This route is hardly used by [[Cycling|cyclists]]/scooterists. The village has three shops which can barely cater to the needs of rural consumers. These generally sell Karyana though one of these also sells Khal and Choker (husk).<br /> <br /> The land has a mild downward gradient towards the south, levelling off at the [[Sukhna Lake|Sukhna]] rivulet. The gradient slopes downwards towards the north but changes sharply, inclining upwards, as one approaches the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik range]] of the [[Himalayas]]. To the West and South, a dense forest is building up as a result of the afforestation drive taken up by the Government to forestall silting of the lake which had of late, become a major menace. The terrain of the village is undulating and interspersed with rocky and sandy land. This area holds promises of gay times for hikers and picnickers from Chandigarh.<br /> <br /> === Climate ===<br /> [[Chandigarh]] has almost a typically [[north India]]n extreme [[climate]] with occasional dust storms during the peak of [[summer]]s. On the basis of climate, the year can be divided into three seasons: the summer season from April to June, the rainy season from July to September and the [[winter]] season from October to March. The average temperature may rise to as high as 40&amp;nbsp;°C in the summer while it touches as low as 3&amp;nbsp;°C in the winter. The [[Wet season|rainy season]] provides great relief from the discomforts of the summer. A large part of the annual rainfall is received from July to September. The other period of annual rainfall is in the winter months from December to March which is scanty. There is little or negligible rainfall during the four months of April, May, October and November. The summer rainfall which is caused by the south western [[monsoon]] is beneficial for [[Kharif crop]]s. The winter [[rain]]fall caused by the western depression lasts from December to March which is significant for [[Rabi crop]]s. Kaimbwala village being quite adjacent to Chandigarh, the data collected for Chandigarh holds good for the village. January and June are the two months recording the lowest and highest temperature respectively. With the onset of monsoons in July, the [[temperature]] starts declining. July, August and September are recorded as the most humid months.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/in/kaimbwala/3085149/weather-forecast/3085149|title=AccuWeather Forecast|accessdate=13 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Flora and Fauna ===<br /> The hinterland of the village abounds in a variety of [[flora]] and [[fauna]]. Kikar, Barota, [[Ficus religiosa|Pipal]], [[Dalbergia sissoo|Shisham]] and [[Azadirachta indica|Neem]] are the common trees found here. [[Mango]] trees are found closer to the habitation in the field and in the courtyards. Wild aak is used for fencing the fields. Sarkanda (wild grass) is a common sight in the tracts not fit for cultivation.<br /> <br /> [[Jackal]], [[hare]], [[Brown bear|wild bear]], and [[Wildcat|wild cats]] are found in great numbers around the village. [[Parrot]]s, sparrows, [[pigeons]], [[crow]]s, [[Columbidae|doves]], and [[red-billed leiothrix|nightingales]] are common birds. [[Cuckoo]]s arrive in [[Vaisakha|Baisakh]] (April) and depart in [[Ashvin (month)|Asvina]] (September). [[Partridge]]s and [[quail]]s are seen in the winter months. [[Snake]]s of different colours and varieties, species appear mostly in the rainy season and quite a few cases of [[snakebite]] have been reported.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaimbwala Sukhna Ecological Zone - Chandigarh Urban Development Lab |url=http://chandigarhurbanlab.org/kaimbwala-sukhna-ecological-zone/0Cvg4KBAWegQIChAB&amp;usg=AOvVaw0oBdK_-iOAU9OJbwnnajOV |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=www.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> <br /> === Population ===<br /> The total geographical area of the village is 899 acres. Kaimbwala has a total population of 6,050 people, out of which the male population is 3,357 while the female population is 2,693 as per Population Census 2011. There are about 1,341 households in the village and an average of 4 persons live in every family.<br /> <br /> As per the Population Census 2011 data&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !<br /> !Total<br /> !Men<br /> !Female<br /> |-<br /> |Population<br /> |6050<br /> |3357<br /> |2693<br /> |-<br /> |Children<br /> |1019<br /> |549<br /> |470<br /> |-<br /> |Scheduled Caste<br /> |1605<br /> |871<br /> |734<br /> |-<br /> |Scheduled Tribe<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> |Illiterate<br /> |2418<br /> |1087<br /> |1331<br /> |}<br /> The village has a substantial population of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Caste]]. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Caste]] (SC) constitutes 26.53% of the total population in Kaimbwala village. The village Kaimbwala currently does not have any [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribe]] (ST) population.<br /> <br /> === Sex Ratio ===<br /> The total population of Kaimbwala is 6,050 out of which 3,357 are males and 2,693 are females thus the Average [[Sex ratio|Sex Ratio]] of Kaimbwala is 802.<br /> <br /> The population of children of age 0–6 years in Kaimbwala village is 1019 which is 17% of the total population. There are 549 male children and 470 female children between the ages of 0–6 years. Thus as per the Census 2011, the Child Sex Ratio of Kaimbwala is 856 which is greater than the Average Sex Ratio (802) of Kaimbwala village.<br /> <br /> === Literacy ===<br /> As per the Census 2011, the literacy rate of Kaimbwala is 72.2%. Thus Kaimbwala village has a lower literacy rate compared to 76.3% of the Chandigarh district. The male literacy rate is 80.84% and the female literacy rate is 61.27% in Kaimbwala village.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !<br /> !Total<br /> !Male<br /> !Female<br /> |-<br /> |Literacy<br /> |72.19%<br /> |80.84%<br /> |61.47%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Workers Profile ===<br /> Out of the total population, 2,379 were engaged in work activities. 95.7% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 4.3% were involved in Marginal activity providing a livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 2,379 workers engaged in Main Work, 82 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 19 were Agricultural labourers.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !<br /> !Total<br /> !Male<br /> !Female<br /> |-<br /> |Main Workers<br /> |2276<br /> |1812<br /> |464<br /> |-<br /> |Cultivators<br /> |82<br /> |77<br /> |5<br /> |-<br /> |Agricultural Laborer<br /> |19<br /> |18<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |Household Industries<br /> |32<br /> |17<br /> |15<br /> |-<br /> |Other Workers<br /> |2143<br /> |1700<br /> |443<br /> |-<br /> |Marginal Workers<br /> |103<br /> |53<br /> |50<br /> |-<br /> |Non-Working<br /> |3671<br /> |1492<br /> |2179<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Sukhna Lake]]<br /> * [[Rock Garden of Chandigarh|Rock Garden]]<br /> * [[Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> ; Government<br /> * [http://chandigarh.gov.in/ The Official Website of Chandigarh Administration]<br /> * [https://chandigarhdistrict.nic.in/ Chandigarh District Website]<br /> <br /> ; General information<br /> * {{OSM relation|1942809}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Chandigarh district]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalimpong_subdivision&diff=507683 2026-04-28T23:17:14Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Kalimpong subdivision<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = &lt;!-- optional --&gt;<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Subdivision<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_map = Kalimpong (subdivision) in Kalimpong (West Bengal).svg<br /> | pushpin_label_position = &lt;!-- left/right --&gt;<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27.06|N|88.47|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Kalimpong]]<br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;wblangoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=www.wb.gov.in|accessdate=10 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=10 March 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Additional&amp;nbsp;official<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]&lt;ref name=&quot;wblangoff&quot;/&gt;<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]<br /> | registration_plate = WB <br /> | website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> <br /> }}<br /> The '''Kalimpong subdivision''' is the sole subdivision of the [[Kalimpong district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], India. It was initially formed as a subdivision of the Darjeeling district in 1916 under [[British India]].{{sfnp|Roy, Survey and Settlement of the Western Duars|2013|pp=6, 41}} On 14 February 2017 the subdivision was promoted to a district, becoming an independent Kalimpong district. The subdivision has its headquarters at [[Kalimpong|Kalimpong Town]] and consists of the hilly areas annexed from Bhutan at the end of the [[Anglo-Bhutanese War]] in 1865.<br /> <br /> ==Subdivision==<br /> Kalimpong district has only one administrative subdivision:&lt;ref name=&quot;admin&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://kalimpongdistrict.in/administration/ | title = Kalimpong | work =District Administration |accessdate = 31 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;handbook&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 31 March 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Kalimpong Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Subdivision ||Headquarters||&lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;br/&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || Population&lt;br/&gt;(2011) ||Rural Population %&lt;br/&gt;(2011)||Urban Population % &lt;br/&gt;(2011)<br /> |-<br /> |Kalimpong||[[Kalimpong]]||1053.12||251,642||77.67||22.23<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=450| height=280| zoom=10<br /> | coord={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|40|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Places in the Kalimpong subdivision'''&lt;br/&gt;CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, M: municipality, F: facility, NP: national park&lt;br/&gt;Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village)&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|27|7|4|N|88|35|1|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Algarah| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Algarah]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|27|5|33|N|88|28|53|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Bhalukhop| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Bhalukhop]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|27|8|45|N|88|38|12|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Bich Kagay| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Bich Kagay]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|27|5|53|N|88|52|18|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Bindu| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Bindu, Kalimpong]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|26|57|18|N|88|41|42|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5=Gorubathan| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Gorubathan]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|27|7|55|N|88|34|32|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6=Icche Gaon| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Icche Gaon]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|27|2|0|N|88|52|23|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Jaldhaka| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Jaldhaka]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|27|2|40|N|88|52|26|E}}| label-pos8=right|label8=Jhalong| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Jhalong]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|27|0|2|N|88|49|39|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Kumai TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Kumai Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|27|5|10|N|88|39|38|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Lava| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Lava, West Bengal]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|27|1|14|N|88|33|54|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Loleygaon| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Loleygaon]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|26|56|59|N|88|42|47|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Lower Fagu TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Lower Fagu Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|26|52|39|N|88|30|7|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Mongpong| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Mongpong]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|26|56|35|N|88|26|30|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14= Kalijhora| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Kalijhora]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|27|9|36|N|88|36|56|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15= Pedong| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Pedong]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|27|7|17|N|88|34|0|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16= Ramdhura| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Ramdhura]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|26|59|33|N|88|25|0|E}}| label-pos17=bottom|label17= Rambi Bazar| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Rambi Bazar]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|27|6|43|N|88|39|40|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Rishyap| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Rishyap]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|27|2|36|N|88|50|6|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19= Rongo| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Rongo, Kalimpong]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|27|3|18|N|88|39|20|E}}| label-pos20=bottom|label20= Samabiyong TG| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Samabiyong Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|27|8|44|N|88|34|48|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21= Sillery Gaon| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Sillery Gaon]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|27|0|48|N|88|47|16|E}}| label-pos22=left|label22= Suntalekhola| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Suntalekhola]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|27|3|36|N|88|25|48|E}}| label-pos23=top|label23= Teesta Bazaar| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Teesta Bazaar]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|27|6|35|N|88|49|30|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24= Todey|labela24= Tangta| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Todey Tangta]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|26|58|37|N|88|35|26|E}}| label-pos25=left|label25= Nimbong| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Nimbong]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord26={{coord|27|6|0|N|88|41|0|E}}| label-pos26=left|label26= Kolakham| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Kolakham]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord27={{coord|27|9|46|N|88|34|50|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= Mansong| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Mansong]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord28={{coord|27|3|25|N|88|28|12|E}}| label-pos28=right |label28=Kalimpong| numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Kalimpong]] (M)| shape-color28=#800000<br /> |mark-coord29={{coord|27|4|32|N|88|29|50|E}}| label-pos29=right|label29=Dungra| numbered29=CT| mark-title29= [[Dungra, Kalimpong]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord30={{coord|27|5|22|N|88|29|50|E}} | label-pos30=top|label30= Dr. Graham's Homes| numbered30=F| mark-title30= [[Dr. Graham's Homes]] (F) |shape-color30=#967117<br /> |mark-coord31={{coord|27|5|30|N|88|45|0|E}}| label-pos31=bottom|label31=Neora Valley |labela31= National Park| numbered31=NP| mark-title31= [[Neora Valley National Park]] (NP)| shape-color31=#228B22<br /> |mark-coord32={{coord|27|1|50|N|88|26|10|E}}|label32= Teesta |labela32=River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=75| label-pos32=top| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32=none<br /> |mark-coord33={{coord|26|58|50|N|88|52|23|E}}|label33= Jaldhaka River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33=85| label-pos33=top| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33=none<br /> |mark-coord34={{coord|26|55|42|N|88|27|21|E}}| label34= Teesta Low|labela34= Dam IV| label-color34 = #C42222 | label-angle34=0| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=12| numbered34=D|mark-title34 =[[Teesta Low Dam - IV Hydropower Plant]]| shape-color34=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord35={{coord|27|0|6|N|88|26|35|E}}| label35= Teesta Low|labela35= Dam III| label-color35 = #C42222 | label-angle35=0| label-pos35=right| label-size35=10| mark-size35=12| numbered35=D|mark-title35 =[[Teesta Low Dam - III Hydropower Plant]]| shape-color35=#C42222<br /> |arc-coordA={{coord|27|7|0|N|88|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= SIKKIM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4<br /> |arc-coordB={{coord|27|10|0|N|88|54|0|E}}|arc-textB= BHUTAN| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=50| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}<br /> <br /> ==Administrative areas==<br /> Apart from the [[Kalimpong]] municipality that consists of 23 wards, the subdivision contained rural areas of 42 [[gram panchayat]]s. {{As of|2021}}, these areas divided under four [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]: Kalimpong&amp;ndash;I, Lava, Pedong, and Gorubathan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pedong block&quot;&gt;<br /> Vivek Chhetri, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kalimpong-district-gets-new-block-in-pedong/cid/1821359 Kalimpong gets new block in Pedong], The Telegraph, 6 July 2021.<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Prior to the bifurcation in 2021, Lava and Pedong blocks constituted a single block termed Kalimpong&amp;ndash;II.&lt;ref name=blocdir&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc <br /> |title=Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008 <br /> |date=19 March 2008 <br /> |accessdate=9 December 2008 <br /> |work=West Bengal <br /> |publisher=National Informatics Centre, India <br /> |url-status=dead <br /> |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc <br /> |archivedate=25 February 2009 <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gram Panchayats==<br /> * [[Kalimpong I]] block consists of rural areas with 18 gram panchayats, viz. Bong, Kalimpong, Samalbong, Tista, Dr. Grahams Homes, Lower Echhay, Samthar, Neembong, Dungra, Upper Echhay, Seokbir, Bhalukhop, Yangmakum, Pabringtar, Sindepong, Kafer Kanke Bong, Pudung and Tashiding.&lt;ref name=blocdir/&gt; <br /> <br /> *[[Kalimpong II]] block (now Lava and Pedong blocks) consists of rural areas only with 13 gram panchayats, viz. Dalapchand, Kashyong, Lolay, Lingseykha, Gitdabling, lava-Gitabeong, Payong, Kagay, Lingsey, Sangsay, Pedong, Syakiyong and Shantook.&lt;ref name=blocdir/&gt; <br /> <br /> *[[Gorubathan (community development block)|Gorubathan]] block consists of rural areas only with 11 gram panchayats, viz. Dalim, Gorubathan&amp;ndash;I, Gorubathan&amp;ndash;II, Patengodak, Todey Tangta, Kumai, Pokhreybong, Samsing, Aahaley, Nim and Rongo.&lt;ref name=blocdir/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Police stations==<br /> Police stations in the Darjeeling Sadar subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction: &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 22 February 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.kalimpongpolice.org/search-ps.php|title = Search a Police Station| publisher= Kalimpong Police| accessdate =22 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;admin&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Police Station ||Area covered&lt;br/&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ||International border&lt;br/&gt;||Inter-state border&lt;br/&gt;km||Municipal town || CD block<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kalimpong]]|| n/a|| - || -||[[Kalimpong]]|| - <br /> |-<br /> |[[Gorubathan#Police Station|Gorubthan]]||n/a|| - ||n/a || - ||[[Kalimpong I]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[Jaldhaka#Police station|Jaldhaka]]||n/a||n/a ||n/a || - ||[[Kalimpong II]], [[Gorubathan (community development block)|Gorubathan]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Blocks==<br /> Community development blocks in Kalimpong subdivision are:&lt;ref name=&quot;handbook&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 12 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Darjiling | work= Map of District Darjiling with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 12 February 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Kalimpong Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! CD block ||Headquarters||Area&lt;br/&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || Population&lt;br/&gt;(2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy&lt;br/&gt; rate %||Census&lt;br/&gt;Towns<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kalimpong I]]||[[Kalimpong]]||360.46||74,746||6.97||34.33||81.43||1<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kalimpong II]]&lt;br/&gt;(Lava and Pedong)||[[Algarah|Algarah Bazar]]||241.26||66,830||2.93||37.07||79.68|| -<br /> |-<br /> |[[Gorubathan (community development block)|Gorubathan]]||[[Gorubathan]]||442.72||60,663||6.64||23.60||76.88|| -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Kalimpong district, with data for the year 2012-13.&lt;ref name=&quot;education&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 4.4 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 3 April 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size: 9pt&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !width=&quot;110&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Subdivision<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Primary&lt;br/&gt;School<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Middle&lt;br/&gt;School<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|High&lt;br/&gt;School<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Higher Secondary&lt;br/&gt;School<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|General&lt;br/&gt;College, Univ<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Technical /&lt;br/&gt;Professional Instt<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Non-formal&lt;br/&gt;Education<br /> |-<br /> !width=&quot;30&quot;|Institution<br /> <br /> !width=&quot;30&quot;|Student<br /> <br /> !width=&quot;30&quot;|Institution<br /> <br /> !width=&quot;30&quot;|Student<br /> <br /> !width=&quot;30&quot;|Institution<br /> <br /> !width=&quot;30&quot;|Student<br /> <br /> !width=&quot;30&quot;|Institution<br /> <br /> !width=&quot;30&quot;|Student<br /> <br /> !width=&quot;30&quot;|Institution<br /> <br /> !width=&quot;30&quot;|Student<br /> <br /> !width=&quot;30&quot;|Institution<br /> <br /> !width=&quot;30&quot;|Student<br /> <br /> !width=&quot;30&quot;|Institution<br /> <br /> !width=&quot;30&quot;|Student&lt;br&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|Kalimpong Subdivision<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|342 <br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|31,519<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|19<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|4,786<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|25<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|12,148<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|12<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|14,191<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|2<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|2,373<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|3<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|456<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|627<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|25,727<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Educational institutions===<br /> The following institutions are located in Kalimpong subdivision:<br /> <br /> *[[Kalimpong College]], established in 1962 at [[Kalimpong]], offers undergraduate courses in arts, science and commerce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.collegeadmission.in/KalimpongCollege/Kalimpong_College.shtml |title = Kalimpong College |publisher= College Admission | accessdate = 3 April 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Cluny Women's College]], established in 1998 at Kalimpong, offers undergraduate courses in arts, computer applications and commerce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.clunycollege.com/ |title = Cluny Women's College |publisher= CWC | accessdate = 3 April 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Government General Degree College, Pedong was established in 2015 at [[Pedong]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts and science.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://pedongcollege.in/ |title = Government General Degree College at Pedong |publisher= GGDC | accessdate = 3 April 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Government General Degree College, Gorubathan]] was established in 2015 at [[Gorubathan]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts and science.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.gorubathanggdc.co.in/ |title = Government General Degree College, Gorubathan |publisher= GGDC | accessdate = 3 April 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Rockvale Management College was established in 2012 at Kalimpong. Affiliated with the [[West Bengal University of Technology]] it offers courses in computer application, business administration and travel &amp; tourism management.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://rmckalimpong.co.in/ |title = Rockvale Management College |publisher= RMC | accessdate = 3 April 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare==<br /> The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2013 in Kalimpong district, with data for the year 2012-13.:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 3.1, 3.3 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 3 April 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size: 9pt&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !width=&quot;110&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Subdivision<br /> !width=&quot;160&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| Health &amp; Family Welfare Deptt, WB<br /> <br /> !widthspan=&quot;110&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Other&lt;br/&gt;State&lt;br/&gt;Govt&lt;br/&gt;Deptts<br /> !widthspan=&quot;110&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Local&lt;br/&gt;bodies<br /> !widthspan=&quot;110&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Central&lt;br/&gt;Govt&lt;br/&gt;Deptts /&lt;br/&gt;PSUs<br /> !widthspan=&quot;110&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|NGO /&lt;br/&gt;Private&lt;br/&gt;Nursing&lt;br/&gt;Homes<br /> !widthspan=&quot;110&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total<br /> !widthspan=&quot;110&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total&lt;br/&gt;Number&lt;br/&gt;of&lt;br/&gt;Beds<br /> !widthspan=&quot;110&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total&lt;br/&gt;Number&lt;br/&gt;of&lt;br/&gt;Doctors*<br /> !widthspan=&quot;130&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Indoor&lt;br/&gt;Patients<br /> !widthspan=&quot;130&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Outdoor&lt;br/&gt;Patients<br /> |-<br /> !width=&quot;40&quot;|Hospitals&lt;br/&gt;<br /> !width=&quot;40&quot;|Rural&lt;br/&gt;Hospitals&lt;br/&gt;<br /> !width=&quot;40&quot;|Block&lt;br/&gt;Primary&lt;br/&gt;Health&lt;br/&gt;Centres&lt;br/&gt;<br /> !width=&quot;40&quot;|Primary&lt;br/&gt;Health&lt;br/&gt;Centres&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|Kalimpong subdivision<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|3<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|2<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|1<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|6<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|4<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|16<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|579<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|33<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|18,580<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot;|164,693<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> &lt;small&gt;.* Excluding nursing homes.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Medical facilities===<br /> Medical facilities in Kalimpong subdivision are as follows:<br /> <br /> '''Hospitals''': (Name, location, beds) &lt;ref name=medical&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 3 April 2020 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Kalimpong Subdivisional Hospital, [[Kalimpong]] M, 370 beds<br /> *Medicinal Plantation Hospital, [[Rongo, Kalimpong|Rango]], 11 beds<br /> *Mansong Cinchona Plantation Hospital, [[Mansong]], 16 beds<br /> <br /> '''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, CD block, location, beds)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | accessdate =3 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Rambi Rural Hospital, Kalimpong I CD block, [[Rambi Bazar]], PO Reang, 30 beds<br /> *Pedong Rural Hospital, Kalimpong II CD block, [[Pedong]], 30 beds<br /> <br /> '''Block Primary Health Centres''': (Name, CD block, location, beds)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | accessdate =3 April 2020 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> *Gorubathan Block Primary Health Centre, Gorubathan CD block, [[Gorubathan]], PO Fagu, 25 beds<br /> <br /> '''Primary Health Centres ''': (CD block-wise)(CD block, PHC location, beds)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 3 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Kalimpong I CD block: Samthar Samalbong (Samthar) (6), [[Teesta Bazaar]] (10)<br /> *Kalimpong II CD block: Gitdubling (6), [[Algarah]] (2)<br /> *Gorubathan CD block: [[Jaldhaka]] (2), Shirpagaon (2)<br /> <br /> ==Legislative segments==<br /> As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, the whole are under the subdivision, viz. the Kalimpong municipality and the three blocks of Kalimpong&amp;ndash;I, Kalimpong&amp;ndash;II and Gorubathan together constituted the [[Kalimpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalimpong assembly constituency]] of West Bengal. This constituency was part of [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf | title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission| accessdate = 10 January 2009 | work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal| publisher = Delimitation Commission | pages = 5, 23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|3}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{citation |editor-last=Roy |editor-first=D. C. |others=D. H. E. Sunder |title=Survey and Settlement of the Western Duarsl in the District of Jalpaiguri 1889-1895 |date=20 November 1895 |publisher=N. L. Publishers |location=Siliguri |url=https://archive.org/details/sunder-survey-and-settlement-of-the-western-duars-in-the-district-of-jalpaiguri-1889-1895 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Roy, Survey and Settlement of the Western Duars|2013}}}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Subdivisions in Kalimpong district]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sushil_Kumar_Shakya&diff=538721 2026-04-21T22:59:41Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: New A Bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | image = File:Sushil Kumar Shakya.jpg<br /> | office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 2017<br /> | predecessor = Narendra Singh Yadav<br /> | constituency = [[Amritpur Assembly constituency|Amritpur]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1996<br /> | term_end1 = 2002<br /> | predecessor1 = Pratap Singh Yadav<br /> | successor1 = Louise Khursheed<br /> | constituency1 = [[Kaimganj Assembly constituency|Kaimganj]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1950|9|9}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Nagpur district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Usha Shakya|1977}}<br /> | children = 2 sons<br /> | father = Dayaram Shakya<br /> | source = https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/12574/17<br /> }}<br /> '''Sushil Kumar Shakya''' is an Indian politician and a member of [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]], Uttar Pradesh of India. He represents the [[Amritpur Assembly constituency|Amritpur]] constituency in the [[Farrukhabad]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=2481|title=National Election Watch|publisher=myneta.info|accessdate=15 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/uttar-pradesh/amritpur/|title=Amritpur – Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2017|publisher=india.com|accessdate=15 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Sushil Kumar Shakya contested [[Uttar Pradesh]] Assembly Election as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate and defeated his close contestant [[Narendra Singh Yadav]] from the [[Samajwadi Party]] with a margin of 40,507 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS24193.htm?ac=193 | title=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS &amp; RESULT 2017 | publisher=eciresults.nic.in | accessdate=15 June 2017 | archive-date=10 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610144858/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS24193.htm?ac=193 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Posts held==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br /> |-<br /> |01||1996|| 2001 ||13th legislative assembly <br /> |-<br /> | 02 || 2017 || Incumbent || Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shakya, Suhil Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:People from Farrukhabad district]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]<br /> [[Category:1950 births]]<br /> <br /> {{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srinivasapur_Assembly_constituency&diff=537218 2026-04-19T08:37:17Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: New Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> |name = Srinivaspur<br /> |type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 144<br /> | map_image = 144-Srinivasapur constituency.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> |state = [[Karnataka]]<br /> |district = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar]]<br /> |established = 1961<br /> |electors = {{formatnum:209846}}&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|7}}<br /> |reservation = None<br /> |mla = [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> |alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> |latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |preceded_by = [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Srinivaspur Assembly constituency''' is one of the seats in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in India. It is part of [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]]. '''Venkata Shiva Reddy''' is the incumbent MLA, elected in 2023. <br /> <br /> The election in 2023 was the tenth consecutive time that [[ K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] and Venkata Shiva Reddy had contested against each other, [[ K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] winning five times and Venkata Shiva Reddy also winning five times. Ramesh Kumar has won this seat one more time but against another candidate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/can-ramesh-kumar-buck-sweet-sour-see-saw-trend-srinivaspur-667384.html | title=Can Ramesh Kumar buck sweet-sour see-saw trend| date=29 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] became speaker of the assembly in 2018, and was in the news when a no-onfidence motion against [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] in 2019 dragged out too long, resulting in a clash between the governor and the government. [[ K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] stepped down as speaker after his coalition was reduced to a minority.<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || G. Narayana Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. L. Narayanswamy || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFF58A&quot; | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || S. Bachi Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Srinivasapur &lt;ref name=election2023/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 95,463 |percentage = 49.99% |change = {{increase}}5.00 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 85,020 |percentage = 44.52% |change = {{decrease}}6.19 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunjuru R. Srinivasareddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,644 |percentage = 3.48% |change = {{increase}}1.20 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. V. Venkatachala |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 2,086 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 678 |percentage = 0.36% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,443 |percentage = 5.47% |change = {{decrease}}0.25 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 192,681 |percentage = 88.89% |change = {{decrease}}0.75 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 190,972}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,763 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.22 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.72 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Srinivasapur &lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 93,571 |percentage = 50.71% |change = {{decrease}}9.44 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 83,019 |percentage = 44.99% |change = {{decrease}}12.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Venu Gopal. K. N |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,208 |percentage = 2.28% |change = {{increase}}0.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 689 |percentage = 0.37% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,552 |percentage = 5.72% |change = {{increase}}2.91 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 184,655 |percentage = 89.64% |change = {{increase}}1.17 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 184,508}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,007 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.92 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.44 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2013 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Srinivasapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 83,426 |percentage = 60.15% |change = {{increase}}15.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 79,533 |percentage = 57.34% |change = {{increase}}9.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Venkategowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,379 |percentage = 1.72% |change = {{decrease}}0.87 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Mallikarjuna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,005 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,893 |percentage = 2.81% |change = {{increase}}0.33 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 168,888 |percentage = 88.47% |change = {{increase}}4.65 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 138,700}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,892 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.90 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}12.57 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2008 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Srinivasapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 70,282 |percentage = 47.58% |change = {{increase}}46.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,613 |percentage = 45.10% |change = {{decrease}}7.60 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Lakshmana Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,825 |percentage = 2.59% |change = {{decrease}}43.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Basavalingaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,554 |percentage = 1.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunatha. V |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,425 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Venkataramana |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 969 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. R. Shankara Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 940 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,669 |percentage = 2.48% |change = {{decrease}}4.50 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 148,291 |percentage = 83.82% |change = {{increase}}0.97 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 147,701}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,910 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.75 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.12 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Srinivasapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 65,041 |percentage = 52.70% |change = {{increase}}3.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,431 |percentage = 45.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh. H. J |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,320 |percentage = 1.07% |change = {{increase}}0.14 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,610 |percentage = 6.98% |change = {{increase}}5.86 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 123,431 |percentage = 82.85% |change = {{increase}}1.29 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 123,423}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,980 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.91 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.28 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Srinivasapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,490 |percentage = 49.42% |change = {{increase}}2.37 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 51,297 |percentage = 48.30% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Narayana Swamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,051 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramakrishnappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 990 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,193 |percentage = 1.12% |change = {{decrease}}2.93 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 109,557 |percentage = 81.56% |change = {{decrease}}3.56 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 106,204}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 3,346 |percentage = 3.05% |change = {{increase}}2.00 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,326 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.55 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}1.68 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1994 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Srinivasapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 52,304 |percentage = 51.10% |change = {{increase}}6.82 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,157 |percentage = 47.05% |change = {{decrease}}7.80 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Narayanaswamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,002 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,147 |percentage = 4.05% |change = {{decrease}}6.52 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 103,432 |percentage = 85.12% |change = {{increase}}0.92 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 102,348}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,084 |percentage = 1.05% |change = {{decrease}}2.18 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,512 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.60 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.75 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1989 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Srinivasapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,231 |percentage = 54.85% |change = {{increase}}9.63 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 38,938 |percentage = 44.28% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,293 |percentage = 10.57% |change = {{increase}}1.89 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 90,868 |percentage = 84.20% |change = {{increase}}2.30 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 87,932}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 2,936 |percentage = 3.23% |change = {{increase}}1.66 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,918 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.16 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.95 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Srinivasapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 38,074 |percentage = 53.90% |change = {{increase}}52.70 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,941 |percentage = 45.22% |change = {{decrease}}4.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chickka Venkatashamy Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 623 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,133 |percentage = 8.68% |change = {{increase}}7.63 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 71,763 |percentage = 81.90% |change = {{increase}}3.17 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 70,638}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,125 |percentage = 1.57% |change = {{decrease}}0.25 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,625 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.18 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.60 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1983 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Srinivasapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. K. Venkatashiva Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,031 |percentage = 49.30% |change = {{increase}}27.01 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 29,389 |percentage = 48.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Chowdappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 729 |percentage = 1.20% |change = {{decrease}}16.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Poola Pamappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 426 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 642 |percentage = 1.05% |change = {{decrease}}35.52 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 62,050 |percentage = 78.73% |change = {{increase}}1.56 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 60,920}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,130 |percentage = 1.82% |change = {{decrease}}0.92 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,815 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.26 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}9.56 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Srinivasapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,867 |percentage = 58.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. G. Narayanareddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,067 |percentage = 22.29% |change = {{decrease}}6.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Rahimansharif |party = Janata Party |votes = 9,409 |percentage = 17.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Ramadrishnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 800 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,800 |percentage = 36.57% |change = {{decrease}}6.70 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 55,668 |percentage = 77.17% |change = {{increase}}17.27 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 54,143}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,525 |percentage = 2.74% |change = {{increase}}2.74 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,134 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.29 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing = {{decrease}}12.77 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Srinivasapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Bachi Reddy |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 29,616 |percentage = 71.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Syed Abdul Aleem |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,728 |percentage = 28.37% |change = {{decrease}}17.75 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,888 |percentage = 43.27% |change = {{increase}}35.51 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 42,237 |percentage = 59.90% |change = {{increase}}0.57 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 41,344}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,516 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.71 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}17.75 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Srinivasapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. L. Narayanswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,801 |percentage = 53.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. B. Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,094 |percentage = 46.12% |change = {{decrease}}11.27 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,707 |percentage = 7.76% |change = {{decrease}}7.01 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 36,791 |percentage = 59.33% |change = {{decrease}}2.61 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 34,895}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,015 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.20 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.51 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Srinivasapur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Narayana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,311 |percentage = 57.39% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. L. Narayanaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,082 |percentage = 42.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,229 |percentage = 14.77% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 37,217 |percentage = 61.94% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 35,393}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,090 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Kolar District]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --&gt;<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br /> {{coords|13.08|77.34|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Kolar district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]<br /> [[Category:1961 establishments in Mysore State]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedantam_Raghavayya&diff=543867 2026-04-17T21:46:50Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: New A Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film director, choreographer, actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Vedantam Raghavayya<br /> | image = Vedantam raghavaiah legendImage 1.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | native_name = వేదాంతం రాఘవయ్య<br /> | years_active = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1919|06|8}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Kuchipudi, Krishna district]], India<br /> | death_date = 19 October 1971 (aged 51 or 52)<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|[[film producer]]|[[screenwriter]]|[[choreographer]]}}<br /> | spouse = Suryaprabha<br /> | children = 7, including [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Vedantam Raghavayya''' (8 June 1919 – 19 October 1971) was an Indian film director, dance choreographer, and actor known for his work in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA23|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|first1=Ashish|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first2=Paul|last2=Willemen|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135943189|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; An accomplished [[Kuchipudi]] dancer, he was honoured with the title &quot;Bharata Kala Prapurna&quot; by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh government]] in recognition of his expertise.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=31 October 2010 |title=Ramadasu (1933) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ramadasu-1933/article860221.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027043223/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ramadasu-1933/article860221.ece |archive-date=27 October 2015 |access-date=25 October 2015 |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Raghavayya began his career as a dance choreographer, working on films such as ''[[Raithu Bidda]]'' (1939) and ''[[Swarga Seema]]'' (1945).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A tribute to legend Vedantam Satyanarayana Sarma - Sridharachari |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/profiles/profl148.html |website=Narthaki}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his directorial and production debut with ''Stree Sahasamu'' (1951). He went on to direct many notable films, including ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadasu]]'' (1953), ''[[Annadata (1954 film)|Annadata]]'' (1954), ''[[Anarkali (1955 film)|Anarkali]]'' (1955), ''[[Prema Pasam]]'' (1956), ''[[Bhale Ramudu]]'' (1956), ''[[Chiranjeevulu (1956 film)|Chiranjeevulu]]'' (1956), ''[[Suvarna Sundari]]'' (1957), and ''[[Rahasyam (1967 film)|Rahasyam]]'' (1967).&lt;ref name=hindu&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/review-of-anarkali-1955-movie/article6356841.ece | title=Anarkali (1955) | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=28 August 2014 | access-date=29 March 2017|author=M. L. Narasimhan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329005120/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/review-of-anarkali-1955-movie/article6356841.ece| archive-date=29 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to his work behind the camera, Raghavayya appeared as an actor in films such as ''Mohini Rukmanigada'' (1937), ''Garuda Garvabhangam'' (1943) and ''Raksharekha'' (1949). He was also a co-owner of the film production house Vinodha Pictures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Narasimham |first1=M. L. |date=3 March 2013 |title=Stree Sahasamu (1951) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/stree-sahasamu-1951/article4470326.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Raghavayya's influence extended beyond cinema. He served on the committee of the First General Council of the Andhra Pradesh Sangeetha Nataka Academy, representing dance, and was nominated as the President of the National Dance Festival in 1964. He also mentored notable dancers, including Bhagavathula Yagna Narayana Sarma, a [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award|Sangeet Natak Akademi awardee]], under his fellowship.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gulazāra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&amp;pg=PT674 |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |last2=Nihalani |first2=Govind |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Saibal |date=9 November 2017 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788179910665 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kuchipudiyakshaganam.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=&quot;Bharata Kala Prapurna&quot; Sri Vedantam Raghavaiah |url=http://kuchipudiyakshaganam.org/2011/09/vedantam-raghavaiah/ |website=Kuchipudi Yakshaganam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Film craft and Devadasu==<br /> His directorial film ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadasu]]'' (1953),&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=S. Suchitra Lata |first= |date=5 December 2002 |title=Memories of the Southern Devadas |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/05/stories/2002120500700100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021227045505/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/05/stories/2002120500700100.htm |archive-date=27 December 2002 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was the first Telugu adaptation of [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s novel, and ''Devadas'' was the second Tamil adaptation of the same, following the 1937 ''Devadas'' directed by and starring P. V. Rao.{{sfnm|1a1=Rajadhyaksha|1a2=Willemen|1y=1998|1p=331|2a1=Baskaran|2y=1996|2p=116}} During pre-production [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], who portrayed the titular character, later recalled that Raghavayya, being a [[Kuchipudi]] dance exponent and an experienced stage actor, used to enact the scenes before the actors, thereby making their job easy. He recalled that the director shot him only at night so that he could give the character a &quot;drunken, droopy&quot; look.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100950300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020621132622/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100950300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-06-21|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=The immortal lover}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those night-time shots were filmed over 50 days. The final length of both versions was {{convert|17260|feet}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails15.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325024658/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails15.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 March 2017|title=1953 வெளியான படங்களின் விபரம்- Lakshman Sruthi - 100% Manual Orchestra -|website=www.lakshmansruthi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Devadasu'' and ''Devadas'' are regarded as among the most successful films in Telugu and Tamil cinema respectively. Both versions were critically and commercially successful. It has since achieved cult status, with terms and phrases from the film being widely cited.&lt;ref name=&quot;idlebrain&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sastry |first=K. N. T. |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/devadasu.html |title=Alanati Chalana Chitram |date=1986 |publisher=Cinema Group |author-link=K. N. T. Sastry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000516201633/http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/devadasu.html |archive-date=16 May 2000 |url-status=dead |via=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2013, [[News18]] included the film in its list of &quot;100 greatest Indian films of all time&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;IBNLive&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-100-greatest-indian-films-of-all-time-903065.html | title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time | publisher=[[News18]] | date=17 April 2013 | access-date=13 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425234818/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-56.html | archive-date=25 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Theater and dance==<br /> *Usha in ''Ushaparinayam''<br /> *Sita in ''Ramanataka Yakshaganam''<br /> *Leelavathi in ''Prahallada Yakshaganam''<br /> *Chandramathi in ''Hrischandra nataka Yakshaganam''<br /> *Sasirekha in ''Sasirekhaparinaya Yakshaganam''<br /> *Mohini in ''Mohini Rukmangada Yakshaganam''<br /> *Satyabhama in ''Bhamakalapa Yakshaganam''<br /> *''Bala Gopala Tarangam''&lt;ref name=&quot;kuchipudiyakshaganam.org&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Raghavayya was born in [[Kuchipudi, Krishna district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 8 June 1919 to Vedantam Ramayya and Annapurnamma. He had six daughters and a son, including renowned Kuchipudi guru Vedantam Ramu, and actress [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]. He was married to actress Suryaprabha, the sister of actress [[Pushpavalli]] who was married to [[Gemini Ganesan]], and their daughter [[Rekha]] is a Hindi actress.&lt;ref name=&quot;kuchipudiyakshaganam.org&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Selected filmography==<br /> ;As actor and choreographer<br /> *''Mohini Rukmanigada'' (1937) (actor in the Balagopala Tarangam)<br /> *''[[Raithu Bidda]]'' (1939) (dancer and choreographer)<br /> *''Panthulamma'' (1943) (choreographer)<br /> *''Garuda Garvabhangam'' (1943) (actor and choreographer)<br /> *[[Sri Seeta Rama Jananam|''Sri'' ''Seeta Rama Jananam'']] (1944) (choreographer)<br /> *''[[Swargaseema]]'' (1945) (choreographer)<br /> *[[Tyagayya (1946 film)|''Tyagayya'']] (1946) (choreographer)<br /> *''[[Palnati Yuddham (1947 film)|Palnati Yudham]]'' (1947) (choreographer)<br /> *''[[Yogi Vemana]]'' (1947) (choreographer)<br /> *''[[Vande Mataram]]'' (1948) (choreographer)<br /> *''Laila Majnu'' (1949) (choreographer)<br /> *''Raksharekha'' (1949) (actor and choreographer)<br /> <br /> ;As director<br /> *''Stree Sahasamu'' (1951) (producer and director)<br /> *''Santhi'' (1952) (producer and director)<br /> *[[Devadasu (1953 film)|''Devadasu'']] (Telugu and Tamil) (1953) (producer and director)<br /> *[[Annadata (1954 film)|''Annadata'']] (1954) (director)<br /> *[[Anarkali (1955 film)|''Anarkali'']] (1955) (director)<br /> *[[Chiranjeevulu (1956 film)|''Chiranjeevulu'']] (1956) (director)<br /> *''[[Bhale Ramudu]]'' (Telugu, 1956) (director)<br /> *''[[Prema Pasam]]'' (Tamil, 1956) (director)<br /> *''[[Suvarna Sundari]]'' (1957) (screenplay writer and director)<br /> *''Bhale Ammayilu'' (Telugu, 1957) (director)<br /> *''[[Iru Sagodharigal]]'' (Tamil, 1957) (director); also credited for screenplay writer<br /> *''[[Manaalane Mangaiyin Baakkiyam|Manalane Mangayin Bhagyam]]'' (1957) (director)<br /> *''[[Raja Nandini]]'' (1958) (director)<br /> *[[Inti Guttu (1958 film)|''Inti Guttu'']] (1958) (director)<br /> *[[Bala Nagamma (1959 film)|''Bala Nagamma'']] (1959) (director)<br /> *''Jai Bhawana'' (1959) (director)<br /> *''Adutha Veetu Penn'' (1960) (director)<br /> *''Mamaku Tagga Alludu'' (1960) (director)<br /> *''[[Runanubandham]]'' (1960) (director)<br /> *''[[Swarna Manjari]]'' (1962) (director)<br /> *''[[Mangaiyar Ullam Mangatha Selvam]]'' (1962) (director)<br /> *''[[Aada Brathuku]]'' (1965) (director)<br /> *''Nanna Kartavya'' (1965) (director)<br /> *''Badukuva Daari'' (1966) (director)<br /> *''Sati Sakkubai'' (1965) (director)<br /> *[[Rahasyam (1967 film)|''Rahasyam'']] (1967) (director)<br /> *''Sati Sumathi'' (1967) (director)<br /> *''Kumkumabharina'' (1968) (director)<br /> *''[[Saptaswaralu|Sapta Swaralu]]'' (1969) (director)<br /> *''Ulagam Ivvalavuthan'' (1969) (director)<br /> *''Bhale Ethu Chivaraku Chittu'' (1970) (director)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|0706480}}<br /> <br /> {{Vedantam Raghavaiah|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavaiah, Vedantam}}<br /> [[Category:Telugu film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:1971 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film choreographers]]<br /> [[Category:1919 births]]<br /> [[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Film people from Krishna district]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]<br /> [[Category:Dancers from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aizawl_West_1_Assembly_constituency&diff=485062 2026-04-17T00:46:44Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: Article - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Aizawl West 1<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Aizawl West 1 highlighted).png<br /> | constituency_no = 15<br /> | established = 1978<br /> | state = [[Mizoram]]<br /> | district = [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | mla = [[T. B. C. Lalvenchhunga]]<br /> | party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:20804}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Aizawl West I''' is one of the 40 assembly constituencies of [[Mizoram]], a northeastern state of [[India]]. This constituency falls under [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies/aizawl-west-1.html Aizawl West I) Assembly Constituency Elections]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/09_Delimitation%20act%2C%202002.pdf THE DELIMITATION ACT, 2002]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=elections.in&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is part of [[Aizawl district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> * 1978: [[Zairemthanga]], [[Mizoram People's Conference]]<br /> * 1979: [[Zairemthanga]], [[Mizoram People's Conference]]<br /> * 1984: [[K. Thansiami]], [[Mizoram People's Conference]]<br /> * 1989: [[J. Tahnghuama]], [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br /> * 1993: [[Lalkhana]], [[Mizo National Front]]<br /> * 1998: Col. [[Lalchungnunga Sailo]], [[Mizoram People's Conference]]<br /> * 2003: [[Aichhinga]], [[Mizo National Front]]<br /> * 2008: [[Lalduhawma]], [[Zoram Nationalist Party]]<br /> * 2013: [[K. Sangthuama]], [[Mizo National Front]]<br /> * 2018: [[Lalduhoma]], [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !Picture<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |2019^<br /> | [[Zothantluanga]] ||<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |[[T. B. C. Lalvenchhunga]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Zoram People's Movement<br /> |}<br /> ^by-election<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2023===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl West 1}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. B. C. Lalvenchhunga]]|party=Zoram People's Movement|votes=11,872|percentage=49.68|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Lalbiakthanga|party=Indian National Congress|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Zothantluanga|party=Mizo National Front|votes=7,205|percentage=30.15|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vanlalmawia Vanchhawng|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = <br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl West 1}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = [[Lalduhoma]]<br /> |votes = 7889<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Mizo National Front<br /> |candidate = K. Sangthuama<br /> |votes = 6829<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = P. C. Laltlansanga<br /> |votes = 5039<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Lalrodinga Colney<br /> |votes = 287<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Zaichhawana Hlawndo <br /> |votes = 228<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = Lalhruaia<br /> |votes = 46<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 60<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Independent (politician)<br /> |loser = Mizo National Front<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[Aizawl district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|23.761|92.672|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]<br /> [[Category:Aizawl district]]<br /> [[Category:Aizawl]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]<br /> [[Category:1978 establishments in Mizoram]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ariankuppam_Assembly_constituency&diff=487400 2026-04-15T23:32:19Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Puducherry legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | constituency_no =19<br /> | electors ={{formatnum:39001}}<br /> | union_territory = Puducherry<br /> | name = Ariankuppam<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | map_image = Ariankuppam-assembly-constituency-19.png<br /> | mla = [[R. Baskar Datchanamourtty]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|All India N.R. Congress}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | district = [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]<br /> | established = 1964<br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> [[File:PDY-AKM-AC.JPG|thumb|Ariyankuppam MLA Office]]<br /> <br /> '''Ariankuppam''' is a [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the Union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in [[India]]. Ariankuppam Assembly constituency is part of [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Political party<br /> |-<br /> | 1964<br /> | [[P. Rathinavelu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1969<br /> | [[S. Perumal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1974<br /> | [[P. C. Purushothaman]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1977<br /> | [[P. Subbarayan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1980<br /> | P. Subbarayan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1985<br /> | [[P. Purushothaman]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1990<br /> | [[A. Bakthkavachalam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1991<br /> | P. Subbarayan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1996<br /> | [[S. Ramsingh]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2001<br /> | [[T Jayamurthy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2006<br /> | [[R. K. R. Anantharaman]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> | [[V. Sabapathyn]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> | T Jayamurthy<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> | [[R. Baskar Datchanamourtty]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|54.32}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2016|2016]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.20}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|49.12}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2006|2006]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|51.39}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2001|2001]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|45.23}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|37.86}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.59}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|33.88}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1985|1985]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.46}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.57}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|34.86}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.06}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1969|1969]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.11}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1964|1964]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.82}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=Secular Progressive Alliance |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Aiyappan|party=All India N.R. Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. RATHINAM |party=Naadaalum Makkal Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= K. Sundaravadivel|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kumaravelu |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =37344 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2021 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam&lt;ref name=election2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13417-puducherry-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Baskar Datchanamourtty]] |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=17,858 |percentage=54.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. Jayamoorthy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,440 |percentage=34.80% |change=-10.40% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundaravadivelu |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,094 |percentage=3.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Ruthrakumaran |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,055 |percentage=3.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kumaravelu |party=Independent politician |votes=823 |percentage=2.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=382 |percentage=1.16% |change=-0.38% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,418 |percentage=19.52% |change=-1.65% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=32,874 |percentage=84.23% |change= -2.33% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,027 |change =8.85% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India N.R. Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.12% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2016 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. Jayamoorthy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,029 |percentage=45.20% |change=5.74% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. M. A. S. Subramanian |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,458 |percentage=24.03% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Sabapathy @ Kothandaraman |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=7,248 |percentage=23.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kumaravelu |party=Independent politician |votes=501 |percentage=1.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=478 |percentage=1.54% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Lakshmanan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=297 |percentage=0.96% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Deivassigamany |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=228 |percentage=0.73% |change=0.09% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Chandirasegaran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=208 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=171 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Thamizhvendhan |party=Independent politician |votes=141 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,571 |percentage=21.17% |change=11.51% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=31,036 |percentage=86.56% |change= -1.39% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,854 |change =15.77% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India N.R. Congress |swing= -3.92% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2011 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Sabapathy @ Kothandaraman |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=13,381 |percentage=49.12% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. Jayamoorthy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,750 |percentage=39.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kumaravelu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,581 |percentage=9.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. C. Chandran |party=Independent politician |votes=225 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Nagaradjou |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=176 |percentage=0.65% |change=0.15% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Sathiyanandham |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=126 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,631 |percentage=9.66% |change=2.70% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=27,239 |percentage=87.95% |change= -1.37% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,970 |change =6.77% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India N.R. Congress |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= -2.26% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2006 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2006 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925222225/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=25 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. R. Anantharaman |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=13,314 |percentage=51.39% |change=25.38% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. Jayamoorthy]] |party=Puducherry Munnetra Congress |votes=11,512 |percentage=44.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kumaravelu |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=485 |percentage=1.87% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Jayamoorthi |party=Independent politician |votes=301 |percentage=1.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Jalendiran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=128 |percentage=0.49% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,802 |percentage=6.95% |change=-12.27% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=25,910 |percentage=89.32% |change= 15.21% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,007 |change =-0.74% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Independent politician |swing= 6.16% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2001 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2001 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927050359/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Jayamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=9,790 |percentage=45.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. R. Anantharaman |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,628 |percentage=26.00% |change=-11.86% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ilangovan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,371 |percentage=15.57% |change=-16.89% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Vinayagamourthy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,794 |percentage=8.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Sadagopan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=327 |percentage=1.51% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. S. Coumaravelou |party=Independent politician |votes=267 |percentage=1.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Jayamurthy |party=Independent politician |votes=260 |percentage=1.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durai Arumugam |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=208 |percentage=0.96% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,162 |percentage=19.23% |change=13.83% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=21,645 |percentage=74.12% |change= 4.72% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,222 |change =14.64% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 9.64% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1996 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1996 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135105/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ramsingh |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,382 |percentage=37.86% |change=9.46% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Jayamoorthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,329 |percentage=32.46% |change=-3.13% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sreedharan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,770 |percentage=19.34% |change=5.39% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Purushothaman]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,754 |percentage=9.00% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,053 |percentage=5.40% |change=-1.79% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=19,496 |percentage=79.25% |change= 9.85% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,491 |change =4.13% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.27% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1991 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1991 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135604/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Subbarayan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,794 |percentage=35.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ramsing |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=4,624 |percentage=28.40% |change=-1.42% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Purushothaman]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,873 |percentage=17.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Kalivaradhan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,271 |percentage=13.95% |change=-16.03% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Chandrashekharan |party=Janata Party |votes=635 |percentage=3.90% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,170 |percentage=7.19% |change=3.29% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=16,279 |percentage=69.40% |change= -3.46% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,480 |change =0.70% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Janata Dal |swing= 1.71% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1990 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130547/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Bakthkavachalam |party=Janata Dal |votes=5,950 |percentage=33.88% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopalusamy Alias G. D. Chandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,265 |percentage=29.98% |change=-13.48% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ramsing |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,238 |percentage=29.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arumugam Alias P. Chinnathambi |party=Independent politician |votes=888 |percentage=5.06% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Karthikeyan |party=Janata Party |votes=175 |percentage=1.00% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=685 |percentage=3.90% |change=0.92% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=17,563 |percentage=72.85% |change= -8.27% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,309 |change =54.58% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.58% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140417/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Purushothaman]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,505 |percentage=43.46% |change=8.05% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Subbarayan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,127 |percentage=40.47% |change=-17.10% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Narasingam |party=Janata Party |votes=1,989 |percentage=15.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=378 |percentage=2.98% |change=-19.19% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=12,668 |percentage=81.12% |change= -0.82% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,726 |change =17.69% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.12% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1980 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1980 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041541/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Subbarayan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,900 |percentage=57.57% |change=22.71% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Pandurangan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,628 |percentage=35.40% |change=8.97% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Savoundararaja Alias Radha |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=390 |percentage=3.81% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Arumugam Alias Vinayagam |party=Independent politician |votes=257 |percentage=2.51% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=73 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,272 |percentage=22.17% |change=14.23% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=10,248 |percentage=81.94% |change= 3.79% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,362 |change =7.78% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 22.71% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1977 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1977 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043330/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Subbarayan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,345 |percentage=34.86% |change=1.62% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Dharmalingam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,583 |percentage=26.92% |change=-10.14% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Pandurangan Rama Krishnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,536 |percentage=26.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Bakthavachalam |party=Janata Party |votes=1,048 |percentage=10.92% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Rasendiran |party=Independent politician |votes=83 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=762 |percentage=7.94% |change=4.12% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,595 |percentage=78.15% |change= -8.01% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,397 |change =12.97% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.20% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1974 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1974 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917133352/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. C. Purushothaman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,364 |percentage=37.06% |change=-12.83% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Subbarayan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,017 |percentage=33.24% |change=-16.86% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saraswati Subbiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,460 |percentage=27.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Chakrapani |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=235 |percentage=2.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=347 |percentage=3.82% |change=3.61% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,076 |percentage=86.16% |change= 1.46% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,974 |change =20.86% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.04% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1969 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1969 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140530/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Perumal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,774 |percentage=50.