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Domlur inscriptions and hero stones

2026-05-08T04:33:05Z

Dwatson32: stub

{{Short description|Temple inscriptions in Karnataka, India}}
{{Copy edit|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple.jpg|thumb|306x306px|Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple]]
[[Domlur]] is a locality in the eastern part of Bengaluru city in India. Domlur is a historic place as indicated in the 18 inscriptions spanning the period of 1200-1440 CE was found there. Of these, 16 inscriptions are at the [[Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]] dedicated to the deity Chokkanathaswamy or the Chokka Perumal (the Hindu God Vishnu). Of these eleven inscriptions are from the period 1200-1440 CE and have been documented earlier in Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol 9.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n68/mode/1up |title=Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 9 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |year=1937 |page=7}}</ref> These are mostly donatory inscriptions for the deity Chokkanathaswamy and for the Someshwara temple (non-existent).
[[File:Digital Image of the Word Domlur (dŏṃbalūra) Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Domlur 1409CE Nagappa Dandanayaka's Chokkanatha Temple Donation Inscription.jpg|thumb|330x330px|Digital image of a place name Dŏṃbalūra obtained by 3D scanning of the Domlur 1409CE Nagappa Dandanayaka's Chokkanatha Temple Donation Inscription.]]
[[File:Digital Image Highlighting the Place Name 'Dŏṃbalūra' in the Domlur 1409CE Nagappa Dandanayaka's Chokkanatha Temple Donation Inscription.png|thumb|Digital Image Highlighting the Place Name 'Dŏṃbalūra' in the Domlur 1409CE Nagappa Dandanayaka's Chokkanatha Temple Donation Inscription.]]
[[Domlur]] has been referred as ''Tombalur'', ''Dombalur'' and ''Desi Manicka Patanam'' in the inscriptions. All the inscriptions barring one are located in the precincts of the [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]]. The earliest mention of "Domlur" can be found in the Chokkanathaswamy Temple. The 13th century CE Tripurantaka Perumal Enbe Devar Tamil inscription, mentions [[Domlur]] in the Tamil form as Tombalur, proving the existence of [[Domlur]] at least since the 13th century.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n312/mode/1up | title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore | date=1894 | publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press }}</ref> The Karnataka State Gazateer, Part 1, 1990, records the discovery of an 8th-century Bhairava idol in [[Domlur]] by S R Rao, renowned Archaeologist of ASI in 1975. This suggests that [[Domlur]] may have held significance as a settlement even during that time. Unfortunately, neither the idol nor S R Rao's documentation concerning it can be traced today.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Damodaran |first=Akhila |date=2017-03-02 |title=Temple of the beautiful god |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/Mar/02/temple-of-the-beautiful-god-1576356.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Srivatsa">{{Cite news |last=Srivatsa |first=Sharath |date=2022-07-14 |title=Bengaluru's inscriptions: Footprints of history traced anew |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bengalurus-inscriptions-footprints-of-history-traced-anew/article65636164.ece |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Discovery and dating ==
The inscriptions were first documented in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' and later in successive archaeological reports and journals, Notably, R Narasimhachar in the Mysore Archaeological Report 1911 records, that he found the Chokkanathaswamy temple in ruins, he undertook the excavation of its ruins, leading to the discovery of five inscriptions during that period. Subsequently, the temple was restored. However, details about the individuals or groups involved in the restoration, along with a timeline, are presently unavailable. A painting from 1947 exhibited within the temple premises depicts the temple in its previous state of disrepair, thereby indicating that temple was restored post 1947.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/70-years-of-independence-a-bengaluru-temples-tryst-with-destiny/articleshow/60036984.cms | title=70 years of Independence: A Bengaluru temple's tryst with destiny | newspaper=The Times of India | date=12 August 2017 }}</ref> The ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' alone records 11 inscriptions found in the temple and 7 more are recorded in the Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. Most of the inscriptions are inscribed on temple walls and Pillars.

== Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple North Wall 1302CE Veera Ballala Inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple North Wall 1302CE Veera Ballala Inscription
| image = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple North Wall 1302CE Veera Ballala Tamil Inscription 05.png
| image_size = 450
| image_caption = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple North Wall 1302CE Veera Ballala Tamil Inscription
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|19|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1658|cm|abbr=on}}
| discovered_by = The Mythic Society- Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Team
| language = Tamil
| location = {{coord|12.962306|77.635222}}
| created = {{start date and age|df=yes|1302|2|20|p=yes|br=yes}}
}}
It is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Inscription in the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] script dated to 20 Feb 1302 CE and written in the reign of the Hoysala king Veera Ballala and is a donatory inscription commanded by the king to be standardised which includes loom tax, revenue, customs tax and other taxes to be given to the pooja, food and other offerings and all the taxes and the rights from the dry and wet lands of [[Domlur]] excepting the properties of god Somanatha deva to be given to the deity Chokka Perumal. This inscription is one among the other inscriptions in [[Old Madiwala Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Madivala Someshwara]], Gunjur Someshewara, Ivar Kandapura Dharmeshvara, Nandi Kamateshwara, Shivara Gangadareshwara and Dodda Kallahalli temples that was instructed by the Hoysala king Veera Ballala reviewing grants to many temples in the [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] region and instructed "standardised" inscriptions to be engraved in those temples. This inscription is mentioned in the Mysore Archeological Report 1911, However the exact text of the inscription has not been published. The Quarterly Journal of The Mythic Society has documented and published this inscription.<ref name=":02">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/qjms-vol-113-2-2022-43-undocumented-bengaluru-inscriptions/page/171/mode/1 | title=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (QJMS) VOl 113 2 2022 43 Undocumented Bengaluru Inscriptions | date=April 2022 }}</ref>

=== Discovery and dating ===
[[File:3D scanning of the Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple North Wall 1302CE Veera Ballala Inscription (Tamil).jpg|thumb|314x314px|3D scanning of the Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple North Wall 1302CE Veera Ballala Inscription.]]
Though the inscription was mentioned in the ''Mysore Archeological Report 1911'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mysore Archaeological Reports |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107060/mode/1up |title=Annual Report Of The Archaeological Survey Of Mysore For The Year 1910 To 1911 }}</ref> the text of the inscription had not been published. In April 2022, the [[Daly Memorial Hall|Mythic Society]] Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project team identified the inscription in the temple and 3D scanned it. The inscription was subsequently read by Soundari Rajkumar & Pon Karthikeyan using the digital images produced from the scan. The (Roman calendar converted) date of writing of the inscription is 20 February 1302 CE.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

=== Characteristics ===
The inscription is 19 cm tall and 1658 cm long, with characters 4.3 cm tall, 3.4 cm wide & 0.3 cm deep.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

=== Transliteration ===
The inscription is written in three lines in the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] and Tamil scripts and [[Tamil language]]. The exact transliteration of the inscription in modern Tamil, [[Kannada script|Kannada]] & [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] are as follows (line numbers are not part of the original inscription, including them is a default practice with inscriptions).
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Modern Tamil
!IAST
!Modern Kannada
|-
|1
|ஸ்வஸ்தி ஶ்ரீ ஶ்ரீ மத் ப்ரதாப சக்ரவத்தி ஶ்ரீ ஹொய்சாள வீரவல்லாளதேவன் ஹேஸர குந்தாணி ராஜ்யம் விரிவி நாடு மாசந்தி நாடு முரசுனாடு பெண்ணையாண்டார் மட நாடு ஐம்புழுகூர் நாடு எலவூர் நாடு குவளால நாடு கைவார நாடு சொக்கனாயன் பற்று இலைப்பாக்க நாடு முன்னான எல்லா நாடுகளிலுள்ள தேவஸ்தானங்களில் மடபதிகளுக்கும் ஸ்தானாபதிக்கும் விண்ணப்பஞ் செய்யப் (பெற) கலியுக வருஷம் 3679 இதன் மேற் செல்லா நின்ற ஸகாப்தம் 1224 ஆவது ப்ல வருஷத்து மார்கழி மாஸம் 22 ௳ திங்கட்கிழமை நாள் இந்த ராஜ்யத்து தேவதானன் திருவிடையாட்டம் மடப்புறம் பள்ளிச்சந்தமான தான மான்யங்களில் இறுக்கும் ஸித்தாயங் காணி
|svasti śrī śrī mat pratāpa cakravatti śrī hŏycāl̤a vīravallāl̤atevan hesara kuntāṇi rājyam virivi nāṭu mācanti nāṭu muracunāṭu pĕṇṇaiyāṇṭār maṭa nāṭu aimpuḻukūr nāṭu ĕlavūr nāṭu kuval̤āla nāṭu kaivāra nāṭu cŏkkanāyaṉ paṟṟu ilaippākka nāṭu muṉṉāṉa ĕllā nāṭukal̤ilul̤l̤a tevastāṉaṅkal̤il maṭapatikal̤ukkum stāṉāpatikkum viṇṇappañ cĕyyap (pĕṟa) kaliyuka varuṣam 3679 itaṉ meṟ cĕllā niṉṟa sakāptam 1224 āvatu pla varuṣattu mārkaḻi māsam 22 ௳ tiṅkaṭkiḻamai nāl̤ inta rājyattu tevatāṉan tiruviṭaiyāṭṭam maṭappuṟam pal̤l̤iccantamāṉa tāṉa mānyaṅkal̤il iṟukkum sittāyaṅ kāṇi
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಶ್ರೀ ಮತ್ ಪ್ರತಾಪ ಚಕ್ರವತ್ತಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಹೊಯ್ಚಾಳ ವೀರವಲ್ಲಾಳತೇವನ್ ಹೇಸರ ಕುಂತಾಣಿ ರಾಜ್ಯಂ ವಿರಿವಿ ನಾಟು ಮಾಚಂತಿ ನಾಟು ಮುರಚುನಾಟು ಪೆಣ್ಣೈಯಾಂಟಾರ್ ಮಟ ನಾಟು ಐಂಪುೞುಕೂರ್ ನಾಟು ಎಲವೂರ್ ನಾಟು ಕುವಳಾಲ ನಾಟು ಕೈವಾರ ನಾಟು ಚೊಕ್ಕನಾಯನ಼್ ಪಱ್ಱು ಇಲೈಪ್ಪಾಕ್ಕ ನಾಟು ಮುನ಼್‌ನ಼ಾನ಼ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ನಾಟುಕಳಿಲುಳ್ಳ ತೇವಸ್ತಾನ಼ಂಕಳಿಲ್ ಮಟಪತಿಕಳುಕ್ಕುಂ ಸ್ತಾನ಼ಾಪತಿಕ್ಕುಂ ವಿಣ್ಣಪ್ಪಞ್ ಚೆಯ್ಯಪ್ (ಪೆಱ) ಕಲಿಯುಕ ವರುಷಂ 3679 ಇತನ಼್ ಮೇಱ್ ಚೆಲ್ಲಾ ನಿನ಼್ಱ ಸಕಾಪ್ತಂ 1224 ಆವತು ಪ್ಲ ವರುಷತ್ತು ಮಾರ್ಕೞಿ ಮಾಸಂ 22 ௳ ತಿಂಕಟ್ಕಿೞಮೈ ನಾಳ್ ಇಂತ ರಾಜ್ಯತ್ತು ತೇವತಾನ಼ನ್ ತಿರುವಿಟೈಯಾಟ್ಟಂ ಮಟಪ್ಪುಱಂ ಪಳ್ಳಿಚ್ಚಂತಮಾನ಼ ತಾನ಼ ಮಾನ್ಯಂಕಳಿಲ್ ಇಱುಕ್ಕುಂ ಸಿತ್ತಾಯಙ್ ಕಾಣಿ
|-
|2
|க்கை தறியிறை கட்டாரப்பாட்டம் சாரி(கை)யுட்பட்ட பல வரிவுகளும் மற்றுமெப்பேற்பட்ட இறைகளுந் தவிற்து இந்த விபவங்கள் இந்தந்த தேவர்களுக்கு பூஜைக்கும் அமுதுக்கும் போகங்களுக்கும் திருப்பணிக்கும் தாரா பூ(ர்)ண்ணமாக உதகம் பண்ணிக் குடுத்தோம் இப்படிக்கு இலைப்பாக்க நாட்டுத் தோம்பலூரில் சோமனாத தேவருடைய தேவதானமு மடப்புறமும் நீக்கி யிந்தத் தோம்பலூர் நஞ்சை புன்செய் நாற்பாலெல்லையு மேநோக்கின மரமும் கீனோக்கின கிணறு மனையும் மனைப்படப்பையு மெப்பேற்பட்ட வுரிமையு மெப்பேற்பட்ட இறைககளும் இவ்வூற் பெருமாள் சொக்கப் பெருமாளுக்கு உதகம் பண்ணிக் குடுத்தோம் இந்த விபவம் கொ
|kkai taṟiyiṟai kaṭṭārappāṭṭam cāri(kai)yuṭpaṭṭa pala varivukal̤um maṟṟumĕppeṟpaṭṭa iṟaikal̤un taviṟtu inta vipavaṅkal̤ intanta tevarkal̤ukku pūjaikkum amutukkum pokaṅkal̤ukkum tiruppaṇikkum tārā pū(r)ṇṇamāka utakam paṇṇik kuṭuttom ippaṭikku ilaippākka nāṭṭut tompalūril comaṉāta tevaruṭaiya tevatāṉamu maṭappuṟamum nīkki yintat tompalūr nañcai puṉcĕy nāṟpālĕllaiyu menokkiṉa maramum kīṉokkiṉa kiṇaṟu maṉaiyum maṉaippaṭappaiyu mĕppeṟpaṭṭa vurimaiyu mĕppeṟpaṭṭa iṟaikakal̤um ivvūṟ pĕrumāl̤ cŏkkap pĕrumāl̤ukku utakam paṇṇik kuṭuttom inta vipavam kŏ
|ಕ್ಕೈ ತಱಿಯಿಱೈ ಕಟ್ಟಾರಪ್ಪಾಟ್ಟಂ ಚಾರಿ(ಕೈ)ಯುಟ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಪಲ ವರಿವುಕಳುಂ ಮಱ್ಱುಮೆಪ್ಪೇಱ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಇಱೈಕಳುನ್ ತವಿಱ್ತು ಇಂತ ವಿಪವಂಕಳ್ ಇಂತಂತ ತೇವರ್ಕಳುಕ್ಕು ಪೂಜೈಕ್ಕುಂ ಅಮುತುಕ್ಕುಂ ಪೋಕಂಕಳುಕ್ಕುಂ ತಿರುಪ್ಪಣಿಕ್ಕುಂ ತಾರಾ ಪೂ(ರ್)ಣ್ಣಮಾಕ ಉತಕಂ ಪಣ್ಣಿಕ್ ಕುಟುತ್ತೋಂ ಇಪ್ಪಟಿಕ್ಕು ಇಲೈಪ್ಪಾಕ್ಕ ನಾಟ್ಟುತ್ ತೋಂಪಲೂರಿಲ್ ಚೋಮನ಼ಾತ ತೇವರುಟೈಯ ತೇವತಾನ಼ಮು ಮಟಪ್ಪುಱಮುಂ ನೀಕ್ಕಿ ಯಿಂತತ್ ತೋಂಪಲೂರ್ ನಂಚೈ ಪುನ಼್ಚೆಯ್ ನಾಱ್ಪಾಲೆಲ್ಲೈಯು ಮೇನೋಕ್ಕಿನ಼ ಮರಮುಂ ಕೀನ಼ೋಕ್ಕಿನ಼ ಕಿಣಱು ಮನ಼ೈಯುಂ ಮನ಼ೈಪ್ಪಟಪ್ಪೈಯು ಮೆಪ್ಪೇಱ್ಪಟ್ಟ ವುರಿಮೈಯು ಮೆಪ್ಪೇಱ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಇಱೈಕಕಳುಂ ಇವ್ವೂಱ್ ಪೆರುಮಾಳ್ ಚೊಕ್ಕಪ್ ಪೆರುಮಾಳುಕ್ಕು ಉತಕಂ ಪಣ್ಣಿಕ್ ಕುಟುತ್ತೋಂ ಇಂತ ವಿಪವಂ ಕೊ
|-
|3
|ண்டு திருவாராதனையும் திருப்பொன் கம்ம.... கங்களுந் திருப்பணியும் குறைவற நடத்தி நமக்கும் நம் ராஜ்யத்துக்கும் அற பூதையமாக வாழ்த்தி ஸுகமேயிருப்பது
|ṇṭu tiruvārātaṉaiyum tiruppŏṉ kamma.... kaṅkal̤un tiruppaṇiyum kuṟaivaṟa naṭatti namakkum nam rājyattukkum aṟa pūtaiyamāka vāḻtti sukameyiruppatu
|ಣ್ಟು ತಿರುವಾರಾತನ಼ೈಯುಂ ತಿರುಪ್ಪೊನ಼್ ಕಮ್ಮ.... ಕಂಕಳುನ್ ತಿರುಪ್ಪಣಿಯುಂ ಕುಱೈವಱ ನಟತ್ತಿ ನಮಕ್ಕುಂ ನಂ ರಾಜ್ಯತ್ತುಕ್ಕುಂ ಅಱ ಪೂತೈಯಮಾಕ ವಾೞ್ತ್ತಿ ಸುಕಮೇಯಿರುಪ್ಪತು
|}

=== Translation ===
The text has been published in ''Epigraphia carnatica'' Volume 9. it reads as follows,

"Salutation ! In the reign of hoysala king Veera vallaala deva, As per the requests to the all the head of temples and monasteries of the Hesara kundani kingdom, virivi naadu, maasanthi naadu, murasu naadu, pennaiyandar mada naadu, Aimpuzhugur naadu, elavur naadu, kuvalaala naadu, kaaivaara naadu, ilaipakka naadu (Properties of chokka natha)

In kaliyuga year 3679, saka year 1224 margazhi month 22nd day, monday, all the taxes from the temple lands (devadana - shiva, thiruvidaiyattam - vishnu, pallichandam - buddhist and jain) including loom tax, revenue, customs tax and other taxes are to be given to the pooja, food and others offerings to the gods of the respective temples. In thombalur all the taxes and the rights from the dry and wet lands expect of the somanatha deva's properties are given to the chokka perumaal. It includes all the trees, wells, plots within the boundary of the land, with this revenue all the worships and renovations of the temple should be performed without any issues"

== Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Singaperumal Nambiyar Inscription (Tamil) ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Singaperumal Nambiyar Tamil Inscription
| image = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Singaperumal Nambiyar Tamil Inscription 01.png
| image_size = 350
| image_caption = Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Singaperumal Nambiyar Tamil Inscription
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|16|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|311|cm|abbr=on}}
| created = {{start date and age|1700|p=yes|br=yes}}
| discovered_by = The Mythic Society- Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project
| location = {{coord|12.962333|77.568273}}
| language = Tamil
}}
It is a Tamil inscription in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Language and the characters are both in Tamil and [[Grantha script|Grantha]] and is paleographically dated to 16th century CE. It is a rather unique inscription recorded in the place as the text seems like a personal note, it records that a Singaperumal nambiyar had 15 vattam lands, of which, 5 nalayarar was given to Allappan and brothers as crop produce by Ragavar and Sokkappan. The Quarterly Journal of The Mythic Society has documented and published this inscription.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=The Mythic Society |url=http://archive.org/details/qjms-vol-113-2-2022-43-undocumented-bengaluru-inscriptions |title=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (QJMS) VOl 113 2 2022 43 Undocumented Bengaluru Inscriptions|date=April 2022 }}</ref>
[[File:Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Singaperumal Nambiyar Tamil Inscription.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Singaperumal Nambiyar Tamil Inscriptio.]]

=== Discovery and dating ===
In April 2022, the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project team identified the inscription in the temple and 3D scanned it. The inscription was subsequently read by Soundari Rajkumar and Pon Karthikeyan using the digital images produced from the scan.

=== Characteristics ===
The [[Epigraphy|inscription]] stone measures 16 cm high by 311 cm wide. while the characters are approximately 4.4 cm tall, 5.5 cm wide, and 0.3 cm deep.

=== Transliteration ===
[[File:Digital_Image_Obtained_by_3D_Scanning_of_The_Domlur_Chokkanathaswamy_Temple_16th-century_Singaperumal_Nambiyar_Tamil_Inscription_02.png|thumb|348x348px|Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Singaperumal Nambiyar Tamil Inscription]]The inscription is written in three lines in the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] and Tamil scripts and [[Tamil language]]. The exact transliteration of the inscription in modern Tamil, [[Kannada script|Kannada]] & [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] are as follows (line numbers are not part of the original inscription, including them is a default practice with inscriptions).
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
!Tamil
!IAST
!Kannada Transliteration
|-
|1
|வியய வருஷம் ஆடி மாதம் சாலத்தல் காணியில் சிங்கப்பெருமாள் நம்பியார் க்ஷேத்ரம் பதினைஞ்சு வட்டம். யிதில் யிராகவ‑
|viyaya varuṣam āṭi mātam cālattal kāṇiyil ciṅkappĕrumāl̤ nampiyār kṣetram patiṉaiñcu vaṭṭam. yitil yirākava‑
|ವಿಯಯ ವರುಷಂ ಆಟಿ ಮಾತಂ ಚಾಲತ್ತಲ್ ಕಾಣಿಯಿಲ್ ಚಿಂಕಪ್ಪೆರುಮಾಳ್ ನಂಪಿಯಾರ್ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಂ ಪತಿನ಼ೈಂಚು ವಟ್ಟಂ. ಯಿತಿಲ್ ಯಿರಾಕವ‑
|-
|2
|ரும் சொக்கப்பனும் அல்லப்பநுக்கும் தம்பிமாக்கும் ஐஞ்சு நாளயாரர் பூக்தமாக குடுத்தோம்.
|rum cŏkkappaṉum allappanukkum tampimākkum aiñcu nāl̤ayārar pūktamāka kuṭuttom.
|ರುಂ ಚೊಕ್ಕಪ್ಪನ಼ುಂ ಅಲ್ಲಪ್ಪನುಕ್ಕುಂ ತಂಪಿಮಾಕ್ಕುಂ ಐಂಚು ನಾಳಯಾರರ್ ಪೂಕ್ತಮಾಕ ಕುಟುತ್ತೋಂ.
|}

== [[Domlur]] 1328CE Kamanna Dandanayaka's Donation ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Domlur 1328CE Kamanna Dandanayaka's Donation Inscription
| image = Digital Image of the Domlur 1328CE Kamanna Dandanayaka's Donation Inscription.png
| image_size = 450
| image_caption = Digital Image of the Domlur 1328CE Kamanna Dandanayaka's Donation Inscription
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|21|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|229|cm|abbr=on}}
| discovered_by = R Narasimhachar, the then Director of Mysore Archaeology Department
| location = {{coord|12.962389|77.635083}}
| website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115045
| language = Kannada
| created = {{start date and age|df=yes|1328|9|30|p=yes|br=yes}}
| discovered_date = 1914
}}
It is an incomplete [[Kannada script|Kannada]] Inscription and a possible donatory inscription dated to 1328CE as recorded in the inscription itself. The inscription possibly records the donation by a Ponnanna's son Kamana Danayaka. The inscription is inscribed on the wall of the [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]]. This inscription has been documented in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' Vol-9.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=http://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>

=== Physical Characteristics ===
The inscription is 21 cm tall and 229 cm wide and the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] Characters are 4 cm tall, 5 cm wide & 0.27 cm deep (medium depth).

=== Transliteration of the text ===
The transliteration is published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'',<ref name=":4"/> the text below is rereading published by the Mythic Society. It reads as follows,
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿಶ್ರೀಮತ್ಪ್ರತಾಪ ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತ್ತಿ ಹೊಯಿಸಳ ಭುಜಬಳ ಶ್ರೀವೀರಬಲ್ಲಾಳ ದೇವರಸರು ಸುಖ ಸಂಕಥಾ ವಿನೋದದಿಂ
|svastiśrīmatpratāpa cakravartti hŏyisal̤a ̤ bhujabal̤a śrīvīr ̤ aballāl̤a de ̤ varasaru sukha saṃkathā vinodadiṃ
|-
|1
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿಶ್ರೀ ಜಯಾಭ್ಯುದಯಶ್ಚ ಶಕವರುಷ ೧೨೫೧ನೆಯ ವಿಭವ ಸಂವತ್ಸರದ ಆಶ್ವಯಿಜ ಬ೧೧ಶು ದಂದು
|svastiśrī jayābhyudayaśca śakavaruṣa 1251nĕya vibhava saṃvatsarada āśvayija ba11śu daṃdu
|-
|2
|ಪೊಂನಂಣನವರ ಮಕ್ಕಳು . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
|pŏṃnaṃṇanavara makkal̤u k ̤ āmaṃṇa daṃṇāyakaru . . . . . . . . . . .
|-
|
|(ಮುಂದೆ ಕಾಣುವುದಿಲ್ಲ)
|(rest is not seen)
|}

== [[Domlur]] 1409CE Nagappa Dandanayaka's Chokkanatha Temple Donation Inscription ==
It is a [[Kannada script|Kannada]] inscription of the 15th century written during the rule of the King Devaraya II of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Karnataka Empire]]. The inscription precisely mentions the date of the donation being made as "śakhavaruṣa sāvirada mūnnūṟa mūvattanĕya virodhi saṃvatsarada cayitra sudda5so" which is 21 Mar 1409CE in the Julian calendar.

It is a donatory inscription to the deity Chokkanathaswamy by a Nagappa Danayaka whose donation of revenue acquired from a multitude of taxes in Karadiyahalli (not traceable today, There is a possibility that this is Kodihalli which neighbours Domlur today). It mentions [[Domlur]] as Domanuru which belonged to the administrative unit of [[Yelahanka]] Naadu, one of the administrative units under the Karnataka Empire, Yelahanka Naadu was part of Kelekunda-300 which was in turn part of the bigger administrative unit Gangavaadi-96000.The purpose of this donation was to support the temple's daily pooja rituals and ceremonial offerings.

The significance of the inscription is in its mention of various taxes that were extant during the period, it lists many types of professional, sales and goods taxes that were contributed to the temple like Maggaderre (loom tax), Madu (tax on honey collectors or liquor makers), Bhadagi (tax on carpenters), Kamara (tax on blacksmiths), Aasaga (tax on washermen), Navinda (tax on barbers), Kumbhaara (tax on potters), Maadega (tax on cobblers), Kayigaana & Yettu Gaana (taxes on oil mills, human and ox-powered), Yettu (taxes on oxen), Tottu (taxes on slaves), Bandi (taxes on carts), Kudure Kuli Maarida Shunka (taxes on sale of horses and sheep), Kona (tax on male buffalo), Kuri (tax on sheep), Yemme (tax on female buffalo), Aale (tax on betel leaf or [[jaggery]] making), Adeke (tax on arecanut), Maraavali (unclear), Tota (tax on orchards), Tudike (tax on small parcels of land), Akkasale (tax on goldsmiths), Graamagala Olavarru & Horavaru (taxes on import and export goods, including sheep, buffalo, and horses).<ref name=":4"/>

=== Physical Characteristics ===
The inscription is inscribed on the temple wall and is 62 cm tall and 208 cm wide. The [[Kannada script|Kannada]] Characters are 4 cm tall, 4 cm wide & 0.16 cm deep (shallow depth).

=== Transliteration of the text ===
The transliteration is published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphia-carnatica-vol.-9-supplement/page/n35/mode/1up | title=Epigraphia Carnatica Vol. 9 Supplement }}</ref> The text below is rereading published by the Mythic Society. It reads as follows,
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|0 ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಶಖವರುಷ ಸಾವಿರದ ಮೂನ್ನೂಱ ಮೂವತ್ತನೆಯ ವಿರೋಧಿ ಸಂವತ್ಸರದ ಚಯಿತ್ರ ಸುದ್ದ ೫ಸೋ ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿಶ್ರೀ ಮನುಮಹಾರಾಜಾ
|0 svasti śrī śakhavaruṣa sāvirada mūnnūṟa mūvattanĕya virodhi saṃvatsarada cayitra sudda 5so svastiśrī manumahārājā
|-
|
|0 ದೊಮನೂರ . . .
|0 dŏmanūra . .
|-
|2
|ಧಿರಾಜ ರಾಜಪರಮೇಸ್ವರ ಶ್ರೀವೀರಪ್ರಥಾಪ ದೇವರಾಯ ಮಹಾರಾಯರ ಭುಜಪ್ರಥಾಪ ನಾಗಪ್ಪ ದಂಣಾಯ್ಕರು ಎಲಕ್ಕನಾಡು ವೊಳಗೆ
|dhirāja rājaparamesvara śrīvīraprathāpa devarāya mahārāyara bhujaprathāpa nāgappa daṃṇāykaru ĕlakkanāḍu vŏl̤ag̤ĕ
|-
|3
|ಚೊಕ್ಕನಾಥ ದೇವರಿಗೆ ಸಲುವಂಥಾ ದಿನ ಕಟ್ಟಲೆಯಲು ಕರಡಿಯಹಳಿಯ ಚತುಸ್ಸೀಮೆ ವೊಳಗಾದ ಗ್ರಾಮಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಲುವ ಗ್ರಾಮ೧
|cŏkkanātha devarigĕ saluvaṃthā dina kaṭṭalĕyalu karaḍiyahal̤iy̤ a catussīmĕ vŏl̤ag̤ āda grāmagal̤ig̤ ĕ saluva grāma1
|-
|4
|ಱ ಮಗ್ಗದೆಱೆ ಮದು ಭಡಗಿ ಕಂಮಾಱ ಆಸಗ ನಾವಿಂದ ಕುಂಭಾಱ ಮಾದೆಗ ಕಯೀಗಾಣ ಯೆತ್ತು ಗಾಣ ಎತ್ತುತೊತ್ತು
|ṟa maggadĕṟĕ madu bhaḍagi kaṃmāṟa āsaga nāviṃda kuṃbhāṟa mādĕga kayīgāṇa yĕttu gāṇa ĕttutŏttu
|-
|5
|0 ಬಂಡಿ ಕುದುರೆಯ ಕುಳಿಮಾಱಿದ ಶುಂಖ ಕೋಣ ಕುಱಿ ಎಂಮೆ ಆಲೆ ಅಡೆಕೆಯ ಮರವಳಿ . . . . . [ತೋ]ಟ ತುಡಿಕೆ
|0 baṃḍi kudurĕya kul̤imāṟida śuṃkha k ̤ oṇa kuṟi ĕṃmĕ ālĕ aḍĕkĕya maraval̤i . . . . . [t ̤ o]ṭa tuḍikĕ
|-
|6
|0 ಅಕ್ಕಸಾಲೆಱ ಗ್ರಾಮಗಳ ವೊಳವಾಱು ಹೊಱವಾಱು ಮಱು ಕೊಡಗೆ ಕೊಂಡಂತಾ ಎತ್ತು . . . . . ಕುಱಿ ಎಂ
|0 akkasālĕṟa grāmagal̤a v ̤ ŏl̤a̤vāṟu hŏṟavāṟu maṟu kŏḍagĕ kŏṃḍaṃtā ĕttu . . . . . kuṟi ĕṃ
|-
|7
|0 ಮೆ ಕುದುರೆ ವೊಳಗಾದ ಏನುಳಂತಾ ಸುಂಖ ಸ್ವಾಮಿಯ ಮಗದು ವೊಳಗಾದ ಮೇಲ್ಗಾಪಯಿ . . . . ದೇವರ ನಂದಾ
|0 mĕ kudurĕ vŏl̤ag̤ āda enul̤aṃ̤ tā suṃkha svāmiya magadu vŏl̤ag̤ āda melgāpayi . . . . devara naṃdā
|-
|8
|0 ದೀವಿಗೆಗೆ ಧಾರಾಪೂರ್ವ್ವಖವಾಗಿ ಅಚಂದ್ರಾರ್ಕ್ಕಸ್ತಾಯಿಯಾಗಿ ನಡೈಯಲೆಂದು . . . . ಸಾಶನಕೆ
|0 dīvigĕgĕ dhārāpūrvvakhavāgi acaṃdrārkkastāyiyāgi naḍaiyalĕṃdu . . . . sāśanakĕ
|-
|9
|0 ನಾಗಪ್ಪ ದಂಣಾಯ್ಕರ ಬರಹ ಯೀ ಧರ್ಮಕ್ಕೆ ಆವನಾನೊಬ್ಬ ತಪ್ಪಿದರೂ ಗಂಗೆಯ ತಡಿಯ ಕಪಿಲೆ . . . . . . ದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೋ . .
|0 nāgappa daṃṇāykara baraha yī dharmakkĕ āvanānŏbba tappidarū gaṃgĕya taḍiya kapilĕ . . . . . . dalli ho .
|-
|10
|<nowiki>ಸ್ವದೆತ್ತಾಂ ಪರದೆತ್ತಾಂ ವಾಯೋಹರೇತ್ತು ವಸುಂಧರ | ಷಷ್ಟಿರ್ವ್ವರುಷ ಸ್ರಹಸ್ರಾಣಿ ವ್ರಿಷ್ಟಾಯಾಂ . . . . .</nowiki>
|<nowiki>svadĕttāṃ paradĕttāṃ vāyoharettu vasuṃdhara | ṣaṣṭirvvaruṣa srahasrāṇi vriṣṭāyāṃ . . . . </nowiki>
|}

== [[Domlur]] 1440CE Malarasa's Donation Inscription ==
It is a Kannada inscription recording the donation of major taxes collected by a Hejjunka tax (major taxlevied on valuable commodities, animals, food grains etc.) officer, one Mallarasa, from villages within Dombalur's boundaries for purpose of morning food offerings to [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]]. It was written during the rule of the King Devaraya II of the Karnataka Empire praying for the stability in the King's rule. The inscription mentions the date of donation as "śakhavaruṣa 1362 raūdri saṃvatsarada bhādrapada ba 7 so" which was Saturday, 17-Sep-1440CE in the [[Julian calendar]]. The text states that any individual who violates the grant will be cursed with the same fate as someone who kills a Kapile, an orange-brown sacred cow on the banks of river Ganga. There is also a standard curse in form of a Sanskrit shloka stating that protecting other's donation gives double the merit of protecting one's own donation. Also, anyone dishonouring the donation will be born as a worm and live for sixty thousand years. The inscription was first published in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]''.<ref name=":4"/> Presently, the inscription stands in the left front courtyard of the temple.<ref name="issuu.com">{{Cite web |date=2017-08-20 |title=StoneInscriptionsOfBangalore by Udaya Kumar P.L - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/udayakumarp.l/docs/stoneinscriptionsofbangalore |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=issuu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Reading the 1440CE inscription at the Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple | date=4 March 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3Ebsuq4fJU |access-date=2024-03-25}}</ref>

=== Physical Characteristics ===
The inscription is 170 cm tall, 54 cm wide. The [[Kannada script|Kannada]] characters are 3.7 cm tall, 3.4 cm wide & 0.35 cm deep (shallow depth).