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. C. Purushothaman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,758 |percentage=49.89% |change=1.07% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16 |percentage=0.21% |change=-3.27% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=7,532 |percentage=84.70% |change= 6.52% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,080 |change =0.10% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.28% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1964 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Ariankuppam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1964 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515062755/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=15 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Rathinavelu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,376 |percentage=48.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Thulasingam |party=Indian People's Front |votes=3,135 |percentage=45.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sundararajan |party=Independent politician |votes=360 |percentage=5.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Palani Gramany |party=Independent politician |votes=44 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=241 |percentage=3.49% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,915 |percentage=78.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,071 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Puducherry district]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|title=Schedule XXII Puducherry Table A - Assembly Constituencies|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/puducherry_Delimitation.pdf|accessdate=2011-05-13}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}<br /> {{coord|11.893|79.808|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Puducherry]]<br /> [[Category:Ariyankuppam]]<br /> [[Category:Puducherry district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Puducherry]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]<br /> [[Category:1964 establishments in Pondicherry]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanker_Assembly_constituency&diff=508244 2026-04-15T02:12:55Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: Data...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Kanker<br /> | state = [[Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | district = [[Kanker district|Kanker]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]]<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | preceded_by = Shishupal Sori<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | constituency_no = 81<br /> | mla = Asharam Netam<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:182944}}&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2029|1}}<br /> | map_image = Kanker Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> }}<br /> '''Kanker''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=ceoMap&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is part of [[Kanker district|Kanker]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> |Ratansingh<br /> |{{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |[[Pratibha Devi]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |1957^<br /> |Bisram<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |Bhanuprata Deo<br /> |{{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Vishram Dhongai<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |Harishankar Ramnath<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |Atmaram Dhruva<br /> |{{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |Shyamabhai Dhruva<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |[[Aghan Singh Thakur]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> |Shiv Netam<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> |Shyamabhai Dhruva<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br /> |[[Aghan Singh Thakur]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> |Sumitra Markole<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> |Shanker Dhruwa<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> |Shisupal Shori<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |Asharam Netam<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> <br /> ===2023===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanker&lt;ref name=election2023/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Asha Ram Netam<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 67,980<br /> |percentage = 45.57<br /> |change = +9.02<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Shankar Dhruwa<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 67,964<br /> |percentage = 45.56<br /> |change = -5.69<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Hemlal Markam<br /> |party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party<br /> |votes = 4,236<br /> |percentage = 2.84<br /> |change = -1.77<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Arjun Sing Aachala<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |votes = 1,506<br /> |percentage = 1.01<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Jayprakash Salam<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |votes = 1,393<br /> |percentage = 0.93<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 2,729<br /> |percentage = 1.83<br /> |change = -0.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 16<br /> |percentage = 0.01<br /> |change = -14.69<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 149,190<br /> |percentage = 81.55<br /> |change = +2.44<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Kanker&lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Shishupal Shori<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 69,053<br /> |percentage = 51.25<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Hira Markam<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 49,249<br /> |percentage = 36.55<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Hemlal Markam<br /> |party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party<br /> |votes = 6,206<br /> |percentage = 4.61<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Ramsahay Korram<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 3,014<br /> |percentage = 2.24<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Bishal Dhruw<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |votes = 2,016<br /> |percentage = 1.50<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Deepak Kumar Usendi<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |votes = 1,882<br /> |percentage = 1.40<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 3,323<br /> |percentage = 2.47<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 19,804<br /> |percentage = 14.70<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 133,717<br /> |percentage = 79.11<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;General Elections of MP 1957&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2004 |title=General Elections of MP 1957 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_MP_1957.pdf |publisher=Election Commission Of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Kanker district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}<br /> {{coord|20.69|81.46|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kanker district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Chandra_Poudyal&diff=528952 2026-04-11T20:46:05Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: created a stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1944–2024)}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Ram Chandra Poudel}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Ram Chandra Poudyal<br /> | image =<br /> | office = President of [[Rising Sun Party]]<br /> | term_start = 1989<br /> | term_end = 1990<br /> | office1 = President of [[Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)|SC(R)]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1979<br /> | term_end1 = 1981<br /> | office2 = Member of the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency2 = Loosing-Pachekhani<br /> | term_start2 = 1975<br /> | term_end2 = 1979<br /> | predecessor2 = ''New constituency''<br /> | successor2 = Jagat Bandhu Pradhan<br /> | office3 = 1st [[List of deputy speakers of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start3 = 1975<br /> | term_end3 = 1977<br /> | successor3 = Kalzang Gyatso<br /> | office4 = Member of the [[State Council (Sikkim)|Sikkim State Council]]<br /> | constituency4 = Loosing-Pachekhani<br /> | term_start4 = [[1974 Sikkimese general election|1974]]<br /> | term_end4 = 1975<br /> | predecessor4 = ''New constituency''<br /> | successor4 = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|80|2024}}<br /> | birth_place = Chhota Singtam, <br /> [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]<br /> | death_date = July 2024<br /> | death_place = [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br /> | party = [[Rising Sun Party]]<br /> | other_party = [[Sikkim National Congress]], [[Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | profession = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Ram Chandra Poudyal''' (1944–2024),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sikkim's Veteran Leader RC Poudyal Found Dead in Teesta Canal {{!}} Politics |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/politics/3019709-sikkims-veteran-leader-rc-poudyal-found-dead-in-teesta-canal |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; commonly known as '''R.C. Poudyal''', was an Indian politician from the state of [[Sikkim]]. He has played an important role in the political scenario of the state, especially in the context of integration of Sikkim and subsequent constitutional and legal developments into the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] . He was known for the founding and leading the [[Rising Sun Party]] (RSP), a political party active in the late 1980s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CHAPTER-4 STATE PARTY DOMINANCE: CASE of SIKKIM SANGRAM PARIS HAD CHAPTER 4 State Party Dominance: Case of Sikkim Sangram Parishad |url=https://docslib.org/doc/1030739/chapter-4-state-party-dominance-case-of-sikkim-sangram-paris-had-chapter-4-state-party-dominance-case-of-sikkim-sangram-parishad |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Docslib |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> He completed his schooling at Sir Tashi Namgyal Academy in Gangtok, Sikkim. For higher education, he attended Scottish Church College in Kolkata, West Bengal, where he pursued his degree in law.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> <br /> {{Empty section|date=April 2026}}<br /> <br /> ==Legal battle==<br /> Poudyal is known also for the landmark case of R.C. Poudyal vs. [[India|Union of India]] (1993), where he brought forward to question the reservation policies in the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]. He argued that the disproportionate reservation of seats for the [[Bhutia-Lepcha]] community was discriminatory and violated the principles of fair representation under the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]]. The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], however, upheld the reservations, emphasizing the unique historical and cultural context of Sikkim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IJLMH |date=2021-02-13 |title=Case Commentary on R.C. Poudyal v. Union of India |url=https://ijlmh.com/case-commentary-on-r-c-poudyal-v-union-of-india/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=International Journal of Law Management &amp; Humanities |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> As per newspaper reports on 18 July 2024: his body was found floating in the teesta in Bangladesh on 16 July, Tuesday, nine days after he was reported missing from his hometown in Sikkim's chhota singtam. SIT is probing into this matter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-17 |title=Former Sikkim minister's body found in West Bengal canal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west-bengal/story/former-sikkim-minister-rc-poudyal-body-found-west-bengal-canal-2567917-2024-07-17 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Electoral records ==<br /> ;[[State Council (Sikkim)]] election<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Constituency<br /> ! Colspan=2|Political Party<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Position<br /> ! Votes<br /> ! % Votes<br /> ! % Margin<br /> ! Deposit<br /> ! Source<br /> |-<br /> | [[1974 Sikkimese general election|1974]]<br /> | rowspan=3|Loosing-Pachekhani<br /> | {{party name with color|Sikkim National Congress}}<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |colspan='6'|-<br /> |}<br /> ; [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]] election<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Constituency<br /> ! colspan=2|Political Party<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Position<br /> ! Votes<br /> ! % Votes<br /> ! % Margin<br /> ! Deposit<br /> ! Source<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Loosing Pachekhani Assembly constituency|Loosing Pachekhani]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |{{Lost}}<br /> |2nd<br /> |845<br /> |31.46<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|[[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Rising Sun Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |{{Lost}}<br /> |2nd<br /> |1566<br /> |42.16<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Barmiok Assembly constituency|Barmiok]]<br /> |{{Lost}}<br /> |2nd<br /> |1001<br /> |26.42<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br /> |[[Loosing Pachekhani Assembly constituency|Loosing Pachekhani]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}<br /> |{{Lost}}<br /> |3rd<br /> |1378<br /> |28.81<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Poudyal, Ram Chandra}}<br /> [[Category:Members of the Sikkim State Council]]<br /> [[Category:2024 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:1944 births]]<br /> [[Category:Sikkim MLAs 1975–1979]]<br /> [[Category:Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:People from Pakyong district]]<br /> [[Category:Deputy speakers of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]<br /> {{improve categories|date=July 2024}}</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ferguson_Rehill&diff=506452 2026-04-04T09:39:26Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: Biography</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = John Ferguson Rehill<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = 14 July 1868<br /> | birth_place = [[Multan]]<br /> | death_date = 1946<br /> | death_place = [[Newton Abbott]]<br /> | other_names = <br /> | occupation = Superindendent [[Indian Imperial Police]]<br /> | years_active = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = <br /> }}<br /> '''John Ferguson Rehill''' (14 July 1868 - 1946) was a British superindendent of [[Indian Imperial Police|police in Punjab]], [[British India|India]], known for escorting [[Satyapal]] and [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]] to [[Dharamshala]] on 10 April 1919, and [[Reginald Dyer]] to [[Jallianwalla Bagh]] three days later. There, he became eyewitness to the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]], though claimed he saw nothing.<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> John Rehill was born in [[Multan]] on 14 July 1868.&lt;ref name=Library&gt;The Wohl Library of the Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London, England, Registers of Employees of the East India company from 1707 to 1861 and the India Office from 1862 to 1947, pp. 652, 701, 857.&lt;/ref&gt; He was the second of three sons of John Rehill, an [[apothecary]] who served with the army during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]].&lt;ref name=Perkins.183&gt;Perkins, pp. 183-185&lt;/ref&gt; His grandfather had travelled to India from Ireland in the 1830s.&lt;ref name=Perkins.183/&gt; In 1892 Rehill joined the [[Indian Imperial Police]] and became superintendent in 1906.&lt;ref name=Library/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IOL&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The India Office List for Great Britain India Office |date=1935 |publisher=Harrison and Sons |page=829 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cnP0tXycCSsC&amp;pg=PA829 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> As superindendent of [[Indian Imperial Police|police in Punjab]], and being familiar with the route,&lt;ref name=Wagner.73&gt;Wagner, pp. 73-74&lt;/ref&gt; Rehill was assigned to transport [[Satyapal]] and [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]] to [[Dharamshala]] on 10 April 1919.&lt;ref name=Ilahi2020&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ilahi |first1=Shereen |title=Imperial Violence and the Path to Independence: India, Ireland and the Crisis of Empire |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-350-15306-6 |chapter=Punjab disturbances|pages=39–43 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQBbEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA39|location=London |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At around 4 p.m. on 13 April 1919, Rehill informed [[Reginald Dyer]] that a meeting at [[Jallianwala Bagh]] was taking place, with at least 1,000 people already gathered.&lt;ref name=Wagner.151&gt;Wagner, p. 151&lt;/ref&gt; According to accounts by Dyer’s brigade-major [[Frederic Cecil Currer Briggs|Captain Briggs]], Rehill's deputy [[Reginald C. A. Plomer|R. Plomer]], and an Indian eyewitness to the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]], [[Girdhari Lal]], Rehill travelled to Jallianwala Bagh that day in a car with Plomer, following an armoured vehicle and a lead car carrying Dyer, [[Mountiford Hickman Llewellyn Morgan|M. H. L. Morgan]], Briggs, and Dyer’s two bodyguards, [[William J. Anderson (bodyguard)|Anderson]] and [[Arthur William Pizzey|Pizzey]].&lt;ref name=Wagner.156&gt;Wagner, pp. 156-160&lt;/ref&gt; According to Lal, Rehill &quot;could not bear to see the firing through and went outside the garden to avoid the sight&quot;.&lt;ref name=Wagner.247&gt;Wagner, pp. 247-248&lt;/ref&gt; Answering the subsequent Hunter Inquiry, Rehill claimed he saw nothing.&lt;ref name=Wagner.247/&gt;<br /> <br /> Rehill continued to work in the police at [[Gurdaspur]] for a few more years, and retired in January 1924.&lt;ref name=Library/&gt;&lt;ref name=Perkins.183/&gt; According to his niece &quot;After the massacre he took to the bottle and several times was the worst for wear on duty. His colleagues covered up for him. He became depressed and moody... He completely lost his zest and, for very many years had the most appalling nightmares. As a youngster, they tell me, he had been a bold and daring man, but when I knew him, he was a shadow of that former self.&quot;&lt;ref name=Wagner.247/&gt; After retirement he moved to England, returning to India three years later before spending his last years in [[Newton Abbott]].&lt;ref name=Perkins.183/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Rehill died in 1946 in Newton Abbott.&lt;ref name=Perkins.183/&gt;&lt;ref name=E&amp;W1946&gt;England &amp; Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1916-2007&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Collector of medals, Roger Perkins, gives Rehill's year of death as 1952,&lt;ref name=Perkins.183/&gt; though it was [[General Register Office for England and Wales|officially registered]] in 1946.&lt;ref name=E&amp;W1946/&gt;}} He never married.&lt;ref name=Perkins.183/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *{{cite book |title=Report of the Committee Appointed in the Government of India to Investigate the Disturbances in the Punjab, Etc: Amritsar |date=1920 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cE1AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA2-PA189|volume=I-III |language=en}}<br /> *{{cite web |title=Punjab Disturbances: The Case Of General Dyer - Hansard - UK Parliament |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/1920-07-19/debates/a68e5794-4044-4aec-8673-f65850358e66/PunjabDisturbancesTheCaseOfGeneralDyer |website=hansard.parliament.uk |publisher=Hansard |access-date=21 September 2025 |location=London |language=en}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Furneaux |first1=Rupert |title=Massacre at Amritsar |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-1-000-68932-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2J6EAAAQBAJ|language=en}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Perkins |first1=Roger |title=The Amritsar Legacy: Golden Temple to Caxton Hall, the Story of a Killing |date=1989 |publisher=Picton Publishing|location=Chippenham |isbn=0-948251-44-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CiduAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}<br /> *{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=Kim A. |title=Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear &amp; the Making of a Massacre |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24546-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ|language=en}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1868 births]]<br /> [[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]<br /> [[Category:People from Multan]]<br /> [[Category:1946 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:British police officers in India]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagha_Jatin_(2023_film)&diff=489034 2026-04-02T16:53:45Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: Stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Bagha Jatin<br /> | image = Bagha Jatin (2023 film) movie poster.jpeg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | alt = Theatrical release poster of ''Bagha Jatin'' featuring Dev as the titular character<br /> | director = Arun Roy<br /> | producer = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] &lt;br&gt; Gurupada Adhikari<br /> | writer = Sounava Bose &lt;br&gt; Arun Roy<br /> | starring = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] &lt;br&gt; [[Sreeja Dutta]] &lt;br&gt; [[Sudipta Chakraborty]]<br /> | music = [[Nilayan Chatterjee]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Gopi Bhagat]]<br /> | editing = Md. Kalam<br /> | studio = Dev Entertainment Ventures<br /> | narrator = [[Mir Afsar Ali| Mir]]<br /> | distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|2023|10|19|Bengali|2023|10|20|Hindi|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 137:59 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwODEyMDgyMDIzMDAwMTU=|title=CBFC &amp;#124; Search Film }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> | budget = {{INR}}5 crore&lt;ref name=&quot;bangla-hindustantimes&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title='চেঙ্গিজ' জিৎকে নকল করে হিন্দিতে বাঘা যতীন মুক্তির সিদ্ধান্ত? খোলসা করলেন দেব |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/did-dev-decided-to-follow-chenzig-star-jeets-footsteps-and-release-bagha-jatin-nationally-31697706693832.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020101525/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/did-dev-decided-to-follow-chenzig-star-jeets-footsteps-and-release-bagha-jatin-nationally-31697706693832.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2023 |website=bangla.hindustantimes.com |publisher=Hindustantimes Bangla |access-date=20 October 2023 |language=bn |date=19 October 2023 |quote=তাঁর কথায়, ‘এই রকম একটা হিন্দি ছবি তৈরি হয় কমপক্ষে ১০০ কোটির বাজেটে। সে জায়গায় মাত্র ৫ কোটি টাকায় তৈরি হয়েছে।}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR}}6.3 crore+&lt;ref name=&quot;bangla.hindustantimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dawshom Awbotaar Box Office: পুজোয় ৪টি ছবি, সকলকে পিছনে ফেলে প্রথম স্থানে 'দশম অবতার', ঘরে এল কত টাকা? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dawshom-awbotaar-box-office-collection-svf-claim-srijit-mukherjis-film-cross-5-core-rs-in-8-days-31698512513957.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029062514/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dawshom-awbotaar-box-office-collection-svf-claim-srijit-mukherjis-film-cross-5-core-rs-in-8-days-31698512513957.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bangla-hindustantimes5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=Box Office-Tollywood: পুজোয় লক্ষ্মীলাভ, দশম অবতারে কুপোকাত বাঘা যতীন-রক্তবীজ-মিতিন মাসি! ৬ দিনে কার আয় কত? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/box-office-tollywood-dawshom-awbotaar-collects-4-15-crore-in-6-days-devs-bagha-jatin-earns-around-3-crore-in-5-days-31698289945749.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026121241/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/box-office-tollywood-dawshom-awbotaar-collects-4-15-crore-in-6-days-devs-bagha-jatin-earns-around-3-crore-in-5-days-31698289945749.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=bangla.hindustantimes.com |publisher=Hindustantimes Bangla |access-date=26 October 2023 |language=bn |date=26 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Bagha Jatin'''''&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphindia1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Dev is set to play an iconic freedom fighter in his next |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/dev-is-set-to-play-bagha-jatin-in-his-next-film/cid/1880535 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |access-date=2 April 2023 |language=en |date=17 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a 2023 Indian Bengali language [[Biographical film|bio-]][[Historical drama|historical]] [[action film|action drama film]] co-written and directed by Arun Roy. The film is produced by [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] and Gurupada Adhikari under Dev Entertainment Ventures. The film stars [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as the [[title character]] with [[Sreeja Dutta]], [[Sudipta Chakraborty]], Shoaib Kabeer, Rohaan Bhattacharjee, Carl A. Harte and [[Alexandra Taylor (actress)|Alexandra Taylor]] in pivotal roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=Dev shares Bagha Jatin casting backstory, says 'team worked for eight months...' {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/T/16726/dev-shares-bagha-jatin-casting-backstory-says-team-worked-for-eight-months.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Indiablooms.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is based on the life of [[Bagha Jatin]], a freedom fighter who fought for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] along with fellow members of the [[Jugantar]]. The film features a total of 92 [[Indian freedom fighters|freedom fighters]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindustantimes-Bangla&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title='ক্লাস আর মাসের যে ভেদাভেদ…!' অষ্টমীতে হিট বাঘা যতীন, বড় ঘোষণা দেবের |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-a-tweet-to-thanks-audience-as-puja-release-bagha-jatin-performs-well-in-astami-box-office-31698025298385.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102193614/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-a-tweet-to-thanks-audience-as-puja-release-bagha-jatin-performs-well-in-astami-box-office-31698025298385.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2023 |website=bangla.hindustantimes.com |publisher=Hindustantimes Bangla |access-date=23 October 2023 |language=bn |date=23 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was released in theaters during [[Durga Puja]] on 19 October 2023 in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language and on 20 October in [[Hindi]] dubbed version. It marks the last directional venture of Arun Roy before his death on 2 January 2025.&lt;ref name=t/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as [[Jatindranath Mukherjee]], known as [[Bagha Jatin]], Indian independence activist&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The first look of Dev as 'Bagha Jatin' out now and it's all too intriguing |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-first-look-of-dev-as-bagha-jatin-out-now-and-its-all-too-intriguing/articleshow/93573720.cms |access-date=2023-04-19 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Sreeja Dutta as Indubala Banerjee, Bagha Jatin's wife&lt;ref name=&quot;bangla-hindustantimes2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Sudipta Chakraborty]] as Binodbala, Bagha Jatin's elder sister&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=দেবের সঙ্গে 'বাঘাযতীন'ছবির শুটিং শুরু, অভিজ্ঞতা কেমন? জানালেন সুদীপ্তা চক্রবর্তী |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/sudipta-chakraborty-started-shooting-with-dev-in-baghajatin-movie/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=www.sangbadpratidin.in|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Samiul Alam as [[Kshudiram Bose]], Indian revolutionary<br /> * Sajal Mondal as [[Arabindo Ghose]], journalist, editor of newspapers such as ''[[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bande Mataram]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anandabazar Patrika {{!}} Read Latest Bengali News, বাংলা সংবাদ, বাংলা খবর from West Bengal's Leading epaper |url=https://mepaper.anandabazar.com/imageview_72265_33657802_4_71_01-09-2023_12_i_1_sf.html |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=mepaper.anandabazar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Kallol De as [[Ullaskar Dutta]], a figure in the Indian subcontinent's anti-British independence movement<br /> * Sumanta Roy as [[Hemchandra Kanungo]], Indian nationalist and a member of the [[Anushilan Samiti]]<br /> * Rohaan Bhattacharjee as [[Chittapriya Ray Chaudhuri]], Bengali revolutionary and member of the [[Indian independence movement]]<br /> *Carl A. Harte as [[Charles Tegart]], Irish police officer who served extensively in [[British Raj|British India]] and Palestine<br /> * Alexandra Taylor as Mrs. Kennedy <br /> * Shoaib Kabeer as [[Manoranjan Sengupta]]<br /> * Bhaskar Mukherjee as [[M. N. Roy]]<br /> * Kolaj Sengupta as [[Rash Behari Bose]]<br /> * Raju Bera as [[Prafulla Chaki]]<br /> * Biswajit Naskar as [[Kanailal Dutta]]<br /> * Ujjwal Ghosh as [[Charu Chandra Bose]]<br /> * Anirban Paitandi as [[Nirendranath Dasgupta]]<br /> * Abhirup Chowdhury as [[Birendranath Dutta Gupta]]<br /> * Shrimanta Chakraborty as [[Shrish Chandra Mitra]]<br /> * Arohi Bakhuli as Ashalata Mukherjee, Bagha Jatin's daughter <br /> * Gurshaan Singh Kohli as [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], Indian revolutionary<br /> * Sandip Ghosh as [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]], Indian revolutionary and journalist<br /> * Sourav Mukherjee as [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]]<br /> * Arijit Bhusan Bagchi as Ashu Biswas, Alipur Government's lawyer<br /> * Konkona Haldar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Log in or sign up to view |url=https://m.facebook.com/login.php?next=https%3A%2F%2Fm.facebook.com%2Fstory.php%3Fstory_fbid%3Dpfbid02mzVXok8HVjxyzp7XLP1L18H5wLCf5ZfwFe6i4uN7sii7y9T7k4SqmpRjPNo6skZjl%26id%3D100009412925112%26mibextid%3DNif5oz&amp;refsrc=deprecated&amp;_rdr |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=m.facebook.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Mir Afsar Ali as Narrator<br /> * Adrjia Roy as Biplobi Bimboboti<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Development ===<br /> [[File:বিপ্লবী বাঘা যতীন.jpg|thumb|[[Bagha Jatin]], the real-life Indian revolutionary whose life was portrayed in the film]]<br /> <br /> In July 2022, director Arun Roy told ''Anandabazar Online'' about writing the script for the ''Bagha Jatin''. He said that &quot;I have been writing about Bagha Jatin for the last one and a half years. I don't know anything more than that.&quot; At this time, it is also known that the shooting of the film will begin from October.&lt;ref name=&quot;anandabazar2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Bagha Jatin: আগামী ছবি 'বাঘা যতীন'-এ বাঘ মারবেন প্রযোজক-অভিনেতা দেব? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/will-dev-be-jatindranath-mukherjee-in-his-next-production-bagha-jatin-dgtl/cid/1358024 |website=www.anandabazar.com |access-date=20 October 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=bn |date=22 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 August 2022, The film was officially announced on the occasion of [[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|India's 75th Independence Day]].&lt;ref name=&quot;anandabazar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=স্বাধীনতা দিবসের ৭৫তম পূর্তিতে নতুন চমক নিয়ে আসতে চলেছেন দেব! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-dev-is-going-to-announce-his-new-film-bagha-jatin-on-this-independence-day-dgtl/cid/1362995 |website=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=Ananadabazar Patrika |access-date=20 October 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=bn |date=14 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofindia1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The first look of Dev as 'Bagha Jatin' out now and it's all too intriguing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-first-look-of-dev-as-bagha-jatin-out-now-and-its-all-too-intriguing/articleshow/93573720.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=2 April 2023 |language=en |date=15 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Bagha Jatin'' is a biographical film, that covers the life of real-life Indian revolutionary [[Bagha Jatin]] and his fight against the [[British Raj]]. [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] played the role of Bagha Jatin, the central character of the film. The film explores the events of the last two decades of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century.<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> It was announced in July 2022 that [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] would play the lead role of [[Bagha Jatin]] in the film. Auditions were held to select the actress for the role of Indubala Banerjee in the film ''Bagha Jatin'', produced by Dev Entertainment and directed by Arun Roy. Auditions were conducted by the director and production company by visiting various colleges in [[West Bengal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bangla-hindustantimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=কলেজে কলেজে ঘুরে খোঁজ মিলেছে 'বাঘা যতীন'-এর নায়িকার, কে এই দেবের ইন্দুবালা |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/baghajatin-dev-found-his-indubala-an-engineering-student-from-kolkata-31673237875480.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205081527/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/baghajatin-dev-found-his-indubala-an-engineering-student-from-kolkata-31673237875480.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2023 |website=bangla.hindustantimes.com |access-date=2 April 2023 |language=bn |date=19 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 6 thousand girls auditioned, out of which Sreeja Dutta was selected.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anandabazar3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=9 January 2023 |title=দেবের ছবি 'বাঘা যতীন'-এর নায়িকা চূড়ান্ত, ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিংয়ের ছাত্রীটির নাম কী? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/new-actress-in-town-an-engineering-student-from-kolkata-is-paired-up-opposite-dev-in-the-movie-baghajatin-dgtl/cid/1397937 |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=Anandabazar |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bangla-hindustantimes1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bangla-hindustantimes2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=সৃজার সঙ্গে সংসার পাতছেন 'বাঘা যতীন' দেব, চিনে নিন 'ইন্দুবালা'কে |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/frist-look-from-dev-s-upcoming-film-baghajatin-out-know-the-identity-of-dev-s-new-heroine-debutant-sreeja-dutta-31674111321091.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119121209/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/frist-look-from-dev-s-upcoming-film-baghajatin-out-know-the-identity-of-dev-s-new-heroine-debutant-sreeja-dutta-31674111321091.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2023 |website=bangla.hindustantimes.com |access-date=2 April 2023 |language=bn |date=19 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bengali-indianexpress.com1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title='বাঘা যতীন'-এর নায়িকা 'ফাইনাল'! ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং এর ছাত্রীকেই নায়িকা করলেন দেব |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/baghajatin-movie-production-found-a-new-face-for-indubala-character-532654/ |website=bengali.indianexpress.com |access-date=2 April 2023 |language=bn |date=9 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samiul Alam was selected for the role of revolutionary [[Kshudiram Bose]].&lt;ref name=&quot;anandabazar3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=দেবের 'বাঘা যতীন'-এর প্রচার ঝলকে ক্ষুদিরামকে দেখেছেন, চিনতে পেরেছেন কি অভিনেতাকে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/woould-you-be-able-to-recognise-who-is-acting-in-the-role-of-khudiram-bose-in-devs-bagha-jatin-movie-dgtl/cid/1458811 |website=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=Anandabazar Online |access-date=20 October 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=bn |date=10 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Australian actor Carl A. Hart&lt;ref name=&quot;glamsham&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Bengali Film 'Bagha Jatin' Trailer Loaded With Powerful Imagery, Dialogues |url=https://glamsham.com/regional/regional-news/bengali-film-bagha-jatin-trailer-loaded-with-powerful-imagery-dialogues |access-date=20 October 2023 |date=10 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; was selected to play the role of [[Charles Tegart]], Deputy Commissioner of the [[Kolkata Police|Calcutta Police]].<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> Principal photography took place in the Baripada forest, [[Odisha]] and [[Kolkata]]. The Baripada forest in Odisha were selected for the scenes of the Battle of Buribalam. [[Recce (filmmaking)|Recce]] was done in November 2022 for site selection. In February 2023, the shooting started in the Birpara forest. But, during the shooting for an action scene, Dev suffered an eye injury, due to which the shooting was stopped for few days. Dev was admitted to a hospital in [[Mumbai]] for treatment. Birpara jungle scene work resumed in May.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anandabazar2222&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=এক চোখে বাঁধা ব্যান্ডেজ! অমিতাভের পর এ বার ওড়িশায় শুটিং করতে গিয়ে চোট পেলেন দেব! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/how-tollywood-actor-dev-got-injured-in-the-sets-of-baghajatin-dgtl/cid/1412587 |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=Anandabazar |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anandabazar1322&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=9 March 2023 |title=চোখে চোট পেয়েছিলেন শুটিংয়ে! 'আমি ভাল আছি', জানিয়েই পুজোর লড়াইয়ে যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা করলেন দেব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/tollwood-actor-aka-mp-dev-announced-that-his-upcoming-movie-baghajatin-going-to-release-in-this-durga-puja-dgtl/cid/1412863 |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=Anandabazar |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The [[imprisonment]] of many [[Indian independence movement|revolutionaries]] in [[Kolkata]]'s [[Alipore Jail]] was filmed. A British period prison environment was recreated for the scene at Alipore Jail.<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music of the film was composed by Nilayan Chatterjee. The lyrics were written by Nilayan Chatterjee.<br /> <br /> The first single was released on 23 September 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ei Desh Amar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEix7SBBaoc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ek Ho Pukar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bG-27Z0dYw4}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second single was released on 30 September 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bagha Bagha Hey Bengali | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=miYo_LQMbUY}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bagha Bagha Hey Hindi | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBiOA84AuKc}}&lt;/ref&gt; The third single was released on 7 October 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jago Re Bagha Bengali | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5BI5tD2RzE}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jago Re Bagha Hindi | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixtZlsAAe8c}}&lt;/ref&gt; The fourth single was released on 15 October in Bengali and was released on 16 October in Hindi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ashbo Phire | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQs6mOJ0FIM}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Original ===<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Bagha Jatin<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = Nilayan Chatterjee<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 18 October 2023<br /> | recorded = 2023<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 22:34<br /> | language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> | label = [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music Bangla]]<br /> | producer = <br /> | prev_title = <br /> | prev_year = <br /> | title = <br /> | year = <br /> | next_title = <br /> | next_year = <br /> | misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio<br /> | {{YouTube|7oC9l9M_ABQ|Bagha Jatin - Full Album}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Singles<br /> | name = Bagha Jatin<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | single1 = Ei Desh Amar<br /> | single1date = 23 September 2023<br /> | single2 = Bagha Bagha Hey<br /> | single2date = 30 September 2023<br /> | single3 = Jago Re Bagha<br /> | single3date = 7 October 2023<br /> | single4 = Ashbo Phire<br /> | single4date = 15 October 2023<br /> }}<br /> {{Extra chronology<br /> | artist = Nilayan Chatterjee <br /> | prev_title = [[Dilkhush]]<br /> | prev_year = 2023<br /> | title = Bagha Jatin<br /> | year = 2023<br /> | next_title = TBA<br /> | next_year = TBA<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Ei Desh Amar<br /> | length1 = 3:01<br /> | extra1 = [[Rupam Islam]]<br /> | title2 = Bagha Bagha Hey<br /> | length2 = 3:41<br /> | extra2 = Bavrabi Basu, Sreeja Gupta<br /> | title3 = Jago Re Bagha<br /> | length3 = 2:44<br /> | extra3 = Snigdhajit Bhowmick, [[Iman Chakraborty]]<br /> | title4 = Ashbo Phire<br /> | length4 = 4:43<br /> | extra4 = [[Arijit Singh]]<br /> | title5 = Ekotar Gaan <br /> | length5 = 3:07<br /> | extra5 = Nilayan Chatterjee<br /> | title6 = Prince of Mine<br /> | length6 = 2:45<br /> | extra6 = Pratisha Paul<br /> | title7 = Amra Morbo Jogot Jagbe<br /> | length7 = 1:09<br /> | extra7 = Nilayan Chatterjee<br /> | title8 = Vande Mataram<br /> | length8 = 2:29<br /> | extra8 = Nilayan Chatterjee, Subhadeep Pan, Sayan Ghosh<br /> | total_length = 22:34<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Hindi ===<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Bagha Jatin<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = Nilayan Chatterjee <br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 18 October 2023<br /> | recorded = 2023<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 22:34<br /> | language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | label = [[Zee Music Company]]<br /> | producer = <br /> | prev_title = <br /> | prev_year =<br /> | title = <br /> | year = <br /> | next_title = <br /> | next_year = <br /> | misc ={{external music video| header = Official audio<br /> | {{YouTube|MDyTWDfbfm8|Bagha Jatin - Full Album}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Ek Ho Pukar<br /> | length1 = 3:01<br /> | extra1 = [[Rupam Islam]]<br /> | title2 = Bagha Bagha Hey<br /> | length2 = 3:41<br /> | extra2 = Bavrabi Basu, Sreeja Gupta<br /> | title3 = Jago Re Bagha<br /> | length3 = 2:44<br /> | extra3 = Snigdhajit Bhowmick, [[Iman Chakraborty]]<br /> | title4 = Hai Yeh Wada<br /> | length4 = 4:44<br /> | extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]]<br /> | title5 = Aakhri Khat<br /> | length5 = 3:07<br /> | extra5 = Nilayan Chatterjee<br /> | title6 = Prince of Mine<br /> | length6 = 2:45<br /> | extra6 = Pratisha Paul<br /> | title7 = Amra Morbo Jogot Jagbe<br /> | length7 = 1:09<br /> | extra7 = Nilayan Chatterjee<br /> | title8 = Vande Mataram<br /> | length8 = 2:29<br /> | extra8 = Nilayan Chatterjee, Subhadeep Pan, Sayan Ghosh<br /> | total_length = 22:34<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Marketing ==<br /> The Bengali pre-teaser of the film was released on 14 August 2023 on Dev Entertainment Ventures Youtube channel. The Hindi pre-teaser was released on 15 August 2023, on the occasion of [[India|Independence Day]].<br /> <br /> The teaser for the film was released on 9 September 2023 in both [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] on Dev Entertainment Ventures Youtube channel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bagha Jatin - Official Teaser (Bengali) | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efCy9hDzitU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bagha Jatin - Official Teaser (Hindi) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CILdgACn8wo}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Bengali trailer was released on 9 October 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Bagha Jatin' trailer: Dev's Durga Puja release promises an intriguing big screen entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/bagha-jatin-trailer-devs-durga-puja-release-promises-an-intriguing-big-screen-entertainer/articleshow/104301519.cms?from=mdr}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Hindi trailer was dropped one day later, on 10 October 2023 on [[Zee Music Company]] Youtube channel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bagha Jatin Hindi Trailer Out |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/bagha-jatin-hindi-trailer-out-bengali-superstar-dev-durga-puja-release-to-hit-theatres-on-this-date-18008621.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> ===Theatrical===<br /> In June 2023, the film was slated for theatrical release in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and Hindi on 20 October 2023 on the occasion of [[Durga Puja]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Anandabazar2222&quot;/&gt; But as per the final decision, it was released across India in Bengali language on 19 October. The dubbed version of Hindi language was released across India on 20 October. It released on almost 200 screens in Indian markets, including 19 and 20 October releases.<br /> <br /> ===Home media===<br /> The movie was telecasted on 23 June 2024 on [[Star Jalsha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Dev’s Bagha Jatin set for World TV Premiere on Star Jalsha |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/devs-bagha-jatin-set-for-world-tv-premiere-on-star-jalsha/cid/2023212 |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=29 May 2024 |location=Calcutta}}&lt;/ref&gt; On digital media, it is streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=T |first1=Sachin |title=Bagha Jatin OTT Release Date: Know All About Plot, Cast &amp; Where To Watch |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bagha-jatin-ott-release-date-know-all-about-plot-cast-where-to-watch#:~:text=The%20film%20was%20released%20on,is%20streaming%20on%20Disney%20%2B%20Hotstar. |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=Free Press Journal |date=4 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Elina Dutta of ''[[Ei Samay]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote &quot;A tickle of Bengali nationalism with patriotism, Bagha Jatin is a cocktail of the glorious history of Bengal. The background score by Neelayan Chatterjee is also worth noting. Riding on the raft of patriotism and Dev's stardom, it looks set to win the box office.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=বাঘাযতীন Review |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/dev-film-bagha-jatin-movie-review/moviereview/104551702.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt; Virat Verma of Flickonclick reviewed the film and wrote &quot;Dev’s portrayal of Jatindranath Mukherjee is compelling and serves as the backbone of the film. Bagha Jatin is a commendable addition to Bengali cinema, providing a powerful and historically significant narrative. It is a must-watch for those interested in India’s history and its fight for freedom, offering a glimpse into the lives of the heroes who shaped the nation’s destiny.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bagha Jatin Bengali Movie Review: A Gripping Portrayal of India's Unsung Hero |url=https://www.flickonclick.com/bagha-jatin-bengali-movie-review-a-gripping-portrayal-of-indias-unsung-hero/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Upam Buzarbaruah of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote &quot;Bagha Jatin is a good watch but could have been much more. For one, the editing leaves ample room to tighten the narrative, and second, a decent pick up in the overall pace could have done wonders to the film. However, the VFX sequence that shows how Jatindranath came to be known as ‘Bagha’ by slaying a tiger, make-up and the film music is impressive. If you want to experience the life and journey of a renowned Bengali freedom fighter, better not miss it.&quot;&lt;ref name=t&gt;{{cite news |title=Bagha Jatin Movie Review : It's Dev all the way in this patriotic biopic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/bagha-jatin/movie-review/104560056.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subhasmita Kanji of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote &quot;Bagha Jatin's dialogue deserves special praise. However, the first part shows so many fragmented events that could have been put together in a better way. But in the hustle and bustle of Puja, this film will inspire more tension towards the country, inform the history as well as give courage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bagha Jatin Review: Not only Bagha Jatin told the story of the independent country, but also many other revolutionaries |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-starrer-bagha-jatin-review-31697711457237.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025235331/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-starrer-bagha-jatin-review-31697711457237.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Akash Misra of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' wrote &quot;Dev has imbued into the character of Bagha Jatin with emotions. This film will be memorable in his filmography, that much can be said.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='বাঘা যতীন' ইতিহাসকে ধরেছে যত্নে, নিজের সেরাটা দিলেন দেব |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-new-movie-bagha-jatin-review/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Souvik Saha of Cine Kolkata rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and wrote &quot;Baghajatin is a commendable attempt at bringing a crucial chapter of history to the silver screen. Dev’s powerful performance, coupled with strong supporting acts and impressive visuals, makes this film a worthy watch. While it falls short in some aspects, it stands as a testament to the filmmakers’ courage and dedication.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bagha Jatin Movie Review : Roaring Against the British Raj |url=https://cinekolkata.com/review/bagha-jatin-movie-review-roaring-against-the-british-raj/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='BAGHA JATIN' (DUBBED) REVIEW |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/bagha-jatin-dubbed-review-20-october-2023/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Anandabazar Patrika]] and ''The Indian Express'' also reviewed the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Film Review: 'বন্দে মাতরম' না 'বাঘা যতীন', বীর বঙ্গসন্তানের ভূমিকায় সুবিচার করলেন দেব? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/film-review-dev-as-bagha-jatin-movie-review-685289/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=বাঘা যতীন: 'অজানা' ইতিহাস এবং এক অভিনেতার জন্ম |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-devs-film-bagha-jatin-directed-by-arun-roy-dgtl/cid/1468481}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Box office===<br /> The film trade magazine ''Film Information'' mentioned that the film collected over ₹11.45 lakhs (₹1.14 million) from national multiplex chains only in West Bengal on first day.&lt;ref name=&quot;filminformation1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WEEKLY COLLECTIONS OCTOBER 13-19, 2023 {{!}} 21 October 2023 – Film Information |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/weekly-collections-october-13-19-2023-21-october-2023/ |website=www.filminformation.com |publisher=Film Information |access-date=26 October 2023 |date=21 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to ''Hindustantimes Bangla'', the film grossed {{INRConvert|3.25|c}} within eight days of its release in the domestic market.&lt;ref name=&quot;bangla.hindustantimes.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bangla-hindustantimes5&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|3}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|28185525|Bagha Jatin}}<br /> {{Dev Entertainment Ventures}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2023 films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Bengali-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s biographical films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about Bagha Jatin]]<br /> [[Category:Indian war films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]<br /> [[Category:Indian historical films]]<br /> [[Category:Dev Entertainment Ventures films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language films based on actual events]]<br /> [[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahan_Ke_Hum_Sikandar&diff=545988 2026-04-02T16:34:13Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: New New Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian drama television series}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Yahan Ke Hum Sikandar title card.png<br /> | image_upright =<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt_name = <br /> | genre = Teen drama<br /> | creator = Dilip Sood<br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{based on|work|author}} --&gt;<br /> | developer = <br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = {{ubl|Taqi Imam|Harish Vyas}}<br /> | story = {{ubl|Taqi Imam|Harish Vyas}}<br /> | director = Dilip Sood<br /> | creative_director = Shivani Thakur<br /> | presenter = &lt;!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --&gt;<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Tom Alter]]<br /> * Saksham Dayma<br /> * Anu Nain<br /> * Dhruv Raj Sharma<br /> * Punit Kumar<br /> * Tanvi Chaturvedi<br /> }}<br /> | voices = &lt;!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --&gt;<br /> | narrated = <br /> | theme_music_composer = Gulraj Singh<br /> | opentheme = &quot;Yahan Ke Hum Sikandar&quot; by Manoj Yadav<br /> | endtheme = <br /> | composer = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = 2<br /> | num_episodes = 175<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | executive_producer = Mayank Jain<br /> | producer = Dilip Sood<br /> | news_editor = &lt;!-- Content editor or editors of a current affairs/political show such as Newsnight. --&gt;<br /> | location = [[Bijnor]]<br /> | cinematography = Suhas Rao<br /> | editor = {{ubl|Vivek Gupta|Vikas Malik}}<br /> | camera = <br /> | runtime = ~25 min<br /> | company = Dilip Sood Films<br /> | budget = <br /> | network = [[DD National]]<br /> | released = &lt;!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2011|10|06}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2013|07|25}}<br /> | related = &lt;!-- To be used only for remakes, spin-offs, and adaptations --&gt; <br /> }}<br /> '''''Yahan Ke Hum Sikandar''''' is an Indian [[Hindi language]] teen drama television series which aired on [[DD National]] from 2011 to 2013. The show stars assembled cast of [[Tom Alter]], Saksham Dayma, Anu Nain, Dhruv Raj Sharma, Tanvi Chaturvedi, Ritu Chauhan and Puneet Kumar. The show was created, directed and produced by Dilip Sood for [[Doordarshan]]. The story and dialogues were written by Taqi Imam and Harish Vyas. Following success of the first season, the show returned with the second season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.in.com/tv/shows/dd-national-174/yahan-ke-hum-sikandar-18275.html|title=Yahan Ke Hum Sikandar|website=in.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721143212/http://www.in.com/tv/shows/dd-national-174/yahan-ke-hum-sikandar-18275.html|archive-date=2017-07-21|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> ;Season 1<br /> Five students studying in the Government school in [[Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh]], India; have their aspirations and dreams. Samuel ([[Tom Alter]]), a British who did not leave India after independence, teaches History to students in school and helps students as their guide. Ali (Saksham Dayma) helps his father in his metal welding shop due to financial condition of his family. He studies in school and wants to excel in [[boxing]]. Aisha (Anu Nain), a girl from middle-class family, wants to make her career in [[Badminton]]. Radhey (Dhruv Raj Sharma) is her happy-go-lucky friend. He likes Suhani (Tanvi Chaturvedi), an upper-class girl studying in Sunshine Public School, an English medium school; and follows her frequently. Sameer (Punit Kumar) is simple and smiling friend and schoolmate of Ali, Aisha and Radhey. Ranjana ([[Ritu Chauhan]]), a free spirited girl is also friends with and secretly admires Ali. Karan, a classmate of Suhani, is their antagonist who turns their friend in end. The series shows these small town children's life and conflict with society and culture to achieve their dreams.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dwarkaparichay.blogspot.in/2011/10/blog-post_12.html|title=यहाँ के हम सिकंदर - नया धारावाहिक|last=Sharma|first=Prembabu|date=12 October 2011|website=Dwarka Parichay|language=Hindi|trans-title=Yahan Ke Hum Sikandar - New Serial|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721072237/http://dwarkaparichay.blogspot.in/2011/10/blog-post_12.html|archive-date=2017-07-21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/yahan-ke-hum-sikandar/cast/779496/|title=Yahan Ke Hum Sikandar|website=TVGuide.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823164240/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/yahan-ke-hum-sikandar/cast/779496/|archive-date=2017-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Season 2<br /> They complete their schooling and go to college. Their struggles and joys continue. Ashima and Ranjna join them.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Tom Alter]] as Samuel&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/back-on-tv-with-a-new-zeal/article3592897.ece|title=Back on TV with a new zeal|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-21|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824130143/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/back-on-tv-with-a-new-zeal/article3592897.ece|archive-date=2017-08-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Saksham Dayma as Ali<br /> * Anu Nain as Aisha<br /> * Dhruv Raj Sharma as Radhey<br /> * Punit Kumar as Sameer<br /> * Tanvi Chaturvedi as Suhani<br /> * Nitin Sharma as Karan<br /> * [[Ritu Chauhan]] as Ranjana<br /> <br /> ==Broadcast==<br /> The show was broadcast on [[DD National]], two episodes per week. The first season ended with 110 episodes. The second season ended on 25 July 2013 with 65 episodes.{{fact|date=November 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DD National Shows}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:DD National original programming]]<br /> [[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Indian television series endings]]<br /> [[Category:Indian teen drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedasandur_Assembly_constituency&diff=469892 2026-03-29T10:29:24Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: basic expand content per standard format additionally and cleaned formatting per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 133<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Vedasandur.svg<br /> <br /> | established = 1951<br /> | district = [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | mla = [[S. Gandhirajan]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2021<br /> | name = Vedasandur<br /> | electors = 241,813<br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vedasandur''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://dindigul.nic.in/election/ |title=Election - Dindigul District |website=dindigul.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form20_TNLA2021.aspx|title = Public (Election) Department &amp;#124;&amp;#124; TNLA 2021 - ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCY WISE FORM 20 DETAILS}}&lt;/ref&gt; constituency in [[Dindigul district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 133. It comes under [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency]] for parliament elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners from this constituency are listed below.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | V. Madanagopal<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | [[T. S. Soundram]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | S. Nanjunda Rao<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[N. Varadarajan]]<br /> | {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[P. Muthusamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[S. M. Vasan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[V. P. Balasubramanian]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[P. Muthusamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[S. Gandhirajan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[S. V. Krishnan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[P. Andivel]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[M. Dhandapani]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/13th_2006/13threview.pdf#page=357 |page=357 |title=MEMBERS OF THE THRETEENTH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |website=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[S. Palanichamy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/14th_2011/members.htm |title=LIST OF MEMBERS - 14th ASSEMBLY |website=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[V. P. B. Paramasivam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/15thassembly/members/whoswho-2016.pdf#page=459 |page=459 |title=Who's Who 2016 |website=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | S. Gandhirajan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/members/001_050.html |title=16th Assembly Members |website=www.assembly.tn.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508110807/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/members/001_050.html |archive-date=2021-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.45}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.13}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.92}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.16}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.01}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.98}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|76.47}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|29.72}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.48}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.89}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.21}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.18}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|48.16}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.58}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.64}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|51.52}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[S. Gandhirajan]]|party=Secular Progressive Alliance |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. B. Paramasivam]]|party=AIADMK-led Alliance|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= A. Hussain|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= N. Nagajothi|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 241813|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref name=election2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Tmil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 - Tamil Nadu - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 19 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Vedasandur Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a133|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Gandhirajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=106,481 |percentage=50.45% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. B. Paramasivam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,928 |percentage=42.13% |change=-7 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Pothumani |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=8,495 |percentage=4.02% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramasamy |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,041 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Palanichamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,293 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vetrivel |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,215 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,553 |percentage=8.32% |change= -1.73% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=211,065 |percentage=80.16% |change= -0.38% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=157|percentage=0.07% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263,311 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.32% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. B. Paramasivam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=97,555 |percentage=49.13% |change=-12.79 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sivasakthivel Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=77,617 |percentage=39.09% |change=+7.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. K. Balu |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=12,445 |percentage=6.27% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kannan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,512 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,256 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palanichamy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,264 |percentage=0.64% |change=-0.34 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vengadash |party=Independent politician |votes=1,206 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,938 |percentage=10.04% |change= -20.01% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=198,558 |percentage=80.54% |change= 0.86% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 246,548 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.79% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Palanichamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=104,511 |percentage=61.92% |change=+25.64 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Dhandapani]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=53,799 |percentage=31.88% |change=-14.29 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Varatharaj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,018 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,643 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palanichamy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,640 |percentage=0.97% |change=+0 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Raman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,635 |percentage=0.97% |change=-0.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Lakshmi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,259 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=50,712 |percentage=30.05% |change= 20.17% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=168,772 |percentage=79.68% |change= 8.61% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 211,823 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 15.76% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Dhandapani]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=68,953 |percentage=46.16% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Palanichamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,195 |percentage=36.28% |change=-12.73 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Venkatachalam |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=16,693 |percentage=11.18% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Paraman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,263 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Palanisamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,180 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Dhayalan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,445 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=802 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,758 |percentage=9.88% |change= -4.45% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=149,370 |percentage=71.06% |change= 9.39% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,197 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.85% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Andivel]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,415 |percentage=49.01% |change=+20.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kavitha Parthipan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,289 |percentage=34.68% |change=-9.31 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Karnan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,381 |percentage=6.28% |change=-18.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rethinam |party=Thaayaga Makkal Katchi |votes=6,984 |percentage=5.23% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sivasubramani Alias Dalit Siva |party=Independent politician |votes=2,296 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Andavan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,966 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Karuppanan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,221 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugesan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=923 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,126 |percentage=14.33% |change= -0.74% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=133,475 |percentage=61.67% |change= -4.79% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,457 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.02% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. V. Krishnan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,639 |percentage=43.98% |change=+21.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gandhirajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,870 |percentage=28.92% |change=-47.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Balasubramanian |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,802 |percentage=24.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. R. S. Muthukrishnan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=733 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,769 |percentage=15.06% |change= -38.98% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=137,863 |percentage=66.46% |change= 3.38% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,941 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -32.49% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Gandhirajan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,937 |percentage=76.47% |change=+46.75 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Muthusamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,847 |percentage=22.43% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=67,090 |percentage=54.04% |change= 53.34% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=124,147 |percentage=63.08% |change= -9.37% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,269 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 46.75% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Muthusamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,928 |percentage=29.72% |change=-25.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Gandhirajan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=37,038 |percentage=29.02% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Dhandapani]] |party=Independent politician |votes=25,742 |percentage=20.17% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Balasubramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=21,045 |percentage=16.49% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai Marikannu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,302 |percentage=2.59% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=890 |percentage=0.70% |change= -24.83% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=127,615 |percentage=72.45% |change= 1.42% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,162 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -25.76% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. Balasubramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,583 |percentage=55.48% |change=-8.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Muthusamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,714 |percentage=29.96% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. S. Veerappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,359 |percentage=12.23% |change=-23.88 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Marikkannan Durai |party=Independent politician |votes=983 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sathiyamurthy |party=Independent politician |votes=837 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,869 |percentage=25.52% |change= -2.25% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=109,194 |percentage=71.03% |change= 11.78% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,490 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.41% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. Balasubramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,128 |percentage=63.89% |change=+26.68 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. P. V. Raju |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,857 |percentage=36.11% |change=+1.46 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,271 |percentage=27.77% |change= 25.22% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=90,985 |percentage=59.25% |change= 9.10% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,681 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 26.68% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. M. Vasan|Vasan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,995 |percentage=37.21% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nanjunda Row |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,141 |percentage=34.66% |change=+0.73 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. V. Subbarayalu |party=Janata Party |votes=9,808 |percentage=13.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Abdul Kader Sait |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,467 |percentage=8.91% |change=-45.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. J. Ali Mohamad |party=Independent politician |votes=2,040 |percentage=2.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Dorai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,192 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. M. Moosa |party=Independent politician |votes=903 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,854 |percentage=2.56% |change= -17.70% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=72,546 |percentage=50.15% |change= -18.45% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,304 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.97% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Muthusamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,746 |percentage=54.18% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nanjundarow |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,007 |percentage=33.92% |change=-13.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Varadarajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,068 |percentage=11.90% |change=-36.26 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,739 |percentage=20.26% |change= 19.15% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=67,821 |percentage=68.60% |change= 1.37% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,399 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 6.02% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Varadarajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=30,063 |percentage=48.16% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. N. Rao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,372 |percentage=47.05% |change=-1.53 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. P. Gowder |party=Independent politician |votes=1,912 |percentage=3.06% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. M. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,079 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=691 |percentage=1.11% |change= -7.24% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=62,426 |percentage=67.23% |change= -1.82% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,263 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.43% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nanjunda Roy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,394 |percentage=48.58% |change=-2.06 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Madanagopal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=25,171 |percentage=40.24% |change=-3.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Muthusamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,558 |percentage=8.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Subbiah Gounder |party=Swatantra Party |votes=1,436 |percentage=2.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,223 |percentage=8.35% |change= 1.48% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=62,559 |percentage=69.06% |change= 12.08% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,573 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.06% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. S. Soundram|T. S. Soundram Ramachandran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,312 |percentage=50.64% |change=+21.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Madanagopal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=22,745 |percentage=43.78% |change=-7.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kandasamy Chetti |party=Independent politician |votes=2,899 |percentage=5.58% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,567 |percentage=6.87% |change= -15.77% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=51,956 |percentage=56.97% |change= 1.56% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,194 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -0.87% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Vedasandur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Madanagopal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,012 |percentage=51.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Krishnaswami Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,779 |percentage=28.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. N. Govindarajulu Saidu |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=6,604 |percentage=16.19% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Muthuswami Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,392 |percentage=3.41% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,233 |percentage=22.64% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=40,787 |percentage=55.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,604 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010|url-status= dead|df= mdy-all}}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|10.5302058|77.9226457|display=title|format=dms}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Dindigul district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reservation_policy_in_Indian_Institutes_of_Technology&diff=478192 2026-03-25T19:05:33Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: created the entry first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{too few opinions|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Expert needed|1=India|reason=Context on the Indian education system needed to make sense of this article.|date=June 2025}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use British English|date=September 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br /> The '''[[Indian Institutes of Technology]]''' (IITs) practices [[affirmative action]] and offers reservation to the &quot;backward and weaker sections&quot; of the society that includes SC/ST/OBC-NCL/EWS/PWD/Female candidates.{{Clarify|reason=What do these acronyms stand for?|date=June 2025}}<br /> <br /> As of 2022, the percentages of student seats reserved for each category, for undergraduate (B. Tech/B. Sc. programs) stand at:<br /> <br /> * GEN-EWS: 10%<br /> * OBC-NCL: 27%<br /> * SC: 15%<br /> * ST: 7.5%<br /> <br /> In addition to this, 5% of seats of each category (including OPEN) are reserved for Persons with Disability (PwD) candidates. The seats are also of two pools - Gender-Neutral (80%) and Female-Only (20%). If a female fails to get her seat in Female-Only category, she gets admitted via the Gender-Neutral category of seats. Supernumerary seats were created to reach the 1:4 gender ratio requirement in 2018. The overall seat breakdown, including the count of female-supernumerary seats, is:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Percentage of Seats by category.<br /> !Pool<br /> !OPEN<br /> !GEN-EWS<br /> !OBC-NCL<br /> !SC<br /> !ST<br /> !OPEN-PWD<br /> !GEN-EWS-PWD<br /> !OBC-NCL-PWD<br /> !SC-PWD<br /> !ST-PWD<br /> |-<br /> |Gender-Neutral<br /> |30.78%<br /> |7.60%<br /> |20.52%<br /> |11.40%<br /> |5.70%<br /> |1.62%<br /> |0.40%<br /> |1.08%<br /> |0.60%<br /> |0.30%<br /> |-<br /> |Female-Only<br /> |7.695%<br /> |1.90%<br /> |5.13%<br /> |2.85%<br /> |1.425%<br /> |0.405%<br /> |0.10%<br /> |0.28%<br /> |0.14%<br /> |0.075%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> In addition to all these, every IIT has an additional 2 seats reserved for children of deceased/permanently injured officers of defence services. (Reference for this data: JoSAA Website)<br /> <br /> ==Recent developments==<br /> {{main|Indian anti-reservation protests, 2006|Reservations in India}}<br /> {{Politics of India}} <br /> In 1989, Prime Minister [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V. P. Singh]] accepted and implemented the proposals of [[Mandal Commission]] that recommended provisions for reservations in private unaided institutions as well as high-end government jobs for minorities communities. It also laid stress on including the OBCs in the purview of reservations. There were massive student protests throughout the country against it, but the proposals were eventually implemented. However, no changes took place in the IITs because of the legislation. But in the year 2005, based on the recommendations of an independent panel, the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government at the centre proposed to implement quota system for Scheduled caste, Schedule tribe, Other Backward Classes and minority communities in IITs and IIMs (for both students and faculty).<br /> To pave way for such reservation scheme, the [[Constitution of India]] was amended (the ''93rd Constitutional Amendment'', originally drafted as ''104th Amendment Bill''). In 2006, the UPA government promised to implement 27% reservation for OBCs in institutes of higher education (twenty central universities, the IITs, [[IIMs]] and [[AIIMS]]) after [[State Assembly elections in India, 2006|2006 Assembly elections]].<br /> <br /> This led to sharp reactions from the student communities in the institutes concerned and also substantial opposition from students of other colleges as well. Students gathered under the banner of &quot;[[Youth For Equality]]&quot; and demanded that the government roll back its decision to grant more reservations. Nearly 150 students went on hunger strike in AIIMS (Delhi) which, as on 23 May has entered into its ninth day.&lt;ref name=&quot;hunger&quot;&gt;[http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/may/17quota.htm Quota: Striking doctors continue to go hungry]&lt;/ref&gt; Within the next few days, students from all IITs joined the protest in one form or the other. Student protesters were reportedly beaten brutally in Mumbai and Delhi. Resident doctors from all over India joined the protests crippling the health infrastructure of a number of cities.&lt;ref name=&quot;spread&quot;&gt;[http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/may/14quota.htm Anti-quota protests spread]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ESMA&quot;&gt;[http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=297169&amp;sid=NAT Nationwide anti-quota stir continues]&lt;/ref&gt; The government took stern measures to counter the protesting doctors by serving them with suspension letters and asking them to vacate the hostels to make way for newly recruited doctors. Many states have invoked the [[Essential Services Maintenance Act]] (ESMA) and gave notice to the doctors to return to work in 24 hours failing which legal action will be taken against them. The government has also put on alert 6,000 men from [[Rapid Action Force]] to take care of any untoward incident. However, in most places the protesters remained defiant regarding ESMA. Few IIT students also wrote to the [[President of India]] requesting him to allow them to commit suicide if the proposed reservation is implemented.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESMA&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to complete roll-back of the proposed reservation, the striking protesters have demanded that an expert committee comprising members from non-political organisations to review the existing reservation policy and find out whether reservation for OBCs is required at all. This is based on the current confusion over actual population of OBC as various organisations have indicated various figures for the population of OBCs. This is mostly because the 1931 national census was the last time detailed population and economic data was gathered along with caste information for the OBC population. The Mandal Commission, using extrapolated 1931 Census figures, put it at 52 per cent, the [[National Sample Survey Organisation]] (NSSO) at 32 per cent and the National Family and Health Survey at 29.8 per cent. Keeping in view the fact that already 23.5% of all college seats are reserved for OBCs, the rationale of extending reservation is debated.&lt;ref name=&quot;OBC stats&quot;&gt;[http://in.rediff.com/money/2006/may/08quota.htm Quota: Just how many OBCs are there?]&lt;/ref&gt; The protesters also demand that no penal action be taken against the protesters and publication of a white paper by the government, making its stand clear on reservation.&lt;ref name=&quot;demands&quot;&gt;[http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/may/20quota4.htm GoM submits report, docs soften stand]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, the [[National Knowledge Commission]] has requested the government to maintain the ''status-quo'' on the issue; 6 out of 8 of its members felt that alternative avenues have been insufficiently explored.&lt;ref name=&quot;Knowledge&quot;&gt;[http://in.rediff.com/money/2006/may/09quota1.htm Knowledge panel for status quo on quota]&lt;/ref&gt; After the HRD minister Arjun Singh criticised the Knowledge Commission for its stand, two members of the commission ([[Pratap Bhanu Mehta]] and [[Andre Beteille]]) resigned on 22 May 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;know resignation&quot;&gt;[http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/may/22quota1.htm Two members quit the Knowledge Commission]&lt;/ref&gt; Around the same time, a section of the media has reported that IIT Delhi, an elite institution is half-hearted about reservation and that it denied admission to the top ranking Scheduled caste student in its post-graduate programme.&lt;ref name=&quot;admission denied&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121017232508/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-05-27/india/27801700_1_sc-students-sc-candidates-electronics SC topper denied entry into IIT]&lt;/ref&gt; The NRI Quota was once started where Indian Kids living outside India got admission in the IIT's through their [[SAT]] scores, the NRI Quota should not pass over 2.5% of the overall seats. The NRI Quota was later stopped due to low quality of students.<br /> <br /> On 29 March 2007, the [[Supreme Court of India]], as an interim measure, stayed the law providing for 27 percent reservation for Other Backward Classes in educational institutions like IITs and IIMs. This was done in response to a public interest litigation — [[Ashoka Kumar Thakur vs. Union of India (Supreme Court Case)|Ashoka Kumar Thakur vs. Union of India]]. The Court held that the 1931 census could not be a determinative factor for identifying the OBCs for the purpose of providing reservation. The supreme court also observed, &quot;Reservation cannot be permanent and appear to perpetuate backwardness&quot;.&lt;ref name=interimstay&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = Supreme Court stays OBC quota in IITs, IIMs<br /> | url = http://in.rediff.com/news/2007/mar/29quota.htm<br /> | work = rediff.com<br /> | publisher = Rediff.com India Limited<br /> | date = 29 March 2007<br /> | access-date = 1 April 2007<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 10 April 2008, the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the law that provides for 27% reservation for Other Backward Castes (OBCs) in educational institutions supported by the Central government, while ruling that the [[creamy layer]] among the OBCs should be excluded from the quota.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ibnlive.com/news/sc-upholds-obc-quota-keeps-creamy-layer-out/63029-3.html SC upholds OBC quota, keeps creamy layer out]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121020082320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-10/india/27761761_1_creamy-layer-anti-quota-petitioners-obcs Supreme Court okays quotas in IIMs, IITs]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 22 February 2021, a plea has been moved before the Supreme Court seeking direction to all the twenty-three [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IIT) to follow the reservation policy in the admission in research degree program and recruitment of faculty in the IITs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Debayan |title=Plea in Supreme Court alleges all 23 IITs violating Govt directive to implement reservation in faculty recruitment, research degree admissions |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/plea-supreme-court-all-23-iits-violating-govt-directive-reservation-sc-st-obc-faculty-recruitment-research-degree |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |date=21 March 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reservation for faculty===<br /> On 9 June 2008, the government ordered 15% quota for SC, 7.5% for ST and 27% quota for OBCs in teaching positions. IITs currently have no reservations in teaching positions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-06-15 |title=HRD orders faculty quota, IIT directors livid - Times Of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-28/india/27769571_1_iit-directors-lecturers-and-assistant-professors-iit-council |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002719/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-28/india/27769571_1_iit-directors-lecturers-and-assistant-professors-iit-council |archive-date=15 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-07-12 |title=The Hindu : Front Page : OBC quota for faculty posts in IITs challenged |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/09/stories/2008070961261700.htm |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712230024/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/09/stories/2008070961261700.htm |archive-date=12 July 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 December 2022, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] has directed the centre to follow the reservation policy for admission in research degree programmes and recruitment of faculty members at IITs as provided under the Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Teachers' Cadre) Act, 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=LIVELAW NEWS |date=2022-12-20 |title=Supreme Court Directs Centre, IITs To Allow Reservation In Faculty, Research Degree Admissions As Per 2019 Act |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-directs-centre-iits-to-allow-reservation-in-faculty-research-degree-admissions-as-per-2019-act-217172 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court directs Centre, IITs to follow quota law in recruitment of faculty |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs/supreme-court-directs-centre-iits-to-follow-quota-law-in-recruitment-of-faculty/2919359/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Financialexpress |date=19 December 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-12-19 |title=SC directs Centre, IITs to follow reservation policy in recruitment of faculty members |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/pti/sc-directs-centre-iits-to-follow-reservation-policy-in-recruitment-of-faculty-members/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=The South First |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was done in response to a [[public interest litigation]] — Dr. Sachchida Nand Pandey &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sachchida Nand Pandey |language=en |access-date=24 August 2023 |url=https://sites.google.com/view/snpiitm/home?authuser=0}}&lt;/ref&gt; vs. Union of India.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20040508131657/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/06/24/stories/2003062400731000.htm Diluting Mandal]}}-A take from S.S.Gill, Secretary, Mandal Commission.<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040920100255/http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13383406 The Mandal Commission].<br /> * Youth For Equality [http://www.youthforequality.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502063651/http://www.youthforequality.com/ |date=2 May 2010 }}<br /> *[http://www.obcguru.com confusion about creamy layer, OBC Reservation Rules, Creamy Layer Criteria &amp; Clarifications, 4.50 lakh order, Caste certificate &amp; application format etc. Parent's salary income &amp; candidate's self or husband's income no bar in creamy layer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807080739/http://www.obcguru.com/ |date=7 August 2023 }}<br /> *https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674987883<br /> <br /> {{Indian Institutes of Technology}}<br /> {{Reservation in India}}<br /> {{Discrimination}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Reservation Policy in Indian Institutes of Technology}}<br /> [[Category:Reservation in India]]<br /> [[Category:Affirmative action]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology]]<br /> [[Category:Policies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Social justice]]<br /> [[Category:Majority–minority relations]]<br /> [[Category:Discrimination in India]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of India]]<br /> [[Category:1983 establishments in India]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rightaa_Thappaa&diff=465704 2026-03-25T15:47:52Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Rightaa Thappaa<br /> | director = R. Buvana<br /> | writer = R. Buvana<br /> | producer = Buvana&lt;br /&gt;Vijisha&lt;br /&gt;Akshaya<br /> | starring = [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Uma Shankari|Uma]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Mahesh Muthuswami]]<br /> | editing = [[Suresh Urs]]<br /> | music = [[Karthik Raja]]<br /> | studio = VB Film Makers<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|3|4|ref1=}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Rightaa Thappaa''''' ({{Translation|Right or wrong?}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by journalist-turned-filmmaker R. Buvana. It stars Ramana, Uma and Seetha. The film, Buvana's first full-length feature film, deals with [[eve teasing]] and was based on a true incident. [[Karthik Raja]] composed the music and Mahesh Muthuswamy was the cinematographer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=6 October 2013 |title=Life through the lens |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/life-through-the-lens/article5205149.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830192404/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/life-through-the-lens/article5205149.ece |archive-date=30 August 2014 |access-date=16 October 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was first screened in 2004 before being theatrically released in 2005. For the year 2004, the film won two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Family Film]], and the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female)|Best Character Actor Award]] for Seetha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 October 2013 |title=Long and short |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/long-and-short/article5228937.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224220137/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/long-and-short/article5228937.ece |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date=16 October 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and an award at the Women Directors' film festival in Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Santhanam |first=Kausalya |date=4 March 2006 |title=In the right direction |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/03/04/stories/2006030402280200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131016111646/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/03/04/stories/2006030402280200.htm |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{No plot|date=April 2023}}<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]] as Sathya<br /> * [[Uma Shankari|Uma]] as Viji<br /> * [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Sathya's mother<br /> * [[Bose Venkat]]<br /> * [[Shanmugasundaram]]<br /> * [[Meera Krishnan]]<br /> * [[Suryakanth]]<br /> * Hemalatha as Sathya's sister<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The film marked the debut of R. Buvana who formerly worked as journalist and documentary film-maker and cinematographer who earlier assisted [[P. C. Sreeram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/11rightathappa.asp|title=Righta Thappa|website=Chennai Online|date=10 November 2004|access-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203124604/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/11rightathappa.asp|archive-date=3 December 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music was composed by [[Karthik Raja]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Righta Thapaa |url=https://gaana.com/album/righta-thapaa-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114062040/https://gaana.com/album/righta-thapaa-tamil |archive-date=14 November 2022 |access-date=14 November 2022 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics<br /> |-<br /> | Ilamai Embathu || [[Karthik Raja]] || R. Buvana<br /> |-<br /> | Kutti Kalagam || [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || Kirithiya<br /> |-<br /> | Thottuvidu || [[Bhavatharini]] || rowspan=2|[[Snehan]]<br /> |-<br /> | Yaaridam Solven || [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> [[Shobha Warrier]] from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that &quot;Amid the unrealistic, just-titillation-no-plot Tamil films that are churned out every week, ''Righta Thappa'' will definitely stand out. There is no crude comedy, no action, no violence; you see only real emotions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=1 March 2005 |title=At last, a realistic Tamil film! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/01righta.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016114902/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/01righta.htm |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that the film is &quot;A must-see for the youth and parents of today!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=25 February 2005 |title=Rightaaa Thappaa |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/02/25/stories/2005022502650200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305183128/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/02/25/stories/2005022502650200.htm |archive-date=5 March 2005 |access-date=16 October 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the director for making a film with a documentary feel without cinematic elements and added ''Righta Thappa'' can be boldly ticked as Ok Right as it has taken on a burning issue in a youth-friendly manner.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=13 March 2005 |title=ரைட்டா? தப்பா? |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-03-13/page/25/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230419084104/https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-03-13/page/25/mode/2up |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=27 April 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=25 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''BizHat.com'' wrote &quot;‘Rightaa Thappa’, R.Buvana's first feature film which she's scripted, produced and directed, is a touching tale, sensitively narrated with a message for the younger generation. The film may lack gloss and could do with a bit more finesse, and has a slightly jerky narration. But one should commend the debutante for taking up a storyline that is different and relevant to the times, of trying to give a more realistic touch to the scenes and resisting the temptation to add commercial ingredients like fights and dances. Also for the feel-good ending she gives to her two-hour narration&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rightaa Thappaa |url=http://movies.bizhat.com/review_rightaa_thappaa.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327074524/http://movies.bizhat.com/review_rightaa_thappaa.php |archive-date=27 March 2006 |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=BizHat.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2005 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2004 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:2004 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Karthik Raja]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simdega_subdivision&diff=535940 2026-03-25T03:38:32Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: New A Article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox settlement <br /> | name = Simdega subdivision <br /> | other_name = &lt;!-- optional --&gt; <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Subdivision <br /> | image_skyline = File:Jampani, Jharkhand 835226, India - panoramio (3).jpg <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = [[National Highway 143 (India)|National Highway 143]] at Jampani in Thethaitangar block in Simdega subdivision<br /> | pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3 <br /> | pushpin_label_position = left <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.8012|N|85.9444|E|display=inline,title}} <br /> | subdivision_type = Country <br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] <br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]] <br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] <br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Simdega district|Simdega]] <br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt; <br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | seat_type = Headquarters <br /> | seat = [[Simdega]] <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric <br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 3774<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 599578 <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages <br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]] <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] <br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30 <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = {{URL|simdega.nic.in/}} <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Simdega subdivision''' is an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivision]] of the [[Simdega district]] in the [[South Chotanagpur division]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==History== <br /> Simdega subdivision was established in 1915 and was one of the four subdivisions of Ranchi district. In 1983, it became a part of the Gumla district when the latter was formed and in 2001, it became a part of the Simdega district when the latter was formed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://khunti.nic.in/history/| title=Khunti district| work= About district-history |publisher= Khunti district administration | access-date = 3 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://gumla.nic.in/ | work= About district|title=Gumla district |publisher= Gumla district administration | access-date = 3 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;District Police Profile - Simdega&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/simdega| title= District Police Profile - Simdega |work= Brief summary of the district| publisher= Jharkhand Police| access-date = 3 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview== <br /> Simdega district has only one subdivision – Simdega subdivision. There are 10 [[Community development block|blocks]] in Simedga subdivision – [[Bano block|Bano]], [[Bansjore block|Bansjore]], [[Bolba block|Bolba]], [[Jaldega block|Jaldega]], [[Kersai block|Koldega]], [[Kolebira block|Kolebira]], [[Kurdeg block|Kurdeg]], [[Pakartanr block|Pakartanr]], [[Simdega block|Simdega]] and [[Thethaitangar block|Thethaitangar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://simdega.nic.in/en/subdivision-blocks/ |title = District Simdega| work= Subdivision and Blocks, Village and Panchayats. |publisher= Simdega district administration | access-date = 3 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Simdega subdivision covers 3774.00&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and has a population of 599,578 in 2011. The subdivision has 450 villages (449 inhabited and 1 uninhabited), and 1 statutory town. Over 90% of the population lives in the rural areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2022_PART_A_DCHB_SIMDEGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 33: 2011 Census Findings: Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 3 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2022_PART_B_DCHB_SIMDEGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 16: Important Statistics, Page 26-27: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 3 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> <br /> | width=400| height=300| zoom=9<br /> <br /> | coord={{coord|22|32|0|N|84|31|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Simdega district in South Chotanagpur Division'''&lt;br/&gt;M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly <br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|22|26|3|N|84|43|24|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Bansjore | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bansjore]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 <br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|22|39|10|N|84|55|18|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Bano| numbered2=R| mark-title2= Bano, Simdega (R) <br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|22|25|52|N|84|20|41|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bolba| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bolba]] (R) <br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|22|34|36|N|84|48|42|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Jaldega| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Jaldega]] (R) <br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|22|42|45|N|84|25|56|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Pakartanr| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Pakartanr]] (R) <br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|22|31|32|N|84|13|53|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Kersai| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Kersai]] (R) <br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|22|42|15|N|84|41|34|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Kolebira| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kolebira]] (R) <br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|22|33|31|N|84|7|10|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Kurdeg| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Kurdeg]] (R) <br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|22|30|15|N|84|30|46|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Thethaitangar| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Thethaitangar]] (R) <br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|22|37|12|N|84|29|48|E}} | label-pos10=top|label10=Simdega| numbered10=M| mark-title10= [[Simdega]] (M) |label-color10=#800000<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|22|44|40|N|84|35|10|E}} | label-pos11= top|label11=Palkot |labela11= Wildlife|labelb11= Sanctuary | numbered11=T| mark-title11= [[Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color11= #74C365<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|22|35|40|N|84|21|0|E}} |label12= Sankh River |label-color12 = #77A1CB| label-angle12= -25| label-pos12=top| label-size12=10| mark-size12=0| mark-title12 =none<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|22|46|0|N|84|52|0|E}} |label13= South Koel |labela13= River |label-color13 = #77A1CB| label-angle13= 20| label-pos13=top| label-size13=10| mark-size13=0| mark-title13 =none<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|22|30|0|N|84|58|0|E}} |label14= Deo |labela14=River|label-color14 = #77A1CB| label-angle14= 80| label-pos14=top| label-size14=10| mark-size14=0| mark-title14 =none<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|22|26|0|N|84|29|0|E}} |label15= Chhinda |labela15=River|label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15= 90| label-pos15=top| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15 =none<br /> |arc-coordA={{coord|22|35|0|N|84|1|0|E}}|arc-textA= CHHATTISGARH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-70| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.5<br /> |arc-coordB={{coord|22|18|0|N|84|27|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= -25| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.5}}<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Police stations== <br /> Police stations in Simdega subdivision are:&lt;ref name=&quot;District Police Profile - Simdega&quot;/&gt; <br /> #[[Simdega#Civic administration|Simdega]] <br /> #[[Simdega#Civic administration|Muffasil]] <br /> #[[Simdega#Civic administration|SC/ST]] <br /> #[[Simdega#Civic administration|Mahila]] <br /> #[[Thethaitangar#Civic administration|Thethaitangar]] <br /> #[[Kurdeg#Civic administration|Kurdeg]] <br /> #[[Bolba#Civic administration|Bolba]] <br /> #[[Kolebira#Civic administration|Kolebira]] <br /> #[[Bano, Simdega#Civic administration|Bano]] <br /> #[[Jaldega#Civic administration|Jaldega]] <br /> #[[Kersai#Civic administration|Kersai]] <br /> #[[Pakartanr#Civic administration|Pakartanr]] <br /> # Rengarih <br /> #Mahabuang <br /> #AHTU<br /> <br /> ==Blocks== <br /> Community development blocks in the Simdega subdivision are:&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> !CD Block ||Headquarters||&lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;br/&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;||Population&lt;br/&gt;(2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy&lt;br/&gt; rate %||[[Census town|CT]] <br /> |- <br /> |[[Simdega block|Simdega]]||[[Simdega]]||425.07||72,131||11.54||68.27||67.86|| - <br /> |- <br /> |[[Bano block|Bano]]||[[Bano, Simdega|Bano]]||459.82||80,462||7.49||63.16||63.43|| - <br /> |- <br /> |[[Bansjore block|Bansjore]]||[[Bansjore]]||151.07||25,519||3.47||85.58||61.47|| - <br /> |- <br /> |[[Bolba block|Bolba]]||[[Bolba]]||288.63||30,786||6.85||72.87||63.26|| - <br /> |- <br /> |[[Jaldega block|Jaldega]]||[[Jaldega]]||441.61||64,286||3.60||82.92||64.89|| - <br /> |- <br /> |[[Kersai block|Kersai]]||[[Kersai]]||236.97||39,218||5.14||80.33||67.80|| - <br /> |- <br /> |[[Kolebira block|Kolebira]]||[[Kolebira]]||437.44||71,283||13.04||62.55||70.40|| - <br /> |- <br /> |[[Kurdeg block|Kurdeg]]||[[Kurdeg]]||274.84||47,984||6.67||72.33||67.52|| - <br /> |- <br /> |[[Pakartanr block|Pakartanr]]||[[Pakartanr]]||286.82||37,507||8.76||68.29||70.04|| - <br /> |- <br /> |[[Thethaitangar block|Thethaitangar]]||[[Thethaitangar]]||624.18||87,458||6.06||80.53||66.73|| - <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Education== <br /> In 2011, in Simdega subdivision out of a total 449 inhabited villages in 10 CD blocks there were 117 villages with pre-primary schools, 417 villages with primary schools, 243 villages with middle schools, 65 villages with secondary schools, 13 villages with senior secondary schools, 1 village with general degree college, 2 villages with vocation training schools/ ITI, 6 villages with non-formal training centres, 26 villages with no educational facility.&lt;ref name=directory&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2022_PART_A_DCHB_SIMDEGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 222-224, 266|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 3 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The only nagar panchayat had 10 primary schools, 18 middle schools, 5 secondary schools, 5 senior secondary schools, 1 general degree college, 2 recognised shorthand, typewriting, and vocational training institutions and 1 non-formal education centre (Sarba Shiksha Abhiyan).&lt;ref name=directory/&gt; <br /> &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;.*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Educational institutions=== <br /> The following institutions are located in Simdega subdivision: <br /> *[[Simdega College]] was established at [[Simdega]] in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.simdegacollegesimdega.com | title = Simdega College | publisher = SC| access-date = 3 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> *[[St. Xavier's College, Simdega]] was established at Simdega in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.sxcsimdega.edu.in| title = St. Xavier;s College, Simdega | publisher = SXC| access-date = 3 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> *S.K.Bage College was established in 1985 at [[Kolebira]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.indcareer.com/jharkhand/simdega/sk-bage-college-kolebira | title = S.K.Bage College, Kolebira | publisher = IndCareer| access-date = 3 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.sarkariexamslive.com/sk-bage-college-kolebira-gumla-merit-list/ | title = S.K.Bage College | publisher = Sarkari Exams| access-date = 3 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> (Information about degree colleges with proper reference may be added here)<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare== <br /> In 2011, in Simdega subdivision, in the 10 CD blocks, there were 17 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 131 villages with primary health subcentres, 29 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 18 villages with allopathic hospitals, 23 villages with dispensaries, 2 villages with a veterinary hospitals, 26 villages with family welfare centres, 101 villages with medicine shops.&lt;ref name=directory/&gt;<br /> <br /> The only nagar panchayat had 1 hospital, 1 nursing home, 2 dispensaries, 1 maternity and child welfare centre, 1 veterinary hospital, 7 medicine shops. <br /> &lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;.*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Medical facilities===<br /> The major government medical facilities are: Referral Hospital at [[Thethaitangar]] and Community Health Centres (hospitals) at [[Bano, Simdega|Bano]], [[Bolba]], [[Jaldega]], [[Kolebira]] and [[Kurdeg]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://simdega.nic.in/en/public-utilities/# | title = Simdega district | work= Public Utilities - Hospitals | publisher = Simdega district administration |access-date = 3 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> (Anybody having referenced information about location of government/ private medical facilities may please add it here)<br /> <br /> ==References== <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{South Chotanagpur Division}} <br /> {{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naini_Central_Jail&diff=520039 2026-03-21T08:32:29Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: new some data w/ refs...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Prison in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Prison<br /> | prison_name = Naini Central Prison<br /> | image = <br /> | location = [[Naini, Prayagraj|Naini]], [[India]]<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | status = Open<br /> | classification = High security<br /> | capacity = 3,000 &lt;ref name=red/&gt;<br /> | opened = <br /> | closed = <br /> | managed_by = [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]<br /> | director = <br /> |website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Naini Central Prison''' or '''Naini Jail''' at [[Naini, Prayagraj|Naini]], [[Prayagraj]], is one of the most important [[correctional Institution]]s in [[Uttar Pradesh]], built during the [[British Raj]].<br /> <br /> ==Independence movement==<br /> The prison played a large role in the pre-independence era, when many freedom fighters, including [[Motilal Nehru]] (1930), Pt. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (the first [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]]), [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], [[Narendra Dev]], [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]], [[Hasrat Mohani]] were imprisoned there during [[Indian independence movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;red&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swami Ramdev to give yoga lessons in jail |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/12jail.htm |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=www.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Moraes |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0us3TambWogC&amp;dq=Naini+Central+Prison&amp;pg=PA326 |title=Jawaharlal Nehru |date=2007-01-01 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7992-695-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; During his stay, Nehru wrote a series of letters to his young daughter [[Indira Gandhi|Indira]] from the prison, starting on her thirteenth birthday until 9 August 1933. These were later published as ''Glimpses of World History.''&lt;ref&gt;''Discovery of Indira Gandhi: a select chronology'', by S. K. Dhawan. Published by Wave Publications, 1986. ''Page 33''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 1 March 1941, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the prison, to see imprisoned freedom fighters [[Vijayalakshmi Pandit]] and [[Abul Kalam Azad]].{{fact|date=November 2018}}<br /> <br /> Indira Gandhi herself (later [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]]) was arrested along with her husband [[Feroze Gandhi]] and spent her prison term in Naini, from 11 September 1942 until 13 May 1943.&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071209131508/http://www.hinduonnet.com/mag/2002/10/20/stories/2002102000110500.htm Feroze and Indira were arrested together on September, 10 ..]}} [[The Hindu]], 20 Oct 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Issues==<br /> The prison has witnessed security concerns as it houses not just a few members of parliament, but sharpshooters and gang lords from [[Purvanchal]], including Sujeet Belwa and Rajesh Yadav, and rumours that gang wars were being raged from inside the prison. Many militants belonging to the [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|Jaish-e-Mohammad]] and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] are also imprisoned here.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hindustantimes.in/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=d4a86615-3ace-4e32-8287-a7c71be56960 Naini Central Jail a powder keg waiting to explode] [[Hindustan Times]], 5 October 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/papers-missing-from-naini-jail/380719/ Papers missing from Naini jail] [[Indian Express]], 3 November 2000.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2008, 97 prisoners who had already completed their sentences wrote to the [[president of India]] asking to be [[Euthanasia|euthanised]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110526061826/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080607/jsp/nation/story_9378139.jsp Life convicts ask President for death] [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], 7 June 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, 17 inmates died over a period of five months, and as many as 239 inmates were found to be suffering from ailments like tuberculosis, scabies and water-borne diseases, forcing the government to implement improved health services available to the incarcerated.&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Lucknow/17_prisoners_die_in_Naini_jail_in_five_months/rssarticleshow/3115612.cms 17 prisoners die in Naini jail in five months] [[The Times of India]], 10 June 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023224226/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-17/allahabad/28051443_1_jail-authorities-naini-jail-jail-campus IG Prison inspects Naini jail] [[The Times of India]], 17 Mar 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090427054507/http://uppolice.up.nic.in/ Uttar Pradesh Police, Official website]<br /> * [http://wikimapia.org/11846671/Naini-Central-Jail Naini Central Jail Location]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Prayagraj]]<br /> [[Category:Indian independence movement in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Prisons in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirupatiraju%27s_Rebellion&diff=541522 2026-03-19T14:14:31Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: New Article</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{Infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = Tirupatiraju's Rebellion <br /> | partof = Rebellion's In Andhra <br /> | image = A monument in Sidhout Fort, India (1).jpg<br /> | caption = A monument in Siddavatam Fort <br /> | image_size = <br /> | date = 1598<br /> | place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]<br /> | result = [[Vijayanagar]] victory<br /> | territory = * [[Venkatapati Raya]] captured Siddavatam And Pottapi appointed Ellamaraju as Governor of Siddavatam <br /> | combatant1 = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]<br /> | combatant2 = Chiefs of Siddhavatam<br /> | commander1 = [[Venkatapati Raya]]&lt;br&gt;Matla Ellamaraju&lt;br&gt;Matla Tirumalaraju&lt;br&gt;[[Matla Anantaraju]] <br /> | commander2 = Kondaraju Tirupatiraju{{KIA}}&lt;br&gt;Kondaraju Venkatadriraju{{KIA}} <br /> | strength1 = <br /> | strength2 = <br /> | casualties1 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tirupatiraju’s Rebellion''' was a rebellion against [[Vijayanagara Empire]] the rebellion began soon after the death of [[Sriranga Deva Raya]], when Tirupatiraju tried to rule [[Siddavatam]] and Pottapi on his own instead of staying loyal to [[Venkatapati Raya]]. He strengthened his position by placing a garrison at Utukur and tried to tighten his control over the whole region. This move angered [[Venkatapati Raya]] who saw it as open defiance. The emperor responded by sending Matla Ellamaraja with an army to crush the rebellion. The battle ended with Tirupatiraju’s death outside Utukur and his followers were either defeated or driven out. the rebellion was put down and the entire region was brought under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] control.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Inscriptionsofan 020320 MBP {{!}} PDF {{!}} Epigraphy {{!}} Archaeology |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/792501835/inscriptionsofan020320mbp |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Scribd |language=en|page=199}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ramesan |first=n |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.162281 |title=The Tirumala Temple |date=1999|page=39}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> After [[Sriranga Deva Raya]] passed away Kondaraju Tirupatiraju began to act on his ambition to rule [[Siddavatam]] and Pottapi on his own. Around the same time the Matla chief Ellamaraja and his sons chose to support [[Venkatapati Raya]] who was then ruling from Chandragiri. there was long standing hostility between Tirupatiraju and the Matla family he moved quickly against them. He seized Pondaluru, [[Penagalur]], Ponnapalli, and several other villages in the [[Siddavatam]] and Pottapinadu regions lands that had been held by the Matla chiefs as their amaram estates.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=K.A.Nilakanta Sastry |url=http://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory |title=Further Sources Of Vijayanagara History |date=1946 |language=English|pages=267–269}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==Rebellion==<br /> ===Battle of Utukuru===<br /> Kondraju Tirupatiraju, who controlled the [[Siddavatam]] region placed a garrison at Utukuru a village in the Pottapi area to guard it from any attack coming from Pulugula which was under [[Venkatapati Raya]] of Chandragiri. Wanting to tighten his control over Pottapi Tirupatiraju personally travelled to Utukuru. to strengthen his authority on the Pottapi region.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=K A Nilakanta Sastri |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280075 |title=Further Source Of Vijayanagara History Vol I 1946 By K A Nilakanta Sastri |date=1946|pages=320–321}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Venkatapati Raya]] sent an army under Matla Ellamaraja to bring Pottapi nadu under his control and to destroy the fort that Kondaraju Tirupatiraju had built at Utukuru. The emperor also promised Ellamaraja the town of [[Siddavatam]] and its lands as amaram if he succeeded in capturing it. Ellamaraja joined the [[Vijayanagara Army]] and marched straight to Utukuru where Tirupatiraju the governor of [[Siddavatam]] sima was staying at the time.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> When Ellamaraja tried to enter Utukuru he was met by Kondaraju Tirupatiraju’s forces and a battle took place just outside the village. Tirupatiraju was killed in the battle. Ellamaraja then secured the fort by placing a garrison inside and immediately set out to deal with Tirupatiraju’s followers who were fleeing in three different directions towards Poli, Neladalur, and Kondur. He chased them down before they could escape the region and defeated them at those places. The group that tried to escape through the Pottapi route could not face his attack and hid in the Niru Hills to the north of Pottapi.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Battle of Cennur===<br /> Tirumalaraju, the younger brother of Matla Ellamaraja led another force to Cennur. There he captured the town and executed Kondraju Venkatadriraju who had been ruling the area for Tirupatiraju. After securing [[Chennur, Kadapa district|Chennur]] Tirumalaraju moved quickly through the region and brought several nearby districts [[Kamalapuram, Kadapa|Kamalapuram]], [[Duvvur]], [[Porumamilla]] and [[Badvel]] under his control. He also subdued the local Manne chiefs and the smaller palems tightening Vijayanagara authority over the whole area.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rev Henry Heras |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77307 |title=The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagar |date=1927|page=309}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Heras |first=H. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55644 |title=South India Under The Vijayanagar Empire Vol. 1 |date=1927|page=309}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Capture of Siddavatam=== <br /> An inscription left by Matla Anantaraju the son of Matla Ellamaraja, also records Ellamaraja’s capture of [[Siddavatam]]. Anantaraju had a wall built around the Siddhesvara shrine and on it he had the story engraved showing how his father took the fort and brought the region under control.&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;<br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> After Matla Ellamaraja defeated Kondaraju Tirupatiraju, [[Venkatapati Raya]] rewarded him generously for his service. He granted Ellamaraja Pulugula sima as an amaranayam and also gave him control over Pottapi-nadu and the [[Siddavatam]] region which had earlier belonged to the Udayagiri rajya. In addition, Ellamaraja was placed in charge of several important districts Chennur, [[Duvvur]], [[Kamalapuram, Kadapa|Kamalapuram]], [[Porumamilla]], and [[Badvel]].&lt;ref name=&quot;aps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot;/&gt;<br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Siege of Penukonda]]<br /> * [[Siege of Vellore (1603–1604)]]<br /> * [[Venkatapati Raya]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --&gt;<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]<br /> [[Category:Battles involving Matli Chiefs]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexuality_in_Islam&diff=467387 2026-03-17T08:01:57Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: adjust details based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Islamic views and laws on sexuality}}<br /> {{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Fiqh|family}}<br /> [[File:Atai_(Walters_MS_666)_-_A_Juriconsult_Giving_Sexual_Advice_(cropped).jpg|thumb|A [[mufti]] advises a woman whose [[son-in-law]] cannot consummate his marriage (Ottoman illustration, 1721).]]<br /> '''Sexuality in Islam''', particularly '''Islamic jurisprudence of sex''' ({{langx|ar|الفقه الجنسي}}{{efn|{{IPA|ar|fiqhu'l dʒin'siːu'l ʔis'laːmiː}}; {{transliteration|ar|Fiqh al-Jinsi}}}}) and '''Islamic jurisprudence of marriage''' ({{langx|ar|فقه النكاح}}{{efn|{{IPA|ar|fiqhu'n nikah}}; {{transliteration|ar|Fiqh al-Nikah}}}}) are the codifications of [[Islam]]ic scholarly perspectives and rulings on sexuality, which both in turn also contain components of [[Islamic family jurisprudence]], [[Islamic marital jurisprudence]], [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|hygienical]], [[Islamic criminal jurisprudence|criminal]] and [[Islamic bioethics|bioethical]] [[fiqh|jurisprudence]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mallat |first1=Chibli |last2=Connors |first2=Jane Frances |title=Islamic Family Law |date=1990 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-1-85333-301-9 |pages=55, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goEwYQVb6HIC&amp;q=sexual&amp;pg=PA31 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Cohn-Sherbok |first1=Dan |last2=Chryssides |first2=George D. |last3=El-Alami |first3=Dawoud |title=Love, Sex and Marriage: Insights from Judaism, Christianity and Islam |date=2013 |publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd |isbn=978-0-334-04405-5 |pages=XX, 88, 182, 196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LO-b2FxcBswC&amp;q=Islam |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Aftab |title=Sex &amp; Sexuality in Islam |date=2006 |publisher=Nashriyat |isbn=978-969-8983-04-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRTYAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=islam+family+sex |access-date=26 May 2020 |page=296|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Warren |first1=Christie S. |title=Islamic Criminal Law: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-980604-1 |pages=10, 11, 12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFnZtem-HTQC&amp;q=islamic+sexual+jurisprudence&amp;pg=PA10 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Zia |first1=Afiya Shehrbano |title=Sex Crime in the Islamic Context: Rape, Class and Gender in Pakistan |date=1994 |publisher=ASR |isbn=978-969-8217-23-5 |pages=7, 9, 32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=se_ZAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=islam+sex+criminal |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IB&quot; /&gt; which contains a wide range of views and laws, which are largely predicated on the [[Quran]], and the sayings attributed to [[Muhammad]] (''[[hadith]]'') and the rulings of religious leaders (''[[fatwa]]'') confining sexual intercourse to relationships between men and women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rassool |first1=G. Hussein |title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-44125-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=islamic+sexual+jurisprudence&amp;pg=PA75 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence |date=2016 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-78074-853-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gB29DwAAQBAJ&amp;q=editions%3AISBN1851684565 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> All instructions regarding sex in Islam are considered parts of, firstly, ''[[taqwa]]'' or obedience and secondly, [[Iman (Islam)|''Iman'']] or faithfulness to [[God in Islam|God]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Halstead |first1=Mark |last2=Reiss |first2=Michael |title=Values in Sex Education: From Principles to Practice |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-57200-7 |page=284 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaaCAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=sex+taqwa&amp;pg=PA99 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Edward E. |title=The Columbia Sourcebook of Muslims in the United States |date=18 May 2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13957-1 |page=226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToXGAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=sex+taqwa&amp;pg=PA226 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sensitivity to gender difference and [[haya (Islam)|modesty]] (''haya'') outside of marriage can be seen in current prominent aspects of Muslim cultures, such as interpretations of [[list of types of sartorial hijab|Islamic dress]] and degrees of [[sex segregation and Islam|gender segregation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Saeeda |title=Education, Leadership and Islam: Theories, discourses and practices from an Islamic perspective |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-05254-6 |page=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afUWCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=sex+segregation+islam&amp;pg=PA96 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Islamic marital jurisprudence allows Muslim men to be married to multiple women (a practice known as [[polygyny]]).<br /> <br /> The Quran and the ''hadiths'' allow Muslim men to have sexual intercourse only with [[marriage in Islam|Muslim women in marriage]] (''nikāḥ'') and &quot;[[Islamic views on concubinage|what the right hand owns]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Abd al-Ati, Hammudah. The family structure in Islam. Baltimore, MD: American Trust Publications, 1977.&lt;/ref&gt; This historically permitted Muslim men to have [[History of concubinage in the Muslim world|extramarital sex with concubines and sex slaves]]. Contraceptive use is permitted for birth control. Acts of homosexual intercourse are [[Haram|prohibited]], although Muhammad—the [[Muhammad in Islam|main]] [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet of Islam]]—never forbade [[Platonic love|non-sexual relationships.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Murray |first=Stephen O. |title=[[Islamic Homosexualities|Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature]] |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=9780814774687 |editor-link=Stephen O. Murray}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legal prescriptions==<br /> ===Modesty===<br /> {{Main|Haya (Islam)|Islam and clothing}}<br /> {{see also|Awrah|Purdah|Gender segregation in Islam|Gender roles in Islam|Mahram}}<br /> Islam has strongly emphasized the concept of decency and modesty (''haya'') and chastity; besides the lawful sexuality, priority is given to modesty and chastity both inside and outside the marital relationships. The Quran warns against immoral lust (''[[fahisha]]''),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqAYCn1O5WwC&amp;q=fahisha&amp;pg=PT307|title=Reading the Qur'an: The Contemporary Relevance of the Sacred Text of Islam|date= 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-991149-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ṣallābī|first=ʻAlī Muḥammad Muḥammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rU11lVnBWOwC&amp;q=fahishah&amp;pg=PA309|title=The Noble Life of the Prophet|publisher=Darussalam|year=2005|isbn=978-9960-9678-7-5|location=Riyadh, Saudu Arabia|pages=309, 310|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the hadith literature, modesty has been described by Muhammad as &quot;a part of faith&quot; in [[sahih hadith|hadith traditions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://40hadithnawawi.com/index.php/the-hadiths/hadith-20 | title=Hadith 20 :: Modesty is from Faith | publisher=40hadithnawawi.com | access-date=27 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810122508/http://40hadithnawawi.com/index.php/the-hadiths/hadith-20 | archive-date=10 August 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Islam strictly discourages nudity and public nakedness,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Akbar S. |title=Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-92417-2 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ARFh_D9pzEC&amp;q=nudity+in+Islam&amp;pg=PA89 |access-date=12 June 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Aftab |title=Sex &amp; Sexuality in Islam |date=2006 |publisher=Nashriyat |isbn=978-969-8983-04-8 |pages=312, 320, 414 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRTYAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=nakedness+in+Islam |access-date=12 June 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and it is also forbidden for spouses to spread the secrets of what happens between them in their private marital life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marital privacy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.quran.mu/marital-privacy-in-islam.html | title=Marital privacy in Islam | access-date=1 December 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208211244/http://www.quran.mu/marital-privacy-in-islam.html | archive-date=8 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Education===<br /> ====Adult====<br /> Islam has a long tradition of pragmatism with respect to [[sex education]], with sex being readily discussed and not subject or taboo as long as the topics under discussion were Islamically permissible. A hadith attributed to Muhammad's wife [[Aisha]] states that the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] women in particular were not shy about asking questions regarding sexual matters as long as they are halal.&lt;ref&gt;Bukhari, Book 3, Number 0649. [https://sunnah.com/muslim:332c Muslim 332]&lt;/ref&gt;{{Better source needed|this is just original research|date=November 2023}} From as early as the 14th-century, entire manuscripts devoted to Islamic sexual education were being written in Arabic in [[Baghdad]], which at that time was a great literary centre within the Muslim world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Women and Men in al-Suyūṭī's Guides to Sex and Marriage |last=Myrne |first=Pernilla |date=2018 |publisher=The Middle East Documentation Center (MEDOC) at the University of Chicago |issn=1947-2404 |doi=10.25846/26hn-gp87 |pages=47–67 |journal=Mamlūk Studies Review |volume=XXI |url=https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/1253?ln=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight]]'' ([[Arabic]]: الروض العاطر في نزهة الخاطر) is a fifteenth-century Arabic Islamic sex manual and work of [[erotic literature]] by Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Nefzawi, also known simply as &quot;Nefzawi&quot;. The book presents opinions on what qualities men and women should have to be attractive and gives advice on sexual technique, warnings about [[sexual health]], and recipes to remedy sexual maladies. It gives lists of names for the [[Human penis|penis]] and [[Human vulva|vulva]], and has a section on the interpretation of dreams. Interspersed with these there are a number of stories which are intended to give context and amusement.<br /> <br /> ====Children====<br /> According to [[:ar:عبد الله ناصح علوان|Abdullah Nasih Ulwan]], sex education is not recommended until the approach of [[puberty]], and children are expected to be taught the signs of this as well as the characteristics which distinguish men from women.&lt;ref name=CEII&gt;{{cite book |last1=Alwan |first1=Abdullah Nasih |last2=Ghali |first2=Mahmoud |last3=Ghani |first3=Kamal Abdul |last4=Elkhatib |first4=Shafiq |last5=Shaban |first5=Ali Ahmad |last6=Al-Gindi |first6=Ash-Shahhat |last7=Zeid |first7=Khalifa Ezzat |first8=Selma |last8=Cook |title=Child Education in Islam |date=2004 |publisher=Dar-Us Salam |location=Cairo |isbn=977-342-000-0 |pages=186–214 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk685SYzgOIC&amp;q=child+education+in+islam&amp;pg=PA14 |access-date=19 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Islamic tradition also encourages that sexual education be entwined with morality, explaining Islamic rules involving the covering the intimate parts of the body, [[Intimate parts in Islam|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'awrah'']], and the Islamic positions on modesty, chastity and avoiding [[promiscuity]].&lt;ref name=CEII/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Circumcision===<br /> {{See also|Khitan (circumcision)|Khafd}}<br /> ''Khitan'' or ''Khatna'' ({{langx|ar|ختان}}, {{langx|ar|ختنة}}) is the term for male [[circumcision]] carried out as a [[Islamic culture|cultural rite]] by Muslims and is considered a sign of belonging to the wider [[Islam]]ic community.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |title=Circumcision of boys |access-date=29 July 2008 |work=Religion &amp; ethics – Islam |publisher=BBC |date=24 March 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305204605/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=5 March 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Whether or not it should be carried out after [[converting to Islam]] is debated among Islamic scholars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://convertingtoislam.com/circum.html |title=Male circumcision – the Islamic View |publisher=www.convertingtoislam.com |access-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217175325/http://convertingtoislam.com/circum.html |archive-date=17 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicinvitationcentre.com/FAQ/converts/FAQ_converts.html#Anchor-34662circumcision|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227151507/http://islamicinvitationcentre.com/FAQ/converts/FAQ_converts.html#Anchor-34662circumcision|archive-date=27 December 2010 |title=Is Circumcision obligatory after conversion? |publisher=Islamicinvitationcentre.com |access-date=20 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Quran does not mention circumcision, either explicitly or implicitly—in any verse—while some [[hadith]]s mention circumcision in a list of practices known as ''[[fitra]]'' (acts considered to be of a refined person). However, different hadiths contradict on whether circumcision is part of ''fitra'' or not.<br /> <br /> According to some traditions Muhammad was born without a [[foreskin]] ([[Aposthia|aposthetic]]), while others maintain that his grandfather [[Abdul-Muttalib|Abd al-Muttalib]] circumcised him when he was seven days old.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |title=Religions – Islam: Circumcision of boys |publisher=BBC |date=13 August 2009 |access-date=26 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629074142/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=29 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Al-Halabi, Ali Ibn-Burhan-al-Din. Alsirah al-halabiyyah. Vol.1 Beirut: Al-maktabah al-islamiyyah. (n.d.): 54-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Islamic sources that advocate for circumcision also do not fix a particular time for circumcision, which can depend on family, region, and country. The preferred age is usually seven although some Muslims are circumcised as early as the seventh day after birth and as late as the commencement of [[puberty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Puberty ===<br /> {{Main|Baligh}}<br /> <br /> ''[[Bāligh]]'' or ''bulūgh'' ({{langx|ar|بالغ or بُلوغ}}) refers to a person who has reached [[puberty]] or [[adulthood]], and has full responsibility under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. In Islam, human life is divided into two parts, the first is before adolescence or childhood, when man is considered innocent, and the second is after adolescence (''bulugiyat'') or adulthood, when the Islamic law is fully applied to man and the hereafter is judged. If a person dies before he becomes an adult, he is considered to be in heaven.&lt;ref name=&quot;mi&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Meri |first1=Josef W. |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |date=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-96690-0 |page=150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&amp;q=puberty+islam&amp;pg=PA150 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ei&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Elementary Education and Motivation in Islam |date=2010 |publisher=Cambria Press |isbn=978-1-62196-932-7 |pages=21, 25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdaLbLKJ9CkC&amp;q=puberty+islam&amp;pg=PA25 |access-date=24 May 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The minimum age for puberty in boys is approximately 12 lunar years, and in the absence of symptoms, approximately 15 lunar years to maximum 18 lunar years, or may vary by geographical region; in the case of boys, the characteristics or signs of puberty, [[pubic hair]] growth, and [[Spermarche]] (&quot;[[Nocturnal emission|wet dreams]]&quot;). The minimum age of puberty for girls is approximately 9 lunar years and if absence of no symptoms are found, it can be considered as approximately 15 lunar years to maximum 17 lunar years or 18 lunar years, or may vary by geographical region in case of girls. The characteristics or signs of puberty in girls are pubic hair, [[menstruation]], wet dreams, and the ability to conceive.&lt;ref name=&quot;ei&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;doi&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hughes |first1=Thomas Patrick |title=A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopædia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion |date=1885 |publisher=W.H. Allen |page=476 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDtbAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=puberty+islam&amp;pg=PA476 |access-date=24 May 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Torab |first1=Azam |title=Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Islam |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15295-3 |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsWorLT4p3UC&amp;q=puberty+islam&amp;pg=PA169 |access-date=24 May 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In issues pertaining to [[Marriage in Islam|marriage]], ''baligh'' refers to the legal expression ''hatta tutiqa'l-rijal'', which means a wedding may not take place until a girl is physically fit for [[sexual intercourse]]. This can also, though not necessarily, coincide with the reaching of [[sexual maturity]] manifested by [[menses]] or [[nocturnal emission]].&lt;ref name=Masud1996&gt;Masud, ''Islamic Legal Interpretation, Muftis and Their Fatwas'', [[Harvard University]] Press, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; Only after a separate condition called ''rushd'', or intellectual maturity to handle one's own property, is reached can a wife receive her [[bridewealth]].&lt;ref name=Masud1996/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Menstruation ====<br /> {{main|Menstruation in Islam}}<br /> <br /> The Quran makes specific mention of menstruation in [[Surah]] [[al-Baqarah]] that instructs Muslims to:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...keep aloof from the women during the menstrual discharge and do not go near them until they have become clean; then when they have cleansed themselves, go in to them as Allah has commanded you&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|2|222|t=s|s=ns}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Language that is taken to clearly imply that sexual relations during menstruation are prohibited.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joseph2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Suad |title=Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures |year=2007 |publisher=Brill |page=531}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ibn Kathir]]—a [[muhaddith]]—narrated a hadith that describes Muhammad's habits with his menstruating wives. This hadith demonstrates that Muhammad gave licence to all forms of spousal intimacy during the period of menstruation with the exception of vaginal intercourse. Women are required to perform ritual cleansing (''[[ghusl]]'') before resuming religious duties or sexual relations upon completion of their menstruation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Baugh |first=Carolyn |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0965 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908190008/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0965 |archive-date=8 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sexual intercourse is also prohibited during menstruation,&lt;ref name=&quot;Joseph2007&quot; /&gt; for forty days after childbirth ([[puerperium]]), during the daylight hours of the month of [[Ramadan]] (i.e. while [[Fasting in Islam|fasting]]) and on pilgrimage. While in the sanctuary ([[Masjid al-Haram]]) in [[Mecca|Makkah]], pilgrims are not allowed to have intercourse, and marriages performed during the pilgrimage are invalid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Wheeler |first=Brannon |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3403500093&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;p=GVRL&amp;sw=w |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |access-date=3 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Nocturnal emissions====<br /> {{main|Nocturnal emission#Islamic}}<br /> <br /> Nocturnal emission is not a sin in Islam. Moreover, whereas a person fasting—in [[Ramadan]] or otherwise—would normally be considered to have broken their fast by ejaculating on purpose (during either masturbation or intercourse), nocturnal emission is not such a cause. They are still required to bathe prior to undergoing some rituals in the religion. Muslim scholars consider ejaculation something that makes one temporarily ritually impure, a condition known as ''[[junub]]''; meaning that a [[Muslim]] who has had an [[orgasm]] or ejaculated must have a ''[[ghusl]].''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Smith-Hefner |first1=Nancy J. |title=Islamizing Intimacies: Youth, Sexuality, and Gender in Contemporary Indonesia |date=2019 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location= |isbn=978-0-8248-7811-5 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVnGDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=nocturnal+emission+islam&amp;pg=PA128 |access-date=26 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Legal relationships===<br /> ====Marriage====<br /> {{main|Marriage in Islam|Islamic marital jurisprudence}}<br /> <br /> In [[Islam]] and [[Sharia|Islamic law]] (''sharia''), [[marriage]] (''nikāḥ'') is a legal and social [[Islamic marriage contract|contract]] between two individuals that outlines the rights and responsibilities of the groom and bride.&lt;ref name=&quot;marriage1&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.al-islam.org/islamic-marriage-syed-athar-husain-sh-rizvi/importance-marriage-islam | title=Importance of Marriage in Islam | date=22 October 2012 | publisher=al-islam.org | access-date=10 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Polygny in Islam|Polygyny is permitted in Islam]] under some conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article308231.ece |title=Women in polygamous marriages suffering psychological torture – Arab News |access-date=2011-03-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311202547/http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article308231.ece |archive-date=2011-03-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Both the groom and the bride are to consent to the marriage of their own free wills. Marriage is an act of Islam and is strongly recommended.&lt;ref name=&quot;marriage1&quot;/&gt; In Islamic jurisprudence, the primary purpose of sex between marriage and concubinage is [[procreation]]. Islam recognizes the strong sexual urge and desire for reproduction and supports a [[natalism|pro-natalist]] view of procreation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Rita James |last2=Brooks |first2=Alison |title=Gay and Lesbian Communities the World Over |date=2009 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-4364-3 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGlGTAXlAcsC&amp;q=homosexuality+islam&amp;pg=PA17 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Divorce in Islam]] can take a variety of forms, some executed by a husband personally and some executed by a religious court on behalf of a plaintiff wife who is successful in her legal divorce petition for valid cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://nikah101.com/getting_married.html |title=Getting Married |access-date=2018-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004225955/https://nikah101.com/getting_married.html |archive-date=2018-10-04 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to ''nikah'', there is a different fixed-term marriage known as {{transliteration|ar|[[Nikah mut'ah|zawāj al-mut'ah]]}} (&quot;temporary marriage&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Wehr, Hans. [http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=1058,ll=2783,ls=38,la=4127,sg=968,ha=718,pr=145,vi=350,mgf=779,mr=647,mn=1306,aan=617,kz=2459,ulq=1576,uqa=389,uqw=1523,umr=1012,ums=848,umj=778,uqq=365,bdw=829,amr=594,asb=911,auh=1501,dhq=525,mht=842,msb=221,tla=92,amj=766,ens=287,mis=2024,br=890 ''Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: a compact version of the internationally recognized fourth edition'']. Ed. JM Cowan. New York: Spoken Language Services, Inc., 1994. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619052549/http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=1058,ll=2783,ls=38,la=4127,sg=968,ha=718,pr=145,vi=350,mgf=779,mr=647,mn=1306,aan=617,kz=2459,ulq=1576,uqa=389,uqw=1523,umr=1012,ums=848,umj=778,uqq=365,bdw=829,amr=594,asb=911,auh=1501,dhq=525,mht=842,msb=221,tla=92,amj=766,ens=287,mis=2024,br=890 |date=2017-06-19 }}. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|page=1045}} permitted only by the [[Twelver]] branch of [[Shia Islam]] for a pre-fixed period.&lt;ref name=&quot;IslamicOrigins&quot;&gt;Berg, H. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SxPyHsFzNMIC&amp;q=Mutah+of+marriage&amp;pg=PA165 &quot;Method and theory in the study of Islamic origins&quot;]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509211138/https://books.google.com/books?id=SxPyHsFzNMIC&amp;pg=PA165&amp;dq=Mutah&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=TOtbUaCjLMjOrQeZ6IHwAw&amp;ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&amp;q=Mutah%20of%20marriage&amp;f=false |date=2016-05-09 }} Brill 2003 {{ISBN|9004126023}}, 9789004126022. Accessed at Google Books 15 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IslamDictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&amp;dq=Mutah&amp;pg=PA424 |title=A Dictionary of Islam |date=1995 |page=424 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0672-2 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423230922/https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&amp;pg=PA424&amp;dq=Mutah&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=TOtbUaCjLMjOrQeZ6IHwAw&amp;ved=0CFkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&amp;q=Mutah&amp;f=false |archive-date=2016-04-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|page=242}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Pohl (2010)&quot;&gt;Pohl, F. [https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&amp;dq=Mutah&amp;pg=PA50 &quot;Muslim world: modern Muslim societies&quot;]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624115230/https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&amp;pg=PA50&amp;dq=Mutah&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=l0VdUeCnM4ajiAfXnoCgCQ&amp;ved=0CDMQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&amp;q=Mutah&amp;f=false |date=2016-06-24 }} Marshall Cavendish, 2010. {{ISBN|0761479279}}, 1780761479277. pp. 47–53.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last = İlkkaracan |first = Pınar |title = Deconstructing sexuality in the Middle East: challenges and discourses |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pnGwP9-FhxYC&amp;pg=PA36 |publisher = Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year = 2008 |page = 36 |isbn = 978-0-7546-7235-7 |url-status = live<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151030194344/https://books.google.com/books?id=pnGwP9-FhxYC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;dq |archive-date = 30 October 2015}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; There is also a [[Misyar marriage|''misyar'' marriage]], a non-temporary marriage with the removal of some conditions such as living together, permitted by some [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|quote=In a misyar marriage the woman waives some of the rights she would enjoy in a normal marriage. Most misyar brides do not change their residences but pursue marriage on a visitation basis. |url=http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/642991 |title=Misyar now a widespread reality |work=Arab News |date=12 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218025556/http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/642991 |archive-date=2017-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first= Elie |last= Elhadj|title=The Islamic Shield: Arab Resistance to Democratic and Religious Reforms| year=2006|publisher=Universal Publishers|isbn=978-1599424118| page=51}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|journal=Al-Raida |issue=92–99|page=58|title=Misyar Marriage|publisher=Beirut University College, Institute for Women's Studies in the Arab World |year=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Islam, the husband should have intercourse with his wife according to what satisfies her, so long as that does not harm him physically or keep him from earning a living. The husband is obliged to treat his wife in a kind and reasonable manner. Part of that kind and reasonable treatment is intercourse, with tradition stipulating that couples should not forego intercourse for longer than four months,&lt;ref name=&quot;Pmc&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Busaq |first1=Muhammad Al-Madani |last2=Ahmed |first2=Zubair |title=perspectives on modern criminal policy &amp; islamic sharia |date=2005 |publisher=Naif Arab University |location=Riyadh, Saudi Arabiya |isbn=978-9960-853-17-8 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LD8yVhn_WB4C&amp;q=omar+hafsa+husband+wife+four+month&amp;pg=PA117 |access-date=30 May 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; though some prominent scholars have prescribed a more stringent minimum frequency of sexual intercourse as a religious obligation for husbands; [[Ibn Hazm]] prescribed once a month and [[al-Ghazali]] prescribed once every four days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Al-Kawthari|first=Muhammad ibn Adam |author-link= Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari |date=August 19, 2020 |title= Islamic Guide to Sexual Relations|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WFdoEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=islamic+scholars+sex+once+a+month&amp;pg=PT39 |location= |publisher= Turath Publishing|page= |isbn=9781906949617}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to other scholars, there is no time limit.&lt;ref&gt;Ibn Qudaamah, Malik, [[Al-Mughni]], 7/30, Al-Jassaas, Ahkaam al-Qur’aan, 1/374, Shaykh al-Islam, Al-Ikhtiyaaraat al-Fiqhiyyah, p. 246.&lt;/ref&gt; However, most scholars say that it is obligatory on women alike not to refuse their husbands if they call them, so long as the woman who is called is not menstruating or sick in such a way that intercourse will be harmful to her, or observing an obligatory fast. If she refuses with no excuse, then she is cursed.&lt;ref&gt;al-Fataawa al-Islamiyyah, 3/145, 146, Kashf al-Qinaa’, 5/189, [[Al-Muhalla]], 10/40, Kashf al-Qinaa’, 5/189.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:The Patent of Mohammed.jpg|thumb|300px|A treaty was signed between [[Muhammad]] and [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] allowing interfaith marriage between Muslims and Christians, which discussed in the [[Ashtiname of Muhammad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmed2013&quot;/&gt;]]<br /> <br /> ====Interfaith marriage====<br /> [[Interfaith marriage]]s are recognized between Muslims and Non-Muslim &quot;[[People of the Book|people of the book]]&quot; (usually [[Jews]], [[Christians]], and [[Sabians]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;ODI&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ahl al-Kitab|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada|df=dmy-all|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001|isbn=9780195125580}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the traditional interpretation of Islamic law (''sharia''), a Muslim man is allowed to marry a Christian or Jewish woman but this ruling does not apply to women who belong to [[Islam and other religions|other Non-Muslim religious groups]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Leeman |first=A. B. |year=2009 |title=Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions |url=https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Indiana Law Journal]] |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Maurer School of Law]] |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=743–772 |issn=0019-6665 |s2cid=52224503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123062516/https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2018 |access-date=25 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|755}} whereas a Muslim woman is not allowed to marry a Non-Muslim man of any Non-Muslim religious group.{{sfn|Leeman|2009|p=755}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author-last=Elmali-Karakaya |author-first=Ayse |year=2020 |chapter=Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriages |editor1-last=Hood |editor1-first=Ralph W. |editor2-last=Cheruvallil-Contractor |editor2-first=Sariya |title=Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: A Diversity of Paradigms |volume=31 |pages=388–410 |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/9789004443969_020 |isbn=978-90-04-44348-8 |s2cid=234539750 |issn=1046-8064}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, marriage with an [[idolatress]] or [[Idolatry|idolater]] is forbidden.&lt;ref name=&quot;go.galegroup.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Kassam |first=Zayn |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3403500164&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;p=GVRL&amp;sw=w |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |access-date=3 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the case of a Muslim-Christian marriage, which is to be contracted only after permission from the Christian party, the Christian spouse is not to be prevented from [[Church service|attending church]] for prayer and worship, according to the [[Ashtiname of Muhammad]], a treaty between Muslims and Christians recorded between Muhammad and [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmed2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Akbar S. |title=Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise |date=11 January 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-92417-2 |page=62 |language=en |quote=The Quran speaks favourably of the people of the Book. For example, Surah 3, verse 199, carries a universal message of goodwill and hope to all those who believe, the people of the Book irrespective of their religious label—Christian, Jew or Muslim. Muslims can marry with the people of the Book,}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TimaniAshton2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Timani |first1=Hussam S. |last2=Ashton |first2=Loye Sekihata |title=Post-Christian Interreligious Liberation Theology |date=29 November 2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-27308-8 |page=196 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Concubinage ====<br /> [[File:Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg|thumb|220x220px|A depiction of a 13th-century slave market in Yemen, where concubines might be bought]]<br /> {{main|Islamic views on concubinage|History of concubinage in the Muslim world}}<br /> <br /> Before the abolition of slavery, [[concubinage]] existed alongside marriage as a permitted relationship in Islamic law that allowed a man to have sexual intercourse with his female slaves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ali|first=Kecia|date=February 2017|title=Concubinage and Consent|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=148–152|doi=10.1017/S0020743816001203|issn=0020-7438|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Concubinage, which was a sexual relationship between a Muslim man and an unmarried female slave whom he owned, was the only legal sexual relationship outside marriage in Islamic law.<br /> <br /> &quot;Concubine&quot; (''surriyya'') refers to the female slave (''[[Jarya|jāriya]]''), whether Muslim or non-Muslim, with whom her master engages in sexual intercourse. The word ''surriyya'' is not mentioned in the Quran. However, the expression ''[[ma malakat aymanukum]]'' (&quot;that which your right hands own&quot;), which occurs fifteen times in the sacred book, refers to slaves and therefore, though not necessarily, to concubines. Concubinage was a pre-Islamic custom that was allowed to be practiced under Islam through some reform with Jews and non-Muslim people. Muhammad also inspired to free &quot;converted pious&quot; concubines and marry them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://quranx.com/Hadith/adab/In-Book/Book-9/Hadith-48/ | title=Al-Adab Al-Mufrad / Book-9 / Hadith-48 | publisher=quranx.com | access-date=7 June 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217062833/http://quranx.com/Hadith/adab/In-Book/Book-9/Hadith-48/ | archive-date=17 February 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Islamic jurisprudence sets limits on the master's right to sexual intercourse with his female slave. A man's ownership of his unmarried slave-girl gave him an exclusive right to have sex with her under the condition that he could not sell her to others (in order to prevent prostitution of slaves) and neither harm her.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Asy-Syafi'i R. A., Al-Imam.|title=Al-Umm = Kitab induk|date=1989|publisher=Victory Agencie|others=Sh-Ma Ismail Yakub.|isbn=983-9581-50-3|location=Kuala Lumpur|oclc=950516509}}&lt;/ref&gt; A man could own a limitless number of concubines that he could afford and maintain their upkeep, but could not have access to the slave-girls owned by his wife. Marriage between the master and his concubine was only possible if she was granted free status first. To avoid pregnancies, the master had the right to practice [[coitus interruptus]]. The birth of progeny would change the legal status of the concubine to that of ''[[umm al-walad]]'' (&quot;mother of the child&quot;); as such, the concubine could not then be sold and her child would be seen as legitimate and free. On the (lawful) death of her master, she would automatically acquire free status.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joseph 2006&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Purification and hygiene ====<br /> Sexual hygiene in Islam is a prominent topic in Islamic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'') due to its everyday nature. After sexual intercourse or [[Ejaculation|seminal discharge]], individuals enter a state known as ''junub'' ({{lang|ar|جنب}}) meaning [[ritually impure]] due to sexual intercourse or seminal discharge.<br /> <br /> This state prevents a person from offering [[salat|''salah'']], and a person in such a state must perform a full-body [[Ablution in Islam|ablution]] known as ''[[ghusl]]'' to regain the state of ritual purity necessary to once again perform [[salat|prayers]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Malcolm |title=Islam for Dummies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&amp;pg=PT145 |year=2003 |publisher=Wiley Publishing Inc. |location=[[Indiana]] |page=145|isbn=9781118053966 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |title=Sexual Ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Qur'an, hadith, and jurisprudence |year=2006 |publisher=Oneworld |location=Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt; or touching a copy of the Quran.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |title=Islām |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=2010-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Ramadan====<br /> During [[Ramadan]], sexual activity is only permitted at night.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Anis |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236MIW/e0667 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113623/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236MIW/e0667 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Although this passage is explicitly addressed to men, the regulations on sex in regard to fasting are universally taken to apply equally to both male and female Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |title=Sexual Ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Qur'an, hadith, and jurisprudence |url=https://archive.org/details/sexualethicsisla00alik |url-access=limited |year=2006 |publisher=Oneworld |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/sexualethicsisla00alik/page/n156 128]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Family planning ===<br /> <br /> ==== Contraception ====<br /> The Quran does not contain explicit text regarding contraception. Muslims refer to the hadith on the question of contraception. According to Muslim scholars, birth control is permitted, when it is temporary and for a valid reason.&lt;ref name=&quot;amjaonline&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web |author1=Dr. Hatem al-Haj |title=Fatwa-76792 – Getting my tubes tied: female sterilization |url=http://www.amjaonline.org/fatwa-76792/info |website=www.amjaonline.org |access-date=9 October 2018 |date=6 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413031826/http://www.amjaonline.org/fatwa-76792/info |archive-date=13 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sachedina |first=Zulie |title=Islam, Procreation and the Law |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |year=1990 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=107–111 |jstor=2133308 |doi=10.2307/2133308 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As such, the withdrawal method of contraception—[[Coitus interruptus|'&lt;nowiki/&gt;''Azl'']]—is allowed according to the hadith. Muslim jurists concur with its permissibility&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |title=Sexual ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Qur'an, hadith, and jurisprudence |year=2006 |publisher=Oneworld |location=Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt; and use analogical deduction to approve other forms of contraception (e.g., [[condom]] usage).