=== Transliteration of the text ===
The transliteration is published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n309/mode/2up | title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore | date=1894 | publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press }}</ref> The text below is rereading published by the Mythic Society. It reads as follows,
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿಶ್ರೀ ಶಖವರು
|svastiśrī śakhavaru
|-
|2
|ಷ ೧೩೬೨ ರಊದ್ರಿ ಸಂವತ್ಸ
|ṣa 1362 raūdri saṃvats
|-
|3
|<nowiki>ರದ ಭಾದ್ರಪದ ಬ ೭ ಸೋ | ರಾಜಾ</nowiki>
|<nowiki>rada bhādrapada ba 7 so | rājā</nowiki>
|-
|4
|ಧಿರಾಜ ರಾಜಪರಮೇಶ್ವರ ಶ್ರೀವೀ
|dhirāja rājaparameśvara śrīv
|-
|5
|ರದೇವರಾಯ ಮಹಾರಾಯರು ಸ್ತಿ
|radevarāya mahārāyaru sti
|-
|6
|ರ ಸಿಂಹ್ಹಾಸನಾಱೂಢರಾಗಿ ಯಿ
|ra siṃhhāsanāṟūḍharāgi yi
|-
|7
|ರಭೇಕೆಂದು ಪಟ್ಟಣದ ರಾಯಂ
|rabhekĕṃdu paṭṭaṇada rāyaṃ
|-
|8
|ಣಗಳು ಕಳಿಹಿದ ಸೊಂಡೆಯಕೊ
|ṇagal̤u kal̤uihida sŏṃḍĕyakŏ
|-
|9
|ಪ್ಪದ ವೆಂಠೆಯದ ಹೆಜ್ಜುಂಕದ
|ppada vĕṃṭhĕyada hĕjjuṃkada
|-
|10
|ಅತಿಕಾರಿ ಮಲ್ಲರಸರು ಡೊಂಬ
|atikāri mallarasaru ḍŏṃba
|-
|11
|ಲೂರ ಚೊಕ್ಕನಾಥ ದೇವರಿಗೆ ಕೊ
|lūra cŏkkanātha devarigĕ kŏ
|-
|12
|ಟ್ಟ ದಾನಧಾರೆಯ ಕ್ರಮವೆಂತೆಂ
|ṭṭa dānadhārĕya kramavĕṃtĕṃ
|-
|13
|ದಡೆ ಪ್ರಾಕಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಸೊಂಡೆಯಕೊಪ್ಪ
|daḍĕ prākinalli sŏṃḍĕyakŏppa
|-
|14
|ದ ವೆಂಟೆಯಕ್ಕೆ ಆರುಬಂದ ಅ
|da vĕṃṭĕyakkĕ ārubaṃda a
|-
|15
|ಸುಂಕದವರೂ ಆ ಡೊಂಬಲೂ
|suṃkadavarū ā ḍŏṃbalū
|-
|16
|ರಚೊಕ್ಕನಾತದೇವರಿಗೆ ಸಲು
|racŏkkanātadevarigĕ salu
|-
|17
|ವಂತಾ ಚತುಸೀಮೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಉಳಂ
|vaṃtā catusīmĕyalli ul̤aṃ
|-
|18
|ತಾ ಆವಾವಾ ಗ್ರಾಮಗಳಿಗೆ ಬಹಂ
|tā āvāvā grāmagal̤igĕ bahaṃ
|-
|19
|ತಾ ಹೆಜ್ಜುಂಕದ ವರ್ತ್ತನೆಯ ಉಡು
|tā hĕjjuṃkada varttanĕya uḍu
|-
|20
|ಗಱೆಯನೂ ಪೂರ್ವ್ವಮರ್ಯ್ಯ
|gaṟĕyanū pūrvvamaryya
|-
|21
|ಯಾದೆಯ ಆ ಚಂದ್ರಾರ್ಕ್ಕ ಸ್ತಾ
|yādĕya ā caṃdrārkka stā
|-
|22
|ಯಿಯಾಗಿ ನಂಮ್ಮ ರಾಯಂಣ
|yiyāgi naṃmma rāyaṃṇa
|-
|23
|ಯೊಡೆರ್ಯ್ಯಗೆ ಸಕಳ ಸಾಂಬ್ರಾಜ್ಯ
|yŏḍĕryyagĕ sakal̤a sāṃbrājya
|-
|24
|ವಾಗಿ ಯಿರಬೇಕೆಂದು ನಂ
|vāgi yirabekĕṃdu naṃ
|-
|
|(ಹಿಂಭಾಗ)
|Backside
|-
|25
|ನಂಮ್ಮ ವರ್ತ್ತನೆಯ ಉಡುಗಱೆಯ
|naṃmma varttanĕya uḍugaṟĕya
|-
|26
|ನು ಚೊಕ್ಕನಾಥ ದೇವರಿಗೆ ಉಷಕ್ಕಾಲದ ಆ
|nu cŏkkanātha devarigĕ uṣakkālada ā
|-
|27
|ಹಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಧಾರಾಪೂರ್ವ್ವಖವಾಗಿ ಆ
|hārakkĕ dhārāpūrvvakhavāgi ā
|-
|28
|ಚಂದ್ರಾರ್ಖ್ಖಸ್ತಾಯ್ಯಾಗಿ ದಾರೆಯನೆಱ
|caṃdrārkhkhastāyyāgi dārĕyanĕṟa
|-
|29
|ದು ಕೊಟ್ಟೆವಾಗಿ ಯೀ ದರ್ಮ್ಮಖ್ಖೆ ಆ
|du kŏṭṭĕvāgi yī darmmakhkhĕ ā
|-
|30
|ವನಾನೊಬ್ಬ ತಪ್ಪಿದಡೂ ಗಂಗೆ
|vanānŏbba tappidaḍū gaṃgĕ
|-
|31
|ಯ ತಡಿಯ ಖಪಿಲೆಯ ಕೊಂದ ಪಾ
|ya taḍiya khapilĕya kŏṃda pā
|-
|32
|<nowiki>ಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೋಹರು || ಸುದೆತ್ತಾಂ</nowiki>
|<nowiki>padalli hoharu || sudĕttāṃ</nowiki>
|-
|33
|ದುಗುಣಂ ಪುಂಣ್ಯಂ ಪರದೆತ್ತಾ
|duguṇaṃ puṃṇyaṃ paradĕttā
|-
|34
|ನು ಪಾಲನಂ ಪರದೆತ್ತಾಪಹಾರೇ
|nu pālanaṃ paradĕttāpahāre
|-
|35
|<nowiki>ಣ ಸ್ವದೆತ್ತಂ ನಿಷ್ಪಲಂಬವೇತ್||</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ṇa svadĕttaṃ niṣpalaṃbavet||</nowiki>
|-
|36
|ಸ್ವದೆತ್ತಾಂ ಪರದೆತ್ತಾಂ ವಾಯೋ
|<nowiki>ṇa svadĕttaṃ niṣpalaṃbavet||</nowiki>
|-
|37
|ಹರೇತು ವಸುಂಧರಿ ಸಷ್ಟಿರ್ವ್ವರು
|haretu vasuṃdhari saṣṭirvvaru
|-
|38
|ಷ ಶಹಸ್ರಾಣಿ ವ್ರಿಷ್ಟಾಯಾಂ
|ṣa śahasrāṇi vriṣṭāyāṃ
|-
|39
|<nowiki>ಜಾಯತೆ ಕ್ರಿಮಿ || ಸುಭಮಸ್ತು</nowiki>
|<nowiki>jāyatĕ krimi || subhamastu </nowiki>
|-
|40
|ಮಂಗಳ ಮಹಾಶ್ರೀ ಶ್ರೀ ಶ್ರೀ
|mangal̤a mahā śrī śrī śrī
|}

== [[Domlur]] [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]] 16th-century CE Marappillai Suryappan Fragmented Left & Right Pillar Inscription ==
[[File:Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Marappillai Suryappan Fragmented Left Pillar Tamil Inscription 01.png|thumb|211x211px|Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Marappillai Suryappan Fragmented Left Pillar Tamil Inscription]]
[[File:Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Marappillai Suryappan Fragmented Right Pillar Tamil Inscription 02.png|thumb|212x212px|3D Scanned image of The Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Marappillai Suryappan Fragmented Right Pillar Tamil Inscription]]
These are a set of 2 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscriptions engraved on two pillars in the Chokkanathaswamy Temple with the same text and is palaeographically dated to 16th-century. It mentions the two pillars as donated by a merchant Marappillai Suriyappan. The Quarterly Journal of The Mythic Society has documented and published this inscription.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/qjms-vol-113-2-2022-43-undocumented-bengaluru-inscriptions |title=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (QJMS) VOl 113 2 2022 43 Undocumented Bengaluru Inscriptions |date=April 2022}}</ref>

=== Physical Characteristics ===
The inscription is 54 cm tall & 43 cm wide. The [[Tamil script|Tamil]] characters are 2.5 cm tall, 2.6 cm wide & 0.25 cm deep.

=== Transliteration of the Text ===
The text is published in the Quarterly Journal of the Mythic society.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Left Pillar
!Line
number
![[Tamil script|Tamil]]
!'''[[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]'''
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
|-
|1
|பெருவாணியந் மாரப்
|pĕruvāṇiyan mārap
|ಪೆರುವಾಣಿಯನ್ ಮಾರಪ್
|-
|2
|பிள்ளை சூரியப்
|pil̤l̤ai sūriyap
|ಪಿಳ್ಳೈ ಸೂರಿಯಪ್
|-
|4
|பந் தந்மம்
|pan danmaṃ
|ಪನ್ ದನ್ಮಂ
|-
|4
|இதூண்
|itūṇ
|ಇತೂಣ್
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Right Pillar
!Line
Number
![[Tamil script|Tamil]]
!'''[[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]'''
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
|-
|1
|பெருவாணியந் மாரப்
|pĕruvāṇiyan mārap
|ಪೆರುವಾಣಿಯನ್ ಮಾರಪ್
|-
|2
|பிள்ளை சூரியப்
|pil̤l̤ai sūriyap
|ಪಿಳ್ಳೈ ಸೂರಿಯಪ್
|-
|3
|பந் த
|pan da
|ಪನ್
|-
|4
|ந்மம்
|nmaṃ
|ದನ್ಮಂ
|-
|5
|இதூண்
|itūṇ
|ಇತೂಣ್
|}

== [[Domlur]] [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]] 16th-century CE Kammanan's Krishna Pillar Fragmented Inscription ==
[[File:Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Kammanan's Krishna Pillar Fragmented Tamil Inscription 01.png|thumb|265x265px|3D Scanned image of Krishna Pillar Inscription]]
It is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription in the same script dated paleographically to the 16th Century CE. It records the donation of the pillar by a Kaamanan, son of Vaduga Pillai. The pillar has sculptures of Nartana Krishna, Vishnu and Narasimha. The Quarterly Journal of The Mythic Society has documented and published this inscription.<ref>{{Cite book |last=The Mythic Society |url=http://archive.org/details/qjms-vol-113-2-2022-43-undocumented-bengaluru-inscriptions |title=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (QJMS) VOl 113 2 2022 43 Undocumented Bengaluru Inscriptions|date=April 2022 }}</ref>

=== Physical Characteristics ===
The inscription is 43 cm tall & 40 cm wide. The [[Tamil script|Tamil]] characters are 2.0 cm tall, 2.5 cm wide & 0.25 cm deep.

=== Transliteration of the Text ===
The text is published in the Quarterly Journal of the Mythic society.
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Tamil script|Tamil]]
!'''[[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]'''
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
|-
|1
|இக்கால்
|ikkāl
|ಇಕ್ಕಾಲ್
|-
|2
|பேறுடை
|peṟuḍai
|ಪೇಱುಡೈ
|-
|3
|யாந்
|yān
|ಯಾನ್
|-
|4
|காம
|kāma
|ಕಾಮ
|-
|5
|ணன்
|ṇaṉ
|ಣನ಼್
|-
|6
|தந்ம
|danma
|ದನ್ಮ
|-
|7
|ம்
|m
|ಮ್
|-
|8
|வடுக
|vaḍuga
|ವಡುಗ
|-
|9
|பிள்ளை
|pil̤l̤ai
|ಪಿಳ್ಳೈ
|-
|10
|மகன்
|magaṉ
|ಮಗನ಼್
|}

== [[Domlur]] 13th-century Vira Ramanathan Pillar Inscription ==
[[File:Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Domlur 13th-century Vira Ramanathan Pillar Tamil Inscription 04.png|thumb|376x376px|3D Scanned image of The Domlur 13th-century Vira Ramanathan Pillar Tamil Inscription]]
It is an incomplete 13th century [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Inscription, the context cannot be deduced, "ilaiIapakka nattu Dombaluril Chokkappa Perumal Koyilil" are the only words that can be logically put which translates to "in ilaiIapakka nattu, in dombalur, in the temple of Chokkappa Perumal." It is the only inscription of all those documented in Domlur that is not within the precincts of the Chokkanathaswamy temple. It was first documented and published in the Quarterly Journal of The Mythic Society.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=The Mythic Society |url=http://archive.org/details/qjms-vol-113-2-2022-43-undocumented-bengaluru-inscriptions |title=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (QJMS) VOl 113 2 2022 43 Undocumented Bengaluru Inscriptions|date=April 2022 }}</ref>

=== Physical Characteristics ===
The inscription is 120 cm tall & 135 cm wide. The Tamil Characters are 6.6 cm tall, 7.8 cm wide & 0.4 cm deep.

=== Transliteration of the Text ===
The text is published in the Quarterly Journal of the Mythic society.<ref name=":3" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Tamil script|Tamil]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
|-
|
|
|Side 2
|
|-
|1
|..கூ சூ
|..kū cū
|..ಕೂ ಚೂ
|-
|2
|..டாமணி ம
|.ḍamaṇi ma
|.ಡಮಣಿ ಮ
|-
|3
|ல ராஜரா
|la rājarā
|ಲ ರಾಜರಾ
|-
|4
|ஜ ரா மலப்
|ja rā malap
|ಜ ರಾ ಮಲಪ್
|-
|5
|போரு துக
|poru tu ga
|ಪೋರು ತು ಗ
|-
|6
|ண்ட கதந
|ṇḍa kadana
|ಣ್ಡ ಕದನ
|-
|7
|ப்ரசண்ட
|pracaṃḍa
|ಪ್ರಚಂಡ
|-
|8
|..ண்ட இப
|..ṇṭa ipa
|..ಣ್ಟ ಇಪ
|-
|9
|..ண்ட நேக
|..ṇṭa neka
|..ಣ್ಟ ನೇಕ
|-
|10
|.வீரநஸ
|.vīranasa
|.ವೀರನಸ
|-
|11
|ஹாயசுர ஸ
|hāyasura sa
|ಹಾಯಸುರ ಸ
|-
|12
|நிவார ஸிதி
|nivāra sidi
|ನಿವಾರ ಸಿದಿ
|-
|13
|கிரிதுர்கம்மல்ல ஸா
|giridurga mmalla ca
|ಗಿರಿದುರ್ಗ ಮ್ಮಲ್ಲ ಚ
|-
|14
|லடங்க காம
|laḍaṃka kā(rā)ma
|ಲಡಂಕ ಕಾ(ರಾ)ಮ
|-
|15
|ல்ல வீர பக
|lla vīra paka
|ಲ್ಲ ವೀರ ಪಕ
|-
|16
|ண்டிரவ மகர
|ṇṭirava makara
|ಣ್ಟಿರವ ಮಕರ
|-
|17
|ராஜ்ய நிர்மூலந
|rājya nirmūlana
|ರಾಜ್ಯ ನಿರ್ಮೂಲನ
|-
|
|
|Side 3
|
|-
|18
|(பாண்டிய ராய
|(pāṃḍiya rāya
|(ಪಾಂಡಿಯ ರಾಯ
|-
|19
|குல சமதா) – Stone damaged at top.
|kula camatā) – Stone damaged at top.
|ಕುಲ ಚಮತಾ) – Stone damaged at top.
|-
|19
|குல சமதா) – Stone damaged at top.
|kula camatā) – Stone damaged at top.
|ಕುಲ ಚಮತಾ) – Stone damaged at top.
|-
|20
|ரணி சோ
|raṇi co
|ರಣಿ ಚೋ
|-
|21
|ள ராஜ்ய
|l̤a rājya
|ಳ ರಾಜ್ಯ
|-
|22
|ப்ரதிஷ்டா சா
|pratiṣṭā cā
|ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಟಾ ಚಾ
|-
|23
|ய்ய நிஸ்ஸங்
|yya nissaṃ
|ಯ್ಯ ನಿಸ್ಸಂ
|-
|24
|க ப்ரதாப ச்ச
|ka pratāpa cca
|ಕ ಪ್ರತಾಪ ಚ್ಚ
|-
|25
|க்ரேவத்தி
|krevatti
|ಕ್ರೇವತ್ತಿ
|-
|26
|போஶள வீ
|pośal̤a vī
|ಪೋಶಳ ವೀ
|-
|27
|ர ராமனா தே
|ra rāmaṉā(tha) de
|ರ ರಾಮನ಼ಾ(ಥ) ದೇ
|-
|28
|வது இலைப்
|vatu ilaip
|ವತು ಇಲೈಪ್
|-
|29
|பாக்க நாட்
|pākka nāṭ
|ಪಾಕ್ಕ ನಾಟ್
|-
|30
|டில் தொம்ப
|ṭil tŏṃpa
|ಟಿಲ್ ತೊಂಪ
|-
|31
|லூரில்ச் சொ
|lūrilc cŏ
|ಲೂರಿಲ್ಚ್ ಚೊ
|-
|32
|க்கப்ப பெ
|kkappa pĕ
|ಕ್ಕಪ್ಪ ಪೆ
|-
|33
|ருமாள் கோயிலி நம..
|rumāl̤ koyili nama..
|ರುಮಾಳ್ ಕೋಯಿಲಿ ನಮ..
|-
|34
|மமாகுக
|mamākuka
|ಮಮಾಕುಕ
|-
|35
|இன்னாரது
|iṉṉāratu
|ಇನ಼್‌ನ಼ಾರತು
|-
|
|
|Side 4
|
|-
|36
|..........
|..........
|..........
|-
|37
|..........
|..........
|..........
|-
|38
|...மும்
|...muṃ
|...ಮುಂ
|-
|39
|......ல் பலம்
|......l palaṃ
|......ಲ್ ಪಲಂ
|-
|40
|....ட்டம்
|....ṭṭaṃ
|....ಟ್ಟಂ
|-
|41
|. ...த்தா
|. ...ttā
|. ...ತ್ತಾ
|-
|42
|....லம்
|....laṃ
|....ಲಂ
|-
|43
|...க..
|...ka..
|...ಕ..
|-
|44
|..இப்ப..
|..ippa..
|..ಇಪ್ಪ..
|-
|45
|...தித்தவர..
|...tittavara..
|...ತಿತ್ತವರ..
|-
|46
|...ல் வைத்..
|...l vait..
|...ಲ್ ವೈತ್..
|}

== [[Domlur]] [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]] 13th Century CE Alagiyar Inscription ==
It is an incomplete [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription of the 13th century in the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] script which is a donatory inscription which records the donation of two door posts made by an Alagiyar to the temple of Sokkapperumal ([[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]]). It was published in Volume 9 of ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]''.<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n311/mode/1up | title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore | date=1894 | publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n68/mode/1up | title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore | date=1894 | publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press }}</ref>

=== Transliteration in English ===
Source:<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The text of transliteration English has been published in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]''.

"Sokkaperummal ko...kkan....peril....nninen Alagiyar inda-ttiru-nilai-kal irandum ivan tanma."

=== Translation ===
Source:<ref name="archive.org"/>

The text of Translation English has been published in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]''.

"I, Alagiyar, made in the name of the temple of Sokkapperurnal, These two door-posts are his charity."

== [[Domlur]] [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]] 1266CE Talaikkatu Iravi Tripurantaka Settiyar Inscription ==
It is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription in Grantha characters of 1266CE and a donatory inscription to the god Tripurantaka Perumal by a Talaikkatu Iravi Tripurantaka Settiyar of Tombalur who had constructed the temple to the god Tripurantaka Perumal earlier and donated the wet and dry lands with four boundaries in the village of Jalappalli, the tank at Vinnamangalam and certain other lands below the big tank of Tombalur and gave it to the holder of the temple, one Allala Nambiyar to conduct daily worship and also donated land to Tripurantaka Perumal Achariyan, gave him the right of officiating at consecration of the same temple, and gave him lands, for meeting the expenses of repairs to the temple. 'Tombalur' as mentioned in the inscription is the tamilised form of Domlur and also mentions another name of Domlur as 'desimanickapattanam', Domlur lake mentioned in the inscription might be the land where the TERI building exists today.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=TERI building sits on Domlur lake: Former chief secy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/teri-building-sits-domlur-lake-2131271 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The text of the same inscription as documented in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' continues further with the text of another possibly unrelated inscription, a donatory inscription by an Allala Nambiyar who made a gift of one-third of his land to Tombalur Savari Perumal Nambiyar.<ref name=":4"/><ref name="archive.org"/>

=== Transliteration of the text in modern English ===
The text of the transliteration is published in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' Volume 9.<ref name=":4"/> The text reads as follows,

"Svasti Sri Sakarai-yandu ayirattu-oru-noorenbadu senra Kshaya-varushattu Sittirai-inadam padinelindiyadi Aditya Hastattu nal Rajendra-Sola-vala-nattu, Ilaippakka-nattu Tombalur ana Desimanikkapattinattu Talaikkattu Yiravi Tripurantaka-settiyarum Parpati-settichchiyarum Nambi Yiravi-settiyarkum Srideviyakkanukkum yi-vanstttil ullarkum punaravrittiy-illamaikkum Tribhuvanamalla Vembi-devarkum yivar varnattil ullarkum tolukkum vajukkum nanr-agavum tiruv-iradanah-gond-aruluvad-aga i-Tripurantaka-settiyar tiru-pratishthai-pannin a nayanar Tripurantakapperumalukku-ttirunamattu-kkaniy-aga vitta Jalappalli nansey punsey nay-pal-ellaiyum Vinnamangalatt-eriyum Torabalur periya yeriyd kalini panniru-kandagamum i-kkovil kaniyalan Iramapiran Allala-nambiyarukku archana-vrtti Vanniyakatta mariyadi-kuduttu kandaga-kolaiyum kuduttu Talai Sankarappariyan Tillai nayagan marumagan Manali Tripurantaka-pperumal-asariyar ivanukku i-ttiru-murram iidaki-prananam aga kshetrara-kudutten pratishthasarimaiyum periy-eri-kil-ppsanam koiai vilaiya aru-kandaga-kkalaniyun-gaudaga-kkollaiyum raajrura ullanavum puduppanikke tiruppadigal opadi kuli idavum ivan makkal makkal santraditya-varai sella kudutten Manali Tripurantaka-perumal-asarikku i-kkoyilir-kaniyalan Kundaaiyir-Kaduvanudaiyan Suriyan Sambandarukku Sanduppatti kalani iru-kandagamum . . . ndalinpatti yiru-kandagamura Uvachchapatti kandagamum eraberuman adiyarku ivv-eriyil kalani aru-kandagam idil terkku kalani kandagamum Sokkaperumal Manikkattukku kandagam i-nnayanar tirumadaivilagamum sannadi-teruvumaga peri-eriyil kalani muppadin-kan. . . . . . . kkaraiyil kurar-pasuvaiyum Piramanaraiyum konra papatte kallum Kaveriyum pullum pumiyura ulladanaiyum Brahma-karppam ulladanaiyum vishthaiyille krimiy-ay senikkakadavvakkal

Allala-nambiyar Tombalur ennudaiya kaniyil Savaripperuraal-nambiyarukku danam aga munrattonru kudutten".

=== Translation ===
The text of the translation is published in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' Volume 9 and it reads as follows,<ref name=":4" />

"(On the date specified), I, Talaikkatu Iravi Tripurantaka Settiyar of Tombalur, alias Tesimanikka-pattanam in Ilaippakka-nattu of Rajendra-Sola-vala-nadu, along with (my wife) Parpatisettichchiyar, granted, as tax-free temple property, for the god Tripurantaka-pperumal, set up by myself, — so that he might be worshipped to save from re-birth Nambi Iravi-settiyar, (his wife) Srideviyakka and their descendants, and for victory to the arm and sword of Tribhuvanamalla Vembi-deva and his descendants, the wet and dry lands with their four boundaries in the village of Jalappalli, the tank at Vinnamangalam and certain other lands (specified) below the big tank of Tombalur, and made them over, along with some other lands (specified), to the holder of the temple land, Irama-piran Allala-nambiyar, for conducting the worship. I also gave over, with pouring of water, the charge of this temple to Talai Sankarappachariyan Tillainayagan's nephew Manali Tripurantaka-pperumal-achariyan, granted him the right of officiating at consecration, and gave him, for meeting the expenses of repairs to the temple, certain lands (specified) to descend to his sons and grandsons for as long as the moon and the sun exist. Further, I granted certain lands (specified in each case) to the holder of the temple land, Kaduvanudaiyan Suriyan Sambandar, to the temple servants and to Sokkapperumal Manikkam. . . . . . . . .

(Those who violate this charity) shall incur the sin of having slaughtered tawny cows and Brahmans on the banks (of the Ganges), and shall be born worms in ordure for as long as the rocks, the Kaveri, the grass and the earth endure, and the Brahma-kalpa lasts.

I, Allaja-nambiyar, made a gift of one-third of my land in Tombalur to Savari-pperumal-nambiyar".

==[[Domlur]] [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]] 1290CE Sella Pillai Inscription ==

It is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription in [[Grantha script|Grantha]] characters of 1290CE and a donatory inscription which was made by the Hoysala King Veera Ramanada Deva ([[Vira Ramanatha|Veera Ramanatha Deva]]) to the [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]] on the petition of the residents of Ilaipakka Nadu, a Sella Pillai, the temple-manager Nalandigal Narayana Tadar and other people as the funds were insufficient for the temple management, the king ordered a part of the tax collected by Tombalur given to the temple itself. The Ilaipakka Naadu as mentioned in the inscription was an administrative unit, which presently corresponds to Yelahanka located in North Bengaluru. The inscription is published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' Volume 9, the present status of the inscription remains unknown.

=== Transliteration of the text in modern [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
The transliteration of the inscription is published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' Volume 9.<ref name=":4"/> The text reads as follows,

"svasti . . . . . .ysala-vira-Ramanada-Devarku yandu muppattu-aravadu Arpasi-madam padina. .... tiyadi Ilaippakka-nattu-nattavarum Kanda-chchettiyarum Nam. . . . . . .rum adikari Sellappillaiyum devar sibarittai Tombalur Sokkappe. . . . .kku tirunal-alivukku porad-enru vinnappanyya i-kovilil kkariyan-jeyar Nalandigal Narayana-tadar vinnappan-jeya devarum Tomb. . . r irukkum ponl mudalil pattu ponl mudalil vitten vira-Iramanada-Devarena yi-ttanmatai alivu-seydar undagi Gengai-kkaraiyil kura-ppasuvai konran pavatte pugakadavargal"

=== Translation ===
The translation of the inscription is published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' Volume 9.<ref name=":4"/> The text reads as follows,

"In the 36th year of the reign of Poysala vira-Ramanada-Devar, On a petition being made by the inhabitants of Ilaippakka-nadu, the officer Sella-pillai, the temple-manager Nalandigal Narayana-tadar and some others (named), to the effect that the provision made for the expenses for festivals of the god Sokkapperumal of Tombalur is inadequate, the king remitted (on the date specified) 10 pon out of the amount that was being paid by (the village of) Tombalur. Usual final imprecatory sentence."

==[[Domlur]] [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]] 14th Century CE Panchala Inscription ==
It is a mostly incomplete [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription in [[Grantha script|Grantha]] characters of the carpenters and Panchalas (craftsmen) made in front of the deity Chokkanathaswamy, it is published in [[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]] Volume 9, the present status of the inscription remains unknown.

=== Transliteration of the text in modern [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
The transliteration of the inscription is published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' Volume 9.<ref name=":4"/> The text reads as follows,

"svasti sri upajivana-katrinam samasta-vrita-vasinam arkkasalam paran-daivam baudyame daiva-sasanam sadhanam rathakaranam etat trailokya-bhushanara samasta-va. . . . . . .ttarum samasta-panchalattarum Sokkapperumal tiru-munbe kuraiv-ara-kkudi sthira-sasanam-panninapadi nadugalil."

=== Translation ===
The translation of the inscription is published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' Volume 9.<ref name="archive.org"/> The text reads as follows,

"This is the Daiva-sasana of the followers of different callings. This edict of the carpenters is the ornament of the three worlds. . . . . . .

The following is the permanent agreement made by all the Panchalas who had assembled, without a vacancy the assembly, in front of the god Sokkapperumal, In the nadus. . . . . . . "

==[[Domlur]] [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]] 13th Century CE Talaikkatu Iravi Tripurantaka Settiyar Lamp Inscription ==
It is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription in [[Grantha script|Grantha]] characters of the 13th Century CE which records a donation of money for two lamps made by a Talaikkatu Iravi Tripurantaka Settiyar to the [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]]. It is published in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' Volume 9, the present status of the inscription remains unknown.

=== Transliteration of the text in modern [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
The transliteration of the inscription is published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' Volume 9.<ref name=":4"/> The text reads as follows,

"svasti sri Irajaraja-Sola-vala-nattu llaippakka-nattu Tombalur ana Desimanikkapatanattu Tiripurantaka-pperumal Embe-devar kattina kattupadi iratti-madattuku tiru-vilaku pana 5"

=== Translation ===
The translation of the inscription is published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' Volume 9.<ref name=":4"/> The text reads as follows,

"According to the stipulation made by Tripurantaka-perumal Enbe devar of Tombalur, alias Tesimanikka-pattanam, of Ilaippakka-nadu in Irajaraja-Sola-vala-nadu, five panams (are sanctioned) for lamps for two months."

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|title=Inscriptions and Herostones of Domluru
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|File:Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple North Wall 03.jpg
|Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple North Wall

|File:3D scanning of the Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple North Wall 1302CE Veera Ballala Inscription (Tamil).jpg
|3D scanning of the North Wall 1302CE Veera Ballala Inscription (Tamil)

|File:Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Singaperumal Nambiyar Tamil Inscription.jpg
|Singaperumal Nambiyar Tamil Inscription
|File:Image of The Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Kammanan's Krishna Pillar Fragmented Tamil Inscription 04.jpg
|Kammanan's Krishna Pillar Fragmented Tamil Inscription
|File:Domlur chola stone art 10th century,bangalore.jpg
|Kammanan's Krishna Pillar Fragmented Tamil Inscription
|File:A close View of The Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Marappillai Suryappan Fragmented Right Pillar Tamil Inscription 03.jpg
|Marappillai Suryappan Fragmented Right Pillar Tamil Inscription
|File:Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Kammanan's Krishna Pillar Another side vishnu sculpture 02.png
|Kammanan's Krishna Pillar inscription Another side vishnu sculpture
|File:Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Kammanan's Krishna Pillar Another side Yoga Narasimha sculpture 03.png
|Kammanan's Krishna Pillar Another side Yoga Narasimha sculpture
|File:Domlur 13th-century Vira Ramanathan Pillar Tamil Inscription 05.jpg
|Domlur 13th-century Vira Ramanathan Pillar Tamil Inscription
|File:Domlur Shilashasana in Kannada.jpg
|Domlur 1440CE Malarasa's Donation Inscription
}}

== See also ==

* [[Tamil inscriptions of Bangalore|Tamil Inscriptions of Bengaluru]]
* [[Veera Ballala II]]
* [[Epigraphy]]
* [[Hoysala Empire]]
* [[Kannada inscriptions]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Coord|12.962306|N|77.635222|E|type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Tamil inscriptions]]
[[Category:Kannada inscriptions]]
[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]

Paran Banerjee

2026-05-06T10:25:29Z

Dwatson32: Put up new entry!

{{Short description|Indian Bengali film and television actor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{independent sources|date=June 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Paran Banerjee
| image =Paran Bandopadhya 6654.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Banerjee in July 2010
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|10|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
[[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Bengal presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Bangladesh]])
| years_active = 1985–present
| known_for =
| occupation = Actor, [[Government of West Bengal]] employee (Retd.)
}}
'''Paran Banerjee'''<ref group=lower-greek>Spelling according to [https://archive.today/20130103204432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-07/news-interviews/32100093_1_ghost-stories-sandip-ray-film Times of India] and [https://archive.today/20130203114232/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111213/jsp/entertainment/story_14872414.jsp Telegraph, Calcutta]. We'll follow this spelling.</ref> (also spelled as '''Paran Bandyopadhyay'''<ref group=lower-greek>Spelling according to [http://www.zeebangla.com/shows/mirakkel-akkel-challenger-5.html Zee Bangla website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013125110/http://www.zeebangla.com/shows/mirakkel-akkel-challenger-5.html |date=13 October 2012 }}</ref><ref group=lower-greek>Alternative of surname ''Bandopadhyay'', see [[Banerjee]]</ref>) is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film, television and stage actor based in [[Kolkata]]. He has worked with Bengali film director [[Sandip Ray]], the son of filmmaker and author [[Satyajit Ray]].

==Early life==
Bandopadhyay has roots in [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Bangladesh]]. His mother died when he was young and his father left home. After that, he was brought up by his paternal aunt in [[Dum Dum]]. He did his primary schooling from Deep Chand School in [[Hindmotor]]. He graduated from the [[City College, Kolkata|City College]] at the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>[http://www.nilkantho.in/paran-bandyopadhyay/ Interview - nilkantho.in]</ref> In his childhood, Bandopadhyay participated in one-act plays in their neighborhood. He has also acted in some plays of the [[Indian People’s Theatre Association]]. In 1962, he joined [[Government of West Bengal]] in the Department of Public Works Roads.<ref name="Paran Bandopadhyay, 70">{{cite web|title=Paran Bandopadhyay, 70|url=http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPrintView.jsp?page_id=13776|publisher=Harmony Magazine|access-date=1 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221121723/http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPrintView.jsp?page_id=13776|archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

==Cinema==
Bandopadhyay retired from his Government job in 2000.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}} At that time he was 60 years old.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}} He was discovered by [[Sandip Ray]] in the late 1990s and his first work was a TV short film named ''Shadhon Babur Shondeho'', based on a story by [[Satyajit Ray]] and which was a part of a TV film series named ''Satyajiter Gappo'' in 1998. The series was made for [[DD Bangla]].{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

Between 2000 and 2010, Bandopadhyay acted in more than 35 films.<ref name="Paran Bandopadhyay, 70" /> Some of his films are ''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]'' (2003), ''Chiradin Chirakal'' (2016) ''[[Tintorettor Jishu (film)|Tintorettor Jishu]]'' (2008), ''[[Gosainbaganer Bhoot]]'' (2011), ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]'' (2011), ''[[Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy]]'' (2012), ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]'' (2014), ''[[Cinemawala]]'' (2016) and ''[[Double Feluda]]'' (2016).{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

==Major productions of Shrutee Rangam==
*''Tumi Kar''
*''Bishmul''
*''Satya Fire Eso''
*''Mithyebadi''
*''Jedin Sedin''
*''Tobe Kamon Hoto''
*''Promila Piyaji''

==Filmography==
{{BLP sources section|date=October 2022}}

=== Films ===
* ''[[Dekha]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Mondo Meyer Upakhyan]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Arjun Aamar Naam]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]'' (2003) as Pulak Ghoshal
* ''[[Bhalobasar Onek Naam]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Hochheta Ki]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Tintorettor Jishu (film)|Tintorettor Jishu]]'' (2008) as Purnendu Pal
* ''Shono Mon Boli Tomay'' (2010)
* ''[[The Japanese Wife]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Gosainbaganer Bhoot]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]'' (2011) as Debotosh Singha Ray
* ''Bindas Prem'' (2011)
* ''[[Nobel Chor]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]'' (2012)<ref name="Bhooter Bhobishyot review Comedy of no errors">{{cite news|title=Bhooter Bhobishyot review Comedy of no errors|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/bhooter-bhobishyot-review-comedy-no-errors-423|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621214408/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/bhooter-bhobishyot-review-comedy-no-errors-423|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=17 June 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy]]'' (2012) as Tarini Khuro
* ''Kidnapper'' (2013)
* ''[[Proloy (film)|Proloy]]'' (2013) Binod Dutta
* ''[[Goynar Baksho]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Chhayamoy]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Obhishopto Nighty]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Chaar (film)|Chaar]]'' (2014) as Bateshwar Sikdar
* ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]'' (2014) as Banabihari Sarkar
* ''[[Open Tee Bioscope]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Arshinagar]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Peace Haven]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Monchora]]'' (2016)
* ''[[It's Basanta]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Cinemawala]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Double Feluda]]'' (2016) as Sidhu Jetha
* [[Chiradin Chirakal (film)|''Chiradin Chirakal'']] (2016)
* [[Posto (film)|''Posto'']] (2017)
* ''[[Curzoner Kalom]]'' 2017)
* ''[[Bolo Dugga Maiki]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Cockpit (2017 film)|Cockpit]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Dhananjay (film)|Dhananjay]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Sundari (film)|Sundari]]'' (2018)
* ''Aranyadeb'' (2018)
* ''[[Bhobishyoter Bhoot]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Jotilpurer Goppo]]'' (upcoming)
* ''Alinagarer Golokdhanda'' (2019)
* ''[[Ahaa Re]]'' (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rituparna-sengupta-aha-re-focuses-on-the-journey-towards-love-instead-of-love-itself/articleshow/67524449.cms|website=Times of India|title=Rituparna Sengupta: 'Aha Re' focuses on the journey towards love instead of love itself
|date=14 January 2019|access-date=25 February 2019|last=Ghosh|first=Sankha}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=5 February 2019|number = 1092740347220750336 |title=Rituparna Sengupta, Arifin Shuvoo, Paran Bandyopadhyay and Amrita Chattopadhyay... #Bengali film #AhaaRe to release on 22 Feb 2019... Directed by Ranjan Ghosh... Distribution by SSR Cinemas P Ltd... Poster: https://t.co/waGmdy4wU5}}</ref>
* ''[[Bhootchakra Pvt. Ltd.]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Purba Paschim Dakshin]]'' (2019)
* ''Paran Bandhu Re'' (2019)
* ''[[Weekend E Suryadoy]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Borunbabur Bondhu]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Cholo Potol Tuli]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Bob Biswas]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Kishmish]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Aparajito (2022 film)|Aparajito]]'' (2022) as CM Biman Roy
* ''[[Bhubanbabur Smart Phone]]'' (2022) as Kripasindhu Sarkhel
* ''[[Hatyapuri (film)|Hatyapuri]]'' (2022) as Durgagoti Sen aka D.G Sen
* ''[[Dilkhush]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Mayar Jonjal]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Angshuman MBA]]'' (2023)<ref>{{cite news |last1=সংবাদদাতা |first1=নিজস্ব |title=Angshuman MBA: বিধায়ক হওয়ার পরে ফের পড়াশোনায় ডুব! বাণিজ্যে স্নাতকোত্তর পড়ছেন সোহম |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/soham-chakraborty-and-koushani-mukherjee-is-the-new-pair-in-angshuman-mba-dgtl/cid/1348836 |work=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref>
* ''[[Shri Swapankumarer Badami Hyenar Kobole]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Tekka (film)|Tekka]]'' (2024)
* Pataliganjer putul khela (2025)
* ''[[Madam Sengupta]]'' (2025)

===Television===
*''Janmabhoomi'' (as Dibakar) on [[DD Bangla]]
*''Shadhon Babur Shondeho (Satyajiter Gappo)'' (1998) on [[DD Bangla]]
*RAJMAHAL ON DD Bangla
*MAHAPRABHU AS SULTAN ON DD Bangla
*''Bateshworer Abodan-Satyajiter Priyo Galpo'' (2000) on [[Colors Bangla|ETV Bangla]]
*Neel Seemana (2004)
*Songsar Sukher Hoy Romonir Gune ( 2012–2014) on Star Jalsha
*''[[Proloy Asche]]'' (2011) on [[Sananda TV]]
*''Nayika'' (2011–12) on [[Sananda TV]]
*''[[Boyei Gelo]]'' (2013–14) as Bhobhotash Basak on [[Zee Bangla]]
*''[[Byomkesh (2014 TV series)|Byomkesh]]'' (2014–15) as Anukul Babu on [[Colors Bangla]]
*''[[Mirakkel]]'' as a judge up to Season 9 on [[Zee Bangla]]

===Web series===

*''Holy Faak''
*''Holy Faak Season 2''
*''[[Shob Choritro]]'' (2022)
* Rudrabinar Abhisaap Season 2 (2022)
*'' Paanchphoron's ''(2022) (kolkata's first sitcom)
* ''[[Abar Proloy]]''
* ''[[Dadur Kirti]]''
* ''[[Nikhoj]]'' (2023)

== Awards and nominations ==
* 2017 - Won for [[2nd Filmfare Awards East|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor-Male - Bengali]] for ''[[Cinemawala]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-east-2017/winners | title=Filmfare Award East 2017 Winners - List of Bengali Filmfare Award Winners }}</ref>
* 2017 - Won [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] for Best Actor in a Leading Role for ''[[Cinemawala]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wbfja.com/award-2017.php | title=Award 2017 - WBFJA: Welcome to the official website of West Bengal Film Journalists' Association | access-date=20 November 2022 | archive-date=31 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331060003/https://wbfja.com/award-2017.php | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2020 - Won ''[[Films and Frames Digital Film Awards|Films & Frames Digital Film Awards (Bangla)]]'' for Best Supporting Actor for ''[[Borunbabur Bondhu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coming Soon |url=https://www.filmsandframes.in/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.filmsandframes.in}}</ref>
* 2021 - Won [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for ''[[Borunbabur Bondhu]]''<ref name="wbfja.com">{{cite web | url=https://wbfja.com/award-2022.php | title=Award 2022 - WBFJA: Welcome to the official website of West Bengal Film Journalists' Association | access-date=20 November 2022 | archive-date=20 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120125457/https://wbfja.com/award-2022.php | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2022 - Won [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] for Best Actor in a Leading Role for ''[[Tonic (film)]]''<ref name="wbfja.com"/>
* 2022 - Won [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Actor]] for ''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-bangla-2021/winners | title=Winner List of Filmfare Awards Bangla 2021 }}</ref>
* 2022 - Nominated [[67th Filmfare Awards]] Best Supporting Actor for ''[[Bob Biswas]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2022/nominations | title=Filmfare Awards 2022 Nominations }}</ref>

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=lower-greek}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|3056725}}

{{Bengali theatre}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandopadhyay, Paran}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:People from Jessore District]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:City College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards East winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]

Indra Prasanna Mukerji

2026-04-25T02:53:21Z

Dwatson32: Adding a post w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1963)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| name = Indra Prasanna Mukerji
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = 13th [[Chief Justice]] of [[Meghalaya High Court]]
| term_start = 3 October 2024
| term_end = 5 September 2025
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[S. Vaidyanathan]]|[[Hamarsan Singh Thangkhiew|H. S. Thangkhiew]] (Acting)}}
| successor = {{ubl|[[Soumen Sen]]|[[Hamarsan Singh Thangkhiew|H. S. Thangkhiew]] (Acting)}}
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start1 = 18 May 2009
| term_end1 = 2 October 2024
| nominator1 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| appointer1 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|9|6}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] [[University of London]]
}}

'''Indra Prasanna Mukerji''' (born 6 September 1963) is a retired Indian judge who served as 13th Chief Justice of the [[Meghalaya High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indra Prasanna Mukerji named CJ of Meghalaya High Court {{!}} The Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2024/09/19/indra-prasanna-mukerji-named-cj-of-meghalaya-high-court/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=theshillongtimes.com}}</ref> He also served as judge of the [[Calcutta High Court]].