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e358 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230901/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e358 |archive-date=1 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Under normal circumstances, sterilization is not considered to be permitted in ''sharia''. The irreversible nature associated with both the male and female sterilizations contradicts one of the primary purposes of marriage which is to have children, as mentioned by [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazali]] in his ''[[The Revival of the Religious Sciences]]''. Furthermore, sterilization is considered a form of self-mutilation (''muthla''), which is forbidden.&lt;ref name=&quot;DI&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web |author1=Muhammad ibn Adam |title=Permanent Contraception (Female Sterlisation) – Does Intention affect Permissibility? |url=http://www.daruliftaa.com/node/5114?txt_QuestionID |website=[[Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah|Darul Ifta]] |access-date=10 September 2018 |date=2 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092820/http://www.daruliftaa.com/node/5114?txt_QuestionID |archive-date=9 October 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; While sterilization as a form of permanent contraception is primarily forbidden in Islam, sterilization is allowed for specific health indications such as uncontrolled diabetes, heart disease, or congenital abnormalities [[incompatible with life]].&lt;ref name=IB/&gt; In such cases, patients may be sterilized after they have given their free, informed consent.&lt;ref name=IB&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bagheri |first1=Alireza |last2=Al-ali |first2=Khalid Abdulla |title=Islamic Bioethics: Current Issues And Challenges |date=30 August 2017 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-1-78326-751-4 |page=239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpA4DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=sterilization+permitted+Islam&amp;pg=PA239 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== IVF treatment ====<br /> As early as 1980, authoritative ''fatwas'' issued from [[Egypt]]'s famed [[Al-Azhar University]] suggested that [[in vitro fertilisation]] (IVF) and similar technologies are permissible In Islam as long as they do not involve any form of third-party donation of sperm, eggs, embryos, or uteruses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url = http://vlex.com/vid/fatwas-ivf-gamete-sunni-shia-islam-418643 | last = Inhorn | first = MC | title = Making Muslim babies: IVF and gamete donation in Sunni versus Shi'a Islam | journal = Cult Med Psychiatry | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 427–450 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17051430 | pmc = 1705533 | doi = 10.1007/s11013-006-9027-x | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090624121701/http://vlex.com/vid/fatwas-ivf-gamete-sunni-shia-islam-418643 | archive-date = 24 June 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Intersexuality===<br /> {{further|Intersex people and religion#Islam}}<br /> [[Intersex people and religion#Islam|Intersex persons in Islam]] are referred to as ''khunthaa'' in the books of ''fiqh''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ar&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Fran |last2=Jackson |first2=Peter |last3=McLelland |first3=Mark |last4=Yue |first4=Audrey |title=AsiaPacifiQueer: Rethinking Genders and Sexualities |date=2010 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09181-0 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PssO1pfKDtwC&amp;dq=sex+change+islam&amp;pg=PA91 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Khunthaa'' are the intersex effeminate people who were, according to Islam, created by God in that way and jurists suggest there being no sin on them.&lt;ref name=intersexmarriage&gt;{{cite web|url=https://islamqa.info/en/114670|title=Ruling on marrying a man who is intersex or impotent, and the difference between them|website=[[islamqa.info]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829203522/https://islamqa.info/en/114670|archive-date=29 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are three types of ''khunthaa'':<br /> <br /> # A person has aspects of both organs and urinates from the male organ. This person will be included among the males, and the laws regarding males will fall on them.<br /> # The person urinates from the female organ, so they will be included among the females. The laws related to females will fall on this person. This applies before the person reaches maturity. After maturity, the person will be rechecked. If they experience wet dreams like a male, then they will be counted as male. On the other hand, if the person develops breasts and other signs of being female, then they will be included among the females.<br /> # When both masculine and feminine signs are equal and it cannot be determined whether the person is more male or more female, then such a person is termed ''khunthaa mushkil''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024|reason=This word combination is in no way Arabic there is doubt that it is even a thing}} There are different laws regarding such a person. It is not permissible for a ''khunthaa mushkil'' to wear silk and jewellery, as both of these are permissible for females, but because this person's condition cannot be ascertained, precaution demands that such a person not wear silk and jewellery because of the possibility that the person may be more male. Such a person cannot travel without a ''mahram'' because of the possibility of being more female.<br /> <br /> In medieval Islamic scholarship, an individuals social status was defined by their sex characteristic. Debates on the legitimacy of intersex persons arose due to legal debates regarding inheritance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ragab |first=Ahmed |date=2015 |title=One, Two, or Many Sexes: Sex Differentiation in Medieval Islamicate Medical Thought |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24616517 |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=428–454 |doi=10.7560/JHS24304 |jstor=24616517 |issn=1043-4070}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Intersex medical interventions]] are considered permissible to achieve agreement between a person's exterior, [[chromosomal]] make-up, or sex organs.&lt;ref name=islamtoday&gt;{{cite web|url=http://en.islamtoday.net/node/1334|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107021853/http://en.islamtoday.net/node/1334|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-07|title=Sex change operation – IslamToday – English|website=en.islamtoday.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ar&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legal ambiguations==<br /> === Masturbation ===<br /> There are varying scholarly views of [[masturbation]] ({{langx|ar|استمناء|istimnā’}}) in [[Islam]], largely because the Quran does not specifically mention the subject. Classical narratives of Islam, views prior to the [[Age of Enlightenment]], faced masturbation mostly with indifference.&lt;ref name=&quot;doi.org&quot;&gt;Anchassi, O. (2022). The Churning in the Flogging of ʿUmayra: Or, Towards a History of Masturbation in Premodern Islamic Law. Studi Magrebini, 20(2), 213-246. https://doi.org/10.1163/2590034x-20220075&lt;/ref&gt; A few hadiths underline this view, stating that &quot;it is your fluid, or your member, so do whatever you like, as it were.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;doi.org&quot;/&gt; There are a few hadiths prohibiting masturbation but these are [[Hadith terminology|classified as unreliable]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/Login.html?url=%2Fapp%3Fservice%3Dexternalpagemethod%26page%3DArticleViewDispatch%26method%3Dview%26uri%3D%2Fopr%2Ft349%2Fe0011&amp;failReason=|title=[Sexuality and Law]|last=Omar|first=Sara|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|url-access=limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402145942/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0011|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=dead|access-date=7 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are however, also multiple ''hadiths'' narrated by [[Hasan al-Basri]] and [[Ziyad ibn Abihi]] that convey the [[Sahaba|''Sahabah'']] as having masturbated while away from their wives and concubines during battles, which were cited by [[Ibn Qudama]]h, [[Ibn Hazm]], and [[al-Shawkani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Narrations about Masturbating in Battles |url=https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/414211/narrations-about-masturbating-in-battles/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=www.islamweb.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Masturbation has nevertheless been considered ''[[haram]]'' or prohibited by many jurists historically,&lt;ref name=&quot;Yusuf&quot;&gt;The Lawful And The Prohibited In Islam, Yusuf Al-Qardawi – 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TNAM&quot;&gt;The New Arab Man: Emergent Masculinities, Technologies, and Islam in the Middle East, p 168, Marcia C. Inhorn – 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; though often with the caveat that it may be permissible if done out of necessity. For example, one scholar notably permitted masturbation as a means whereby soldiers, far away from their wives on a tour of duty might remain chaste.&lt;ref&gt;Islam, Gender, and Social Change, p. 28, Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, John L. Esposito – 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; At the same time, in certain points in history, masturbation has also been considered among the great sins,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Biḥār al-Anwār|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_com_000000127|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Encyclopaedia Islamica|date=16 October 2015|doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_com_000000127}}&lt;/ref&gt; and subject to discretionary punishments ''[[tazir]]'' under Islamic law,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=al-MUFĪD|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/_eifo_sim_5316|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Encyclopédie de l’Islam|date=October 2010|doi=10.1163/_eifo_sim_5316}}&lt;/ref&gt; with stronger punishments in case of repeat offense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=ḤAMZA b. al-Ḥasan [Ibn] al-Muʾaddib al-IṢFAHĀNĪ|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_2697|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Encyclopédie de l’Islam|date=October 2010|doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_2697}}&lt;/ref&gt; As such, positions on masturbation vary widely.&lt;ref name=&quot;oxfordislamicstudies.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Omar |first=Sara |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153420/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0011 |archive-date=14 November 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The four [[Sunni]] schools of [[fiqh|jurisprudence]] or ''fiqh—''[[Hanafi]], [[Shafi'i]], [[Maliki]], and [[Hanbali]]—have differing stances on the issue. Some see it forbidden in certain cases (i.e. if it leads a man/woman to ignore their spouse sexually) but recommended it when they see it as a lesser evil to illicit sex. In the Maliki and Shafi'i schools, masturbation is typically fully prohibited,&lt;ref&gt;[http://nikah.com/marriage/islam_part1.asp Marriage in Islam – Part 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127060711/http://nikah.com/marriage/islam_part1.asp |date=27 November 2010 }} by Hussein Khalid Al-Hussein, Ph.D. Refer to: Section Al-`Alaqat Al-Mubahah (Allowed Relationships)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TNAM&quot; /&gt; while in the Hanafi and Hanbali schools, it is typically prohibited unless one spouse is unattainable and one fears adultery or fornication (i.e. in a state of extreme sexual desire), in which case, it is permissible to seek a relief through masturbation.&lt;ref name=&quot;surrogate&quot;&gt;Ebrahim, A.F.M., 1990. Islamic Teachings and Surrogate Motherhood. Journal for the Study of Religion, 3(1), p36. &quot;'Abd al-Rahman al-Juzayri states: The author of Subul al-Salam says that some of the Hanbali and Hanafi jurists are of the opinion that masturbation may be permissible in the event that one fears \[that his not engaging in it\] would lead to his committing adultery or fornication. But he cautions that such a view is weak and is not to be relied on.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Starling|first=John|title=My Husband won't stop Masturbating|url=https://www.hanbalidisciples.com/post/2018/04/25/my-husband-wont-stop-masturbating|website=Hanbali Disciples|date=25 May 2018|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714110609/https://www.hanbalidisciples.com/post/2018/04/25/my-husband-wont-stop-masturbating|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Ibrahim bin Muhammad ibn Dawyan|title=Manar as-Sabeel|page=1012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Çakmak, S., 2010. ''Hanefî mezhebinde mekruh kavramı, gelişimi ve tenzîhî-tahrîmî mekruh ayrımı'' (Master's thesis, Uludağ Üniversitesi).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fatawa – Is masturbation prohibited in Islam as some people claim that it is normal and even healthy?|url=https://www.dar-alifta.org/Foreign/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=5944|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Dar al-Ifta al Misriyyah|archive-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324222747/https://www.dar-alifta.org/Foreign/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=5944|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Waseem|title=Masturbation if excited, but away from one's spouse|url=https://darululoomtt.net/masturbation-if-excited-but-away-from-ones-spouse/|website=DarulUloomTT|date=26 October 2015|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714015440/https://darululoomtt.net/masturbation-if-excited-but-away-from-ones-spouse/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Hanafi scholar, Ibn Nujaym wrote, &quot;It is mentioned in the collection of fatawa Al-Walwaljiya that there is no harm [in masturbating] if one only seeks to relieve sexual desire (i.e. excessive sexual desire that distracts a person from religious and worldly matters). Also if one is spouseless or has a spouse, yet it is difficult to reach her/him due to certain circumstances. This opinion is also stated in Al-Siraj Al-Wahaj.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.37542/iq|title=IQ (Ilmu Al-qur'an): Jurnal Pendidikan Islam|year=2020 |publisher=Fakultas Tarbiyah, Institut PTIQ Jakarta|doi=10.37542/iq}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|The Hanafi jurists have two words for the ruling that the other Sunni schools and Islamic denominations would refer to as simply &quot;Haram&quot; (forbidden) - 1) &quot;Makruh Tahrimi&quot;, 2) &quot;Haram&quot;. The difference is that what is &quot;Haram&quot; in their terminology is that which is established definitively, whilst the evidence for something labelled &quot;Makruh Tahrimi&quot; is not definitive (e.g. it is based on a [[Hadith]] that is [[Hadith terminology#Ahaad|Khabar Ahad]].) &quot;Makruh Tahrimi&quot; should not be confused with what other schools generally refer to as [[Makruh]] – which in the Hanafi school is known as &quot;Makruh Tanzihi&quot; (Categorically Disliked). The Hanafi scholars view the sin of committing a &quot;Makruh Tahrimi&quot; act as lesser than the sin of committing what they call a &quot;Haram&quot; act, though both are forbidden and so incur sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fatwa #16088|last1=Moosa|first1=Ismail|last2=Desai|first2=Ebrahim|authorlink2=Ebrahim Desai|url=http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/16088|date=23 January 2008|website=[[Askimam]]|publisher=Darul Iftaa Mahmudiyya|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=26 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726073733/http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/16088|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The Maliki and Shafi'i position stem from it being considered prohibited by both Imam [[Malik ibn Anas]] and Imam [[Al-Shafi’i]], the latter stating that verses in the Qur'an about guarding one's chastity and private parts applied to masturbation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yusuf&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TNAM&quot;/&gt; At the same, there is a minority opinion within the Maliki school that allows masturbation if done in private and without the use of illicit materials such as pornography and drugs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Abdul-wahid|first1=Ibn Ashir|title=The Guiding HelperThe Guiding Helper The Guiding Helper Main Text &amp; Explanatory Notes|publisher=The Guiding Helper Foundation|page=190|url=https://www.abc.se/home/m9783/ir/d/gh_e.pdf|access-date=19 May 2018|archive-date=26 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126153059/http://www.abc.se/home/m9783/ir/d/gh_e.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Hanbali jurists meanwhile also excuse that those under the desire pressure from not being married, and [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] also said it is permissible for prisoners, travellers and for men and women who have difficulty in finding a lawful spouse.&lt;ref&gt;Sayfuddin, M. and Muhametov, A.R., 2004. ''Love &amp; sex in Islam.'' Booktango. p. 44.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TNAM&quot;/&gt; In Hanafi scholarship, a wife [[Non-penetrative sex#Manual sex|manually stimulating]] her husband is meanwhile disliked, but not prohibited, meaning it would be preferable not to do so but doing so will not incur sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Rabbani|first=Faraz|title=Mutual masturbation between spouses|url=https://seekersguidance.org/answers/hanafi-fiqh/mutual-masturbation-between-spouses/|website=SeekersGuidance|date=8 May 2014|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714015448/https://seekersguidance.org/answers/hanafi-fiqh/mutual-masturbation-between-spouses/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Zia al-Qadri|first=Qasim|title=IS IT PERMISSIBLE FOR A MAN TO BE MASTURBATED BY HIS WIFE?|url=https://www.seekerspath.co.uk/question-bank/physical-relations/q-id0254-is-it-permissible-for-a-man-to-get-masturbated-by-his-wife/|website=SeekersPath|date=8 March 2020 |access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714015440/https://www.seekerspath.co.uk/question-bank/physical-relations/q-id0254-is-it-permissible-for-a-man-to-get-masturbated-by-his-wife/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{better source needed|these are just opinions of a scholar, and the text doesn't even capture their opinion accurately|date=December 2023}}<br /> <br /> In [[Shia Islam|Shia]] jurisprudence, masturbation is generally considered prohibited, though there has always been a view to permit masturbation as the lesser of two evils (so as to ward off falling into fornication).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Inhorn |first=Marcia |title=Masturbation, Semen Collection and Men's IVF Experiences: Anxieties in |journal=Body &amp; Society |year=2007 |volume=13 |issue=37|pages=37–53 |doi=10.1177/1357034X07082251 |s2cid=72428852 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Those jurists who permit masturbation in different cases distinguish between those who masturbate out of necessity and those who have these means yet still masturbate to gratify their lust.&lt;ref name=&quot;oxfordislamicstudies.com&quot;/&gt; [[Ja'far as-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] also cited the Quranic verses on guarding one's chastity and private parts.&lt;ref&gt;Hoseini, S.S., 2017. Masturbation: Scientific evidence and Islam's view. Journal of religion and health, 56(6), pp.2078.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Risāla ilā aḥad fuqahāʾ al-muslimīn|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1877-8054_cmr_com_25094|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History|doi=10.1163/1877-8054_cmr_com_25094}}&lt;/ref&gt; The modern [[Iran]]ian jurist [[Ali al-Sistani]] has stated that masturbation, while emphasising that it is haram in all other circumstances, is permissible in case of medical necessity, provided there was no lawful means to achieve ejaculation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Al-Sistani|first=Ali|title=Masturbation|url=https://www.sistani.org/english/qa/01244/|website=Sistani.org|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320083410/https://www.sistani.org/english/qa/01244/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Transgender===<br /> {{main|LGBT in Islam|Mukhannathun}}<br /> [[File:Hijra Protest Islamabad.jpg|thumb|200px|A group of ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijras]]'' and transgender people protest in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]].]]In [[Classical Arabic literature|Classical Arabic]] and [[Islamic literature|Islamic]] literature, the plural term ''[[mukhannathun]]'' (singular: ''mukhannath'') was a term used to describe [[Gender variance|gender-variant people]], and it has typically referred to [[Effeminacy|effeminate]] [[men]] or people with ambiguous sexual characteristics, who appeared feminine and functioned sexually or socially in [[Gender roles|roles]] typically carried out by [[women]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TEOEM&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Rowson |first=Everett K. |author-link=Everett K. Rowson |title=The Effeminates of Early Medina |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=671–693 |date=October 1991 |url=http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf |doi=10.2307/603399 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=603399 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.1504 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421 |s2cid=163738149 |access-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001195534/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TransgenderHealth 2020&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Geissinger 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author-last=Geissinger |author-first=Ash |year=2021 |chapter=Applying Gender and Queer Theory to Pre-modern sources |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABYHEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA101 |editor-last=Howe |editor-first=Justine |title=The Routledge Handbook of Islam and Gender |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |pages=101–115 |doi=10.4324/9781351256568-6 |isbn=978-1-351-25656-8 |s2cid=224909490 |access-date=2021-11-09 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419034025/https://books.google.com/books?id=ABYHEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA101 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Transgenderism 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Alipour |first=Mehrdad |date=2017 |title=Islamic shari'a law, neotraditionalist Muslim scholars and transgender sex-reassignment surgery: A case study of Ayatollah Khomeini's and Sheikh al-Tantawi's fatwas |journal=[[International Journal of Transgenderism]] |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=91–103 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2016.1250239 |doi-access=free |issn=1553-2739 |lccn=2004213389 |oclc=56795128 |s2cid=152120329 }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the Iranian scholar Mehrdad Alipour,&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...in the premodern period, Muslim societies were aware of five manifestations of gender ambiguity: This can be seen through figures such as the ''khasi'' ([[eunuch]]), the ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]]'', the ''mukhannath'', the ''mamsuh'' and the ''khuntha'' ([[hermaphrodite]]/[[intersex]]).&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Transgenderism 2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[Gender studies|Gender specialists]] Aisya Aymanee M. Zaharin and Maria Pallotta-Chiarolli give the following explanation of the meaning of the term ''mukhannath'' and its derivate Arabic forms in the hadith literature:<br /> {{blockquote|&quot;Various academics such as Alipour (2017) and Rowson (1991) point to references in the ''Hadith'' to the existence of ''mukhannath'': a man who carries femininity in his movements, in his appearance, and in the softness of his voice. The Arabic term for a [[trans woman]] is ''mukhannith'' as they want to change their sex characteristics, while ''mukhannath'' presumably do not/have not. The ''mukhannath'' or effeminate man is obviously male, but naturally behaves like a female, unlike the ''khuntha'', an [[Intersex|intersex person]], who could be either male or female. Ironically, while there is no obvious mention of ''mukhannath'', ''mukhannith'', or ''khuntha'' in the Qur’ān, this holy book clearly recognizes that there are some people, who are neither male nor female, or are in between, and/or could also be &quot;non-procreative&quot; [عَقِيم] ([[Sura 42|Surah 42 Ash-Shuraa]], verse 49–50).&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;TransgenderHealth 2020&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Moreover—within Islam—there is a tradition of the elaboration and refinement of extended religious doctrines through scholarship. This doctrine contains a passage by the scholar and hadith collector [[An-Nawawi|al-Nawawi]]:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;A ''mukhannath'' is the one (&quot;male&quot;) who carries in his movements, in his appearance and in his language the characteristics of a woman. There are two types; the first is the one in whom these characteristics are innate, he did not put them on by himself, and therein is no guilt, no blame and no shame, as long as he does not perform any (illicit) act or exploit it for money (prostitution etc.). The second type acts like a woman out of immoral purposes and he is the sinner and blameworthy.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;TEOEM&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Hadith collection of Bukhari—compiled in the 9th century from earlier [[oral tradition]]s—includes a report regarding ''mukhannathun'', effeminate men who were granted access to secluded women's quarters and engaged in other non-normative gender behavior.&lt;ref name=&quot;TEOEM&quot; /&gt; Another hadith also mention the punishment of banishment, both in connection with [[Umm Salama]]'s servant and a man who worked as a musician. Muhammad described the musician as a ''mukhannath'' and threatened to banish him if he did not end his &quot;[[Islam and music|unacceptable]]&quot; career.&lt;ref name=&quot;TEOEM&quot; /&gt; According to [[Everett K. Rowson]], professor of [[Middle Eastern studies|Middle Eastern]] and [[Islamic Studies|Islamic studies]] at [[New York University]] (NYU), none of the sources state that Muhammad banished more than two ''mukhannathun'', and it is not clear to what extent the action was taken because of their breaking of gender rules in itself or because of the: &quot;perceived damage to social institutions from their activities as matchmakers and their corresponding access to women&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;TEOEM&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Iranian thinkers such as [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Khomeini]] permit [[sex reassignment surgery]] so that people can enter heterosexual relationships.&lt;ref name=&quot;TransgenderHealth 2020&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Transgenderism 2017&quot; /&gt; However, acceptance of transgender people depend on reassignment surgery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bagri |first=Neha Thirani |date=19 April 2017 |title=In Iran, there is only one way to survive as a transgender person |url=https://qz.com/889548/everyone-treated-me-like-a-saint-in-iran-theres-only-one-way-to-survive-as-a-transgender-person/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121051859/https://qz.com/889548/everyone-treated-me-like-a-saint-in-iran-theres-only-one-way-to-survive-as-a-transgender-person/ |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=6 November 2019 |website=Quartz }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Oral sex===<br /> In [[Sunni Islam]], [[oral sex]] between a husband and wife is considered ''[[Makruh#Overview|makruh tahrimi]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ask The Scholar: What is meant by makruh?|url=http://askthescholar.com/question-details.aspx?qstID=1750|work=Shaik Ahmad Kutty|publisher=Ahmad Kutty|access-date=7 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120709204156/http://askthescholar.com/question-details.aspx?qstID=1750|archive-date=9 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; or highly undesirable by some Islamic jurists when the act is defined as mouth and tongue coming in contact with the genitals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Oral Sex in Islam|url=http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/OralSexInIslam.htm|work=The Majlis|publisher=JamiatKZN, Central-Mosque.com|access-date=7 July 2012|location=Vol. 6 No. 8|date=14 June 2003|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614230937/http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/OralSexInIslam.htm|archive-date=14 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Moulana Ismail Desai&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Are partners allowed to lick each other's private parts?|url=http://www.askimam.org/public/question_detail/21483#_ftnref1|work=Mawlana Saeed Ahmed Golaub|publisher=Moulana Ismail Desai|access-date=9 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004191016/http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/21483#_ftnref1|archive-date=4 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The reason behind considering this act as not recommended is manifold, the foremost being the issue of modesty, purification ([[Ritual purity in Islam|''taharah'']]) and cleanliness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Questions On Sexuality, Oral sex|url=http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e92.html#2|work=Living Islam|publisher=GF Haddad|access-date=7 July 2012|author=Hajj Gibril|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620140054/http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e92.html#2|archive-date=20 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Twelver]] [[Shia Islam]], oral sex is permitted as long as ''[[najis]]''—likely [[semen]]—is not consumed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Is oral sex between married couples allowed according to Shia teachings? If so, what is the evidence for it from the teachings of the Prophet (s) and the Imams (s)? |url=https://www.al-islam.org/ask/is-oral-sex-between-married-couples-allowed-according-to-shia-teachings-if-so-what-is-the-evidence-for-it-from-the-teachings-of-the-prophet-s-and-the-imams-s |website=Al-Islam.org|date=17 May 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The most common argument states&lt;ref name=&quot;Moulana Ismail Desai&quot;/&gt; that the mouth and tongue are used for recitation of the Quran and for the remembrance of God (''[[dhikr]]'').&lt;ref name=&quot;rem allah 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Remembrance of Allaah|url=http://www.islaam.net/main/display.php?id=391&amp;category=134|work=Islamic Network.|access-date=7 July 2012|author=[['Alî Abd-ur-Rahmân al-Hudhaifî]]|date=4 May 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415032643/http://www.islaam.net/main/display.php?id=391&amp;category=134|archive-date=15 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The status of contact between genitals and mouth and genital secretions is also debated among the [[four Sunni schools]], some scholars viewing them as impure and others not.<br /> <br /> === Abortion ===<br /> {{main|Islam and abortion}}<br /> <br /> Islamic schools of law have differing opinions on [[abortion]], though it is prohibited or discouraged by most.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sachedina |first=Zulie |title=Islam, Procreation and the Law |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |year=1990 |volume=16 |issue=3 |page=111}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, abortion is allowed under certain circumstances, such as if the mother's health is threatened. If the abortion is necessary to save the woman's life, Muslims universally agree that her life takes precedence over the life of the fetus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Donna Lee |last=Bowen |chapter=Contemporary Muslim Ethics of Abortion |editor-first=Jonathan E. |editor-last=Brockopp |title=Islamic ethics of life: abortion, war, and euthanasia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agqtUUoOgQoC |year=2003 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001185028/https://books.google.com/books?id=agqtUUoOgQoC&amp;PA=88 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |isbn=978-1570034718 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Muslim views on abortion are also shaped by the Hadith as well as by the opinions of legal and religious scholars and commentators. In Islam, the fetus is believed to become a living soul after four months of gestation,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''(The matter of the Creation of) a human being is put together in the womb of the mother in forty days, and then he becomes a clot of thick blood for a similar period, and then a piece of flesh for a similar period. Then Allah sends an angel who is ordered to write four things...then the soul is breathed into him''&quot;&lt;br /&gt;{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|54|430}}&lt;/ref&gt; and abortion after that point is generally viewed as impermissible. Many Islamic thinkers recognize exceptions to this rule for certain circumstances; [[Azizah Y. al-Hibri]] notes that: &quot;the majority of Muslim scholars permit abortion, although they differ on the stage of fetal development beyond which it becomes prohibited&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;USAToday&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2006-08-13-forum-abortion_x.htm |work=[[USA Today]] |title=Where does God stand on abortion? |first=Tom |last=Ehrich |date=13 August 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627035106/http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2006-08-13-forum-abortion_x.htm |archive-date=27 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some Muslim scholars hold that the child of rape is a legitimate human being and therefore subject to the normal laws of abortion, that it is permitted only if the fetus is less than four months old, or if it endangers the life of its mother.&lt;ref name=&quot;VRC&quot;/&gt; Certain contemporary fatwas have also laid out the position that permit abortion if the newborn might suffer from a congenital condition that would make its care exceptionally difficult for the parents.&lt;ref name=&quot;VRC&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Vardit |last=Rispler-Chaim |chapter=The Right Not To Be Born: Abortion of the Disadvantaged Fetus in Contemporary Fatwas |editor-first=Jonathan E. |editor-last=Brockopp |title=Islamic ethics of life: abortion, war, and euthanasia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agqtUUoOgQoC |year=2003 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |pages=87–88 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001185028/https://books.google.com/books?id=agqtUUoOgQoC&amp;PA=88 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |isbn=978-1570034718 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legal prohibitions==<br /> ===Immodesty===<br /> {{main|Fahisha|Dayyuth}}<br /> <br /> Islam strictly prohibits ''[[fahisha]]'', an Arabic word commonly meaning lewdness and indecency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sardar |first1=Ziauddin |title=Reading the Qur'an: The Contemporary Relevance of the Sacred Text of Islam |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-991149-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqAYCn1O5WwC&amp;dq=pornography+islam&amp;pg=PT298 |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pornography]] is also included in ''fahisha''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Caleb |title=The Routledge International Handbook of Sex Therapy and Religion |date=30 September 2025 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-1-040-40520-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eU9pEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22pornography%22+islam&amp;pg=PT178 |access-date=24 July 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Movement |first1=National Orientation |title=Youth and Pornography |date=1989 |publisher=National Orientation Movement, Federal Ministry of Information and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHfuAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22pornography%22+islam |access-date=24 July 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Aftab |title=Sex &amp; sexuality in Islam |date=2006 |publisher=Nashriyat |location=Lahore |isbn=978-969-8983-04-8 |page=658 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRTYAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22pornography%22+islam |access-date=24 July 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Salah'' is supposed to prevent one from indecency (''fahisha'') and evil deeds (''munkar'').<br /> <br /> ===''Zina'' (unlawful sexual intercourse)===<br /> {{main|Zina}}<br /> <br /> According to Islamic laws made by [[exegesis]] of the Quran and the Hadiths, all sexual relationships except with a spouse (or a man's concubine) are considered ''[[zina]]'' (fornication).&lt;ref name=&quot;Joseph 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Suad |title=Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures |year=2006 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Zina]]'' must also be committed by a person of their own free will.&lt;ref name=&quot;Semerdjian&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|first=Elyse|last=Semerdjian|title=Zinah|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0984|url-access=subscription|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|isbn=9780195305135}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Fiqh|traditional jurisprudence]], ''zina'' can include [[fornication]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ill&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shahnaz&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Habeeb&quot; /&gt; [[adultery]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ill&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shahnaz&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Shahnaz |title=Zina, Transnational Feminism, and the Moral Regulation of Pakistani Women |date=2011 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=9780774841184 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IfJl4J7MAgC&amp;q=adultery+fornication+zina&amp;pg=PA8 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Habeeb&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Akande |first1=Habeeb |title=A Taste of Honey: Sexuality and Erotology in Islam |date=2015 |publisher=Rabaah Publishers |isbn=9780957484511 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKyPCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=adultery+fornication+zina&amp;pg=PA145 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[prostitution]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Meri |first1=Josef W. |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=9780415966924 |page=646 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&amp;q=prostitution+zina&amp;pg=PA646 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[rape]] (on the rapist's part),&lt;ref name=&quot;Semerdjian&quot; /&gt; [[anal sex]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ill&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sam&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Habib|first1=Samar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y_TyzK9_5oC&amp;q=homosexuality+zina&amp;pg=PA211|title=Islam and Homosexuality|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313379031|edition=1st|page=211|language=en|access-date=12 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[incest]],&lt;ref name=&quot;clarke&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Morgan |title=Islam and New Kinship: Reproductive Technology and the Shariah in Lebanon |date=2009 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9781845454326 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwreDKOTXM8C&amp;q=incest+zina&amp;pg=PA42 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hashim&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kamali |first1=Mohammad Hashim |title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: A Fresh Interpretation |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190910648 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNGaDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=incest+zina&amp;pg=PA94 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[bestiality]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ill&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Semerdjian |first1=Elyse |title=&quot;Off the Straight Path&quot;: Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo |date=2008 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=9780815651550 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZzuBMnBKfUC&amp;q=bestiality+zina&amp;pg=PA53 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;law&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Syed |title=Law relating to fornication (Zina) in the Islamic legal system: a comparative study |date=1999 |publisher=Andhra Legal Decisions |page=3,71,142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N24mAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=bestiality+zina |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Semerdjian |first1=Elyse |title=&quot;Off the Straight Path&quot;: Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo |date=2008 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0815651550 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZzuBMnBKfUC&amp;q=bestiality+zina&amp;pg=PA53 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Prostitution====<br /> According to Abdel Sabour Abdel Qawi Misry, [[prostitution]] in Islam is forbidden.&lt;ref name=AS&gt;{{cite book |last1=مصري |first1=عبد الصبور عبد القوي |title=الجرائم الواقعة على العرض والأخلاق: دراسة مقارنة |date=1 January 2016 |publisher=Al Manhal |isbn=9796500376813 |page=149 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9XiDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;pg=PA149 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daz Austin Endshow says that, Quran says about prostitution that female slaves should not be forced into prostitution.&lt;ref name=&quot;DAE&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=إندشو |first1=داج أوستين |title=الجنس والدين: التعاليم والمحظورات في تاريخ الأديان |date=8 January 2020 |publisher=Safsafa Publishing House |isbn=978-977-821-138-2 |page=1877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwzeDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&amp;pg=PA1877 |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{blockquote|And compel not your slave-girls to prostitution when they desire to keep chaste, in order to seek the frail goods of this world's life. And whoever compels them, then surely after their compulsion Allah is Forgiving, Merciful..|{{cite quran|24|33|s=ns}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; Islamic prophet Muhammad said: &quot;There is no prostitution in Islam...&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;DAE&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{blockquote|Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas, the Prophet said: There is no prostitution in Islam. If anyone practised prostitution in pre-Islamic times, the child will be attributed to the master (of the slave-woman). He who claims his child without a valid marriage or ownership will neither inherit nor be inherited.|{{Hadith-usc|abudawud|usc=yes|12|2257}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; The penalty for prostitution in Islam is one hundred lashes for the adulterer or adulteress.&lt;ref name=AS/&gt;<br /> <br /> If a married man or woman is practicing prostitution, the punishment amounts to death by [[stoning]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AS&quot; /&gt; Despite the severity of the punishments, Islam has established laws that make the practice of punishment against perpetrators of prostitution extremely difficult, as it is required to punish the practitioner of prostitution that he personally confess.&lt;ref name=&quot;AS&quot; /&gt; By engaging in it, or that there are four witnesses who witnessed the act of having sex, provided that the adulterer has a clear vision beyond doubt, provided that part of his [[Human penis|penis]]—the [[Glans penis|glans]] or more—is absent in the adulteress's [[vagina]], and that none of the four witnesses retract his testimony, otherwise the remaining three or less will become guilty.&lt;ref name=&quot;AS&quot; /&gt; On charges of slandering a man and a woman, the punishment for slander is imposed on them. Islam also imposes strict punishments on those who accuse chaste women of engaging in prostitution without evidence, namely four witnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;AS&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Rape ====<br /> {{main|Rape in Islamic law}}<br /> <br /> Rape is considered a serious sexual crime in Islam, and can be defined in Islamic law as: &quot;Forcible illegal sexual intercourse by a man with a woman who is not legally married to him, without her free will and consent&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Noor&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Noor|first1=Azman Mohd|title=Rape: A Problem of Crime Classification in Islamic Law|journal=Arab Law Quarterly|date=1 January 2010|volume=24|issue=4|pages=417–438|doi=10.1163/157302510X526724}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Classical Islamic law defined what today is commonly called &quot;[[rape]]&quot; as a coercive form of fornication or [[adultery]] (''zina'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Kassam&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0075 |title= The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Law |last=Kassam |first=Zayn |publisher= Oxford Islamic Studies Online |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113724/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0075 |archive-date= 4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date= 3 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; This basic definition of rape as &quot;coercive ''zina''&quot; meant that all the normal legal principles that pertained to ''zina''—its definition, punishment and establishment through evidence—were also applicable to rape; the prototypical act of ''zina'' was defined as sexual intercourse between a man and a woman over whom the man has neither a conjugal nor an ownership right.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kassam&quot;/&gt; ''Zina'' was established, according to classical law, through confession by one or both parties as well as proof. A second type of evidence—pregnancy in an unmarried/unowned woman—was contested between the schools. The stringent evidentiary and procedural standards for implementing the ''zina'' punishment may have functioned to offset the severity of the punishment itself, an effect that seems to have been intended by legal authorities, who in the early period developed legal maxims encouraging averting the ḥadd punishments as much as possible, whether through claiming ambiguity (''shubhah'') or a lack of legal capacity (''ahliyya'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Kassam&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The requirements for proof of rape, by contrast, are less stringent, and do not require any extraneous witness testimony, eyewitness or otherwise:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Rape charges can be brought and a case proven based on the sole testimony of the victim, providing that circumstantial evidence supports the allegations. It is these strict criteria of proof which lead to the frequent observation that where injustice against women does occur, it is not because of Islamic law. It happens either due to misinterpretation of the intricacies of the Sharia laws governing these matters, or cultural traditions; or due to corruption and blatant disregard of the law, or indeed some combination of these phenomena.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leaman78&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Caliphate|Caliph]] [[Umar]] accepted the testimony of a single individual who heard the rape victim call for help as evidence that rape occurred. [[Imam]] [[Malik ibn Anas]] accepted physical injuries on the victim as evidence that rape occurred.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Abiad|first=Nisrine|title=Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations: A Comparative Study|publisher=BICIL|year=2008|isbn=978-1905221417|pages=136}}&lt;/ref&gt; If a woman claims to have been raped or sexually abused under duress, she will be acquitted of adultery in light of a Quranic verse within [[Surah]] [[an-Nur]], which states that a woman has not sinned when compelled to commit this crime.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zakariyah&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Zakariyah | first=Luqman | title=Legal maxims in Islamic criminal law : theory and applications | publisher=Brill Nijhoff | location=Leiden Boston | year=2015 | isbn=978-90-04-30487-1 | page=141}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Professor [[Oliver Leaman]], the required testimony of four male [[witness]]es who [[Eyewitness testimony|eyewitnessed]] the actual penetration applies only to consensual illicit sexual relations (whether adultery or fornication), not to the non-consensual crime of rape.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leaman78&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Controversies in Contemporary Islam |last=Leaman |first=Oliver |publisher=Routledge |author-link=Oliver Leaman |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-67613-7 |location=New York |pages=78}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> What distinguished a prototypical act of ''zina'' from an act of rape, for the jurists, was that in the prototypical case, both parties act out of their own volition, while in an act of rape, only one of the parties does so. Jurists admitted a wide array of situations as being &quot;coercive&quot; in nature, including the application of physical force, the presence of duress, or the threat of future harm either to oneself or those close to oneself; they also included in their definition of &quot;coercion&quot; the inability to give valid consent, as in the case of minors, mentally ill, or unconscious persons. Muslim jurists from the earliest period of Islamic law agreed that perpetrators of coercive ''zina'' should receive the ''ḥadd'' punishment normally applicable to their personal status and sexual status, but that the ''ḥadd'' punishment should not be applied to victims of coercive or nonconsensual ''zina'' due to their reduced capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kassam&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Incest====<br /> {{Further|Mahram}}<br /> Marriage is not allowed between most relatives with whom relations would typically considered [[incest]]uous, including a man marrying his mother, daughter, sister, aunt, niece or mother-in-law. However [[cousin marriage]]s are not prohibited and are widely practiced&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/3-Consanguinity-rates-in-some-World-populations_tbl1_242701104 |title=Consanguinity rates in some world populations |website=ResearchGate |access-date=July 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117163508/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/3-Consanguinity-rates-in-some-World-populations_tbl1_242701104 |archive-date=November 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; throughout many parts of the [[Cousin marriage in the Middle East|Islamic world]], as they are not considered ''[[mahram]]s'', or direct relatives. Other prohibited marriages include step-children born of a spouse whom the individual has consummated the marriage with, or multiple sisters from the same family.&lt;ref name=&quot;go.galegroup.com&quot; /&gt; Incestuous relationships in Islam (''zinā bi'l-mahārim'') are those with any of a person's ''mahram'', a definition of nuclear and extended family derived from the Hadith.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Morgan |title=Islam and New Kinship: Reproductive Technology and the Shariah in Lebanon |date=2009 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1845454326 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwreDKOTXM8C&amp;q=incest+zina&amp;pg=PA42 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kamali |first1=Mohammad Hashim |title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: A Fresh Interpretation |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0190910648 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNGaDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=incest+zina&amp;pg=PA94 |access-date=13 July 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Anal sex====<br /> All [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Muslim jurists agree that [[anal sex]] is ''haram'' (&quot;prohibited&quot;), based on the Hadith of Muhammad.&lt;ref name=&quot;ifn&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Drissner |first1=Gerald |title=Islam for Nerds: 500 Questions and Answers |date=2016 |publisher=pochemuchka (Gerald Drissner) |isbn=978-3-9819848-4-2 |page=679 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odXkDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=anal+islam&amp;pg=PA679 |access-date=6 June 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, according to Twelver Shia Muslim jurists, anal sex is considered ''[[makruh]]'' (&quot;strongly disliked&quot;) but is permissible with the consent of the wife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=From Marriage to Parenthood The Heavenly Path – Chapter 2: Sexual Etiquette |url=https://www.al-islam.org/marriage-parenthood-heavenly-path/chapter-2-sexual-etiquette |website=Al-Islam.org|date=30 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many scholars point to the story of [[Lot in Islam|Lut]] ([[Lot (biblical person)|Lot]]) in the Quran as an example of sodomy being an egregious sin. However multiple others hold the view that the destruction of [[Sodom and Gomorrah]] was not specifically due to the sodomy practiced in those towns, but as a combination of multiple transgressions. The death by stoning for people of Sodom and Gomorrah is similar to the stoning punishment stipulated for illegal heterosexual sex. There is no punishment for a man who sodomizes a woman because it is not tied to procreation. However, other jurists insist that any act of lust in which the result is the injecting of semen into another person constitutes sexual intercourse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joseph 2006&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Sodomy]] often falls under that same category as sex between an unmarried man and woman. Male-male intercourse is referred to as ''liwat'' while female-female intercourse is referred to as ''sihaq''. Both are considered reprehensible acts but there is no consensus on punishment for either. Some jurists define ''zina'' exclusively as the act of unlawful vaginal penetration, hence categorizing and punishing anal penetration in different ways. Other jurists included both vaginal and anal penetration within the definition of ''zina'' and hence extended the punishment of the one to the other.&lt;ref name=&quot;Omar&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Religious discourse has mostly focused on such sexual acts, which are unambiguously condemned. The Quran refers explicitly to male-male sexual relations only in the context of the story of Lot, but labels the Sodomites' actions—universally understood in the later tradition as anal intercourse—an &quot;abomination&quot; (female-female relations are not addressed). Reported pronouncements by Muhammad (''hadith'') reinforce the interdiction on male-male sodomy, although there are no reports of his ever adjudicating an actual case of such an offence; he is also quoted as condemning cross-gender behaviour for both sexes and banishing them from local places, but it is unclear to what extent this is to be understood as involving sexual relations. Several early caliphs, confronted with cases of sodomy between males, are said to have had both partners executed, by a variety of means. While taking such precedents into account, medieval jurists were unable to achieve a consensus on this issue; some legal schools prescribed capital punishment for sodomy, but others opted only for a relatively mild discretionary punishment. There was general agreement, however, that other homosexual acts—including any between females—were lesser offences, subject only to discretionary punishment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rowson&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Homosexuality ====<br /> {{main|Homosexuality and Islam}}<br /> <br /> The Quran strictly prohibits [[homosexuality]] through the story of Lot, in [[An-Nisa|Surah an-Nisa]], [[Al-A'raf|Surah al-A'raf]], and possibly verses in other Surahs.&lt;ref name=adang&gt;Camilla Adang (2003), Ibn Hazam on Homosexuality, [[:fr:Qantara|Al Qantara]], Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 5–31.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=somwr&gt;Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (1997), Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature, {{ISBN|978-0814774687}}, New York University Press, pp. 88–94.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Michaelson|first=Jay|title=God Vs. Gay? The Religious Case for Equality|year=2011|publisher=Beacon Press|location=Boston|isbn=97-80807001592|pages=[https://archive.org/details/godvsgayreligiou00mich/page/68 68–69]|url=https://archive.org/details/godvsgayreligiou00mich/page/68}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, Abu Dawud states,&lt;ref name=somwr/&gt;&lt;ref name=mohelawa&gt;Mohamed S. El-Awa (1993), Punishment In Islamic Law, American Trust Publications, {{ISBN|978-0892591428}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[al-Nuwayri]] (1272–1332) in his ''nihaya'' reports that Muhammad is: &quot;alleged to have said what he feared most for his community were the practices of the people of Lot&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1983&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|year= 1983 | title=Liwāṭ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill | editor-last = Bearman | editor-first = P. | editor-last2 = Bianquis | editor-first2 = Th. | editor-last3 = Bosworth | editor-first3 = C.E. | editor-last4 = van Donzel | editor-first4 = E. | editor-last5 = Heinrichs | editor-first5 = W.P.| doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Classical Islamic jurists did not deal with homosexuality as a sexual orientation, since the latter concept is modern and has no equivalent in traditional law, which dealt with it under the technical terms of ''liwat'' and ''zina''.&lt;ref&gt;Habib, Samar (2010). Islam and Homosexuality. ABC-CLIO. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-313-37903-1. Retrieved 2020-10-02&lt;/ref&gt; Most legal schools treat homosexual intercourse with penetration similarly to unlawful heterosexual intercourse under the rubric of ''zina'', but there are differences of opinion with respect to methods of punishment.<br /> <br /> There is disagreement over what punishments should be administered according to the above Quranic and prophetic orders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moosa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Moosa |first=Ebrahim |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3403500144&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;p=GVRL&amp;sw=w |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Early [[Caliph]]s were known to have had both of the male partners executed in various ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rowson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Rowson |first=Everett |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3403500196&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;p=GVRL&amp;sw=w |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |access-date=1 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some other jurists believe that there is no punishment that will serve as an effective purgative for this act, and therefore its immorality precludes an earthly punishment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moosa&quot;/&gt; Some jurists are so morally offended by homosexuality that just the discussion around it is cause for excommunication and anathematizing.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moosa&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The discourse on homosexuality in Islam is primarily concerned with activities between men. There are, however, a few Hadith mentioning homosexual behaviour in women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|author1=Al-Hurr al-Aamili|author-link1=Al-Hurr al-Aamili|title=Wasā'il al-Shīʿa|title-link=Wasā'il al-Shīʿa|script-title=ar: وسائل الشيعة|trans-title=Things of the followers|language=ar|at=Hadith number 34467-34481}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Atighetchi|first1=Dariusch|title=Islamic bioethics problems and perspectives|date=2007|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|location=New York|isbn=978-1402049620|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdm9V89lW3IC&amp;pg=PA149|access-date=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331225354/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdm9V89lW3IC&amp;pg=PA149|archive-date=31 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although punishment for lesbianism is rarely mentioned in the histories, [[al-Tabari]] records an example of the casual execution of a pair of lesbian slave-girls in the [[Harem (household)|harem]] of [[al-Hadi]], in a collection of highly critical anecdotes pertaining to that Caliph's actions as ruler.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bosworth|first=C.E.|title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 30: The 'Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium: The Caliphates of Musa al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid A.D. 785-809/A.H. 169–193|year=1989|publisher=SUNY Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqf1gwM9O58C&amp;q=Tabari+lesbian+Caliph+al-Hadi&amp;pg=PA73|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924163939/https://books.google.com/books?id=wqf1gwM9O58C&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=Tabari+lesbian+Caliph+al-Hadi&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=BEsfAzmpXj&amp;sig=euUAWk4eDKk4Q0pxtRgx5Uo-ZMo&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=nooiUr7BGcTxhQff9oGQBQ&amp;ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Tabari%20lesbian%20Caliph%20al-Hadi&amp;f=false|archive-date=24 September 2015|isbn=978-0887065644}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some jurists viewed sexual intercourse as possible only for an individual who possesses a [[phallus]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Omar&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Omar |first=Sara |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Law |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0010 |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908183225/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0010 |archive-date=8 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; hence those definitions of sexual intercourse that rely on the entry of as little of the [[Corona of glans penis|corona of the phallus]] into a partner's orifice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Omar&quot;/&gt; Since women do not possess a phallus and cannot have intercourse with one another, they are, in this interpretation, physically incapable of committing ''zina''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Omar&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Bestiality====<br /> According to hadith, bestiality is defined under ''zina'' and its punishment is execution of the accused man or woman along with the animal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Podberscek |first1=Anthony L. |last2=Beetz |first2=Andrea M. |title=Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals |date=1 September 2005 |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-0-85785-222-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&amp;dq=bestiality+islam&amp;pg=PT13 |access-date=24 July 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ill&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;law&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|text=Narrated Ibn 'Abbas: That the Messenger of Allah said: &quot;Whomever you see having relations with an animal then kill him and kill animal.&quot; So it was said to Ibn 'Abbas: &quot;What is the case of the animal?&quot; He said: &quot;I did not hear anything from the Messenger of Allah about this, but I see that the Messenger of Allah disliked eating its meat or using it, due to the fact that such a (heinous) thing has been done with that animal.&quot;|source=[[Jami` at-Tirmidhi]], [http://sunnah.com/tirmidhi/17/38 17:38], [[Ibn Majah]] [https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:2564 2564]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=ن |first1=إمام، فاطمة م |last2=Al-Imam |first2=Fatima M. N. |title=مخطوط بشائر الفتوحات والسعود في أحكام التعزيرات والحدود |date=1996 |publisher=F.M.N. Al-Imam |page=149 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxXYAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=whoever+has+intercourse+with+an+animal,+kill+him,+and+kill+the+animal |access-date=24 July 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Abdul-Rahman |first1=Muhammad Saed |title=Islam: Questions and Answers - Jurisprudence and Islamic Rulings |date=1 November 2007 |publisher=MSA Publication Limited |isbn=978-1-86179-449-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wNPo1531LNkC&amp;dq=whoever+has+intercourse+with+an+animal,+kill+him,+and+kill+the+animal&amp;pg=PA288 |access-date=24 July 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Al-Hanbali |first1=Ibn Rajab |title=The Compendium of Knowledge and Wisdom: Commentary of Imam Nawawi's Forty Hadith |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=Turath Publishing |isbn=978-1-915265-00-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15JtEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=whoever+has+intercourse+with+an+animal,+kill+him,+and+kill+the+animal&amp;pg=PT236 |access-date=24 July 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ===Castration===<br /> According to Muslim tradition, Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] forbade [[castration]]. Muhammad told a follower who asked for permission to castrate himself to avoid the temptation to fornicate: &quot;He who castrates himself or another does not belong to my followers, for castration in Islam may consist only in fasting&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Favazza |first1=Armando R. |title=Bodies under siege : self-mutilation and body modification in culture and psychiatry |date=1996 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-0-8018-5300-5 |page=182 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwQT9fdZNdgC&amp;dq=castration+in+islam&amp;pg=PA182 |access-date=7 December 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This hadith is in the context of another, which encourages men who are unable to get married and struggle with chastity and desires to resort to [[Fasting in Islam|fasting]], as this helps with lowering [[libido]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sahih al-Bukhari 5066 - Wedlock, Marriage (Nikaah) - كتاب النكاح - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:5066 |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=sunnah.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Islam|Sexuality<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === General links ===<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary of Islam]]<br /> * [[Outline of Islam]]<br /> * [[Index of Islam-related articles]]<br /> * [[Sexual ethics]]<br /> * [[Marriage in Islam]]<br /> * [[History of concubinage in the Muslim world]]<br /> * ''[[The Perfumed Garden]]''<br /> * ''[[Al-Wishah fi Fawa'id al-Nikah]]''<br /> * [[Wedad Lootah]]<br /> * [[Gender roles in Islam]]<br /> * [[Salat al-Istikharah]]<br /> * [[Political aspects of Islam]]<br /> * [[Repentance in Islam]]<br /> * [[Islamic marital jurisprudence]]<br /> * [[Spirit possession#Islam|Spirit possession in Islam]]<br /> * [[Islam and magic]]<br /> * [[Exorcism in Islam]]<br /> <br /> === Terms ===<br /> <br /> * ''[[Nikah mut'ah]]''<br /> * ''[[Misyar]]''<br /> * ''[[Taqwa]]''<br /> * ''[[Istihadha]]''<br /> * ''[[Aqidah]]''<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Altalib |first1=Hisham |last2=Sulaymān |first2=ʻAbdulHạmīd Abū |last3=Altalib |first3=Omar |author-link2=Abdul Hamid AbuSulayman|title=Sex and Sex Education: What Do We Tell Our Children? |date=2013|publisher=[[International Institute of Islamic Thought]] |isbn=978-1-56564-570-7 |url=https://www.iium.edu.my/media/88705/Sex_and_Sex_education_What_Do_We_Tell_Ou.pdf |language=en}}<br /> * Ulwan, Abdullah Nasih (2002), ''Islam and Sex''. Cairo: Darus Salam<br /> * Ulwan, Abdullah Nasih (2004), ''Child Education in Islam''. Cairo: Darus Salam<br /> * Ulwan, Abdullah Nasih (2002), ''Islam and Love''. Cairo: Darus Salam<br /> * Ayubi, Nazih (2004). ''Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World''. New York: Routledge.<br /> <br /> '''General'''<br /> * {{cite encyclopedia |editor=Suad Joseph, Afsaneh Najmabadi |title=Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures: Family, Law, and Politics |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=2003}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Sexuality in Islam}}<br /> {{Wikiquote|Islam and sexuality}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051201010701/http://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/muslim/mus-index.html FSE Project section on Muslim Sexual Ethics]<br /> <br /> {{Islam topics |Law |state=collapsed}}<br /> {{sex}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Islamic Sexual Jurisprudence}}<br /> [[Category:Islamic criminal jurisprudence]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic family law]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic jurisprudence]]<br /> [[Category:Modesty in Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Sexuality in Islam| ]]<br /> [[Category:Intersex topics in religion and mythology]]<br /> [[Category:Transgender topics and religion]]<br /> [[Category:LGBTQ and Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Religious natalism]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saib_Rocha&diff=531901 2026-03-15T11:26:47Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian playwright and theatre director (1898–1972)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Saib Rocha<br /> | image = Saib Rocha.jpg<br /> | caption = Portrait of Rocha during his youth <br /> | image_size = 200px<br /> | birth_name = Domingos José Rocha<br /> | other_names = A. J. Rocha<br /> | birth_place = [[Oxel]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1898|8|23|df=y}}<br /> | citizenship = India (from 1961)<br /> | death_place = Goa, India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1972|4|28|1898|8|23|df=y}}<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|theatre director|actor}}<br /> | years_active = 1916–1960s<br /> | spouse = [[Ermelinda Cardozo]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Domingos José''' &quot;'''Saib'''&quot; '''Rocha''' (23 August 1898 – 28 April 1972), also known as '''A. J. Rocha''', was an Indian playwright, theatre director, and actor known for his work in ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. Referred to as the &quot;Lion of the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage&quot;, Rocha was a leading Konkani [[theatre practitioner]] from 1916 to 1941. One of the greatest Konkani playwrights and directors,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; he founded the Union Jack Dramatic Company, six years after being influenced by the ''tiatr'' production Maurice and Juliana vo A Real Love Story (1910) by [[Rama (playwright)|Rama]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> During the early stages of the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'', a form of [[Goan]] theatrical entertainment, the field encountered challenges. Numerous Konkani drama companies emerged and disbanded at a similar frequency, reflecting the unstable nature of the art form. However, the arrival of Rocha marked a turning point in the history of Konkani ''tiatr'', as noted by [[Wilson Mazarello]], a Konkani historian and singer. Rocha's presence on the Konkani ''tiatr'' scene proved to be a crucial milestone, providing a much-needed boost to the struggling state of this Goan entertainment tradition. Rocha's entrance into the Konkani ''tiatr'' arena coincided with a critical juncture when [[Pai Tiatrist|João Agostinho Fernandes]] was grappling to steer the Konkani ''tiatr'' in the right direction. The Konkani ''tiatr'' faced numerous challenges during this period, including petty politics, vulgarity, unhealthy criticism, and jealousy. These factors posed a threat to the integrity of the Konkani ''tiatr'' and its adherence to the noble standards set by [[Lucasinho Ribeiro]], known as the originator of Konkani ''tiatr''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art &amp; Culture |pages=26–32 |language=en |access-date=2024-02-18 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rocha's interest in the Konkani ''tiatr'' was sparked during his stay in [[Bombay]] in 1910, where he had the opportunity to witness several Konkani ''tiatrs'' written and directed by figures such as [[Rama (playwright)|L.C.D. Braganza (also known as Rama)]], Douglas Fernandes, Sebastiao Gabriel D'Souza (alias Karachiwala), Lucasinho Ribeiro, and Rogaciano D'Souza. These experiences left a profound impact on Rocha, igniting his passion for writing and directing Konkani ''tiatrs''. With his solid academic background, proficiency in English, and a natural affinity for the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], Rocha embarked on his ambitious endeavor. Rocha initiated the creation of his first Konkani ''tiatr'', titled ''Zenoveva de Brabão''. However, in the midst of this undertaking, Rocha received a job offer in [[Basrah]], compelling him to temporarily depart from Bombay. While in the Gulf, the outbreak of the [[First World War]] prompted Rocha's return to Bombay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Upon his return, Rocha resumed his work on the script and successfully completed it in 1916. To bring his vision to life, Rocha meticulously selected an ensemble of actors and actresses. He formed the Union Jack Dramatic Company, which served as the platform for staging his ''tiatr''. Comprising 32 members, the Union Jack Dramatic Company included founding actors such as Emidio Sailor, C. Carneiro, Jose Pereira Mittaiwalli, Simon Alphonso, S. Dias, J. Afonso, Luis Borges, Alphonso Pako, Chikin, Luis Alphonso, Altos, Duarte Hara, Santan Fernandes, D'Costa Eddie, Thomas Fernandes, Babu Hilario, Victor, Peter Peres Bomboincar, Elzara, C. D'Souza, A. Peres Bombilkar, Johnie Bartle, Patrick Fireman, and D'Costa Midas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Union Jack Dramatic Company faced its fair share of challenges during its establishment, while Rocha, its leader, sought stability.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In 1931, internal conflicts arose between Emidio Salilor and Luis Borges, two popular composers and singers of the theatrical company, resulting in the departure of some members. However, Rocha promptly replenished the group with new members, including Anthony Vaz, [[J. R. Fithna]], Anthony Tulu, M. C. Correia, J. P. Souzalin, Souza Ferrão, Franco, C. Brazil, Manny Luis, and B. Vaz. This resurgence propelled the Union Jack Dramatic Company forward with renewed enthusiasm. Rocha, a firm advocate of discipline, commanded the respect of his colleagues, who bestowed upon him the title &quot;Saib Rocha&quot; out of admiration, despite his preference for the simpler moniker A.J. Rocha. Throughout his career, Rocha authored and produced approximately 60–62 original Konkani ''tiatrs'' between 1916 and 1941.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=9–11, 40–41}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As a student of drama, Rocha developed a particular affinity for the works of [[William Shakespeare]]. In 1935, he undertook the translation and production of ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' in the [[Konkani language]]. Rocha extensively toured with the Union Jack Dramatic Company, leaving an imprint on various locales. Portuguese newspapers of the time documented the troupe's visit to Goa in 1926, where they staged ''tiatrs'' at the Eden Cinema Theatre in [[Pangim]] (later known as Cine National) and the Clube Harmonia Hall in [[Borda, Goa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Having already established their reputation in Bombay, they were warmly received in Goa, garnering substantial coverage in local newspapers. Consequently, the group was compelled to host repeat performances in both Pangim and [[Margão]] in 1927. While Rocha occasionally assumed acting roles in his ''tiatrs'', his primary focus lay in directing. Notable appearances include his involvement in Jinnu's ''Imperador Carlos Magno Ani Bara Par Fransache'', presented by the Union Jack Dramatic Company at the Princess Theatre Bhangwadi, Bombay on 3 December 1929, and Carcus Sailor Boy's ''White Rose Garden Vo Dhovea Gulabachi Bag'' in 1934. Rocha dedicated himself to the Konkani stage with an open mindset and progressive ideas, recognizing the distinct roles of playwriting, directing, and acting within the realm of theater.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Among Rocha's most popular ''tiatrs'', which he both authored and directed, are ''Dubavi Ghorcarn'' (The Doubtful Wife), ''Noketr Italia Xarachem'' (The star of the city of Italy), ''Gupit Cazar'' (Secret Marriage), ''Mog ani Krim'', ''Calsad Nouro'', ''Ghor-Zanvoim'' (''[[Gharjamai]]''), ''Son of Jeruzalem'', ''Aunkarancho Sounsar'', and ''Romeo &amp; Juliet''. Significant performances include the staging of Rocha's own ''tiatr Doth'' ([[Dowry]]) at the Princess Theatre Bhangwadi on 14 April 1931, which marked the debut of actress Miss Georgina Souza. ''Mea Culpa'' ([[Mea Culpa|My Fault]]) was presented at the Victoria Theatre in [[Byculla]], Bombay, on 17 November 1931, followed by ''Mr. Bardez ani Mr. Salcete'' at the Princess Theatre Bhangwadi on 2 December 1932. Existing records indicate that Rocha's ''tiatr First Prize'' was performed by Souza Ferrão in [[Navelim]], Goa, on 16 November 1932.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; After a brief stint in [[Karachi]], Rocha returned to Bombay in 1934 and showcased ''Share Holders Night'' at the [[Royal Opera House (Mumbai)|Royal Opera House]] on 8 April. This particular ''tiatr'' garnered attention from dignitaries, including His Excellency, The Counsel of Persia. On 10 June 1934, Rocha presented ''Son of Jeruzalem'' at the Royal Opera House, followed by ''Visronk Dukh-Khont'' on 3 December 1934. A revival of ''Son of Jeruzalem'' took place at the Princess Theatre Bhangwadi on 11 January 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 25 December 1935, Rocha presented his play ''Dubavi Ghorcarn'' at the Royal Opera House in Bombay, followed by a repeat performance at the Baliwala Theatre in [[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]], Bombay on 22 April 1946. Subsequently, on 25 February 1936, he staged ''Addangi Choli ani Patrador Cholo'', and on 18 May 1936, he showcased ''Dona Enestina vo Sounsar Jiklim Hanv'' at the Princess Theatre in Bhangwadi, Bombay. Rocha had previously staged another play, titled ''Ek Oklek Teg Noure'' (The bride with three bridegrooms), at the same theatre in 1935. Continuing his creative endeavors, on 4 October 1944, he organized the production of ''Sezareachim Kizilam'' at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]] Hall in [[Dhobitalao]], Bombay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Rocha consistently demonstrated a prolific output, producing an average of two new ''[[tiatr]]s'' each year, with each production undergoing approximately six months of rehearsals. Known for their educational value and high artistic standards, Rocha's ''tiatrs'' garnered recognition for their quality performances.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite encountering skepticism and criticism from the elite [[Goan]] community in [[Bombay]], Rocha tenaciously pursued his mission of elevating the standards of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater. He maintained a dedication to his craft, even during periods of discouragement resulting from relatively low audience turnout, writes Mazarello. In line with other prominent figures in the field, Rocha also made significant efforts to promote female participation in performances. Alongside his wife [[Ermeline]], he introduced Miss Georgina in ''Doth'' in 1931 and again in 1934, followed by the introduction of [[Miss Carlota]] in his ''tiatr Son of Jeruzalem'' in 1934. Additionally, Rocha featured his wife Ermeline in several of his ''tiatrs''. Mazarello further writes, some aspects of Rocha's productions included the elaborate and visually [[stage design|stunning sets]], as well as the meticulous direction employed. Rocha's dedication to his craft extended beyond Bombay, as he embarked on tours with his troupe, performing in various cities such as [[Karachi]], [[Calcutta]], [[Poona]], and [[Goa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Even in his later years, Rocha's passion for dramatic arts remained undiminished. When approached by contractors seeking to restage his ''tiatr Mog Ani Krim'', Rocha enlisted the directorial expertise of [[Remmie Colaço]]. The play was subsequently performed at Victoria Gardens in [[Byculla]], Bombay on 3 November 1963. Similarly, Rocha's ''Ghor Zanvoim'' was restaged under the direction of [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]] at St. Mary's Hall in [[Mazagaon]], Bombay on 15 August 1964. During his time in Goa, Rocha collaborated with [[M. Dod de Verna]] to stage his ''tiatrs Dubhavi Ghorcarn'', resulting in several performances of the play held in Goa in May 1966, featuring the Young Stars of Goa troupe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Despite health concerns limiting his ability to write new ''tiatrs'', Rocha maintained an enthusiastic spirit and entrusted his plays to various contractors and emerging directors such as Remmie Colaco, Alfred Rose, and Dod de Verna. Konkani historian, [[Wilson Mazarello]], acknowledges Rocha as a [[missionary]] figure whose contributions to Konkani ''tiatr'' and its artists are of utmost significance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Domingos José Rocha was born on 23 August 1898, in Vagalim, [[Oxel]], [[Goa]], which was then part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]]. He was widely known by his [[stage name]], A. J. Rocha, although he was commonly referred to with respect as Saib Rocha, with &quot;''Saib''&quot; originating from the term &quot;''[[Sahib]]''&quot;. Rocha's father was Minguel Salvador da Rocha, and his mother was Escolastica de Souza. Rocha married [[Ermeline|Ermelinda Cardozo]], who was known by her stage name Sudhabala. Ermelinda was a highly acclaimed dancer of her time and a distinguished artist in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]]. She also made appearances in ''[[tiatr]]s'', a traditional form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]]. Rocha distinguished himself among his contemporaries as a playwright and director with a deep passion for literature. He was an avid reader and regularly engaged with local newspapers and magazines such as ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' and the former ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]''. Rocha's interests extended beyond his own creations, as he diligently studied plays not only in English but also in various other languages. Throughout his life, he considered himself a dedicated student of the dramatic arts, with a particular affinity for the works of [[William Shakespeare]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; On 28 April 1972, Rocha died in Goa, India, he was 73.