==Early life and career==
Justice Mukerji was born in 1963 into a family of lawyers in [[Kolkata]]. His father Deba Prasanna Mukerji and paternal grandfather Iswar Prasanna Mukerji were [[barrister]]s of the [[Calcutta High Court]]. He studied at [[St. Xavier's School, Kolkata|St. Xavier's School and College, Kolkata]] and passed law at the [[University of Calcutta]]. He was also educated in [[University of London]]. After his enrolment as a lawyer on 2 July 1990, Mukerji practised in the Calcutta High Court on the civil side. He became the senior advocate in the panel of [[Government of India]] as well as [[Damodar Valley Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calcutta High Court - Judges |url=https://www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in/Judges/CJ-and-Judges |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in}}</ref> He was appointed as a permanent judge on 18 May 2009 in the Calcutta High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CDJ Law Journal |url=https://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?id=375&cid=15 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.cdjlawjournal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SUPREME COURT OF INDIA |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3ec0490f1f4972d133619a60c30f3559e/uploads/2024/09/2024091732.pdf |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref> On 21 September 2024, Mukerji was made Chief Justice of Meghalaya High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Order of appointment of Shri Justice Indra Prasanna Mukerji |url=https://doj.gov.in/document/order-of-appointment-of-shri-justice-indra-prasanna-mukerji-judge-calcutta-high-court-as-chief-justice-of-meghalaya-high-court-21-09-2024/ |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-22 |title=Centre names CJs for eight high courts, day after Supreme Court prod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-names-cjs-for-eight-high-courts-day-after-supreme-court-prod/articleshow/113559410.cms |access-date=2024-09-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Justice Indra Prasanna Mukerji recommended for CJ of Meghalaya HC {{!}} |url=https://www.whispersinthecorridors.com/detail/125607-Justice+Indra+Prasanna+Mukerji+recommended+for+CJ+of+Meghalaya+HC.html |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Whispersinthecorridors}}</ref> He was retired on 5 September 2025 as Chief Justice of Meghalaya High Court. He was ranked 3rd on the [[List of sitting judges of the high courts of India#List of Judges by seniority (in cumulative)|All India seniority list of High Court Judges]] on the date of his retirement.Presently he is the Chairperson of the [[West Bengal Human Rights Commission]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherji, Indra Prasanna}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Meghalaya High Court]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]

Timarni Assembly constituency

2026-04-22T00:03:01Z

Dwatson32: starting stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Timarni
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 134
| map_image = 134-Timarni.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Harda district|Harda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Betul Lok Sabha constituency|Betul]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Abhijeet Shah]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Sanjay Shah Makdai
}}
'''Timarni''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It comprises [[Timarni]] tehsil and parts of [[Khirkiya]] tehsil, both in [[Harda district]] and is a part of the [[Betul Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="election2018" /> As of 2023, its representative is [[Abhijeet Shah]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="election2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Dhannalal Choudhary
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Kheeprasad Bastawar
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Manoharlal Hazarilal
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Shyamlal Balmiki Pardeshi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Kheeprasad Bastawar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Manohar Lal Rathor
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Manoharlal Hazarilal
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Uttam Singh Jagannath Prasad Sonakia
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| Manohar Lal Rathor
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan=3|Sanjay Shah Makdai
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="election2023" />
| [[Abhijeet Shah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Timarni<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Abhijeet Shah]]
|votes = {{formatnum:76554}}
|percentage = 47.41
|change = +3.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjay Shah
|votes = {{formatnum:75604}}
|percentage = 46.82
|change = +1.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramesh Maskole
|votes = {{formatnum:3562}}
|percentage = 2.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2561}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change = -1.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:950}}
|percentage = 0.59
|change = -0.97
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:161478}}
|percentage = 85.15
|change = +2.01
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Timarni<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-3">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Shah Makdai
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:64033}}
|percentage = 45.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Abhijeet Shah]]
|votes = {{formatnum:61820}}
|percentage = 43.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Nandkishor Bete Amakhal
|votes = {{formatnum:5722}}
|percentage = 4.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhagirath Evane
|votes = {{formatnum:1799}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nanakram
|votes = {{formatnum:1590}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4084}}
|percentage = 2.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2213}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:141816}}
|percentage = 83.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Timarni]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.37|77.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Harda district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Sanjay Deshmukh

2026-04-21T04:19:33Z

Dwatson32: starting new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{No footnotes|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Deshmukh
| birth_name = Sanjay Uttamrao Deshmukh
| occupation = Agriculture, S&D Industries, Politician & Social Worker
| years_active =
| alma_mater =
| party = [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena(UBT)]] {{small|(2022-Present)}}
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(2017-2019)}} [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(2009-2017)}} [[Independent politician|Independent]] {{small|(1999-2009)}} & {{small|(2019-2022)}} [[Shiv Sena]] {{small|(1996-1999)}}
| image = Sanjay Uttamrao Deshmukh Election 2021 jpg.jpg
| spouse = Vaishalitai Sanjayrao Deshmukh
| children = 2
| parents =
| education = B.Com from B.b Arts N.b Commerce & B.p Science College, [[Digras]] in 1988.
| birth_place = At.[[Chincholi]], [[Digras|Digras Taluka]], [[Yavatmal District]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|04|21}}
| caption =
| image_size =
| website = {{url|https://sanjaydeshmukh.in/|Official website}}
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Yavatmal–Washim">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Yavatmal–Washim |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1314.htm |access-date=16 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216141317/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1314.htm |archive-date=16 December 2024}}</ref>
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Bhavana Gawali| Bhavana Gawali ]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Yavatmal–Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Yavatmal–Washim]]
| office1 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1999
| term_end1 = 2009
| predecessor1 = Shrikant Wamanrao Munginwar
| successor1 = [[Sanjay Dulichand Rathod]]
| constituency1 = [[Digras (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Digras]]
| office2 = [[Minister of State]] [[First Deshmukh ministry|Vilasrao Deshmukh Ministry]] & [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry]]
| minister2 = *[[Ministry of Sports and Youth Welfare (Maharashtra)|Ministry of Sports & Youth welfare]]
| term_start2 = 2001
| term_end2 = 2004
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
}}
'''Sanjay Uttamrao Deshmukh''' (born 21 April 1968) is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]]. He was a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Digras]] constituency of [[Maharashtra]] in 1999 and 2004. He is the founder of Ishwar Deshmukh Foundation. He is currently Director of Yavatmal District Central Cooperative Bank since 2008 and he is elected from Digras branch constituency.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lodhi |first=Rahul Singh |date=13 July 2024 |title=Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302190555/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-date=2 March 2025 |work=India Today |access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Sanjay Uttamrao Deshmukh, also called Sanjay Bhau, was in [[Digras|Chincholi, Digras]] on 21 April 1968. He is one of the four children of Uttamrao Khushalrao Deshmukh (Police Patil) and Savitabai Deshmukh. He completed his schooling from Dinbai Vidyalaya, Digras. He completed his graduation in [[Bachelor of Commerce|Bachelor of commerce]] from [[Amravati]] University. He is married to Vaishalitai Sanjayrao Deshmukh. The couple has two children.

== Political career ==
Joining politics at the age of 30, Deshmukh became the district president of [[Shiv Sena]] from [[Yavatmal District]] in 1996. He first won the election from [[Digras Assembly constituency]] in 1999 with a margin of 126 votes as an Independent MLA against NCP candidate Khwaja Baig. Meanwhile, he also served as the minister of sports from 2002 to 2004. In 2004 he was again won election and got elected as an Independent MLA of [[Digras Assembly constituency]] with 2,518 votes against [[Shiv Sena]] MLA Shreekant Munginwar.

After that, his success in politics and his followers never stop rising; In 2001, he became the State Sports Minister of Maharashtra. From the beginning days of politics, he has been involved in social activities. Later, he founded the Ishvar foundation and Shri.Durgamata Bahuudeshiya Krida and Shaikshanik Sanstha,Ishwar Deshmukh Institute Of Pharmacy, [[Digras]] in the year of 2003 which provides free education and food to poor, underprivileged children.

== Work ==
He is founder of charitable trust like Sanjay Bhau Mitra Mandal, Ishwar Pratishthan, Ishwar Deshmukh foundation. These trusts organize workshop of self-employment creation workshops, women safety workshops and provide education and training to poor and backward class children and women.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
# [https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=9562 About Sanjay Bhau desgmukh:My neta,info]
# [https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/maharashtra/candidates/deshmukh-sanjay-uttamrao-ind-2019-digras-79-maharashtra Election:Sanjay Bhau Deshmukh]
# [http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/sanjaydeshmukh.pdf General Election detail]
# [https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/1999/digras/deshmukh-sanjay-uttamrao/ Sanjay Bhau Deshmukh Election Result][https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/maharashtra/candidates/deshmukh-sanjay-uttamrao-ind-2019-digras-79-maharashtra ]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
[[Category:People from Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena (UBT) politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]

UPAY

2026-04-17T04:50:45Z

Dwatson32: starting a post

{{Multiple issues|{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{Cleanup|reason=references section is a mess|date=April 2021}}
{{Tone|date=March 2026}}}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UPAY}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = UPAY
| formation = {{Start date|2010}}
| image =
| type = [[Non-governmental organization]]
| status =
| purpose = Education
| headquarters = Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| location = Nagpur, Mouda, Delhi, Noida, Gurugram, Pune, Bengaluru, Kolkata
| coordinates = 
| leader_title = Founder & Chairman
| leader_name = Varun Shrivastava
| parent_organization =
| num_volunteers = 5000
| website = {{URL|upay.org.in}}
}}
'''UPAY (उपाय)''' or '''Under Privileged Advancement by Youth''' is a [[non-governmental organization]] which works towards the provision of quality education to the underprivileged children in India. It was founded by [[Varun shrivastava|Varun Shrivastava]], an [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|IIT Kharagpur]]-graduate and NTPC Ltd Engineer,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/story-feed/achievers/story-of-varun-shrivastava-from-iit-to-teaching-slum-children/|title=From IIT to teaching slum children – the story of Varun Shrivastava's UPAY|last=|first=|date=2015-11-28|website=|publisher=|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-24}}</ref> with the help of his colleagues on 12 May 2010 to make quality education available at the remote villages of India. It was registered as an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] on 19 September 2011.

==History==
UPAY (Underprivileged Advancement by Youth),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/chasing-nirvana/ek-upay-a-solution/|title=Ek UPAY, a solution|date=2013-07-21|access-date=2016-08-24}}</ref> was founded on 20 May 2010 by a group of young engineers from IITs and NITs<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trending-news.in/2016/08/10-Inspiring-Ordinary-Indians-Who-Are-Doing-Something-Extraordinary.html|title=10 Inspiring Ordinary Indians Who Are Doing Something Extraordinary|access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref> working at NTPC Ltd in a small village called Kumbhari in the outskirts of [[Nagpur]]. It has been registered as an NGO under the Society Registration Act, 1860 and Mumbai Public Trust Act, 1950 (Reg No. Maharashtra/268/2011/Bhandara). Its main aim is to provide opportunities to underprivileged children. Since its inception, a large number of educated youth has joined this movement and has been spreading it across the country. Its members include teachers, doctors, engineers, lawyers, students, housewives, retired persons and other working professionals.

== Awards and recognition ==

LOKMATA SAMAJIK SANSTHA PURASKAR by LOKMATA SUMATITAI SMRUTI PRATISHTHAN, November 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2017/12/25/Each-person-should-work-as-a-%E2%80%98trustee--in-life--Purohit.aspx|title=Each person should work as a 'trustee' in life: Purohit|website=thehitavada.com|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref>

==References==
<ref>[https://www.indiamantra.com/upay-under-privileged-advancement-youth/ "आखिर क्या है वो ‘उपाय’ जो बदल रहा है गरीब बच्चों की जिंदगियां"], ''IndiaMantra.com'', 2016-10-12</ref>
{{reflist}}

* http://www.upay.org.in/index.php/
* http://www.apnasaamaan.com/
* https://www.facebook.com/pages/UPAYUnder-Privilegeds-Advancement-By-Youth/245407178844117?fref=ts
* UPAY in media: http://www.upay.org.in/z/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28&Itemid=865

<ref>Akanksha Swarnim [https://indianexpress.com/article/education/swiggy-co-founder-rahul-jaimini-filmmaker-among-19-to-receive-iit-kharagpur-award-5910364/ "Founder Delhi-NCR chapter of UPAY won Young Alumni Achiever's Award by her alma mater IIT Kharagpur"], ''[[Indian Express]]'', Kharagpur, 16 August 2019. Retrieved on 16 August 2019.</ref>

<ref>YAAA 2019 [https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2019/08/18/swiggy-co-founder-among-19-receive-iit-kgp-award.html "UPAY NGO's Zonal Director wins prestigious YAAA by IIT Kharagpur"], ''[[The week]]''. Retrieved 18 August 2019.</ref>

<ref>[https://www.educationtimes.com/article/newsroom/70703734/changemakers-lawyers-filmmakers-among-19-to-get-iit-kharagpurs-young-alumni-achievers-award-2019.html "UPAY's changemaker gets YAAA 2019 by IIT Kharagpur"], ''[[Education Times]]''. Retrieved 17 August 2019.</ref>

<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-kharagpur-to-honour-swiggy-co-founder-and-19-others-with-young-alumni-achiever-s-award-1581452-2019-08-16 "IIT Kharagpur honors Akanksha Swarnim of UPAY NGO"], ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 17 August 2019</ref>



[[Category:Organisations based in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Belonia Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:09Z

Dwatson32: Created New Stub!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Belonia
| type = SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| constituency_no = 35
| established = 1967
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Tripura (Belonia highlighted).png
| map_caption = Belonia constituency within Tripura
| district = [[South Tripura district|South Tripura]]<ref name=district-AC-Map/>
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:44741}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| mla = [[Dipankar Sen]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Arun Chandra Bhaumik]]
}}

'''Belonia''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[South Tripura district]]<ref name="district-AC-Map">{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map - Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> and is centered around the town of [[Belonia, India|Belonia]]. As of 2023, [[Dipankar Sen]] is the current representative of this constituency. His term is expected to last until 2028.{{update after|2028|3}}

==History==
The constituency of Belonia was created, in 1967, for the newly created 30-seat Legislative Assembly of the union territory of Tripura, by the [[Government Of Union Territories Act, 1963]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/GovernmentUnionterritoriesAct1963_2.pdf| access-date=25 January 2021 |date=10 May 1963 |title=The Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 | url-status=live |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125043346/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/GovernmentUnionterritoriesAct1963_2.pdf}}</ref> Later, in 1971, Tripura was converted from a union territory to a state, by the [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971]], which increased the number of constituencies in Tripura to 60,<ref name="indiacode.nic.in">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1534/1/197181.pdf |title=The North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in |date= 30 December 1971 |access-date= 24 December 2020}}</ref> hence requiring major boundary changes to the constituencies.

By the last delimitation, carried out in 2005, the constituency consists of all of Belonia and Maichhara [[tehsil]]s and parts of Barpathari, Baikhora and Rajapur tehsils.<ref name="delimitation">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India - Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| U. K. Roy<ref name="results1967"/>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|colspan=5 style="background-color:grey; text-align:center" | Major Boundary Changes
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Jitendra Lal Das]]<ref name="results1972"/>
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Jyotirmoy Das<ref name="results1977"/>
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Manoranjan Majumder<ref name="results1983"/>
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
| rowspan=2 | Amal Mallik<ref name="results1988"/>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="results1993"/>
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan=4 | Basudev Majumder<ref name="results1998"/>
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="results2003"/>
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="results2008"/>
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="results2013"/>
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Arun Chandra Bhaumik<ref name="results2018"/><ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-constituencies-list-2018/belonia-elections-2018-results/ |title=Belonia Election Results 2018, Full list of Belonia Candidates for Tripura Elections 2018 -The Indian Express |newspaper=Indian Express|access-date= 22 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="elections.in">{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/belonia.html |title=Belonia Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |website=www.elections.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |date=28 August 2014}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Dipankar Sen]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===20th century===
====1967====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura Legislative Assembly Election, 1967]]: Belonia<ref name="results1967">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3278-tripura-1967/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |access-date= 22 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = U.K. Roy
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:10502}}
|percentage = 60.05
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = J.L. Das
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:6691}}
|percentage = 38.26
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = J.C.D. Mahajan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:297}}
|percentage = 1.70
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:3811}}
|percentage = 21.79
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:17490}}
|percentage = 73.00
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner=Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1972====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura Legislative Assembly Election, 1972]]: Belonia<ref name="results1972">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3284-tripura-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |access-date= 23 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jitendra Lal Das
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:3992}}
|percentage = 43.57
|change = {{Increase}}5.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Suresh Chandra Choudhury
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:3627}}
|percentage = 39.59
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sudhangsu Bimal Dutta
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:1543}}
|percentage = 16.84
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:365}}
|percentage = 3.98
|change = {{Decrease}}17.81
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:9162}}
|percentage = 58.79
|change = {{Decrease}}14.21
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1977====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura Legislative Assembly Election, 1977]]: Belonia<ref name="results1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3288-tripura-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 23 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jyotirmoy Das
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:5460}}
|percentage = 41.65
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manoranjan Majumder
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:5341}}
|percentage = 40.74
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manik Lal Choudhury
|party = Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:1176}}
|percentage = 8.97
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jitendra Lal Das
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:841}}
|percentage = 6.41
|change = {{Decrease}}37.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramesh Chandra Das
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:292}}
|percentage = 2.23
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:119}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = {{Decrease}}3.07
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:13358}}
|percentage = 81.72
|change = {{Increase}}22.93
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1983====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura Legislative Assembly Election, 1983]]: Belonia<ref name="results1983">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3292-tripura-1983/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manoranjan Majumder
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:8081}}
|percentage = 50.75
|change = {{Increase}}10.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jitendra Lal Das
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:7657}}
|percentage = 48.08
|change = {{Increase}}41.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Madan Mohan Baidya
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:153}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anil Saha
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:33}}
|percentage = 0.21
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:424}}
|percentage = 2.66
|change = {{Increase}}1.75
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:15924}}
|percentage = 87.18
|change = {{Increase}}5.46
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1988====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura Legislative Assembly Election, 1988]]: Belonia<ref name="results1988">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3296-tripura-1988/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amal Mallik
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:10227}}
|percentage = 51.96
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jitendra Lal Das
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:9314}}
|percentage = 47.32
|change = {{Decrease}}0.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anil Saha
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:97}}
|percentage = 0.49
|change = {{Increase}}0.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ratan Roy
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:45}}
|percentage = 0.23
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:913}}
|percentage = 4.63
|change = {{Increase}}1.97
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:19683}}
|percentage = 88.52
|change = {{Increase}}1.34
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1993====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura Legislative Assembly Election, 1993]]: Belonia<ref name="results1993">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3299-tripura-1993/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amal Mallik
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:14985}}
|percentage = 62.30
|change = {{Increase}}10.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sunil Baran Das Gupta
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:8430}}
|percentage = 35.05
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Keshab Ch. Sarkar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:232}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amulya Bhowmik
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:110}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Madan Daidya
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:98}}
|percentage = 0.41
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pulin Behari Chowdhury
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:92}}
|percentage = 0.38
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pabitra Roy
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:64}}
|percentage = 0.27
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sital Datta
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:42}}
|percentage = 0.17
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:6555}}
|percentage = 27.25
|change = {{Increase}}22.62
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:24053}}
|percentage = 86.92
|change = {{Decrease}}1.60
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1998====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura Legislative Assembly Election, 1998]]: Belonia<ref name="results1998">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3302-tripura-1998/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Basudev Majumder
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:12409}}
|percentage = 52.21
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amal Mallik
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:10552}}
|percentage = 44.40
|change = {{decrease}}17.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jagadish Ch. Bose
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:762}}
|percentage = 3.21
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Madan Baidya
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:44}}
|percentage = 0.19
|change = {{decrease}}0.22
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1857
|percentage = 7.81
|change = {{Decrease}}19.44
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 23767
|percentage = 87.63
|change = {{Increase}}0.71
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===21st century===
====2003====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura Legislative Assembly Election, 2003]]: Belonia<ref name="results2003">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3306-tripura-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Basudev Majumder
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:15419}}
|percentage = 59.13
|change = {{Increase}}6.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Babul Majumder
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:9469}}
|percentage = 36.31
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amal Mallik
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:673}}
|percentage = 2.58
|change = {{Decrease}}41.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bimal Krishna Nag
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = {{formatnum:292}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Haripada Chakrabarty
|party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:223}}
|percentage = 0.86
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5950
|percentage = 22.82
|change = {{Increase}}15.01
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 26076
|percentage = 84.65
|change = {{Decrease}}2.98
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====2008====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura Legislative Assembly Election, 2008]]: Belonia<ref name="results2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3309-tripura-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Basudev Majumder
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:15971}}
|percentage = 50.47
|change = {{decrease}}8.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amal Mallik
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:14652}}
|percentage = 46.30
|change = {{increase}}43.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Babul Chandra Pal
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)
|votes = {{formatnum:333}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sudeb Sen Choudhury
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:294}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Keshab Chandra Sarkar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:293}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ratan Roy
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:102}}
|percentage = 0.32
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1312
|percentage = 4.17
|change = {{decrease}}18.65
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 31645
|percentage = 95.0
|change = {{increase}}10.35
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====2013====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura Legislative Assembly Election, 2013]]: Belonia<ref name="results2013">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3313-tripura-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Basudev Majumder
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:20585}}
|percentage = 55.60
|change = {{increase}}5.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amal Mallik
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:15761}}
|percentage = 42.57
|change = {{decrease}}3.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gouri Sankar Nandi
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:352}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Babul Chandra Paul
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)
|votes = {{formatnum:324}}
|percentage = 0.88
|change = {{decrease}}0.17
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4824
|percentage = 13.03
|change = {{increase}}8.86
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 37022
|percentage = 95.61
|change = {{increase}} 0.61
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====2018====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Belonia<ref name="results2018">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3472-tripura-general-legislative-election-2018/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2018 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |access-date= 19 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arun Chandra Bhaumik
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:19307}}
|percentage = 48.01
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Basudev Majumder
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:18554}}
|percentage = 46.14
|change = {{decrease}}9.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bholanath Dhar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:399}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prasanta Sen
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:323}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gauri Sankar Nandi
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:157}}
|percentage = 0.408
|change = {{decrease}}0.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amalendu Banik
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:124}}
|percentage = 0.326
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:378}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:753}}
|percentage = 1.72
|change = {{decrease}}11.31
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:39275}}
|percentage = 89.95
|change = {{decrease}}5.66
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South Tripura district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.25|91.45|display=title}}

[[Category:South Tripura district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Tripura]]

Shakti Sinha

2026-04-12T11:31:30Z

Dwatson32: starting a article

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (1957–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shakti Sinha
| office1 = Director [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| term_start1 = 5 October 2015
| term_end1 = 4 October 2019
| birth_date = 11 May 1957
| death_date = 4 October 2021 (aged 64)
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| birth_place =
| occupation = Civil servant ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
}}
'''Shakti Sinha''' (11 May 1957 – 4 October 2021) was a career [[civil servant]] of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] and director of the [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-IAS officer Shakti Sinha is new Nehru Memorial director|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ex-ias-officer-shakti-sinha-is-new-nehru-memorial-director-3056909/|accessdate=5 October 2014|agency=Indian Express|date= 30 September 2016}}</ref>

At the time of his death, he was director general of the [[International Buddhist Confederation]]<ref name="condolence">{{cite web |title=Condolence notice on the demise of Shakti Sinha, Director General |url=https://www.ibcworld.org/news_5th_oct_2021.php |website=[[International Buddhist Confederation]] |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> and Honorary Director, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Policy Research and International Studies (AIPRIS), [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|M.S.University of Baroda]], Gujarat.<ref name="Obit">{{cite web |title=Ex-bureaucrat and Vajpayee aide, Shakti Sinha dies at 64 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ex-bureaucrat-and-vajpayee-aide-shakti-sinha-dies-at-64-7552385/ |website=Indian Express |date=5 October 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Shakti Sinha had his early schooling in [[St. Xavier's School, Ranchi]]. He subsequently moved to Delhi where he completed his B.A. (Honours) in History in 1976 and his M.A. in history from the [[Hindu College, Delhi]] in 1978, specializing in contemporary Chinese history & politics, and modern Indian history.<ref name="CV" /> He also obtained an M.A. in International Commerce & Policy from the [[George Mason University]] in 2002.

==Career==
===Administration===
Shakti Sinha was of the 1979 batch of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS). Over the course of his administrative career, he served in various capacities in the states and Union Territories of Delhi, Goa and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Amongst other postings, he served as the Principal Secretary (Finance & Power), [[Government of Delhi]], and Chief Secretary, [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. He also headed the governance and development section of the [[United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan]] (UNAMA) .

He took voluntary retirement from the IAS in 2013 on account of policy differences and after the [[Government of Delhi]] passed him over for appointment as Chief Secretary .<ref name="quit">{{cite web |title=Delhi Finance Secy Shakti Sinha decides to quit |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/delhi-finance-secy-shakti-sinha-decides-to-quit/article20647614.ece1 |website=Businessline |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>

===Foreign Assignments===
Shakti Sinha served as the senior advisor to the executive director representing India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Sri Lanka on the board of the [[World Bank]] from January 2000 to June 2004. He served in various senior capacities in the UN programmes in Afghanistan, including [[United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan|UNAMA]] and [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]], from April 2006 to April 2009.

===Academic===
He was a visiting senior fellow, [[Observer Research Foundation]], New Delhi from April 2005 to March 2006 and a research fellow at the Institute of South Asian Studies, [[National University of Singapore]] in 2009.

==Notability==
He was closely associated with Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], whom he got to know in the 1980s.<ref name="shakti">{{cite web |last1=Sinha |first1=Shakti |title='The uncompromising patriot': Shakti Sinha on working closely with Atal Bihari Vajpayee |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-uncompromising-patriot-on-working-closely-with-atal-bihari-vajpayee/story-s34gPStkpp4jf04PvnKF6L.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=16 August 2018 |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> He first served as his secretary when Vajpayee became prime minister in 1996 and continued serving as private secretary after he became leader of the Opposition from June 1996 to January 1998. He again served as [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] to the prime minister from March 1998 to November 1999 during his second [[premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee|premiership]].<ref name="CV">{{cite web |title=CV Shakti Sinha |url=https://www.aipris.org/public/uploads/static/cvs1.pdf |website=Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Policy Research and International Studies |publisher=The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> A book recounting his experiences, [https://penguin.co.in/book/vajpayee/ Vajpayee The Years That Changed India], was published to general acclaim in December 2020.<ref name="book">{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Ashutosh |title='Vajpayee: The Years That Changed India': A Ringside View Of The Political Saga In 1996-1999 |url=https://thewire.in/books/vajpayee-the-years-that-changed-india-a-ringside-view-of-the-political-saga-in-1996-1999 |website=The Wire |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>

==Books and publications==
* Shakti Sinha, ''https://penguin.co.in/book/vajpayee/ Vajpayee: The Years That Changed India'', 2020, Penguin, {{ISBN|9780670093441}}, 300 pages

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shakti-sinha-the-liberal-who-found-home-in-vajpayee-s-bjp-101633420333520.html Shakti Sinha: The liberal who found home in Vajpayee’s BJP]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckGkG0_ctwI Shakti Sinha on the Nehru Memorial - The challenges & changing with the time | No Holds Barred]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Shakti}}
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]

Amjad Khan filmography and awards

2026-03-31T01:13:07Z

Dwatson32: Created New Info

{{Short description|Filmography and awards and nominations received by Indian actor Amjad Khan (1940–1992)}}
{{About|Filmography and awards and nominations received by Indian actor, Amjad Khan|the actor|Amjad Khan (actor)}}
{{citation style|date=November 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

[[Amjad Khan (actor)|'''Amjad Khan''']] was an Indian actor and film director.<ref name="OneIndia2" /><ref name="MSN">{{cite news |title=Remember the old baddies? |url=http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/exclusives/it/it_photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=5815683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205165721/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/exclusives/it/it_photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=5815683 |archive-date=5 February 2012 |access-date=11 October 2023 |newspaper=MSN India}}</ref> Khan was starred in almost 132 films, in a career spanning over two decades.