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Impact==<br /> While Rocha dedicated significant attention to the content of his plays, ensuring thorough [[rehearsal]]s for the main performances, he also recognized the importance of songs in a ''tiatr'' and actively sought out talented singers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; To foster the discovery of songs and singers, he organized singing competitions, which gained popularity in Bombay. These competitions served as a platform for young, aspiring talents, and many participants eventually transitioned into professional artists. In further support of composers and singers of his time, Rocha established a committee composed of expert musicians, [[lyricist]]s, and singers, responsible for identifying and nurturing promising singing talent. This initiative played a pivotal role in the development and encouragement of musical talent within the Konkani community. Moreover, his influential role extended to fostering new talent, as numerous aspiring ''[[tiatrist]]s'' found their entryway into the theater world through Rocha's productions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Style and reception==<br /> Fausto V. Da Costa writes, Rocha emerged as one of the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]'s prominent and cherished contributors. Known as the &quot;Lion of the Konkani stage,&quot; he made a significant impact on the development of ''[[tiatr]]''. Rocha's talent as a writer and director earned him a special place among his peers in the ''tiatr'' community. As the founder of the Union Jack Dramatic Company, Rocha initially assumed the role of group manager. However, in 1922, he was appointed as the managing director of the company. The ensemble comprised 32 accomplished artists and singers who were known for their abilities. Rocha exercised his authority with prudence, ensuring the smooth functioning of the organization through meticulous management practices. His decisions held significant weight, and he commanded the utmost respect from the artists involved. Rocha's plays were distinguished by their captivating plots, meticulously woven narratives, and eloquent dialogues. Notably, productions such as ''Romeo &amp; Juliet'', ''Dubhavi Ghorcarn'', ''Mog ani Krim'', ''Nokhetr Italia Xarachem'', and ''Kalsad Nouro'' were hailed as exemplary works. While Rocha's writing style was marked by simplicity, his [[stage design|stage arrangements]] were visually striking, and his direction displayed finesse. Between 1916 and 1941, Rocha authored a total of 39 plays, setting a record for his time. By the time of his death, his prolific output had expanded to encompass more than 60 plays in total.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=136 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His works primarily found their stage in [[Bombay]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Selected stage works==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Notes<br /> !Ref<br /> |-<br /> |1916<br /> |''Zenoveva de Brabão''<br /> |Writer/director <br /> |Professional debut <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1919<br /> |''Noketr Italia Xarachem''<br /> |Writer/director <br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How a Goan 'Rose' bloomed in Karachi |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/how-a-goan-rose-bloomed-in-karachi/86236.html |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1929<br /> |''Imperador Carlos Magno Ani Bara Par Fransache''<br /> |Actor<br /> |<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1931<br /> |''Doth''<br /> |Writer/director <br /> |Restaged in 1934<br /> |-<br /> |''Mea Culpa''<br /> |Writer/director <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1932<br /> |''Mr. Bardez ani Mr. Salcete''<br /> |Writer/director <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''First Prize''<br /> |Writer<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|1934<br /> |''Share Holders Night''<br /> |Director <br /> |''Tiatr'' production <br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Son of Jeruzalem''<br /> |Writer/director <br /> |Restaged in 1948<br /> |-<br /> |''Visronk Dukh-Khont''<br /> |Director <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''White Rose Garden Vo Dhovea Gulabachi Bag''<br /> |Actor <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1935<br /> |''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''<br /> |Writer/director<br /> |[[Konkani language]] adaptation<br /> |rowspan=&quot;11&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Dubavi Ghorcarn''<br /> |Writer/director<br /> |Restaged in 1946, 1966<br /> |-<br /> |''Ek Oklek Teg Noure''<br /> |Director <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1936<br /> |''Addangi Choli ani Patrador Cholo''<br /> |Director <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Dona Enestina vo Sounsar Jiklim Hanv ''<br /> |Director <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1944<br /> |''Sezareachim Kizilam''<br /> |Director <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Gupit Cazar''<br /> |Writer/director <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Mog ani Krim''<br /> |Writer/director <br /> |Restaged in 1963<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Calsad Nouro''<br /> |Writer/director<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Ghor Zanvoim''<br /> |Writer/director<br /> |Restaged in 1964<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Aunkarancho Sounsar''<br /> |Writer/director<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rocha, Saib}}<br /> [[Category:1898 births]]<br /> [[Category:1972 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Tiatrists]]<br /> [[Category:Actors from Goa]]<br /> [[Category:People from North Goa district]]<br /> [[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Krishnan_(artist)&diff=527678 2026-03-14T20:33:29Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: created new entry...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian tribal artist and Padma Shri awardee (died 2025)}}<br /> {{Infobox artist<br /> | name = R. Krishnan<br /> | image = | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Circa|1973}}<br /> | birth_place = Vellaricombai, [[Nilgiris district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | death_date = 25 March 2025 (aged 52)<br /> | death_place = [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]], [[Coimbatore district]], Tamil Nadu<br /> | known_for = [[Kurumba painting]]<br /> | movement = Tribal art<br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2026, posthumous)<br /> | spouse = Susheela<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''R. Krishnan''' (c. 1973 – 25 March 2025), also known as '''Kitna''', was an Indian artist from the [[Alu Kurumba]] tribal community in the [[Nilgiris district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is noted for his work in preserving Kurumba painting traditions by adapting motifs from rock art to canvas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The paints cure as renowned tribal artist 'Kitna' passes away in the Nilgiris |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/the-paints-cure-as-renowned-tribal-artist-kitna-passes-away-in-the-nilgiris/article69448555.ece |work=The Hindu |date=14 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2026, the [[Government of India]] posthumously awarded him the [[Padma Shri]], the country's fourth-highest civilian award, for his contributions to Art.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2026 Press Note |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards2026W_25012026.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Padma Awards 2026 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2218547 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=25 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Krishnan was born in the tribal settlement of Vellaricombai near [[Kotagiri]]. He belonged to the Alu Kurumba tribe, an indigenous community traditionally associated with honey gathering and forest medicine. He began painting at the age of six, learning the technique from his grandfather, Mathan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tribal artist 'Kitna' - TNPSC Current Affairs |url=https://www.tnpscthervupettagam.com/currentaffairs-detail/tribal-artist-%E2%80%98kitna%E2%80%99?cat=personalities-awards-and-events |publisher=TNPSC Thervu Pettagam |date=18 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He worked as a daily wage laborer while continuing his artistic practice.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=A one-man show to revive the dying Kurumba art |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/a-one-man-show-to-revive-the-dying-kurumba-art/articleshow/55020865.cms |work=Times of India |date=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his later years, he resided in [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]]. Krishnan died on 25 March 2025 following an illness. He was survived by his wife, Susheela, and four children.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/etv-bharat-impact-coimbatore-district-admin-assures-help-to-family-of-late-padma-shri-awardee-r-krishnan-enn26013000569 ETV Bharat Impact: Coimbatore District Admin Assures Help To Family Of Late Padma Shri Awardee R Krishnan]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Art and style ==<br /> Krishnan's work focused on the documentation of Kurumba culture and rituals. His style was derived from the rock art found at archaeological sites such as Vellaricombai and Eluthu Paarai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=George |first=Jinu Koshy |title=A Reappraisal of Rock-art at Vellarikombi and its Kurumba Association and Continuity |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |volume=5 |year=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He employed traditional methods, utilizing natural pigments sourced from the forest rather than synthetic paints. The palette typically included:<br /> * Yellow and Brown: Extracted from the resin of the ''Vengai'' tree (''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'').<br /> * Green: Obtained from plant leaves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Keeping Kurumba Art Alive: Preserving a Tribal Legacy of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.memeraki.com/blogs/posts/keeping-kurumba-art-alive |publisher=MeMeraki |date=30 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Black: Derived from burnt wood or bark.<br /> <br /> Common subjects in his paintings included tribal deities, honey harvesting, and local fauna such as the [[Great hornbill]].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards2026W_25012026.pdf Ministry of Home Affairs - Padma Awards 2026 List]<br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, R.}}<br /> [[Category:1973 births]]<br /> [[Category:2025 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:People from Nilgiris district]]<br /> [[Category:Adivasi people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]<br /> [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Indian folk artists]]<br /> [[Category:Painters from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mummadi&diff=519036 2026-03-14T16:03:13Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: new some post w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>'''Mummadi''' is the 3rd [[ordinal number]] or [[regnal number]] given to Kings and Queens in [[Kannada]]. Similarly there is Immadi(2nd) Nalvadi(4th). Regnal numbers are used to distinguish among persons with the same name who held the same office.<br /> <br /> It is also a surname in the Telugu speaking states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Nikhil |date=2025-10-23 |title=Top US-trained doctor to volunteer with Helping Hand Foundation |url=https://hyderabadmail.com/us-trained-doctor-srinivas-mummadi-volunteers-with-helping-hand-foundation/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Hyderabad Mail |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2026-02-09 |title=Aerospace graduate from Jagtial bags scientist job with ISRO |url=https://telanganatoday.com/aerospace-graduate-from-jagtial-bags-scientist-job-with-isro |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A couple of the well-known personalities carrying the last name of &quot;Mummadi&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-04-23 |title=Mummadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar’s cultural contributions lauded |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mummadi-krishnaraja-wadiyars-cultural-contributions-lauded/article69483027.ece |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; is [[Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar]] and [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-02-16 |title=How Mummadi and his Queens built Mysore |url=https://starofmysore.com/how-mummadi-and-his-queens-built-mysore/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; member of the Wodeyar dynasty which ruled Mysore, known for his service to the Mysore state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=‘Mummadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar laid foundation for Nalwadi’s golden era’ |url=https://starofmysore.com/mummadi-krishnaraja-wadiyar-laid-foundation-for-nalwadis-golden-era/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A festival of firsts, a revival of grandeur |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/a-festival-of-firsts-a-revival-of-grandeur-2722599 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2019-07-31 |title=Mysuru's Wodeyar royal family-preserved Bhagavat Purana manuscript turned into book |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2019/Jul/31/mysurus-wodeyar-royal-family-preserved-bhagavat-purana-manuscript-turned-into-book-2012022.html |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Titles]]<br /> [[Category:Indian monarchs]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prakash_Alex&diff=526291 2026-03-13T14:50:29Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: created a info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian composer and singer}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Prakash Alex<br /> | image = Prakas-Alex.jpg<br /> | birth_place = Mallappally, Kerala, India<br /> | occupation = Composer, singer<br /> | instrument = Keyboard, guitar<br /> | years_active = 2018–present<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Prakash Alex''' is an Indian composer and singer who primarily works in South Indian films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prakash Alex {{!}} Composer, Music Department, Soundtrack |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9009859/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Prakash Alex was born to Reverend K. P. Alexander and Leelamma, a school teacher, in [[Pathanamthitta]], India. He has an older brother, [[Alexander Prasanth|Prasanth Alexander]], an actor in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]], and two older sisters, Priya and Preethy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=പള്ളീലച്ചനാക്കാൻ ഒരുങ്ങി വീട്ടുകാർ, പാട്ടിന്റെ തച്ചനായി പ്രകാശ്‌ അലക്‌സ്‌ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/interview-with-music-director-prakash-alex-1.7443248 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Alex started learning piano at the age of 5, with his sister Preethy as his instructor. He was part of the choir team in his church.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He later joined a multimedia course at St. Joseph College of Communication and started making music videos.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Prakash has worked in various languages, including [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He started programming and producing songs for albums, devotionals, and short films in 2005. He began his career in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam industry]] as a music programmer for [[Sidhartha Siva|Siddarth Siva's]] short film ''Amour Code'' in 2006.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> He made his debut as music director for the 2018 film, [[Kalyanam (film)|Kalyanam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2020-01-30 |title=Sanah Moidutty sings for Malayalam film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-singer-makes-her-malayalam-film-debut-in-varayan/article30690247.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417184018/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-singer-makes-her-malayalam-film-debut-in-varayan/article30690247.ece |archive-date=2023-04-17 |access-date=2023-04-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has collaborated with musicians such as [[Poly Varghese]], [[Stephen Devassy]], [[Bijibal]], Deepak Dev, and [[Mejo Joseph]]. He produced the song &quot;Nenchodu Cherthu (Yuvvh).&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=പത്തനംതിട്ടയില്‍ അവാര്‍ഡ് തിളക്കമെത്തിച്ച സംഗീത സംവിധായകന്‍; പ്രകാശ് അലക്‌സിന്റെ വിശേഷങ്ങളിലേക്ക്‌ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/pathanamthitta/report-about-music-director-from-pathanamthitta-prakash-alex/articleshow/80504683.cms |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/03/kinavu-menjoru-koodu-song-from-dhyan-sreenivasans-partners-out|title=Kinavu Menjoru Koodu song from Dhyan Sreenivasan's Partners out|date=3 July 2024 |publisher=Cinema Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Jan/04/trailer-of-qalb-is-out-2647793.html|title=Trailer of Qalb is out|date=4 January 2024 |publisher=Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His films include ''[[Kalyanam (film)|Kalyanam]]'' (2018),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2018-01-17 |title=Hitting a catchy note |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/170118/hitting-a-catchy-note.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Qalb (film)|''Qalb'']] (2024).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; His songs include &quot;Ektha Boss&quot; from ''[[Shylock (2020 film)|Shylock]]'' featuring [[Unni Mukundan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shylock {{!}} Song – Ektha Boss {{!}} Malayalam Video Songs – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/shylock-song-ektha-boss/videoshow/73541725.cms |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Monjathi&quot; from ''Qalb'',&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; and &quot;Dhrithangapulakithan&quot; featuring Dulquer Salmaan from ''Kalyanam''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-01-13 |title=Kalyanam's second song is sung by Dulquer Salmaan and Jacob Gregory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/kalyanams-second-song-is-sung-by-dulquer-salmaan-and-jacob-gregory/articleshow/62486432.cms |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Prakash is married to Renu. He composed their wedding video song. The couple resides in [[Ernakulam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Years<br /> !Film<br /> !Language<br /> !Songs<br /> !Background Score<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2018<br /> |[[Kalyanam (film)|Kalayanam]]<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mohanlal (film)|Mohanlal]]<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |Manasi<br /> |Tamil<br /> |{{No}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019<br /> |Ulta<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{No}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |Ratri Jha Pause<br /> |Marati<br /> |{{No}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2020<br /> |Lona<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |Soulmates <br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |Shylock <br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |{{No}}<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |[[Cold Case (film)|Cold case]]<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |[[18 Hours (2021 film)|18Hours]]<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |[[Khali Purse of Billionaires]]<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |[[Varayan]]<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |Paachil<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |In<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |Hope<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |[[Qalb (film)|Qalb]]<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |DNA<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |{{Yes}}<br /> |{{No}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> 28th State Television Award (2021) for Music direction – Tele Serial/Telefilm category for &quot;Side Effect&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2020-09-19 |title=State Television Awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-television-awards-announced/article32648904.ece |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film score composers]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=AIFF_Super_Cup&diff=483863 2026-03-13T06:05:04Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Association football tournament in India}}<br /> {{Distinguish|text=the original [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)]], the match between the league and cup champions}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox football tournament<br /> | name = AIFF Super Cup<br /> | image = [[File:Super Cup (India) logo.png|250px]]<br /> | organiser = [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]<br /> | founded = {{start date and age|2018|2|19}} (as ''AIFF Super Cup''; succeeding ''[[Indian Super Cup]]'')<br /> | region = India<br /> | number of teams = 16 <br /> | qualifier for = [[AFC Champions League Two]]<br /> | current champions = [[FC Goa|Goa]] (3rd title)<br /> | most successful club = [[FC Goa|Goa]] (3 titles)<br /> | broadcasters = [[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports]]&lt;br /&gt;[[JioHotstar]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/super-cup|Super Cup}}<br /> | current = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|2025–26]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''AIFF Super Cup''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-super-cup-2025-26-to-begin-on-october-25 |title=AIFF Super Cup 2025-26 to begin on October 25 |publisher=AIFF |date=25 September 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/aiff-super-cup-2025-26-draw-teams-find-out-group-stageopponents |title=AIFF Super Cup 2025-26 draw: Teams find out group-stage opponents |publisher=Indian Super League |date=25 September 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; popularly the '''Super Cup''', is the annual premier cup [[association football|football]] competition in [[football in India|India]]. It was founded on February 19, 2018 as a replacement for the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian football calendar for 2024-25 season announced |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2024-01-indian-football-calendar |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Khel Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; it is organised by the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/super-cup |title=Hero Super Cup |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; The competition is open to all clubs in the [[Indian Super League]] and the [[Indian Football League]], the top two divisions of the [[Indian football league system]] respectively. The winners qualify for the [[AFC Champions League Two]]. [[FC Goa|Goa]] are the current holders, the first team to win the title thrice.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> On 19 February 2018, the All India Football Federation announced the creation of the Super Cup as a reformed [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]], India's main knockout football tournament.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Saharoy |first1=Shilarze |title=Chennaiyin to face Aizawl in Super Cup on March 31 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/chennaiyin-to-face-aizawl-in-super-cup-on-march-31/articleshow/63273453.cms |access-date=12 March 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] | date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/chennaiyin-to-face-aizawl-in-super-cup-on-march-31/articleshow/63273453.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian football calendar for 2024-25 season announced |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2024-01-indian-football-calendar |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Khel Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The qualifiers for the inaugural recherished tournament were held between 15–16 March. The tournament proper then commenced on 31 March and concluded with the final on 20 April 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot; /&gt; [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] emerged as the winners of the inaugural edition of the recherished tournament. They defeated [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] 4–1 in the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Chhetri scores a brace as Bengaluru FC thrash East Bengal 4–1 to win title |url=https://scroll.in/field/876382/super-cup-chhetri-scores-a-brace-as-bengaluru-fc-thrash-east-bengal-4-1-to-win-title |access-date=27 April 2018 |work=[[Scroll.in]] | date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628212214/https://scroll.in/field/876382/super-cup-chhetri-scores-a-brace-as-bengaluru-fc-thrash-east-bengal-4-1-to-win-title |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[2019 Indian Super Cup|second edition]], seven I-League clubs, namely [[RoundGlass Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]], [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]], [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]], [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]], [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]], [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] and [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]] withdrew from the competition citing &quot;unfair treatment to I-League clubs by the AIFF.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/field/916643/super-cup-minerva-punjab-miss-pre-match-conference-meeting-aiff-terms-it-blatant-disregard |title=Super Cup: Minerva Punjab miss pre-match conference, meeting; AIFF terms it 'blatant disregard' |date=14 March 2019 |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091521/https://scroll.in/field/916643/super-cup-minerva-punjab-miss-pre-match-conference-meeting-aiff-terms-it-blatant-disregard |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From 2020 to 2022, the competition was suspended due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]]. From the 2024 edition the competition is known as the '''Kalinga Super Cup''', as part of the title sponsorship agreement with the [[Government of Odisha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=29 November 2023 |title=Super Cup 2024 renamed as Kalinga Super Cup with winner earning AFC Cup qualification |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/super-cup-renamed-kalinga-start-on-january-9-2024-winner-qualifies-for-afc-cup-indian-football/article67587094.ece |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2025–26 edition, it was held in the initial phase of the season as a season opener after the [[Durand Cup]] unlike previous editions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-to-host-super-cup-afc-spot-on-offer-for-winner/articleshow/123858353.cms |title=Goa to host Super Cup, AFC spot on offer for winner |publisher=The Times of India |last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |date=13 September 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Competition format==<br /> Until 2019, the competition proper was a 16-team [[knockout tournament]]. In the event of a match being drawn after the group stage, the [[extra time]] was played, followed by a [[penalty shoot-out]] if required. In 2024, the competition comprised 16 clubs in group stage. All clubs in the top tier Indian Super League entered the group stage, and the I-League clubs played qualifiers for the four remaining spots. During the group stage, clubs were divided into four groups of four, playing against each other in a single [[round-robin tournament|round-robin format]]. At the end of the group stage, the club with the most points qualified to the semi-finals. The competition then culminated with the final to determine the champions, presented with the trophy and a spot in the [[AFC Champions League Two]] qualifiers.<br /> <br /> ==Champions==<br /> ===Super Cup finals===<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable plainrowheaders wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=col | Season<br /> ! scope=col style=&quot;background:gold&quot; | Winner<br /> ! scope=col | Score<br /> ! scope=col style=&quot;background:silver&quot; | {{nowrap|Runner-up}}<br /> ! scope=col | Venue<br /> ! scope=col | Top scorer<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=row style=text-align:center|[[2018 AIFF Super Cup|2018]]<br /> | '''[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]'''<br /> | align=center | [[2018 AIFF Super Cup final|4–1]]<br /> | {{nowrap|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]}}<br /> | {{nowrap|[[Kalinga Stadium]]}}, [[Bhubaneswar]]<br /> | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] (6)<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=row style=text-align:center|[[2019 AIFF Super Cup|2019]]<br /> | '''[[FC Goa|Goa]]'''<br /> | align=center | [[2019 AIFF Super Cup final|2–1]]<br /> | [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]<br /> | [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]<br /> | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Coro (footballer)|Coro]] (5)<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=row style=text-align:center|{{nowrap|2020–2022}}<br /> | colspan=5 align=center | ''Tournament suspended due to the [[COVID-19 in India|COVID-19]] and [[Indian national football team|Indian National Team's]] international fixtures''<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=row style=text-align:center|[[2023 AIFF Super Cup|2023]]<br /> | '''[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]'''<br /> | align=center | [[2023 AIFF Super Cup final|2–1]]<br /> | [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]], [[Kozhikode]]<br /> | {{nowrap|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Wilmar Jordán]] (7)}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=row style=text-align:center|[[2024 AIFF Super Cup|2024]]<br /> | '''{{nowrap|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]}}'''<br /> | align=center | [[2024 AIFF Super Cup final|3–2]]<br /> | [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br /> | [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]<br /> | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cleiton Silva]] (5)<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=row style=text-align:center|[[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]]<br /> | '''{{nowrap|[[FC Goa|Goa]]}}''' (2)<br /> | align=center | [[2025 AIFF Super Cup final|3–0]]<br /> | [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br /> | [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]<br /> | {{nowrap|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Iker Guarrotxena]] (4)}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Borja Herrera]] (4)<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=row style=text-align:center|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|2025–26]]<br /> | '''{{nowrap|[[FC Goa|Goa]]}}''' (3)<br /> | align=center | [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup final|0–0]]&lt;br&gt;{{pso|6–5}}<br /> | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br /> | [[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Fatorda]]<br /> | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Koldo Obieta]] (3)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Performance by club==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Club<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Wins<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Winning years<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{nowrap|Runners-up}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Total finals appearances<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br /> | 3<br /> | [[2019 AIFF Super Cup final|2019]], [[2025 AIFF Super Cup final|2025]], [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|2025–26]]<br /> | 0<br /> | 3<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | 1<br /> | [[2018 AIFF Super Cup final|2018]]<br /> | 1<br /> | 2<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br /> | 1<br /> | [[2023 AIFF Super Cup final|2023]]<br /> | 1<br /> | 2<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{nowrap|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]}}<br /> | 1<br /> | [[2024 AIFF Super Cup final|2024]]<br /> | 2<br /> | 3<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]<br /> | 0<br /> | –<br /> | 1<br /> | 1<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br /> | 0<br /> | –<br /> | 1<br /> | 1<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==List of winning coaches==<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable plainrowheaders wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=col | Season<br /> ! scope=col | Winning {{nowrap|Head coach}}<br /> ! scope=col | Club<br /> ! scope=col | {{nowrap|Runner-up&lt;br&gt;Head coach}}<br /> ! scope=col | Club<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=row style=text-align:center|[[2018 AIFF Super Cup final|2018]]<br /> | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albert Roca]]<br /> | [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Khalid Jamil]]<br /> | {{nowrap|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=row style=text-align:center|[[2019 AIFF Super Cup final|2019]]<br /> | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Lobera]]<br /> | [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br /> | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Gregory (footballer)|John Gregory]]<br /> | [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=row style=text-align:center|[[2023 AIFF Super Cup final|2023]]<br /> | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Clifford Miranda]]<br /> | [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br /> | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Simon Grayson]]<br /> | [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=row style=text-align:center|[[2024 AIFF Super Cup final|2024]]<br /> | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carles Cuadrat]]<br /> | {{nowrap|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]}}<br /> | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Lobera]]<br /> | [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=row style=text-align:center|[[2025 AIFF Super Cup final|2025]]<br /> | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manolo Márquez]]<br /> | {{nowrap|[[FC Goa|Goa]]}}<br /> | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Khalid Jamil]]<br /> | [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=row style=text-align:center|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup final|2025–26]]<br /> | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manolo Márquez]]<br /> | {{nowrap|[[FC Goa|Goa]]}}<br /> | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Óscar Bruzón]]<br /> | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Top scorers==<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable plainrowheaders wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! width=20| Rank<br /> ! width=175| Player<br /> ! width=55| Goals<br /> ! width=55| {{abbr|Apps|Appearances}}<br /> ! width=140| Years<br /> ! width=140| Club(s)<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]<br /> | '''11'''<br /> | 12<br /> | {{nowrap|2018–2025}}<br /> | align=left| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2<br /> | align=left |{{flagicon|COL}} [[Wilmar Jordán]]<br /> | '''8'''<br /> | 7<br /> | 2023–2024<br /> | align=left| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]], [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=left |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Diego Maurício]]<br /> | '''8'''<br /> | 10<br /> | {{nowrap|2023–2024}}<br /> | align=left| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 4<br /> | align=left |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Coro (footballer)|Coro]]<br /> | '''7'''<br /> | 7<br /> | 2018–2019<br /> | align=left| [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nandhakumar Sekar]]<br /> | '''7'''<br /> | 14<br /> | 2023–2025<br /> | align=left| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]], [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | align=left |{{flagicon|LBR}} [[Ansumana Kromah]]<br /> | '''6'''<br /> | 8<br /> | 2018–2023<br /> | align=left| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]], [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 7<br /> | align=left |{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]<br /> | '''5'''<br /> | 5<br /> | 2018–2019<br /> | align=left| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=left |{{nowrap|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Dimitrios Diamantakos]]}}<br /> | '''5'''<br /> | 6<br /> | 2023–2024<br /> | align=left| {{nowrap|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}<br /> |-<br /> | align=left |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cleiton Silva]]<br /> | '''5'''<br /> | 8<br /> | 2023–2024<br /> | align=left| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Sponsorship and media coverage==<br /> ===Sponsorship===<br /> The title sponsor for the Super Cup was [[Hero MotoCorp]] until the 2023 edition.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hero&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=East Bengal seal semi-final berth in Hero Super Cup |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/east-bengal-seal-semi-final-berth-in-hero-super-cup-118040800618_1.html |access-date=27 April 2018 |work=[[Business Standard]] | date=8 April 2018 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006173244/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/east-bengal-seal-semi-final-berth-in-hero-super-cup-118040800618_1.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hero MotoCorp was also the title sponsor for the Indian Super League and I-League, the leagues which comprise Super Cup participants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Four teams, one shot at glory: Here are the scenarios for the I-League title race ahead of final day |url=https://scroll.in/field/870996/four-teams-one-shot-at-glory-here-are-the-scenarios-for-the-i-league-title-race-ahead-of-final-day |access-date=27 April 2018 |work=[[Scroll.in]] | date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810205213/https://scroll.in/field/870996/four-teams-one-shot-at-glory-here-are-the-scenarios-for-the-i-league-title-race-ahead-of-final-day |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Indian Super League (ISL) 2017–18: Full Schedule, match-time and results |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/indian-super-league-isl-2017-18-full-schedule-match-time-results/articleshow/61687703.cms |access-date=27 April 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] | date=17 November 2017 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/indian-super-league-isl-2017-18-full-schedule-match-time-results/articleshow/61687703.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The next title sponsor was the [[Government of Odisha]] with the tournament being known as Kalinga Super Cup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kalinga Super Cup will kick off in Odisha from January 9, 2024 |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kalinga-super-cup-will-kick-off-in-odisha-from-january-9-2024 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=the-aiff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Odisha's rise as a shining example for sports infra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/odishas-rise-as-a-shining-example-for-sports-infra-101701618416050.html |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Period<br /> ! Title Sponsor<br /> ! Tournament<br /> |-<br /> | 2018–2023<br /> | [[Hero MotoCorp]]<br /> | Hero AIFF Super Cup<br /> |-<br /> | 2024–2025<br /> | [[Government of Odisha]] and [[Odisha Tourism Development Corporation|Odisha Tourism]]<br /> | Kalinga AIFF Super Cup<br /> |-<br /> | 2025–present<br /> | ''none''<br /> | AIFF Super Cup<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Media coverage===<br /> [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] was the official broadcaster for the AIFF Super Cup, with all matches being broadcast on the channel, and [[JioHotstar]] was the official online streaming partner of the tournament. In 2023, [[Sony Sports Network|Sony Sports]] and [[FanCode]] became the official media partners. Back again since 2024, [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] &amp; [[JioStar|JioHotstar]] currently broadcast the tournament.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;<br /> <br /> |+ Television<br /> ! Period<br /> ! Broadcaster<br /> ! Region<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan = 9 | 2018–2019<br /> | [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]]<br /> | [[India]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Fox Sports (Southeast Asian TV network)|Fox Sports]]<br /> | [[Australia]], [[Brunei]], [[Cambodia]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Indonesia]], [[Laos]], [[Macau]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Mongolia]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Philippines]], [[Singapore]], [[Taiwan]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ATN Channel]]<br /> | [[Canada]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ESPN+]]<br /> | [[United States of America]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[OSN Sports]]<br /> | [[Algeria]], [[Bahrain]], [[Egypt]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]], [[Lebanon]], [[Libya]], [[Morocco]], [[Oman]], [[Palestine]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Syria]], [[Tunisia]], [[Turkey]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Yemen]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Star India|Star Gold UK]]<br /> | [[England]], [[Ireland]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|SuperSport]]<br /> | [[South Africa]], [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Eurosport]]<br /> | [[Europe]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[ESPN Africa]]<br /> | [[Africa|Parts of Africa]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2024–present<br /> | [[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports]]<br /> | [[India]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;<br /> <br /> |+ Online streaming<br /> ! Period<br /> ! Broadcaster<br /> ! Region<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan = 2 | 2018–2019<br /> | rowspan = 2 | [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br /> | [[India]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[World]]wide<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | [[FanCode]]<br /> | [[India]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2024<br /> | [[JioCinema]]<br /> | [[India]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan = 2 | 2025–present<br /> | [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]<br /> | [[India]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Prize money==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Super Cup money distribution&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kalinga Super Cup 2024: Prize Money, Highest Goal Scorers, Complete List of Award Winners, Best Player |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/football/kalinga-super-cup-2024-prize-money-highest-goal-scorers-award-winners-list-best-player-1660184 |publisher=ABP Live |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=April 21, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! Position/Award !! Prize money (INR)<br /> |-<br /> | Champions || ₹25,00,000<br /> |-<br /> | Runners-up || ₹15,00,000<br /> |-<br /> | Best player || ₹2,50,000<br /> |-<br /> | Golden boot || ₹2,50,000<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[History of Indian football]]<br /> * [[Durand Cup]]<br /> * [[I-League 2|Indian Football League 2]]<br /> * [[I-League 3|Indian Football League 3]]<br /> * [[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]<br /> * [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)]]<br /> * [[Institutional League]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.supercup.in/ Archived website]<br /> <br /> {{AIFF Super Cup}}<br /> {{Football in India}}<br /> {{National football Cups (AFC region)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:AIFF Super Cup| ]]<br /> [[Category:Men's football competitions in India|Super Cup]]<br /> [[Category:Football cup competitions in India|Super Cup]]<br /> [[Category:Men's national association football cups in Asia|India]]<br /> [[Category:All India Football Federation competitions|Super Cup]]<br /> [[Category:2018 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2018]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jawahar_Lal_Jaiswal&diff=459966 2026-02-27T09:32:19Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: improved article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Jawahar Lal Jaiswal<br /> | native_name =<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|7|30|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Chhota Lalpur, [[Varanasi District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | nationality ={{Flag|India}}<br /> | residence = [[Varanasi]]<br /> | death_date =<br /> | death_place =<br /> | constituency_MP = [[Chandauli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandauli]]<br /> | parliament = Indian<br /> | term_start = 1999<br /> | term_end = 2004<br /> | predecessor = [[Ananda Ratna Maurya]]<br /> | successor =[[Kailash Nath Singh Yadav]]<br /> | party =[[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> | religion =<br /> | spouse =<br /> | children =<br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = <br /> | year =<br /> | source = https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=162&amp;lastls=13<br /> }}<br /> '''Jahahar Prasad Jaiswal''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Chandauli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandauli]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1999 as a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]]. He is prominent figure in liquor trade in UttarPradesh. Popularly known as '''Liquor King.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S24/partycomp47.htm | title=Partywise Comparison since 1977 Chandauli Parliamentary Constituency | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | accessdate=22 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/liquor-trade-hier-after-ponty-chadha-death-121944-2012-11-19 | title=Prominent liquor trade players clamour to fill void left by Ponty Chadha | publisher=[[India Today]] | work=Rajesh N Singh | date=20 November 2012 | access-date=22 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/CM-office-seeks-report-on-case-status-of-ex-MP/articleshow/6961738.cms | title=CM office seeks report on case status of ex-MP | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=20 November 2010 | accessdate=22 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 2002 p.&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Parliamentary Debates, House of the People: Official Report | publisher=Parliament Secretariat | year=2002 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIst2uTQfrwC | access-date=19 Mar 2023 | page=349}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=162&amp;lastls=13 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jaiswal, Jawahar}}<br /> [[Category:1956 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:People from Chandauli district]]<br /> [[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanan_Kaushal&diff=463096 2026-02-23T10:13:52Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=July 2010}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Kanan Kaushal<br /> | image = Kanan_Kaushal.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Portrait of Kanan Kaushal<br /> | birth_name = Indumati Sheth<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes|1939|03|21}}&lt;ref name=&quot;AU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kanan Kaushal Birthday: 'जय संतोषी मां' से घर-घर में छाईं कनन कौशल, ब्लॉकबस्टर फिल्म देने पर भी फीका रहा करियर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/kanan-kaushal-birthday-know-unknown-fact-about-actress-career-struggle-networth-films-jai-santoshi-maa-pics-2025-03-21 |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Baroda State]], [[India]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | other_names = Indumati Paigankar<br /> | known_for = <br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | years_active = 1963–1987<br /> | children = 2<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Shashikant Paigankar|1964|2001|reason=his death}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> '''Indumati Paigankar''' ({{nee}} '''Sheth'''), better known as '''Kanan Kaushal''', is an Indian actress, most famous for starring in ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' (1975)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cinestaan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/jun/20/13918 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807125500/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/jun/20/13918 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 August 2019 |title=Anita Guha, a different 'Maa' in Indian cinema – Death anniversary special |publisher=Cinestaan |author=SUKHPREET KAHLON |date=20 June 2018 |access-date=7 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Pardesi (1970 film)|Pardesi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;AU&quot; /&gt;. The low-budget film became a huge box office hit and a cultural phenomenon. She has acted in number of Marathi films like ''Pahuni'', ''Bholi Bhabadi'', ''Maan Apmaan'', ''Ekati'', ''Kartiki'', ''Mama Bhache'', ''Chandra Aahe Sakshila'', ''LaxmanRekha'' and ''Shraddha''. She has also acted in 16 [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] films, 4 [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] films, and 60 [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] – [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] films.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindustan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/wrath-of-the-mother-goddess/story-qIf8b1nDSFy8f2qmkwsnFN.html |title=Wrath of the Mother Goddess? |work=Hindustan Times |author=Roshmila.bhattacharya |date=22 August 2010 |access-date=7 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; She belongs to the &quot;Gomantak Maratha&quot; community and has acted in a number of Marathi plays.&lt;ref name=&quot;AU&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year !! Title !! Role<br /> |-<br /> |1992 || Sanam Aap Ki Khatir||<br /> |-<br /> |1991 || Jeevan Daata || Sharda, Masterji's wife<br /> |-<br /> |1991 || ''[[Jigarwala]]''|| Laxmi Ranjeet Singh<br /> |-<br /> |1991 || Laal Paree ||<br /> |-<br /> |1991<br /> |''[[Kasam Kali Ki]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kasam Kali Ki - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=6024 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Akram Khan's ([[Javed Khan (actor)|Javed Khan]]) mother<br /> |-<br /> |1990 || ''Awaragardi'' || Mrs. Preeti Verma<br /> |-<br /> |1989 || Toofan ||<br /> |-<br /> |1989 || Pyase Nain ||<br /> |-<br /> |1987 || 108 Teerthyatra || Devi Maa Parvati<br /> |-<br /> |1987 || ''[[Inaam Dus Hazaar]]'' || Savitri Devi<br /> |-<br /> |1986 || ''[[Qatil Aur Ashiq]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> |1986 || ''[[Bhagwaan Dada]]'' || Nirmaladevi (Mrs. Khan)<br /> |-<br /> |1984 || ''[[Jaag Utha Insan (1984 film)|Jaag Utha Insan]]'' || Ramnarayan's wife<br /> |-<br /> |1984 || ''[[Love Marriage (1984 film)|Love Marriage]]'' || Sarita Mehra<br /> |-<br /> |1984 || Shraddha || <br /> |-<br /> |1983 || Dharti Aakash (TV Movie) || <br /> |-<br /> |1982 || Sant Gyaneshwar || <br /> |-<br /> |1982 || Bedard || <br /> |-<br /> |1982 || Nek Parveen || <br /> |-<br /> |1981 ||''Itni Si Baat'' || Meena<br /> |-<br /> |1979 || ''[[Ghar Ki Laaj]]''|| Ratna<br /> |-<br /> |1979 || ''[[Maan Apmaan]]''|| Parvati (Paro)<br /> |-<br /> |1978 || Jai Ganesh || <br /> |-<br /> |1978 || Karwa Chouth || Mangala<br /> |-<br /> |1977 || Jai Dwarkadheesh || Satyabhama / Chandrasena<br /> |-<br /> |1977 || ''[[Ram Bharose]]'' || <br /> |-<br /> |1976 || Bhagwan Samaye Sansar Mein || Girija<br /> |-<br /> |1976 || Jai Mahalaxmi Maa || <br /> |-<br /> |1976 || Meera Shyam || <br /> |-<br /> |1976 || Naag Champa || Rajkumari Ganga<br /> |-<br /> |1976 || Sati Jasma Odan || <br /> |-<br /> |1975 || Balak Aur Janwar || Rani Roopmati<br /> |-<br /> |1975 || ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' || Satyavati<br /> |-<br /> |1975 || Maya Machindra || Tilottama<br /> |-<br /> |1974 || Amdavad No Rikshawalo || <br /> |-<br /> |1974 || Hanuman Vijay || Chandrasena<br /> |-<br /> |1974 || Raja Shiv Chhatrapati || <br /> |-<br /> |1974 || ''[[Bidaai (film)|Bidaai]]'' || Pooja (as Kanan Koashal)<br /> |-<br /> |1972 || Gunsundari No Ghar Sansar || <br /> |-<br /> |1972 || Rut Rangeeli Ayee || Shanti 'Shanno' / Sharda<br /> |-<br /> |1972 || ''[[Yeh Gulistan Hamara]]'' || Mrs. Barua<br /> |-<br /> |1971 || ''[[Mela (1971 film)|Mela]]'' || Santho<br /> |-<br /> |1971 || Ghunghat || <br /> |-<br /> |1970 || Jigar Ane Ami || Ami<br /> |-<br /> |1970 || ''[[Pardesi (1970 film)|Pardesi]]'' || Savitri<br /> |-<br /> |1970 || Dharati Na Chhoru || <br /> |-<br /> |1969 || Sati Sulochana || Devi Maa Sita / Devi Maa Lakshmi} <br /> |-<br /> |1966 || Budtameez || Beena (sister of Shammi Kapoor)<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|0442471}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaushal, Kanan}}<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:People from Vadodara]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian stage actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:1939 births]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagdara_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=489026 2026-02-22T16:56:42Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: Added</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}<br /> {{Infobox protected area<br /> | name = Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary<br /> | alt_name = <br /> | iucn_category = IV<br /> | image = Madhya Pradesh Br 21.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary<br /> | image_size = <br /> | map = India Madhya Pradesh<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = Map of [[India]]<br /> | map_width = <br /> | relief = 1<br /> | mapframe = Yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 9<br /> | location = [[Sidhi]] and [[Singrauli]] districts&lt;br /&gt;[[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]<br /> | nearest_city = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24.633800|82.495970|region:IN|notes=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Raman |first1=T. R. Shankar |title=eBird Checklist - 20 Feb 2011 - Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary - 34 species (+2 other taxa) |url=https://ebird.org/checklist/S20509554 |website=ebird.org |language=en |date=20 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;|display=inline, title}}<br /> | area = {{Convert|478|km2|abbr=on}}<br /> | established = 1978<br /> | visitation_num = <br /> | visitation_year = <br /> | governing_body = Government of Madhya Pradesh<br /> | world_heritage_site = <br /> | url = <br /> }}<br /> '''Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[Nature reserve|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[Singrauli District]] and [[Sidhi district]] of the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Shiv Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_1BLUk6RYcC&amp;dq=Bagdara+Wildlife+Sanctuary&amp;pg=PA76 |title=National Parks of Madhya Pradesh: State of Bio Diversity and Human Infringement |date=1998 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7024-950-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary spread across the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya mountain ranges]] and plains in [[Singrauli district]] of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;MP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Bagdara wildlife sanctuary wildlife &amp; tourism information at Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.madhya-pradesh-tourism.com/destination/Bagdara-Wildlife-Sanctuary-11 |website=www.madhya-pradesh-tourism.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The total area of sanctuary is 478 square kilometers, of which 231.05 square kilometers is protected forest.&lt;ref name=&quot;WII&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Assessing the Potential for Reintroducing the Cheetah in India |url=https://wii.gov.in/images/publications/researchreports/2010/cheeta_report_2010.pdf}} Page: 69&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Belan River]] flows through the boundaries of Bagdara and [[Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary|Kaimur]] wildlife sanctuaries on the northern side of the sanctuary, while the [[Sone River]] forms the southern boundary.&lt;ref name=&quot;WII&quot;/&gt; The wildlife sanctuary is bordered by the districts of [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]] (north, west) and [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]] (north, east) of [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[Rewa district]] of Madhya Pradesh (west).&lt;ref name=&quot;zoology&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Ajendra |title=Taxonomic study on mammalian resources of Bagdara sanctuary, Sidhi (M.P.) |journal=International Journal of Zoology Studies |date=January 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=39–43 |url=https://www.zoologyjournals.com/assets/archives/2018/vol3issue1/2-6-90-331.pdf |issn=2455-7269}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The wildlife sanctuary area, except for the protected forest area, is inhabited. Villages like Bagdara revenue village, Bichhi, etc. are located inside the sanctuary.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Total human population inside the sanctuary is 20,107.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tribal communities such as [[Gondi people|Gonds]], [[Kol people|Kols]], and [[Baiga|Baigas]] live here.&lt;ref name=&quot;WII&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Origin of name==<br /> The word &quot;Bagdara&quot;, which literally means &quot;home of tigers&quot;, is a combination of the words &quot;bag&quot; meaning tiger and &quot;dara&quot; meaning house.&lt;ref name=&quot;MP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Flora and fauna==<br /> 83 species belonging to 72 genera and 34 angiosperm families were recorded from the [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|mixed deciduous forest]] of the Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} Species like [[Boswellia serrata]], [[Adina cordifolia]], [[Madhuca longifolia]], [[Butea monosperma]], [[Senegalia catechu]] and [[Woodfordia fruticosa]] are found here.&lt;ref name=&quot;WII&quot;/&gt; Other than [[Bengal tiger]]s, sanctuary is also home to animals like [[Indian leopard]], [[Asian elephant]], [[Himalayan black bear]], [[Indian wolf]], [[blackbuck]], [[nilgai]], [[chinkara]], [[sambar deer]], [[chital]], [[hyena]], [[jackal]], [[Bengal fox]], [[colobinae]] and [[sloth bear]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WII&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Wildlife Sanctuaries In Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.theenews.in/blogs/wildlife-sanctuaries-in-madhya-pradesh/ |work=the enews |date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1978.&lt;ref name=&quot;MP&quot;/&gt; Recognizing the need to protect tigers and their natural habitat, the Indian government selected this area, one of the major tiger habitats in [[Madhya Pradesh]], to be a wildlife sanctuary.<br /> <br /> ==To reach here==<br /> Although located in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state, the sanctuary is in the border with [[Uttar Pradesh]] and the nearest town and railway station is [[Mirzapur]] in Uttar Pradesh and nearest airport is [[Varanasi]] in Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Negi |first=Sharad Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYFmoOWfmX8C&amp;dq=Bagdara+Wildlife+Sanctuary&amp;pg=PA97 |title=Handbook of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Biosphere Reserves in India |date=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-128-3 |pages=97 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:1978 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Protected areas established in 1978]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_Public_School,_Dinjan&diff=487510 2026-02-21T08:47:16Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: Article - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Orphan|date=April 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = Army Public School Dinjan<br /> | native_name =<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = APS<br /> | address = <br /> | city = [[Dinjan]]<br /> | state = [[Assam]]<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | type = [[Military academy|Military school]]<br /> | motto = Truth is God<br /> | established = {{Start date|1980|06|23|df=yes}}<br /> | school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]<br /> | oversight = [[Indian Army Public Schools]]<br /> | principal = <br /> | website = {{URL|http://apsdjn.in/}}<br /> | colours = <br /> | houses = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Army Public School Dinjan''' is a CBSE school located in [[Dinjan]] Assam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.schoolmykids.com/school/army-public-school-dinjan-dibrugarh-assam-india-s10017543|title=Army Public School, Dinjan {{!}} Admission 2020, Fees, Reviews - CBSE Coed School {{!}} SchoolMyKids|date=2019-04-20|website=SchoolMyKids - Parenting, Reviews, Schools|language=en|access-date=2019-12-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiastudychannel.com/schools/464-army-school-dinjan|title=Army Public School, Dinjan {{!}} Admissions to 2020 - 2021 Academic Year|website=IndiaStudyChannel.com|access-date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is mainly for the students coming from the defence background.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lisnews.in/2019/03/army-public-school-dinjan-recruitment-for-librarian.html|title=Army Public School, Dinjan Recruitment for Librarian:Walk-in-interview Date-09/03/2019|last=Chetry|first=Dhan Maya|website=LIS NEWS {{!}} Library and Information Science News Portal for LIS Professionals|access-date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The school was started in 1980 with few students with only primary wing. The school got its AWES affiliation in the year of 1994 and in the continuation, 1997 the school was affiliated with [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]. In 2009 XI classes was also added to the school. Finally the time comes in 2010 the school shifted to the new big building with many advanced facilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://apsdjn.in/about.html|title=Army Public School Dinjan|website=apsdjn.in|access-date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://apsdjn.in/academics.html|title=Army Public School Dinjan|website=apsdjn.in|access-date=2019-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Houses==<br /> *Barak <br /> *Debang <br /> *Lohit <br /> *Kamlang<br /> <br /> ==Facilities==<br /> *Smart class education<br /> *Drinking water<br /> *Computer labs<br /> *Music rooms<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *Official website [http://apsdjn.in APS Dinjan]<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Assam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Schools in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:1980 establishments in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1980]]<br /> [[Category:Dibrugarh district]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anilkumar_John_Servand&diff=486613 2026-02-19T15:33:49Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: Added - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{copy edit|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox clergy<br /> | child = <br /> | honorific_prefix = Bishop Dr.<br /> | name = Anilkumar John Servand, [[Methodist Church in India|MCI]]<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | honorific_suffix = Master, [[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore College (University)]]<br /> | image = &lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;<br /> | caption = <br /> | citizenship = &lt;!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --&gt;<br /> | pronunciation = <br /> | birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|07|01|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mysore State]], India<br /> | burial_place = <br /> | death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (enter DEATH date then BIRTH date (e.g., ...|1967|8|31|1908|2|28}} use both this parameter and |birth_date to display the person's date of birth, date of death, and age at death) --&gt;<br /> | death_place = <br /> | death_cause = &lt;!--should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability--&gt;<br /> | other_names = <br /> | years_active = 1985-''Present''<br /> | occupation = Priest<br /> | education = <br /> *BSc, MSc ([[Karnatak University|Karnatak]]),<br /> *BEd,<br /> *B.D. ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]),<br /> *M.Th., PhD ([[Fuller Theological Seminary|Fuller]]),<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> *[[Karnatak University]], [[Dharwad]] ([[Karnataka]]),<br /> *[[Fuller Theological Seminary]], [[Pasadena]] (United States)<br /> | known_for = Ecclesiastical administration<br /> | spouse = &lt;!-- Use article title or common name --&gt;<br /> | partner = &lt;!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --&gt;<br /> | parents = &lt;!-- overrides mother and father parameters --&gt;<br /> | children = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | nocat_wdimage = <br /> | religion = Christianity<br /> | church = Methodist Church in India Trust Association<br /> | ordained = 1986<br /> | laicised = <br /> | writings = <br /> *{{cite thesis |last=Servand |first=A.J. |date= 1994|title= A study of Karma in Hindu and Indian Christian thought|url=https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCGrhpPj6CkBDwgqWQpyBdP |degree= PhD|publisher= Fuller|oclc=31978015 |access-date=12 October 2024}}<br /> *{{cite thesis |last=Servand |first=A.J. |date= 1991|title=The classical Hindu view of Christian conversion |url=https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCGxPbdYPg8HQcyHW76WKq3 |degree=Th.M. |publisher=Fuller |oclc=24560046 |access-date=12 October 2024}}<br /> | congregations = <br /> *[[Vasad]] and [[Baroda]] ([[Gujarat]])<br /> | offices_held = <br /> *Principal, Methodist Bible Seminary, [[Vasad]] (Gujarat),<br /> *Director, Methodist Technical Institute, [[Baroda]] (Gujarat),<br /> | title = Bishop Doctor<br /> | module = <br /> }}<br /> '''Anilkumar John Servand''', [[Methodist Church in India|MCI]] (born 1 July 1955) is an Indian bishop from [[Methodist Church in India]] (MCI) overseeing [[Mumbai]] and North India Regional Conferences of MCI. Since 2019, he also holds the position of Master&lt;ref name=&quot;SSC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/master/ |title= About Master of Serampore College (University)|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2019 |website= Serampore College (University) |publisher=Serampore |access-date=12 October 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; of India's first&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/web-stories/10-oldest-universities-in-india-that-are-still-functioning-today/photostory/109696323.cms<br /> |title=10 Oldest universities in India that are still functioning today |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=29 April 2024 |website=Times of India<br /> |publisher= TOI|access-date=12 October 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; modern university, [[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore College (University)]] located in [[Serampore]], West Bengal.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Anilkumar John Servand was born in [[Mysore State]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://viaf.org/processed/LC%7Cno2004073970|title= Anilkumar John Servand, 1955 |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date= 2024|website=Virtual International Authority File |publisher= OCLC|access-date=12 October 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; India, on 1 July 1955.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjvvtqqy9B8C7RwcDhHmYd |title= Anilkumar John Servand|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024 |website=WorldCat Entities |access-date=12 October 2024 }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; He studied in [[Karnatak University]], [[Dharwad]], Karnataka, majoring in the sciences in 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSC&quot;/&gt; He began his career as Sales Engineer&lt;ref name=&quot;SSC&quot;/&gt; in [[Sarabhai family]]-related Ambalal Sarabhai Enterprises Limited, [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat. Servand resigned his job in the 1980s and took to the priesthood, joining a seminary affiliated to [[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore College (University)]], where he graduated in 1985.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSC&quot;/&gt; In ensuing convocation of 1986, he was awarded a [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] during Registrarship of [[D. S. Satyaranjan]], [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God|IPC]] by then Master, A. D. Khan, [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/president-and-speakers-at-the-convocations/ |title= President and Speakers at the Convocations|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024 |website=Serampore College (University) |publisher=SSC |access-date=12 October 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A multi-disciplinary academic, he studied ciences, education, and theology. In the 1990s, he went overseas to [[Fuller Theological Seminary]], [[Pasadena, California]], United States, where he majored&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=July 2003 |title=Dissertations Listed Alphabetically by Author |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/239693930302700303|journal=[[International Bulletin of Missionary Research]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=104–124 |doi= 10.1177/239693930302700303|access-date=12 October 2024|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Intercultural theology]], earning a masters&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=1995 |title= Dissertation Abstracts International: The humanities and social sciences. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHovAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=anilkumar%20john%20servand |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States |publisher=University Microfilms International |pages=14, 47, 105 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a doctorate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;| date = 1991| title = Masters Abstracts International| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0k4nAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=anilkumar%20john%20servand| location = Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States| publisher = University Microfilms International | pages = 29, 556}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Following Servand's ordination in MCI in late 1980s, he began his ministry, teaching&lt;ref name=&quot;SSC&quot;/&gt; theology at Methodist Bible Seminary, [[Vasad]], Gujarat. He was elected as bishop in Mumbai and North India Regional Conferences of MCI. He was also director&lt;ref name=&quot;SSC&quot;/&gt; of Methodist Technical Institute, [[Baroda]], also in Gujarat.<br /> <br /> As bishop, Servand also serves as chairperson&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.warnebabyfold.in/about_us |title= About Warne Baby Fold|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024 |publisher= Warne Baby Fold|access-date=12 October 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; of,<br /> * Warne Baby Fold, [[Bareilly]], Uttar Pradesh,<br /> *Community Outreach Programme,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ngodarpan.gov.in/index.php/search/ |title=Members|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date= 2024|website=NGO Darpan |publisher= Government of India|access-date=12 October 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra,<br /> *[[Mount Hermon School, Darjeeling]], West Bengal,<br /> *Hutchings School,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://hutchingsschooltalegaon.in/history/ |title=History of Hutchings School, Talegaon |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024 |publisher=Hutchings School |access-date=12 October 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Talegaon]], Maharashtra<br /> <br /> He is also Chief [[Acharya]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sattalchristianashram.org/ |title=About Sattal Christian Ashram |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024 |publisher=Sattal Christian Ashram |access-date=12 October 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sattal Christian Ashram, [[Sattal]], Uttarakhand. On 1 June 2019,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Bishop Dr. Anilkumar John Servand is appointed Master of Serampore College |url=https://ncci1914.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/MAY2019.pdf |magazine= NCCI Newsletter|location=Nagpur |publisher=NCCI |date= May 2019|access-date=12 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; he succeeded [[John Sadananda]], [[Church of South India|CSI]] as Master of Serampore College (University), Serampore, West Bengal.<br /> <br /> {{S-start}}<br /> {{S-hon}}<br /> {{Succession box| before=[[John Sadananda]]&lt;br /&gt;2010–2019<br /> | title=Master&lt;br /&gt;[[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore College (University)]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Serampore]] ([[West Bengal]])|after=''Incumbent''<br /> | years=1 June 2019–''Present''}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Servand, Anilkumar John}}<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]<br /> [[Category:Christian clergy from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Anglican bishops in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]<br /> [[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Fuller Theological Seminary alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swallow&diff=466156 2026-02-17T13:59:48Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: improved article</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Family of songbirds}}<br /> {{About|the family of birds|the action|Swallowing|other uses|}}<br /> {{Automatic taxobox<br /> | name = Swallow<br /> | fossil_range = {{fossil range|23|0|[[Early Miocene]] to present}}<br /> | image = Pied-winged swallow (Hirundo leucosoma).jpg<br /> | image_caption = [[Pied-winged swallow]] ''Hirundo leucosoma''<br /> | taxon = Hirundinidae<br /> | authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815<br /> | subdivision_ranks = Genera<br /> | subdivision = 21, see text<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''swallows''', '''martins''', and '''saw-wings''', or '''Hirundinidae''', are a family of [[passerine]] [[songbird]]s found around the world on all continents, including occasionally in [[Antarctica]]. Highly adapted to aerial feeding, they have a distinctive appearance. The term &quot;swallow&quot; is used as the common name for ''[[barn swallow|Hirundo rustica]]'' in the [[United Kingdom]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/swallow|title=Swallow Bird Facts|website=RSPB|access-date=8 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Ireland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://birdwatchireland.ie/birds/swallow/|title=Swallow|website=Birdwatch Ireland|access-date=8 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around 90 species of [[Hirundinidae]] are known, divided into 21 [[genus|genera]], with the greatest diversity found in Africa, which is also thought to be where they evolved as hole-nesters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handbook&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0diG7y7Kk54C&amp;pg=PA12 |page=12 |title=A Handbook to the Swallows and Martins of the World |author1=Angela Turner |author2=Chris Rose |publisher=A&amp;C Black |year=2010|isbn=978-1-4081-3172-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt; They also occur on a number of oceanic islands. A number of European and North American species are long-distance [[bird migration|migrants]]; by contrast, the West and South African swallows are nonmigratory.<br /> <br /> This family comprises two subfamilies: '''[[Pseudochelidoninae]]''' (the [[river martin]]s of the genus ''Pseudochelidon'') and '''Hirundininae''' (all other swallows, martins, and saw-wings). In the Old World, the name &quot;martin&quot; tends to be used for the squarer-tailed species, and the name &quot;swallow&quot; for the more fork-tailed species; however, this distinction does not represent a real evolutionary separation.&lt;ref name = Turner&gt;{{cite book | last = Turner | first = Angela |author2=Rose, Chris | title = Swallows and martins: an identification guide and handbook | year = 1989 | publisher = Houghton-Mifflin | isbn = 978-0-395-51174-9 | title-link = Helm identification guides }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the New World, &quot;martin&quot; is reserved for members of the genus ''[[Progne]]''. (These two systems are responsible for the same species being called [[sand martin]] in the Old World and bank swallow in the New World.)<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy and systematics==<br /> The family Hirundinidae was introduced (as Hirundia) by the French [[polymath]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]] in 1815.&lt;ref&gt;{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | volume=1815 | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=fr | page=68 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310146 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=149, 252 | hdl=2246/830 }}&lt;!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The Hirundinidae are morphologically unique within the passerines, with molecular evidence placing them as a distinctive lineage within the [[Sylvioidea]] ([[Old World warbler]]s and relatives).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Alström | first1= Per |first2= Urban|last2= Olsson|first3= Fumin|last3= Lei|year=2013 | title=A review of the recent advances in the systematics of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea | journal=Chinese Birds | volume=4 | issue=2 | pages=99–131 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266141539 |doi=10.5122/cbirds.2013.0016| doi-access=free | bibcode= 2013AvRes...4...99A }}&lt;/ref&gt; Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the family Hirundinidae is [[sister taxon|sister]] to the [[cupwing]]s in the family [[Pnoepygidae]]. The two families diverged in the early [[Miocene]] around 22 million years ago.&lt;ref&gt;{{ cite journal | last1=Oliveros | first1=C.H. | display-authors=etal | year=2019 | title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States | volume=116 | issue=16 | pages=7916–7925 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116 | pmid=30936315 | pmc=6475423 | bibcode=2019PNAS..116.7916O | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Within the family, a clear division exists between the two subfamilies, the Pseudochelidoninae, which are composed of the two species of river martins,&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayr 1951&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sheldon&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Sheldon|first1=Frederick H.|last2=Whittingham|first2=Linda A.|last3=Moyle|first3=Robert G.|last4=Slikas|first4=Beth|last5=Winkler|first5=David W.|title=Phylogeny of swallows (Aves: Hirundinidae) estimated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=April 2005|volume=35|issue=1|pages=254–270|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.008|pmid=15737595|bibcode=2005MolPE..35..254S |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7995527}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Hirundininae, into which the remaining species are placed. The division of the Hirundininae has been the source of much discussion, with various taxonomists variously [[lumping and splitting|splitting]] them into as many as 24 genera and lumping them into just 12. Some agreement exists that three core groups occur within the Hirundininae: the saw-wings of the genus ''[[Psalidoprocne]]'', the core martins, and the swallows of the genus ''[[Hirundo]]'' and their allies.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt; The saw-wings are the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] of the three, with the other two clades being [[sister clade|sister]] to each other. The phylogeny of the swallows is closely related to evolution of nest construction; the more basal saw-wings use burrows as nest, the core martins have both burrowing (in the Old World members) and cavity adoption (in New World members) as strategies, and the genus ''Hirundo'' and its allies use mud nests.&lt;ref name=&quot;WinklerSheldon1993&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Winkler|first1=D. W.|last2=Sheldon|first2=F. H.|title=Evolution of nest construction in swallows (Hirundinidae): a molecular phylogenetic perspective|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=90|issue=12|year=1993|pages=5705–5707|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.90.12.5705|pmid=8516319|bibcode=1993PNAS...90.5705W|pmc=46790|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The genus level [[cladogram]] shown below is based on a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study by Drew Schield and collaborators that was published in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Schield | first1=D.R. | last2=Brown | first2=C.E. | last3=Shakya | first3=S.B. | last4=Calabrese | first4=G.M. | last5=Safran | first5=R.J. | last6=Sheldon | first6=F.H. | date=2024 | title=Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the swallow family (Hirundinidae) inferred from comparisons of thousands of UCE loci | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=197 | article-number=108111 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108111| pmid=38801965 | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The choice of [[genera]] and the number of species is taken from the list of birds maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela C. Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the [[International Ornithological Committee]] (IOC).&lt;ref name=ioc&gt;{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Swallows | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/swallows/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=15 April 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%<br /> |label1=[[Hirundinidae]]<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |label1=Pseudochelidoninae<br /> |1=''[[Pseudochelidon]]'' – river martins (2 species)<br /> |label2=Hirundininae<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Psalidoprocne]]'' – saw-wings (5 species)<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |label1=mud nesters<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Ptyonoprogne]]'' – crag martins (5 species)<br /> |2=''[[Hirundo]]'' – swallows (16 species)<br /> }}<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Atronanus]]'' – forest swallow<br /> |2=''[[Delichon]]'' – house martins (4 species)<br /> }}<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Petrochelidon]]'' – includes cliff swallows (10 species)<br /> |2=''[[Cecropis]]'' – swallows (9 species)<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Pseudhirundo]]'' – grey-rumped swallow<br /> |2=''[[Cheramoeca]]'' – white-backed swallow<br /> }}<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Phedina]]'' – Mascarene martin<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Neophedina]]'' – banded martin<br /> |2=''[[Phedinopsis]]'' – Brazza's martin<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Riparia]]'' – martins (6 species) <br /> |label2=New World endemics<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Tachycineta]]'' – swallows (9 species)<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Progne]]'' – martins (9 species)<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Stelgidopteryx]]'' – rough-winged swallows (2 species)<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Atticora]]'' – swallows (3 species)<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Pygochelidon]]'' – swallows (2 species)<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Alopochelidon]]'' – tawny-headed swallow<br /> |2=''[[Orochelidon]]'' – swallows (3 species)<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Fossil record ===<br /> The oldest known fossil swallow is ''[[Miochelidon|Miochelidon eschata]]'' from the [[Early Miocene]] of [[Siberia]]; it is the only record of Hirundinidae from the [[Miocene]]. It is likely a basal member of the family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Volkova |first=N. V. |date=2024-08-28 |title=The Oldest Swallow (Aves: Passeriformes: Hirundinidae) from the Upper Lower Miocene of Southeastern Siberia |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1134/S0012496624600258 |journal=Doklady Biological Sciences |volume=518 |issue=1 |pages=261–265 |language=en |doi=10.1134/S0012496624600258 |pmid=39212885 |issn=0012-4966|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> The Hirundinidae have an evolutionarily conservative body shape, which is similar across the [[clade]], but is unlike that of other [[passerine]]s.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;&gt;{{ cite book | last=Turner | first=Angela K. | year=2004 | chapter=Family Hirundinidae (Swallows and Martins) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Christie | editor3-first=D.A. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-87334-69-6 | pages=602–685 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0009unse/page/602/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }}&lt;/ref&gt; Swallows have adapted to hunting insects on the wing by developing a slender, streamlined body and long, pointed wings, which allow great maneuverability and endurance, as well as frequent periods of gliding. Their body shapes allow for very efficient [[bird flight|flight]]; the metabolic rate of swallows in flight is 49–72% lower than equivalent passerines of the same size.