Khan debuted as a [[child actor]] in N. K. Ziree's 1951 film ''[[Nazneen (film)|Nazneen]]''. His first major role was in Ramesh Sippy's 1975 film ''[[Sholay]]'', in which he played the character of iconic villain, [[Gabbar Singh (character)|Gabbar Singh]]. The following is the list of films in which he's starred, and the awards and nominations he has received in his career.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Tile
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1951
|''[[Nazneen (film)|Nazneen]]''
|Child artist
|Debut film, Uncredited
|-
|1955
|''[[Char Paise]]''
|Ashok
|
|-
|1957
|''[[Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (1957 film)|Ab Dilli Dur Nahin]]''
|Lachhu
|as Amjad
|-
|1961
|''[[Maya (1961 film)|Maya]]''
|Ranvir's Employee
|Uncredited
|-
|1973
|''[[Hindustan Ki Kasam (1973 film)|Hindustan Ki Kasam]]''<ref name="citwf" />
|
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Sholay]]''<ref name="OneIndia" /><ref name="citwf" /><ref name="independent" />
|[[Gabbar Singh (character)|Gabbar Singh]]
|Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |1976
|''[[Charas (1976 film)|Charas]]''
|Robert
|
|-
|''[[Ginny Aur Johnny]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vir Mangdavalo]]''
|
|Gujarati film
|-
| rowspan="12" |1977
|''[[Shatranj Ke Khiladi (film)|Shatranj Ke Khiladi]]''<ref name="OneIndia" /><ref name="independent" />
|[[Wajid Ali Shah]]
|
|-
|''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]''
|Saudagar Singh
|
|-
|''[[Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein]]''<ref name="citwf" />
|[[Nattu]]
|
|-
|''[[Parvarish (1977 film)|Parvarish]]''<ref name="citwf" />
|Mangal Singh
|
|-
|''[[Zamaanat]]''
|Rana
|
|-
|''[[Ram Bharose]]''
|Bhanupratap
|
|-
|''[[Kasam Khoon Ki]]''<ref name="citwf" />
|Bhajirao
|
|-
|''[[Phir Janam Lenge Hum]]''/''[[Janam Janam Na Saathi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Inkaar (1977 film)|Inkaar]]''<ref name="citwf" />
|Raj Singh 'Kidnapper'
|
|-
|''[[Chakkar Pe Chakkar]]''
|Avdhut
|
|-
|''[[Aakhri Goli]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aafat]]''
|Shera
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |1978
|''Khunnus''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ganga Ki Saugand]]''
|Thakur Jashwant Singh
|
|-
|''[[Bandie]]''
|Kanchan V. Singh
|Bengali debut
|-
|''[[Besharam (1978 film)|Besharam]]''
|Digvijay Singh / Dharamdas
|
|-
|''[[Kasme Vaade]]''
|Juda, the Hunchback
|Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Des Pardes (1978 film)|Des Pardes]]''
|Bhoot Singh / Avtar Singh
|
|-
|''[[Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan (film)|Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan]]''
|Kalandhar
|
|-
|''[[Apna Khoon]]''
|Khan
|
|-
|''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (1978 film)|Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]''<ref name="citwf" />
|Dilawar
|
|-
|''[[Bhookh (1978 film)|Bhookh]]''
|Thakur Harnam Singh
|
|-
|''[[Ram Kasam]]''
|Chhote Thakur
|
|-
|''Muqaddar''
|Sampat Seth
|
|-
|''[[Khoon Ki Pukaar]]''
|Zalim Singh / Sardar
|
|-
|''[[Heeralaal Pannalaal (1978 film)|Heeralal Pannalal]]''
|Panther
|
|-
|''Chowki No.11''
|
|
|-
|''Bhagyalaxmi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sawan Ke Geet]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |1979
|''[[Sarkari Mehmaan]]''
|Gul Khan
|
|-
|''[[Hamare Tumhare]]''
|Mr. Chaudhary
|
|-
|''[[Meera (1979 film)|Meera]]''
|Badshah Akbar
|
|-
|''[[Mr. Natwarlal]]''
|Vikram Singh
|
|-
|''[[Ahsaas]]''
|Pradeep Rai Choudhry
|
|-
|''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]''
|Vikram Kapoor
|
|-
|''[[Lok Parlok]]''
|Ram Shastri / Boston Strangler /
Raman Raghav / Ram Ghulam
|
|-
|''[[Hum Tere Aashiq Hain]]''
|Thakur Shamsher Singh
|
|-
|''[[Do Shikaari]]''
|Zorro
|
|-
|''Zulm Ki Pukar''
|
|
|-
|''[[Raakhi Ki Saugandh]]''
|Jagganath 'Jagga' / Yahwar Pahwar Khan
|
|-
|''[[Lakhan (film)|Lakhan]]''
|Laakhan
|
|-
|''[[Jaandaar]]''
|Dharamdas
|
|-
|''Deen Aur Imaan''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dada (1979 film)|Dada]]''<ref name="citwf" /><ref name="independent" />
|Fazlu
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
|''[[Chambal Ki Raani]]''
|
|
|-
|''Atmaram''
|Sher Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="15" |1980
|''Dadon Ka Dada''
|
|
|-
|''[[Lootmaar]]''
|Vikram
|
|-
|''[[Qurbani (1980 film)|Qurbani]]''<ref name="OneIndia" /><ref name="citwf" /><ref name="independent" />
|Inspector Amjad Khan
|Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
|''[[Chambal Ki Kasam]]''
|Sultan Singh/Sultana
|
|-
|''Lahu Pukarega''
|Mahar
|
|-
|''Ek Do Teen Chaar''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ram Balram]]''
|Suleiman Seth
|
|-
|''Jwalamukhi''
|Daku Sher Singh
|
|-
|''[[Yari Dushmani]]''
|Birju
|
|-
|''[[Pyaara Dushman]]''
|Shivnath 'Shiva' 'Shivprasad'
|
|-
|''Khoon Kharaba''
|Rana
|
|-
|''[[Khanjar (1980 film)|Khanjar]]''
|Prince / Swamiji
|
|-
|''Kala Pani''
|Shera
|
|-
|''[[Bombay 405 Miles]]''
|Veer Singh
|
|-
|''Bambai Ka Maharaja''
|Rajendra Singh / Suraj
|
|-
| rowspan="28" |1981
|''[[Paanch Qaidi]]''
|Raja
|
|-
|''Kanhaiyaa''
|Madhav Singh
|
|-
|''[[Waqt Ki Deewar]]''
|Thakur Ranvir Dayal Singh
|
|-
|''[[Barsaat Ki Ek Raat]]''
|Kaliram H. Sahu
|
|-
|''[[Love Story (1981 film)|Love Story]]''
|Havaldar Sher Singh
|Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
|''[[Chehre Pe Chehra]]''
|Kanhus, Martha's brother
|
|-
|''Ladies Tailor''
|Nawab Amjad Khan
|
|-
|''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]''<ref name="citwf" />
|Damu (Damodar)
|
|-
|''[[Rocky (1981 film)|Rocky]]''<ref name="citwf" />
|Robert D'Souza
|
|-
|''[[Laawaris (1981 film)|Laawaris]]''<ref name="citwf" />
|Ranvir Singh
|
|-
|''[[Hum Se Badkar Kaun]]''
|Chandan / Bholaram
|
|-
|''[[Jail Yatra (1981 film)|Jail Yatra]]''
|Kuldeep
|
|-
|''[[Commander (1981 film)|Commander]]''
|Commander Singh
|
|-
|''[[Yaarana (1981 film)|Yaarana]]''<ref name="OneIndia" />
|Bishan
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
|''Shama''
|Dargah devotee
|
|-
|''[[Gehra Zakhm]]''
|Shibu 'Shabbir'
|
|-
|''[[Khoon Ka Rishta]]''
|Kailash Sinha
|
|-
|''[[Kaalia]]''
|Shahani Seth / Jaswant
|
|-
|''[[Zamane Ko Dikhana Hai]]''
|Sharif Khan / Sharafat Ali / Karamat Ali /
Salamat Ali / Wajahat Ali
|
|-
|''[[Professor Pyarelal]]''
|Ronnie / Ranjit Singh / Gomes
|
|-
|''[[Plot No. 5]]''
|Inspector Khan
|
|-
|''[[Maan Gaye Ustaad]]''
|Munna / Shera
|
|-
|''Ladaaku''
|
|
|-
|''[[Katilon Ke Kaatil]]''
|Black Cobra
|
|-
|''Josh''
|
|
|-
|''Gajara Maru''
|
|Special appearance
|-
|''Anusandhan''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dhuaan]]''
|Sunil's boss
|
|-
| rowspan="15" |1982
|''Pyaara Dost''
|Ajab Khan'Umar Khan'
|
|-
|''Eent Ka Jawab Patthar''
|Sub Inspector Maan Singh
|
|-
|''[[Satte Pe Satta]]''
|Ranjit Singh
|
|-
|''Adhura Aadmi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dial 100 (1982 film)|Dial 100]]''
|Sher Khan
|
|-
|''[[Teesri Aankh (1982 film)|Teesri Aankh]]''
|Jabbar Singh
|
|-
|''[[Desh Premee]]''
|Thakur Pratap Singh
|
|-
|''[[Insaan (1982 film)|Insaan]]''
|Sher Singh 'Sheru'
|
|-
|''[[Dharam Kanta]]''
|Chandan Singh / Jwala Singh
|
|-
|''Teri Maang Sitaron Se Bhar Doon''
|Mohammed 'Sultan Bhai' /
Sultan Singh Rathod
|
|-
|''[[Samraat (film)|Samraat]]''
|Ranbir
|
|-
|''[[Taqdeer Ka Badshah]]''
|Bhola / Nath
|
|-
|''Khush Naseeb''
|Tiger - Gopi Prasad
|
|-
|''[[Daulat (1982 film)|Daulat]]''
|Joseph D'Souza / Tripathi
|
|-
|''[[Baghavat]]''
|Maharaj Durjan Singh /
Maharaj Vikram Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1983
|''Humse Na Jeeta Koi''
|Bheema Singh
|
|-
|''[[Nastik (1983 film)|Nastik]]''
|Tiger
|
|-
|''[[Himmatwala (1983 film)|Himmatwala]]''
|Sher Singh Bandookwala
|
|-
|''[[Ganga Meri Maa]]''
|Mohan
|
|-
|''[[Mahaan (1983 film)|Mahaan]]''
|Vikram Singh
|
|-
|''[[Jaani Dost]]''
|Hari / Nooruddin / Harry
|
|-
|''[[Achha Bura]]''
|Mohammad Sher Khan /
Kamalrup Chaurasiya 'Shera'
|
|-
|''[[Bade Dil Wala]]''
|Bhagwat Singh (B.K.) /
Dr. Joshi
|
|-
|''Kalka''
|Oogra Narayan Singh
|
|-
|''[[Hum Se Hai Zamana]]''
|Iqbal / Thakur's son
|
|-
|''[[Chor Police]]''<ref name="OneIndia" /><ref name="DailyIndia" />
|Barkhi Khan
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1984
|''Senurwa Bhail Mohaal''
|
|
|-
|''Main Qatil Hoon''
|
|
|-
|''Sardaar''
|Sardaar
|
|-
|''[[Bindiya Chamkegi]]''
|Inspector Vijay Kumar
|
|-
|''Maati Maangey Khoon''
|Thakur Balram Singh
|
|-
|''[[Maqsad]]''
|Birju
|
|-
|''[[Utsav]]''<ref name="OneIndia" />
|Vatsyayan
|Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Filmfare Award for Best Comedian]]
|-
|''Pet Pyaar Aur Paap''
|
|
|-
|''Tere Mere Beech Mein''<ref name="citwf" />
|Mamdiya
|
|-
|''[[Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!]]''
|Kundan Kapadia
|
|-
|''[[Kaamyaab]]''
|
|
|-
|''Dhokebaaz''
|Tiger
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1985
|''[[Pataal Bhairavi]]''
|Vishvanath Chanchal
|
|-
|''[[Ek Se Bhale Do]]''<ref name="citwf" />
|Balram / Bhima
|
|-
|''[[Ameer Aadmi Gharib Aadmi]]''<ref name="OneIndia" /><ref name="DailyIndia" />
|Akram
|
|-
|''[[Mohabbat (1985 film)|Mohabbat]]''
|Gamma Pehalwan
|
|-
|''Ek Daku Shaher Mein''
|Surjan Singh
|
|-
|''[[Ee Lokam Ivide Kure Manushyar]]''
|Abbas
|[[Malayalam]] film
|-
|''[[Chaar Maharathi]]''
|Shakti Singh
|
|-
|''[[Maa Kasam (1985 film)|Maa Kasam]]''
|Chakradhari
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role]]
|-
|''[[Mera Saathi]]''
|Ram Kumar's play character
|
|-
|''[[Kala Suraj]]''
|Majidbhai
|
|-
| rowspan="16" |1986
|''Vidhaan''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chameli Ki Shaadi]]''<ref name="OneIndia" />
|Advocate Harish
|
|-
|''[[Singhasan]]''
|Kupateshwar
|''[[Simhasanam (1986 film)|Simhasanam]]'' in Telugu
|-
|''[[Simhasanam (1986 film)|Simhasanam]]''
|
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
|''Pahunche Huwe Log''
|Minister Satyaprakash
|
|-
|''[[Andheri Raat Mein Diya Tere Haath Mein]]''
|Sultan
|
|-
|''[[Love and God]]''<ref name="OneIndia" />
|Kais' family servant
|
|-
|''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]''
|Sultan of Salamia
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
|''Peechha Karo''
|Brigadier
|
|-
|''[[Zindagani]]''
|Bhola
|
|-
|''[[Nasihat]]''
|Bajrangi
|
|-
|''Om''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mohabbat Ki Kasam]]''
|Baseera Singh
|
|-
|''Mangal Dada''
|Pratap
|
|-
|''[[Jeeva (1986 film)|Jeeva]]''
|Sardar
|
|-
|''Bhai Ka Dushman Bhai''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1987
|''[[Mr. X (1987 film)|Mr. X]]''
|Commentary
|
|-
|''Godna''
|
|
|-
|''[[Insaniyat Ke Dushman]]''
|Pratap Singh
|
|-
|''Maashuka''
|
|
|-
|''Ahsaan''
|
|-
|''[[Sitapur Ki Geeta]]''
|Thakur Pratap Singh
|
|-
|''Kaun Kitney Pani Mein''
|
|
|-
|''Jaago Hua Savera''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1988
|''Ghunghat''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kabrastan]]''
|Nepolean D'Costa
|
|-
|''[[The Perfect Murder (1988 film)|The Perfect Murder]]''
|Lala Heera Lal
|
|-
|''[[Kanwarlal]]''
|John Jani Janardhan
|
|-
|''[[Maalamaal]]''
|Suleiman Dada
|
|-
|''Paigham''
|
|
|-
|''[[Qatil]]''
|Badshah Akram Khan
|
|-
|''[[Paanch Fauladi]]''
|Dilawar Khan
|
|-
|''[[Inteqam]]''
|Murali
|
|-
|''[[Do Waqt Ki Roti]]''
|Tantia Bheel / Purshottam
|
|-
|''Dharam Shatru''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1989
|''Sau Saal Baad''
|
|
|-
|''[[Meri Zabaan]]''
|Inspector Malpani /
Arjun Vaswani
|
|-
|''[[Bees Saal Baad (1988 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]''
|Bhavani Baba
|
|-
|''[[Santosh (1989 film)|Santosh]]''
|Qaidi No. 333
|
|-
|''[[Dost (1989 film)|Dost]]''
|Sher Singh
|
|-
|''Naqab''
|Nawab Dada Sarkar
|
|-
|''[[Khuli Khidki]]''
|Dr. A.K. Jayant
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1990
|''Maa Kasam Badla Loonga''
|Wazir
|
|-
|''[[Maha-Sangram]]''
|Bada Ghoda
|
|-
|''[[Lekin...]]''
|Shafi Ahmed Sidiqqui
|
|-
|''[[Pati Patni Aur Tawaif]]''
|Sulaiman Dildar
|
|-
|''Danga Fasaad''
|
|
|-
|''Shararat''
|
|
|-
|''Ghar Ka Ujala''
|
|
|-
|Sahasa Putrudu
|
|Telugu film
|-
|''[[Bannada Gejje]]''
|
|Kannada film
|-
|''[[Prema Yuddham]]''
|
|Telugu film
|-
| rowspan="9" |1991
|''Prem Jung''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mohabbat Pehli Nazar Mein]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Brahmarshi Viswamitra]]
|
|Telugu film
|-
|''Jawahar''
|
|
|-
|''Pucca Badmaash''
|Inspector Shyamsunder JhunJhunwala
|
|-
|''[[Ramgarh Ke Sholay]]''<ref name="OneIndia" /><ref name="citwf" />
|Gabbar Singh
|
|-
|''[[Izzat (1991 film)|Izzat]]''
|Commissioner Shamesher Singh
|
|-
|''[[Love (1991 Indian film)|Love]]''<ref name="citwf" />
|Guruji
|
|-
|''[[Yaara Dildara]]''
|Inspector De De
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1992
|''[[Dil Hi To Hai (1992 film)|Dil Hi To Hai]]''
|Maharaj Vikram Singh
|
|-
|''[[Aasmaan Se Gira]]''
|Alien ruler
|
|-
|''[[Waqt Ka Badshah]]''
|Boss
|
|-
|''[[Virodhi (1992 film)|Virodhi]]''
|Judge
|
|-
|''Saali Adhi Ghar Waali''
|Ustaad Ji
|Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Ele, My Friend]]''
|Omar
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1993
|''Chingari Aur Sholay''
|
|posthumous release
|-
|''Bechain''
|
|posthumous release
|-
|''[[Rudaali]]''
|Thakur Ram Avtar
|posthumous release
|-
|''[[Police Wala]]''
|Judge
|posthumous release
|-
|''Jaan Per Khel Kar''
|
|posthumous release
|-
| rowspan="4" |1994
|''Saboot Mangta Hain Kanoon''
|Ramnath
|posthumous release
|-
|''Kaun Apna Kaun Paraya''
|
|posthumous release
|-
|''[[In Custody (film)|In Custody]]''
|Babu's Musician
|English Film, posthumous release
|-
|''[[Do Fantoosh]]''
|Bajrang
|posthumous release
|-
|1995
|''Anokhi Chaal''
|
|posthumous release
|-
| rowspan="4" |1996
|''[[Sautela Bhai]]''
|Thakur Narayandas
|posthumous release
|-
|''Hukumnama''
|
|posthumous release
|-
|''[[Aatank]]''
|Alphonso
|posthumous release
|-
|''Kalinga''
|
|posthumous release
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:39em;" |Award
! scope="col" style="width:29em;" |Category
! scope="col" style="width:39em;" |Film
! scope="col" style="width:5em;" |Result
|-
!1976
|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|BFJA Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor (Hindi)
|''[[Sholay]]''|{{won}}
| rowspan="8" |
|-
|-
![[23rd Filmfare Awards|1976]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''Sholay''|{{nom}}
|-
![[27th Filmfare Awards|1980]]
|''[[Dada (1979 film)|Dada]]''|{{won}}<ref name=Filmfare>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|url-status=dead|title=Amjad Khan won 2 Filmfare Awards in 1980 and 1982|website=Filmfare.com website|archive-date=2 July 2018|access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702164245/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners}}</ref>
|-
![[28th Filmfare Awards|1981]]
|''[[Qurbani (film)|Qurbani]]''|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[29th Filmfare Awards|1982]]
|''[[Yaarana (1981 film)|Yaarana]]''|{{won}}<ref name=Filmfare/>
|-
|''[[Love Story (1981 film)|Love Story]]''|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[33rd Filmfare Awards|1986]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]
|''[[Utsav]]''|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Maa Kasam (1985 film)|Maa Kasam]]''|{{won}}
|}

== See also ==

* [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]
* [[Gabbar Singh (character)|Gabbar Singh]], iconic villain played by Khan in Sholay

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]

Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

2026-03-29T16:01:47Z

Dwatson32: minor refine lead per sources and corrected details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{use indian english|date=March 2026}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{Islam}}

The '''Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent''' mainly took place between the 13th and the 18th centuries, establishing the [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Indo-Muslim period]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goetz |first=Hermann |date=1934 |title=The Genesis of Indo-Muslim Civilization: Some Archaeological Notes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4515459 |journal=Ars Islamica |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=46–50 |jstor=4515459 |issn=1939-6406}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch {{!}} Indians, Episode 9: The Mughals and Bernier |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/history/watch-episode-9-the-mughals-and-bernier/amp |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=thewire.in}}</ref> [[Early Muslim conquests|Earlier Muslim conquests]] on the Indian subcontinent include the invasions which started in the northwestern Indian subcontinent (modern-day [[Pakistan]]), especially the [[Umayyad campaigns in India]] during the 8th century. [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], sultan of the [[Ghaznavid Empire]], invaded vast parts of [[Punjab]] and [[Gujarat]] during the 11th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Heathcote|1995|p=6}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Anjum|2007|p=234}}</ref> After the capture of [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|Lahore and the end of the Ghaznavids]], the [[Ghurid]] ruler [[Muhammad of Ghor]] laid the foundation of Muslim rule in India in 1192. In 1202, [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]] led the Muslim conquest of [[Bengal]], marking the easternmost expansion of Islam at the time. Some historians have called these conquests "the bloodiest story in history," with massacres, mass conversions, and the [[Persecution of Hindus|destruction and desecration]] of [[Hindu temple|mandirs]] being commonplace.<ref name="Durant1935" /><ref name=":1" />

The Ghurid Empire soon evolved into the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1206, ruled by [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], the founder of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]]. With the Delhi Sultanate established, [[Islam]] was spread across most parts of the Indian subcontinent. In the 14th century, the [[Khalji dynasty]] under [[Alauddin Khalji]], extended Muslim rule southwards to [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], and the [[Deccan]]. The successor [[Tughlaq dynasty]] temporarily expanded its territorial reach to [[Tamil Nadu]]. The disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate, capped by Timur's invasion in 1398, caused several Muslim sultanates and dynasties to emerge across the Indian subcontinent, such as the [[Gujarat Sultanate]], [[Malwa Sultanate]], [[Bahmani Sultanate]], [[Jaunpur Sultanate]], [[Madurai Sultanate]], and the [[Bengal Sultanate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp=177–178, 181}}</ref> Some of these, however, were followed by [[Hindu]] reconquests and resistance from the native powers and states, such as the Telugu Nayakas, [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA1 |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |date=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Rajput states]] under the [[Kingdom of Mewar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKVFAQAAMAAJ |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate |date=1960 |publisher=Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan |edition=3rd |pages=70 "It is also quite clear from contemporary chronicles that Muhammad Tughluq and the later Sultans practically left Rajputana severely alone, and the various Rajput principalities recognised Mewar as the paramount power at least in name"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Darwin |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeeQ1C-6HYEC |title=After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000 |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0141010229 |pages=Only in Mewar and in Vijaynagar had Hindu states withstood the deluge"}}</ref>

The Delhi Sultanate was replaced by the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1526, which was one of the three [[gunpowder empires]]. Emperor [[Akbar]] gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include a large portion of the subcontinent. Under Akbar, who stressed the importance of religious tolerance and winning over the goodwill of the subjects, a multicultural empire came into being with various non-Muslim subjects being actively integrated into the Mughal Empire's bureaucracy and military machinery. The economic and territorial zenith of the Mughals was reached at the end of the 17th century, when under the reign of emperor [[Aurangzeb]] the empire witnessed the full establishment of Islamic [[Sharia]] through the [[Fatawa al-Alamgir]].

The Mughals went into a sudden decline immediately after achieving their peak following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, due to a lack of competent and effective rulers among Aurangzeb's successors. Other factors included the expensive and bloody [[Mughal-Rajput Wars]]<ref>{{harvnb|Haig|1928|p=322}}</ref> and the [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]].<ref>{{harvnb|Marshman|2010|p=93}}</ref> The [[Afsharid]] ruler [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|Nader Shah's invasion]] in 1739 was an unexpected attack which demonstrated the weakness of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Browne">{{harvnb|Browne|1924|p=121}}</ref> This provided opportunities for various regional states such as [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajput states]], [[Mysore Kingdom]], [[Sind State]], [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad]], [[Maratha Empire]], [[Sikh Empire]], and [[Nizams of Hyderabad]] to declare their independence and exercising control over large regions of the Indian subcontinent further accelerating the geopolitical disintegration of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{harvnb|Copland|Mabbett|Roy|Brittlebank|2012|p=161}}</ref>

The Maratha Empire replaced Mughals as the dominant power of the subcontinent from 1720 to 1818. The Muslim conquests in Indian subcontinent came to a halt after the [[Battle of Plassey]] (1757), the [[Battle of Buxar]] (1764), [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]] (1767–1799), [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha Wars]] (1775–1818), [[British conquest of Sindh|Anglo-Sind War]] (1843) and [[Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh Wars]] (1845–1848) as the British [[East India Company]] seized control of much of the Indian subcontinent up till 1857. Throughout the 18th century, European powers continued to exert a large amount of political influence over the Indian subcontinent, and by the end of the 19th century most of the Indian subcontinent came under [[Colonial India|European colonial domination]], most notably the [[British Raj]] until 1947.

==First phase (8th to 10th centuries)==
{{More sources|section|date=May 2025}}

===Early Muslim presence===
The first ever recorded incursion by Arabs in India occurred around 636/7 AD, during the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], long before any Arab army reached the frontier of India by land.<ref name="Wink, Andre pp201">{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|p=201}}</ref> [[Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi]], the governor of Bahrain and Oman, had dispatched naval expeditions against the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] coast, and further east to the borders of India, as confirmed by the contemporary Armenian historian, [[Sebeos]].{{sfn|Hoyland|2015|p=85}} Uthman, on his own initiative and without the sanction of Caliph [[Umar]], according to the history of [[al-Baladhuri]], had also launched two naval raids against ports of the Indian subcontinent, the first of these raids targeted [[Thane]]<ref name="El Hareir" /> (a small town near [[Mumbai]]) and [[Bharuch]] (a city in [[Gujarat]]). The second raid targeted [[Debal]] (a town near [[Karachi]]).<ref name="El Hareir" />{{sfn|Baloch|1953|p=243}}{{sfn|Friedmann|1970|p=253}}
The assault on Thane, the first recorded Arab raid on India, was commanded by Uthman's brother al-Hakam, who also led the raid on Bharuch.{{sfn|Baloch|1946|p=251}} The following raid on Debal was commanded by another brother, al-Mughira.{{sfn|Ishaq|1945|p=109}} The raids were probably launched in {{circa|636}} according to al-Baladhuri.{{sfn|Ishaq|1945|p=110}} These expeditions were not sanctioned by Caliph [[Umar]] and Uthman escaped punishment only because there weren't any casualties.<ref name="Baladhuri p209">{{harvnb|al-Balādhurī|1924|p=209}}: "'Uthmân ibn-abu-l-'Âși ath-Thaķafi ... sent his brother, al-Hakam, to al-Bahrain, and went himself to 'Umân, and sent an army across to Tânah. When the army returned, he wrote to 'Umar, informing him of this expedition and its result. 'Umar wrote to him in reply, ' ... By Allah, I swear that if they had been smitten, I would exact from thy tribe the equivalent.' Al-Hakam sent an expedition against Barwaș [Broach] also, and sent his brother, al-Mughîrah ibn-abu-l-'Âsi, to the gulf of ad-Daibul, where he met the enemy in battle and won a victory."</ref>

The raids on Thane and Bharuch may have been successful as the Arabs had lost no men during these raids, but [[al-Baladhuri]] does not specifically state these raids as successful,({{harvnb|al-Balādhurī|1924|p=209}}), so some scholars are of the opinion that the Arabs raids may have been failures.<ref name="El Hareir" /><ref name = 'BAvari2013'>{{cite book |year=2013 |author=[[Burjor Avari|Avari, Burjor]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC |access-date=December 20, 2023 |title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent |page=20 |quote=A fleet sent by Caliph Umar in 637 to capture Thana, near Mumbai, failed. |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780415580618 |language=en-US }}</ref> and forced the Arabs to retreat.{{sfn|Ishaq|1945|pp=109, 112}}<ref name="El Hareir" /> The raid on Debal may have occurred in 643 AD and faced success,<ref name="El Hareir" /><ref name = 'BAvari2013' /> but it is unlikely as Umar was still the Caliph and Uthman was unlikely to disobey his directive on sea raids, and the source reporting this is deemed unreliable.<ref name="El Hareir">{{harvnb|El Hareir|M'Baye|2011|pp=594, 601–602}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{harvnb|Khushalani|2006|p=221}}</ref>

The motivation for these expeditions may have been to seek plunder or to attack pirates to safeguard Arabian trade in the [[Arabian Sea]], not to start the conquest of India.<ref name="Sen1999p346">{{harvnb|Sen|1999|p=346}}</ref> Shortly after the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]], the connection between the Sindh and [[Islam]] was established by the initial Muslim missions during the Rashidun Caliphate.<ref name="El Hareir" />

===Rashidun Caliphate and the frontier kingdoms===
{{See also|Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun}}
[[File:Arabsumf1.png|thumb|325px|right|Arab campaigns on the Indian Subcontinent. 
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Registan Desert]] and [[Thar Desert]])}}
{{legend|#FFD700|[[Zunbils]]}}
{{legend|#FFDEAD|[[Turk Shahis]]}}
{{legend|#9932CC|[[Karkota dynasty|Kingdom of Kashmir]]}}
{{legend|#DEB887|[[Brahman dynasty of Sindh|Kingdom of Sindh]] (c. 632– 711 AD) then, [[Caliphal province of Sind]] (712-854 AD)}}
{{legend|#E0FFFF|[[Maitraka dynasty|Maitraka Kingdom]] (c.475–c.776 AD)}}
]]
The kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Kapisa|Kapisa]]-[[Gandhara]] in modern-day Afghanistan, [[Zabulistan]], and [[Sindh]] (which then held Makran) in modern-day Pakistan, all of which were culturally part of Indian subcontinent since ancient times, were known as "The Frontier of Al Hind" to the Arabs.<ref>{{harvnb|Mehta|1979|pp=31–32|ps=: "[p. 31] Northwestern India: ... Modern Afghanistan was part of ancient India ... The northern part, called Kabul (or Kabulistan) ... Zabul (or Zabulistan), the southern region ... [p. 32] The lower Indus valley, to the south of Multan and including Sind and Mekran ... [fn. 11] Udabhandapur ... town was mentioned by Alberuni as the capital of Gandhara, the ancient name for the northwestern part of India."}}</ref> Makran had been conquered by [[Chach of Aror]] in 631 AD, but ten years later, it was described as "under the government of Persia" by [[Xuanzang]], who had visited the region in 641.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|pp=133–134}}</ref>

The first clash between a ruler of an Indian kingdom and the Arabs took place in 643, when Arab forces defeated Rutbil, the King of Zabulistan in [[Sistan]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|pp=119–120}}</ref> Arabs led by Suhail b. Abdi later defeated a Sindhi army in the [[Battle of Rasil]] in 644 on the Indian Ocean coast, then reached the [[Indus River]].<ref name="Crawford2014p192">{{harvnb|Crawford|2014|p=192}}</ref><ref name="WinkIp129">{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|p=129}}</ref> Caliph [[Umar]] ibn Al-Khattab denied Suhail permission to carry on across the river.<ref name="Crawford2014p192" /> Al-Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, who attacked [[Makran]] in the year 649 AD, was an early partisan of [[Ali]] ibn Abu Talib.<ref name="MacLean, Derryl N. 1989 pp. 126">{{harvnb|Maclean|1989|p=126}}</ref>

[[Abdullah ibn Aamir]] led the invasion of Khurasan in 650 AD, and his general Rabi b. Ziyad Al Harithi attacked Sistan and took [[Zaranj]] and surrounding areas in 651 while [[Ahnaf ibn Qais]] conquered the [[Hepthalites]] of [[Herat]] and advanced up to [[Balkh]] by 653. Arab conquests now bordered the Kingdoms of Kapisa, Zabul and Sindh in modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Arabs levied annual tributes on the newly captured areas, and after leaving 4,000 men garrisons at [[Merv]] and Zaranj, retired to [[Iraq]] instead of pushing on against the frontier of India.<ref>{{harvnb|Morony|2012|pp=214–216}}</ref> Caliph Uthman b. Affan sanctioned an attack against Makran in 652, and sent a recon mission to Sindh in 653. The mission described Makran as inhospitable, and Caliph Uthman, probably assuming the country beyond the Indus was much worse, forbade any further incursions into Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{harvnb|Elliot|1853|p=9}}</ref> During the caliphate of Ali, many Hindus of Sindh had come under the influence of [[Shia Islam|Shi'ism]]<ref>{{harvnb|Rizvi|1986|p=138}}</ref> and some even participated in the [[Battle of Camel]] and died fighting for Ali.<ref name="MacLean, Derryl N. 1989 pp. 126"/>

Under the Umayyads (661–750 AD), many Shias sought [[Asylum seeker|asylum]] in the region of Sindh, to live in relative peace in the remote area. Ziyad Hindi was one of those refugees.<ref>{{harvnb|Rezavi|2006|p=283}}</ref>

===Umayyad expansion in Al Hind===
{{See also|Umayyad Caliphate}}
[[Mu'awiya I]] established the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] rule over the Arabs after the [[First Fitna]] in 661 AD, and resumed expansion of the Muslim empire. [[Al-Baladuri]] wrote that, "In the year 44 H. (664 A.D.), and in the days of the Khalif Mu'awiya, Muhallib son of Abu Safra made war upon the same frontier, and advanced as far as Banna {{bracket|[[Bannu]]}} and Alahwar {{bracket|[[Lahore]]}}, which lie between [[Multan]] and [[Kabul]]."<ref>{{harvnb|Elliot|1867|p=116}}</ref>

After 663-665 CE, the Arabs launched an invasion against Kapisa, Zabul and what is now Pakistani [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]. Abdur Rahman b. Samurra besieged Kabul in 663 AD, while Haris b Marrah advanced against Kalat after marching through Fannazabur and Quandabil and moving through the [[Bolan Pass]]. King Chach of Sindh sent an army against the Arabs, the Arabs were trapped when the enemy blocked the mountain passes, Haris was killed and his army was annihilated.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} [[Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra]] took a detachment through the Khyber pass towards Multan in Southern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in modern-day Pakistan in 664 AD, then pushed south into Kikan,<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|pp=122, 129}}</ref> and may have also raided Quandabil. Turki Shah and Zunbil expelled Arabs from their respective kingdoms by 670, and Zunbil began assisting in organizing resistance against the Arabs in Makran.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

This was the beginning of a prolonged struggle between the rulers of Kabul and Zabul in modern-day and Pakistan against successive Arab governors of Sistan, Khurasan and Makran. The [[Turk Shahis|Kabul Shahi]] kings and their [[Zunbil]] kinsmen successfully blocked access to the [[Khyber Pass]] and [[Gomal Pass]] routes into India from 653 to 870 AD,<ref>{{harvnb|al-Balādhurī|1924|pp=141–151}}</ref> while modern Balochistan, Pakistan, comprising the areas of Kikan or Qiqanan, Nukan, Turan, Buqan, Qufs, Mashkey and Makran, would face several Arab expeditions between 661 and 711 AD. The Arabs launched several raids against these frontier lands, but repeated rebellions in Sistan and Khurasan between 653 and 691 AD diverted much of their military resources in order to subdue these breakaway provinces and away from expansion into Al Hind. Muslim control of these areas ebbed and flowed repeatedly as a result until 870 AD.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Arab troops disliked being stationed in Makran.<ref>{{harvnb|Hoyland|2015|p=191}}</ref> Fierce resistance stalled Arab progress repeatedly in the "frontier zone".<ref name="WinkIp129" /><ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy|2007|pp=194–196}}</ref> and the Arabs had to focus on tribute extraction instead of systematic conquest as a result.

===Battles in Makran and Zabulistan===
Arabs launched several campaigns in eastern Balochistan between 661 and 681 AD. Four Arab commanders were killed during these campaigns, however, Sinan b. Salma managed to conquer parts of Makran including the Chagai area,{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} and established a permanent base of operations by 673 AD.<ref name="Baladhuri p212">{{harvnb|al-Balādhurī|1924|p=212}}</ref> Rashid b. Amr, the next governor of Makran, subdued Mashkey in 672 CE.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} Munzir b. Jarood Al Abadi managed to garrison Kikan and conquer Buqan by 681 CE, while Ibn Harri Al Bahili conducted several campaigns to secure the Arab hold on Kikan, Makran and Buqan by 683 AD.<ref>{{harvnb|Khushalani|2006|p=76}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2023|reason=See talk page section: Reliability of Khushalani's ''Chachnamah Retold''}}<ref>{{harvnb|al-Balādhurī|1924|p=213}}</ref> Zunbil saw off Arab campaigns in 668, 672 and 673 by paying tribute. Although Arabs occupied the areas south of Helmand in 673 permanently<ref name="Baladhuri p212" /> Zunbil defeated Yazid b. Salm's army in 681 AD at Junzah, and Arabs had to pay 500,000 dirhams as ransom to get free their prisoners.<ref>{{harvnb|al-Balādhurī|1924|p=148}}: "Yazîd ibn-Ziyâd proceeded against them [the people of Kabul] and attacked them in Junzah, but he and many of those with him were killed, and the rest put to flight ... ransomed abu-'Ubaidah for 500,000 dirhams."</ref>

===Al Hajjaj and the East===
{{See also|Abbasid Caliphate}}
[[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf|Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf Al Thaqifi]], who had played a crucial role during the [[Second Fitna]] for the Umayyad cause, was appointed the governor of Iraq in 694 AD. Hajjaj received governorship of [[Khurasan]] and [[Sistan]] in 697 and he sponsored Muslim expansions in [[Makran]], Sistan, [[Transoxiana]] and Sindh.<ref>{{harvnb|Hoyland|2015|p=150}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hitti|2002|p=209}}</ref>

===Campaigns in Makran and Zabul===
The Arab's hold on Makran weakened when Arab rebels seized the province, and Hajjaj had to send expeditions under three governors between 694 and 707 AD before Makran was partially recovered by 694 AD.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} Al Hajjaj also fought against Zunbil in 698 and 700 AD. The 20,000 strong army led by Ubaidullah ibn Abu Bakra was trapped by the armies of Zunbil and Turki Shah near Kabul in 698 AD, and lost 15,000 men to thirst and hunger, earning this force the title of the "Doomed Army".<ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy|2007|p=196}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hoyland|2015|p=152}}</ref> [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath]] next led 20,000 troops each from [[Kufa]] and [[Basra]] (dubbed the "Peacock Army" due to the splendor of their equipment and the participation of numerous members of Arab nobility).<ref name="Kennedy2004p101">{{harvnb|Kennedy|2004|p=101}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy|2007|p=197}}</ref> His methodical 699 AD campaign made gains, but he was contemptuously rebuked by Hajjaj at every step.<ref name="Kennedy2004p101" /><ref name="Kennedy2007p198">{{harvnb|Kennedy|2007|p=198}}</ref> When Ibn al-Ash'ath paused his operation to consolidate, Hajjaj insulted him and ordered an immediate advance. This unreasonable demand led to mutiny.<ref name="Kennedy2007p198" /> The mutiny was put down by 704 AD, and Al-Hajjaj granted a 7-year truce to Zunbil.

===Umayyad expansion in Sind and Multan===
{{main|Umayyad conquest of Sindh|Umayyad campaigns in India}}

[[File:Arabsum5.png|thumb|325px|right|[[Muhammad ibn Qasim]]'s Campaigns in Sindh. 
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Registan Desert]] and [[Thar Desert]])}}
{{legend|#FFD700|[[Zunbils]]}}
{{legend|#FF8C00|[[Turk Shahis]]}}
{{legend|#9932CC|[[Karkota dynasty|Kingdom of Kashmir]]}}
{{legend|#DEB887|[[Brahman dynasty of Sindh|Kingdom of Sindh]] (c. 632–712 AD)}}
{{legend|#7FFF00|[[Maitraka dynasty|Maitraka Kingdom]] (c. 475–c. 776 AD)}}
{{legend|white|[[Umayyad Caliphate]] (c. 710 AD)}}
]]
''[[Meds (tribe)|Meds]]'' pirates operated from their bases at [[Kutch]], [[Debal]] and [[Kathiawar]]<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|p=164}}</ref> and during one of their raids had kidnapped Muslim women travelling from [[Sri Lanka]] to [[Arabia]], thus providing the ''[[casus belli]]''<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|pp=164–165}}</ref><ref name="Gier">{{harvnb|Gier|2006}}</ref> against Sindh [[Dahir (Raja)|Raja Dahir]].<ref name="berzin">{{cite web |url=http://studybuddhism.com/web/en/archives/e-books/unpublished_manuscripts/historical_interaction/pt1/history_cultures_04.html#n5 |title=The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire: First Muslim Incursion into the Indian Subcontinent |last=Berzin |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Berzin (scholar) |website=Study Buddhism |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref>
Raja Dahir of Sindh had previously refused to return Arab rebels from Sindh<ref>{{harvnb|El Hareir|M'Baye|2011|pp=604–605}}</ref> and furthermore, he now expressed his inability to punish the pirates.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} Hajjaj sent two expeditions to Sindh, both of which were defeated.<ref>{{harvnb|al-Balādhurī|1924|p=216}}</ref> Al Hajjaj next equipped an army built around 6,000 Syrian [[cavalry]] and detachments of ''[[mawali]]'' from Iraq, six thousand [[Camel cavalry|camel riders]], and a baggage train of 3,000 camels under his Nephew [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] to Sindh. His artillery of five [[catapult]]s were sent to Debal by sea<ref name="WinkIp203">{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|p=203}}</ref> ("manjaniks").