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hails&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hails|first1=C.J|title=A comparison of flight energetics in hirundines and other birds|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology|date=1979|volume=63|issue=4|pages=581–585|doi=10.1016/0300-9629(79)90199-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Riparia riparia.jpg|thumb|left|The bill of the [[sand martin]] is typical for the family, being short and wide.]]<br /> <br /> Swallows have two {{birdgloss|foveae}} in each eye, giving them sharp lateral and frontal vision to help track prey. They also have relatively long eyes, with their length almost equaling their width. The long eyes allow for an increase in visual acuity without competing with the brain for space inside of the head. The morphology of the eye in swallows is similar to that of a raptor.&lt;ref name=&quot;TyrrellFernández-Juricic2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tyrrell|first1=Luke P.|last2=Fernández-Juricic|first2=Esteban|title=The hawk-eyed songbird: Retinal morphology, eye shape, and visual fields of an aerial insectivore|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=189|issue=6|year=2017|pages=709–717|issn=0003-0147|doi=10.1086/691404|pmid=28514631|s2cid=3923166}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Like the unrelated [[Swift (bird)|swift]]s and [[nightjar]]s, which hunt in a similar way, they have short bills, but strong jaws and a wide gape. Their body lengths range from about {{convert|10|-|24|cm|in |abbr=on}} and their weight from about {{convert|10|-|60|g|oz |abbr=on}}. The smallest species by weight may be the [[Fanti sawwing]], at a mean body mass of {{convert|9.4|g|oz|abbr=on}} while the [[purple martin]] and [[southern martin]], which both weigh in excess of {{convert|50|g|oz|abbr=on}} on average, rival one another as the heaviest swallows.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses |edition=2nd |editor-first=John B. Jr. |editor-last=Dunning |publisher=CRC Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4200-6444-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The wings are long, pointed, and have nine primary feathers. The tail has 12 feathers and may be deeply forked, somewhat indented, or square-ended.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt; A long tail increases maneuverability,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Norberg|first1=R. Ake|title=Swallow Tail Streamer is a Mechanical Device for Self Deflection of Tail Leading Edge, Enhancing Aerodynamic Efficiency and Flight Manoeuvrability|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|date=1994|volume=257|issue=1350|pages=227–233|doi=10.1098/rspb.1994.0119|bibcode=1994RSPSB.257..227N|s2cid=86592049}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Buchanan&quot;/&gt; and may also function as a sexual adornment, since the tail is frequently longer in males.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buchanan&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Buchanan|first1=Katherine L.|last2=Evans|first2=Matthew R.|title=The effect of tail streamer length on aerodynamic performance in the barn swallow|journal=Behavioral Ecology|date=2000|volume=11|issue=2|pages=228–238|doi=10.1093/beheco/11.2.228|doi-access=free|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30100792|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; In barn swallows, the tail of the male is 18% longer than those of the female, and females select mates on the basis of tail length.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moller&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Møller|first=Anders pape|year=1992|title=Sexual selection in the monogamous barn swallow (''Hirundo rustica''). II. Mechanisms of sexual selection|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=5|issue=4|pages= 603–624 | doi = 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1992.5040603.x |s2cid=85260912|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Their legs are short, and their feet are adapted for perching rather than walking, as the front toes are partially joined at the base. Swallows are capable of walking and even running, but they do so with a shuffling, waddling gait.&lt;ref name = &quot;leg&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=Myology of the Leg in Swallows |journal=Auk|year=1969|first=Abbot|last=Gaunt |volume=86 |issue=1|pages=41–53|url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/21819|doi=10.2307/4083540|jstor=4083540|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The leg muscles of the river martins (''Pseudochelidon'') are stronger and more robust than those of other swallows.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;leg&quot;/&gt; The river martins have other characteristics that separate them from the other swallows. The structure of the [[Syrinx (bird anatomy)|syrinx]] is substantially different between the two subfamilies;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayr 1951&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Mayr|first1=E.|last2=Amadon|first2=D|title=A Classification of Recent Birds|journal=American Museum Novitates|date=1951|issue=1496|page=16|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/3994/N1496.pdf?sequence=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in most swallows, the bill, legs, and feet are dark brown or black, but in the river martins, the bill is orange-red and the legs and feet are pink.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The most common [[wikt:hirundine|hirundine]] plumage is glossy dark blue or green above and plain or streaked underparts, often white or rufous. Species that [[burrow]] or live in dry or mountainous areas are often matte brown above (e.g. [[sand martin]] and [[crag martin]]). The sexes show limited or no [[sexual dimorphism]], with longer outer tail feathers in the adult male probably being the most common distinction.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Bańbura|first1=Jerzy|title=Sexual dimorphism in wing and tail length as shown by the Swallow ''Hirundo rustica''|journal=Journal of Zoology|date=1986|volume=201|issue=1|pages=131–136|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03625.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The chicks hatch naked and with closed eyes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gill1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Gill|first=Frank B.|title=Ornithology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFfs1jsPfwgC&amp;pg=PA434|year=1995|publisher=W. H. Freeman|isbn=978-0-7167-2415-5|page=434}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fledged juveniles usually appear as duller versions of the adult.&lt;ref name = Turner/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Distribution and habitat==<br /> The family has a worldwide [[cosmopolitan distribution]], breeding on every continent except Antarctica. One species, the [[Pacific swallow]], occurs as a breeding bird on a number of oceanic islands in the Pacific Ocean,&lt;ref name = &quot;Pratt&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Pratt | first = H. |author2=Bruner, P |author3=Berrett, D. | title = The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] | year = 1987 | location = Princeton | page = 229 | isbn = 978-0-691-08402-2 | title-link = The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific }}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Mascarene martin]] breeds on Reunion and Mauritius in the [[Indian Ocean]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Sinclair | first = Ian |author2=Olivier Langrand | title = Birds of the Indian Ocean Islands | publisher = Struik | year = 2005 | page = 118 | isbn = 978-1-86872-956-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a number of [[bird migration|migratory]] species are common vagrants to other isolated islands and even to some sub-Antarctic islands and Antarctica.&lt;ref name=&quot;Korczak-Abshire&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Korczak-Abshire|first1=Małgorzata|last2=Lees|first2=Alexander|last3=Jojczyk|first3=Agata|title=First documented record of barn swallow (''Hirundo rustica'') in the Antarctic|journal=Polish Polar Research|date=2001|volume=32|issue=4|pages=355–360|doi=10.2478/v10183-011-0021-9|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many species have enormous worldwide ranges, particularly the barn swallow, which breeds over most of the Northern Hemisphere and winters over most of the Southern Hemisphere.<br /> [[File:Hirundo abyssinica.jpg|thumb|left|The [[lesser striped swallow]] is a partial migrant within Africa.]] [[File:Adult Northern Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis) in Waterville, Maine.jpg|thumb|A [[northern rough-winged swallow]] photographed in central Maine, the northeastern limit of the species' breeding range.]]<br /> The family uses a wide range of habitats. They are dependent on flying insects, and as these are common over waterways and lakes, they frequently feed over these, but they can be found in any open habitat, including grasslands, open woodland, savanna, marshes, mangroves, and scrubland, from [[sea level]] to high alpine areas.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt; Many species inhabit human-altered landscapes, including agricultural land and even urban areas. Land-use changes have also caused some species to expand their range, most impressively the [[welcome swallow]], which began to colonise [[New Zealand]] in the 1920s, started breeding in the 1950s, and is now a common landbird there.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Tarburton | first1 = M.K. | year = 1993 | title = A Comparison of the Breeding Biology of the Welcome Swallow in Australia and Recently Colonized New Zealand | journal = Emu | volume = 93 | issue = 1| pages = 34–43 | doi = 10.1071/MU9930034 | bibcode = 1993EmuAO..93...34T }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Species breeding in temperate regions [[bird migration|migrate]] during the winter when their insect prey populations collapse. Species breeding in more tropical areas are often more sedentary, although several tropical species are partial migrants or make shorter migrations. In [[ancient history|antiquity]], swallows were thought to have [[hibernate]]d in a state of [[torpor]], or even that they withdrew for the winter under water. [[Aristotle]] ascribed hibernation not only to swallows, but also to [[stork]]s and [[Kite (bird)|kites]]. Hibernation of swallows was considered a possibility even by as acute an observer as Rev. [[Gilbert White]], in his ''[[The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne]]'' (1789, based on decades of observations).&lt;ref&gt;In 1878, Dr. Elliott Coues, listed titles of 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows ([https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/migratio/ideas.htm (USGS: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center) &quot;Early ideas about migration&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827023000/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/migratio/ideas.htm |date=2008-08-27 }}).&lt;/ref&gt; This idea may have been supported by the habit of some species to roost in some numbers in dovecotes, nests and other forms of shelter during harsh weather, and some species even entering torpor.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt; There were several reports of suspected torpor in swallows from 1947,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Lariewski|first1=Robert C.|last2=Thompson|first2=Henry J.|title=Field Observation of Torpidity in the Violet-Green Swallow|journal=Condor|date=1965|volume=68|issue=1|pages=102–103|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v068n01/p0102-p0103.pdf|doi=10.2307/1365178|jstor=1365178}}&lt;/ref&gt; such as a 1970 report that [[white-backed swallow]]s in Australia may conserve energy this way,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Serventy|first1=D. L.|title=Torpidity in the White-backed Swallow.|journal=Emu|date=1970|volume=70|issue=1|pages=27–28|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/MU/pdf/MU970027a|doi=10.1071/mu970027a|bibcode=1970EmuAO..70...27S |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the first confirmed study that they or any passerine entered torpor was a 1988 study on [[house martin]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Prinzinger|first1=R|last2=Siedle|first2=K|title=Ontogeny of metabolism, thermoregulation and torpor in the house martin ''Delichon u. urbica'' (L.) and its ecological significance|journal=Oecologia|date=1988|volume=76|issue=2|pages=307–312|doi=10.1007/BF00379969|pmid=28312213|bibcode=1988Oecol..76..307P|s2cid=52596}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Behaviour and ecology==<br /> [[File:Tachycineta bicolor 18319.JPG|thumb|A [[tree swallow]] attending its nest in a tree cavity]]<br /> <br /> Swallows are excellent flyers and use these skills to feed and attract mates. Some species, such as the [[mangrove swallow]], are [[territory (animal)|territorial]], whereas others are not and simply defend their nesting sites. In general, the male selects a nest site, and then attracts a female using song and flight and (dependent on the species) guards his territory. The size of the territory varies depending on the species of swallow; in [[Bird colony|colonial-nesting]] species, it tends to be small, but it may be much larger for solitary nesters. Outside the breeding season, some species may form large flocks, and species may also roost communally. This is thought to provide protection from predators, such as [[Accipiter|sparrowhawks]] and [[Falcon|hobbies]].&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt; These roosts can be enormous; one winter-roosting site of barn swallows in Nigeria attracted 1.5&amp;nbsp;million individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;roost&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Bijlsma | first1 = R | year = 2003 | title = A Barn Swallow ''Hirundo rustica'' roost under attack: timing and risks in the presence of African Hobbies ''Falco cuvieri'' | url = http://ardeajournal.natuurinfo.nl/ardeapdf/a93-037-048.pdf | journal = Ardea | volume = 93 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–48 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081031130906/http://ardeajournal.natuurinfo.nl/ardeapdf/a93-037-048.pdf | archive-date = 2008-10-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nonsocial species do not form flocks, but recently fledged chicks may remain with their parents for a while after the breeding season. If a human being gets too close to their territory, swallows attack them within the perimeter of the nest. Colonial species may mob predators and humans that are too close to the colony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Shields|first1=William|title=Barn swallow mobbing: Self-defence, collateral kin defence, group defence, or parental care?|journal=Animal Behaviour|date=1984|volume=32|issue=1|pages=132–148|doi=10.1016/s0003-3472(84)80331-0|s2cid=53193659}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Diet and feeding===<br /> For the most part, swallows are insectivorous, taking flying insects on the wing.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt; Across the whole family, a wide range of insects is taken from most insect groups, but the composition of any one prey type in the diet varies by species and with the time of year. Individual species may be selective; they do not scoop up every insect around them, but instead select larger prey items than would be expected by random sampling.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=McCarty|first=John P.|author2=David W. Winkler |year=1999|title=Foraging Ecology and Diet Selectivity of Tree Swallows Feeding Nestlings|journal=Condor|volume=101|issue=2|pages=246–254 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v101n02/p0246-p0254.pdf|doi=10.2307/1369987|jstor=1369987}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the ease of capture of different insect types affects their rate of predation by swallows.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Hespenheide|first=Henry A.|year=1975|title=Selective predation by two swifts and a swallow in Central America|journal=Ibis|volume=117|issue=1|pages=82–99|doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1975.tb04189.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; They also avoid certain prey types; in particular, stinging insects such as [[bee]]s and [[wasp]]s are generally avoided. In addition to insect prey, a number of species occasionally consume fruits and other plant matter. Species in Africa have been recorded eating the seeds of ''[[Acacia]]'' trees, and these are even fed to the young of the [[greater striped swallow]].&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Underhill | first1 = L | last2 = Hofmeyr | first2 = J | year = 2007 | title = Barn Swallows ''Hirundo rustica'' disperse seeds of Rooikrans ''Acacia cyclops'', an invasive alien plant in the Fynbos Biome |journal = Ibis | volume = 149 | issue = 3| pages = 468–471 | doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00598.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The swallows generally forage for prey on the wing, but they on occasion snap prey off branches or on the ground. The flight may be fast and involve a rapid succession of turns and banks when actively chasing fast-moving prey; less agile prey may be caught with a slower, more leisurely flight that includes flying in circles and bursts of flapping mixed with gliding. Where several species of swallows feed together, they separate into different [[niche (ecology)|niches]] based on height off the ground, some species feeding closer to the ground and others feeding at higher levels.&lt;ref name=&quot;competition&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Orłowski|first1=Grzegorz|last2=Karg|first2=Jerzy|title=Diet breadth and overlap in three sympatric aerial insectivorous birds at the same location|journal=Bird Study|date= 2013|volume=60|issue=4|pages=475–483|doi=10.1080/00063657.2013.839622|doi-access=|bibcode=2013BirdS..60..475O }}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar separation occurs where feeding overlaps with [[Swift (bird)|swift]]s. [[Niche differentiation|Niche separation]] may also occur with the size of prey chosen.&lt;ref name=&quot;competition&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Breeding===<br /> [[File:Nesting Swallows at Skomer Island, Wales.webm|thumb|Swallow chicks nesting at the [[Skomer|Skomer Marine Conservation Zone]], 2017: Video by [[Natural Resources Wales]]]]<br /> [[File:Svalor - Ystad 11 juni 2025.webm|thumb|Swallows forage in [[Ystad]] 2025]]<br /> [[File:Cliff Swallow-27527-2.jpg|thumb|left|Two [[American cliff swallow]]s constructing mud nests]]<br /> The more primitive species nest in existing cavities, for example in an old [[woodpecker]] nest, while other species excavate burrows in soft substrate such as sand banks.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt; Swallows in the genera ''Hirundo'', ''Ptyonoprogne'', ''Cecropis'', ''Petrochelidon'', ''Atronanus'' and ''Delichon'' build mud nests close to overhead shelter in locations that are protected from both the weather and predators. The mud-nesters are most common in the Old World, particularly Africa, whereas cavity-nesters are more common in the New World. Mud-nesting species in particular are limited in areas of high humidity, which causes the mud nests to crumble. Many cave-, bank-, and cliff-dwelling species of swallows nest in large colonies. Mud nests are constructed by both males and females, and amongst the tunnel diggers, the excavation duties are shared, as well. In historical times, the introduction of man-made stone structures such as barns and bridges, together with forest clearance, has led to an abundance of colony sites around the globe, significantly increasing the breeding ranges of some species. Birds living in large colonies typically have to contend with both [[parasitism|ectoparasite]]s and conspecific [[brood parasite|nest parasitism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = C | last2 = Brown | first2 = M | year = 1986 | title = Ectoparasitism as a Cost of Coloniality in Cliff Swallows (''Hirundo pyrrhonota'') | journal = Ecology | volume = 67 | issue = 5| jstor=1938676| pages = 1206–1218 | doi = 10.2307/1938676 | bibcode = 1986Ecol...67.1206B | url = http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1475&amp;context=natrespapers | url-access = subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = C | year = 1984 | title = Laying Eggs in a Neighbor's Nest: Benefit and Cost of Colonial Nesting in Swallows | journal = Science | volume = 224 | issue = 4648| pages = 518–519 | doi = 10.1126/science.224.4648.518 | pmid = 17753777 | bibcode = 1984Sci...224..518B | s2cid = 21128259 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In barn swallows, old mated males and young unmated males benefit from colonial behaviour, whereas females and mated young males likely benefit more from nesting by themselves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Møller1987&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Møller|first1=Anders Pape|title=Advantages and disadvantages of coloniality in the swallow, ''Hirundo rustica''|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=35|issue=3|year=1987|pages=819–832|issn=0003-3472|doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80118-5|s2cid=53185342}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Pairs of mated swallows are monogamous,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.eeb.cornell.edu/winkler/botw/hirundinidae.html Hirundinidae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020504182255/http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/winkler/botw/hirundinidae.html |date=2002-05-04 }}. eeb.cornell.edu&lt;/ref&gt; and pairs of nonmigratory species often stay near their breeding area all year, though the nest site is defended most vigorously during the breeding season. Migratory species often return to the same breeding area each year, and may select the same nest site if they were previously successful in that location. First-year breeders generally select a nesting site close to where they were raised.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.answers.com/topic/swallows-hirundinidae-biological-family Swallows (Hirundinidae)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129193740/http://www.answers.com/topic/swallows-hirundinidae-biological-family |date=2009-01-29 }}. Answers.com&lt;/ref&gt; The breeding of temperate species is seasonal, whereas that of subtropical or tropical species can either be continuous throughout the year or seasonal. Seasonal species in the subtropics or tropics usually time their breeding to coincide with the peaks in insect activity, which is usually the wet season, but some species, such as the [[white-bibbed swallow]], nest in the dry season to avoid flooding in their riverbank nesting habitat.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt; All swallows defend their nests from egg predators, although solitary species are more aggressive towards predators than colonial species.&lt;ref name = &quot;colonial&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Snapp | first1 = B | year = 1976 | title = Colonial Breeding in the Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) and Its Adaptive Significance | url = http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v078n04/p0471-p0480.pdf | journal = The Condor | volume = 78 | issue = 4| pages = 471–480 | doi = 10.2307/1367096 | jstor = 1367096 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, the contribution of male swallows towards parental care is the highest of any passerine bird.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | width = 250<br /> | align = <br /> | image1 = Wire tailed swallow2 @kannur.jpg<br /> | alt1 = Parent approaching with food<br /> | image2 = Wire tailed swallow @kannur.jpg<br /> | alt2 = Transferring the food<br /> | footer = A [[wire-tailed swallow]] feeding a recently fledged chick<br /> }}<br /> The [[egg (biology)|eggs]] of swallows tend to be white, although those of some mud-nesters are speckled. The typical [[avian clutch size|clutch size]] is around four to five eggs in temperate areas and two to three eggs in the tropics. The [[avian incubation|incubation]] duties are shared in some species, and in others the eggs are incubated solely by the females. Amongst the species where the males help with incubation, their contribution varies amongst species, with some species such as the cliff swallow sharing the duties equally and the female doing most of the work in others. Amongst the barn swallows, the male of the American subspecies helps (to a small extent), whereas the European subspecies does not. Even in species where the male does not incubate the eggs, he may sit on them when the female is away to reduce heat loss (this is different from incubation as that involves warming the eggs, not just stopping heat loss). Incubation stints last for 5–15 minutes and are followed by bursts of feeding activity. From laying, swallow eggs take 10–21 days to hatch, with 14–18 days being more typical.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The chicks of swallows hatch naked, generally with only a few tufts of down. The eyes are closed and do not fully open for up to 10 days. The feathers take a few days to begin to sprout, and the chicks are brooded by the parents until they are able to [[thermoregulate]]. On the whole, they develop slowly compared to other passerine birds. The parents do not usually feed the chicks individual insects, but instead feed a bolus of food comprising 10–100 insects. Regardless of whether the species has males that incubate or brood the chicks, the males of all hirundines help feed the chicks. When the young [[fledge]] is difficult to determine, as they are enticed out of the nest after three weeks by parents, but frequently return to the nest afterwards to roost.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Calls===<br /> [[File:Progne-subis-001.ogg|right|thumb|Song of the [[purple martin]].]]<br /> Swallows are able to produce many different [[bird vocalization|calls]] or songs, which are used to express excitement, to communicate with others of the same species, during courtship, or as an alarm when a predator is in the area. The songs of males are related to the body condition of the bird and are presumably used by females to judge the physical condition and suitability for mating of males.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Saino | first1 = N | last2 = Galeotti | first2 = P | last3 = Sacchi | first3 = R | last4 = Møller | first4 = A | year = 1997 | title = Song and immunological condition in male barn swallows (''Hirundo rustica'') |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233341399| journal = Behavioral Ecology | volume = 8 | issue = 94| pages = 364–371 | doi = 10.1093/beheco/8.4.364 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Begging calls are used by the young when soliciting food from their parents. The typical song of swallows is a simple, sometimes musical twittering.<br /> <br /> ==Status and conservation==<br /> [[File:Bahama Swallow.jpg|thumb|The [[Bahama swallow]] is listed as an [[endangered species]].]]<br /> Species of hirundine that are [[threatened]] with [[extinction]] are generally endangered due to [[habitat loss]]. This is presumed to be the reason behind the decline of the [[critically endangered]] [[white-eyed river martin]], a species that is only known from a few specimens collected in [[Thailand]]. The species presumably breeds in riverbanks, a much diminished habitat in Southeast Asia. As the species has not been reliably seen since 1980, it may already be extinct.&lt;ref name= OBC&gt;{{cite journal|last= Tobias |first=Joe |date=2000 |title= Little known Oriental Bird: White-eyed River-Martin: 1 |journal= [[Oriental Bird Club Bulletin]] |volume=31 |url=http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/bullfeats/eyedmart.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two insular species, the [[Bahama swallow]] and [[Golden swallow (bird)|golden swallow]], have declined due to forest loss and also competition with [[introduced species]] such as starlings and sparrows, which compete with these swallows for nesting sites. The golden swallow formerly bred on the island of [[Jamaica]], but was last seen there in 1989 and is now restricted to the island of [[Hispaniola]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Townsend|first=Jason |author2=Esteban Garrido |author3=Danilo A. Mejia|year=2008|title=Nests and Nesting Behavior of Golden Swallow (''Tachycineta euchrysea'') in Abandoned Bauxite Mines in the Dominican Republic|journal=Wilson Journal of Ornithology|volume=120|issue=4|pages=867–871|doi=10.1676/08-001.1|s2cid=85973776 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Relationship with humans==<br /> [[File:Purple martin colony.jpg|thumb|An artificial [[purple martin]] nesting colony]]<br /> [[File:Landsvale.jpg|thumb|The [[barn swallow]] is the national bird of [[Estonia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=National symbols of Estonia |url=http://www.einst.ee/publications/symbols/ |publisher=The Estonia Institute |access-date=27 November 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071109221700/http://www.einst.ee/publications/symbols/| archive-date= 9 November 2007 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They also are one of the most depicted [[birds on stamps|birds on postage stamps]] around the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/12304700.htm |title=Gallery of Barn Swallow stamps from Bird-Stamps.org |access-date=2022-07-21 |archive-date=2020-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609085603/http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/12304700.htm |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The American Topical Association lists more than 1000 depictions of swallows and martins on postage stamps around the world. See [http://americantopicalassn.org/pdf/checklists/TopicListFeb2020.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331155225/http://americantopicalassn.org/pdf/checklists/TopicListFeb2020.pdf|date=2020-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/List_of_Barn_Swallows_on_Postage_Stamps Wikibooks: World Catalogue of Stamps]{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Swallows coexist well with humans because of their beneficial role as insect eaters, and some species have readily adapted to nesting in and around human habitation. The barn swallow and [[Common house martin|house martin]] now rarely use natural sites. The [[purple martin]] is also actively encouraged by people to nest around humans and elaborate nest boxes are erected. Enough artificial nesting sites have been created that the purple martin now seldom nests in natural cavities in the eastern part of its range.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Jerome|last2=Tate|first2=James Jr.|title=An Analysis of Nest Box Use by Purple Martins, House Sparrows, and Starlings in Eastern North America|journal=The Wilson Bulletin|date=1974|volume=86|issue=4|pages=435–449|jstor=4160543}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Because of the long human experience with these conspicuous species, many myths and legends have arisen as a consequence, particularly relating to the barn swallow.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt; Roman historian [[Pliny the Elder]] described a use of painted swallows to deliver a report of the winning horses at a race.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Brian |first=P.W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eu46AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA57|title=Bird Navigation|pages=57–58|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1955|access-date=2009-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is also the [[Korean culture|Korean]] folktale of [[Heungbu and Nolbu]], which teaches a moral lesson about greed and altruism through the mending of a swallow's broken leg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=121330|title = More than just a bird |website=[[Korea.net]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[classical mythology]], the swallow is traditionally believed to have originally been a transformed woman, though her identity varies. The myth goes that [[Procne]] (or [[Aëdon]], &quot;nightingale&quot;) was married to king [[Tereus]] (or [[Polytechnus]]), but Tereus raped her sister [[Philomela]] (or [[Chelidon (sister of Aëdon)|Chelidon]], &quot;swallow&quot;). In revenge, Procne and Philomela killed Tereus' son [[Itys]] and served him for dinner. Tereus chased down the two sisters but all three were turned into birds by the gods; Procne became a nightingale, Tereus a hoopoe and Philomela a swallow. Some Roman authors tended to swap the sisters' metamorphosis so that Procne became the swallow instead.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|pages=101–3, 248–9|title=Metamorphosis in Greek Myths|first= Paul M. C.|last=Forbes Irving|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|date=1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URvXAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-19-814730-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; The swallow [[genus|genera]] ''[[Progne]]'', ''[[crag martin|Ptyonoprogne]]'' and ''[[saw-wing|Psalidoprocne]]'' and the treeswift family ''[[treeswift|Hemiprocnidae]]'' are all named after Procne.<br /> <br /> During the 19th century, [[Jean Desbouvrie]] attempted to tame swallows and train them for use as messenger birds, as an alternative to [[war pigeon]]s. The swallows would have a light load of course, as a laden swallow could only travel about half as far as an unladen swallow in the same trip. He succeeded in curbing the migratory instinct in young birds and persuaded the government of France to conduct initial testing, but further experimentation stalled.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zoologist&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Anonymous |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u49XAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA398|title= Zoologist: A Monthly Journal of Natural History, ser.3 v.13|pages=398–399|publisher= J. Van Voorst|year=1889|access-date=2009-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequent attempts to train homing behaviour into swallows and other passerines had difficulty establishing a statistically significant success rate, although the birds have been known to trap themselves in a cage repeatedly to get to the bait.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brian&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to a [[Sailors' superstitions|sailing superstition]], swallows are a good omen to those at sea. This probably arose from the fact that swallows are land-based birds, so their appearance informs a sailor that he or she is close to shore.&lt;ref&gt;Eyers, Jonathan (2011). ''Don't Shoot the Albatross!: Nautical Myths and Superstitions''. A&amp;C Black, London, UK. {{ISBN|978-1-4081-3131-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> An old [[Collective noun#Terms of venery|term of venery]] for swallows is a &quot;flight&quot; or &quot;sweep&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Animal Congregations, or What Do You Call a Group of.....?|url=https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/about/faqs/animals/names.htm|work=USGS.gov|publisher=Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center|access-date=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320071411/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/about/faqs/animals/names.htm|archive-date=20 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Species list==<br /> The family contains 92 species in 21 genera.&lt;ref name=ioc/&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Image !! Genus !! Species<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Pseudochelidoneurystominadubois (cropped).jpg|120px]]||''[[river martin|Pseudochelidon]]'' {{small|Hartlaub, 1861}} || <br /> * [[African river martin]], ''Pseudochelidon eurystomina''<br /> * [[White-eyed river martin]], ''Pseudochelidon sirintarae''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Fanti Saw-wing (Psalidoprocne obscura) (cropped).jpg|120px]]||''[[Psalidoprocne]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1850}} ||<br /> * [[Square-tailed saw-wing]], ''Psalidoprocne nitens''<br /> *[[Black saw-wing]], ''Psalidoprocne pristoptera''<br /> * [[Fanti saw-wing]], ''Psalidoprocne obscura''<br /> *[[White-headed saw-wing]], ''Psalidoprocne albiceps''<br /> * [[Mountain saw-wing]], ''Psalidoprocne fuliginosa''<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Banded martin, or banded sand martin, Riparia cincta, at Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (31326868871).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Neophedina]]'' {{small|Roberts, 1922}} ||<br /> * [[Banded martin]], ''Neophedina cincta''<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Phedina brazzae 1894 edit.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Phedinopsis]]'' {{small|Wolters, 1971}} ||<br /> * [[Brazza's martin]], ''Phedinopsis brazzae''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Mascarene Martin RWD.jpg|120px]]||''[[Phedina]]'' {{small|Bonaparte, 1855}} || <br /> * [[Mascarene martin]], ''Phedina borbonica''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Bank Swallow - Texas H8O5372 (16953712276).jpg|120px]]||''[[Riparia]]'' {{small|Forster, T, 1817}} || <br /> * [[Congo martin]], ''Riparia congica''<br /> * [[Sand martin]], ''Riparia riparia''<br /> * [[Pale martin]], ''Riparia diluta''<br /> * [[Brown-throated martin]], ''Riparia paludicola''<br /> * [[Grey-throated martin]], ''Riparia chinensis''<br /> * [[Madagascar martin]], ''Riparia cowani''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:White-winged Swallow 1052.jpg|120px]]||''[[Tachycineta]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1850}} ||<br /> * [[Tree swallow]], ''Tachycineta bicolor''<br /> *[[Bahama swallow]], ''Tachycineta cyaneoviridis''<br /> *[[Violet-green swallow]], ''Tachycineta thalassina''<br /> *[[Golden swallow]], ''Tachycineta euchrysea''<br /> * [[Mangrove swallow]], ''Tachycineta albilinea''<br /> *[[White-rumped swallow]], ''Tachycineta leucorrhoa''<br /> * [[Chilean swallow]], ''Tachycineta meyeni''<br /> * [[Tumbes swallow]], ''Tachycineta stolzmanni''<br /> * [[White-winged swallow]], ''Tachycineta albiventer''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:White-banded swallow (Atticora fasciata).JPG|120px]]||''[[Atticora]]'' {{small|Gould, 1842}} || <br /> * [[White-banded swallow]], ''Atticora fasciata''<br /> * [[Black-capped swallow]], ''Atticora pileata''<br /> * [[White-thighed swallow]], ''Atticora tibialis''<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Pygochelidon cyanoleuca Golondrina blanquiazul Blue-and-White Swallow (11710253233).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Pygochelidon]]'' {{small|Baird, SF, 1971}} ||<br /> *[[Blue-and-white swallow]], ''Pygochelidon cyanoleuca''<br /> *[[Black-collared swallow]], ''Pygochelidon melanoleuca''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Andorinha-morena (Alopochelidon fucata) (18053664071).jpg|120px]]||''[[Alopochelidon]]'' {{small|Ridgway, 1903}} || <br /> * [[Tawny-headed swallow]], ''Alopochelidon fucata''<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Orochelidon murina.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Orochelidon]]'' {{small|Ridgway, 1903}} ||<br /> *[[Pale-footed swallow]], ''Orochelidon flavipes''<br /> *[[Brown-bellied swallow]], ''Orochelidon murina''<br /> *[[Andean swallow]], ''Orochelidon andecola''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Southern rough-winged swallow (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis).JPG|120px]]||''[[Stelgidopteryx]]'' {{small|Baird, SF, 1858}} || <br /> * [[Northern rough-winged swallow]], ''Stelgidopteryx serripennis''<br /> * [[Southern rough-winged swallow]], ''Stelgidopteryx ruficollis''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Progne chalybea -Sao Jose do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil-8.jpg|120px]]||''[[Progne]]'' {{small|Boie, F, 1826}} ||<br /> * [[Brown-chested martin]], ''Progne tapera''<br /> *[[Peruvian martin]], ''Progne murphyi''<br /> *[[Galápagos martin]], ''Progne modesta''<br /> *[[Purple martin]], ''Progne subis''<br /> *[[Southern martin]], ''Progne elegans''<br /> *[[Grey-breasted martin]], ''Progne chalybea''<br /> *[[Sinaloa martin]], ''Progne sinaloae''<br /> * [[Cuban martin]], ''Progne cryptoleuca''<br /> * [[Caribbean martin]], ''Progne dominicensis''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Pseudhirundo griseopyga Sharpe (cropped).jpg|120px]]||''[[Pseudhirundo]]'' {{small|Roberts, 1922}} || <br /> * [[Grey-rumped swallow]], ''Pseudhirundo griseopyga''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Cheramoeca leucosterna ASWSP - Christopher Watson.jpg|120px]]||''[[Cheramoeca]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1850}} || <br /> * [[White-backed swallow]], ''Cheramoeca leucosterna''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Rock Martin (Hirundo fuligula) (32682255041).jpg|120px]]||''[[Ptyonoprogne]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1850}} || <br /> * [[Eurasian crag martin]], ''Ptyonoprogne rupestris''<br /> * [[Pale crag martin]], ''Ptyonoprogne obsoleta''<br /> * [[Red-throated rock martin]], ''Ptyonoprogne rufigula''<br /> * [[Large rock martin]], ''Ptyonoprogne fuligula''<br /> * [[Dusky crag martin]], ''Ptyonoprogne concolor''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Hirundo rustica -Saxony, Germany-8.jpg|120px]]||''[[Hirundo]]'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}} ||<br /> * [[Black-and-rufous swallow]], ''Hirundo nigrorufa''<br /> *[[Blue swallow]], ''Hirundo atrocaerulea''<br /> *[[Pied-winged swallow]], ''Hirundo leucosoma''<br /> * [[White-tailed swallow]], ''Hirundo megaensis''<br /> *[[Pearl-breasted swallow]], ''Hirundo dimidiata''<br /> *[[Pacific swallow]], ''Hirundo tahitica''<br /> * [[Hill swallow]], ''Hirundo domicola''<br /> * [[Welcome swallow]], ''Hirundo neoxena''<br /> *[[White-throated swallow]], ''Hirundo albigularis''<br /> *[[Wire-tailed swallow]], ''Hirundo smithii''<br /> *[[White-bibbed swallow]], ''Hirundo nigrita''<br /> *[[Barn swallow]], ''Hirundo rustica''<br /> *[[Angola swallow]], ''Hirundo angolensis''<br /> * [[Red-chested swallow]], ''Hirundo lucida''<br /> * [[Ethiopian swallow]], ''Hirundo aethiopica''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Mehlschwalbe Delichon urbicum.jpg|120px]]||''[[Delichon]]'' {{small|Moore, F, 1854}} || <br /> * [[Western house martin]], ''Delichon urbicum''<br /> * [[Siberian house martin]], ''Delichon lagopodum''<br /> * [[Asian house martin]], ''Delichon dasypus''<br /> * [[Nepal house martin]], ''Delichon nipalense''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Hirundo abyssinica.jpg|120px]]||''[[Cecropis]]'' {{small|Boie, F, 1826}} ||<br /> * [[Greater striped swallow]], ''Cecropis cucullata''<br /> * [[European red-rumped swallow]], ''Cecropis rufula''<br /> * [[Eastern red-rumped swallow]], ''Cecropis daurica''<br /> * [[African red-rumped swallow]], ''Cecropis melanocrissus''<br /> * [[Sri Lanka swallow]], ''Cecropis hyperythra''<br /> * [[Rufous-bellied swallow]], ''Cecropis badia''<br /> * [[Lesser striped swallow]], ''Cecropis abyssinica''<br /> * [[Red-breasted swallow]], ''Cecropis semirufa''<br /> * [[Mosque swallow]], ''Cecropis senegalensis''<br /> |-<br /> |||[[Forest swallow|''Atronanus'']] {{small|De Silva, 2018}}||<br /> * [[Forest swallow]], ''Atronanus fuliginosus''<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Fairy Martin (6084093165).jpg|120px]]||''[[Petrochelidon]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1850}} ||<br /> *[[American cliff swallow]], ''Petrochelidon pyrrhonota''<br /> *[[Cave swallow]], ''Petrochelidon fulva''<br /> * [[Chestnut-collared swallow]], ''Petrochelidon rufocollaris''<br /> *[[Preuss's cliff swallow]], ''Petrochelidon preussi''<br /> *[[Red-throated cliff swallow]], ''Petrochelidon rufigula''<br /> * [[Red Sea cliff swallow]], ''Petrochelidon perdita''<br /> * [[South African cliff swallow]], ''Petrochelidon spilodera''<br /> * [[Streak-throated swallow]], ''Petrochelidon fluvicola''<br /> * [[Fairy martin]], ''Petrochelidon ariel''<br /> * [[Tree martin]], ''Petrochelidon nigricans''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Wikiquote|Swallows}}<br /> {{Commons category|Hirundinidae}}<br /> {{Wikispecies|Hirundinidae}}<br /> *[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/swallows-martins-hirundinidae Swallow videos] on the Internet Bird Collection<br /> *[http://81.10.184.26:82/biowww/en/biblio/arti_det?litnr=23790&amp;artinr=43423 The evolution of nest construction in swallows (Hirundinidae) is associated with the decrease of clutch size]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }} paper in Linzer Biologische Beiträge<br /> *{{Wikisource-inline|list=<br /> **{{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Swallows |short=x |noicon=x}}<br /> **{{Cite EB1911 |last=Newton |first=Alfred |author-link=Alfred Newton |wstitle=Martin |noicon=x}}<br /> **{{Cite EB1911 |last=Newton |first=Alfred |author-link=Alfred Newton |wstitle=Swallow |short=x |noicon=x}}<br /> **{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Swallow|year=1905 |short=x |noicon=x}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Hirundinidae}}<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q39861}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hirundinidae]]<br /> [[Category:Songbirds]]<br /> [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br /> [[Category:Swallows]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luvnith_Sisodia&diff=455842 2026-02-14T09:20:12Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: adjusted details additionally</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2000)}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox cricketer<br /> | name = Luvnith Sisodia<br /> | image = <br /> | fullname = Luvnith Sujith Sisodia<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|1|15|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<br /> | batting = Left-handed<br /> | bowling = Left-arm medium<br /> | role = Wicket-keeper <br /> <br /> | club1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]<br /> | year1 = 2018/19–2022/23<br /> | hidedeliveries = true<br /> | columns = 1<br /> <br /> | column1 = [[Twenty20]]<br /> | matches1 = 15<br /> | runs1 = 124<br /> | bat avg1 = 13.77<br /> | 100s/50s1 = 0/0<br /> | top score1 = 38<br /> | catches/stumpings1 = 8/5<br /> | date = 22 March<br /> | year = 2025<br /> | source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1155253.html ESPNcricinfo<br /> }}<br /> '''Luvnith Sisodia''' (born 15 January 2000) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1155253.html |title=Luvnith Sisodia |access-date=25 February 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/rcb-runs-in-my-blood-would-love-to-be-a-part-of-the-team-luvnith-sisodia-interview/ |title=RCB runs in my blood, would love to be a part of the team: Luvnith Sisodia |work=CricTracker |access-date=13 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] in the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 25 February 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;T20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157154.html |title=Group D, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Cuttack, Feb 25 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2022, he was bought by the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has been bought by Kolkata Knight Riders in the 2025 Ipl auction for 30 lakhs.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cricinfo|id=1155253}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sisodia, Luvnith}}<br /> [[Category:2000 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-cricket-bio-2000s-stub}}</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Pharmaceutical_Sciences_and_Research_University&diff=496065 2026-02-01T13:32:09Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: added new data</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> |name =Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University<br /> |former_name = <br /> |native_name = <br /> |latin_name =<br /> |motto = उद्यम: कार्य साधक:<br /> |established = {{start date and age|2015}}<br /> |type =[[Public university|Public]]<br /> |endowment =<br /> |staff =<br /> |faculty =<br /> |president =<br /> |principal =<br /> |rector =<br /> |chancellor =[[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]]<br /> |vice_chancellor = Dr. Ravichandiran V.<br /> |dean = <br /> |head_label =<br /> |head =<br /> |students =<br /> |undergrad =<br /> |postgrad =<br /> |city =[[New Delhi]]<br /> |state = <br /> |country =[[India]]<br /> |coor = {{coord|28.5170796|77.2248447|display=inline,title}}<br /> |campus = Urban<br /> |free_label =<br /> |free =<br /> |colors =<br /> |colours =<br /> |mascot =<br /> |nickname =<br /> |affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]<br /> |website = {{URL|http://dpsru.edu.in/}}<br /> | image = [[File:Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University logo.png|170px]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University''' ('''DPSRU''') is a [[State university (India)|state university]] located at [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. The university is ranked 17th among pharmacy institutes in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University has its root in the Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences &amp; Research (DIPSAR). DIPSAR was founded in 1964 as Department of Pharmacy and was located in Kashmiri gate, Delhi. In 1972, it was converted into the College of Pharmacy and moved to the campus of the [[Pusa Institute]]. Finally, in 1979 it moved to its present campus in Pushp Vihar. In 2004 it was named as Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences &amp; Research and affiliated to [[University of Delhi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dipsar.ac.in/about_us.aspx |title=:: Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research :: |website=www.dipsar.ac.in |access-date=2017-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2008, the [[Government of Delhi]] passed the ''Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, 2008'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, 2008|url=http://dpsru.edu.in/sites/all/themes/bootstrap/files/DPSR-Unvt-ACT.pdf|accessdate=6 July 2017|publisher=[[Government of Delhi]]|work=Delhi Gazette|date=17 October 2008|format=PFD}}&lt;/ref&gt; The institute finally opened its gates in 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pharmaceutical-university-opens-from-this-academic-session/article7462328.ece |title=Pharmaceutical University opens from this academic session |date=25 July 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2017-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; with DIPSAR as its constituent college, both operating from the same premises.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://dpsru.edu.in/ |title=Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University |website=dpsru.edu.in |access-date=2017-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==University has currently following units==<br /> * Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DIPSAR)<br /> * School of Pharmaceutical Sciences<br /> * School of Allied Health sciences with centre of Physiotherapy<br /> * Academy of Sports Sciences Research and Management<br /> * DPSRU Innovation &amp; Incubation Foundation (DIIF)       <br /> <br /> == See also==<br /> *[[Jamia Hamdard]]<br /> *[[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]]<br /> *[[Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences]]<br /> *[[Panjab University]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{official|http://dpsru.edu.in/}}<br /> {{Universities in Delhi|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Universities in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2015]]<br /> [[Category:2015 establishments in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Pharmacy education in India]]<br /> {{Delhi-university-stub}}</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha&diff=457818 2026-01-28T10:20:01Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: fix formatting for consistency and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sanskrit term for an act performed with faith}}<br /> {{distinguish|Śraddhā}}{{Refimprove|date=March 2024}}[[File:Ritual of Śrāddha.jpg|thumb|Rituals of Śrāddha in a [[Hindus|Hindu]] family]]<br /> '''Śrāddha''' ([[Sanskrit]]: श्राद्ध), is a period of time in the Hindu calendar during which Hindus perform rituals to pay homage to their [[pitṛs]] (ancestors).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kane |first=P. V. |title=History of Dharmasastra (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India) |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |year=1941 |volume=4 |pages=161–173}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taking part in specific rituals at this time is believed to provide peace to the ancestors in their [[afterlife]]. It is performed on the death anniversaries of the departed as per the [[Panchanga|Hindu Calendar]]. In addition it is also performed for the entire community of 'pitr' – both from paternal and maternal side – collectively during the [[Pitri Paksha]] or ''Shraaddha'' [[paksha]] ('fortnight of ancestors'), followed immediately by ''[[Sharad (Indian season)|Sharad]] [[Navaratri]]'' in autumn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fuller |first=C. J. |title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |pages=221–228}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Monier-Williams |first=Monier |title=A Sanskrit–English Dictionary |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1899 |page=1093}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |editor-last=Olivelle |editor-first=Patrick |pages=156–160, 232–236}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Hinduism}}<br /> Śrāddha refers to a set of Hindu rites performed to honor, appease and nourish deceased ancestors (''pitṛs'') thus removing any imbalance or disturbance in the ancestral lineage. The rites typically include offerings of food (often riceballs called ''pinda''), libations of water (''tarpana''), recitation of mantras, and gifts to Brahmins. Śrāddha is commonly observed during the fortnight of '''Pitru Paksha''' in the lunar month of Bhādrapada/Āśvina, as well as on individual death anniversaries (''tithi'' śrāddha).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kane |first=P. V. |title=History of Dharmasastra (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India) |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |year=1941 |volume=4 |pages=161–173}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fuller |first=C. J. |title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |pages=221–228}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> The Sanskrit word ''śrāddha'' derives from ''śraddhā'' (“faith, devotion”). In ritual parlance, it denotes acts performed “in faith” for ancestors, especially offerings of food and water intended for their welfare in the afterlife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Monier-Williams |first=Monier |title=A Sanskrit–English Dictionary |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1899 |page=1093}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Scriptural basis ==<br /> Śrāddha is discussed in Dharmasūtras, Dharmaśāstras, and Purāṇas, which outline eligibility, timing, recipients, and ritual details. Prescriptive material appears in the ''Āpastamba'' and ''Gautama'' Dharmasūtras, the ''Manu Smṛti'', and later digests; the Purāṇas (e.g., ''Garuda Purāṇa'') emphasize the salvific benefits of feeding ancestors and the poor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |editor-last=Olivelle |editor-first=Patrick |pages=156–160, 232–236}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |title=The Law Code of Manu |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |pages=186–190}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Garuda Purana (Text and Translation) |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1950 |editor-last=Shastri |editor-first=J. L. |pages=80–95}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Grihya-Sutras (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 29–30) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1886 |editor-last=Oldenberg |editor-first=H. |pages=196–210}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Ritual practice ==<br /> Although practices vary regionally, a typical śrāddha includes:<br /> <br /> # Purification and sankalpa (statement of intent).<br /> # Tarpana: libations of water mixed with sesame seeds offered with mantras.<br /> # Preparation and offering of ''pinda'': balls of cooked rice (often with barley flour, sesame, and ghee) offered to three paternal/maternal generations of ancestors.<br /> # Brahmana-bhojana and dāna: feeding learned Brahmins and making gifts (food, cloth, dakṣiṇā), understood as proxy offerings to ancestors.<br /> # Prayāścitta/closing: concluding prayers for peace (''śānti'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=N. N. |title=Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-Religious Study of the Hindu Rites |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1996 |pages=110–116}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kane |first=P. V. |title=History of Dharmasastra |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |year=1941 |volume=4 |pages=165–170}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Timing ==<br /> Śrāddha is observed:<br /> <br /> * During Pitru Paksha (the dark fortnight preceding the new moon of Bhādrapada/Āśvina), culminating in [[Sarvapitri amavasya|Sarvapitri Amāvasyā]] (the new moon for all ancestors).<br /> * On death anniversaries (''tithi śrāddha'') for specific ancestors.<br /> * On prescribed lunar days in some traditions (e.g., monthly ''māsika'' rites).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kane |first=P. V. |title=History of Dharmasastra |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |year=1941 |volume=4 |pages=161–164}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fuller |first=C. J. |title=The Camphor Flame |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |pages=223–226}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Places and settings ==<br /> Śrāddha may be performed at home shrines, temples, or river ghats. Certain pilgrimage centers are especially associated with ancestor rites, notably [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] on the [[Phalgu River]] (Bihar), as well as [[Rishikesh]], [[Haridwar]], [[Prayagraj]], and [[Varanasi]]. These sites provide priests, ghats, and facilities for pindadāna and [[Tarpana|tarpaṇa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gaya – Sacred City of Salvation |url=https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/gaya |access-date=28 September 2025 |publisher=Bihar Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fuller |first=C. J. |title=The Camphor Flame |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |pages=224–225}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Śrāddha period ==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=March 2024}}<br /> <br /> The scripture mandate performing 96 Śrāddha karmas. However, these practices are difficult to be adhered to.<br /> In addition, offerings are to be made annually to a larger universe of forefathers – during the pitr paksha.<br /> In [[Hindu calendar|Hindu ''amanta'' calendar]] (ending with ''amavasya''), second half of the month ''[[Bhadrapada]]'' is called [[Pitru Paksha]]: ''Pitṛpakṣa'' or ''Śrāddha pakṣa'' and its ''[[amavasya]]'' (new moon) is called ''sarvapitri amavasya''. This part is considered inauspicious in ''muhurtaśāstra'' (electional astrology). At this time (generally September) crops in India and Nepal are ready and the produce is offered as a mark of respect and gratitude (by way of pinda) first to the ancestors be they parents or forefathers before other festivals like ''[[Navaratri]]'' begin.<br /> <br /> Many people visit Hindu pilgrimage sites to perform, ''Śrāddha'' ceremonies, like [[Pehowa]], [[Kurukshetra]], [[Haridwar]], [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]], [[Nashik]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] etc. Haridwar is also known for its [[Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar|Hindu genealogy registers]].<br /> <br /> ==Rituals==<br /> [[File:Pinda Daan - Jagannath Ghat - Kolkata 2012-10-15 0689.JPG|thumb|A mass ''Pinda Daana'' being done at the Jagannath Ghat, Kolkata, at end of the [[Pitru Paksha]]|alt= Mass Pinda Daan is being done at the Jagannath Ghat, Kolkata.]]<br /> <br /> In practice, the karta (person who performs the '''Śrāddha'''):<br /> <br /> (1) Invites [[Brahmin|Brahmanas]] (priests) that day, invokes in them the divinity of his/her parent, worships and feeds them.<br /> <br /> (2) Performs a [[homa (ritual)|homa]] (fire ritual), appeasing Agni and Soma – the deities who transmit the offerings to the ancestors, nourish and protect them.<br /> <br /> (3) Offers balls of rice to the departed souls (&quot;pinda daana&quot;, offered to the Pitṛs, the ancestral spirits).The offerings are made to three generations i.e. father, grandfather and great-grandfather / mother, fathers' mother, fathers' grandmother.<br /> <br /> (4) Crows are also revered in Hinduism and during Śrāddha the practice of offering food or pinda to crows is still current.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Grihya-Sutras (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 29–30) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1886 |editor-last=Oldenberg |editor-first=H. |pages=196–210}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The karta extends hospitality to the priest and concludes the ceremony by giving &quot;dakshina&quot; (fees) to the brahmanaas. (There are various other actions done to show respect to the Brahmanaas, like washing their feet etc. during the course of shraaddha).<br /> <br /> Since this is one of the more important and noble &quot;{{IAST|[[Saṃskāra]]s}}&quot; (rituals meant to cleanse the mind and soul) that the Hindu sages have envisaged, it is imperative that the performer of the ritual&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=N. N. |title=Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-Religious Study of the Hindu Rites |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1996 |pages=110–116}}&lt;/ref&gt; understands what he or she is doing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kane |first=P. V. |title=History of Dharmasastra |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |year=1941 |volume=4 |pages=165–170}}&lt;/ref&gt; Only then will the true intent of the ritual be fulfilled and the performer of the ritual feel completely gratified. Otherwise, the ritual becomes just a mechanical exercise on one's part.<br /> <br /> After death, the family performs the final rituals and holam. These rites are a reflection of a person's life. They may also include Santhi-homam and Agni-homam. After the Santhi-homam, the body is sprinkled with holy water to cleanse it. Other rituals include offering food and applying herbs to the body. The Havan is performed in order to appease the God of Fire, Agni. During the homam, verses are recited while the performer asks the god to forgive the deceased's mistakes and sins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kane |first=P. V. |title=History of Dharmasastra |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |year=1941 |volume=4 |pages=161–164}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Regional variations ==<br /> Ritual details differ across regions and communities:<br /> <br /> * In many South Indian traditions, offerings are placed on banana leaves and may include additional cooked dishes.<br /> * In Bengal and parts of eastern India, elaborate community feeding accompanies the rite during the fortnight.<br /> * In Nepal, ancestor offerings are prominent during **Gokarna Aunsi** (Kuse Aunsi).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Parasher |first=Aloka |title=Society and Religion in Early India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |pages=192–195}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fuller |first=C. J. |title=The Camphor Flame |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |pages=226–228}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Theology and aims ==<br /> Śrāddha expresses filial duty (''pitṛ-ṛṇa'') and the ongoing bond between the living and the dead. Offerings symbolically “nourish” the subtle bodies of the ancestors and are believed to aid their journey toward auspicious states. Classical texts link proper śrāddha to prosperity and wellbeing of descendants, while neglect is framed as ritually and morally harmful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Law Code of Manu |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |editor-last=Olivelle |editor-first=Patrick |pages=188–190}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Garuda Purana |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1950 |editor-last=Shastri |editor-first=J. L. |pages=80–95}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Modern practice and discussions ==<br /> Modern practice ranges from orthodox ritual performance with priests to simplified family observances. Contemporary discussions address ecological impacts of mass rites at riverbanks, the use of biodegradable materials for offerings, and debates over the symbolic vs. literal understanding of ancestral nourishment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sarma |first=S. V. |year=2016 |title=Ritual, Ecology and the Sacred in Contemporary Hindu Practice |journal=Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=145–162 |doi=10.1093/jhs/hiw012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=15em}}<br /> * [[Antyesti]]<br /> * [[Brahmin]]<br /> * [[Hindu genealogy registers at Chintpurni, Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar]]<br /> * [[Hindu genealogy registers at Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Hindu genealogy registers at Kurukshetra, Haryana]]<br /> * [[Hindu genealogy registers at Peohwa, Haryana]]<br /> * [[Hindu genealogy registers at Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra]]<br /> * [[Hindu genealogy registers at Varanasi]]<br /> * [[Pitrs]]<br /> * [[Sandhyavandhanam]]<br /> * [[Vedic priesthood]]<br /> * [[Śrāddha (Buddhadharma)]]<br /> {{col div end}}<br /> <br /> * [[Pinda (riceball)]]<br /> * [[Pitru Paksha]]<br /> * [[Tarpana]]<br /> * [[Ancestor worship]]<br /> * [[Gaya (disambiguation)|Gaya]]<br /> * [[Hindu rituals]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * ''Shraaddha'', R. K. Srikanta Kumaraswamy, IIT, Chennai. In the [[Kannada language]]<br /> * ಆಶ್ವಲಾಯನ ಪಾರ್ವಣ ಶ್ರಾದ್ಧ ಚಂದ್ರಿಕಾ (Kannada language) by mundodu narayana bhatta, hayagreeva nagara, udupi 576 102<br /> * Shraaddha Chandrika (english) by mundodu narayana bhat, viraja, hayagreeva nagara udupi 576 102 <br /> {{Death in Hinduism}}<br /> {{Worship in Hinduism}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sraddha}}<br /> [[Category:Hindu rituals related to death]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_Chennai&diff=477794 2026-01-11T10:46:08Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|City beauty pageant competition in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox organisation<br /> | name = Miss Chennai<br /> | image =<br /> | image_border =<br /> | size =<br /> | caption =<br /> | map =<br /> | msize =<br /> | mcaption =<br /> | predecessor =<br /> | motto =<br /> | formation = 1999<br /> | subsidiaries =<br /> | type = [[Beauty pageant]]<br /> | headquarters = [[Chennai]]<br /> | location = [[India]]<br /> | membership = <br /> | language = [[English Language|English]]<br /> | leader_title = <br /> | leader_name = <br /> |<br /> | <br /> | num_staff =<br /> | budget =<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Miss Chennai''' was a city [[beauty pageant]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]], which operated under the parent organization VIBA between 1999 and 2009. The competition's first winner was [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha Krishnan]], and several of the participants from the pageant went on to make a career in the film industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/trisha-krishnans-throwback-to-the-day-that-changed-her-life-21-years-ago-2303521|title=Trisha Krishnan's Throwback To The Day That &quot;Changed&quot; Her Life 21 Years Ago|website=NDTV.com|first=Nilanjana|last=BasuUpdated|date=30 September 2020|accessdate=22 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/02/15234749/1106941/No-Filter-The-duo-who-bid-bye-to-dye-and-embraced-.vpf|title=No Filter: The duo who bid bye to dye and embraced grey hair|date=16 February 2019|website=dtNext.in}}{{dead link|date=November 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2009/oct/22/tiara-tribulations-97136.html|title=Tiara tribulations|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Miss Chennai contest was organised by the entertainment group VIBA, created by sisters Vidya Balakrishnan and Shoba Ravishankar. The group had first created &quot;Teen Super Model 97&quot;, before making Miss Chennai their flagship event in 1999. [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha Krishnan]] was the first winner of the competition and was crowned at an event in September 1999. In the following years, VIBA continued to host the Miss Chennai pageant in locations such as the Rajah Muthiah Hall, the Madras Race Club and the Chettinad Auditorium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/team-behind.htm|title=Miss Chennai Contest Participants Winners Runners Sponsors Organizers Photo Gallery Training Session Pictures Wall|date=24 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524075956/http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/team-behind.htm|archive-date=2006-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/chennaicitizen/Aug2007/08artilce03.asp|title=I am more confident now: Miss Chennai|date=7 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507043022/http://chennaionline.com/chennaicitizen/Aug2007/08artilce03.asp|archive-date=2008-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vidya and Shobha later expanded their awards portfolio to include ceremonies titled &quot;Chennai Man&quot; and &quot;Mom and I&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplements/simply-mumbai/story/20091116-reaching-for-perfection-733310-2009-11-19|title=Reaching for perfection|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2005/01/16/fea23.html|title=Online edition of Sunday Observer – Business|website=archives.sundayobserver.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For the 2009 pageant, it was revealed that there were 750 applications, 300 contestants were screened, with 20 shortlisted and 12 finalised for the finals. The 2009 pageant was shown as a reality television show over 12 weeks on [[Star Vijay]]. No further ceremonies have been held since 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2009/mar/18/chennais-fashion-envoys-33890.html|title=Chennai's fashion envoys|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the late 2010s, former contestants suggested that the influx of new competitions such as Miss South India, Face of Chennai, and Miss Madras had hampered career prospects for the winners of Miss Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/230617/will-the-real-miss-chennai-stand-up.html|title=Will the real Miss Chennai stand up?|first=Kirubhakar|last=Purushothaman|date=23 June 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> Several of the participating models went on to represent India at other international pageants following their success with Miss Chennai. This included [[Aparna Pillai]] at Miss Petite International 2003, [[Medha Raghunath]] at [[World Miss University]] 2003 and Nirupama Natarajan at Miss Intercontinental 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/international-pageant.htm|title=Miss Chennai Contest Participants Winners Runners Sponsors Organizers Photo Gallery Training Session Pictures Wall|date=24 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524075753/http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/international-pageant.htm|archive-date=2006-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, it was announced that the winner would represent Chennai in the Miss Intercontinental pageant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiafashionweek.com/news/shownews.php?id=24028|title='Eva Miss Chennai' pageant on Feb 24|date=28 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164207/http://www.indiafashionweek.com/news/shownews.php?id=24028|archive-date=2007-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many of the winners and runners-up of the competition moved on to work in the film industry including [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha Krishnan]] (1999), [[Medha Raghunath]] (2000), [[Kanika (actress)|Divya Subramanian]] (2001), [[Sruti Harihara Subramanian]] (2002), [[Aparna Pillai]] (2002), [[Bidushi Dash Barde]] (2005–06), [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]] (2007) and [[Sahithya Jagannathan]] (2009).<br /> <br /> Other participants who have worked in the film industry include [[Mamathi Chari]] (2000), [[Ramya Subramanian]] (2004–05), [[Vasundhara Kashyap]] (2005–06), [[Varsha Ashwathi]] (2005–06), Ann Alexia Anra (2007) and [[Chandini Tamilarasan]] (2007).<br /> <br /> ==List of titleholders==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! width=60 | Year<br /> ! width=400| Miss Chennai<br /> ! width=400| 1st Runner-up<br /> ! width=400| 2nd Runner-up<br /> ! width=400| Other finalists<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Source<br /> |-<br /> | 1999<br /> | [[Trisha Krishnan]]<br /> | Maheshwari Thyagarajan<br /> | Sandhya Prakash<br /> | {{hidden||Candice&lt;br /&gt;Dharthi&lt;br /&gt;Lisa&lt;br /&gt;Nirupama Natarajan&lt;br /&gt;Sangita&lt;br /&gt;Schwetlav&lt;br /&gt;Sheetal Bajaj&lt;br /&gt;Shipa&lt;br /&gt;Swapna}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/miss-chennai-1999.htm|title=Miss Chennai Contest Participants Winners Runners Sponsors Organizers Photo Gallery Training Session Pictures Wall|date=24 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524080013/http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/miss-chennai-1999.htm|archive-date=2006-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2000<br /> | Pooja Nair<br /> | [[Medha Raghunath]]<br /> | Divya Bhatnagar<br /> | {{hidden||Aishwarya&lt;br /&gt;Ashrutha&lt;br /&gt;Chahath&lt;br /&gt;Lavanya&lt;br /&gt;Leena&lt;br /&gt;[[Mamathi Chari]]&lt;br /&gt;Nina&lt;br /&gt;Salani&lt;br /&gt;Schwetlav&lt;br /&gt;Shamini&lt;br /&gt;Simran Mathew&lt;br /&gt;Swetha&lt;br /&gt;Upasna Raju}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/miss-chennai-2000.htm|title=Miss Chennai Contest Participants Winners Runners Sponsors Organizers Photo Gallery Training Session Pictures Wall|date=24 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524075945/http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/miss-chennai-2000.htm|archive-date=2006-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2001<br /> | Anurithi Chikerurar<br /> | Rathika Venugopal<br /> | [[Kanika (actress)|Divya Subramanian]]<br /> | {{hidden||Amanda&lt;br /&gt;Anju&lt;br /&gt;Archana&lt;br /&gt;Aru&lt;br /&gt;Deepa&lt;br /&gt;Divya Singaravelu&lt;br /&gt;Merita&lt;br /&gt;Nalana&lt;br /&gt;Pavithra}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/miss-chennai-2001.htm|title=Miss Chennai Contest Participants Winners Runners Sponsors Organizers Photo Gallery Training Session Pictures Wall|date=24 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524075837/http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/miss-chennai-2001.htm|archive-date=2006-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2002<br /> | Sitara Devanadan<br /> | [[Sruti Harihara Subramanian]]<br /> | [[Aparna Pillai]]<br /> | {{hidden||Andrea&lt;br /&gt;Anurahini&lt;br /&gt;Aparna N.&lt;br /&gt;Archana A.&lt;br /&gt;Archana B.&lt;br /&gt;Hema&lt;br /&gt;Meetu&lt;br /&gt;Sharmishta&lt;br /&gt;Surya}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/miss-chennai-2002.htm|title=Miss Chennai Contest Participants Winners Runners Sponsors Organizers Photo Gallery Training Session Pictures Wall|date=24 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524075749/http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/miss-chennai-2002.htm|archive-date=2006-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2003<br /> | Bindya Devi Talluri<br /> | Nina Mehta Jain<br /> | Aashritha Devi Talluri<br /> | {{hidden||Apsara Srinivasan&lt;br /&gt;Archana&lt;br /&gt;Baviya&lt;br /&gt;Farida&lt;br /&gt;Karishma&lt;br /&gt;Nisha&lt;br /&gt;Prishi&lt;br /&gt;Ridhi&lt;br /&gt;Riya Mathew}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/miss-chennai-2003.htm|title=Miss Chennai Contest Participants Winners Runners Sponsors Organizers Photo Gallery Training Session Pictures Wall|date=24 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524075903/http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/miss-chennai-2003.htm|archive-date=2006-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2004-5<br /> | Deepa Rajan<br /> | Ketki Chandravarkar<br /> | Pooja Priyanka<br /> | {{hidden||Divya Balasubramanian&lt;br /&gt;Gajaprasha D.&lt;br /&gt;Laxmi Rakade&lt;br /&gt;Niharikha&lt;br /&gt;[[Ramya Subramanian]]&lt;br /&gt;Reshu Jain&lt;br /&gt;Sakina Dhankot&lt;br /&gt;Shruti&lt;br /&gt;Taruna Chugani}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/miss-chennai-2004-05.htm|title=Miss Chennai Contest Participants Winners Runners Sponsors Organizers Photo Gallery Training Session Pictures Wall|date=16 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716010344/http://www.spiritofchennai.com/misschennai/miss-chennai-2004-05.htm|archive-date=2006-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2005-6<br /> | Deepika Vasudevan<br /> | Taruna Chugani<br /> | [[Bidushi Dash Barde]]<br /> | {{hidden||Anjena C.&lt;br /&gt;Aparna Ram&lt;br /&gt;Gayathri R.&lt;br /&gt;Kiran Mahendran&lt;br /&gt;Nataasha B. Jamani&lt;br /&gt;Natasha Shekar&lt;br /&gt;Niyati Thakar&lt;br /&gt;Priyanka Vempati&lt;br /&gt;S. Parxana&lt;br /&gt;Sneha S.&lt;br /&gt;Tanvi Thakkar&lt;br /&gt;[[Varsha Ashwathi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vasundhara Kashyap]]}}<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vibamisschennai.com/events.php|title=Participate in Miss Chennai, Chennai Man, Miss Chennai Winners|website=www.vibamisschennai.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2007<br /> | [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]]<br /> | Rohini Singh<br /> | Swapna Rajasekar <br /> | {{hidden||Ann Alexia Anra&lt;br /&gt;Chandni Nahar&lt;br /&gt;[[Chandini Tamilarasan]]&lt;br /&gt;Garima Mishra&lt;br /&gt;Manasvini Sridhar&lt;br /&gt;Niyati&lt;br /&gt;Pooja Amarnath&lt;br /&gt;Saloni S. Shah&lt;br /&gt;Shirley&lt;br /&gt;Sonali Shenoy}}<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2008-9<br /> | [[Sahithya Jagannathan]]<br /> | Kavi Priya <br /> | Priya Thalur<br /> | {{hidden||Divya Ravishankar&lt;br /&gt;Pavithra&lt;br /&gt;Rishita Sawlani&lt;br /&gt;Sneha&lt;br /&gt;Suchitra&lt;br /&gt;Swetha&lt;br /&gt;Tanuja}}<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Miss India (disambiguation)|Miss India]]<br /> *[[List of beauty pageants#India|List of beauty pageants in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Femina Miss India]]<br /> [[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu awards]]<br /> [[Category:1999 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suzuki_Motorcycle_India&diff=538799 2026-01-04T08:26:49Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: New New Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian subsidiary of Japanese company}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{prose|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Suzuki Motorcycle India Private Limited<br /> | logo = Suzuki logo 2025.svg<br /> | type = Private<br /> | foundation = 2006<br /> | location = [[Gurgaon]], Haryana, India<br /> | key_people = Satoshi Uchida - Managing Director&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/19844247 |title=Satoshi Uchida|website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | num_employees = 490 (as on 2013)<br /> | industry = Automotive<br /> | products = Motorcycles, scooters, sports bikes<br /> | revenue = <br /> | parent = [[Suzuki Motor Corporation]]<br /> | homepage = [http://www.suzukimotorcycle.co.in/ SMI]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Suzuki Motorcycle India, Private Limited''' ('''SMI''') is the wholly owned Indian subsidiary of [[Suzuki]], Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-07-12|title=Suzuki India - Manufacturer of 2 Wheelers &amp; Top Mileage Bikes in India|url=http://www.suzukimotorcycle.co.in/about_us.aspx|access-date=2021-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712022039/http://www.suzukimotorcycle.co.in/about_us.aspx|archive-date=12 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the third Suzuki automotive venture in India, after TVS Suzuki (1982–2001) and [[Maruti Suzuki]] (1982). In 1982, the joint-venture between Suzuki Motor Corporation and TVS Motor Company incorporated and started production of two wheelers in India. In 2001, after separating ways with TVS motor company, the company was re-entered as Suzuki Motorcycle India, Private Limited (SMI), in 2006. The company has set up a manufacturing facility at [[Gurgaon]], Haryana with an annual capacity of 540,000 units.<br /> <br /> == Vehicles ==<br /> ===Motorcycles===<br /> * Gixxer 155<br /> * Gixxer SF 155<br /> * Gixxer 250<br /> * Gixxer SF 250<br /> * V-Strom 250 SX<br /> * V-Strom 800 DE<br /> <br /> ===Scooters===<br /> * [[Suzuki Access 125|Access 125]]<br /> * [[Suzuki Burgman|Burgman Street]]<br /> * [[Suzuki Avenis 125|Avenis 125]]<br /> <br /> ===Sports bikes===<br /> * [[Suzuki Hayabusa|Hayabusa]] GSX 1300R<br /> * GSX-8R<br /> <br /> ===ATVs===<br /> * Ozark 250<br /> * Quadsport Z400<br /> <br /> ==Discontinued==<br /> ===Scooters===<br /> * Suzuki Swish<br /> * Suzuki Let's<br /> <br /> ===Motorcycles/sports bikes===<br /> *Suzuki GS150R<br /> *Suzuki Intruder 155<br /> *Suzuki Hayate 110<br /> *Suzuki Heat 125<br /> *Suzuki Inazuma 250<br /> *Suzuki Slingshot 125<br /> *Suzuki Slingshot Plus 125<br /> *Suzuki Zeus 125<br /> * GSX-S1000F ABS<br /> * GSX-R1000 ABS<br /> * GSX-R1000R ABS<br /> * GSX-S1000 ABS<br /> *[[Suzuki Intruder|Intruder]] M1800R<br /> * Intruder M1800R BOSS Edition<br /> * V-Strom-1000 ABS<br /> * V-Strom 650 XT<br /> * [[Suzuki Katana|Katana]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Two wheelers in India}}<br /> {{Automotive industry in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Suzuki]]<br /> [[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]<br /> [[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Gurgaon]]<br /> [[Category:Motorcycle manufacturers of India]]<br /> [[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2006]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]<br /> [[Category:2006 establishments in Delhi]]<br /> <br /> {{India-company-stub}}</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratnaprabhasuri&diff=529895 2026-01-01T19:28:52Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: created a article...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Jain ascetic (527 BC – 443 BC)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox religious biography<br /> | honorific prefix = Ācārya<br /> | honorific suffix = Mahārāja Sāheb<br /> | religion = [[Jainism]]<br /> | sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]<br /> | initiator = [[Swayamprabhasuri|Ācārya Swayamprabhasuri]]<br /> | successor = Yakshadevasuri<br /> | lineage = of [[Parshvanatha]]<br /> | known_for = Condemnation of [[animal sacrifice]] and creation of [[Oswal|Oswāl]] clan<br /> | honours = Purvadhāri, Śrut Kevalī<br /> | predecessor = [[Swayamprabhasuri]]<br /> | subsect = [[Upkeśa Gaccha]]<br /> | other_name = ''Ratnachudamuni'', ''Ratnaprabhamuni'', ''Ratnachuda Vidyādhara''<br /> | birth_name = Ratnachuda Vidyādhara<br /> | child = Kanakchuda Vidyādhara<br /> | birth_place = Mount Vaitādhya<br /> | birth_date = 527 BC<br /> | death_date = 443 BC<br /> | death_place = [[Palitana temples]]<br /> | image = Acharya Ratnaprabhasuri.jpg<br /> | caption = An idol of Acharya Ratnaprabhasuri at Uvasaggaharam Śvetāmbara Jain Tirth, Chhattisgarh<br /> }}<br /> {{Jainism}}<br /> '''Ratnaprabhasuri''' was a [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jain]] ascetic and the 6th successor in the lineage of the monastic heads of the ''Chaturvidha Sangha's'' ({{Translation|four-fold congregation}}) [[Upkeśa Gaccha]]. He succeeded [[Swayamprabhasuri]] and is believed to have existed in 6th–5th century BC. He is most well-known as the founder of the [[Oswal|''Oswāl'']] clan of [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara Jains]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06227/page/n249/mode/2up |title=Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research, Vol-19, Issue no.-January–December}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Upadhye |first=A N |title=Jain Bibliography Part 2 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/016036/59 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Birth and initiation ==<br /> As per scriptures of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect, he is believed to have been born in the 5th century BC in a royal family belonging to the [[Vidyadhara|''Vidyādhara'']] clan as ''Prince Ratnachuda''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maharaja |first=Gyansundar |title=Oswal Porwal Aur Shreemal Jatiyo Ka Sachitra Prachin Itihas |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/034569/15 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=jainqq.