===Conquest of Sindh===
Muhammad bin Qasim departed from [[Shiraz]] in 710 AD, the army marched along the coast to Tiaz (modern day [[Tis, Iran]]) in Makran, where the army of Makran joined him, and the combined force moved to the Kech valley.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} Muhammad subdued the restive towns of Fannazbur and Armabil,<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|p=131}}</ref> finally completing the conquest of Makran. Then the army met up with the reinforcements and catapults sent by sea near Debal and took Debal through assault.<ref name="WinkIp203"/> From Debal, the Arabs moved towards north along the Indus, clearing the region up to Budha. Some towns like Nerun and Sadusan ([[Sehwan]]) surrendered peacefully. Muhammad bin Qasim moved back to Nerun to resupply and receive reinforcements sent by Hajjaj.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|p=204}}</ref> The Arabs crossed the Indus further South and defeated the army of Dahir, who was killed.<ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy|2007|p=301}}</ref><ref name="Haig, Wolseley pp5">{{harvnb|Haig|1928|p=5}}</ref> [[Mansura (Brahmanabad)|Brahmanabad]], then Alor ([[Aror]]) and finally [[Multan]], were captured alongside other in-between towns with only light Muslim casualties.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|p=205}}</ref> Arabs marched up to the foothills of Kashmir along the Jhelum in 713 AD,{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} and stormed the Al-Kiraj (possibly the Kangra valley).<ref name="Blankinship, Khalid Y pp132">{{harvnb|Blankinship|1994|p=132}}</ref> Muhammad was deposed after the death of Caliph Walid in 715 . Jai Singh, son of Dahir captured Brahmanabad and Arab rule was restricted to the Western shore of the Indus.<ref>{{harvnb|al-Balādhurī|1924|p=225}}: "Dâhir's son Hullishah, had come back to Brahmanâbâdh."</ref> Sindh was briefly lost to the caliph when the rebel Yazid b. Muhallab took over Sindh in 720.<ref name="Blankinship, Khalid Y pp131">{{harvnb|Blankinship|1994|p=131}}</ref>

===Last Umayyad campaigns in Al Hind===
{{main|Caliphate campaigns in India}}

[[File:QASIM.PNG|thumb|Early Arab conquest of what is now Pakistan by Muhammad bin Qasim for Umayyad caliphate rule c. 711 AD.]]
Junaid b. Abd Al Rahman Al Marri became the governor of Sindh in 723 AD. He conquered Debal, defeated and killed Jai Singh, secured Sindh and Southern Punjab and then stormed Al Kiraj (Kangra valley) in 724 AD.<ref>{{harvnb|Blankinship|1994|pp=131–132}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Misra|1983|p=56}}</ref> Junaid next attacked a number of [[Hindu king]]doms in what is now Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh aiming at permanent conquest,<ref name="Blankinship, Khalid Y pp133" /> but the chronology and area of operation of the campaigns during 725–743 is difficult to follow because accurate, complete information is lacking.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} The Arabs moved east from Sindh in several detachments<ref name="Baladhuri p209"/> and probably attacked from both the land and the sea, occupying ''Mirmad'' (Marumada, in [[Jaisalmer]]), ''Al-Mandal'' (perhaps Okhamandal in Gujarat) or Marwar,<ref>{{harvnb|Atherton|1997|p=14}}</ref> and raiding ''Dahnaj'', not identified, ''al-Baylaman'' ([[Bhilmal]]) and ''Jurz'' (Gurjara country—north Gujarat and southern Rajasthan),<ref>{{harvnb|Bhandarkar|1929|pp=29–30}}; {{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|p=208}}</ref> and attacking ''Barwas'' ([[Bharuch|Broach]]).<ref name="Blankinship, Khalid Y pp133">{{harvnb|Blankinship|1994|p=133}}</ref> Gurjara king Siluka<ref>{{harvnb|Misra|1983|p=45}}</ref> repelled Arabs from "Stravani and Valla", probably the area North of Jaisalmer and [[Jodhpur]], and the invasion of Malwa but were ultimately defeated by [[Bappa Rawal]] and [[Nagabhata I]] in 725 AD near Ujjain.<ref>{{harvnb|Bhandarkar|1929|pp=30–31}}; {{harvnb|Rāya|1939|p=125}}; {{harvnb|Majumdar|1977|p=267}}; {{harvnb|Puri|1986|p=46}}; {{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|p=208}}</ref> Arabs lost control over the newly conquered territories and part of Sindh due to Arab tribal infighting and Arab soldiers deserting the newly conquered territory<ref>{{harvnb|Puri|1986|p=46}}; {{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|p=209}}</ref> in 731 AD.

Al Hakam b. Awana Al Kalbi founded the garrison city of Al Mahfuza on the eastern side of a lake near Brahmanabad.<ref name="Blankinship, Khalid Y pp186">{{harvnb|Blankinship|1994|p=186}}</ref> Hakam next attempted to reclaim the conquests of Junaid in Al Hind. Arab records merely state that he was successful, Indian records at Navasari<ref>{{harvnb|Bhandarkar|1929|pp=29–30}}; {{harvnb|Majumdar|1977|pp=266–267}}; {{harvnb|Puri|1986|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|p=208}}; {{harvnb|Sen|1999|p=348}}</ref> details that Arab forces defeated "Kacchella, Saindhava, Saurashtra, Cavotaka, Maurya and Gurjara" kings. The city of [[Mansura (Brahmanabad)|Al Mansura]] was founded near Al Mahfuza by Amr b. Muhammad.<ref name="Blankinship, Khalid Y pp186"/> Al Hakam next invaded the Deccan in 739 with the intention of permanent conquest, but was decisively defeated at [[Navsari]] by the viceroy [[Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin]] of the [[Chalukya Empire]] serving [[Vikramaditya II]]. Arab rule was restricted to the west of Thar desert.

===Last days of Abbasid Caliphate control===
{{Further|Anarchy at Samarra}}
When the [[Abbasid Revolution]] overthrew the Umayyads in 750 AD after the [[Third Fitna]], Sindh became independent and was captured by Musa b. K'ab al Tamimi in 752 AD.<ref>{{harvnb|Elliot|1853|p=51}}</ref> Zunbil had defeated the Arabs in 728 AD, and saw off two Abbasid invasions in 769 and 785. [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]] attacked Kabul several times and collected tribute between 787 and 815 AD and extracted tribute after each campaign. Abbasid's Governor of Sindh, Hisham (in office 768–773) raided Kashmir, recaptured parts of Punjab from [[Karkota dynasty|Karkota]] control,<ref>{{harvnb|El Hareir|M'Baye|2011|p=613}}</ref> and launched naval raids against ports of Gujarat.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|p=210}}</ref> These raids like other Abbasid Naval raids launched in 776 and 779 AD, gained no territory. Arabs occupied Sindian (Southern Kutch) in 810, only to lose it in 841.<ref>{{harvnb|El Hareir|M'Baye|2011|p=614}}</ref>
Civil war erupted in Sindh in 842 AD, and the Habbari dynasty occupied Mansurah, and by 871, five independent principalities had emerged, with the Banu Habbari clan controlling in Mansurah, Banu Munabbih occupying Multan, Banu Madan ruling in Makran, and Makshey and Turan falling to other rulers, all outside direct Caliphate control.<ref>{{harvnb|Baloch|1992|pp=298–301}}</ref> [[Ismaili]] missionaries found a receptive audience among both the [[Sunni]] and non-Muslim populations in Multan, which became a center of the Ismaili sect of Islam. The [[Saffarid]] Dynasty of Zaranj occupied Kabul and the kingdom of Zunbil permanently in 871 AD. A new chapter of Muslim conquests began when the [[Samanids|Samanid Dynasty]] took over the Saffarid Kingdom and [[Sabuktigin]] seized [[Ghazni]].

===Later Muslim invasions===

After the [[Anarchy at Samarra|Decline of the Caliphate]], Muslim incursions resumed under the later Turkic and Central Asian dynasties like the [[Saffarid dynasty]] and the [[Samanid Dynasty]] with more local capitals. They supplanted the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] and expanded their domains both northwards and eastwards. Continuous raids from these empires in the north-west of India led to the loss of stability in the Indian kingdoms.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

After three centuries of unremitting effort, Arab dominion in India was limited to two states of Multan and Mansurah <ref>Mishra , Indian Resistance to Muslim Invaders up to 1206 AD </ref>

==Second phase (11th to 12th centuries)==
===Ghaznavid Sultanate===
{{main|Ghaznavid campaigns in India}}

Under [[Sabuktigin]], the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] found itself in conflict with the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] Raja [[Jayapala]] in the east. When Sabuktigin died and his son Mahmud ascended the throne in 998 AD, Ghazni was engaged in the North with the [[Qarakhanid]]s when the Shahi Raja renewed hostilities in east once again.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

In the early 11th century, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] launched seventeen expeditions into Indian subcontinent. In 1001, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni defeated Raja Jayapala of the [[Hindu Shahi]] Dynasty of [[Gandhara]] (in modern Afghanistan), in the [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|Battle of Peshawar]] and marched further towards the west of [[Peshawar]] (in modern Pakistan) and, in 1005, made it the center for his forces.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

In 1030, [[Al Biruni]] reported on the devastation caused during the conquest of Gandhara and much of northwest India by Mahmud of Ghazni following his defeat of Jayapala in the Battle of Peshawar in 1001:

{{blockquote|text=Now in the following times no Muslim conqueror passed beyond the frontier of Kabul and the river Sindh until the days of the Turks, when they seized the power in Ghazna under the [[Samanid Dynasty|Sâmânî dynasty]], and the supreme power fell to the lot of Nasir-addaula Sabuktagin. This prince chose the holy war as his calling, and therefore called himself ''al-Ghazi'' ("the warrior/invader"). In the interest of his successors, he constructed, to weaken the Indian frontier, those roads on which afterwards his son Yamin-addaula Mahmud marched into India during a period of thirty years and more. Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, and performed there wonderful exploits, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people. Their scattered remains cherish, of course, the most inveterate aversion towards all Muslims. This is the reason, too, why Hindu sciences have retired far away from those parts of the country conquered by us, and have fled to places which our hand cannot yet reach, to Kashmir, Benares, and other places. And there the antagonism between them and all foreigners receives more and more nourishment both from political and religious sources.<ref>{{harvnb|al-Biruni|1888|p=22}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|During the closing years of the tenth and the early years of the succeeding century of our era, Mahmud the first Sultan and Musalman of the Turk dynasty of kings who ruled at [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]], made a succession of inroads twelve or fourteen in number, into Gandhar – the present [[Peshwar]] valley – in the course of his proselytizing invasions of Hindustan.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{harvnb|Bellew|1880|p=73|page=73}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|Fire and sword, havoc and destruction, marked his course everywhere. Gandhar which was styled the ''Garden of the North'' was left at his death a weird and desolate waste. Its rich fields and fruitful gardens, together with the canal which watered them (the course of which is still partially traceable in the western part of the plain), had all disappeared. Its numerous stone built cities, monasteries, and topes with their valuable and revered monuments and sculptures, were sacked, fired, razed to the ground, and utterly destroyed as habitations.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>}}

The Ghaznavid conquests were initially directed [[Ghaznavid conquest of Multan|against the Ismaili Fatimids of Multan]], who were engaged in an ongoing struggle with the provinces of the Abbasid Caliphate in conjunction with their compatriots of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] in North Africa and the Middle East; Mahmud apparently hoped to curry the favor of the Abbasids in this fashion. However, once this aim was accomplished, he moved onto the looting of Indian temples and monasteries. By 1027, Mahmud had captured parts of North India and obtained formal recognition of Ghazni's sovereignty from the Abbasid Caliph, [[al-Qadir]] Billah.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Ghaznavid's rule in Northwestern India (modern Afghanistan and Pakistan) lasted over for 175 years, from 1010 to 1187. It was during this period that Lahore assumed considerable importance, apart from being the second capital, and later the only capital of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

At the end of his reign, Mahmud's empire extended from [[Kurdistan]] in the west to [[Samarkand]] in the Northeast, and from the [[Caspian Sea]] to the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in the west. Although his raids carried his forces across Northern and Western India, only Punjab came under his permanent rule while [[Kashmir]], the [[Doab]], Rajasthan, and [[Gujarat]] remained nominal under the control of the local Indian dynasties. In 1030, Mahmud fell gravely ill and died at age 59. As with the invaders of three centuries ago, Mahmud's armies reached temples in [[Varanasi]], [[Mathura]], [[Ujjain]], [[Maheshwar]], Jwalamukhi, [[Somnath]] and [[Dwarka]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

===Ghurid Empire===
{{main|Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor}}

[[File:Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png|thumb|240px|Map of the [[Ghurid dynasty]] at its greatest extent in the early 13th century under [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]] and [[Muhammad of Ghor]]]]
Before 1160, the Ghaznavid Empire covered an area running from central Iran east to the Punjab, with capitals at Ghazni in present-day [[Afghanistan]], and at Lahore in present-day [[Pakistan]]. [[Muhammad of Ghor]], also known as Mu'izz al-Din, was a conqueror from the region of [[Ghor]] in modern Afghanistan. In 1173, he was crowned in Ghazni. In 1186, he [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|conquered Lahore]], ending the Ghaznavid Empire and bringing the last of Ghaznavid territory under his control. His early campaigns in the [[Indian subcontinent]] were against the [[Qarmatians]] of Multan.

In 1191, Muhammad of Ghor invaded the territory of [[Prithviraj III]] of [[Ajmer]], who ruled his territory from Delhi to Ajmer in present-day [[Rajasthan]], but was defeated at the [[First Battle of Tarain]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|1997|p=25}}</ref> The following year, Muhammad of Ghor assembled 120,000 men and once again invaded India. His army met Prithviraj's army again at Tarain, and this time Muhammad of Ghor won; Prithviraj was executed,<ref>{{harvnb|Tucker|2010|p=263}}</ref> and Muhammad of Ghor advanced onto Delhi. Within a year, he controlled north-western Rajasthan and the northern Ganges-Yamuna Doab. After these victories in India, and his establishment of Delhi as the capital of his Indian provinces, Multan was also incorporated as a major part of his empire. He then returned east to Ghazni to deal with the threat on his eastern frontiers from the Turks of the Khwarizmian Empire, while his armies continued to advance through Northern India, raiding as far as [[Bengal]].

Muhammad of Ghor returned to Lahore after 1200. In 1206, he had to travel to Lahore to crush a revolt. On his way back to Ghazni, his caravan rested at Damik near [[Sohawa]] (which is near the city of [[Jhelum]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of modern-day Pakistan). He was assassinated on 15 March 1206, while offering his evening prayers, by the assassins from the Ismaili Muslim sect.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=73|ps=: "He resorted to large-scale slaughter of the Khokhars and cowed them down. On his way back to Ghazni, he was killed by a Muslim fanatic belonging to a rival sect"}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bosworth|1968|p=165|ps=: "The suppression of revolt in the Punjab occupied Mu'izz al-Din's closing months, for on the way back to Ghazna he was assassinated, allegedly by emissaries of the Isma'ilis whom he had often persecuted during his life time (602/1206)"}}</ref>

==Third phase (13th to 16th centuries)==
===Delhi Sultanate===
{{main|Delhi Sultanate}}

{{See also|Islamic invasions of Assam}}
[[File:Map of the Mamluk Dynasty.png|thumb|Mamluk Dynasty]]
Muhammad Ghoris successors established the first dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], while the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Dynasty]] in 1211 (however, the Delhi Sultanate is traditionally held to have been founded in 1206) seized the reins of the empire. ''[[Mamluk]]'' means "slave" and referred to the Turkic slave soldiers who became rulers. The territory under control of the Muslim rulers in Delhi expanded rapidly.

Several Turko-Afghan dynasties ruled from Delhi: the Mamluk (1206–1290), the [[Khalji]] (1290–1320), the [[Tughlaq]] (1320–1414), the [[Sayyid]] (1414–51), and the [[Lodi dynasty|Lodhi]] (1451–1526). By the mid-century, Bengal and much of central India was under the Delhi Sultanate.

====Tughlaq invasions====
[[File:Map of the Tughlaqs.png|thumb|250x250px|Delhi Sultanate reached its zenith under the [[Tughlaq dynasty]].<ref name="malik">{{harvnb|Malik|2008|p=104}}</ref>]]
The Tughlaqs conquered Delhi with the support of the [[Khokhar|Khokhar tribes]] who formed the vanguard of the army.<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|2005|p=490}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Siddiqi|1996|p=19|ps=: "the army of Ghazi Malik also had considerable number of the Hindu Khokhar soldiers"}}</ref> The Tughlaqs claimed to be "bound to all Indians by ties of blood and relation".<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|2021|p=183|ps=: "Tughluq's son Jauna's remark that 'I feel bound to all Indians by ties of blood and relation' is significant in this context".}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. III|2004|p=127|ps=: "Muhammad bin Tughluq was related by blood ties 'to all Indians'"}}</ref> Under the first ruler of the dynasty, [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq]], the Tughlaq court wrote a war ballad known as the [[Vaar]] in the [[Punjabi language]], describing the introduction of Ghazi Malik's rise to the throne.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9VjAAAAMAAJ&q=sajan |title=Explorations: Volumes 10-11 |page=19 |date=1984 |publisher=Department of English Language and Literature, Government College}}</ref> This was the earliest known Vaar in Punjabi poetry.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEluAAAAMAAJ&q=var |title=Proceedings - Punjab History Conference:Volume 26 |date=1995 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |isbn=978-81-7380-120-4}}</ref> The Tughlaqs attacked and plundered Malwa, Gujarat, Mahratta, Tilang, Kampila, Dhur-samundar, Mabar, Lakhnauti, [[Chittagong]], [[Sonargaon]] and Tirhut.<ref>{{harvnb|Elliot|1871|pp=236–237}}</ref> The Tughlaqs chose [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] in southern India as the second administrative capital of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref>{{harvnb|Ray|2019|p=167|ps=: "The Sultan [Muhammad bin Tughluq] had created Daulatabad as the second administrative centre. A contemporary writer has written that the Empire had two capitals – Delhi and Daulatabad."}}</ref> The Delhi Sultanate forced migration of the Muslim population of Delhi, including his royal family, the nobles, Syeds, Sheikhs and 'Ulema to settle in Daulatabad. The purpose of transferring the entire Muslim elite to Daulatabad was to act as propagandists who would adapt Islamic religious symbolism to the rhetoric of empire, and so the [[Sufism in India|Sufis]] could by persuasion bring many of the inhabitants of the Deccan to become Muslim.<ref>{{harvnb|Ernst|1992|p=113}}</ref> These elite colonists from the capital of Delhi were [[Urdu-speaking people|Urdu-speakers]], who carried the [[Urdu language]] to the Deccan.<ref>{{harvnb|Eaton|2015|p=41}}</ref>

During the time of Delhi Sultanate, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] resisted attempts of Delhi Sultanate to establish dominion in the [[Southern India]], serving as a barrier against invasion by the Muslims.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vijayanagar |title=Vijayanagar |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=12 May 2023}}</ref>

[[File:The end of Buddhist Monks, A.D. 1193.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khilji]]'s massacre of Buddhist monks in [[Bihar, India]]. Khilji destroyed the [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramshila]] universities during his raids across North Indian plains, massacring many [[Buddhist]] and [[Brahmin]] scholars.<ref>{{harvnb|Sanyal|2012|pp=130–1}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Meston|1934|p=169}}</ref>]]
The Sultans of Delhi enjoyed cordial, if superficial, relations with Muslim rulers in the [[Near East]] but owed them no allegiance. They based their laws on the ''[[Quran]]'' and the ''[[sharia]]'' and permitted non-Muslim subjects to practice their own religions if they paid the ''[[jizya]]'' (poll tax). They ruled from urban centers, while military camps and trading posts provided the nuclei for towns that sprang up in the countryside.

Perhaps the most significant contribution of the Sultanate was its temporary success in insulating the subcontinent from the potential devastation of the Mongol invasion from Central Asia in the 13th century, which nonetheless led to the capture of Afghanistan and western Pakistan by the Mongols (see the [[Ilkhanate]] Dynasty). Under the Sultanate, "Indo-Muslim" fusion left lasting monuments in architecture, music, literature, and religion. In addition it is surmised that the language of [[Urdu]] (literally meaning "horde" or "camp" in various Turkic dialects) was born during the Delhi Sultanate period as a result of the mingling of Sanskritic Hindi and the Persian, Turkish, Arabic favoured by the Muslim invaders of India{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}.

The Sultanate suffered significantly from the [[Sack of Delhi (1398)|sacking of Delhi]] in 1398 by [[Timur]], but revived briefly under the [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] Dynasty. This was the final dynasty of the Sultanate before it was conquered by [[Babur|Zahiruddin Babur]] in 1526, who subsequently founded the [[Mughal dynasty]] that ruled from the 16th to the 18th centuries.

====Timur====
{{main|Timur}}

[[Timur|Tīmūr bin Taraghay Barlas]], known in the West as Tamerlane or "Timur the lame", was a 14th-century [[warlord]] of [[Turco-Mongol]] descent.<ref name="EI">{{harvnb|Manz|2006}}</ref> He had conquered much of western and central Asia, and founded the [[Timurid Empire]] (1370–1507) in Central Asia which survived until 1857 as the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal dynasty]] of India.
[[File:Timur defeats the sultan of Delhi.jpg|thumb|190px|Timur defeats the [[Sultan of Delhi]], Nasir-u Din Mehmud, in the winter of 1397–1398]]

Informed about civil war in South Asia, Timur began a trek starting in 1398 to invade the reigning [[Sultan]] [[Mahmud Shah II|Nasir-u Din Mehmud]] of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} His campaign was politically pretexted that the Muslim Delhi Sultanate was too tolerant toward its "Hindu" subjects, but that could not mask the real reason being to amass the wealth of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/timurid.html |title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Timurid Empire) |website=The University of Calgary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816204247/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/timurid.html |archive-date=16 August 2009}}</ref>

Timur's invasion did not go unopposed, however, and he did meet some resistance during his march to Delhi, most notably with the [[Sarv Khap]] coalition in northern India, as well as the Governor of [[Meerut]]. Although impressed and momentarily stalled by the valour of Ilyaas [[Awan Pakistan|Awan]], Timur was able to continue his relentless approach to [[Delhi]], arriving in 1398 to combat the armies of Sultan Mehmud, already weakened by an internal battle for ascension within the royal family.

The Sultan's army was easily defeated on 17 December 1398. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins. Before the battle for Delhi, Timur executed more than 100,000 "Hindu" captives.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Delhi-1398 |title=Battle of Delhi |website=www.britannica.com |last=Phillips |first=Charles |date=10 December 2023}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2024|reason=Has not been vetted by Britannica}}

Timur's purported autobiography, the ''Tuzk-i-Timuri'' ("Memoirs of Temur") is a later fabrication.<ref name="EI" />

Historian Irfan Habib wrote that in the 14th century, the word "Hindu" (people of "Al-Hind", "Hind" being "India") included "both Hindus and Muslims" in religious connotations.<ref name="Habib1997p298">{{harvnb|Habib|1997|p=298}}</ref>{{blockquote|When Timur entered Delhi after defeating Mahmud Toghloq's forces, he granted an amnesty in return for protection money (mâl-e amâni). But on the fourth day he ordered that all the people of the city be enslaved; and so they were. Thus reports Yahya, who here inserts a pious prayer in Arabic for the victims' consolation ("To God we return, and everything happens by His will"). Yazdi, on the other hand, does not have any sympathy to waste on these wretches. He records that Timur had granted protection to the people of Delhi on 18 December 1398, and the collectors had begun collecting the protection money. But large groups of Timur's soldiers began to enter the city and, like birds of prey, attacked its citizens. The "pagan Hindus" (Henduân-e gabr) having had the temerity to begin immolating their women and themselves, the three cities of Delhi were put to sack by Timur's soldiers. "Faithless Hindus", he adds, had gathered in the Congregation Mosque of Old Delhi and Timur's officers put them ruthlessly to slaughter there on 29 December. Clearly, Yazdi's "Hindus" included Muslims as well.<ref name="Habib1997p298" />}}

Timur left Delhi in approximately January 1399. In April he had returned to his own capital beyond the [[Oxus]] (Amu Darya). Immense quantities of spoils were taken from India. According to [[Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo]], 90 captured elephants were employed merely to carry precious stones looted from his conquest, which was used to erect a mosque at [[Samarkand]] – what historians today believe is the enormous [[Bibi-Khanym Mosque]]. Ironically, the mosque was constructed too quickly and suffered from disrepair within a few decades of its construction.

===Regional sultanates===
{{Main|Regional Sultanates of India}}
The [[Makran Sultanate]] was one of the first kingdom to transition from an emirate to a sultanate in the 13th century. Regional sultanates such as [[Kashmir Sultanate|Kashmir]] (1320), [[Madurai Sultanate|Madurai]] (1335), [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani]] (1347), [[Samma dynasty|Sindh]] (1351), [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]] (1352), [[Farooqui dynasty|Khandesh]] (1382), [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]] (1394), [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] (1394), [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] (1401), [[Khanzadas of Mewat|Mewat]] (1427), and [[Langah Sultanate|Multan]] (1445) expanded at the expense of the Delhi Sultanate. Gaining conversions to Islam was easier under regional Sultanates.<ref>{{harvnb|Lal|1990|p=70|ps=: "In conclusion it may be emphasised that even when historical forces had divided the country into a number of independent states consequent on the break-up of the Delhi Sultanate, the work of proselytization continued unabated. Indeed, it made the task of conversion easy. Small regions could be dealt with in detail and severe Muslim rulers, orthodox Ulema and zealous Sufis worked in them effectively. It was due to extraordinary situations that the Kashmir valley and Eastern Bengal became Muslim-majority regions as far back as the fifteenth century. In other parts of the country, where there was a Muslim ruler, Muslim population grew apace in the normal and usual way."}}</ref>
[[File:India in 1525 Joppen.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Indian subcontinent in 1525]]
The founders of these sultanates were all of different origins; [[Rinchan|Rinchan Bhoti]] was a [[Buddhist]] prince from [[Ladakh]], [[Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan|Hasan Kaithali]] was a [[Sayyid]] native of [[Kaithal]], [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Zafar Khan]], a [[Turco-Afghan]] adventurer, was born in [[Ghazni]], [[Jam Unar]] was a local [[warlord]] from the [[Samma (tribe)|Samma]] tribe, [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah|Ilyas Khan]] emerged as a [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Persian]] officer from [[Sistan]], [[Farooqui dynasty#History of Farooqui dynasty#Malik Ahmad Farooqui|Malik Ahmad]] was from [[Khurasan]] and claimed [[Arab]] descent, [[Malik Sarwar]] was a [[Siddi]] [[eunuch]], [[Muzaffar Shah I|Zafar Khan]] belonged to a [[Kalwar (caste)|Kalal]] family of [[vintners]], [[Dilawar Khan]] was a [[Turco-Afghan]] officer from [[Ghor]], [[Nahar Khan|Sambhar Pal]] was a [[Hindu]] prince from the [[Khanzada Rajput]] dynasty, while [[Rai Sahra Langah|Rai Sahra]] was the chief of the [[Langah (clan)|Langah]] clan.

===Deccan sultanates===
{{Main|Deccan sultanates|Battle of Talikota}}

[[File:Deccan sultanates 1490 - 1687 ad.png|thumb|left|200px|Map of five [[Deccan Sultanates]] before [[Battle of Talikota]].]]
The term of Deccan Sultanates<ref>{{harvnb|Haidar|Sardar|2015|p=}}</ref> was used for five Muslim dynasties that ruled several [[Medieval India|late medieval Indian kingdoms]], namely [[Bijapur Sultanate]],<ref name="Deccan Sultanate">{{harvnb|Sen|2013|p=119}}</ref> [[Golkonda Sultanate]],<ref>{{harvnb|Schimmel|1975|p=143}}</ref> [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], [[Bidar Sultanate]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Barid-Shahi-dynasty |title=Barīd Shāhī dynasty |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref> and [[Berar Sultanate]]<ref>{{harvnb|Sewell|1884|p=178}}</ref> in [[South India]]. The Deccan Sultanates ruled the [[Deccan Plateau]] between the [[Krishna River]] and the [[Vindhya Range]]. These [[sultanate]]s became independent during the separation of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], another Muslim empire.

[[File:Battle of Talikota complete panorama.png|thumb|250px|Victory of [[Deccan Sultanates]] in [[Battle of Talikota]].]]
The [[dynasty|ruling families]] of all these five sultanates were of diverse origin; the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] of Golconda Sultanate was of [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] origin,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5vMFUUQXGkC&q=qutub+shahi+dynasty+is+turk |title=Census of India, 1991: Mahbubnagar |date=1994 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |language=en}}</ref> the [[Barid Shahi dynasty]] of Bidar Sultanate being founded by a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] slave,<ref>{{harvnb|Bosworth|1996|p=324}}</ref> the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]] of Bijapur Sultanate was founded by a [[Georgians|Georgian]] slave<ref>{{harvnb|Chaurasia|2002|p=101}}</ref> while [[Nizam Shahi dynasty]] of Ahmadnagar Sultanate and [[Imad Shahi dynasty]] of Berar Sultanate were of [[Hindu]] lineage (Ahmadnagar being [[Brahmin]]<ref>{{harvnb|Ferishta|1829|pp=189}}</ref> and Berar being [[Kanarese]]<ref>{{harvnb|Ferishta|1829|pp=485, 487}}</ref>).

==Fourth phase (16th to 18th centuries)==
===Mughal Empire===
{{Main|Mughal Empire}}

[[File:Joppen1907India1700a.jpg|thumb|left|180px|The Mughal Empire in 1700]]
India in the early 16th century presented a fragmented picture of rulers who lacked concern for their subjects and failed to create a common body of laws or institutions.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} Outside developments also played a role in shaping events. The circumnavigation of Africa by the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] in 1498 allowed Europeans to challenge Muslim control of the trading routes between Europe and Asia. In Central Asia and Afghanistan, shifts in power pushed [[Babur]] of the [[Timurid dynasty]] (in present-day [[Uzbekistan]]) southward, first to Kabul and then to the heart of Indian subcontinent. The dynasty he founded endured for more than two centuries.

<gallery>
File:Akbar shoots Jaimal at the siege of Chitor.jpg|The [[Mughal Emperor]] Akbar shoots the Rajput warrior Jaimal during the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Siege of Chittorgarh]] in 1567.
File:Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during the attack on Ranthambhor Fort.jpg|Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Mughal Emperor Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort in 1568.
File:Basawan. Battle of rival ascetics. Akbarnama, ca. 1590, V&A Museum.jpg|The [[Mughal Army]] commanded by Akbar attack members of the [[Sannyasa]] during the [[Battle of Thanesar (1567)|Battle of Thanesar]].
File:Ibn Sayyid Murad al-Husayni - Young Hindu Girl Before the Mughal Emperor Akbar - Walters W64916A - Full Page.jpg|Mughal Emperor Akbar attempts to dissuade the young Hindu girl from committing [[Sati (practice)|sati]]<ref>[https://art.thewalters.org/detail/80058/young-hindu-girl-before-the-mughal-emperor-akbar/ Young Hindu Girl Before the Mughal Emperor Akbar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327031856/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/80058/young-hindu-girl-before-the-mughal-emperor-akbar/ |date=27 March 2020 }}, in [[The Walters Art Museum]].</ref>
File:Akbar Fights with Raja Man Singh.jpg|The Mughal Emperor Akbar fights [[Pehlwani]] with his Hindu general Raja [[Man Singh I]] of [[Jaipur]].
File:The Burning of the Rajput women, during the siege of Chitor.jpg|Rajput women committing [[Jauhar]] during Akbar's invasion.
File:Jamal al-Din Husayn Inju Shirazi - Two Folios from the Akbarnama - Walters W684 - Detail A.jpg|A [[War elephant]] executing the opponents of the Emperor [[Akbar]].
</gallery>

==== Babur ====
{{main|Babur}}

[[File:Babur visiting the Urvah valley in Gwalior 1.jpg|thumb|Babur and the Mughal Army at the Urvah valley in [[Gwalior]].]]

A descendant of both [[Genghis Khan]] and Timur, Babur combined strength and courage with a love of beauty, and military ability with cultivation. He concentrated on gaining control of Northwestern India, doing so in 1526 by defeating the last Lodhi Sultan in the [[First battle of Panipat]], a town north of Delhi. Babur then turned to the tasks of persuading his Central Asian followers to stay on in India and of overcoming other contenders for power, like the [[Rajputs]] and the [[Afghan people|Afghans]]. He succeeded in both tasks but died shortly thereafter in 1530. The Mughal Empire was one of the largest centralized states in pre-modern history and was the precursor to the [[British Empire|British Indian Empire]].

Babur was followed by his great-grandson, [[Shah Jahan]] (1628–1658), builder of the [[Taj Mahal]] and other magnificent buildings. Two other towering figures of the Mughal era were [[Akbar]] (r. 1556–1605) and [[Aurangzeb]] (r. 1658–1707). Both rulers expanded the empire greatly and were able administrators. However, Akbar was known for his religious tolerance and administrative genius while Aurangzeb was a pious Muslim and fierce advocate of more orthodox Islam.

==== Aurangzeb ====
{{main|Aurangzeb}}

While some rulers were zealous in their spread of Islam, others were relatively liberal. The Mughal emperor Akbar, an example of the latter established a new religion, [[Din-e Ilahi|Din E Elahi]], which included beliefs from different faiths and even build many temples in his empire. He abolished the jizya twice. In contrast, his great-grandson [[Aurangazeb]] was a more religious and orthodox ruler. Aurangzeb's Deccan campaign saw one of the largest death tolls in South Asian history, with an estimated 4.6 million people killed during his reign, Muslims and Hindus alike.<ref name=mwhite>{{harvnb|White|2011|p=113}}</ref> An estimated of 2.5 million of Aurangzeb's army were killed during the [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]] (100,000 annually during a quarter-century), while 2 million civilians in war-torn lands died due to drought, [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and [[Famine in India|famine]].<ref>{{harvnb|Malešević|2017|p=119}}</ref><ref name="mwhite"/>
In the century-and-a-half that followed the death of Aurangzeb, effective Muslim control started weakening. Succession to imperial and even provincial power, which had often become hereditary, was subject to intrigue and force. The [[mansabdari]] system gave way to the zamindari system, in which high-ranking officials took on the appearance of hereditary landed aristocracy with powers of collecting rents. As Delhi's control waned, other contenders for power emerged and clashed, thus preparing the way for the eventual British takeover.

===Durrani Empire===
{{main|Durrani Empire}}

{{see also|Ahmad Shah Durrani|List of Pashtun empires and dynasties}}
[[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and his coalition defeated the [[Maratha Empire]], during the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] and restored the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ikram|1964|pp=254–276}}</ref>]]

Ahmed Shah Abdali – a [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] – embarked on conquest in South Asia starting in 1747.<ref>{{harvnb|Christensen|1995|p=12}}</ref> In the short time of just over a quarter of a century, he forged one of the largest Muslim empires of the 18th century. The high point of his conquests was his victory over the powerful [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]], which occurred in 1761. On the Indian subcontinent, his empire stretched from the Indus at Attock all the way to the eastern Punjab. Uninterested in long-term of conquest or in replacing the Mughal Empire, he became increasingly pre occupied with revolts by the Sikhs.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} [[Vadda Ghalughara]] took place under the Muslim provincial government based at Lahore to wipe out the Sikhs, with non-combatant women, children and old men being killed, an offensive that had begun with the Mughals, with the [[Chhota Ghallughara]].<ref>{{harvnb|Cole|Sambhi|2005|p=86}}</ref> but after two months [[Sikh Misls]] again assembled and defeated Durranis in [[Battle of Harnaulgarh]], [[Sikhs]] Capture Sirhind Labore Multan His empire began to unravel decade before his death in 1772.
{{clear}}

==Decline of the Muslim rule==
{{See also|Maratha Empire|Sikh Empire}}

===Maratha Empire===
{{Main|Deccan wars}}

[[File:India1760_1905.jpg|right|thumb|[[Maratha Empire]] (yellow area) at its zenith in 1760, stretching from the Deccan to present-day Pakistan]]
The single most important power to emerge in the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha Confederacy (1674–1818).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Marathas |title=The Marathas |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> The Marathas are responsible, to a large extent for ending Mughal rule in some parts of India.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bal-Gangadhar-Tilak |title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=11 April 2024 }}</ref> The Maratha Empire ruled large parts of India following the decline of the Mughals. The long and futile war bankrupted one of the most powerful empires in the world. Mountstuart Elphinstone termed this a demoralizing period for the Muslims as many of them lost the will to fight against the Maratha Empire.<ref>{{harvnb|Elphinstone|Cowell|1866|p=27}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sarkar|1988|p=246}}</ref> The Maratha empire at its peak stretched from Trichinopoly (present day [[Tiruchirappalli]] in Tamil Nadu) in the south to the Afghan border in the north.<ref>{{harvnb|Mehta|2005|p=204}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mikaberidze|2011|p=43}}</ref> In early 1771, Mahadji, a notable Maratha general, recaptured Delhi and installed Shah Alam II as the puppet ruler on the Mughal throne. In north India, the Marathas thus regained the territory and the prestige lost as result of the defeat at Panipath in 1761.<ref>{{harvnb|Rathod|1994|p=8}}</ref>

===Sikh Empire===
{{Further information|Mughal-Sikh Wars}}
[[File:Sikh Empire.svg|left|thumb|[[Sikh Empire]], established by [[Ranjit Singh]] in North-west India]]
In the Punjab, Mughal power waned in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Successive bands of Sikhs attacked Lahore, and by 1780 partitioned it among themselves. [[Ranjit Singh]] unified the Sikh ''[[misl]]dhars'' (commanders) and made Lahore the administrative capital of a new [[Sikh Empire]] in 1799.<ref>{{harvnb|Glover|2008|pp=11–12}}</ref> In Afghanistan [[Zaman Shah Durrani]] was defeated by powerful [[Barakzai]] chief [[Fateh Khan Barakzai|Fateh Khan]] who appointed [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] as the new ruler of Afghanistan and appointed himself as Wazir of Afghanistan.<ref>{{harvnb|Adamec|2011|p=142}}</ref> Sikhs however were now superior to the Afghans and started to annex Afghan provinces. The biggest victory of the Sikh Empire over the [[Durrani Empire]] came in the [[Battle of Attock]] fought in 1813 between Sikh and Wazir of Afghanistan Fateh Khan and his younger brother [[Dost Mohammad Khan]]. The Afghans were routed by the Sikh army and the Afghans lost over 9,000 soldiers in this battle. Dost Mohammad was seriously injured whereas his brother Wazir Fateh Khan fled back to Kabul fearing that his brother was dead.<ref>{{harvnb|Griffin|1905|p=192}}</ref> In 1819, the Sikhs defeated the Afghans at [[Shopian]] and conquered Kashmir.<ref>{{harvnb|Jaques|2007|pp=938–939}}</ref>

==Impact on India, Islam and Muslims in India==
{{See also|Persecution of Hindus#Medieval persecution by Muslim rulers|Persecution of Buddhists#India|Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent}}

The impact of the Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent is a subject of considerable scholarly debate, reflecting a spectrum of interpretations regarding the socio-cultural, religious, and political transformations that ensued.