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later on, he became a [[Vidyadhara|''Vidyādhara'']] king. As a member of the [[Vidyadhara|''Vidyādhara'']] clan, he is said to have possessed several ''vidyās'' (magical powers). [[Śvetāmbara]] scriptures have vivid descriptions of [[Vidyadhara|''Vidyādhara'']] kingdoms and legends about the magical powers possessed by the members of this clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maharaj |first=Hastimal |title=Jain Legend Volume 4 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007597/162 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to legends, [[Swayamprabhasuri]] was once preaching lay followers about renouncing and embracing monkhood, and ''King Ratnachuda'' was flying above him like [[Vidyadhara|''Vidyādharas'']] usually did. ''Ratnachuda'' halted to hear the sermon. Moved by the sermon, the soft-hearted king expressed his will to become a monk. He renounced his wealth and kingdom. His son, ''Kanakchuda'', succeeded him as the next [[Vidyadhara|''Vidyādhara'']] king. With 500 other [[Vidyadhara|''Vidyādharas'']], ''Ratnachuda'' accepted initiation into the ''Jain'' ''sangha'' and was known as ''Ratnachudamuni''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part II (SBE45): Uttarâdhyayana: Twenty-Third Lecture. Kêsi and Gautama |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/sbe4525.htm |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=sacred-texts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Monastic lineage ==<br /> <br /> According to the 23rd chapter of the [[Uttaradhyayana|Uttaradhyayana Sutra]], an ancient canonical text of the Śvetāmbara sect, [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]], the 4th pattadhār in [[Parshvanatha|Parshvanatha's]] lineage, had a conversation with [[Mahavira|Mahavira's]] prime disciple [[Gautama Swami]] about the differences in the teachings of [[Parshvanatha]] and [[Mahavira]]. Disciples of [[Parshvanatha]] wore colored (usually dark-brown) clothes and those of [[Mahavira]] wore seamless white clothes. It is such differences that [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]] discusses with [[Gautama Swami]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muni |first=Ratnaprabhavijay |title=Sramana Bhagwaan Mahavira |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/008006/111 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The text further states that upon receiving adequately satisfying answers from [[Gautama Swami]], [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]] and all his disciples accepted the order of [[Mahavira]] and merged into [[Mahavira|Mahavira's]] ''Chaturvidha Sangha''. Later on, this lineage came to be known as the [[Upkeśa Gaccha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=K C |title=Encyclopedia of Jainism |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011043/808 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even after the merger, this ''[[gaccha]]'' ({{Translation|administrative sub-sect}}) always maintained its unique identity of being one of [[Parshvanatha|Parshvanatha's]] lineage until its extinction in and around 1930 AD. Ratnaprabhasuri was the 6th head of the [[Upkeśa Gaccha]] after Ganadhara Shubhadatt, Arya Haridattsuri, Arya Samudrasuri, [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]] and [[Swayamprabhasuri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Ascetic life ==<br /> Just like his preceptor [[Swayamprabhasuri]], he is also said to have been well-versed with the ''Dvādaśāṅga'' ({{Translation|12 aṅgas}}) and the 14 ''purvas'' of the Jain canon. He is, considered to have known the complete canon, making him one of the ''Śrut Kevalīs''. Since he knew the 14 ''purvas'', he is considered to have been a ''Purvadhāri'' as well. The full text of 12th ''aṅga [[Drstivada]]'' including the 14 ''purvas'' is completely lost now''.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to a non-canonical [[Śvetāmbara]] text ''&quot;Upkeśa Gaccha Caritra&quot;'' ({{translation|Biography of the [[Upkeśa Gaccha]]}}) of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect, 52 years after [[Mahavira|Mahavira's]] ''[[nirvana]]'', Swayamprabhasuri consecrated ''Ratnachudamuni'' as the next [[Acharya (Jainism)|acharya]] ({{Translation|head of the monastic order}}) of [[Upkeśa Gaccha]] and named him ''Ācārya Ratnaprabhasuri''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maharaj |first=Hastimal |title=Jain Legend Volume 2 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007595/153 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=G C |title=Jain Thought and Culture |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011055/73 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He became the 6th ''pattadhār'' ({{translation|head of the monastic order}}) in the 23rd [[tirthankara]] [[Parshvanatha|Parshvanatha's]] lineage. Therefore, unlike most Jain ascetics today who trace their lineage to the 24th Tirthankara [[Mahavira]], Ratnaprabhasuri traces his monastic lineage to the 23rd Tirthankara [[Parshvanatha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Scriptures describing his life mention that he helped eliminate violent practices of [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]] in the name of religion, especially the rituals of ''[[Shaktism]]'' in several regions, with his efforts at [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]] being the most popular and recognized.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Bhupraj |title=Jain Vidyalaya Granth |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/012030/281 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Carrithers |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW8czr_HzzwC&amp;q=%22ratnaprabha%20suri%22%20-wikipedia |title=The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society |last2=Humphrey |first2=Caroline |date=1991-04-04 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-36505-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Creation of the 'Oswāl clan' ==<br /> <br /> === History of Upkeśapattan (or ''Osian'') ===<br /> Ratnaprabhasuri's preceptor [[Swayamprabhasuri]] had converted King Jayasena, the ruler of ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmal]]'', into a devout Jain [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|''Śrāvaka'']]. The king had two sons, namely ''Bhīmasena'' and ''Chandrasena.'' The former was a devout [[Shaivism|''Shaiva'']] and the latter a devout [[Jainism|Jain]]. Since ''Bhīmasena'' was older than ''Chandrasena'', he acceded to the throne after the king's death. Injustice to Jains became commonplace. All Jains, along with ''Chandrasena'' moved towards [[Mount Abu]], and established a new town named ''Chandrāvati'' with ''Chandrasena'' as their ruler. ''Chandrasena'' constructed 300 Jain temples at ''Chandravati'', the consecration of which was performed by [[Swayamprabhasuri]]. Meanwhile, ''Bhīmasena'' was regretting his decision. He also changed the name of ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmal]]'' to ''[[Bhinmal]]. Bhīmasena'' had two sons, namely ''Shrīpunja'' and ''Uppaldeva''. Due to internal disputes, ''Uppaldeva'' left the kingdom to establish a kingdom on his own. He established the town of ''Upkeśapattan'' near modern-day [[Jodhpur]]. Later, this town came to be known as [[Osian, Jodhpur|''Osian'']]. Several householders from various towns and villages moved to ''Upkeśapattan''. The merchants of the town did well and the town flourished.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-14 |title=Jainism before Shraman Bhagwan Mahavira? - Jainavenue |url=https://jainavenue.org/origins-of-porwal-pragwat-shrawak-varg/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ratnaprabhasuri's penance near Upkeśapattan ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Ratnaprabhasuri_at_Lunaadri_Hill.png|thumb|Ratnaprabhasuri and his 500 disciples doing a month-long fast and penance at Lunaadri hill near Osian]]<br /> According to a legend, in 457 BC, Ratnaprabhasuri was at [[Mount Abu]], and demi-goddess [[Chakreshvari]] appeared before him and urged him to spread the word of [[Jainism]] and save animals from religious violence in [[Maru Pradesh]]. She said that [[Swayamprabhasuri]] could not go beyond [[Bhinmal|Śrīmal]] and [[Porwal|Chandravati]]. He agreed to her and started moving towards [[Rajasthan]] with his 500 disciples. Upon reaching, he and his disciples started a month-long penance on a small hill just outside the town. When it was time to break the fast, his disciples entered the town to beg for alms. They could not find food '[[Ācārāṅga Sūtra|free from 42 faults]]' as all residents of the town worshipped [[Chamunda]], performed [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]], and consumed food unfit for Jain monks. In such situation, it was getting difficult for monks to survive and Ratnaprabhasuri ordered all his disciples to begin moving to another city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=ratnaprabha+suri |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa &amp; Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ratnaprabhasuri's chaturmasya at Upkeśapattan ===<br /> <br /> Legends say that demi-goddesses [[Chamunda]] and [[Chakreshvari]] are friendly to one another. Due to this relationship between them and knowing that the monks sent by [[Chakreshvari]] were going away, [[Chamunda]] met Ratnaprabhasuri and urged him to stay for [[Chaturmasya|c''haturmasya'']]. He ordered monks who would not be able to perform severe penance to start walking towards another town. 465 monks left and 35 monks stayed with him.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Uppaldeva's daughter ''Saubhāgyadevi'' was married to his minister Uhada's son. He was bitten by a snake and all forms of treatment did not help revive him. When he was being taken for cremation, Chamunda took the form of a white-clad Jain monk and told the people that he was still alive and then disappeared.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E88RC8Eox2YC&amp;q=ratnaprabha |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3785-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Uppaldeva heard this, he and the others took his son-in-law to Ratnaprabhasuri. The water collected after washing Ratnaprabhasuri's feet was splashed on the prince's face and he was instantly revived. The king felt indebted to Ratnaprabhasuri and gifted him valuables. However, the latter denied stating that he had given up his kingdom at ''Mount Vaitādhya'' to become a monk. He said that he would not accept any such materialistic repayment. The people requested him to deliver a sermon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ratnaprabhasuri's sermon ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Ratnaprabhasuri_converts_Osian_town.png|thumb|Ratnaprabhasuri converts Utpaldeva and residents of Osian into Jains]]<br /> He delivered an impactful sermon on the various bodies a soul wanders in and how rare a birth a human is. He emphasized that in such a rare state, one should perform acts of righteousness and embrace non-violence. He then preached about the [[Śvetāmbara|twelve vows of householders]] and [[Five Vows|five vows of Jain monks]] that lead to [[Ratnatraya]] and eventual [[moksha]]. He condemned the consumption of alcohol and meat sternly and on giving up animal sacrifice. He also insisted upon embracing non-violence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Panagariya |first=Arvind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=184qEAAAQBAJ&amp;q=ratnaprabha%20suri%20-wikipedia |title=My Father: The Extraordinary Life of an Ordinary Man |date=2021-05-25 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-93-5422-293-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further, he preached about establishing [[Jain temple]]s, installing icons of [[Tirthankara]]s, and worshipping them regularly. Everyone regretted their acts of violence the moment his sermon ended. All residents of the town, along with King Uppaldeva accepted [[Jainism]] wholeheartedly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Chagganlal |title=Jaino Ka Itihas Darshan Vyavahar Evam Vaignanik Adhar |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/002322/66 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ratnaprabhasuri's debate with Brahmins ===<br /> <br /> [[Shaivism|Shaiva Brahmins]] were infuriated looking at the influence of Ratnaprabhasuri on the residents of the town. They demanded a ''Śāstrārtha'' ({{Translation|debate on religious ideologies and scriptures}}). Ratnaprabhasuri and his 35 disciples agreed to it. The Brahmins began by stating the lack of devotion in Jains and questioning Jainism's antiquity. Ratnaprabhasuri's disciple ''Vīrdhawalopādhyāya'' countered this claim by stating accounts of Jainism in the Brahmin scriptures. Ratnaprabhasuri concluded the debate stating that they have no benefit in people accepting or rejecting Jainism and that it is their moral duty to spread the word of Jainism. Brahmins eventually lost the debate and the entire town converted to Jainism. Several Jain temples were established several icons were consecrated. Ratnaprabhasuri also wrote several non-canonical scriptures such as ''Tattvamimansa'', ''Tattvavichār'' etc.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Establishment of Osian's 'Mahavira Temple' ===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Mahavira Jain temple, Osian}}<br /> Uppaladeva's minister Uhada was already establishing a temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]]. However, the construction was being hindered. Ratnaprabhasuri suggested him to construct it with [[Mahavira]] as the principal deity. The temple was ready. The residents of the town asked Ratnaprabhasuri about an icon to consecrate. He knew that [[Chamunda]] was preparing one using sand and the milk of a cow, so he asked the residents to keep patience. According to scriptural and local legends, one day, the cowherd saw his cow discharging milk at a part in the village. He informed Minister Uhada and the latter dug the land there. He found an idol of the 24th [[Tirthankara]] [[Mahavira]]. They urged Ratnaprabhasuri to consecrate this idol in the temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=Devendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJocAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=ratnaprabha%20suri%20osian%20-wikipedia |title=Osian: History, Archaeology, Art &amp; Architecture |date=1984 |publisher=Sundeep |isbn=978-0-89684-362-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the preceptor knew that the idol was unfinished and needed 7 more days to be completely sculpted by the demi-goddess. However, looking at the excitement and devotion among the people, he allowed digging and taking the idol out. [[Chamunda]] was angered by this and forced every householder to sacrifice one goat and every household to sacrifice one buffalo every day during the 9 days of the [[Navaratri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kalia |first=Asha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3n-sycLo3XQC&amp;dq=ratnaprabha%20suri%20osian%20-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Art of Osian Temples: Socio-economic and Religious Life in India, 8th-12th Centuries A.D. |date=1982 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-391-02558-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Conversion of Chāmundā into 'Sacchiya Mātā' ===<br /> {{Main|Sachiya Mata Temple}}<br /> [[File:Ratnaprabhasuri_converts_Chamunda.png|thumb|Ratnaprabhasuri converts Chamunda into Sacciya Mata]]<br /> After a lengthy sermon by Ratnaprabhasuri, ''Chāmundā'' realized that violence was not the correct way and attained the [[Ratnatraya]]. She became a samyaktvi (one of right faith, knowledge, and conduct) demi-goddess. She was renamed to Sacchiya Mātā by Ratnaprabhasuri and was consecrated as the ''adhiśthāyikā'' ({{Translation|protecting deity}}) of the [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian]]. A shrine dedicated to her was also constructed on the small hill where Ratnaprabhasuri had performed penance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Later, the idol of [[Mahavira]] was consecrated.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Establishment of the 'Oswāl clan' ===<br /> <br /> The residents of the town insisted upon Ratnaprabhasuri to name their clan different from ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmalis]]'' and ''Porvāls.'' Ratnaprabhasuri named the clan ''Oswāl''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dodhia |first=Rati |title=Rise and Glory History of Halari Visa Oshwals |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007575/45 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baya |first=D S |title=Oswals and Other Jains of Rajasthan |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/250235/2 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sangve |first=Vilas |title=Jaina Community, a Social Survey |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007019/110 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were strict adherents of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22ratnaprabha%20suri%22%20%22oswal%22%20-wikipedia |title=India's Communities |date=1998 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Ravindra K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYDXAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=ratnaprabha%20suri%20osian%20-wikipedia |title=The Universe as Audience: Metaphor and Community Among the Jains of North India |date=1999 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-85952-64-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A poetic version of the legend was also written by a later monk belonging to the [[Upkeśa Gaccha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Granthmala |first=Ratnaprabhakar |title=Upkesh Vansh |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/034649/1 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=jainqq.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death and legacy ==<br /> [[File:Ratnaprabhasuri_at_Palitana.png|thumb|Ratnaprabhasuri fasts and dies at Palitana]]<br /> Just like his preceptor [[Swayamprabhasuri]], he went to [[Palitana]] and performed ''[[Sallekhana]]'' and died after a month-long fast at the age of 84 in 443 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Chanchreek |first1=K. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ocRAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=ratnaprabha%20suri%20osian%20-wikipedia |title=Jaina Social Life: Ancient and Medieval India |last2=Jaina |first2=Maheśa |date=2004 |publisher=Shree Publishers &amp; Distributors |isbn=978-81-88658-62-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before he died, he consecrated ''Vīrdhawalopādhyāya'' as the next head of the monastic order of [[Upkeśa Gaccha]] and named him ''Yakshadevasuri''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> Ratnaprabhasuri is the subject of several non-canonical [[Śvetāmbara]] scriptures such as Ratnaprabhasuri's (a later monk and not the subject of this article) ''&quot;Upkeśa Gaccha Caritra&quot;'' ({{translation|Biography of the [[Upkeśa Gaccha]]}}) as well as the ''[[pattavali]]'' of Upkeśa Gaccha that is mentioned in [[Vijayanandsuri|Vijayanandsuri's]] ''Ajnāna-timira-bhāskara'', which was also translated by renowned Indologist and professor A. F. Rudolph Hoernle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Virachand |title=Chicago Prashnottar |url=https://www.jainfoundation.in/JAINLIBRARY/books/Chicago_Prashnottar_007301_std.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; These and other similar biographical scriptures called [[Pattavali|''pattavali caritras'']] describe his ascetic life and life as a king in great detail. It is said that Ratnaprabhasuri was one of the most impactful [[Śvetāmbara]] Jain monks, given the success of the [[Oswal|Oswal clan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Several scholars have studied his life, seeing him as a crucial figure in the history and culture of [[Jainism]] because he is considered to be the founder of the [[Oswal|''Oswāl'']] clan. Today, roughly three-fourths of [[Śvetāmbara]] Jains belong to the [[Oswal|''Oswāl'']] clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3m-J50FHmGcC&amp;dq=upkesh%20gachh%20-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA94 |title=History of Oswals |publisher=Panchshil Publications |isbn=978-81-923730-2-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> His monastic lineage and ancestry came to be known as [[Upkeśa Gaccha]] only after his efforts at ''Osian'', which was also known as ''Upkeśapattan'' or ''Upkeśapur''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In veneration to him, his footprints have been installed at [[Dilwara Temples]] and [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian]].<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Uttaradhyayana|Uttaradhyayana Sutra]]<br /> * [[Tapa Gaccha]]<br /> * [[Hiravijaya]]suri<br /> * [[Sudharmaswami]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Jain Gurus}}<br /> {{Jainism topics}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian Jain writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Jain monks]]<br /> [[Category:Prakrit literature]]<br /> [[Category:Śvetāmbara monks]]<br /> [[Category:Jain acharyas]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_British_India&diff=499365 2025-12-21T22:25:21Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constitutionally provided right}}<br /> {{see also|Censorship in Pakistan|Censorship in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> [[File:Hicky's Bengal Gazette, March 10, 1781, University of Heidelberg.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Hicky's Bengal Gazette]]'' in 1781, India's first newspaper]]<br /> [[File:Amrita Bazar Patrika 22 February, 1908.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'' in 1908, India's first Bengali language and oldest bilingual newspaper started around 1868]]<br /> '''Freedom of the press in British India''' or '''freedom of the press in pre-independence India''' refers to the censorship on [[print media]] during the period of the [[British Raj]] under the [[British Crown]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]] from 1858 to 1947. The Indian press was legally protected by the set of laws such as [[Vernacular Press Act]], Censorship of Press Act, 1799, Metcalfe Act and [[Indian Press Act, 1910]], while the media outlets were regulated by the Licensing Regulations, 1823, Licensing Act, 1857 and Registration Act, 1867. The British Raj administrators in the India subcontinent (in modern-day [[India|Republic of India]], [[Pakistan|Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]]) brought a set of rules and regulations into effect designed to prevent circulating claimed [[Misinformation|inaccurate]], [[media bias]] and [[disinformation]] across the subcontinent.<br /> <br /> In pre-independence, the government formulated several legal actions, including Gagging Act, comprised a set of rules for publishing, distributing and circulating news stories and operating media organizations working independently or running in the subcontinent. These rules primarily compelled regional and English-language newspapers to express their concerns under the selected provisions. During the period, government allowed a journalist or <br /> [[News media|media industries]] to cover any story and brought it to the audiences without impacting sovereignty in subcontinent.&lt;ref name=&quot;jagranjosh.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/development-of-indian-press-during-british-rule-in-india-1445315232-1|title=Development of Indian Press during British Rule in India|date=February 16, 2018|website=Jagranjosh.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hans India 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author=The Hans India | title=Pre-independence regulation of Indian newspapers | website=The Hans India | date=2015-03-13 | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Education-and-Careers/2015-03-13/Pre-independence-regulation-of-Indian-newspapers/137007 | access-date=2020-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The British administrators are often credited for introducing the &quot;[[independent journalism]]&quot; (English press) in the subcontinent. During the period, the press became an instrumental for leaders, activists and the government itself. [[James Augustus Hicky]], also referred to as &quot;father of Indian press&quot;, a British citizen known for introducing first newspaper during the reign, and hence India's press foundation was originally led by the British administration despite the self-censorship by the [[imperialism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/should-india-thank-british-rule-for-a-free-press/|title=Should India Thank British Rule For a Free Press?|first=Franz-Stefan|last=Gady|website=thediplomat.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://development-of-indian-press-and-press-acts_art55fd2170b9ffa.html/|title=Development of Indian Press and Press Acts|website=eRewise}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hicky wrote articles independently on [[corruption]] and other [[scandal]]s without naming the officials. To avoid [[lawsuit]]s, he used multiple nicknames while referring to the authorities throughout his articles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/882623/indias-first-newspaper-covered-corruption-and-scandal-and-sexual-practices-fearlessly|title=India's first newspaper covered corruption and scandal (and sexual practices) fearlessly|first=Andrew|last=Otis|website=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1807, ''[[Hicky's Bengal Gazette]]'' was seized by the authorities for publishing anti-government articles.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hans India 2015&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The history of the press in pre and modern India is covered by a book titled ''War over Words: Censorship in India, 1930-1960'' by Devika Sethi. It was published by the [[Cambridge University Press]] in 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;India 2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web | agency=Press Trust of India | title=Book explores censorship in pre and post-colonial India | website=Business Standard News | date=2019-07-07 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/book-explores-censorship-in-pre-and-post-colonial-india-119070700401_1.html | access-date=2020-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Censorship on press ==<br /> During the reign, administration was claimed to have involved in direct and [[self-censorship]], leading some newspapers to stop publishing articles after licenses were revoked. Prior to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the press was actively involved in [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]] and in [[Political demonstration|demonstration]] coverages, leading the government to get involved in self-censorship on the press freedom. Later, [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]] enacted Gagging Act to control the publications in the subcontinent, and while it compelled every newspaper, particularly English-language publications, the media organizations had to apply for a license upon ensuring &quot;nothing was written against the government&quot;. The Gagging Act didn't affect the media, and it continued working until the new measures were taken. During the 1870s, the regional newspapers, including ''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'' published [[Vernacular|vernacular language]] were also involved in encouraging people against the rule. ''Amrita Bazar Patrika'', 1868's Bengali weekly newspaper caught government attention after it published about [[Indigo revolt]].<br /> <br /> In the 1880s, the government formulated several new laws following the role of the press in freedom movement, and later the government. However, after formation of the [[Indian National Congress]], the government enacted numerous sections in 1898 such as section 565, 124A and 153A of the [[Indian Penal Code]]. The government later enacted four new laws, comprised a comprehensive set of rules for media organizations. Among those were the Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act 1908, the Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act 1911, the [[Indian Press Act, 1910]], the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1908, and the [[Official Secrets Act (India)|Secrets Act 1903]].<br /> <br /> The Press Act 1910 impacted almost all newspapers. It is believed around 1,000 publications were prosecuted under the Act, and government collected [[Indian rupee|₹]]500,000 of securities and forfeitures from the papers during the period of first five years the Act was enacted. Several journalists and publications, including the ''Amrita Bazar Patrika'' were charged under [[sedition]] law for publishing anti-government articles. In the later period, the Press Emergency Act 1931 was actively exercised amid [[Satyagraha]], a [[nonviolent resistance]] or press advocacy (rally the masses) against the British rule.<br /> <br /> Following the [[Salt March]], the Act played significantly in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], [[United Provinces of British India|Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], [[Delhi]] and [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] for British administration to maintain a self-censorship on speech, public communication, or other information, on such material was considered objectionable. It is claimed the rule was involved in [[propaganda]], while international news was also filtered. In November 1939, the authorities restricted newspapers from writing about the [[hunger strike]]s, which were held by prisoners across the country.<br /> <br /> The editors later raised concerns regarding the [[Freedom of expression in India|freedom of expression]] and safeguard of the press. The ''All-India Newspapers Editors' Conference'' also emerged during the period. It demanded the government to lift the restrictions on the press. In 1941, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] criticised the authorities for restricting media, citing &quot;In the name of the war effort, all expression of opinion is effectively suppressed&quot;. Despite [[varieties of criticism]], the government continued to prohibit the press. The government subsequently asked ''[[The Hitavada]]'' newspaper to reveal the name of its reporter. The authorities also conducted investigations at the office of ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. It restricted the press and rebellion activities under the [[Defence of India Act 1915]] from making announcements to the masses. It also extended imprisonment to five years, while the Official Secrets Act was passed to provide [[death sentence]] to those involved in anti-government editorials.<br /> <br /> In 1942 following the [[Quit India Movement]], the press was instructed not cover any news about [[List of political parties in India|political parties]]. The ''All-India Newspaper Editors' Conference'' subsequently compiled the government order stating the newspapers will observe caution and refrain from publishing on Quit India Movement.&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/a-pre-independence-history-of-press-freedom-in-india/|title=A pre-Independence history of press freedom in India|date=May 3, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Protests ==<br /> {{main|Rowlatt Act}}<br /> In 1919, the government introduced Rowlatt Act to indefinitely detain people without [[trial]] involved in anti-government activities. The Act was also designed to restrict writing, speech and movements carried out amid [[civil disobedience]] policies. The Rowlatt resulted in hundreds of killings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/india-pakistan-have-established-english-rule-without-the-englishman/231114/|title=India &amp; Pakistan have established 'English rule without the Englishman'|first=Pankaj|last=Mishra|date=May 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Major newspapers==<br /> In 1780, [[James Augustus Hickey]] launched ''[[Hicky's Bengal Gazette]]'' in [[Kolkata]], which was later banned in 1872 following the anti-government editorials. In the later period, more newspaper and journals were launched such as the ''[[Bengal Journal]]'', the ''[[Bombay Herald]]'', ''[[The Calcutta Chronicle and General Advertiser]]'' and ''[[Madras Courier]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;jagranjosh.com&quot;/&gt; The subcontinent saw numerous publications such as ''Samachar Sudha Varashan'', ''[[Payam-e-Azadi]]'', ''Sultan-ul-Akhbar'' and ''Doorbeen''. All newspapers played significant role in [[Indian independence movement]], while numerous publications, including ''Payam-e-Azadi'' were banned or seized by the government over spreading information which was considered &quot;objectionable&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/how-the-press-fought-for-indias-freedom-754431.html|title=How the Press fought for India's freedom|date=August 15, 2019|website=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Journalists arrested ===<br /> The British Indian journalists experienced difficult situation due to comprehensive set of rules. [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], was the founder of two newspapers such as ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]'' and ''Mahratta''. He used to run the both to criticise the rule and also defended [[Shivaji VI]] when government declared him &quot;mad&quot;. Later, government arrested Tilak and charged him with sedition. [[G. Subramania Iyer]], a social reformer and journalist created two newspapers such as ''[[The Hindu]]'' and ''[[Swadesamitran]]''. He used to encourage [[Tamils]] through his writings to participate in the resistance movement. The government arrested and charged him with [[Defamation|defamation law]], leading him to serve in jail.<br /> <br /> During the 1910s, a Malayalam publication and journalist [[Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai]], used to write for a journal owned by [[Vakkom Moulavi]]. Pillai was actively involved in writing against [[P. Rajagopalachari]], and later he was arrested and displaced by the government, leading him to spend his last days in [[Tirunelveli]], Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/128932/journalists-freedom-fighters-british-raj/|title=5 Fearless Journalists Who Rose Against the British Raj|date=January 24, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Underground press ==<br /> During the period of British rule and [[resistance movement]], the [[freedom fighter|freedom activist]]s and [[List of Indian independence activists|leader]]s illegally shared information through [[Secret broadcast|secret radio message]]s and [[Cyclostyle (copier)|cyclostyled]] sheets, and also graffitied on the walls. Some [[Underground press|underground publication]]s were working secretly after authorities imposed restrictions on major publications.&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Major coverages ==<br /> During the period of British rule, the local media covered major events in newspapers and magazines. The [[regional language]] newspapers wrote on numerous subjects such as speeches of Gandhi, freedom activists, leaders, including the speeches of Indian National Congress and the trial of [[Bhagat Singh]] were the main topics among others. Major newspapers and magazines were banned following the Quit India Movement, [[Purna Swaraj]] and Salt March. When [[Shivaram Rajguru]] and [[Bhagat Singh]] threw a pamphlet and bomb on the [[Parliament House (India)|Parliament House]], the ''Hindustan Times'' wrote extensively on the subject, which became the main reason for the government to ban publishing photographs of Bhagat Singh and Rajguru in the media.<br /> <br /> == Rise of the press ==<br /> The first [[printing press]] was established in the 18th century when the first newspaper ''The Bengal Gazette'' was launched in 1780 by James Augustus Hicky, which later became known as ''Hicky's Gazette''. Prior to this, the British residents in the subcontinent initially started producing the weeklies and then dailies newspapers. In the mid-19th century, newspapers begun circulate in few cities, and later they started publishing in major provinces such as [[Madras]], Bombay and Delhi, which later became the centres of publishing. Initially, the media used to wrote only in English language, however the regional language editorials also increased gradually. The first newspaper published in Indian language was the ''[[Samachar Darpan]]'', a [[Bengali language]] newspaper which started around 1818. Later, the subcontinent saw a range of newspapers, including ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'', the first [[Gujarati language]] newspaper was launched around 1822. At that time, [[Hindi language]] newspapers were not running until ''[[Samachar Sudha Varshan]]'' came into existence around 1854, the first Hindi language newspaper. Later, the more newspapers and magazines were launched in different regional language such as [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Urdu]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], accompanied by other journals. The British Indian government banned all publications written in regional languages citing &quot;vernaculars&quot;. It is believed political leaders, reformers and underground resistance groups produced numerous newspapers and magazines following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. They spread their opinions through [[pamphlet]]s, printed books, journals and [[newsletter]]s. The government regarded regional language editorials &quot;worried&quot;, and hence they enforced Vernacular Press Act 1878 in an attempt to stop local language editorials, which later became known as &quot;Gagging Act&quot;. In 1909, Newspaper Act was introduced before the Indian Press Act 1910 was brought into effect, designed to add had all features of Vernacular Press Act 1878.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/changing-role-of-mass-media|title=Changing role of Mass Media|website=National Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Books ==<br /> * {{cite book | last=Sethi | first=Devika | title=War Over Words: Censorship in India, 1930-1960 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-1084-8424-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToOWDwAAQBAJ | access-date=2020-07-20 | page=325}}<br /> <br /> ==See also ==<br /> *[[Freedom of the press in India]]<br /> *[[Freedom of the press in Pakistan]]<br /> *[[Mass media in Bangladesh]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Politics of British India]]<br /> [[Category:Law of India]]<br /> [[Category:Freedom of information in India]]<br /> [[Category:Freedom of information legislation]]<br /> [[Category:Censorship in India]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashish_Dhawan&diff=487861 2025-12-10T17:39:48Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: Stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian private equity investor and philanthropist (born 1969)}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Ashish Dhawan<br /> | image = AshishDhawan.png<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = Head and shoulders photo of Ashish Dhawan<br /> | caption = Dhawan in 2020<br /> | birth_name = Ashish Dhawan<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|03|10}}<br /> | birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India<br /> | alma_mater = [[Harvard Business School]]&lt;br&gt;[[Yale University]]<br /> | occupation = Philanthropist&lt;br/&gt;Former private equity investor<br /> | known_for = Founder-trustee of [[Ashoka University]]&lt;br /&gt;Co-founder of ChrysCapital<br /> | boards = [[Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Manisha Dhawan|1998}}<br /> | signature = &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Ashish-Dhawan-Signature.jpg|thumb|center|Ashish Dhawan]] --&gt;<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.centralsquarefoundation.org|CentralSquareFoundation.org}}<br /> {{URL|http://www.convergencefoundation.org|ConvergenceFoundation.org}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}<br /> <br /> '''Ashish Dhawan''' (born March 10, 1969) is an Indian philanthropist and former private equity investor who co-founded and ran one of India's leading private equity funds, Chrysalis Capital (ChrysCapital).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; He is the founder-CEO of the Convergence Foundation,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=August 18, 2022 |title=Gates Foundation appoints Indian philanthropist Ashish Dhawan |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/gates-foundation-appoints-indian-philanthropist-ashish-dhawan-to-its-board-of-trustees/articleshow/93646085.cms |access-date=2023-08-15 |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815012030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/gates-foundation-appoints-indian-philanthropist-ashish-dhawan-to-its-board-of-trustees/articleshow/93646085.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Advisory Board |url=https://theconvergencefoundation.org/team/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=The Convergence Foundation |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610210810/https://theconvergencefoundation.org/team/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; founder-chairperson of the Central Square Foundation,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Team |url=https://www.centralsquarefoundation.org/our-team |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Central Square Foundation |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610204114/https://www.centralsquarefoundation.org/our-team |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a founder-trustee of [[Ashoka University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bearak |first=Max |date=November 26, 2013 |title=A New University Offers Liberal Arts as Higher Education Alternative |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/26/a-new-university-offers-liberal-arts-as-higher-education-alternative/ |access-date=2023-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Dhawan has served on the board of trustees of the [[Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation]] since 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; His net worth is approximately $800 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ashish Dhawan Portfolio: 6 stocks clock double-digit returns in 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ashish-dhawan-portfolio-6-stocks-clock-double-digit-returns-in-2023-do-you-own-any/top-performers/slideshow/99983486.cms?from=mdr |website=Economic Times |access-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610205339/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/ashish-dhawan-portfolio-6-stocks-clock-double-digit-returns-in-2023-do-you-own-any/top-performers/slideshow/99983486.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> Dhawan attended [[St. Xavier's Collegiate School]], followed by [[St. James' School (Kolkata)|St. James' School]] in Kolkata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sridharan |first=R. |date=January 13, 2008 |title=Private Equity Pasha: Ashish Dhawan |work=Business Today |location=New Delhi |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/198258783 |access-date=2023-08-15 |id={{ProQuest|198258783}}|archive-date=January 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119052238/https://www.proquest.com/docview/198258783 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Moinak |date=December 20, 2013 |title=Lessons learnt: Why foresight foreshadows all else for Ashish Dhawan, CEO of Central Square Foundation |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/lessons-learnt-why-foresight-foreshadows-all-else-for-ashish-dhawan-ceo-of-central-square-foundation/articleshow/27658936.cms |access-date=2023-08-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a graduate of [[Yale University]], where he earned a [[Bachelor of Science|bachelor of science]] degree in [[applied mathematics]] and economics, and [[Harvard Business School]], where he earned an MBA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> From 1992 to 1993, Dhawan worked on Wall Street at boutique investment bank [[Wasserstein Perella &amp; Co.]], where he was the only Indian analyst.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; He then moved to McCown DeLeeuw &amp; Co., an eight-person private equity firm in California, where he was the junior-most associate.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> After completing his MBA in 1997, Dhawan went to work at [[Goldman Sachs]], where he was part of the Risk Arbitrage Group.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; At the age of 29, he decided to leave New York to return to India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sahad |first=P. V. |date=July 17, 2005 |title=One-Man Industry; Not counting institutional investors, Ashish Dhawan has brought in the most money into private equity in India over the last seven years. What is it about the 36-year-old that makes global investors put millions behind him? |work=Business Today |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/198247982 |access-date=2023-08-15 |id={{ProQuest|198247982}} |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119052238/https://www.proquest.com/docview/198247982 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1999, Dhawan co-founded ChrysCapital in Mumbai with Raj Kondur, a classmate from [[Harvard Business School]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Snigdha |date=March 21, 2011 |title=Ashish Dhawan's New Ambitions |work=Business World |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2121183481 |access-date=2023-08-14 |id={{ProQuest|2121183481}}|archive-date=January 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119052238/https://www.proquest.com/docview/2121183481 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Philanthropy ==<br /> In 2012, Dhawan left his career as a private equity investor to found Central Square Foundation (CSF), a grant-making organization and policy think tank focused on transforming the quality of school [[education in India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rai |first=Mridu |date=February 10, 2014 |title=Take a lot of risks and do something different: Having given up a successful and lucrative career as a venture capitalist to work towards revamping the education sector in India Mridu Rai finds out more about the man with a vision. Ashish Dhawan/ CEO, CENTRAL SQUARE FOUNDATION |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1493503420 |access-date=2023-08-14 |id={{ProQuest|1493503420}} }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=CSF Official Website – Our Team |url=https://www.centralsquarefoundation.org/our-team |website=Central Square Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-14 |title=Economic and social reform with Ashish Dhawan – KPMG Global |url=https://kpmg.com/xx/en/home/insights/2021/11/ashish-dhawan-on-economic-and-social-reform.html |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=KPMG |language=en-US |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610203810/https://kpmg.com/xx/en/home/insights/2021/11/ashish-dhawan-on-economic-and-social-reform.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, he spearheaded the launch of [[Ashoka University]], billed as India's first &quot;Ivy-league-caliber&quot; liberal arts university,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; together with other Indian entrepreneurs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kazmin |first=Amy |date=March 8, 2018 |title=Ashoka University: Ivy League, Indian-style |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b8fabc8c-1559-11e8-9c33-02f893d608c2 |access-date=2023-08-14 |archive-date=August 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814220948/https://www.ft.com/content/b8fabc8c-1559-11e8-9c33-02f893d608c2 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ashish Dhawan to raise Rs.400 crore for Ashoka University |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/vaKktE9wXzvqQB1XjV8caM/Ashish-Dhawan-to-raise-400-crore-for-Ashoka-University.html |website=Live Mint |access-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610204622/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/vaKktE9wXzvqQB1XjV8caM/Ashish-Dhawan-to-raise-400-crore-for-Ashoka-University.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other organisations launched by Dhawan include the India Leaders for the Social Sector (ILSS), which he set up with Anu Prasad in 2017; the Air Pollution Action Group (APAG) in 2019; and the Centre for Effective Governance of Indian States (CEGIS). a joint effort with economist [[Karthik Muralidharan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bhargava |first=Anjuli |date=April 10, 2022 |title=Convergence Man: Former ChrysCapital chief Ashish Dhawan embarks on an ambitious set of goals |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/convergence-man-former-chryscapital-chief-ashish-dhawan-embarks-on-an-ambitious-set-of-goals/articleshow/90750206.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], Dhawan and CSF set up the ACT EdTech Ambition Fund, an organisation dedicated to helping deliver education to underprivileged children.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; He and his wife Manisha set up the Convergence Foundation as an umbrella organisation and grant-making incubator dedicated to promoting growth in India by solving complex socioeconomic problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Dhawan endowed the Renu and Anand Dhawan Professorship at Yale University to bolster scholarship in India and South Asia Studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2020 |title=Sunil Amrith named the Dhawan Professor of History |url=https://news.yale.edu/2020/04/20/sunil-amrith-named-dhawan-professor-history |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=YaleNews}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> In 2012, Dhawan was recognized as the NextGen Leader in Philanthropy by ''[[Forbes India]]'' for his charitable work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/philanthropy-awards-2012/ashish-dhawan-next-gen-leader-in-philanthropy/34241/1|title=Forbes India – Ashish Dhawan: Next Gen Leader in Philanthropy|access-date=May 11, 2015|archive-date=May 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083446/http://forbesindia.com/article/philanthropy-awards-2012/ashish-dhawan-next-gen-leader-in-philanthropy/34241/1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also placed 15th on the 2014 Hurun India Philanthropy List, a ranking of the most generous individuals in India produced by China-based Hurun Research Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hurun.net/EN/ArticleShow.aspx?nid=9583 |title=胡润百富 – www.hurun.net |access-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516204301/http://www.hurun.net/EN/ArticleShow.aspx?nid=9583 |archive-date=2015-05-16 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Selected articles ==<br /> <br /> * Dhawan, Ashish (September 16, 2022). &quot;Education policy cannot be business-as-usual after Covid&quot;. ''Financial Times''.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AP8hU5cEtyA ''Forbes India'' interview with Ashish Dhawan] (YouTube)<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9g9Sr-IgRc &quot;Relentless Curiosity&quot;: Ashish Dhawan at TEDxYouth] (YouTube)<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dhawan, Ashish}}<br /> [[Category:1969 births]]<br /> [[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Yale University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian chief executives]]<br /> [[Category:Indian investors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian philanthropists]]<br /> [[Category:Goldman Sachs people]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhatgaon,_Surajpur&diff=491033 2025-11-15T02:28:05Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Town In Chhattisgarh, India}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bhatgaon<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Town]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.35794|N|82.98259|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Surajpur district]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Mayor]]—[[Councilor]]<br /> | leader_title1 = [[Chhattisgarh legislative assembly|MLA]]<br /> | leader_name1 = [[Laxmi Rajwade]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<br /> | governing_body = Nagar Panchayat Bhatgaon<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 12.74<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 540<br /> | population_total = 11,204<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 497235<br /> | registration_plate = CG-29<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = Bhatgaon<br /> | leader_name = <br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Bhaiyathan]]<br /> | Country flag = <br /> | elevation_ft = <br /> | area_code = 07775<br /> }}<br /> '''Bhatgaon''' is a [[Town|Census town]] and [[Nagar Panchayat]] in [[Surajpur district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]. Bhatgaon is known for its [[South Eastern Coalfields Limited]], (Bhatgaon Colliery).<br /> <br /> As of Swachh Survekshan 2020 Zonal Ranking (cities up to 25 K) - East Zone. Nagar Panchayat Bhatgaon is in 13th position.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Swachh Survekshan 2020|url=https://swachhsurvekshan2020.org/Rankings/Lessthan1Lakh?category=25K|access-date=2020-08-20|website=swachhsurvekshan2020.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Place Of Interest ==<br /> 1) Shiv Mandir<br /> <br /> 2) Hanuman Mandir<br /> <br /> 3) Sai Mandir<br /> <br /> 4) Kali Badi<br /> <br /> 5) NWGEL Church<br /> <br /> 6) GEl Church<br /> <br /> 7) Coal Handling Plant<br /> <br /> 8) Satkar SECL Guest house<br /> <br /> 9) Durga Mandir<br /> <br /> 10) Neeli Jheel OCM<br /> <br /> 11) 20 MW SECL BVG Solar Power Plant<br /> <br /> ==Demographics And Education==<br /> The Bhatgaon town is divided into 15 wards for which elections are held every five years. The Bhatgaon Nagar Panchayat has population of 11,204 of which 5,792 are males while 5,412 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.<br /> The population of children aged 0-6 is 1423 which is 12.70% of total population of Bhatgaon (NP). In Bhatgaon Nagar Panchayat, the female sex ratio is 934 against state average of 991. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Bhatgaon is around 1024 compared to Chhattisgarh state average of 969. The literacy rate of Bhatgaon town is 78.91% higher than the state average of 70.28%. In Bhatgaon, male literacy is around 85.62% while the female literacy rate is 71.63%.<br /> <br /> Bhatgaon Nagar Panchayat has total administration over 2,403 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Nagar Panchayat limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.<br /> <br /> Bhatgaon has both government and private schools, using both Hindi and English as teaching languages.<br /> <br /> * Saraswati Sishu Mandir<br /> * Government Boys Higher Secondary School<br /> * D.A.V Public School<br /> * St. Charles HS School <br /> * Government Girls Higher Secondary School<br /> * City Public School <br /> * Shalom Mission School<br /> * A.D Jubilee Memorial School<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Surajpur district}}<br /> <br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Surajpur district]]<br /> <br /> {{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_Sunrisers_Hyderabad_season&diff=482769 2025-10-30T02:15:45Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: Stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket club season<br /> | club = Sunrisers Hyderabad<br /> | image =<br /> | alt = <br /> | season = [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]<br /> | coach = [[Trevor Bayliss]]<br /> | captain = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]<br /> | ground = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]<br /> | comp1 = [[2020 Indian Premier League|IPL]]<br /> | comp1 result = Playoffs (3rd)<br /> | prevseason = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2019|2019]]<br /> | nextseason = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2021|2021]]<br /> | most runs = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (548)<br /> | most wickets = [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] (20)<br /> | most catches = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (12)<br /> | most dismissals = [[Jonny Bairstow]] (8)<br /> }}<br /> [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (often abbreviated as SRH) are a franchise cricket team based in [[Hyderabad]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams to compete in the [[2020 Indian Premier League]], which was their eighth outing in IPL tournaments. The team was captained by [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] and coached by [[Trevor Bayliss]] with [[Brad Haddin]] as assistant coach, [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] as bowling coach and [[VVS Laxman]] as mentor.&lt;ref name=&quot;warnercaptain&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=newcoach/&gt;<br /> <br /> They began their season by losing their opening fixture on 21 September, and went on to become the last team to qualify for the play-offs by defeating [[Mumbai Indians]] on 3 November.&lt;ref name=iplt20R14/&gt; They beat the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the Eliminator but lost to the [[Delhi Capitals]] in the Qualifier 2 by 17 runs to finish the season in third place.&lt;ref name=iplt20E/&gt;&lt;ref name=iplt20Q2&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Match Report: Qualifier 2 - DC vs SRH|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/227461/dream11-ipl-2020-qualifier-2-dc-vs-srh-match-report|access-date=14 November 2020|date=8 November 2020|publisher=IPLT20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{TOC Limit}}<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] was reinstated as the captain of the Sunrisers replacing [[Kane Williamson]] on 27 February 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;warnercaptain&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet|title=Announcement #OrangeArmy, our captain for #IPL2020|number=1232902640222310400|date=27 February 2020|user=SunRisers|accessdate=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) released the fixture details on 18 February 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://iplplatform-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/IPL/document/2020/02/18/d52e585f-b700-4b73-8872-8da6ccff8517/2020-IPL-SCHEDULE.pdf|title=BCCI ANNOUNCES SCHEDULE FOR VIVO IPL 2020|publisher=IPLT20|accessdate=28 March 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222061329/https://iplplatform-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/IPL/document/2020/02/18/d52e585f-b700-4b73-8872-8da6ccff8517/2020-IPL-SCHEDULE.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The league stage was scheduled to start on 29 March 2020, with the opening match between [[Mumbai Indians]] and [[Chennai Super Kings]], the two finalist of the previous season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28708046/mumbai-indians-host-csk-ipl-2020-opener-march-29|title=Mumbai Indians to host CSK in IPL 2020 opener on March 29|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=14 February 2020|accessdate=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 13 March 2020, the BCCI postponed the tournament until 15 April, in view of the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28895902/start-ipl-2020-postponed-april-15|title=Coronavirus threat: IPL 2020 deferred until April 15|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=13 March 2020|accessdate=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 April 2020, the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] said that the lockdown in India would last until at least 3 May 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-52277096 |title=PM Narendra Modi says India will extend coronavirus lockdown until 3 May |work=BBC News |date=14 April 2020|accessdate=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the tournament postponed further.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/52280772 |title=Indian Premier League 2020 set to be further delayed after lockdown extended |work=BBC Sport |date=14 April 2020|accessdate=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following day, the BCCI suspended the tournament indefinitely due to the pandemic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29034887/bcci-set-defer-ipl-indefinitely-india-lockdown|title=With India in lockdown, IPL 2020 suspended indefinitely|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 April 2020|accessdate=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 17 May 2020, the Indian government relaxed nation-wide restrictions on sports events, allowing events to take place behind closed doors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29186899/india-allow-sport-closed-doors-bcci-cautious-ipl-2020|title=India to allow sport behind closed doors; BCCI still cautious on IPL 2020|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 May 2020|accessdate=23 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 May, Indian sports minister [[Kiren Rijiju]] stated that the decision on whether or not to allow the tournament to be conducted in 2020 will be made by the Indian government based on &quot;the situation of the pandemic&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Indian government to decide the fate of IPL season, says Sports Minister Kiren Rijiju|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/indian-govt-to-decide-fate-of-ipl-not-the-bcci-sports-minister/articleshow/75938735.cms|accessdate=30 May 2020|website=The Times of India|agency=Reuters|date=24 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2 August 2020, it was announced that the tournament would be played between 19 September and 10 November 2020 in the United Arab Emirates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/206387/ipl-2020-to-be-played-from-19th-september-to-10th-november-2020|title=IPL 2020 TO BE PLAYED FROM 19TH SEPTEMBER TO 10TH NOVEMBER 2020|publisher=IPLT20|accessdate=16 August 2020|date=2 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 10 August 2020, the Indian government gave its permission for the tournament to take place in the UAE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29632558/ipl-2020-bcci-gets-government-go-ahead-conduct-tournament-uae |title=IPL 2020: BCCI gets government go-ahead to conduct tournament in UAE |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=16 August 2020|date=10 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The schedule for the league stage of this season were released on 6 September with the Sunrisers Hyderabad playing their first match against the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] on 21 September in a home game at [[Dubai]].&lt;ref name=iplfixturesannouncement/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Player acquisition==<br /> {{main|List of 2020 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}<br /> In October 2019, ICC banned [[Shakib Al Hasan]] for two years after breaching the ICC's Anti-Corruption Code and hence was subsequently released from the squad by the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] on 15 November 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;shakib-ban&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;retained&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Sunrisers Hyderabad retained 18 players and released five players as they announced their retention list on 15 November 2019 ahead of the auction.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|title=Attention #OrangeArmy Here are the Risers RETAINED for #IPL2020|number=1195302777980903424|accessdate=15 November 2019|user=SunRisers|date=15 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;retained&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=|first=|title=KKR release Chris Lynn, Robin Uthappa; RCB let go of several overseas names|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28085381/kkr-release-chris-lynn-robin-uthappa-rcb-let-go-several-overseas-names|access-date=15 November 2019|date=15 November 2019|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; They entered into the auction with the remaining salary cap of {{INRConvert|17|c}} to fill seven available slots, of which two are for the overseas players.<br /> <br /> ;Retained players: [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]], [[Basil Thampi]], [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]], [[Billy Stanlake]], [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Jonny Bairstow]], [[Kane Williamson]], [[Manish Pandey]], [[Mohammad Nabi]], [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]], [[Sandeep Sharma]], [[Shahbaz Nadeem]], [[Shreevats Goswami]], [[Siddarth Kaul]], [[Khaleel Ahmed]], [[Thangarasu Natarajan]], [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]], [[Wriddhiman Saha]]<br /> <br /> ;Released players: [[Deepak Hooda]], [[Martin Guptill]], [[Ricky Bhui]], [[Shakib Al Hasan]],{{efn|name=Shakib|In October 2019, ICC banned Shakib for two years after breaching the ICC's Anti-Corruption Code.&lt;ref name=&quot;shakib-ban&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1473892 |title=Shakib Al Hasan banned after accepting three charges under ICC Anti-Corruption Code |work=International Cricket Council |accessdate=15 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Yusuf Pathan]]<br /> <br /> ;Added players: [[Virat Singh]], [[Priyam Garg]], [[Mitchell Marsh]], [[Bavanaka Sandeep]], [[Fabian Allen]], [[Abdul Samad (Indian cricketer)|Abdul Samad]], [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]]<br /> <br /> ;Replacement players: [[Jason Holder]],&lt;ref name=&quot;holder&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet|title=Official statement Mitchell Marsh has been ruled out due to injury. We wish him a speedy recovery. Jason Holder will replace him for #Dream11IPL 2020 .|number=1308715299680608257|accessdate=23 September 2020|user=SunRisers|date=23 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Prithvi Raj (cricketer)|Prithvi Raj]]&lt;ref name=&quot;prithvi&quot;&gt;{{cite tweet|title=Update. Bhuvneshwar Kumar is ruled out of #Dream11IPL 2020 due to injury. We wish him a speedy recovery! Prithvi Raj Yarra will replace Bhuvi for the remainder of the season.|number=1313402952346865665|accessdate=6 October 2020|user=SunRisers|date=6 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Squad ==<br /> * Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.<br /> * '''Signed Year''' denotes year from which player is continuously associated with Sunrisers Hyderabad<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! No.<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Nationality<br /> ! Birth date<br /> ! Batting style<br /> ! Bowling style<br /> ! Year signed<br /> ! Salary<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;&quot;| Batsmen<br /> |-<br /> | 8|| [[Virat Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1997|12|08|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg break]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2020 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|1.9|c|lk=on}} || <br /> |-<br /> |11|| [[Priyam Garg]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|2000|11|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2020 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|1.9|c}} || <br /> |-<br /> |21|| '''[[Manish Pandey]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1989|09|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin|off break]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|11|c}} || <br /> |-<br /> |22|| '''[[Kane Williamson]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1990|08|08|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm off break || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2015 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|3|c}} || Overseas<br /> |-<br /> |31|| '''[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1986|10|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm leg break || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|12|c}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]; Overseas<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;&quot;| All-rounders<br /> |-<br /> | 1|| [[Abdul Samad (Indian cricketer)|Abdul Samad]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|2001|10|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm leg break || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2020 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||<br /> |-<br /> | 4|| [[Abhishek Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|2000|09|04|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin]] || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|55|l|lk=on}} ||<br /> |- <br /> | 5|| '''[[Mitchell Marsh]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1991|10|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2020 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|2|c}} || Overseas. Ruled out due to ankle injury.&lt;ref name=&quot;holder&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |7|| '''[[Mohammad Nabi]]''' || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1985|1|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm off break || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|1|c}} || Overseas<br /> |- <br /> |59|| '''[[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1991|01|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|3.2|c}} ||<br /> |-<br /> |97|| '''[[Fabian Allen]]''' || {{cr|JAM}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1995|05|07|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm orthodox spin || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2020 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas<br /> |-<br /> |98|| '''[[Jason Holder]]''' || {{cr|BAR}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1991|11|05|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2020 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|75|l}} || Overseas. Replacement for Marsh.&lt;ref name=&quot;holder&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |3|| [[Bavanaka Sandeep]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1992|04|25|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm orthodox spin || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2020 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||<br /> |-<br /> |24|| [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1995|05|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm orthodox spin || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2020 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;&quot;| Wicket-keepers<br /> |-<br /> |36|| [[Shreevats Goswami]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1989|05|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|1|c}} || <br /> |- <br /> |6|| '''[[Wriddhiman Saha]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1984|10|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|1.2|c}} || Ruled out due to injury<br /> |-<br /> |51|| '''[[Jonny Bairstow]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1989|09|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2019 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|2.2|c}} || Overseas <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;&quot;| Bowlers<br /> |-<br /> |8|| '''[[Shahbaz Nadeem]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1989|08|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm orthodox spin || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|3.2|c}} ||<br /> |-<br /> |9|| '''[[Siddarth Kaul]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1990|5|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2016 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|3.8|c}} ||<br /> |- <br /> |15|| '''[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1990|2|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2014 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|8.5|c}} || Ruled out due to thigh injury.&lt;ref name=&quot;prithvi&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |19|| '''[[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]]''' || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1998|09|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm leg break || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2017 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|9|c}} || Overseas<br /> |-<br /> |27|| '''[[Khaleel Ahmed]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1997|12|05|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm medium-fast || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|3|c}} ||<br /> |-<br /> |30|| [[Basil Thampi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1993|09|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|95|l}} ||<br /> |-<br /> |37|| '''[[Billy Stanlake]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1994|11|04|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas<br /> |-<br /> |44|| [[Thangarasu Natarajan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1991|5|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm medium-fast || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|40|l}} ||<br /> |-<br /> |66|| '''[[Sandeep Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1993|05|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium-fast || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2018 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|3|c}} ||<br /> |-<br /> |25|| [[Prithvi Raj (cricketer)|Prithvi Raj]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2020|09|19|1998|2|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm medium-fast || style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 2020 || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| {{INRConvert|20|l}} || Replacement for Kumar.&lt;ref name=&quot;prithvi&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {{Fb rs footer|u=6 October 2020|s=[http://www.espncricinfo.com/auction/content/site/ipl2020/ ESPNcricinfo]|date=November 2019}}<br /> <br /> ==Administration and support staff==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Position<br /> ! Name<br /> |-<br /> | Owner<br /> | [[Kalanithi Maran]] ([[Sun Network]])<br /> |-<br /> | CEO<br /> | K Shanmughan<br /> |-<br /> | Head coach<br /> | [[Trevor Bayliss]]<br /> |-<br /> | Assistant coach<br /> | [[Brad Haddin]]<br /> |-<br /> | Bowling coach<br /> | [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]<br /> |-<br /> | Fielding coach<br /> | [[Biju George]]<br /> |-<br /> | Mentor<br /> | [[V. V. S. Laxman]]<br /> |-<br /> | Physio<br /> | Theo Kapakoulakis<br /> |-<br /> | Physical trainer<br /> | [[Mario Villavarayan]]<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;11&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| &lt;small&gt;Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;newcoach&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=18 July 2019|title=Trevor Bayliss signs with Sunrisers Hyderabad as head coach|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27213530/trevor-bayliss-signs-sunisers-hyderabad-head-coach|access-date=15 November 2019|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newasstcoach&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 August 2019|title=Sunrisers Hyderabad rope in Brad Haddin as assistant coach|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27418454/sunrisers-hyderabad-rope-brad-haddin-assistant-coach|access-date=15 November 2019|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=newtrainer&gt;{{Cite web|last=Azam|first=Atif|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/112052/bangladeshs-snc-coach-joins-sunrisers-hyderabad-ipl-2020%7D|title=Bangladesh's S&amp;C coach resigns to sign with Sunrisers Hyderabad|publisher=Cricbuzz|date=30 January 2020|access-date=30 January 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=fieldingcoach&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chandran|first=Praveen|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl-2020-sunrisers-hyderabad-biju-george-bcci-fielding-covid-19-lockdown/article31368625.ece|title=SRH fielding coach Biju George bats for shortened IPL 2020|website=Sportstar|date=17 April 2020|access-date=27 July 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-2}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> !Kit Manufacturers<br /> !Shirt Sponsor (Chest) <br /> !Shirt Sponsor (Back) <br /> !Chest Branding<br /> |-<br /> |[[TYKA Sports]]<br /> |[[J. K. Organisation|JK Lakshmi Cement]]<br /> |Ralco Tyres<br /> |[[Valvoline]]<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|&lt;small&gt; Source :&lt;ref name=&quot;sponsor1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Solomon|title=Sunrisers Hyderabad elated about filling in all sponsorship slots|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/sunrisers-hyderabad-elated-about-filling-in-all-sponsorship-slots/articleshow/77744944.cms|website=The Times of India|date=25 August 2020|accessdate=26 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {{col-2}}<br /> {| border-&quot;0&quot;<br /> |{{Cricket uniform<br /> | pattern_la = <br /> | pattern_b = _yellowshoulders<br /> | pattern_ra = <br /> | pattern_sh =<br /> | pattern_so =<br /> | leftarm = 000000<br /> | body = FF6600 <br /> | rightarm = 000000<br /> | pants = 000000<br /> | title = T20 uniform<br /> }}<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ==Season overview==<br /> ===League stage===<br /> ====Standings====<br /> {{2020 Indian Premier League Points table|team=SRH}}<br /> <br /> ====Results by match====<br /> {{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b<br /> |header=Round<br /> |label1= Ground<br /> | res1= [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|H]]/ [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|A]]/ [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|A]]/ [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|A]]/ [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|A]]/ H/ H/ H/ [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|H]]/ [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|A]]/ [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|A]]/ H/ [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|A]]/ [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|H]]<br /> |label2= Result<br /> | res2= [[#match1|L]]/[[#match2|L]]/[[#match3|W]]/[[#match4|W]]/[[#match5|L]]/[[#match6|W]]/[[#match7|L]]/[[#match8|L]]/[[#match9|L]]/[[#match10|W]]/[[#match11|L]]/[[#match12|W]]/[[#match13|W]]/[[#match14|W]]<br /> |label3= Position<br /> | pos3= 6/8/6/4/6/3/5/5/5/5/6/6/4/3<br /> <br /> | color_W = green2|text_W=Win<br /> | color_D = yellow2| text_D=Draw<br /> | color_L = red2|text_L=Loss<br /> | text_H = Home|text_A = Away<br /> | color_1-2=green1| color_3-4=#ffc<br /> | source = [[#Fixtures|Fixtures]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Fixtures==<br /> {{main|2020 Indian Premier League #League stage}}<br /> The schedule for the league stage of this season were released on 6 September with the Sunrisers Hyderabad playing their first match against the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] on 21 September in a home game at [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|Dubai]].&lt;ref name=iplfixturesannouncement&gt;{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Mumbai Indians to open IPL title defence against Chennai Super Kings in Abu Dhabi|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29823228/ipl-2020-mumbai-indians-open-title-defence-chennai-super-kings-abu-dhabi|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=6 September 2020|accessdate=6 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ===League stage===<br /> {{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).}}<br /> {{hatnote|Subtract 1.5 hours from the [[UAE Standard Time]] ([[UTC+4]]) for these matches.