=== Divergent historical perspectives ===
[[Will Durant]], an American historian, characterized the Islamic conquest of India as "probably the bloodiest story in history," emphasizing the extensive violence and destruction associated with the invasions.<ref name="Durant1935" />

Conversely, historians like [[Audrey Truschke]] and [[Romila Thapar]] argue that such portrayals are exaggerated and overlook the complexities of the period. Truschke highlights the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]]' engagement with [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit culture]], suggesting a degree of cultural integration. Thapar contends that the narrative of continuous Hindu persecution under Muslim rule is historically untenable, noting instances of patronage and coexistence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |author-link=Audrey Truschke |title=It is High Time We Discarded the Pernicious Myth of India's Medieval Muslim 'Villains' |url=https://thewire.in/history/high-time-discarded-pernicious-myth-indias-medieval-muslim-villains |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |date=27 November 2020 |title=That Muslims enslaved Hindus for last 1000 yrs is historically unacceptable: Romila Thapar |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/muslims-enslaved-hindus-for-last-1000-yrs-historically-unacceptable-romila-thapar/552564/ |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Religious dynamics and social structures ===
The Muslim conquests introduced new administrative and religious frameworks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-04 |title=Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement |url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/history/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-and-the-aligarh-movement/23145 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Your Article Library |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-05 |title=A capital road gone, Mughal king Aurangzeb lives in 177 towns and villages |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/a-capital-road-gone-aurangzeb-lives-in-177-towns-and-villages/ |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> While some rulers enforced policies like the [[jizya]] tax on non-Muslims, others, such as [[Muhammad ibn al-Qasim|Muhammad bin Qasim]], reportedly reinstated local [[Brahmin]] officials and protected temples, indicating a pragmatic approach to governance.{{harvnb|Durant|2014|p=458}}<ref>Friedmann, Y (1981). "ČAČ-NĀMA". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' (Second ed.). Brill Academic. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8436. {{ISBN|9789004161214}}</ref>

The era witnessed significant cultural synthesis. Architectural styles blended [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[India|Indian]] elements, and languages like [[Urdu]] emerged from the confluence of Persian, [[Arabic]], and local dialects. Institutions such as the [[Aligarh Movement]] in the 19th century also aimed to modernize Muslim education for the British Indian population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-04 |title=Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement |url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/history/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-and-the-aligarh-movement/23145 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Your Article Library |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Conversion of non-Muslims==
[[File:Sun temple martand indogreek.jpg|right|thumb|Ruins of the [[Martand Sun Temple|Surya Temple]] at [[Martand]], which was destroyed due to the iconoclastic policies of [[Sikandar Butshikan]], photo taken by John Burke in 1868.]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Somnath temple ruins (1869).jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = Somnath temple in ruins, 1869
| caption1 = Somnath temple in ruins, 1869
| image2 = Somnath-current.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 = Front view of the present Somnath Temple
| caption2 = Front view of the present Somnath Temple
| footer = The [[Somnath temple]] was first attacked by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] and repeatedly rebuilt.
}}
Considerable controversy exists both in scholarly and public opinion about the conversions to Islam typically represented by the following schools of thought:<ref name="der Veer">{{harvnb|van der Veer|1994|pp=27–29}}</ref>

# The bulk of Muslims are descendants of migrants from the [[Iranian Plateau]] or Arabs.<ref>{{harvnb|Eaton|1993|p=113}}</ref>
# Conversion of slaves to Islam. Children fathered by Muslims by non-Muslim slaves would be raised Muslim. Non-Muslim women who birthed them would convert to Islam to avoid rejection by their own communities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Peter |title=Muslims of British India |date=October 2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/PeterHardyTheMuslimsOfBritishIndia/page/n18 9] |url=https://archive.org/details/PeterHardyTheMuslimsOfBritishIndia}}</ref>
# Conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes.<ref name="der Veer"/><ref>{{harvnb|Eaton|1993|p=116}}</ref>
# Conversion was a result of the actions of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] saints and involved a genuine change of heart.<ref name="der Veer"/>
# Conversion came from [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] and the en masse conversions of lower castes for social liberation and as a rejection of the oppressive [[Caste system in India|Hindu caste strictures]].<ref>{{harvnb|Eaton|1993|pp=116–117}}</ref>
# A combination, initially made under duress followed by a genuine change of heart.<ref name="der Veer"/>
# As a socio-cultural process of diffusion and integration over an extended period of time into the sphere of the dominant [[Muslim world|Muslim civilisation and global polity]] at large.<ref>{{harvnb|Eaton|1993|pp=305–306, 308}}</ref>

Embedded within this lies the concept of Islam as a foreign imposition and Hinduism being a natural condition of the natives who resisted, resulting in the failure of the project to [[Islamization|Islamize]] the Indian subcontinent and is highly embroiled within the politics of the [[Partition of India|partition]] and [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]] in India.<ref name="der Veer"/>

Historians such as [[Will Durant]] described Islamic invasions of India as "The bloodiest story in history.<ref name="Durant1935" /> [[Jadunath Sarkar]] contends that several Muslim invaders were waging a systematic [[jihad]] against Hindus in India to the effect that "Every device short of massacre in cold blood was resorted to in order to convert heathen subjects".<ref name=":1">{{harvnb|Sarkar|1928|p=254}}</ref>

Hindus who converted to Islam however were not completely immune to persecution due to the [[caste system among Muslims]] in India established by [[Ziauddin Barani|Ziauddin al-Barani]] in the ''Fatawa-i Jahandari'',<ref>{{harvnb|Sikand|2004}}</ref> where they were regarded as an "Ajlaf" caste and subjected to discrimination by the "Ashraf" castes.<ref name="one">{{harvnb|Aggarwal|1978|p=}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2023}} Others argue that, during the Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent, Indian-origin religions experienced persecution from various Muslim conquerors<ref>{{harvnb|Franco|Preisendanz|2007|p=248}}</ref> who massacred Hindus, Jains and Buddhists, attacked temples and monasteries, and forced conversions on the battlefield.<ref>{{harvnb|Murphy|2013|p=16}}</ref>

Disputers of the "conversion by the sword" point to the presence of the large Muslim communities found in Southern India, Sri Lanka, Western Burma, [[Bangladesh]], [[Southern Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], Malaysia and the Philippines coupled with the distinctive lack of equivalent Muslim communities around the heartland of historical Muslim empires on the Indian subcontinent as a refutation to the "conversion by the sword theory". The legacy of the Muslim conquest of South Asia is a hotly debated issue and argued even today.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

Muslim invaders were not all simply raiders. Later rulers fought on to win kingdoms and stayed to create new ruling dynasties. The practices of these new rulers and their subsequent heirs (some of whom were born to Hindu wives) varied considerably. While some were uniformly hated, others developed a popular following. According to the memoirs of [[Ibn Battuta]] who travelled through Delhi in the 14th century, one of the previous sultans had been especially brutal and was deeply hated by Delhi's population. Batuta's memoirs also indicate that Muslims from the Arab world, [[Greater Iran|Persia]] and [[Anatolia]] were often favoured with important posts at the royal courts, suggesting that locals may have played a somewhat subordinate role in the Delhi administration. The term "Turk" was commonly used to refer to their higher social status. S.A.A. Rizvi (''The Wonder That Was India – II'') however points to [[Muhammad ibn Tughluq]] as not only encouraging locals but promoting artisan groups such as cooks, barbers and gardeners to high administrative posts. In his reign, it is likely that conversions to Islam took place as a means of seeking greater social mobility and improved social standing.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

Numerous temples were destroyed by Muslim conquerors.<ref name="Allen1991">{{harvnb|Allen|1991|p=362}}</ref> Richard M. Eaton lists a total of 80 temples that were desecrated by Muslim conquerors,<ref name="Eaton2001">{{harvnb|Eaton|2001|pp=70–77}}</ref> but notes this was not unusual in [[medieval India]] where numerous temples were also desecrated by Hindu and Buddhist kings against rival Indian kingdoms during conflicts between devotees of different Hindu deities, and between Hindus, Buddhists and Jains.<ref name="Eaton2000b">{{harvnb|Eaton|2000b|pp=62–70}}</ref><ref name="re2000">{{harvnb|Eaton|2000a|pp=283–319}}</ref><ref name="Eaton2004">{{harvnb|Eaton|2004|p=}}</ref> He also notes there were many instances of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], which often had Hindu ministers, ordering the protection, maintenance and repairing of temples.

[[K. S. Lal]], in his book ''[[Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India]]'', claimed that between 1000 and 1500 the Indian population decreased by 30 million,<ref>{{harvnb|Lal|1999|p=343|ps=: "I have arrived at the conclusion that the population of India in A.D. 1000 was about 200 million and in the year 1500 it was 170 million."}}</ref> but stated his estimates were tentative and did not claim any finality.<ref>{{harvnb|Lal|1999|p=89}}</ref><ref name=Elst>{{harvnb|Elst|1995|p=33}}</ref><ref name=Miller>{{harvnb|Miller |2014|p=80}}</ref> His work has come under [[Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India#Criticism|criticism]] by historians such as [[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Simon Digby]] ([[SOAS, University of London]]) and [[Irfan Habib]] for its agenda and lack of accurate data in pre-census times.<ref name="Digby1975">{{harvnb|Digby|1975|pp=176–177}}</ref><ref name="Habib">{{harvnb|Habib|1978|pp=287–303}}</ref> Different population estimates by economics historians [[Angus Maddison]] and Jean-Noël Biraben also indicate that India's population did not decrease between 1000 and 1500, but increased by tens of millions during that time.<ref>{{harvnb|Maddison|2007|p=376}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Biraben|2003|p=2}}</ref> The [[Demographics of India|Indian population]] estimates from other economic historians including [[Colin Clark (economist)|Colin Clark]], John D. Durand and [[Colin McEvedy]] also show there was a population increase in India between 1000 and 1500.<ref>{{harvnb|Maddison|2001|pp=236, 241–242}}</ref>

===Expansion of trade===
[[File:Cheraman jumamasjid.JPG|thumb|[[Cheraman Juma Masjid]] in Kerala]]
Expansion of trade brought India into contact with Islam. Arab traders settled in Indian ports. In the seventh century, they converted to Islam, giving rise to small Muslim communities. These communities grew due to Indian conversions and because Hindu kings of south India (such as the [[Cholas]]) hired Muslim [[Mercenary|mercenaries]].<ref>{{harvnb|McLeod|2002|p=33}}</ref>

A significant aspect of the Muslim period in world history was the emergence of Islamic [[Sharia]] courts capable of imposing a common commercial and legal system that extended from [[Morocco]] in the West to [[Mongolia]] in the North East and Indonesia in the South East. While southern India was already in trade with Arabs/Muslims, northern India found new opportunities. As the Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms of Asia were subjugated by Islam, and as Islam spread through Africa, it became a highly centralising force that facilitated in the creation of a common legal system that allowed letters of credit issued in say [[Egypt]] or [[Tunisia]] to be honoured in India or Indonesia (sharia has laws on the transaction of business with both Muslims and non-Muslims{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}). To cement their rules, Muslim rulers initially promoted a system in which there was a revolving door between the clergy, the administrative nobility and the mercantile classes. The travels of explorer Muhammad Ibn-Abdullah [[Ibn-Batuta]] were eased because of this system. He served as an Imam in Delhi, as a judicial official in the Maldives, and as an envoy and trader in the Malabar. There was never a contradiction in any of his positions because each of these roles complemented the other. Islam created a compact under which political power, law and religion became fused in a manner so as to safeguard the interests of the mercantile class. This led world trade to expand to the maximum extent possible in the medieval world. [[Sher Shah Suri]] took initiatives in improvement of trade by abolishing all taxes which hindered progress of free trade. He built large networks of roads and constructed [[Grand Trunk Road]] (1540–1544), which connects [[Chittagong]] to [[Kabul]]; parts of it are still in use today. The geographic regions add to the diversity of languages and politics.

===Cultural influence===
{{Further|Indo-Persian culture}}
The divide and rule policies, two-nation theory, and subsequent partition of [[British India]] in the wake of Independence from the [[British Empire]] has polarised the sub-continental psyche, making objective assessment hard in comparison to the other settled agricultural societies of India from the North West. Muslim rule differed from these others in the level of assimilation and syncretism that occurred. They retained their identity and introduced legal and administrative systems that superseded existing systems of social conduct and ethics. While this was a source of friction it resulted in a unique experience the legacy of which is a Muslim community strongly Islamic in character while at the same time distinctive and unique among its peers.

The impact of Islam on Indian culture has been described as significant. {{Citation needed|date=September 2025|reason=No sources are cited to support this general assessment.}} Some writers argue that it influenced various aspects of society, including language, dress, cuisine, art forms, architecture, urban design, and social customs and values. {{Citation needed|date=September 2025|reason=This sweeping claim is unsourced and may be overstated.}} However, the extent and permanence of these influences remain debated among scholars. {{Peacock term|date=September 2025}} {{Who|date=September 2025}}

The languages of the Muslim invaders were modified by contact with local languages, to Urdu, which uses the [[Arabic script]]. This language was also known as [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], an umbrella term used for the vernacular terminology of [[Hindi]] as well as [[Urdu]], both major languages in South Asia today derived primarily from [[Sanskrit]] grammatical structures and vocabulary.

Muslim rule saw a greater urbanisation of India and the rise of many cities and their urban cultures. The biggest impact was upon trade resulting from a common commercial and legal system extending from Morocco to Indonesia. This change of emphasis on mercantilism and trade from the more strongly centralised governance systems further clashed with the agricultural based traditional economy and also provided fuel for social and political tensions.

A related development to the shifting economic conditions was the establishment of Karkhanas, or small factories and the import and dissemination of technology through India and the rest of the world. The use of ceramic tiles was adopted from architectural traditions of Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia. Rajasthan's blue pottery was a local variation of imported Chinese pottery. There is also the example of Sultan Abidin (1420–1470) sending Kashmiri artisans to [[Samarqand]] to learn book-binding and paper making. Khurja and Siwan became renowned for pottery, [[Moradabad]] for brass ware, [[Mirzapur]] for carpets, [[Firozabad]] for glass wares, [[Farrukhabad]] for printing, [[Saharanpur|Sahranpur]] and [[Nagina]] for wood-carving, [[Bidar]] and [[Lucknow]] for bidriware, Srinagar for papier-mache, [[Benaras]] for jewellery and textiles, and so on. On the flip-side encouraging such growth also resulted in higher taxes on the peasantry.

Numerous Indian scientific and mathematical advances and the [[Hindu numerals]] were spread to the rest of the world<ref name=radar.ngcsu.edu.185>{{cite web |title=History of India syllabus |url=http://radar.ngcsu.edu/~mgilbert/indiasyl.htm |access-date=5 December 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211084038/http://radar.ngcsu.edu/~mgilbert/indiasyl.htm |archive-date=11 December 2005}}</ref> and much of the scholarly work and advances in the sciences of the age under Muslim nations across the globe were imported by the liberal patronage of arts and sciences by the rulers. The languages brought by Islam were modified by contact with local languages leading to the creation of several new languages, such as Urdu, which uses the modified [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic script]], but with more Persian words. The influences of these languages exist in several dialects in India today.

Islamic and Mughal architecture and art is widely noticeable in India, examples being the [[Taj Mahal]] and [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]]. At the same time, Muslim rulers destroyed many of the ancient Indian architectural marvels and converted them into Islamic structures, most notably at [[Varanasi]], [[Mathura]], [[Ayodhya]] and the Kutub Complex in New Delhi.

===Migration of Hindus===
{{Further|Rajputs of Nepal}}
[[File:Mandhata Shahi- SAKE-1612.jpg|thumb|Copper Inscription by one of the [[Baise Rajya|Baise (22)]] King of [[Doti]], ''Raika'' Mandhata Shahi on [[Saka Era]], 1612 CE]]
Few groups of [[Hindu]]s including [[Rajput]]s were entering what is today [[Nepal]] before the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|fall of Chittor]] due to regular invasions of Muslims in India.<ref name="Pradhan 2012 3">{{harvnb|Pradhan|2012|p=3}}</ref> After the fall of Chittorgarh in 1303 by the [[Alauddin Khilji]] of the [[Khalji dynasty]], Rajputs from the region immigrated in large groups into what is today Nepal due to heavy religious persecution. The incident is supported by both the Rajput and Nepalese traditions.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamilton|1819|pp=129–132}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Regmi|1961|p=14}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Wright|1877|pp=167–168}}</ref><ref name="Pradhan 2012 3"/>{{refn|group=note|Scottish scholar [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] doubts the first tradition of Rajput influx to what is today Nepal which states that Rajputs from [[Chittor]] came to Ridi Bazaar in 1495 A.D. and went on to capture the Gorkha Kingdom after staying in [[Bhirkot Municipality|Bhirkot]].{{sfn|Hamilton|1819|pp=240–244}} He mentions the second tradition which states that Rajputs reached [[Palpa District|Palpa]] through Rajpur at [[Gandak river]].{{sfn|Hamilton|1819|pp=129–132}} The third tradition mentions that Rajputs reached Palpa through [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and [[Jumla District|Jumla]].{{sfn|Hamilton|1819|pp=12–13,15–16}}}} Historian John T Hitchcock and [[John Whelpton]] contends that the regular invasions by Muslims led to heavy influx of Rajputs with [[Brahmin]]s from the 12th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Hitchcock|1978|pp=112–113}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Whelpton|2005|p=10}}</ref>

==Religious policies==
===General effect===
Parts of India have been subject to Muslim rule from the period of [[Muhammad ibn Qasim]] till the fall of the [[Mughal Empire]]. While there is a tendency to view the Muslim conquests and Muslim empires as a prolonged period of violence against Hindu culture,{{refn|group=note|[[Will Durant]] called the Muslim conquest of India "probably the bloodiest story in history".<ref name="Durant1935">{{harvnb|Durant|2014|p=459}}: "The Mohammedan Conquest of India is probably the bloodiest story in history. It is a discouraging tale, for its evident moral is that civilization is a precarious thing, whose delicate complex of order and liberty, culture and peace may at any time be overthrown by barbarians invading from without or multiplying within. The Hindus had allowed their strength to be wasted in internal division and war; they had adopted religions like Buddhism and Jainism, which unnerved them for the tasks of life; they had failed to organize their forces for the protection of their frontiers and their capitals."</ref>}} in between the periods of wars and conquests, there were harmonious Hindu-Muslim relations in most Indian communities,<ref name="Gier2014_p9"/> and the Indian population grew during the medieval Muslim times. No populations were expelled based on their religion by either the Muslim or Hindu kings, nor were attempts made to annihilate a specific religion.<ref name="Gier2014_p9">{{harvnb|Gier|2014|p=9}}: 'Quite apart from Akbar, most Indian medieval communities experienced harmonious relations, as Stuart Gordon explains: "No Muslim or Hindu enclaves were seized; populations were not expelled on the basis of religion. No prince publicly committed himself and all of his resources to the annihilation of the Other. Both Hindus and Muslims were routinely and without comment recruited into all the armies of the period."'</ref>

According to Romila Thapar, with the onset of Muslim rule all Indians, higher and lower caste were lumped together in the category of "Hindus". While higher-caste Indians regarded lower castes to be impure, they were now regarded as belonging to a similar category, which "in part accounts for the belief among many upper caste Hindus today that Hinduism in the last one thousand years has been through the most severe persecution that any religion in the world has ever undergone." Thapar further notes that "The need to exaggerate the persecution at the hands of the Muslim is required to justify the inculcation of anti-Muslim sentiments among the Hindus of today."<ref name="Thapar2021"/> Hindutva-allies have even framed the Muslim violence against Hindu expressions of faith as a "Hindu Holocaust".<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterji|2009|p=43|ps=: "In 2003, the idea of a ' Hindu Holocaust Museum ' was proposed by French journalist and Hindutva - ally, François Gautier."}}</ref>

[[Romila Thapar]] states that the belief in a severe persecution in the last millennium brushes away the "various expressions of religious persecution in India prior to the coming of the Muslims and particularly between the Śaiva and the Buddhist and Jaina sects". She questions what persecution means, and if it means religious conversions, she doubts that conversions can be interpreted as forms of persecution. It is quite correct to mention that Muslim iconoclasts destroyed temples and the broke images of Hindus, states Thapar, it should also be mentioned that Muslim rulers made donations to Hindu sects during their rule.<ref name="Thapar2021">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-21 |website=Indian Cultural Forum |title=Syndicated hinduism |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |url=https://indianculturalforum.in/2018/02/21/syndicated-hinduism-romila-thapar/ |access-date=2021-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

During the Islamic rule period, states [[David Lorenzen]], there was state-sponsored persecution against Hindus, yet it was sporadic and directed mostly at Hindu religious monuments.<ref>{{harvnb|Lorenzen|1999|p=631}}</ref> According to Deepa Ollapally, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb was clearly discriminatory towards Hindu and all other non-Muslims, displaying an "unprecedented level of religious bigotry", but perhaps this was a consequence of the opposition he faced from a number of his family members.<ref>{{harvnb|Ollapally|2008|p=29}}</ref> During the medieval span, she states, "episodes of direct religious persecution of Hindus were rare", as were communal riots between Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{harvnb|Ollapally|2008|p=31}}</ref>

====Destruction of religious architecture====
According to Wink, the mutilation and destruction of Hindu religious idols and temples were an attack on Hindu religious practice,<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. II|2002|pp=301–306 with footnotes}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2023}}{{refn|group=note|Devout Hindus cherish the manifestation of the divine everywhere such as in icons, people, and sacred places.{{sfn|Wink. Vol. II|2002|page=301}} Hinduism is "embedded in a sacred iconography, a sacred prosopography and a sacred geography", states Wink, images were considered "'aids' in contemplating the divine".{{sfn|Wink. Vol. II|2002|pp=301–302, 306}} These form the fundamental structure behind Hindu pilgrimage, mythology, festivals, and community just like the other major Indian religions.{{sfn|Wink. Vol. II|2002|pages=301–306 with footnotes}}{{failed verification|date=October 2023}}}} and the Muslim destruction of religious architecture was a means to eradicate the vestiges of Hindu religious symbols. Muslim texts of this period justify it based on their contempt and abhorence for idols and idolators in Islamic thought.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. II|2002|p=323}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The Muslim court historians describe the desecrated sacred cities of Hindus in demeaning terms. For example, they describe Mathura – a sacred city of Krishna tradition in Hinduism – as "the work of demons (jinn)", and refer to the sacred idols as well as their worshippers (Hindus) as "devils" (shayatin).{{sfn|Wink. Vol. II|2002|p=327}} The architecture of Hindu temples underwent change under the Muslim rulers and incorporated Islamic influences. The [[Vrindavan]] temples, built under Akbar, lack ornamentation as imagery was generally prohibited.<ref name="Allen1991" /> }} Jackson notes that the Muslim historians of the medieval era viewed the creation and expansion of Islamic Sultanates in Hindustan as "holy war" and a religious conquest, characterizing Muslim forces as "the army of Islam" and the Hindus as infidels.<ref name="Jackson2003p19"/><ref name="Jackson2003c14">{{harvnb|Jackson|2003|p=Chapter 14 (pp 278–289)}}</ref> Yet, states Jackson, these records need to be interpreted and relied upon with care given their tendencies to exaggerate. This was not a period of "uncompromising iconoclasm", states Jackson. Cities that quickly surrendered to the Islamic army, says Jackson, "got a better deal" for their religious monuments.<ref name="Jackson2003p19">{{harvnb|Jackson|2003|pp=19–22, 126–128, 139–142, 173–175, 213–215}}</ref>

According to Richard Davis, targeting sacred temples was not unique to Muslim rulers in India. Some Hindu kings too, prior to the formation of first Islamic sultanates in India, expropriated sacred idols from temples and took it back to their capitals as a political symbol of victory. However, the sacred temples, icons and the looted image carried away was still sacred and treated with respect by the victorious Hindu king and his forces, states Richard Davis. There is hardly any evidence of "mutilation of divine images and intentional defilement" of Hindu sacred icons or temples by armies in control of Hindu rulers. The evidence that is available suggests that the victorious Hindu kings undertook significant effort to house the expropriated images in new, grand temples within their kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|1993|pp=22–48}}</ref> According to Wink, Hindu destruction of Buddhist and Jain places of worship took place before the 10th century, but the evidence for such 'Hindu iconoclasm' is incidental, too vague, and unconvincing.{{sfn|Wink. Vol. II|2002|pp=309–310}} According to Wink, mutilation and defilement of sacred icons is rarely evidenced in Hindu texts, in contrast to Muslim texts on the Islamic iconoclasm in India.{{sfn|Wink. Vol. II|2002|pages=308–309}}

====Effect on Hindu learning====
The destruction of temples and educational institutions, the killings of learned monks and the scattering of students, led to a widespread decline in Hindu education.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} With the fall of Hindu kings, science research and philosophy faced some setbacks due to a lack of funding, royal support, and an open environment.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Despite unfavourable treatment under the Muslim rule, Brahmanical education continued and was also patronised by rulers like Akbar and others. [[Bukka Raya I]], one of the founders of [[Vijaynagar Empire]], had taken steps to rehabilitate Hindu religious and cultural institutions which suffered a serious setback under Muslim rule. Buddhists centres of learning decayed, leading to the rise to prominence of Brahmanical institutions.<ref name=":3" />

While [[Sanskrit]] language and research on [[Vedanta|Vedantic philosophy]] faced a period of struggle, with Muslim rulers often targeting well-established and well-known educational institutions that were often suffering at the time, the traditional educational institutions in villages continued as before,<ref name=":3">{{harvnb|Mehta|1986|p=287}}</ref> vernacular regional languages based on Sanskrit thrived. A lot of Vedantic literature got translated into these languages between 12th to 15th centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Ikram|1964|pp=123–132}}</ref>

===Muhammad bin-Qasim and the ''Chach Nama''===
Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent began in early 8th century CE with a [[Muhammad ibn Qasim]]-led army. This campaign is narrated in the ''[[Chach Nama]]'' by Bakr Kūfī, a 13th-century manuscript which claimed to be based on an earlier Arabic record.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedmann|2006|p=}}</ref>

====Content====
The ''Chach Nama'' mentions temple demolitions, mass executions of resisting Sindhi forces and the enslavement of their dependents; kingdoms ruled by Hindu and Buddhist kings were attacked, their wealth plundered, tribute (''[[kharaj]]'') settled and hostages taken, often as slaves to Iraq.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|pp=51, 204–205 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|p=161}}</ref> According to [[André Wink]], a historian specializing in Indo-Islamic period in South Asia, these Hindus were given the choice to either convert to Islam and join the Arab armies, or be sealed (tattooing the hands) and pay Jizya (a tax).<ref name="Wink161" /> The ''Chach Nama'' and evidence in other pre-11th century Persian texts suggests that these Hindu Jats also suffered restrictions and discrimination as non-Muslims, as was then usual elsewhere for the non-Muslim subjects (''ahl adh-dhimma'') per the Islamic law (Sharia), states Wink.<ref name="Wink161">{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. I|2002|pp=161–163 with footnotes}}</ref>

[[Yohanan Friedmann]] however finds that the ''Chach Nama'' holds that most contemporary religious as well as political authorities collaborated with the invaders, and those who promptly surrendered were not only gifted with huge sums of money but also entrusted to rule conquered territories.<ref name="Friedmann1984p31">{{harvnb|Friedmann|1984|pp=30–31}}</ref> Friedmann also notes that bin-Qasim "gave his unqualified blessing to the characteristic features of the society"—he reappointed every deposed Brahmin (of Brahmanabad) to their jobs, exempted them from Jizya, allowed holding of traditional festivals, and granted protection to temples but enforced the caste-hierarchy with enhanced vigor, drawing from Sharia, as evident from his treatment of Jats.{{harvnb|Friedmann|1984|pp=31–32}} Overall, Friedmann concludes that the conquest, as described in the ''Chach Nama'', did "not result in any significant changes in the structure of Indian society".{{harvnb|Friedmann|1984|pp=34}}

According to Johnson and Koyama, quoting Bosworth, there were "certainly massacres in the towns" in the early stages of campaign against pagan Hindus in Sind, but eventually they were granted ''[[dhimmi]]'' status and peace treaties were made with them.<ref name="JohnsonKoyama2019">{{harvnb|Johnson|Koyama|2019|pp=279–280 note 3}}</ref>

After the conquest of Sindh, Qasim chose the [[Hanafi]] school of Islamic law which stated that, when under Muslim rule, people of Indic religions such as Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains are to be regarded as ''[[dhimmis]]'' (from the Arab term) as well as "[[People of the Book]]" and are required to pay [[jizya]] for religious freedom.<ref name="Gier"/>

====Doubtful source====
The historicity of the ''Chach Nama'' has been questioned. [[Francesco Gabrieli]] considers the ''Chach Nama'' to be a "historical romance" which was "a late and doubtful source" for information about bin-Qasim and must be carefully sieved to locate the facts; on such a reading, he admired bin-Qasim's proclamations concerning "principle of tolerance and religious freedom".<ref>{{harvnb|Gabrieli|1965|pp=281–295}}</ref>
[[Peter Hardy (historian)|Peter Hardy]] takes a roughly similar stance and lenses the work as a work of "political theory".
[[Manan Ahmed Asif]] criticizes the very premises of recovering portions of the ''Chach Nama'' as a historical chronicle of Muslim conquest; he argues that the site and times of production dictated its entire content, and that it must be read in entirety, as an original work in the genre of "political theory" where history is creatively extrapolated with romantic fiction to gain favor in the court of Nasiruddin Qabacha.<ref>{{harvnb|Asif|2016|pp=8–15}}</ref>
Wink states that some scholars treat the ''Chach Nama'' and other Muslim texts of its era, as "largely pseudo-history". He concurs that the skepticism about each individual source is justified and the ''Chach Nama'' is part fiction.{{sfn|Wink. Vol. I|2002|pp=192–195}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wink |first=Andre |author-link=Andre Wink |title=Wink on Asif, 'A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia' |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/22055/reviews/180166/wink-asif-book-conquest-chachnama-and-muslim-origins-south-asia |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=H-Asia}}</ref> Yet, adds Wink, taken together the common elements in these diverse sources suggest that Hindus were treated as ''dhimmis'' and targeted for certain discriminatory measures prescribed in the Sharia, as well as entitled to protection and limited religious freedoms in a Muslim state.{{sfn|Wink. Vol. I|2002|pp=192–195}}

===Early sultanates (11th–12th century)===
Muslim texts of that period are replete with iconoclast rhetoric, descriptions of mass-slaughter of Hindus, and repeat ad nauseam that "the army of Islam obtain[ed] abundant wealth and unlimited riches" from the conquered sites.<ref name="Wink1991p124">{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. II|2002|pp=124}}</ref> The Hindus are described in these Islamic texts as infidels, Hindustan as war zone ("Dar-al-Harb"), and attacks on pagan Hindus as a part of a holy war (''jihad''), states [[Peter Jackson (historian)|Peter Jackson]].<ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|2003|pp=6–10 with footnotes}}</ref> However, states Wink, this killing was not systematic and "was normally confined to the 'fighting men'" though the wars and episodes of routine violence did precipitate a great famine with civilian casualties in tens of thousands.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. II|2002|pp=125–126}}</ref> The pervasive and most striking feature of the Arabic literature on Sind and Hind of the 11th to 13th-century is its constant obsession with idol worship and polytheism in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. II|2002|p=319}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Friedmann|1975|pp=214–217}}</ref> There is piecemeal evidence of iconoclasm that began in Sind region, but the wholesale and more systematic onslaught against major Hindu religious monuments is evidenced in North India.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. II|2002|pp=320–321}}</ref>

[[Richard M. Eaton|Richard Eaton]], Sunil Kumar, [[Romila Thapar]], Richard H. Davis and others argue that these iconoclastic actions were not primarily driven by religious zeal, but were politically strategic acts of destruction in that temples in medieval India were sites associated with sovereignty, royal power, money, and authority.<ref name="Eaton2000b" /><ref>{{harvnb|Dutta|2009|pp=89–92}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Iyer|Shrivastava|Ticku|2017|p=3}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lycett|Morrison|2013|pp=433–470}}</ref> According to Wink, the iconoclasm was a product of "religious, economic and political" motives and the practice undoubtedly escalated due to the "vast amounts of immobilized treasure" in these temples.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. II|2002|p=321}}</ref> As the Indo-Islamic conquests of the 11th and 12th centuries moved beyond Panjab and the Himalayan foothills of the northwest into the Ganges-Yamuna Doab region, states Andre Wink, "some of the most important sacred sites of Indian culture were destroyed and desecrated,"<ref name="Wink1991p124" /> and their broken parts consistently reused to make Islamic monuments.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. II|2002|p=322}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Some of the evidence of desecration and destruction of Hindu sacred monuments is independent of the Muslim texts of the period. It is found in Islamic monuments built during this period. As examples, the Qutb mosque in Delhi shows its "reliance on disassembled temple materials", as do the Caurasi Kambha mosque near Bharatpur, the Jami Masjid at Sultankot (also called Ukha mandir mosque), the 'idgah in Bayana.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. II|2002|p=226}}</ref>}} [[Phyllis Granoff]] notes that "medieval Indian religious groups faced a serious crisis as invading Muslim armies sacked temples and defaced sacred image".<ref>{{harvnb|Granoff|1991|pp=189–203}}</ref>

The 11th and 12th centuries additionally witnessed the rise of irregulars and then Banjara-like groups who adopted Islam. These were "marauding bands" who caused much suffering and destruction in the countryside as they searched for food and supplies during the violent campaign of Ghurids against Hindustan.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. II|2002|pp=142–143 with footnotes}}</ref> The religious icons of Hindus were one of the targets of these Islamic campaigns.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. II|2002|pp=319–321}}</ref>

The 11th to 13th-century period did not witness any systematic attempts at forced conversions of Hindus into Muslims, nor is there evidence of widespread Islamicization in ''al-Hind'' that emerged from the violent conquest. The political power shifted from Hindu kings to Muslim sultans in conquered areas. If some temples were not destroyed in these areas, it did result in a loss to Hindu temple building patronage and an uprooting of Hindu sacred geography.<ref name=Wink294>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. II|2002|p=294}}</ref>

The second half of the 13th-century witnessed raids on Hindu kingdoms by Muslim forces controlling the northwest and north India, states Peter Jackson.<ref name=jackson2003p123/> These did not lead to sustained persecution of the Hindus in the targeted kingdoms, because the Muslim armies merely looted the Hindus, took cattle and slaves, then left. The raids caused suffering, yet also rallied the Islamic faithfuls and weakened the infidel prince by weakening his standing among his Hindu subjects.<ref name=jackson2003p123>{{harvnb|Jackson|2003|pp=123–125 with footnotes}}</ref> These raids were into Rajput kingdoms, those in central India, Lakhnawti–Awadh, and in eastern regions such as Bihar.<ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|2003|pp=123–125, 139–145 with footnotes}}</ref>

Numerous Islamic texts of that era, states Wink, also describe "forced transfer of enslaved Indian captives (''ghilman-o-jawari, burda, sabaya''), specially women and children" over the 11th century from Hindustan.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. II|2002|p=126}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Wink. Vol. II|2002|pages=130–135 with footnotes, for specific examples of destruction and plundering in and around what is now Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, eastern Rajasthan, and central India}}</ref>

===Delhi Sultanate (13th–16th century)===
The Delhi Sultanate started in the 13th-century and continued through the early 16th century, when the Mughal conquest replaced it. The Delhi Sultans of this period saw themselves first and foremost as Islamic rulers, states Peter Jackson, for the "people of Islam".<ref name=jackson278>{{harvnb|Jackson|2003|pp=278–279 with footnotes}}</ref> They were emphatically not "sultan of the Hindus". The Muslim texts of the Delhi Sultanate era treated Hindus with disdain, remarking "Hindus are never interesting in themselves, but only as converts, as capitation tax payers, or as corpses".<ref name=jackson278/> These medieval Muslim rulers were "protecting and advancing the Islamic faith", with two Muslim texts of this period remarking that the Sultan had a duty "eradicate infidelity and humiliate his Hindu subjects".<ref name=jackson278/>

Some of the conquered Hindu subjects of the Delhi Sultanate served these Sultans, who states Jackson, were "doubtless usually slaves". These Hindus built the mosques of this era as well as developed the Indo-Islamic architecture, some served the court in roles such as treasurers, clerks, minting of new coins, and others. These Hindus were not persecuted, instead some were rewarded with immunities and tax exemptions.<ref name=jackson279>{{harvnb|Jackson|2003|pp=279–281 with footnotes}}</ref> Additionally, captured Hindu slaves were added as infantry troops in the Sultanate's army for their campaign against other Hindu kingdoms.<ref name=jackson279/> Some Sultans adopted Indian customs such as ceremonial riding of elephants by kings, thus facilitating the public perception of the new monarch. This suggest that the Sultans cultivated some Hindus to serve their aims, rather than indiscriminately persecute every Hindu.<ref name=jackson279/>

In general, Hindu subjects of Delhi Sultanate were generally accepted as people with ''dhimmi'' status, not equal to Muslims, but "protected", subject to Jizya tax and with a list of restrictions.<ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|2003|pp=282–284 with footnotes}}</ref> Early Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate exempted the Brahmins from having to pay Jizya, thus dividing the Hindus and placing the discriminatory tax burden entirely on the non-Brahmin strata of the Hindu society. Firuz Shah was the first to impose the Jizya on Brahmins, and wrote in his autobiography that countless Hindus converted to Islam when he issued the edict that conversion would release them of the requirement to pay Jizya.<ref name=jackson286>{{harvnb|Jackson|2003|pp=285–287 with footnotes}}</ref> This discrimination against Hindus was in force in the latter half of the 14th century, states Jackson, yet it is difficult to establish if and how this was enforced outside of the major centers under Muslim control.<ref name=jackson286/>

The Muslim commanders of Delhi Sultanate regularly raided Hindu kingdoms for plunder, mulct their treasuries and looted the Hindu temples therein, states Jackson.<ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|2003|pp=208–210 with footnotes}}</ref> These conquests of Delhi Sultanate armies damaged or destroyed many Hindu temples. Yet, in a few instances, after the war, the Sultans let the Hindus repair and reconstruct their temples. Such instances, states Jackson, has been cited by the Indian scholar P.B. Desai as evidence of "striking degree of tolerance" by Muslim Sultans. But, this happened in frontier areas after they had recently been conquered and placed in direct Muslim rule, where the Sultan's authority was "highly precarious".<ref name=jackson287>{{harvnb|Jackson|2003|pp=287–288 with footnotes}}</ref> Within regions that was already under firm control of the Delhi Sultanate, the direct evidence of this is meagre. One example referred to is of a claimed request from the king of China to build a temple in India, as recorded by Ibn Battuta. That is questionable and has no corroborating evidence, states Jackson. Similar few examples near Delhi, such as one for Sri Krishna Bhagwan temple, cannot be verified whether they were ever built either.<ref name=jackson287/>

Some modern era Indian texts mention that Hindu and Jain temples of Delhi Sultanate era received endowments from Muslim authorities, presenting these as evidence of lack of persecution during this period. It is "not beyond the bounds of possibility" that in some instances this happened.<ref name=jackson288/> But generally, states Jackson, the texts and even the memoirs written by the some Sultans themselves describe how they "set about destroying new temples and replacing them with mosques", and in one case depopulated a town of Hindus and resettled Muslims there. Jackson clarifies that the evidence suggests that the destroyed temples were "new temples", and not the old one's near Delhi whose devotees were already paying regular Jizya to the Sultan's treasuries.<ref name=jackson288>{{harvnb|Jackson|2003|pp=288–289 with footnotes}}</ref> In some cases, the policies on destroying or letting Hindus worship in their old temples changed as Sultans changed.<ref name=jackson288/>

The Muslim nobles and advisors of the Sultans championed persecution of Hindus. The Muslim texts of that era, states Jackson, frequently mention themes such as the Hindu "infidels must on no account be allowed to live in ease and affluence", they should not be treated as "Peoples of the Book" and the Sultan should "at least refrain from treating Hindus with honour or permitting idolatry in the capital".<ref name=jackson290/><ref>{{harvnb|Aquil|2008|pp=177–181}}</ref> Failure to slaughter the Hindus has led to polytheism taking root. Another ''wazir'' while theoretically agreeing to these view, stated that this would not be practical given the small population of Muslims and such a policy should be deferred till Muslims were in a stronger position. If eradication of Hindus is not possible, suggested another Muslim official, then the Hindus should at least be insulted, disgraced and dishonored.<ref name=jackson290/> These views were not exceptions, rather consistent with Islamic thinking of that era and are "commonly encountered in polemical writing against the infidel in different parts of the Islamic world at different times", states Jackson.<ref name=jackson290>{{harvnb|Jackson|2003|pp=290–291, 293–295 with footnotes}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Aquil|2008|pp=168–171, 177–179, 181–189}}</ref> This antagonism towards Hindus may have other general reasons, such as the fear of apostasy given the tendency of everyday Muslims to join in with Hindus as they celebrated their religious festivals. Further, the succession struggle after the death of a Sultan usually led to political maneuvering by the next Sultan, where depending on the circumstances, the victor championed either the orthodox segment of the Islamic clergy and jurists, or gave concessions to the Hindus and other groups for support when the Sultanate facing a military threat from outside.<ref name=jackson290/>

=== Madurai Sultanate ===

====First campaigns====
The army of Ala al-Din Khalji from Delhi Sultanate began their first campaign in 1310 against the Hindu kingdom in Madurai region – called Ma'bar by court historians, under the pretext of helping Sundar Pandya. According to Mehrdad Shokoohy – a scholar of Islamic studies and architectural history in Central and South Asia – this campaign lasted for a year during which Madurai and other Tamil region cities were overrun by the Muslims, the Hindu temples were demolished and the towns looted.<ref name= Shokoohy33/> A detailed record about the campaign by Amir Khusrau the destruction and plunder.<ref name= Shokoohy33>{{harvnb|Shokoohy|1991|pp=33–34 with footnotes}}</ref>

A second destructive campaign was launched by Mubarak Shah, Ala al-Din Khalji's successor. While the looted wealth was sent to Delhi, a Muslim governor was appointed for the region.<ref name= Shokoohy33/> The governor later rebelled, founded the short lived Madurai Sultanate and renamed himself as Sultan Ahsan Shah in 1334. The successive sultans of the new Sultanate did not have the support of the regional Hindu population. The Madurai Sultanate's army, states Shokoohy, "often exercised fierce and brutal repressive methods on the local people".<ref name= Shokoohy34/> The Sultanate faced constant battles with neighboring Hindu states and assassination by its own nobles. Sultan Sikandar Shah was the last sultan. He was killed by the invading forces of Vijayanagara Empire army in 1377.<ref name= Shokoohy34>{{harvnb|Shokoohy|1991|pp=34–35 with footnotes}}</ref>

The Muslim literature of this period record the motive of the Madurai Sultans. For example, Sultan Shams al-Din Adil Shah's general is described as leaving for "holy war against the infidels and taking from them great wealth and a vast amount of booty".<ref name= Shokoohy44/> Another record states, "he engaged in a holy war (ghaza) and killed a great number of infidels".<ref name= Shokoohy44>{{harvnb|Shokoohy|1991|pp=44–45 with footnotes}}</ref> Madurai region has several Islamic shrines with tombs built during this period, such as one for Ala al-Din and Shams al-Din. In this shrine, the inner columns are irregular and vary in form showing evidence of "reused material". The "destruction of temples and the re-use of their materials", states Shokoohy, was a "practice of the early Sultanates of North India, and we may assume that this tradition was brought to the south by the sultans of Ma'bar".<ref>{{harvnb|Shokoohy|1991|pp=46–47 with footnotes}}</ref>

The Madurai Sultanate "sacked and desecrated Hindu temples throughout the Tamil country", and these were restored and reconsecrated for worship by the Vijayanagara rulers, states the Indologist Crispin Branfoot.<ref>{{harvnb|Branfoot|2003|pp=156–157}}</ref>

===Mughal Empire{{anchor|In the Mughal empire}}===
The Mughal emperor Akbar has been a celebrated unusual example of tolerance. Indologist Richard Eaton writes that from Akbar's time to today, he has attracted conflicting labels, "from a strict Muslim to an apostate, from a free-thinker to a [[Crypto-Hinduism|crypto-Hindu]], from a [[Zoroastrian]] to a proto-Christian, from an [[Atheism|atheist]] to a radical innovator". As a youth, states Eaton, Akbar studied Islam under both Shia and Sunni tutors, but as an adult he looked back with regret on his early life, confessing that in those days he had "persecuted men into conformity with my faith and deemed it Islam". In his later years he felt "an internal bitterness, acknowledging that his soul had been 'seized with exceeding sorrow{{'"}} for what he had done before launching his campaign to "treat all Mughal subjects, regardless of religion, on a basis of legal equality before the state".<ref name="Eaton2019">{{harvnb|Eaton|2019|p=233}}</ref>

====Aurangzeb====
The reign of [[Aurangzeb]] (1658–1707) witnessed one of the strongest campaigns of religious violence in the Mughal Empire's history. Aurangzeb is a controversial figure in modern India, often remembered as a "vile oppressor of Hindus".<ref>{{harvnb|Truschke|2017|pp=2–9}}</ref> During his rule Aurangzeb expanded the Mughal Empire, conquering much of southern India through long bloody campaigns against non-Muslims. He forcibly converted Hindus to Islam and destroyed Hindu temples.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aurangzeb.info |title=Aurangzeb, as he was according to Mughal Records |website=FACT |publisher=[[François Gautier]] |access-date=15 May 2017}} More links at the bottom of that page. For a record of major Hindu temple destruction campaigns, from 1193 to 1729 CE, see {{harvnb|Eaton|2000a|pp=283–319}}</ref> He also re-introduced the ''[[jizya]]'', a tax on non-Muslims,<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1919|p=438}}</ref> which had been suspended for the previous 100 years by his great-grandfather [[Akbar]].<ref>{{harvnb|Truschke|2017|p=70}}</ref>

Aurangzeb ordered the desecration and destruction of temples when conquering new lands and putting down rebellions, punishing political leaders by destroying the temples that symbolized their power.<ref name="re2000" /> In 1669 he issued orders to all his governors of provinces to "destroy with a willing hand the schools and temples of the infidels, and that they were strictly enjoined to put an entire stop to the teaching and practice of idolatrous forms of worship".<ref name=smith437>{{harvnb|Smith|1919|p=437}}</ref> According to Richard Eaton these orders appear to have been directed not toward Hindu temples in general, but towards a more narrowly defined "deviant group".<ref>{{harvnb|Eaton|2001|pp=73–75}}</ref> The number of Hindu temples destroyed or desecrated under Aurangzeb's rule is unclear, but may have been grossly exaggerated,{{refn|group=note|Number of temples destroyed: * {{harvtxt|Avari|2013|p=115}} citing a 2000 study, writes "Aurangzeb was perhaps no more culpable than most of the Sultans before him; they desecrated the temples associated with Hindu power, not all temples. It is worth noting that, in contrast to the traditional claim of hundreds of Hindu temples having been destroyed by Aurangzeb, a recent study suggests a modest figure of just fifteen destructions." * {{harvnb|Truschke|2017|p=85|ps=: "Nobody knows the exact number of temples demolished or pillaged on Aurangzeb's orders, and we never will. Richard Eaton, the leading authority on the subject, puts the number of confirmed temple destructions during Aurangzeb's rule at just over a dozen, with fewer tied to the emperor's direct commands. Other scholars have pointed out additional temple demolitions not counted by Eaton, such as two orders to destroy the Somanatha Temple in 1659 and 1706 (the existence of a second order suggests that the first was never carried out). Aurangzeb also oversaw temple desecrations. For example, in 1645 he ordered mihrabs (prayer niches, typically located in mosques) erected in Ahmedabad's Chintamani Parshvanath Temple, built by the Jain merchant Shantidas. Even adding in such events, however, to quote Eaton, "the evidence is almost always fragmentary, incomplete, or even contradictory". Given this, there were probably more temples destroyed under Aurangzeb than we can confirm (perhaps a few dozen in total?), but here we run into a dark curtain drawn across an unknown past."}} In contrast, the historian Abraham Eraly estimates Aurangzeb era destruction to be significantly higher; "in 1670, all temples around [[Ujjain]] were destroyed"; and later, "300 temples were destroyed in and around Chitor, [[Udaipur]] and [[Jaipur]]" among other Hindu temples destroyed elsewhere in campaigns through 1705.<ref>{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|pp=398–399}}</ref>}} and he probably built more temples than he destroyed.<ref>{{harvnb|Copland|Mabbett|Roy|Brittlebank|2012|p=119}}</ref> According to Ikram, "Aurangzeb tried to enforce strict Islamic law by ordering the destruction of newly built Hindu temples. Later, the procedure was adopted of closing down rather than destroying the newly built temples in Hindu localities. It is also true that very often the orders of destruction remained a dead letter."<ref>{{harvnb|Ikram|1964|pp=198–199}}</ref> Some temples were destroyed entirely; in other cases mosques were built on their foundations, sometimes using the same stones. Idols in temples were smashed, and the city of Mathura was temporarily renamed as Islamabad in local official documents.<ref name=smith437/><ref>{{harvnb|Braudel|1994|pp=232–236}}</ref>

The persecution during the Islamic period targeted non-Hindus as well.{{refn|group=note|Avari writes, "Aurangzeb's religious policy caused friction between him and the ninth [[Sikhism|Sikh]] guru, Tegh Bahadur. In both [[Punjab]] and Kashmir the [[Sikh]] leader was roused to action by Aurangzeb's excessively zealous Islamic policies. Seized and taken to Delhi, he was called upon by [[Aurangzeb]] to embrace [[Islam]] and, on refusal, was tortured for five days and then beheaded in November 1675. Two of the ten Sikh gurus thus died as martyrs at the hands of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].<ref>{{harvnb|Avari|2013|p=115}}</ref>}} In some cases, such as towards the end of Mughal era, the violence and persecution was mutual. Hindus too attacked and damaged Muslim tombs, even when the troops had orders not to harm religious refuges of Muslims. These "few examples of disrespect for Islamic sites", states Indologist Nicholas Gier, "pale in comparison to the great destruction of temples and general persecution of Hindus by Muslims for 500 years".<ref name="Gier2014p18">{{harvnb|Gier|2014|pp=17–18}}</ref> Sources document brutal episodes of persecution. Sikh texts, for example, document their "Guru Teg Bahadur accompanying sixteen Hindu Brahmins on a quest to stop Mughal persecution of Hindus; they were arrested and commanded to convert to Islam on pain of torture and death", states Gier, "they all refused, and in November 1675, Mati Das was sawed in half, Dayal Das was boiled alive, Sati Das was burned alive, and Teg Bahadar was beheaded."<ref>{{harvnb|Gier|2014|pp=19–21}}</ref>

==Iconoclasm==
=== During the Muslim conquest of Sindh (Sindh Region) ===
Historian Upendra Thakur records the persecution of [[Hindus]] and [[Buddhists]]:

{{blockquote|[[Muhammad bin Qasim|Muhammad [bin Qasim]]] trriumphantly marched into the country, conquering Debal, Sehwan, Nerun, Brahmanadabad, Alor and Multan one after the other in quick succession, and in less than a year and a half, the far-flung Hindu kingdom was crushed ... 'There was a fearful out-break of religious bigotry in several places and temples were wantonly desecrated. At Debal, Nairun and Aror temples were demolished and converted into mosques'.<ref name="Thakur">{{harvnb|Thakur|1959|p=15}}</ref>}}

===Iconoclasm under the Delhi Sultanate===
{{main|Delhi Sultanate#Temple desecration}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 350
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| title = [[Iconoclasm]] under the Delhi Sultanate
| image1 = Warangal_fort.jpg
| caption1 = [[Kakatiya Kala Thoranam]] (Warangal Gate) built by the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] in ruins; one of the many temple complexes destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="re2000" />
| image2 = Elevation of Kirtistambh Rudramahalaya Sidhpur Gujarat India.jpg
| caption2 = Artistic rendition of the Kirtistambh at [[Rudra Mahalaya Temple]]. The temple was destroyed by [[Alauddin Khalji]].
| image3 = Rani ki vav1.jpg
| caption3 = [[Rani ki vav]] is a [[stepwell]], built by the [[Chaulukya dynasty]], located in [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]; the city was sacked by [[Sultanate of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]] [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]] between 1200 and 1210, and it was destroyed by [[Allauddin Khilji]] in 1298.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
| image4 = 12th-century carved pillar and dancer inside Shaivism Hindu temple Hoysaleswara arts Halebidu Karnataka India, inscription below.jpg
| caption4 = Pillar and ceiling carvings with a damaged ''madanakai'' at [[Hoysaleswara Temple]]. The temple was twice sacked and plundered by the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="Bradnock2000p959">{{harvnb|Bradnock|Bradnock|2000|p=959}}</ref>
}}

Historian Richard Eaton has tabulated a campaign of destruction of idols and temples by Delhi Sultans, intermixed with instances of years where the temples were protected from [[desecration]].<ref name="re2000"/><ref name="Eaton2001" /><ref name="Eaton2000b" /> In his paper, he has listed 37 instances of [[Hindu temple]]s being desecrated or destroyed in India during the Delhi Sultanate, from 1234 to 1518, for which reasonable evidence is available.<ref name="Eaton2001" /><ref>{{harvnb|Schimmel|1980|pp=7–10}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1949|pp=11–25}}</ref> He noted that this was not unusual in medieval India, as there were numerous recorded instances of temple desecration by Hindu and Buddhist kings against rival Indian kingdoms between 642 and 1520, involving conflict between devotees of different Hindu [[Deity|deities]], as well as between Hindus, Buddhists and [[Jains]].<ref name="re2000" /><ref name="Eaton2000b" /><ref name="Eaton2004" /> He also noted there were also many instances of Delhi sultans, who often had Hindu ministers, ordering the protection, maintenance and repairing of temples, according to both Muslim and Hindu sources. For example, a [[Sanskrit]] inscription notes that Sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] repaired a Siva temple in [[Bidar]] after his [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] conquest. There was often a pattern of Delhi sultans plundering or damaging temples during conquest, and then patronizing or repairing temples after conquest. This pattern came to an end with the Mughal Empire, where [[Akbar]]'s chief minister [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l-Fazl]] criticized the excesses of earlier sultans such as [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].<ref name="Eaton2001"/>

In many cases, the demolished remains, rocks and broken statue pieces of temples destroyed by Delhi sultans were reused to build mosques and other buildings. For example, the Qutb complex in Delhi was built from stones of 27 demolished Hindu and Jain temples by some accounts.<ref>{{harvnb|Welch|1993|p=311}}</ref> Similarly, the Muslim mosque in Khanapur, Maharashtra was built from the looted parts and demolished remains of Hindu temples.<ref name=awhc>{{harvnb|Welch|Crane|1983|p=126}}</ref> [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] destroyed Buddhist and Hindu libraries and their manuscripts at [[Nalanda]] and [[Odantapuri]] Universities in 1193 CE at the beginning of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="Eaton2004" /><ref>{{harvnb|Gul|Khan|2008|p=2}}</ref>

The first historical record in this period of a campaign of destruction of temples and defacement of faces or heads of Hindu idols lasted from 1193 through 1194 in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh under the command of Ghuri. Under the Mamluks and Khaljis, the campaign of temple desecration expanded to Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra, and continued through the late 13th century.<ref name="re2000" /> Orissa temples were destroyed in the 14th century under the Tughlaqs.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Beyond destruction and desecration, the sultans of the Delhi Sultanate in some cases had forbidden reconstruction or repair of damaged Hindu, Jain and Buddhist temples. In certain cases, the Sultanate would grant a permit for repairs and construction of temples if the patron or religious community paid [[jizya]] (fee, tax). For example, according to Ibn Battuta's account, a proposal by the [[Yuan dynasty]] emperor of China to repair Himalayan Buddhist temples destroyed by the Sultanate army was refused, on the grounds that such temple repairs were only allowed if the Chinese agreed to pay jizya tax to the treasury of the Sultanate.<ref>{{harvnb|Srivastava|1966|p=305}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Islam|2002|p=11}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|2003|pp=287–295}}</ref> According to Eva De Clercq, an expert in the study of Jainism, the Delhi Sultans did not strictly prohibit construction of new temples in the sultanate, Islamic law notwithstanding.<ref>{{harvnb|De Clercq|2010|pp=293–284}}</ref> In his memoirs, Firoz Shah Tughlaq describes how he destroyed temples and built mosques instead and killed those who dared build new temples.<ref>{{harvnb|Elliot|1869|pp=377–381}}</ref> Other historical records from ''wazirs'', ''amirs'' and the court historians of various Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate describe the grandeur of idols and temples they witnessed in their campaigns and how these were destroyed and desecrated.<ref>{{harvnb|Elliot|1871|pp=22, 219, 398, 471}}</ref>

===Nalanda===
{{main|Nalanda}}

In 1193, the Nalanda University complex was destroyed by [[Afghan people|Afghan]] [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]]–[[Ghilzai]] [[Muslim]]s under [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]]; this event is seen as the final milestone in the [[decline of Buddhism in India]]. He also burned Nalanda's major Buddhist library and [[Vikramshila]] University,<ref>{{harvnb|Rahman|2002|p=292}}</ref> as well as numerous Buddhist monasteries in India. When the Tibetan translator, Chag Lotsawa [[Dharmasvamin]] (Chag Lo-tsa-ba, 1197–1264), visited northern India in 1235, Nalanda was damaged, looted, and largely deserted, but still standing and functioning with seventy students.

Mahabodhi, Sompura, Vajrasan and other important monasteries were found to be untouched. The Ghuri ravages only afflicted those monasteries that lay in the direct path of their advance and were fortified in the manner of defensive forts.

By the end of the 12th century, following the Muslim conquest of the Buddhist stronghold in Bihar, Buddhism, having already declined in the South, declined in the North as well because survivors retreated to Nepal, [[Sikkim]] and [[Tibet]] or escaped to the South of the Indian sub-continent.

===Martand===
{{main|Martand Sun Temple}}

[[File:Sun temple martand indogreek.jpg|right|thumb|Ruins of the [[Surya]] Temple at [[Martand]], which was destroyed due to the iconoclastic policies of [[Sikandar Butshikan]], photo taken by John Burke in 1868]]
The Martand Sun Temple was built by the third ruler of the [[Karkota dynasty]], [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]], in the 8th century CE.<ref>{{harvnb|Geer|2008|p=Ixx}}</ref> The temple was completely destroyed on the orders of the Muslim ruler [[Sikandar Butshikan]] in the early 15th century, with demolition lasting a year. He is remembered for his strenuous efforts to convert the Hindus of Kashmir to Islam. These efforts included the destruction of numerous old temples, prohibition of Hindu rites and rituals, and even the wearing of clothes in the Hindu style.<ref name="google">{{harvnb|Kaw|2004|pp=108–109}}</ref>

===Vijayanagara===
{{main|Hampi}}

The city flourished between the 14th century and 16th century, during the height of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. During this time, it was often in conflict with the kingdoms which rose in the Northern Deccan, and which are often collectively termed the [[Deccan Sultanates]]. The Vijaynagara Empire successfully resisted Muslim invasions for centuries. But in 1565, the empire's armies suffered a massive and catastrophic defeat at the hands of an alliance of the Sultanates, and the capital was taken. The victorious armies then razed, depopulated and destroyed the city over several months. The empire continued its slow decline, but the original capital was not reoccupied or rebuilt.

===Somnath===
{{main|Somnath}}

Around 1024 CE, during the reign of [[Bhima I]], [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] raided Gujarat, and plundered the Somnath temple. According to an 1169 inscription, Bhima rebuilt the temple. This inscription does not mention any destruction caused by Mahmud, and states that the temple had "decayed due to time".<ref name="AY_2005">{{harvnb|Yagnik|Sheth|2005|pp=40–47}}</ref> In 1299, [[Alauddin Khalji]]'s army under the leadership of [[Ulugh Khan]] defeated [[Karandev II]] of the [[Vaghela dynasty]], and sacked the Somnath temple.<ref name="AY_2005"/> In 1665, the temple, was once again ordered to be destroyed by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|1999|p=278}}</ref> In 1702, he ordered that if Hindus had revived worship there, it should be demolished completely.<ref>{{harvnb|Yagnik|Sheth|2005|p=55}}</ref>

[[File:Nalanda University India ruins.jpg|thumb|right| Ruins of Nalanda University]]
[[File:Krishna temple Hampi.JPG|thumb|left|Sri Krishna Temple in Hampi]]
{{multiple image
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Somnath temple ruins (1869).jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = Somnath temple in ruins, 1869
| link1 = File:Somnath temple ruins (1869).jpg
| caption1 = Somnath temple in ruins, 1869
| image2 = Somnath-current.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 = Front view of the present Somnath Temple
| link2 = File:Somnath-current.jpg
| caption2 = Front view of the present Somnath Temple
| footer = The [[Somnath temple]] was first attacked by Muslim Turkic invader [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] and repeatedly rebuilt after being demolished by successive Muslim rulers.
}}
{{Clear}}

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="210" caption="Iconoclasm during the Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent">
File:Somnath temple ruins (1869).jpg|alt=The Somnath temple in Gujarat was repeatedly destroyed by Islamic armies and rebuilt by Hindus. It was destroyed by Delhi Sultanate's army in 1299 CE. The present temple was reconstructed in Chaulukya style of Hindu temple architecture and completed in May 1951.|The [[Somnath temple]] in Gujarat was repeatedly destroyed by Islamic armies and rebuilt by Hindus. It was destroyed by Delhi Sultanate's army in 1299 CE.<ref>{{harvnb|Eaton|2001|p=73|ps=: item 16 of the table}}</ref> The present temple was reconstructed in [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|Chaulukya style]] of Hindu temple architecture and completed in May 1951.<ref>{{harvnb|Gopal|1994|p=148}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jaffrelot|1996|p=84}}</ref>
File:Temple Of Vishveshwur Benares by James Prinsep 1834 (cropped).jpg|The [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] was repeatedly destroyed by Islamic invaders such as [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]].
File:Sun temple martand indogreek.jpg|Ruins of the [[Martand Sun Temple]]. The temple was destroyed on the orders of Muslim Sultan [[Sikandar Butshikan]] in the early 15th century, with demolition lasting a year.
File:Temple de Mînâkshî01.jpg|The armies of Delhi Sultanate led by Muslim Commander [[Malik Kafur]] plundered the [[Meenakshi Temple]] and looted it of its valuables.
File:Warangal fort.jpg|[[Kakatiya Kala Thoranam]] (Warangal Gate) built by the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] in ruins; one of the many temple complexes destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="re2000" />
File:Rani ki vav1.jpg|[[Rani ki vav]] is a [[stepwell]], built by the [[Chaulukya dynasty]], located in [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]; the city was sacked by [[Sultanate of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]] [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] between 1200 and 1210, and it was destroyed by [[Alauddin Khalji]] in 1298.<ref name="re2000" />
File:Elevation of Kirtistambh Rudramahalaya Sidhpur Gujarat India.jpg|Artistic rendition of the Kirtistambh at [[Rudra Mahalaya Temple]]. The temple was destroyed by [[Alauddin Khalji]].
File:Exteriors Carvings of Shantaleshwara Shrine 02.jpg|Exterior wall reliefs at [[Hoysaleswara Temple]]. The temple was twice sacked and plundered by the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="Bradnock2000p959"/>
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Islam in South Asia]]
* [[Outline of South Asian history]]
* [[History of Afghanistan]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of Pakistan]]
* [[History of Bangladesh]]
* [[History of Islam]]
* [[Spread of Islam]]
* [[Islam and other religions]]
* [[Islam in Asia]]
* [[Muslim kingdoms in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Ghazwa-e-Hind]]
* [[List of early Hindu–Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Muslim conquests of Afghanistan]]
* [[Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]] (1680–1707)
* [[Ahom–Mughal conflicts]] (1615–1682)
* [[Aniconism]]
* [[Aniconism in Islam]]
* [[Iconoclasm]]
* [[Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques]]{{div col end}}

==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|22em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|40em}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=André |author-link=André Wink |year=2002 |orig-year=First published 1990 |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC |volume=I |edition=3rd |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=0-391-04173-8 |ref={{harvid|Wink. Vol. I|2002}} }}
* {{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=André |author-link=André Wink |year=2004 |orig-year=First published 1990 |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&dq=tughluq+%5C%5C+ties+of+blood&pg=PA127 |volume=III |edition=3rd |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-13561-8 |ref={{harvid|Wink. Vol. III|2004}} }}
* {{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Daniel |year=1877 |title=History of Nepal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHE5hkHc7kcC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Yagnik |first1=Achyut |author-link1=Achyut Yagnik |last2=Sheth |first2=Suchitra |year=2005 |title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C&pg=PA39 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-400038-8}}
* {{Country study}} – [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102326/https://www.loc.gov/resource/frdcstdy.indiacountrystud00heit |date=9 December 2022 }}, [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.pk Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102325/https://www.loc.gov/resource/frdcstdy.pakistancountrys00bloo_0 |date=9 December 2022 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528144525/http://www.boloji.com/history/002.htm History of Islam in India] by Neria Harish Hebbar (article with several pages)
* [http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/modern/moghal_link.html Library of modern Hindu history – The Islamic Ages]
* [http://www.kashmirherald.com/featuredarticle/hatredofhindus.html A Response to Muslim Legacy in India]
* [http://studybuddhism.com/web/x/nav/group.html_2124837990.html Historical Interaction of Buddhism and Islam] (Including an e-book on the various phases of Muslim Rulers conquering India)
* [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/ Story of Pakistan]
* [http://jigyasa0.tripod.com/trade.html History of Crafts, Manufacturing and Trade in South Asia]
* [http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_indian_hist_frameset.htm Resources for the study of the Muslim Period of India]

{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{India topics}}
{{Religious persecution}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent}}
[[Category:Spread of Islam]]
[[Category:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Medieval history of India]]
[[Category:Medieval Hinduism]]
[[Category:History of South Asia]]
[[Category:Medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Hinduism in South Asia]]
[[Category:Islam in South Asia]]
[[Category:Invasions of India]]

St. Xavier's College, Mumbai

2026-03-29T10:41:57Z

Dwatson32: formatting fix

{{short description|College affiliated with the University of Mumbai}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}

{{Infobox university
| name = St. Xavier's College
| image = St. Xavier's College, Mumbai crest.png
| image_size = 125px
| caption = [[Coat of arms|Arms]] of the St. Xavier's College
| motto = ''Provocans Ad Volandum'' {{small|(Latin)}}
| mottoeng = ''Encouraging to Fly''
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2 January 1869}}<ref name="naac1"/>
| founder = [[Society of Jesus]]
| religious_affiliation = Roman Catholic ([[Jesuit]])
| academic_affiliations ={{ubl| International Association of Jesuit Universities | [[University of Mumbai]] | [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] }}
| chairman = Fr. Arun D'Souza, SJ
| rector = Fr. Keith D'Souza, SJ
| principal = Dr. Karuna Gokarn <ref name="fc">{{cite web|url=http://xaviers.edu/main/index.php/new-beginnings|title=Index|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622222803/http://xaviers.edu/main/index.php/new-beginnings|archive-date=22 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| undergrad = 2,648 (as of 2007)<ref name="pref"/>
| postgrad = 99 (as of 2007)<ref name="pref"/>
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|18.9432|72.8313|type:edu_source:Googlemaps|display=inline,title}}
| campus = {{ubl| Urban | {{convert|2.94| acres|sqm}} }}
| website = {{URL|www.xaviers.edu|xaviers.edu}}
| logo =
| colors = {{color box|#000000}} {{color box|#f5fa00}} {{color box|#de3519}} {{color box|#de3519}} {{color box|#005dac}} {{color box|#fece09}}
}}

[[File:St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai 02.jpg|thumb|St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]

'''St. Xavier's College''' is a private [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] institution of higher education run by the Bombay Province of the [[Society of Jesus]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India. It was founded by the Jesuits on 2 January 1869. The college is affiliated with the [[University of Mumbai]] and offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Arts, Science, Commerce and Management.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2012/ranks.jsp?ST=Science&LMT=1&Y=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613153235/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2012/ranks.jsp?ST=Science&LMT=1&Y=2012|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2012|title=St. Xavier's College Best Science Colleges 2012 India Today Survey|website=India Today|access-date=6 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/best-colleges/story/india-today-best-colleges-top-commerce-colleges-195932-2014-06-06|title=Best colleges 2014: 19 year toppers in Commerce colleges|access-date=6 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/best-colleges/story/india-today-best-colleges-survey-top-arts-colleges-195933-2014-06-06|title=Best Colleges 2014: 19 year toppers in Arts colleges|access-date=6 May 2017}}</ref> Xavier's was the first college to be granted autonomy by the University of Mumbai in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/cities/xaviers-becomes-mumbais-first-autonomous-college-419949|title=Xavier's becomes Mumbai's first autonomous college|work=NDTV|access-date=6 May 2017}}</ref> In 2006, St. Xavier's was awarded the 'A+' grade by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC).<ref name="ia">{{Cite journal|last2=Pai|first2= Aditi|date=5 June 2006|title=St. Xavier's, Mumbai leaps to No.1, while Presidency, Kolkata makes huge strides| url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20060605/cover1.html|journal=[[India Today]]|last1=Dangor|first1=Kimi| access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034613/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20060605/cover1.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The college is named after [[Francis Xavier]], the 16th-Century Spanish [[Jesuit]] saint. Its campus in South Mumbai is built in the [[Indo-Gothic]] style of architecture, and recognized as a heritage structure.<ref name="ia" /> Founded by German Jesuits in 1869, Xavier's developed rapidly from 1884 to 1914. The imprisonment of German Jesuit priests during the [[First World War]] (1914–1918) led to a dislocation of the administration, which was mitigated by the appointment of other European Jesuits. The college began as an arts institution but by the 1920s had science departments as well. The college was greatly expanded in the 1930s.

The college is now run by Indian Jesuits, with a distinct focus on affirmative action for minority students.<ref name="ca"/> It offers undergraduate and post-graduate courses in Arts, Science, Business, Commerce and Public Policy. It is known for its famous inter-collegiate youth event 'Malhar Fest'.

==History==
[[File:Tombstone of Jesuits German Priests 01.JPG|thumb|Tombstone Tablet of Founders]]
St. Xavier's College was founded on 2 January 1869 in [[Bombay]] by German Jesuits, with only two students in attendance. The two students came from a group of six who appeared for the university matriculation examination in 1868 from St. Mary's Institution. Swiss Jesuit Joseph Michael Willi (or Willy), the first principal of the college from 1869 to 1873, and three other Jesuits began lecturing and teaching at the college on 7 January 1869. The college was granted formal recognition by the [[Bombay University]], on 30 January 1869. One student joined later in 1870. The first three students graduated in 1871.<ref name="naac1">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/NAAC/General%20Information.pdf|title=General Information (NAAC Re-accreditation Self-study Report)|website=[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC)|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414164026/http://www.xaviers.edu/NAAC/General%20Information.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/hfirst.htm|title=First Beginnings|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417151210/http://www.xaviers.edu/hfirst.htm|archive-date=17 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1884 to 1910, under the patronage of Principal Frederick Dreckmann, the college began to develop rapidly.<ref name="rty"/> The [[Blatter Herbarium]] was established in 1906 by the Swiss Jesuit priest [[Ethelbert Blatter]] and his associates.<ref name="blat">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/museum.htm|title=The Blatter Herbarium|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218122955/http://xaviers.edu/museum.htm|archive-date=18 February 2009}}</ref> The hostel was completed in 1909, while the east–west science wing, costing [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 200,000, was completed in 1912. The Government provided grants of Rs. 70,000 and Rs. 37,000 for the two additional buildings of the college. The college first admitted women in 1912.<ref name="rty">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/hfurther.htm|title=Further Developments|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417151215/http://www.xaviers.edu/hfurther.htm|archive-date=17 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Sir Leslie Wilson.jpg|thumb|right|[[Leslie Orme Wilson]], [[Governor of Bombay]] (1923–1926), inaugurated the extension of the east–west science wing in 1926]].
Being a German institute in [[British India]], the college suffered wide repercussions during the [[First World War]] (1914–1918). Following the outbreak of the war, the German Jesuit priests, mainly the older ones, were interned and detained in 1914, at the college villa in [[Khandala]], where many died. However, the younger German Jesuits were repatriated in 1916.<ref name="mm">{{Cite news|last1=Kulkarni|first1=Vishwas|first2=Malay|last2=Desai|title=Quaint Xavier's|date=3 January 2010|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/82/2010010320100103020240182f71bbd2/Quaint-Xavier%E2%80%99s.html?pageno=1|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|access-date=8 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114203300/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/82/2010010320100103020240182f71bbd2/Quaint-Xavier%E2%80%99s.html?pageno=1|archive-date=14 January 2010}}</ref> The departure of German Jesuits led to a dislocation in the administration of the college, but it was mitigated by a few [[Swiss people|Swiss]], [[Luxemburger]], and English Jesuits. The number of lay professors increased following the withdrawal of the German Jesuits.<ref name="h3"/> In 1920, the enrollment of students from outside Bombay, especially [[Calcutta]], [[Yangon]], [[Mangalore]], and [[Sindh]], started increasing. Subsequently, a third floor was added to the hostel to provide accommodation facilities for them. The college started offering six more languages: [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Urdu]], Arabic, [[Hebrew]], and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref name="h4">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/hgolden.htm|title=The Golden Jubilee|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417151220/http://www.xaviers.edu/hgolden.htm|archive-date=17 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Spanish Jesuits arrived in 1922.<ref name="h3">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/htransi.htm|title=A Period of Transition|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417151241/http://www.xaviers.edu/htransi.htm|archive-date=17 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the 1920s, the college had expanded its offerings to more than just [[liberal arts]]. Science departments such as Chemistry and Biology came to be established. The Spanish Jesuit [[Henry Heras]] founded the "Indian Historical Research Institute" in 1925. The extension of the east–west science wing was completed in 1925 and opened by [[Leslie Orme Wilson]], [[Governor of Bombay]] (1923–1926), on 26 January 1926, at an outlay of Rs. 200,000.<ref name="hwera">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/hera.htm|title=A New Era|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417151205/http://www.xaviers.edu/hera.htm|archive-date=17 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The following decade, the priest Gonzalo Palacios propelled massive architectural expansions, with the addition of a third floor to the east–west science wing and in April 1935 the demolition of the Chemistry shed. The General Library was shifted to the new central building providing space for over 100,000 books and 6,000 volumes of periodicals. The college took charge of the Abdulla Fazalbhoy Technical Institute for Radio and Cinema (now [[St. Xavier's Technical Institute]]) near [[Mahim Causeway]]. More rooms were added to the hostel together with a tower. The construction of the college chapel, which had begun in 1937, was completed under the reign of Principal Aloysius Coyne (1940–1949).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/hmater.htm|title=Architectural Expansions|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417151225/http://www.xaviers.edu/hmater.htm|archive-date=17 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The college hall was inaugurated in January 1937 by [[Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne|Lord Brabourne]], [[Governor of Bombay]] (1933–1937).<ref name="mm"/> In August 1939, the non-degree course for the Teacher's Diploma was started, while Microbiology was revolutionized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/hwar.htm|title=The War and Independence|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918165004/http://www.xaviers.edu/hwar.htm|archive-date=18 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> After India's independence in 1947, Hindi began to be taught in the college from June 1949 and several new departments were instituted, such as the Department of Sociology and Anthropology (1951) and the Department of Psychology (1957).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/hprogrss.htm|title=Progress Continues|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417151231/http://www.xaviers.edu/hprogrss.htm|archive-date=17 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Barack Obama greets students at St. Xavier College in Mumbai.jpg|thumb|[[Barack Obama]] greeting students (2010)]]
In the later 20th century, St. Xavier's has continued to expand in student body and faculty size, and has seen the establishment of several research centers and programs. Indian Jesuits of the Bombay Province have run the college in close collaboration with the Society of Jesus in Germany and Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/cgolden.htm|title=Golden Links|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919050459/http://www.xaviers.edu/cgolden.htm|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 18 July 2009, [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] visited the college. She conducted an interactive session with its students regarding academics and education.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_clinton-is-visiting-and-st-xavier-s-is-the-last-to-know_1274748|title=Clinton is visiting and St Xavier's is the last to know|date=17 July 2009|access-date=29 October 2009|newspaper=DNA|last=Basu|first=Mihika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hillary-aamir-discuss-education-at-st-xaviers/97433-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004194009/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hillary-aamir-discuss-education-at-st-xaviers/97433-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2012|title=Hillary, Aamir discuss education at St Xavier's|date=18 July 2009|access-date=29 October 2009|work=CNN-IBN}}</ref> In November 2010 [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Barack Obama]] visited the college and held a town hall meeting.