}}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible <br /> | date = {{anchor|match1}} 21 September <br /> | time = 19:30 | daynight = yes <br /> | team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] <br /> | team2 = Sunrisers Hyderabad{{sp}}(H)<br /> | score1 = 163/5 (20 overs)<br /> | score2 = 153/10 (19.4 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] 56 (42)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]] 1/14 (1.2 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Jonny Bairstow]] 61 (43)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 3/18 (4 overs)<br /> | venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]<br /> | toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | motm = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)<br /> | umpires = [[Anil Dandekar]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216534 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 10 runs<br /> | notes = <br /> | bg = L<br /> | stack = yes<br /> | round = Match 1<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible <br /> | date = {{anchor|match2}} 26 September <br /> | time = 19:30 <br /> | daynight = yes <br /> | team1 = Sunrisers Hyderabad<br /> | team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]{{sp}}(H)<br /> | score1 = 142/4 (20 overs)<br /> | score2 = 145/3 (18 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Manish Pandey]] 51 (38)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Andre Russell]] 1/16 (2 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 70[[not out|*]] (62)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] 1/25 (4 overs)<br /> | venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]<br /> | toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)<br /> | umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216545 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 7 wickets<br /> | bg = L<br /> | stack = yes<br /> | round = Match 2<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible <br /> | date = {{anchor|match3}} 29 September<br /> | time = 19:30 <br /> | daynight = yes <br /> | team1 = Sunrisers Hyderabad <br /> | team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]] {{sp}}(H)<br /> | score1 = 162/4 (20 overs)<br /> | score2 = 147/7 (20 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Jonny Bairstow]] 53 (48)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 2/21 (4 overs) <br /> | runs2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 34 (31)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] 3/14 (4 overs)<br /> | venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]<br /> | toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | motm = [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)<br /> | umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216532 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 15 runs<br /> | notes = <br /> | bg = W<br /> | stack = yes<br /> | round = Match 3<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible <br /> | date = {{anchor|match4}} 2 October<br /> | time = 19:30 <br /> | daynight = yes <br /> | team1 = Sunrisers Hyderabad <br /> | team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]{{sp}}(H)<br /> | score1 = 164/5 (20 overs)<br /> | score2 = 157/5 (20 overs) <br /> | runs1 = [[Priyam Garg]] 51[[not out|*]] (26)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Deepak Chahar]] 2/31 (4 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 50 (35)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Thangarasu Natarajan]] 2/43 (4 overs)<br /> | venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]<br /> | toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | motm = [[Priyam Garg]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)<br /> | umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216516 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 7 runs<br /> | notes = <br /> | bg = W<br /> | stack = yes<br /> | round = Match 4<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible <br /> | date = {{anchor|match5}} 4 October<br /> | time = 15:30 <br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Mumbai Indians]]<br /> | team2 = Sunrisers Hyderabad<br /> | score1 = 208/5 (20 overs)<br /> | score2 = 174/7 (20 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 67 (39)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Sandeep Sharma]] 2/41 (4 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 60 (44)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 2/28 (4 overs)<br /> | venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]<br /> | toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | motm = [[Trent Boult]] (Mumbai Indians)<br /> | umpires = [[K.N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216538 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Mumbai Indians won by 34 runs<br /> | notes = <br /> | bg = L<br /> | stack = yes<br /> | round = Match 5<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible <br /> | date = {{anchor|match6}} 8 October <br /> | time = 19:30 <br /> | daynight = yes <br /> | team1 = (H){{sp}}Sunrisers Hyderabad<br /> | team2 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]<br /> | score1 = 201/6 (20 overs)<br /> | score2 = 132 (16.5 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Jonny Bairstow]] 97 (55)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 3/29 (3 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Nicholas Pooran]] 77 (37)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] 3/12 (4 overs)<br /> | venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]<br /> | toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | motm = [[Jonny Bairstow]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)<br /> | umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216542 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 69 runs<br /> | notes = <br /> | bg = W<br /> | stack = yes<br /> | round = Match 6<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible <br /> | date = {{anchor|match7}} 11 October<br /> | time = 15:30 <br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = (H){{sp}}Sunrisers Hyderabad<br /> | team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br /> | score1 = 158/4 (20 overs)<br /> | score2 = 163/5 (19.5 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Manish Pandey]] 54 (44)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Jofra Archer]] 1/25 (4 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 48[[not out|*]] (28)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] 2/25 (4 overs)<br /> | venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]<br /> | toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | motm = [[Rahul Tewatia]] (Rajasthan Royals)<br /> | umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (IND) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (AUS)<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216507 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Rajasthan Royals won by 5 wickets<br /> | notes = <br /> | bg = L<br /> | stack = yes<br /> | round = Match 7<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible <br /> | date = {{anchor|match8}} 13 October<br /> | time = 19:30 <br /> | daynight = yes <br /> | team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]<br /> | team2 = Sunrisers Hyderabad{{sp}}(H)<br /> | score1 = 167/6 (20 overs)<br /> | score2 = 147/8 (20 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Shane Watson]] 42 (38)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Sandeep Sharma]] 2/19 (4 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Kane Williamson]] 57 (39)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 2/25 (3 overs)<br /> | venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]<br /> | toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Chennai Super Kings)<br /> | umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216528 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Chennai Super Kings won by 20 runs<br /> | notes = <br /> | bg = L<br /> | stack = yes<br /> | round = Match 8<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible <br /> | date = {{anchor|match9}} 18 October<br /> | time = 15:30 <br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] <br /> | team2 = Sunrisers Hyderabad{{sp}}(H)<br /> | score1 = 163/5 (20 overs)<br /> | score2 = 163/6 (20 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 36 (37)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Thangarasu Natarajan]] 2/40 (4 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 47[[not out|*]] (33)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Lockie Ferguson]] 3/15 (4 overs)<br /> | venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Sheikh Zayed Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]<br /> | toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | motm = [[Lockie Ferguson]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)<br /> | umpires = [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind) and [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind)<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216512 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Match tied. Kolkata Knight Riders won the [[Super Over]]<br /> | notes = Super Over: Sunrisers Hyderabad 2/2 (0.3 overs), Kolkata Knight Riders 3/0 (0.3 overs)<br /> | bg = L<br /> | stack = yes<br /> | round = Match 9<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible <br /> | date = {{anchor|match10}} 22 October<br /> | time = 19:30 <br /> | daynight = yes <br /> | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Rajasthan Royals]] <br /> | team2 = Sunrisers Hyderabad<br /> | score1 = 154/6 (20 overs) <br /> | score2 = 156/2 (18.2 overs) <br /> | runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 36 (26) <br /> | wickets1 = [[Jason Holder]] 3/33 (4 overs) <br /> | runs2 = [[Manish Pandey]] 83* (47) <br /> | wickets2 = [[Jofra Archer]] 2/21 (4 overs) <br /> | venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]<br /> | toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field. <br /> | motm = [[Manish Pandey]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad) <br /> | umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus) <br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216518 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 8 wickets. <br /> | notes = <br /> | bg = W <br /> | stack = yes<br /> | round = Match 10<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible <br /> | date = {{anchor|match11}} 24 October<br /> | time = 19:30 <br /> | daynight = yes <br /> | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Kings XI Punjab]]<br /> | team2 = Sunrisers Hyderabad<br /> | score1 = 126/7 (20 overs) <br /> | score2 = 114 (19.5 overs) <br /> | runs1 = [[Nicholas Pooran]] 32* (28) <br /> | wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] 2/14 (4 overs) <br /> | runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 35 (20) <br /> | wickets2 = [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]] 3/17 (4 overs) <br /> | venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]<br /> | toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and chose to field. <br /> | motm = [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]] (Kings XI Punjab) <br /> | umpires = [[Anil Dandekar]] (Ind) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus) <br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216498 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Kings XI Punjab won by 12 runs <br /> | notes = <br /> | bg = L <br /> | stack = yes<br /> | round = Match 11<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible <br /> | date = {{anchor|match12}} 27 October <br /> | time = 19:30 <br /> | daynight = yes <br /> | team1 = (H){{sp}}Sunrisers Hyderabad<br /> | team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]<br /> | score1 = 219/2 (20 overs) <br /> | score2 = 131 (19 overs) <br /> | runs1 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 87 (45) <br /> | wickets1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 1/35 (3 overs) <br /> | runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 36 (35) <br /> | wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] 3/7 (4 overs) <br /> | venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]<br /> | toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field. <br /> | motm = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad) <br /> | umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) <br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216524 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 88 runs <br /> | notes = <br /> | bg = W <br /> | stack = yes<br /> | round = Match 12<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible <br /> | date = {{anchor|match13}} 31 October<br /> | time = 19:30 <br /> | daynight = yes <br /> | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]<br /> | team2 = Sunrisers Hyderabad<br /> | score1 = 120/7(20 over)<br /> | score2 = 121/5(14.1 over)<br /> | runs1 = [[Josh Philippe]] 32 (31)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Sandeep Sharma]] 2/20 (4 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 39 (32)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 2/19(3.1 over)<br /> | venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]<br /> | toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field<br /> | motm = [[Sandeep Sharma]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)<br /> | umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind), [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]] (Ind),<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216502 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 5 wickets<br /> | notes = <br /> | bg = W<br /> | stack = yes<br /> | round = Match 13<br /> }}<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible <br /> | date = {{anchor|match14}} 3 November<br /> | time = 19:30 <br /> | daynight = yes <br /> | team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]<br /> | team2 = Sunrisers Hyderabad{{sp}}(H)<br /> | score1 = 149/8 (20 overs) <br /> | score2 = 151/0 (17.1 Overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Kieron Pollard]] 41 (25)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Sandeep Sharma]] 3/34 (4 Overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 85*(58)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] 0/22 (4 Overs)<br /> | venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]<br /> | toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field. <br /> | motm = [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad) <br /> | umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (Ind) <br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1216495 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 10 wickets<br /> | notes = Sunrisers Hyderabad qualified for the playoffs for the fifth consecutive time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/ipl-2020-kolkata-knight-riders-eliminated-from-race-to-playoffs-after-srh-s-win-against-mi-662178|title=Kolkata Knight Riders eliminated from race to play-offs after SRH's win against MI|work=India TV News|date=3 November 2020|accessdate=3 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | bg = W<br /> | stack = yes<br /> | round = Match 14<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Playoff stage===<br /> {{main|2020 Indian Premier League #Playoffs}}<br /> <br /> ====Eliminator====<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible<br /> | date = {{anchor|match15}} 6 November<br /> | time = 19:30<br /> | daynight = D/N<br /> | team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]<br /> | team2 = Sunrisers Hyderabad<br /> | score1 = 131/7 (20 Overs)<br /> | score2 = 132/4 (19.4 overs) <br /> | runs1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 56(43)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Jason Holder]] 3/25 (4 Overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Kane Williamson]] 50(44) <br /> | wickets2 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 2/28 (4 Overs) <br /> | venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]<br /> | toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | motm = [[Kane Williamson]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad) <br /> | umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)<br /> | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1237178 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 6 wickets <br /> | notes = <br /> | bg = W <br /> | stack = yes<br /> | rain = <br /> | round = Eliminator<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ====Qualifier 2====<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match collapsible<br /> | date = {{anchor|match16}} 8 November<br /> | time = 19:30<br /> | daynight = D/N <br /> | team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]<br /> | team2 = Sunrisers Hyderabad<br /> | score1 = 189/3 (20 overs)<br /> | score2 = 172/8 (20 overs) <br /> | runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 78 (50)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] 1/26 (4 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Kane Williamson]] 67 (45) <br /> | wickets2 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 4/29 (4 overs) <br /> | venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]<br /> | toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)<br /> | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1237180 Scorecard]<br /> | result = Delhi Capitals won by 17 runs<br /> | motm = [[Marcus Stoinis]] (Delhi Capitals)<br /> | notes = <br /> | bg = L<br /> | stack =<br /> | rain = <br /> | round = Qualifier 2<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Statistics==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !No.<br /> !Name<br /> !{{Tooltip | Mat | Matches}}<br /> !Runs<br /> !{{Tooltip | HS | High Score}}<br /> !{{Tooltip | Ave | Batting Average}}<br /> !{{Tooltip | SR | Strike rate}}<br /> !{{Tooltip | Wkts | Wickets}}<br /> !{{Tooltip | BBI | Best Bowling in an Innings}}<br /> !{{Tooltip | Ave | Bowling Average}}<br /> !{{Tooltip | Eco | Bowling Economy}}<br /> !{{Tooltip | Ct | Catches}}<br /> !{{Tooltip | St | Stumpings}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|01|1}} || {{sortname|Abdul|Samad|Abdul Samad (Indian cricketer)}} || {{sort|12|12}} || {{sort|111|111}} || {{sort|0330|33}} || {{sort|2220|22.20}} || {{sort|17076|170.76}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{sort|159|1/41}} || {{sort|9600|96.00}} || {{sort|1371|13.71}} || {{sort|05|5}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|03|3}} || {{sortname|Shreevats|Goswami}} || {{sort|02|2}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || {{sort|00000|0.00}} || {{sort|-01|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|9999|–}} || {{sort|9999|–}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{sort|00|0}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|04|4}} || {{sortname|Abhishek|Sharma|Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{sort|071|71}} || {{sort|0310|31}} || {{sort|1420|14.20}} || {{sort|12678|126.78}} || {{sort|02|2}} || {{sort|185|1/15}} || {{sort|4550|45.50}} || {{sort|0910|9.10}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|05|5}} || {{sortname|Mitchell|Marsh}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || {{sort|00000|0.00}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|9999|–}} || {{sort|0900|9.00}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|06|6}} || {{sortname|Wriddhiman|Saha}} || {{sort|04|4}} || {{sort|214|214}} || {{sort|0870|87}} || {{sort|7133|71.33}} || {{sort|13986|139.86}} || {{sort|-01|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|9999|–}} || {{sort|9999|–}} || {{sort|02|2}} || {{sort|01|1}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|07|7}} || {{sortname|Mohammad|Nabi}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|0111|11[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|13750|137.50}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|9999|–}} || {{sort|0575|5.75}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|08|8}} || {{sortname|Shahbaz|Nadeem}} || {{sort|07|7}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{sort|0700|7.00}} || {{sort|08750|87.50}} || {{sort|05|5}} || {{sort|281|2/19}} || {{sort|3560|35.60}} || {{sort|0809|8.09}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|09|9}} || {{sortname|Siddarth|Kaul}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-00001|–}} || {{sort|02|2}} || {{sort|236|2/64}} || {{sort|3200|32.00}} || {{sort|1600|16.00}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|11|11}} || {{sortname|Priyam|Garg}} || {{sort|14|14}} || {{sort|133|133}} || {{sort|0511|51[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|1477|14.77}} || {{sort|11981|119.81}} || {{sort|-01|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|9999|–}} || {{sort|9999|–}} || {{sort|06|6}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|15|15}} || {{sortname|Bhuvneshwar|Kumar}} || {{sort|04|4}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || {{sort|00000|0.00}} || {{sort|03|3}} || {{sort|275|2/25}} || {{sort|3300|33.00}} || {{sort|0698|6.98}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|19|19}} || {{sortname|Rashid|Khan|Rashid Khan (cricketer)}} || {{sort|16|16}} || {{sort|035|35}} || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{sort|0875|8.75}} || {{sort|11666|116.66}} || {{sort|20|20}} || {{sort|393|3/7}} || {{sort|1720|17.20}} || {{sort|0537|5.37}} || {{sort|03|3}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|21|21}} || {{sortname|Manish|Pandey}} || {{sort|16|16}} || {{sort|425|425}} || {{sort|0831|83[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|3269|32.69}} || {{sort|12762|127.62}} || {{sort|-01|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|9999|–}} || {{sort|9999|–}} || {{sort|07|7}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|22|22}} || {{sortname|Kane|Williamson}} || {{sort|12|12}} || {{sort|317|317}} || {{sort|0670|67}} || {{sort|4528|45.28}} || {{sort|13375|133.75}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|9999|–}} || {{sort|1200|12.00}} || {{sort|06|6}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|27|27}} || {{sortname|Khaleel|Ahmed}} || {{sort|07|7}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || {{sort|00000|0.00}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{sort|276|2/24}} || {{sort|3025|30.25}} || {{sort|0942|9.42}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|30|30}} || {{sortname|Basil|Thampi}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-00001|–}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{sort|164|1/46}} || {{sort|4600|46.00}} || {{sort|1150|11.50}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|31|31}} || {{sortname|David|Warner|David Warner (cricketer)}} || {{sort|16|16}} || {{sort|548|548}} || {{sort|0851|85[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|3914|39.14}} || {{sort|13464|134.64}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|9999|–}} || {{sort|1200|12.00}} || {{sort|12|12}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|44|44}} || {{sortname|Thangarasu|Natarajan}} || {{sort|16|16}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|0031|3[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|06000|60.00}} || {{sort|16|16}} || {{sort|276|2/24}} || {{sort|3150|31.50}} || {{sort|0802|8.02}} || {{sort|03|3}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|51|51}} || {{sortname|Jonny|Bairstow}} || {{sort|11|11}} || {{sort|345|345}} || {{sort|0970|97}} || {{sort|3136|31.36}} || {{sort|12683|126.83}} || {{sort|-01|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|9999|–}} || {{sort|9999|–}} || {{sort|07|7}} || {{sort|01|1}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|59|59}} || {{sortname|Vijay|Shankar|Vijay Shankar (cricketer)}} || {{sort|07|7}} || {{sort|097|97}} || {{sort|0521|52[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|2425|24.25}} || {{sort|10104|101.04}} || {{sort|04|4}} || {{sort|189|1/11}} || {{sort|2050|20.50}} || {{sort|0622|6.22}} || {{sort|01|1}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|66|66}} || {{sortname|Sandeep|Sharma}} || {{sort|13|13}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || {{sort|08000|80.00}} || {{sort|14|14}} || {{sort|366|3/34}} || {{sort|2671|26.71}} || {{sort|0719|7.19}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{sort|98|98}} || {{sortname|Jason|Holder}} || {{sort|07|7}} || {{sort|066|66}} || {{sort|0261|26[[not out|*]]}} || {{sort|3300|33.00}} || {{sort|12452|124.52}} || {{sort|14|14}} || {{sort|375|3/25}} || {{sort|1664|16.64}} || {{sort|0832|8.32}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-01|–}}<br /> |}<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;&gt;[https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=13533;team=5143;type=tournament IPL Statistics Full Table on ESPNcricinfo]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and achievements==<br /> ===Awards===<br /> ;Man of the Match<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !No.<br /> !Date<br /> !Player<br /> !Opponent<br /> !Venue<br /> !Result<br /> !Contribution<br /> !Ref.<br /> |- <br /> | [[#match3|1]] || {{dts|29 September 2020|format=dmy}} || [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] || [[Delhi Capitals]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Abu Dhabi]] || Won by 15 runs || 3/14 (4 overs) || &lt;ref name=iplt20R3&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/210277/dream11-ipl-2020-match-11-dc-vs-srh-match-report|title=Match Report: M11 - DC vs SRH|publisher=IPLT20|date=29 September 2020|access-date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | [[#match4|2]] || {{dts|02 October 2020|format=dmy}} || [[Priyam Garg]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|Dubai]] || Won by 7 runs || 51[[not out|*]] (26) || &lt;ref name=iplt20R4&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/211466/dream11-ipl-2020-match-14-csk-vs-srh-match-report|title=Match Report: M14 - CSK vs SRH|publisher=IPLT20|date=2 October 2020|access-date=2 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | [[#match6|3]] || {{dts|08 October 2020|format=dmy}} || [[Jonny Bairstow]] || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || Dubai || Won by 69 runs || 97 (55) || &lt;ref name=iplt20R6&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/214387/dream11-ipl-2020-match-22-srh-vs-kxip-match-report|title=Match Report: M22 - SRH vs KXIP|publisher=IPLT20|date=8 October 2020|access-date=8 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[#match10|4]] || {{dts|22 October 2020|format=dmy}} || [[Manish Pandey]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || Dubai || Won by 8 wickets || 83* (47) || &lt;ref name=iplt20R10&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/220601/dream11-ipl-2020-match-40-rr-vs-srh-match-report|title=Match Report: M40 - RR vs SRH|publisher=IPLT20|date=22 October 2020|access-date=22 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[#match12|5]] || {{dts|27 October 2020|format=dmy}} || [[Wriddhiman Saha]] || Delhi Capitals || Dubai || Won by 88 runs || 87 (45) || &lt;ref name=iplt20R12&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Match Report: M47 - SRH vs DC|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/222823/dream11-ipl-2020-match-47-srh-vs-dc-match-report|access-date=27 October 2020|date=27 October 2020|publisher=IPLT20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[#match13|6]] || {{dts|31 October 2020|format=dmy}} || [[Sandeep Sharma]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah]] || Won by 5 wickets || 2/20 (4 overs) || &lt;ref name=iplt20R13&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Match Report: M52 - RCB vs SRH|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/224431/dream11-ipl-2020-match-52-rcb-vs-srh-match-report|access-date=31 October 2020|date=31 October 2020|publisher=IPLT20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[#match14|7]] || {{dts|3 November 2020|format=dmy}} || [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || Sharjah || Won by 10 wickets || 2/19 (4 overs) || &lt;ref name=iplt20R14&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Match Report: M56 - SRH vs MI|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/225632/dream11-ipl-2020-match-56-srh-vs-mi-match-report|access-date=3 November 2020|date=3 November 2020|publisher=IPLT20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[#match15|8]] || {{dts|6 November 2020|format=dmy}} || [[Kane Williamson]] || Royal Challengers Bangalore || Abu Dhabi || Won by 6 wickets || 50* (44) || &lt;ref name=iplt20E&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Match Report: Eliminator - SRH vs RCB|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/226827/dream11-ipl-2020-eliminator-srh-vs-rcb-match-report|access-date=6 November 2020|date=6 November 2020|publisher=IPLT20|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Achievements===<br /> * Most [[Glossary of cricket terms#dot ball|dot balls]] bowled in an innings in the [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 IPL]] : Rashid Khan (17)&lt;ref name=iplt20mostdotballsinnings&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2020/most-dot-balls-innings|title=Most Dot balls bowled in an innings in IPL 2020|publisher=IPLT20|date=10 November 2020|access-date=11 November 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Best [[Economy rate|bowling economy]] in the 2020 IPL : Rashid Khan (5.37)&lt;ref name=iplt20besteconomy&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2020/best-bowling-economy|title=Best Bowling Economy in IPL 2020|publisher=IPLT20|date=10 November 2020|access-date=11 November 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Best bowling economy in an innings in the 2020 IPL : Rashid Khan (1.75)&lt;ref name=iplt20besteconomyinnings&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2020/best-bowling-economy-innings|title=Best Bowling Economy in an innings in IPL 2020|publisher=IPLT20|date=10 November 2020|access-date=11 November 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reaction==<br /> The Sunrisers captain [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] said he was proud on the team making it to playoffs despite missing key players to injuries and also heaped praise on left-arm quick [[T. Natarajan]] who bowled more yorkers than anyone in this tournament. He said, “Natarajan has been waiting in the wings. So to get a chance, to have an IPL the way he has is outstanding.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30279695/dc-vs-srh-ipl-2020-david-warner-says-win-tournaments-keep-dropping-catches|title=David Warner: 'Can't win tournaments if you keep dropping catches'|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 November 2020|date=8 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]] was featured in both [[Cricbuzz]] and [[Sky Sports]] team of the tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/114867/cricbuzz-team-of-the-tournament|title=IPL 2020: Cricbuzz Team of the Tournament|publisher=Cricbuzz|access-date=11 November 2020|date=11 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Nasser|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12080/12129980/jasprit-bumrah-and-jofra-archer-make-nasser-hussains-ipl-team-of-the-tournament|title=Jasprit Bumrah and Jofra Archer make Nasser Hussain's IPL Team of the Tournament|website=Sky Sports|access-date=11 November 2020|date=11 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[COVID-19 pandemic|ongoing pandemic]] impacted the brand value of IPL which saw a drop of 22% to an estimated value of {{USD}}4.4billion post [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 season]]. The Sunrisers also saw the decrease in their brand value by 4% to {{USD}}57.4million in 2020, according to Brand Finance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Farooqui|first=Maryam|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/sports-trends/covid-19-impact-ipl-2020-sees-over-20-drop-in-brand-value-6213441.html|title=COVID-19 impact: IPL 2020 sees over 20% drop in brand value|date=11 December 2020|work=Money Control|accessdate=3 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> ===Footnotes===<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> {{Reflist|20em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.sunrisershyderabad.in Sunrisers Hyderabad official website]<br /> <br /> {{2020 Indian Premier League}}<br /> {{Sunrisers Hyderabad}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2020 Indian Premier League]]<br /> [[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad seasons]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ameen_Mian_Quadri&diff=485942 2025-09-18T17:48:33Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: Stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Religious leader}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox religious biography<br /> | religion = [[Islam]]<br /> | name = Prof. Syed Muhammad Ameen Mian Qadri Barkati<br /> | image = Syed Ameen Miya Quadri.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{b-da|15. August 1955}}<br /> | birth_place = Marehra<br /> | nationality = [[India]]n<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = Spiritual &amp; religious Leader of the [[Qadiriyya]] Barkatiya Silsila; Ahlus Sunnah Sufis in [[India]]<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | denomination = [[Sunni]]; [[Sufi]]<br /> | movement = [[Barelvi]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]<br /> | partner = <br /> | website = <br /> | jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Barelvi}}<br /> '''Syed Muhammad Ameen Mian Qadri''' is the [[Sajjada Nashin]] of the [[Khanquah-e-Barkaatiya|Khanqah-e-Barkatiya]] [[Marehra Shareef]] of Qadri Order, which was the sufi order followed by [[Alahazrat]] of the Indian [[Sufi]] [[Barelvi movement]] and founder of [[Jamia Al Barkaat Aligarh]] with 50,000,000 adherents.&lt;ref name=Yale&gt;[http://www.yale.edu/worldfellows/fellows/documents/500MostInfluentialMuslims.pdf The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre: &quot;The 500 Most Influential Muslims in the World&quot; - #44 Professor Sayid Ameen Mian Qaudri – Barelwi Leader and Spiritual Guide] 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919113312/http://www.yale.edu/worldfellows/fellows/documents/500MostInfluentialMuslims.pdf |date=19 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was senior professor and Chairman Department of Urdu at India's prestigious [[Aligarh Muslim University]].&lt;ref name=Yale/&gt; He has been ranked 44th in the list of 500 Most Influential Muslims of the world and only Influential Muslim from India&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=मारहरा के अमीन मियां दुनिया के 44 वें असरदार शख्स |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news//article1-story-85128.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Hindustan |language=hi |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204115336/https://www.livehindustan.com/news//article1-story-85128.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; by the Amman, Jordan-based [[Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre]] in collaboration with the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding at the [[Georgetown University]], Washington DC.&lt;ref name=Yale /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Most Influential Muslims of the World;Hazrat Ameen Mian Qaudri is among top 50 | url=https://sunninews.wordpress.com/2009/12/08/hazrat-ameen-mian-qadri-is-among-the-most-influential-muslims-of-the-world/ | work=05 September by | date=8 December 2009 | access-date=5 September 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212439/https://sunninews.wordpress.com/2009/12/08/hazrat-ameen-mian-qadri-is-among-the-most-influential-muslims-of-the-world/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Present==<br /> On 6 August 2006, the English-language daily ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', described Ameen Mian Qaudri as the main leader of the Ahle Sunnah. His [[silsila]] is known as Barkatiya which has a lineage from [[Qadiriyya|Qadiriyya silsila]] of [[Baghdad]]. It is said that his silsila has a following of around two million people in India and abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=500 Most influential Muslim|year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has presided over many large gatherings in India and abroad.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}<br /> <br /> He has worked for the educational uplift of Muslims of India, and started a chain of educational institutions in India with the prefix ''Al-Barkaat'', including Al Barkaat Institute of Management Studies and Research, Al Barkaat Public School Boys, Al Barkaat Public School Girls, Al Barkaat department of Education, Al Barkaat institute of Graduate Studies, Al Barkaat Vocational Studies college, Al Barkaat Play and Learn Centre, Jamia Ahsanul Barkaat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029231100/http://www.albarkaat.com/introduction.htm | url=http://www.albarkaat.com/introduction.htm | archivedate=29 October 2009 | title=Al-Barkkaat Institute of Education | accessdate=5 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Hanafi scholars}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Quadri, Ameen Mian}}<br /> [[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sufi religious leaders]]<br /> [[Category:Sunni Sufis]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]<br /> [[Category:People from Aligarh]]<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]<br /> [[Category:Barelvis]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Islamic studies scholars]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_JKFA_Professional_League&diff=482809 2025-09-11T01:38:02Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: Stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1st season of JKFA Professional League}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}<br /> {{infobox football league season<br /> | competition = JKFA Professional League<br /> | season = 2021<br /> | dates = 12 – 31 July<br /> | winners = [[J&amp;K Bank Football Club|J&amp;K Bank FC]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://theawayend.co/jkfa-professional-league/ JKFA Professional League 2021: table and standings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711213046/https://theawayend.co/jkfa-professional-league/ |date=11 July 2021 }} ''theawayend.co''. Retrieved 12 August 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(1st title)<br /> | matches = <br /> | matches footnote = <br /> | total goals = <br /> | league topscorer = Aakif (8 goals) &lt;br/&gt; [[J&amp;K Bank Football Club]]<br /> | best goalkeeper = <br /> | biggest home win = <br /> | biggest away win = <br /> | highest scoring = Shaheen FC 5–3 SCFA<br /> | longest wins = 6 matches&lt;br /&gt; [[J&amp;K Bank Football Club]]<br /> | longest unbeaten = 7 matches&lt;br /&gt; [[J&amp;K Bank Football Club]]<br /> | longest winless = 7 matches&lt;br /&gt; SCFA<br /> | longest losses = 5 matches&lt;br /&gt; SCFA<br /> | highest attendance = <br /> | lowest attendance = <br /> | average attendance = <br /> | attendance = <br /> | prevseason = <br /> | nextseason = 2022<br /> | updated = <br /> | extra information = <br /> | relegated = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''JKFA Professional League 2021''' is the inaugural season of the [[JKFA Professional League]], the first professional league in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is organised by Jammu and Kashmir Football Association and J&amp;K Sports Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;khelnow&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/jammu-kashmir-professional-football-league-2021-fixtures-results-standings|title=Jammu Kashmir Professional Football League 2021: Fixtures, results, standings &amp; more|access-date=17 July 2021|publisher=Khel Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The inaugural season kicked off on July 12, with 8 teams competing for the maiden title and qualification for the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]].&lt;ref name=&quot;greaterkashmir&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/jkfa-set-to-launch-first-pro-football-league-of-jk|title=JKFA set to launch first Pro Football league of J&amp;K|access-date=17 July 2021|website=Grater Kashmir}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 8 teams will play once against each other in a round-robin format. The Top 2 clubs will be nominated for [[2020–21 I-League 2nd Division|I-League 2nd Division]].&lt;ref name=&quot;theawayend.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theawayend.co/jkfa-professional-league/|title=JKFA Professional League|access-date=17 July 2021|website=theawayend.co|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711213046/https://theawayend.co/jkfa-professional-league/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Teams==<br /> A total of 8 teams participated in the league.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Club<br /> !City/Town<br /> !Head Coach<br /> !Kit sponsors<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Downtown Heroes FC]] <br /> |[[Downtown Srinagar]]<br /> |Idris Lone<br /> |<br /> |- <br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Hyderya Sports FC]]<br /> |[[Srinagar]]<br /> |Zahoor Ahmed Teli<br /> |Fast Beetle<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[J&amp;K Bank Football Club|J&amp;K Bank FC]]<br /> |[[Srinagar]]<br /> |<br /> |None<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|J&amp;K Sports Council Football Academy (SCFA)<br /> |[[Srinagar]]<br /> |[[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]]<br /> |None<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Kashmir Avengers FC]]<br /> |[[Srinagar]]<br /> |Sheikh Rizwan<br /> |Aqua Group<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Lonestar Kashmir FC]]<br /> |[[Srinagar]]<br /> |<br /> |None<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir FC Reserves]]<br /> |[[Srinagar]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Shaheen FC<br /> |[[Jammu]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Foreign Players ===<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> !Team<br /> !Player 1<br /> !Player 2<br /> !Asian Visa<br /> |-<br /> |[[Downtown Heroes FC]] <br /> |{{flagicon|GHA}} Kwesi Sessy<br /> |{{flagicon|}}<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hyderya Sports FC]] <br /> |{{flagicon|CIV}} Dechanel Gnoanrou<br /> |<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> |[[J&amp;K Bank Football Club|J&amp;K Bank FC]]<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> |J&amp;K Sports Council Football Academy (SCFA)<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kashmir Avengers FC]]<br /> |{{flagicon|LBR}} Kelvin Kollie<br /> |<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> |[[Lonestar Kashmir FC]]<br /> | {{flagicon|PAN}} Rogelio Juarez<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> |[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir FC Reserves]]<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> | -<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shaheen FC]] <br /> |{{flagicon|CMR}} Mac Donald<br /> |<br /> | -<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Standings==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !<br /> !width=&quot;175&quot;|Team!!width=&quot;20&quot;|Pld!!width=&quot;20&quot;|W!!width=&quot;20&quot;|D!!width=&quot;20&quot;|L!!width=&quot;20&quot;|GF!!width=&quot;20&quot;|GA!!width=&quot;20&quot;|GD!!width=&quot;20&quot;|Pts<br /> !<br /> |- bgcolor=#ccffcc<br /> |1<br /> |align=left|'''[[J&amp;K Bank Football Club|J&amp;K Bank]]'''<br /> |7||6||1||0||16||3||+10||'''19'''<br /> |'''Champions''' and<br /> Qualification to [[2020–21 I-League 2nd Division|I-League 2nd Division]] (provisionally)<br /> |-<br /> |- <br /> |2<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Hyderya Sports FC]] <br /> |7||4||1||2||13||9||+8||'''13'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Downtown Heroes FC]] <br /> |7||3||2||2||7||4||+3||'''11'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir FC reserves]]<br /> |7||3||1||3||14||9||+5||'''10'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Kashmir Avengers FC]]<br /> |7||3||1||3|| 5 |12||8||+4<br /> |'''10'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Lonestar Kashmir FC]]<br /> |7||3||1||3||10||9||+1||'''10'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |Shaheen FC<br /> |7||2||0||5||8||16||-8||'''6'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |SCFA<br /> |7||0||1||6||5||27||-22||'''1'''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{2021–22 in Indian football}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Football in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:2021–22 in Indian football leagues|3]]<br /> [[Category:2021–22 in Indian football]]<br /> <br /> {{India-footy-competition-stub}}</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murder_of_Clement_De_La_Haye&diff=519170 2025-08-22T14:18:32Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: new first details with sources...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1919 unsolved murder in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Clement De La Haye<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = 15 October 1919<br /> | death_place = [[Madras]], [[British India]] (present-day Chennai, India)<br /> | death_cause = Ballistic trauma<br /> | body_discovered = <br /> | education = <br /> | occupation = Principal of Newington House college<br /> | spouse = <br /> | parents = <br /> | partner = <br /> | known_for = Victim of an unsolved murder<br /> }}<br /> On the night of 15 October 1919, '''Clement De La Haye''', the principal of Newington House, a college in [[Madras]] (now known as Chennai), India was murdered. It led to a highly sensationalized trial known as the '''De La Haye murder case''' or '''Madras murder case'''. No one was convicted and the case remains unsolved.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/unsolved-murder-283481-2015-07-20|title=List of unsolved murder mysteries in India|date=July 20, 2015|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Events ==<br /> On the night of 15 October 1919, De La Haye, the principal of Newington House was shot dead in his bed. The Newington House was a school of the Court of Wards which attended to the educational requirements of minor princes of the various [[Princely state|princely states]] of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. By an order of the [[Government of India]] under section 27 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the case was transferred from the [[Madras High Court]] to the [[Bombay High Court]]. Various motives were assigned to the murder. However, in the end, the main accused was acquitted. The case remains unsolved to this day.<br /> <br /> == Suspects ==<br /> Various motives have been assigned to the murder. According to eyewitnesses, the boys at the house were frequently offended by De La Haye's racist remarks as he often addressed them as &quot;barbarous Tamilians&quot;. There were also rumours that some of the boys in the college were seduced by De La Haye's wife.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Musings during Madras week|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2012/musings-during-madras-week.html|work=[[Madras Musings]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As the trial progressed, one of the conspirators, the heir to [[Singampatti estate]] turned approved. He gave a detailed description of the events of the night.<br /> <br /> {{quote|Kadambur said, &quot;We must finish the Dorai (principal) tonight. &quot;Mr. and Mrs. De la Haye returned to the school between 20:30 and 21:00. Mr. De la Haye greeted the boys in the hall, bade them good night and went upstairs to his bed-room. There were two beds on the verandah of the first floor just over the porch of the building. Under the porch was the hard carriage drive of the school compound. Mr. and Mrs. De la Haye went to bed after a time, Mr. De la Haye sleeping in one bed and his wife sleeping in the other bed alongside, on the verandah. De la Haye soon fell fast asleep. About 30 minutes past midnight, someone entered the bedroom, approached the bed on which De la Haye was sleeping, and shot him dead with a 12-bore gun. De la Haye died instantaneously, having been hit by the bullet on the right side of his head. As the judge pointed out in his admirable charge to the Jury, this was unquestionably a case of murder, there being no suggestion or possibility of accident or suicide. Mrs. De la Haye was alarmed by the sound of the gun and so were several boys. One of the boys came down and finding what had happened, immediately telephoned to the police and the Civil Surgeon, Major Hingston. Major Hingston arrived in about 10 minutes, examined Mr. De la Haye and found him dead. Mrs. De la Haye was naturally in a hysterical state of mind. The Police came, inquiries were made; and it was found that another gun was lying on the carriage-drive below with a few cartridges placed around it|author=|title=|source=}}<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> Based on Singampatti's testimony, the heir to [[Kadambur estate]] was implicated in the murder. However, on detailed scrutiny, the jury found Singampatti's version of the events to be false. Kadambur was eventually acquitted.<br /> <br /> The Newington House was closed shortly after the murder.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of unsolved murders (1900–1979)]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> * {{cite web|title=De La Haye Murder Case - 1920|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/historicalcases/cases/De_La_Haye_Murder_Case_-1920.html}}<br /> <br /> {{Chennai topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1919 murders in India]]<br /> [[Category:1919 in British India]]<br /> [[Category:1919 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Unsolved murders in India]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Karim_Khan&diff=474145 2025-08-12T16:30:42Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: fix content and corrected details for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Hindustani classical music vocalist (1872 - 1937)}}<br /> {{distinguish|Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand)|Abdul Karim (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa politician)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Abdul Karim Khan<br /> | image = Abdul Karim Khan.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | alias = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | birth_date = 11 November 1872<br /> | death_place = <br /> | death_date = 27 October 1937 (aged 64)<br /> | origin = [[Kairana]], Uttar Pradesh<br /> | genre = [[Indian classical music]]<br /> | occupation = Singer of [[hindustani classical music]]<br /> | years_active = 1893–1937<br /> | label = Awards:<br /> | module = {{Listen |embed= yes |filename= Ustad Abdul Karim Khan - Raag Jhinjhoti.ogg |title= Abdul Karim Khan's singing a bandish in Raag Jhinjhoti |type= singing |description= Bandish in Raag Jhinjhoti – &quot;Piya bin nahi aawat chain, kaa se kahoon jee ke bain&quot; }}<br /> }}<br /> '''[[Ustad]] Abdul Karim Khan''' ([[Devanagari]]: उस्ताद अब्दुल करीम ख़ान, [[Persian language|Persian]]: {{nq|اُستاد عبدُالکریم خان}}) (11 November 1872 – 27 October 1937)&lt;ref name=ITC&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.itcsra.org/tribute.asp?tribute=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220175609/http://www.itcsra.org/tribute.asp?tribute=1|title=Tribute to a Maestro – Abdul Karim Khan|date=4 May 2007|archive-date=20 December 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=6 August 2025|website=ITC Sangeet Research Academy website}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=veethi&gt;[http://www.veethi.com/india-people/abdul_karim_khan-profile-3249-24.htm Profile of Ustad Abdul Karim Khan on veethi.com website] Updated 19 February 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2022&lt;/ref&gt; was an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] singer and, along with his cousin [[Abdul Wahid Khan]], the founder of the [[Kirana gharana]] of classical music.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and background==<br /> Abdul Karim Khan was born on 11 November 1872 in [[Kairana|Kirana]] town in Shamli, [[Uttar Pradesh]] into a family with music tradition which traced its roots to musician brothers Ghulam Ali and Ghulam Maula. His father, Kale Khan, was the grandson of Ghulam Ali. Abdul Karim Khan received training from his uncle Abdullah Khan and father Kale Khan. He also received guidance from another uncle, Nanhe Khan. Abdul Karim Khan was musically influenced by Ustad Rahmat Khan of [[Gwalior gharana]]. Apart from vocals and [[sarangi]], he also learned the [[Rudra veena|veena (been)]], [[sitar]] and [[tabla]].&lt;ref name=calarts/&gt;&lt;ref name=ITC/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;scroll.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to a story, he was initially a [[sarangi]] player, but decided to switch to vocals because of low status of sarangi players at that time. In his early years, he used to sing with his brother Abdul Haq. They appeared before Murtaza Khan of the &quot;Maula Bakhsh Khandan&quot;, then all appeared before the Maharaja (king). They were all influenced by Murtaza's style. The king of [[Baroda State]] was impressed by this singing duo and made them the court musicians.<br /> <br /> This is where he met Tarabai Mane, who was the daughter of Sardar Maruti Rao Mane, a member of the royal family.&lt;ref name=TheWire/&gt; When they decided to get married, they were ousted from Baroda. The couple settled in [[Bombay]].&lt;ref name=TheWire/&gt; In 1922, Tarabai Mane left Abdul Karim Khan, which apparently had a major impact on his music – making it [[pensive]] and [[meditative]].<br /> <br /> Karim Khan's first wife, Ghafooran, was the sister of another Kirana master [[Abdul Wahid Khan]], who was also his cousin.&lt;ref name=veethi/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> [[File:UstadKarimKhan1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Abdul Karim and [[Apprenticeship|disciple]] [[Sawai Gandharva]]]]<br /> <br /> &quot;One of the most melodious classical musicians we have had, Abdul Karim Khan's music always created a sublime atmosphere. The soothing quality of his specially cultivated voice, and his repose style of singing were such that the singer as well as his listeners forgot themselves in a sort of 'trance'.&quot;&lt;ref name=calarts/&gt;<br /> <br /> Abdul Karim Khan was invited to the [[Mysore]] court where he met famous [[Carnatic music]] masters who also influenced his music. In particular the singing of his [[sargam (music)|sargam]] was a direct influence of Carnatic practice. He became a frequent visitor to [[Mysore Palace]] which conferred on him the title ''Sangeet Ratna''. On the way to Mysore, he used to stay with his brother in Dharwad where he taught his most famous disciple [[Sawai Gandharva]]. In 1900, for eight months he taught [[Kesarbai Kerkar]], who would go on to be one of the 20th century's most renowned vocalists. In 1913, he founded the Arya Sangeet Vidyalaya in [[Poona]] to teach music to the students.&lt;ref name=calarts&gt;{{cite web|url=http://music.calarts.edu/~bansuri/pages/abdulkarim.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2008|author=Susheela Misra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513060851/http://music.calarts.edu/~bansuri/pages/abdulkarim.html|title=Profile of Abdul Karim Khan|website=Calarts.edu website|access-date=6 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He finally settled down in [[Miraj]] till his death on 27 October 1937, when returning from a concert tour of the South. Every year in August, commemorative music concerts are held in Miraj in his honour.&lt;ref name=&quot;scroll.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==His style==<br /> The innovations he brought to his vocal style distinguishes Kirana style from others. The slow melodic development of the raga in [[Vilambit]] laya (slow tempo) was the most characteristic aspect of his music. He worked hard to maintain his voice to be sweet and melodious which shaped his music. The [[thumri]] style he developed is also quite different from the 'Poorab ang' or 'Punjabi ang'. His thumri progresses in a leisurely slow pace with ample abandonment. He was also the first Hindustani musician to seriously study the Carnatic system and probably the first to be invited to sing all over the South.&lt;ref name=weebly&gt;[http://maestroesclassicalsingers.weebly.com/ustad-abdul-karim-khan.html Profile of Ustad Abdul Karim Khan on weebly.com website] Retrieved 9 January 2022&lt;/ref&gt; He has even recorded a [[Thyagaraja]] [[Krithi]]. He was also influenced by Rehmat Khan of the [[Gwalior gharana]] and adopted the direct style of presentation.<br /> &lt;ref name=ITC/&gt; &quot;The ustad was an expert on many musical instruments, especially the [[veena]] and the [[sarangi]]. An expert in repairing musical instruments, he carried with him his set of tools for repairs everywhere...&quot;&lt;ref name=calarts/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;scroll.in&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/854819/the-immeasurable-impact-of-abdul-karim-khan-on-kirana-gharana |author=K D Dixit|date=22 October 2017|title=The immeasurable impact of Abdul Karim Khan to the Kirana gharana|journal=Scroll.in Website|access-date=6 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Subhramaniam&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Classical_Music_of_India_A_Practical_Gui/OnhQEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Abdul+Wahid++Khan+Kirana+gharana&amp;pg=PA46&amp;printsec=frontcover|page=46|title=Classical Music of India: A Practical Guide (Kirana gharana and Abdul Karim Khan)|author=L. Subhramaniam|year=2025|publisher=Westland Publications via Google Books|isbn=9789360457549}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &quot;Although frail-looking, Khan Saheb maintained excellent health through regular exercises, disciplined habits, and frugal living. His photographs show him as a tall, slim person dressed immaculately in a black 'achkan', a cane in hand, a typical moustache and a red gold-bordered turban, and most striking of all, his dreamy eyes.&quot;&lt;ref name=calarts/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Disciples==<br /> Abdul Karim's disciples include Pandit Balkrishnabuwa Kapileshwari, Ganapat Rao Gurav, [[Roshan Ara Begum]], [[Sureshbabu Mane]], [[Vishwanathbuwa Jadhav]] and [[Sawai Gandharva]]&lt;ref name=TheWire&gt;{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/38602/the-musical-legacy-of-abdul-karim-khan/|title=The Musical Legacy of Abdul Karim Khan|newspaper=The Wire website|date=27 May 2016|access-date=6 August 2025|url-status=dead|author=Nikhil Inamdar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519153217/https://thewire.in/38602/the-musical-legacy-of-abdul-karim-khan/|archive-date=19 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; who was the [[Guru]] of [[Bhimsen Joshi]].&lt;ref name=Subhramaniam/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> He was on his way to [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] when he experienced severe pain in the chest at Chingleput. On 27 October 1937, he died peacefully on the platform at Singaperumalkoil railway station. He spent the last few hours of his life remembering God, offering [[Namaz]] and reciting Kalma in the [[Darbari Kanada|Raga Darbari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;scroll.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * ''Great Masters of Hindustani Music'', by Susheela Misra, Hem Publishers, 1981. ''page 78''.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/ellpatke/Miscellany/abdul%20karim%20khan.htm 78 rpm recordings of Ustad's music]<br /> *[http://sarangi.info/akk Abdul Karim Khan recordings available on www.sarangi.info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420031459/http://sarangi.info/akk |date=20 April 2009 }} '''[[Akhil Bharatiya Gandharva Mahavidyalaya Mandal]]''' ('''अखिल भारतीय गान्धर्व महाविद्यालय मंडल''') is an institution for the promotion and propagation of Indian classical music and dance.<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Abdul Karim}}<br /> [[Category:1872 births]]<br /> [[Category:1937 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustani singers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Vadodara]]<br /> [[Category:Thumri]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Indian male classical singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian music educators]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]<br /> [[Category:Kirana gharana]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from British India]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daya_River&diff=465804 2025-08-03T13:27:40Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|River in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox river<br /> | name = Daya River<br /> | native_name = {{native name|or|ଦୟା ନଦୀ}}<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | name_other = <br /> | name_etymology = <br /> &lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;<br /> | image = Kalinga battlefield daya river dhauli hills.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = Banks of the River Daya, also the supposed battlefield of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga War]] from atop Dhauli hills<br /> | map = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | pushpin_map_size = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption= <br /> &lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;<br /> | subdivision_type1 = Country<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = <br /> | subdivision_name2 = <br /> | subdivision_type3 = <br /> | subdivision_name3 = <br /> | subdivision_type4 = <br /> | subdivision_name4 = <br /> | subdivision_type5 = <br /> | subdivision_name5 = <br /> &lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;<br /> | length = <br /> | width_min = <br /> | width_avg = <br /> | width_max = <br /> | depth_min = <br /> | depth_avg = <br /> | depth_max = <br /> | discharge1_location= <br /> | discharge1_min = <br /> | discharge1_avg = <br /> | discharge1_max = <br /> &lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;<br /> | source1 = [[Kuakhai River]]<br /> | source1_location = [[Odisha]]<br /> | source1_coordinates= <br /> | source1_elevation = <br /> | mouth = [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Chilka lake]]<br /> | mouth_location = <br /> | mouth_coordinates = <br /> | mouth_elevation = <br /> | progression = <br /> | river_system = <br /> | basin_size = <br /> | tributaries_left = <br /> | tributaries_right = <br /> | custom_label = <br /> | custom_data = <br /> | extra = <br /> }}<br /> [[File:Mahanadi-Koyakhai distributray system.jpg|thumb|right|An illustration of [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]] Koyakhai distributary system in [[Odisha]], India draining into [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Chilka lake]]. Picture not drawn to scale]]<br /> The '''Daya River''' starts as a branch of the [[Kuakhai River]] at Saradeipur (near Badahati) in [[Odisha]] state in [[India]]. It is joined by the [[Malaguni River]] below [[Golabai]] and flows through [[Khordha District|Khordha]] and [[Puri District|Puri]] districts before emptying into the north-eastern corner of [[Chilika Lake]], {{convert|37|km|mi}} from its origin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daya&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Daya-River-36455.htm|title=Daya River|year=2005|work=India |publisher=Online Highways LLC.|access-date=2008-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The historically important [[Dhauli|Dhauli hill]] is located on the banks of the Daya River, {{convert|8|km|mi|0}} south of [[Bhubaneswar]]. It is a hill with vast open space adjoining it, and has major [[edicts of Ashoka]] engraved on a mass of rock, by the side of the road leading to the summit of the hill. Dhauli hill is presumed to be the area where [[Kalinga War]] was fought.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kainiraka |first=Sanu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LJqCwAAQBAJ |title=From Indus to Independence - A Trek Through Indian History: Vol I Prehistory to the Fall of the Mauryas |date=2016-03-01 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-85563-14-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Hydrography of Odisha}}<br /> {{Mahanadi Basin}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|19|53|N|85|35|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Rivers of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Tributaries of the Mahanadi River]]<br /> [[Category:Geography of Bhubaneswar]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Orissa-geo-stub}}<br /> {{India-river-stub}}</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajnagar,_Seraikela_Kharsawan&diff=528749 2025-07-30T02:52:12Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: created a details...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Other uses|Rajnagar (disambiguation){{!}}Rajnagar}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement <br /> | name = Rajnagar <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village <br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3 <br /> | pushpin_label_position = right <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.6273|N|86.0076|E|display=inline,title}} <br /> | subdivision_type = Country <br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] <br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]] <br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]] <br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]] <br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt; <br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]] <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric <br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 1806 <br /> | population_as_of = 2011 <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages * <br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Santali language|Santali]] <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] <br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30 <br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] <br /> | postal_code = 831002 <br /> | area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]] <br /> | area_code = 06597 <br /> | registration_plate = JH 22 <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy <br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = 69.82% <br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency <br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Singhbhum]] <br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency <br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Seraikella (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Seraikella]] <br /> | website = {{URL|seraikela.nic.in/}} <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }} <br /> '''Rajnagar''' is a village in the [[Gobindpur block|Gobindpur]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Seraikela Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map <br /> | width=300| height=350| zoom=9 <br /> | coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|86|0|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Seraikela Kharsawan district in Kolhan Division'''&lt;br/&gt;M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly <br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|23|02|53|N|85|56|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Ichagarh | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Ichagarh]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 <br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|18|N|85|48|22|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Kuchai| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Kuchai]] (R) <br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|22|58|1|N|85|58|10|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Chowka| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Chowka, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R) <br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|22|38|32|N|86|4|14|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Gobindpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Gobindpur, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R) <br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|22|37|38|N|86|0|27|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Rajnagar| numbered5=R| mark-title5=Rajnagar, Seraikela Kharsawan (R)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt; <br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|23|7|5|N|85|58|32|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Kukru| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Kukru]] (R) <br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|22|59|46|N|86|8|44|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Nimdih| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Nimdih]] (R) <br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|22|42|24|N|85|55|39|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8=Seraikela| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Saraikela]] (M) |label-color8=#800000 <br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|22|47|24|N|86|9|56|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9=Adityapur| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Adityapur]] (M) |label-color9=#800000 <br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|22|58|9|N|86|3|52|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10= Chandil | numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Chandil]] (CT) |shape-color10= #A40000 <br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|22|N|86|5|55|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Chota Gamahria | numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Chota Gamahria]] (CT) |shape-clor11= #A40000 <br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|22|51|0|N|86|3|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Kandra | numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Kandra]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000 <br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|22|47|29|N|85|49|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Kharsawan | numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Kharsawan]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000 <br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|22|50|16|N|86|11|26|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Kopali | numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Kopali]] (CT) |shape-color14= #A40000 <br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|22|47|40|N|85|56|43|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Sini | numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Sini, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000 <br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|22|54|15|N|86|12|15|E}} | label-pos16= top|label16= Dalma |labela16= Wildlife|labelb16= Sanctuary | numbered16=T| mark-title16= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color16= #74C365 <br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|22|58|28|N|86|1|13|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17= Chandil Dam| numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Chandil Dam]] (T) |shape-color17= #74C365<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|23|8|0|N|85|50|0|E}} |label18= Subarnarekha |labela18= River |label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 60| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|22|57|40|N|85|47|0|E}} |label19= Karkari |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 10| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|30|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -60| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|22|52|0|N|85|50|0|E}}| label21= Chandil Gamharia |labela21= Range | label-color21 = #C42222 | label-angle21=0| label-pos21=top| label-size21=10| mark-size21=0| mark-title21 =none<br /> |arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|0|N|85|58|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= -10| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4<br /> |arc-coordB={{coord|22|26|0|N|86|3|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=2.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}<br /> <br /> ===Location===<br /> Rajnagar is located at {{coord|22.6273|N|86.0076|E|display=inline}}.<br /> <br /> ===Area overview===<br /> The area shown in the map has been described as &quot;part of the southern fringe of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chotanagpur plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract&quot;. 75.7% of the population lives in the rural areas and 24.3% lives in the urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.128750/2015.128750.Bihar-District-Gazetteers-Singhbhum_text.pdf | title = Bihar District Gazetteers - Singhbhum |work= P.C. Roy Chaudhury | publisher = Secretariat Press, Bihar, Patna, 1958| access-date = 2 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 30: 2011 Census Findings–Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 2 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Civic administration==<br /> There is a police station at Rajnagar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 28 November 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The headquarters of Gobindpur CD block are located at Rajnagar village.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Seraikela Kharsawan district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Rajnagar had a total population of 1,806, of which 900 (50%) were males and 906 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 222. The total number of literate persons in Rajnagar was 1,106 (69.82% of the population over 6 years).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2024_PART_B_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikela Khasawan, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location Code: 379582, Pages 188-189: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> (*For language details see [[Gobindpur block#Language and religion]])<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Government S.S.High School, Rajnagar, is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1959. It has facilities for teaching from class IX to class XII. The school has a playground and a library with 212 books.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20201802009/s-s-+2-high-school-rajnagar.html | title = S.S. +2 High School, Rajnagar| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 28 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]] is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 2006. It has facilities for teaching in classes VI and XII. The school has a playground, a library with 72 books and has 5 computers for teaching and learning purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20201802005/k-g-b-v-rajnagar.html | title = KGBV Rajnagar | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 28 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Academic English High School is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 1997. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class XII. The school has a playground, a library with 500 books and has 10 computers for teaching and learning purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20201802008/academic-english-high-school.html | title = Academic English High School | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 28 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Kolhan Division}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Seraikela Kharsawan district]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jitender&diff=506310 2025-07-11T02:49:26Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Jitender''' may refer to:<br /> <br /> * [[Jitender Singh Malik]], Indian politician;<br /> * [[Jitender Singh Tomar]], Indian politician;<br /> * [[Jitender Kumar (boxer, born 1988)]];<br /> * [[Jitender Kumar (boxer, born 1977)]];<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Please DO NOT add people to this list who do not already have their own Wikipedia articles. --&gt;<br /> {{Disambiguation}}</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Bhaini_Sahib&diff=537015 2025-07-01T21:06:46Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name =Sri Bhaini Sahib <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | pushpin_map = India Punjab#India<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|30.8772531|N|76.0579852|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> &lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_footnotes =<br /> | population_total =<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_note = <br /> | population_demonym =<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Other spoken<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]<br /> | governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]<br /> | postal_code_type = <br /> | postal_code = <br /> | area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]<br /> | area_code = 0161 <br /> | registration_plate = PB-10 <br /> | iso_code = IN-PB <br /> | blank1_name_sec2 = <br /> | blank1_info_sec2 = <br /> | website = {{URL|ludhiana.nic.in}}<br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> '''Sri Bhaini Sahib''' (previously known as '''Bhaini Bhoondar''' and '''Bhaini Ala''' and earlier also referred to as '''Bhaini Kookean''' and '''Ramdaspura''')&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kaur |first=Dr. Amarjit |title=Sri Bhaini Sahib - Raian |publisher=Languages Department, Punjab |year=2009 |pages=12 |language=Punjabi}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a village located in the [[Ludhiana East Assembly constituency|Ludhiana East tehsil]], of [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab, India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=35257 | title=Bhaini Ala | work=censusindia.gov.in | accessdate=2016-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sri Bhaini Sahib is an important historic place of Punjab, being the focal point of [[Namdhari]] [[Sects of Sikhism|sect of Sikhism]], founded by [[Satguru Ram Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Punjab: Places of Glorious Heritage |publisher=Information and Public Relations Department, Punjab, Chandigarh |pages=37}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> In the [[Vedic period]], [[Ravi River|river Aravati]] used to flow here.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The village gained prominence when [[Satguru Ram Singh]] made this place a center of the new [[Namdhari|Namdhari movement]], after the fall of [[Sikh Empire]] in 1849. The initial focus of the movement was revival of the Sikh theology. The place used by Satguru Ram Singh to meditate came to be known as 'Akal Boonga'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In short time, the village started becoming populated and came to be referred as 'Bhaini Kookean' and then as 'Sri Bhaini Sahib'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[British Raj|British authorities]] took first notice of the village in 1863.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nāhar |url= |title=Rebels Against the British Rule: Guru Ram Singh and the Kuka Sikhs |last2=Singh |first2=Kirpal |last3= |first3= |date=1989 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Distributors |pages=532 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In order to watch the proceedings at Sri Bhaini Sahib more closely, the British officials requested their higher authorities to set up a [[Telegraph station|Telegraph Station]] at [[Ludhiana]] and strengthen their regiments in [[Sirhind]] division.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> After a skirmish at [[Malerkotla]], when the British authorities prepared case against the Namdhari (also called as Kuka) prisoners, the mere 'presence at Sri Bhaini Sahib' was proposed as evidence of 'waging war, attempting to wage war or abetting such war against the [[Queen Victoria|Queen]]'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> The village also hosted important events like '[[Guru Nanak|Sri Guru Nanak]] Sarab Sampardaya' Conference in 1934 and 'Hindu-Sikh Milap Conference' in 1943.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/misc/conference/SikhHinduConferences.htm |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=www.sikh-heritage.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; The aim of these conferences was to unite all denominations against the colonial rule. <br /> <br /> Post-[[Independence of India|independence]], the village has become a symbol of Indian traditions and a center of classical music learning.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-02 |title=A village of maestros |url=https://thepatriot.in/lifestyle/a-village-of-maestros-11168 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=The Patriot |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Recent events ==<br /> In 2023, an inter-religious conference was held at Sri Bhaini Sahib, which was attended by leaders of many prominent religious denominations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our illusions can be separated, not religion: Namdhari Mukhi Satguru Uday Singh Ji |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/406874-Our-illusions-can-be-separated-not-religion-Namdhari-Mukhi-Satguru-Uday-Singh-Ji |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=5 Dariya News}}&lt;/ref&gt; The village has excellent sports facilities. [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]] expressed its interest in replicating the Bhaini Sahib Sports model to other areas of Punjab.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=November 20, 2021 |title=Bhaini Sahib sports model to be replicated in Punjab: CM Channi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/bhaini-sahib-sports-model-to-be-replicated-in-punjab-cm-channi-340977 |journal=Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sri Bhaini Sahib regularly hosts classical music concerts, especially Saguru [[Jagjit Singh]] [[Kavi sammelan|Sangit Sammelan]], where maestros and legends from India and abroad give their performances.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-22 |title=Sarod maestro Amjad Ali adorns Namdhari style turban at Bhaini Sahib in Ludhiana |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sarod-maestro-amjad-ali-adorns-namdhari-style-turban-at-bhaini-sahib-in-ludhiana-9038426/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[Sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per constitution of India and [[Panchayati raj (India)]].<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Particulars !! Total !! Male!!Female<br /> |-<br /> | Total No. of Houses|| 625|| ||<br /> |-<br /> | Population ||2,934||1,542||1,392<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> ===Child sex ratio===<br /> The village population of children with an age group from 0-6 is 306 which makes up 10.43% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio is 903 per 1000 males which is higher than the state average of 895. The child Sex Ratio as per census is 681, lower than average of 846 in the state of Punjab.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/33368-bhaini-ala-punjab.html | title=Child Sex Ratio details | work=census2011.co.in | accessdate=2016-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Caste===<br /> The village constitutes 10.77% of [[Scheduled Castes in Punjab|Scheduled Caste]] population and there isn't any [[Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] population.<br /> <br /> ==Villages in Ludhiana East Tehsil==<br /> {{Main|Villages in Ludhiana East Tehsil}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Ludhiana district |state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/227-ludhiana-east-ludhiana-punjab.html Villages in Ludhiana East Tehsil]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Ludhiana East tehsil]]</div>

DyanLeMessurier https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=TV9_Bharatvarsh&diff=467089 2025-05-23T07:57:05Z

<p>DyanLeMessurier: small changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the [[Hindi]] news channel|the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] channel|TV9 Telugu|the [[Kannada]] channel|TV9 Kannada|the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] channel|TV9 Marathi}}{{Short description|Television news channel}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox television channel<br /> | name = TV9 Bharatvarsh<br /> | logo = TV9 Bharatvarsh.svg<br /> | logo_size = <br /> | logo_caption = TV9 Bharatvarsh icon<br /> | country = India<br /> | network = TV9 Network<br /> | area = Nationwide<br /> | headquarters = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | language = [[Hindi language |Hindi]]<br /> | picture_format = [[16:9]] ([[1080i]], [[news portal]])<br /> | owner = Associated Broadcasting Company Private Limited (ABCPL)<br /> | key_people = [[Barun Das (business professional)|Barun Das]] ([[CEO]])<br /> | sister_channels = TV9 Bangla&lt;br /&gt;[[TV9 Telugu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[TV9 Kannada]]&lt;br /&gt;[[TV9 Marathi]]&lt;br /&gt;TV9 Gujarati<br /> | launch_date = {{launch date and age|df=yes|2019|03|30}}<br /> | webcast = [https://www.tv9hindi.com/live-tv Watch Live]<br /> | website = {{URL|tv9hindi.com}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''TV9 [[Bharatvarsh]]''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language news channel owned by the [[TV9 Telugu|TV9 Network]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='टीवी9 भारतवर्ष' होगा नाम, विनोद कापड़ी ग्रुप एडिटर, अगले माह लांचिंग {{!}} No. 1 Indian Media News Portal|url=https://www.bhadas4media.com/launch-of-tv9-bharatvarsh-in-march-2019/|access-date=2021-11-29|website=www.bhadas4media.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-07|title=TV9 Bharatvarsh hosts the first ever 'Satta Sammelan' in Lucknow|url=https://www.mediainfoline.com/special/tv9-bharatvarsh-hosts-the-first-ever-satta-sammelan-in-lucknow|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Media Infoline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Launched on 30 March 2019,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-04-01 |title=TV9 Bharatvarsh launched; to focus on investigative journalism |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/tv9-bharatvarsh-launched-to-focus-on-investigative-journalism-190401 |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=TV9's Hindi news channel TV9 Bharatvarsh to be launched today |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/tv9s-hindi-news-channel-tv9-bharatvarsh-to-be-launched-on-march-30-95713.html |access-date=2021-04-11 |website=Exchange4media |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; it became one of the most viewed Hindi news channels in India within a year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Amrita Nayak|date=2020-07-15|title=Rajat Sharma-led NBA claims manipulation in TV9 Bharatvarsh ratings, channel cries defamation|url=https://theprint.in/india/rajat-sharma-led-nba-claims-manipulation-in-tv9-bharatvarsh-ratings-channel-cries-defamation/460948/|access-date=2021-11-29|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 3, 2020|title=TV9 Bharatvarsh is the new No. 2 Hindi news channel; Aaj Tak retains top slot|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/07/tv9-bharatvarsh-is-the-new-no-2-hindi-news-channel-as-aaj-tak-retains-top-slot/|access-date=2021-04-11|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; TV9 Bharatvarsh appointed [[Barun Das]] as CEO in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=TV9 appoints Barun Das as CEO - ET BrandEquity|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-people-report/tv9-appoints-barun-das-as-ceo/70844673|access-date=2021-04-11|website=ETBrandEquity.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Rajani|first=Misha|date=2021-04-23|title=PM Modi did not call for national lockdown, viral screenshot is fake|url=https://newsmeter.in/fact-check/pm-modi-did-not-call-for-national-lockdown-viral-screenshot-is-fake-677308|access-date=2021-11-29|website=newsmeter.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been doing [[24/7]] coverage of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<br /> <br /> TV9 Network, also launched Money9, a multilingual personal finance [[Over-the-top media services in India|OTT Channel]] with seven language options in Hindi, English, [[Bengali language|Bangla]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kannada language|Kannada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Money9, promoted by TV9 Network, unveils India's first multilingual personal finance OTT App|url=https://www.apnnews.com/money9-promoted-by-tv9-network-unveils-indias-first-multilingual-personal-finance-ott-app/|access-date=2022-07-19|website=The Associated Press|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Programming ==<br /> <br /> TV9 Bharatvarsh broadcasts [[News broadcasting|news programs]] covering national and [[World news|international news]], [[Political journalism|politics]], [[Business journalism|business]], [[Sports journalism|sports]], and [[Entertainment journalism|entertainment]]. Its programming includes [[Breaking news|news bulletins]], debates, and special reports.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=TV9 Bharatvarsh Programming Overview |url=https://www.tv9bharatvarsh.com/about-us |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh Official Website |access-date=22 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The channel also distributes content through digital platforms such as its website and social media channels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Digital strategy boosts TV9 Bharatvarsh reach |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/tv9-bharatvarsh-extends-digital-footprint-210412 |work=Indian Television |date=12 April 2021 |access-date=22 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Digital presence ==<br /> <br /> TV9 Bharatvarsh maintains an online presence through a website and mobile applications, offering [[Article (publishing)|news articles]], videos, and [[live streaming]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=TV9 Bharatvarsh expands digital operations |url=https://www.televisionpost.com/tv9-bharatvarsh-enhances-digital-news-platform/ |website=TelevisionPost |date=5 March 2022 |access-date=22 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> <br /> TV9 Bharatvarsh has faced criticism for its coverage style and editorial choices. Media analysts and watchdog groups have noted instances of sensationalism and criticized the channel for prioritizing viewership over balanced reporting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The rise of sensationalism in Indian TV news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/11/12/sensationalism-in-indian-tv-news |work=Al Jazeera |date=12 November 2020 |access-date=22 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, the channel was included in discussions around perceived political bias in Indian [[Hindi media|Hindi news media]], particularly concerning coverage of [[Elections in India|election-related events]]. Critics have accused several channels, including TV9 Bharatvarsh, of leaning towards &quot;[[Godi media]]&quot; pro-[[Narendra Modi]] political narratives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Indian TV news channels under scrutiny for political bias |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56938065 |work=BBC News |date=30 April 2021 |access-date=22 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[News Broadcasters and Digital Association]] (NBSA), the self-regulatory body for news channels in India, has received complaints regarding content aired on TV9 Bharatvarsh but no major sanctions have been reported.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=NBSA report on news channel complaints |url=https://nbsaindia.org/reports/2022 |website=NBSA India |access-date=22 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.tv9hindi.com Website]<br /> <br /> {{Television news in India}}<br /> {{TV9 Group}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]<br /> [[Category:TV9 Group]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television stations]]<br /> [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2019]]<br /> [[Category:Mass media in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Mass media companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:2019 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Television channels based in Noida]]<br /> [[Category:2019 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Godi media]]<br /> <br /> {{India-tv-station-stub}}</div>

DyanLeMessurier