==Religious affiliation and ethos==
[[File:FranciscusXavier.jpg|thumb|right|[[Francis Xavier]], after whom the college is named]]
[[File:St Xavier's College 1994 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|A 1994 stamp dedicated to the 125th anniversary of St. Xavier's College]]
The college is Roman Catholic and the [[Society of Jesus]] exercises responsibility over it through a Governing Body whose chairman is the [[Provincial superior|Provincial]] of the Bombay Province of the Society. St. Xavier's College is named after [[Francis Xavier]], a Spanish Jesuit saint of the 16th century who travelled to India. The college seeks to give an all-round formation, inculcating both human and spiritual values.<ref name="thecollege">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/frame1.htm|title=The College|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216040611/http://www.xaviers.edu/frame1.htm|archive-date=16 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> It gives special consideration to Roman Catholics (under the minority rights enshrined in the [[Constitution of India]]) for whose education the college was founded. Currently 50% of the seats are reserved for Catholics.<ref name="ca">{{cite web| title =Admissions| url =http://xaviers.edu/main/index.php/admissions-and-courses| access-date =5 October 2015| archive-date =22 August 2019| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190822055219/http://xaviers.edu/main/index.php/admissions-and-courses| url-status =dead}}</ref>

===Invocation===
The college invocation is [[Suscipe#Ignatian Suscipe|the Ignatian]] {{lang|la|[[Suscipe]]}}:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/cinvo.htm|title=Invocation|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117205955/http://www.xaviers.edu/cinvo.htm|archive-date=17 November 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{poem quote|1=
Take and receive, O Lord my liberty,
Take all my will, My mind my memory,
Do thou direct and govern all and sway,
Do what thou wilt, command and I obey.

Only thy grace and love on me bestow,
Possessing these, all riches I forgo.

All things I hold and all I own are thine,
Thine was the gift, to thee I all resign.

Lord teach me how to serve,
Gladly as you deserve,
To give and not to count the cost, to fight not heeding pain,
May I give of my best, may I not seek for rest,
and ask for no reward save that, I know I do your will.|source=Prayer of St. Ignatius of Loyola}}

===Crest and motto===
The crest was designed by Fr. T. Molina in 1929, a student of heraldry and a member of the college staff. It shows an eagle teaching its young to fly. Above it, on the left side, is the emblem of the Society of Jesus, which consists of the first three Greek initials for "Jesus" set in a sun; on the right is a chequered moon, taken from the arms of the house of Xavier. The Latin motto ''Provocans Ad Volandum'', "Challenging to Fly", is central to the ethos of the college and comes from the Bible, which mentions how the eagle encourages its young to fly (Dt. 32.11). As a whole, the crest symbolizes a college that bears the name of Xavier and is run by the Jesuits, with the ideal of educating young men and women to aim high in life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/crest.htm|title=Crest|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001015902/http://www.xaviers.edu/crest.htm|archive-date=1 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Governance |url=http://xaviers.edu/main/index.php/governance |website=St. Xavier's College |access-date=28 February 2020 |quote=Celebrating 150 years of Provocans ad Volandum ("Challenging to Fly")}}</ref>

==Accreditation and assessment==
Since 30 January 1869, St. Xavier's College has been affiliated with the [[University of Mumbai]]. It is accredited by the university with the task of preparing students for degrees in arts, Science, and Commerce.<ref name="thecollege"/> It was made a constituent college of the university in 1953 following the Bombay University Act 1953 and received recognition by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) since 1956.<ref name="pref">{{harvnb|NAAC Reaccreditation Report|2007|loc=Section I, Preface|Ref=nc}}</ref>

In 2007, the college was awarded the highest rating A+ (5-Star) in the re-accreditation by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC), an autonomous body linked to the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/frame11.htm|title=Certificate of Accreditation|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919092843/http://www.xaviers.edu/frame11.htm|archive-date=19 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="id"/> The national ''[[India Today]]'' magazine's report on colleges has consistently rated Xavier's in the top 10 in India in recent years. In the June 2000 and June 2006 issues, Xavier's has been rated the best arts college and the second best science and commerce college in the country.<ref name="ia"/><ref name="id">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/cideals.htm|title=Ideals and Achievements|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201003640/http://www.xaviers.edu/cideals.htm|archive-date=1 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ic">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20060605/cover2.html|last=Bali|first=Pallavi|title=Delhi's Shri Ram College of Commerce tops again, while four colleges make high-flying debuts|journal=[[India Today]]|date=5 June 2006|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034615/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20060605/cover2.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="is">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20060605/cover3.html|last=Jeevan Bali|first=S.S.|title=Loyola College retains its top slot while Mount Carmel zooms into the ranks|journal=[[India Today]]|date=5 June 2006|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034618/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20060605/cover3.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The UGC awarded St. Xavier's the "College with a Potential for Excellence" award in 2006.<ref name="id"/>

On 31 May 2010, St. Xavier's was granted autonomy by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], thereby becoming only the second college in [[Mumbai]] to be granted such a status.<ref name="iu">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Mumbai/St-Xaviers-is-Mumbai-Universitys-first-autonomous-college/articleshow/6009544.cms|last = Mukherji|first = Anahita|title=St Xavier's is Mumbai University's first autonomous college|journal= The Times of India| date=4 June 2010|access-date=4 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="iz">{{Cite news |last= Basu|first = Mihika | date=4 June 2010 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_colleges-find-mumbai-university-s-clause-hard-to-swallow_1391679 |title=Colleges find Mumbai University's clause hard to swallow|newspaper= DNA |access-date=4 June 2010}}</ref>

==Administration==
[[File:Second Quadrant Arches, St. Xavier's College, Mumbai.JPG|right|thumb|The Second Quadrangle Arches]]
The Governing Body consists of the chairman, vice chairman, ex-officio trustees, members, the local managing committee, and an advisory council. The principal functions through the Academic Council of the three vice principals and other important officials, aided by the Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) which is responsible for planning and evaluation of the college. Various committees of staff and students take responsibility for the different activities of the college. The Local Managing Committee (LMC) has nine members, including the principal as the secretary and rector as the chairperson, and meets twice every year. It prepares the budget and financial statements, recommends creation of new posts, recommends measures for academic and administrative improvement, and undertakes many other vital decision-making activities. The prospective plan for institutional development is done after consecutive meetings with the Academic Council, IQAC, and the heads of the departments. The college takes measures to upgrade the skills of non-teaching staff by conducting workshops and training programmes during vacations, and by conducting sessions on personality enhancement and financial management.<ref name="sorg">{{harvnb|NAAC Reaccreditation Report|2007|loc=Criterion VI: Organisation & Management|Ref=nc}}</ref><ref name="hb2">{{harvnb|St. Xavier's College Handbook (June 2009)|page=2|Ref=hb}}</ref> An Advisory Council of eminent alumni has also been constituted.<ref name="salm"/>

The college has ninety permanent teachers (of whom 53 are women) and an additional three full-time teachers, eleven part-time, and two teachers working as full-time on temporary assignment, raising the number of full-time teachers to 95. The teacher-student ratio is 1:33. Three teachers have been accorded special awards and recognition for their distinguished service.<ref name="pref"/>

==Courses==
As of 2007, the college remains mainly an undergraduate college, with 2,648 undergraduate students and 99 postgraduate students.<ref name="pref"/> The syllabi for undergraduate and postgraduate courses are prepared by the [[University of Mumbai]], and include mid-term tests and final examinations.<ref name="s2">{{harvnb|NAAC Reaccreditation Report|2007|loc=SECTION – II, Criterion I: Curricular Aspects|Ref=nc}}</ref> The success rate of students is 90 to 100 percent across all departments,<ref name="s42">{{harvnb|NAAC Reaccreditation Report|2007|loc=SECTION – II, Criterion II: Teaching, Learning & Evaluation|Ref=nc}}</ref> and 95 to 100 percent in university examinations.<ref name="pref"/> Special considerations are given to Catholics, economically and socially disadvantaged applicants, and students from [[scheduled caste]]s (SC) and [[Adivasi|Scheduled Tribe]]s (ST). Programs operated by the college include The Learning for Life Programme, Honours Programme, Social Involvement Programme, and Personality and Human Values.<ref name="adf">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/ad.htm|title=Accreditation|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907074839/http://www.xaviers.edu/ad.htm|archive-date=7 September 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="hb8">{{harvnb|St. Xavier's College Handbook (June 2009)|page=8|Ref=hb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/sfcourse.htm |title=College Run Courses |website=St. Xavier's College |access-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831030801/http://www.xaviers.edu/sfcourse.htm |archive-date=31 August 2009 }}</ref>

===Junior college courses===
Junior college courses in science, arts and commerce last two years. Applicants are evaluated on their performance in the [[Secondary School Certificate]] (SSC) examination of the Mumbai Divisional Board.<ref name="jce">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/jccourse.htm|title=Junior College Admissions|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930174331/http://www.xaviers.edu/jccourse.htm|archive-date=30 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The commerce course has been recently began in the academic year 2022–23. Arts and Science are both aided courses while Commerce is not.

===Undergraduate degree courses===
Undergraduate degree courses last three years. Applicants are evaluated based on their academic performance in the [[Higher Secondary School Certificate]] (HSC) examination of the Mumbai Divisional Board.<ref name="sce">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/sccourse.htm|title=Senior College Admissions|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=30 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930174459/http://www.xaviers.edu/sccourse.htm|archive-date=30 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) (Aided)
*Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) (Aided)
*Bachelor of Science – Information Technology (B.Sc. IT)
*Bachelor of Science – Data science and Artificial intelligence (B.Sc. DSAI)
*Bachelor of Science – Biotechnology and Computational Biology (B.Sc. BCB)
*Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.)
*Bachelor of Commerce, Management Studies (B.Com. MS), formerly known as Bachelor of Management Studies (BMS)
*Bachelor of Commerce, Accounting and Finance (BAF)
*Bachelor of Arts, Mass Communication & Journalism (B.A. MCJ), formerly known as Bachelor of Mass Media (BMM)
*Bachelor of Vocation – Software Development
*Bachelor of Vocation – Tourism

===Postgraduate courses===
*[[Master of Science]] (MSc)
*[[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PhD) in Arts & Science<ref name="ca"/>
*[[Masters of Public Policy]] (M.P.P)
*Postgraduate Diploma in [[Data Science]] (PGDDS)<ref>{{cite web|title=PG Diploma in Data Science|url=http://xaviers.edu/main/index.php/pg-diploma-data-science|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031110336/http://xaviers.edu/main/index.php/pg-diploma-data-science|archive-date=31 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Diploma courses===
*[[Clinical Research]]
*[[Forensic Science]]
*Expressive Arts Therapy
*[[Gemmology]]
*Industrial [[Biotechnology]] and Enterprise<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/mscibe.htm |title=Industrial Biotechnology & Enterprise (IBE) |website=St. Xavier's College |access-date=30 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202083127/http://www.xaviers.edu/mscibe.htm |archive-date=2 December 2010 }}</ref>

===Certification courses===
*Diamond Grading
*Jewellery Design
*Data Analytics

==Institutes==
Several institutes have been established on St. Xavier's campus, including:

{{col-begin|width=94%}}{{col-break|width=50%}}
'''Research Institutes'''
*[[Blatter Herbarium]] for taxonomic studies<ref name="blat"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blatterherbarium.org/drupal/node/8|title=History|website=[[Blatter Herbarium]]|access-date=29 October 2009}}</ref>
*Caius Laboratory for Inter-Disciplinary Research (medical)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/caiuslab.htm|title=Caius Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Research|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218113223/http://xaviers.edu/caiuslab.htm|archive-date=18 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Henry Heras#Historian in India|Heras]] Institute of Indian History and Culture<ref name="hrs">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/heras.htm|title=Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918153518/http://www.xaviers.edu/heras.htm|archive-date=18 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Nadkarni-Sacasa Research Laboratory (chemistry)<ref name="ngf"/>
{{col-break|width=44%}}
'''Non-research Institutes'''
*Xavier Institute of Communications<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviercomm.org/aboutxic/highlights.htm|title=About Us: XIC Highlights|website=Xavier Institute of Communications (XIC)|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212123051/http://www.xaviercomm.org/aboutxic/highlights.htm|archive-date=12 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviercomm.org/aboutxic/history.htm|title=About Us: XIC History|website=Xavier Institute of Communications (XIC)|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214184913/http://www.xaviercomm.org/aboutxic/history.htm|archive-date=14 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviercomm.org/aboutxic/default.htm|title=About Us: The Institute|website=Xavier Institute of Communications (XIC)|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210182627/http://www.xaviercomm.org/aboutxic/default.htm|archive-date=10 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Xavier Institute of Counselling<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/counsell.htm|title=Xavier Institute of Counselling|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001034520/http://www.xaviers.edu/counsell.htm|archive-date=1 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Xavier Institute of Social Research<ref name="ngf">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/research.htm|title=The Nadkarni – Sacasa Research Laboratory and The Xavier Institute of Social Research (XISR)|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217191635/http://xaviers.edu/research.htm|archive-date=17 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Xavier Institute of Management & Research<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ximr.com/htmls/about_cv.html |title=About Xavier Institute of Management & Research (XIMR) |website=Xavier Institute of Management & Research (XIMR) |access-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329091652/http://www.ximr.com/htmls/about_cv.html |archive-date=29 March 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ximr.ac.in/htmls/academic_objectives.html|title=Academic Objectives|website=Xavier Institute of Management & Research (XIMR)|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019094409/http://www.ximr.ac.in/htmls/academic_objectives.html|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Xavier Knowledge Center for computers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/depts/kcentre.htm|title=Xavier Knowledge Center|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928084503/http://www.xaviers.edu/depts/kcentre.htm|archive-date=28 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Xavier's Resource Centre for the Visually Challenged<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xrcvc.org/our_vision.php|title=Our Vision|website=Xavier's Resource Centre for the Visually Challenged (XRCVC)|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008014732/http://www.xrcvc.org/our_vision.php|archive-date=8 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{col-end}}

===Xavier Institute of Management & Research=== 
''Xavier Institute of Management & Research'' (XIMR) is the management school of St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. It is approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About XMIR |url=https://ximr.ac.in/about-ximr/ |website=Xavier Institute of Management & Research |access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref>

XIMR was established in 1963 by Professor Pascoal Gisbert as St. Xavier's Social Institute of Industry, when India was striving to achieve self-sufficiency. In 1971 the institute's focus shifted to supervisory and managerial skills and its name was changed to Xavier Institute of Management. In 2006 it became the Xavier Institute of Management and Research.

XIMR trains managers with skills in doing business internationally and globally<ref name="MUBS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mubs.ac.ug/index.php/xavier-institute-of-management|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920024818/https://www.mubs.ac.ug/index.php/xavier-institute-of-management |archive-date=20 September 2018| title=Xavier Institute of Management |website=[[Makerere University Business School]] |language=en-gb| access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> and facilitates entry into African markets.<ref name="uganda">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaeducationdiary.in/shownews.asp?newsid=7483 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611090015/http://www.indiaeducationdiary.in/shownews.asp?newsid=7483 | archive-date=11 June 2016 |title=Xavier Institute of Management facilitates foray into African markets |date=20 January 2011 |website=India Education Diary |access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref>

In January 2011, the Centre for Africa Studies was launched in association with [[Makerere University Business School]] in [[Uganda]], East Africa.<ref name="MUBS" /><ref name="uganda" />

==Campus and facilities==
[[File:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|The college is built in the [[Indo-Gothic]] style of architecture]]
St. Xavier's stands on a {{convert|2.94|acre|m2}} campus in the [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]] locality of [[South Mumbai]]. It is located near the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (CST) railway station, which serves as the headquarters of the [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railways]], and [[Churchgate]] station, which serves as the headquarters of the [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railways]]. The college is built in the [[Indo-Gothic]] style of architecture, and has been recognized as a heritage structure by the Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee.<ref name="ia"/><ref name="s4">{{harvnb|NAAC Reaccreditation Report|2007|loc=SECTION – II, Criterion IV: Infrastructure & Learning Resources|Ref=nc}}</ref> The main college library is central and common to all the academic activities of the college. It has a collection of 133,489 books, of which more than 50% are reference books, with some dating back to the 16th century. It also receives 76 journals, of which 14 are foreign journals. The library has a carved cabinet, card index of books, and a computerized database of books. Students have access to a [[lending library]], [[reference library]], paperback library, non-print media library, and a vast collection of journals, current and back volumes. Books are lent out at the lending library, which also houses the [[online public access catalog]] (OPAC) for information search.

[[File:Reference library, St. Xavier's College.jpg|thumb|Reference library, St. Xavier's College]]
The [[reference library]] includes reserve counters, overnight loans, photo-copying services, reference services, inter-library loans, journals, reference books, and a special multi-media facility for accessing compact disks (CDs) on computers. Students also have access to a paperback library and a non-print media library where audio cassettes, television, and [[video cassette recorder]] (VCR) facilities are available for group and individual use.<ref name="pref" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/depts/library.htm|title=The Library|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523190804/http://www.xaviers.edu/depts/library.htm|archive-date=23 May 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="hb5" />

[[File:St.xaviers woods aerial.jpg|thumb|left|"The Woods" leisure space]]
The campus also has a leisure space known as "The Woods" which includes a couple of large trees.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/city/bombay-times/For-the-DSouzas-St-Xaviers-was-a-class-act/articleshow/37106645.cms|title=For the D'Souzas, St Xavier's was a class act|first=Roshni |last=Olivera|date=11 February 2003|work=[[Bombay Times]]|access-date=29 October 2009|quote=Deanne completed her HSC in 2000 from St Xavier's and is studying mass media. She misses the classrooms, teachers, the beautiful campus, the 'woods' (a favourite haunt which comprises a couple of large trees), the eateries.}}</ref> The college runs a small hostel on campus for male students of the senior college. The hostel has a capacity of 60 students, two to three occupants to a room.<ref name="ca"/><ref name="s4"/> The college also has a chapel cum prayer hall with green, stained-glass exteriors, arching vaults, and intricate marble work, behind the façade facing the college quadrangle.<ref name="mm"/><ref name="daj">{{Cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1013|title=St Xavier's College, Mumbai-140 Years of 'Celebrating Diversity'|first=Eugene |last=D'Souza|date=10 January 2009|work=[[Daiji World]]|access-date=29 October 2009}}</ref> It has two fully equipped audio-visual centres, the Smith Centre for Audio-Visual Instruction (SCAVI), with a seating capacity of 100, and the Multi-Media Room (MMR) which seats 110. Classrooms have partially Information technology (IT) enabled accessories, [[fiberglass]] boards, and pull-down screens.<ref name="pref"/><ref name="s4"/> A full-fledged language laboratory has also been set up to cater to students from non-English medium schools and to promote multi-language skills.<ref name="s42"/> There is also an auditorium, a spacious [[Canteen (place)|canteen]], and full-size basketball and volleyball courts. The Fell Gymkhana, built in 1954, provides bodybuilding, badminton, [[table-tennis]], [[carrom]], [[chess]], and other recreational facilities for staff and students. The St. Xavier's Villa in [[Khandala]] is a property of the college nestled in the hills of the [[Western Ghats]] mountain range, about two hours from Mumbai. It provides facilities for retreats, seminars, and educational conferences. The college also has a [[cricket]] pitch leased by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) on the [[Azad Maidan]] sports ground, near the college.<ref name="adf"/><ref name="hb5">{{harvnb|St. Xavier's College Handbook (June 2009)|page=5|Ref=hb}}</ref>

[[File:St.Xaviers College (Bombay) Chapel.jpg|thumb|College chapel]]
The college counselling centre, founded in 1954, provides personal counselling, personality-evaluation tests, testing programmes for vocational purposes, information on careers, professions, and specialized studies in India and abroad, information on scholarships and financial assistance schemes, and admission guidance to students; it also organizes orientation programmes.<ref name="hb5"/><ref name="hb6">{{harvnb|St. Xavier's College Handbook (June 2009)|page=6|Ref=hb}}</ref> The college placement centre exposes students to reputed employers, trains them in writing resumes, and acquaints them with the selection process of corporations.<ref name="hb6"/> There are separate common rooms for male and female students and for teaching and non-teaching staff. The Xavier's Women's Development Cell was formed in 2006 to coordinate programmes for awareness and action on women's issues, since girls constitute more than 60% of the student body. It also serves as a grievance redressal cell for complaints of sexual harassment. First aid centres are also available in the college general office and the counselling centre.<ref name="sorg"/><ref name="hb7">{{harvnb|St. Xavier's college handbook (June 2009)|page=7|Ref=hb}}</ref> The college undertakes a number of welfare measures for students and staff including provision of insurance coverage.<ref name="sorg"/> The college has also set up a Grievance Redressal Cell with a representative from a Non-governmental Organization (NGO).<ref name="salm"/>

===Films shot on the campus===
{{col-begin|width=96%}}
*''[[Mehboob Ki Mehndi]]'' (1971)
*''[[Kucch To Hai]]'' (2003)<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/lights-camera-location/431244/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919191405/http://www.screenindia.com/news/lights-camera-location/431244/|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 September 2012|quote=Ditto with St Xavier's College, which is featured in Main Hoon Na, Kucch To Hai and Jaane Tu.|title=Lights, camera, location|date=6 March 2009|last=Pereira|first=Priyanka|access-date=29 October 2009|magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen India]] }}</ref>
*''[[Main Hoon Na]]'' (2004), in college library
*''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'' (2008), for song "Kabhi Kabhi Aditi"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://beta.thehindu.com/arts/movies/article18052.ece |title=Back to college |department=['Mumbai Express' column] |date=10 September 2009 |access-date=29 October 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |quote=Imran Khan made a convincing college boy in Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na. A year ago, Imran had shot for the film at St. Xavier's college, and this year, he was present as a judge at the college festival, Malhar. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914001757/http://beta.thehindu.com/arts/movies/article18052.ece |archive-date=14 September 2009 }}</ref>
*''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' (2009)
*''[[Hichki]]'' (2018)
*''[[Lust Stories]]'' (2018) Netflix
*''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]'' (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/search/title?locations=St.%20Xavier%27s%20College,%20Mumbai,%20India&ref_=ttloc_loc_2|title=Filming Location Matching "St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, India" (Sorted by Popularity Ascending)|website=IMDb}}</ref>
*''[[Helicopter Eela]]'' (2018)
*''[[Hotel Mumbai]]'' (2018)
*''[[Kabir Singh]]'' (2019)
*''[[Student of the Year 2]]'' (2019)
*''[[Sacred Games (TV series)#Season 2|Sacred Games 2]]'' (2019)
*''[[99 Songs]]'' (2019)
*[[Darbar (film)|''Darbar'']] (2020)
*''[[Drishyam 2]]'' (2022)
*''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]'' (2025) <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/bollywood/saiyaara-shooting-locations-7-places-where-it-was-filmed-ws-l-9463394.html}}</ref>

{{col-end}}

==Extra-curricular activities==
Xavier's students, "Xavierites", maintain relationships with peers from other colleges by participating in inter-college competitions and college festivals.

The Extra Curricular Credits Committee (ECC) monitors the performance of students and sends contingents to other colleges.

''Mosaic'' is an inter-disciplinary, interdepartmental series of exhibitions and poster presentations.<ref name="s77">{{harvnb|NAAC Reaccreditation Report|2007|loc=SECTION – II, Criterion VII : Healthy Practicess|Ref=nc}}</ref>

===Student associations===
The Alumni Association, established in 1902, is actively involved in fundraising, providing scholarships, career counseling, and felicitation of the retiring staff.<ref name="salm">{{harvnb|NAAC Reaccreditation Report|2007|loc=SECTION – II, Criterion V: Student Support and Progression|Ref=nc}}</ref> The Indian Music Group (IMG) was founded in 1973 to promote Indian Classical Music in the city, especially among its young people. It organises concerts, lecture-demonstrations and music appreciation courses. Its annual Indian classical music festival, ''Janfest'', is well known.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianmusicgroup.org/about_us.php|title=About Us|website=The Indian Music Group|access-date=29 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111125840/http://indianmusicgroup.org/about_us.php|archive-date=11 November 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Students organize several hobby clubs such as the Philately Club and the Star Gazers Club.<ref name="daj" />

===Festivals===
{{Main|Malhar (festival)}}
[[Malhar (festival)|Malhar]], one of the most popular college festivals in the city, is hosted by the students of St. Xavier's College.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/aug/110809-St-Xavier-College-Janmashtami-Ganesh-Chaturthi-Ramzan-Malhar.htm|title=Outstation students barred at Malhar|first=Alisha |last=Coelho|date=11 August 2009|access-date=29 October 2009|newspaper=[[MiD DAY]]}}</ref> It is an inter-collegiate youth festival held since 1979. It is usually in August during the rains and involves teams from about 60 other colleges in Mumbai and elsewhere, with around 30 cultural contests in the Literary, Performing Arts, and Fine Arts categories, along with a number of Workshops on different themes. It draws about 20,000 student participants and audience to the college Campus.<ref name="adf"/><ref name="hb8"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_malhar-kicks-off-with-a-bang_1183694 |title=Malhar kicks off with a bang|first1=Namita |last1=Handa |first2=Surekha|last2=S |date=15 August 2008|access-date=29 October 2009|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]}}</ref>

Janfest is a well-known [[Indian classical music]] festival in India, held in January and hosted by the Indian Music Group (IMG). Inaugurated in 1974, it promotes classical music among the youth and offers a platform for young people to showcase their talent. It has played host to maestros of Indian classical music like [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]], [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], and [[Ravi Shankar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Janfest |url-status=dead |url= http://indianmusicgroup.org/janfest.php |website=The Indian Music Group|access-date=29 October 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028115050/http://indianmusicgroup.org/janfest.php }}</ref>

The Zephyrus conference is organised by the Bachelor of Management Studies (BMS) department and features renowned speakers from the business world.

Additionally, the college hosts Ithaka, the annual English literature and theatre festival organised by the English Literature department since 1990. It is a platform for students to demonstrate their theatrical talents. Theatre personalities such as Qasar Padamsee started their careers in Ithaka.

The college also holds Aamod, a festival organised by Marathi Vangmay Mandal which is the first and the oldest Marathi Association registered with [[Mumbai University]].

In 2011–12, the Mass Media department organised Zeitgeist – The Media Conference<ref>[http://zgconference.com Zeitgeist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222195033/http://www.zgconference.com/ |date=22 December 2014 }}. Zgconference.com. Retrieved 17 August 2013.</ref> for the first time. It has welcomed panellists like [[Shekhar Kapoor]] and [[Madhu Trehan]]. It also organised a screening of the film [[The Untitled Kartik Krishnan Project]]. Then in 2012 Xavier hosted its first science fest "Paradigm",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Meera |title=St Xavier's hosts science exhibition |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/st-xavier-s-hosts-science-exhibition/story-uqVZGCGDpqMX3n4mQddkuI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128011228/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/st-xavier-s-hosts-science-exhibition/story-uqVZGCGDpqMX3n4mQddkuI.html |archive-date=28 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> an all-Inclusive, pan-departmental, inter-collegiate science festival. Paradigm '12 hosted Vice Admiral Shekhar Sinha along with Sunjoy Monga, [[Ajoy Ghatak]], and [[Raghavendra Gadagkar]] who delivered talks on a wide variety of topics.

==Magazines and publications==
The college launched its commemorative Coffee Table Book ''St. Xavier's College – Celebrating Diversity since 1869,'' as a part of its 140 years celebration. It covers all aspects of the college's mighty tradition, to the present. Each March and September Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture, within the college campus, publishes the research journal ''Indica''. It began publication in 1964 and emphasizes the research work of staff and students at Heras Institute.<ref name="hrs"/> Then there are the ''St. Xavier's College magazine'' and the online newsletter ''The Xavierite'', covering stories, events, and reports related to the college and its alumni. Student magazines include ''Ithaka'' (Literature), ''Elemental'' (Chemistry), ''Aithihasik'' (History), ''Samvad'' (Political Science), ''Eidos'' (Sociology), ''Imprint (Zoology),'' "Lignum vitae (Life Science) ''The Catchphrase'' (Mass Media),''The Michronicle'' (Microbiology), ''Pakharan'' (Marathi Vangmay Mandal), B.I.T.M.A.P (Information Technology) and ''Arthniti'' (Economics).<ref name="mg">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=177&Itemid=313|title=Publications|website=St. Xavier's College|access-date=13 May 2012}}</ref>

A monthly newspaper ''The Xavier's Press'' was inaugurated in December 2008 by the Student Council and is run entirely by undergraduates. It covers events and issues of interest to the general student body.

==Notable alumni==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2017}}

The alumni of St. Xavier's College include many figures prominent in Indian society over the past century.<ref name="illustr">{{cite web|url=http://www.xaviers.edu/stxaviersalumni/Alumni.pdf |website=St. Xavier's College |title=List of Illustrious Alumni |date=6 May 2017|access-date=6 May 2017|archive-date=8 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008163220/http://www.xaviers.edu/stxaviersalumni/Alumni.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alumni of the college include members of the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|London Round Table conferences]], governors of Indian states, ambassadors, union and state ministers, justices of the [[Supreme Court of India]], and of the [[Bombay High Court]], high-profile jurists and attorneys at law, [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayors of Mumbai]] (Bombay), [[maharaja]]s, senior national and state-level [[bureaucrat]]s, captains of Indian industry, financiers, philanthropists, educationists, scientists, leaders in the [[Indian armed forces]], some of India's best-known journalists, leaders in the medical field, cricketers, luminaries in art and culture including several major film actors and musicians.{{r|illustr}}
{{See also|Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|

*[[Anu Aga]]<ref>{{cite news|title= St Xavier's past, present, future ...|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/filmi-parties/bollywood/St-Xaviers-past-present-future/articleshow/5409843.cms|newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 January 2010}}</ref> – Business executive
*[[Tara Deshpande]], Indian actress, author, and food personality<ref name="Tara Deshpande">{{cite web|date=28 December 1954|title=BIG Synergy : About Us : Board of Directors|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Deshpande|access-date=22 January 2016|website=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Deshpande}}</ref>
*[[Teresa Albuquerque]] – Historian<ref name=goan>{{cite news|newspaper=The Goan|url=https://www.thegoan.net/India/Chronicling-Goa%E2%80%99s-history/05533.html |title=Chronicling Goa's history|last=D'Costa|first=Suezelle|date=24 August 2013|access-date=13 June 2017 |archive-date=31 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031214832/http://www.thegoan.net/India/Bombay/Chronicling-Goa%E2%80%99s-history/05533.html}}</ref>
*[[Ebrahim Alkazi]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Theatre is revelation (Interview)|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/02/24/stories/2008022450160500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302010357/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/02/24/stories/2008022450160500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2008|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 February 2008}}</ref> – Theatre director
*[[Joachim Alva]] – Journalist, lawyer and politician
*[[Norma Alvares]] – [[Goa]]n environmentalist; received the [[Padma Shri]] award<ref name="Livemint">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/1P5V4SptPe1ZwGUQEi1zYL/Norma-Alvares--Claude-Alvares--The-power-of-two.html|title=Norma Alvares & Claude Alvares: The power of two|newspaper=Mint|date=9 August 2014|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref>
*[[Zeenat Aman]] – Actor
*[[Mukesh Ambani]] – Business executive{{r|illustr}}
*[[Shabana Azmi]] – Actress

*[[Vidya Balan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/sep/230909-Vidya-Balan-college-mate-Yeotania-Stanton.htm|title=Vidya Balan reunites with a friend from college after 10 yrs|first=Parag|last=Maniar|date=23 September 2009|access-date=2 November 2009|newspaper=[[MiD DAY]]}}</ref> – Actress
*[[Sanjeev Bagai]] – Pediatric nephrologist<ref name="Complete list of the alumni">{{cite web | url=http://xaviers.edu/main/index.php/padma-awardees | title=Padma Awardees 2014 |website=St. Xavier's College, Mumbai |year=2015 | access-date=8 December 2015 | archive-date=27 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427135319/https://xaviers.edu/main/index.php/padma-awardees | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Sauvik Banerjjee]]<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sovon |last=Manna |date=2022-09-01 |title=Ex-cricketer first Bengali CEO of Nasdaq-listed co |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ex-cricketer-first-bengali-ceo-of-nasdaq-listed-co/articleshow/93916360.cms}}</ref>
*[[Krissann Barretto]] – Actress
*[[Neerja Bhanot]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vij |first1=Illa |title=Brave in life, brave in death |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov13/saturday/head10.htm |work=The Tribune|location=India |date=13 November 1999}}</ref> – flight purser, killed saving passengers on hijacked [[Pan Am Flight 73]]. First female recipient of the [[Ashoka Chakra Award]]; recipient of awards from the Pakistan and United States governments, in recognition of her actions
*[[Vijay Bhatt]] – Film producer, director and screenwriter
*[[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] – Founder of Pakistan People Party and former prime minister of Pakistan
*[[Ankiti Bose]] – Founder of [[Zilingo]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/ankiti-bose-first-indian-woman-cofounder-nearly-usd-1-billion-startup-zilingo/story/318593.html|title=Meet Ankiti Bose, first Indian woman co-founder of a nearly $1 billion startup, Zilingo|website=Business Today|location=India|date=13 February 2019 |access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>
*[[Karuna Mary Braganza]] – Educationist and [[Padma Shri]] awardee<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sparrowonline.org/downloads/SNL_14.pdf | title=A Nun Named Compassion | website=Sparrow Online | date=April 2008 | access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>
*[[Cyrus Broacha]] – [[MTV India]] VJ
* [[Shreya Bugade]] – Indian comedian, actress

*[[Anupama Chopra]] – Film critic, journalist, author<ref>{{multiref2|1={{cite web |last1=Kapoor |first1=Shruti |title=Meet the Woman Extraordinaire – Anupama Chopra |url=https://sayfty.com/anupama-chopra/ |website=Sayfty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720061708/https://sayfty.com/anupama-chopra/ |archive-date=20 July 2024 |date=15 October 2014 |url-status=live|ref=none}}|2={{cite web |title=Speaker Gateway: Ms. Anupama Chopra in conversation with Samira Sood |url=https://rotaryclubofbombay.org/ms-anupama-chopra-in-conversation-with-samira-sood-on-the-evolution-of-indian-cinema-the-nature-of-film-criticism-the-changing-landscape-post-covid-and-her-thoughts-on-inclusivity-and-diversity-in/ |website=Rotary Club of Bombay |access-date=1 January 2025}}}}</ref>
*[[Charles Correa]] – Architect

*[[Srikant Datar]] – 11th Dean of [[Harvard Business School]], commencing in 2021
*[[Shobhaa De]] – Writer
*[[Abdul Qavi Desnavi]] – Writer and linguist


*[[Michael Ferreira]] – Billiards player
*[[Zafar Futehally]] – [[Naturalist]], [[conservation movement|conservationist]]

*[[Sunil Gavaskar]] – Cricketer
*[[Sohrab Pirojsha Godrej]] – Business executive and Padma Bhushan awardee

* [[Rafiq Hajat]] – Civil Rights Activist based in Malawi
*[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/as-xaviers-festival-turns-30-students-plan-the-malhar-museum/333134/|title=As Xavier's festival turns 30, students plan the 'Malhar museum'|date=9 July 2008|first=Upneet|last=Pansare|access-date=1 November 2009|work=[[The Indian Express]]|quote=Singer Sunita Rao, an alumnus of the 1988 batch, says Malhar provided a platform to showcase talents.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930182323/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/as-xaviers-festival-turns-30-students-plan-the-malhar-museum/333134/|archive-date=30 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> – Playback singer, [[Padma Shri]] awardee
*[[Mehnaz Hoosein]] – Indian singer and songwriter
*[[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] – Musician, [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee

*[[Harish Iyer]] – Equal rights activist<ref>{{multiref2|1={{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Ankush |title=Harish Iyer continues his fight for LGBTQ rights in India |url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2024/12/20/harish-iyer-continues-his-fight-for-lgbtq-rights-in-india/ |ref=none |work=Washington Blade |date=20 December 2024}}|2={{cite news |title=NeoNiche appoints Harish Iyer as Head: Content Strategy |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-people-report/neoniche-appoints-harish-iyer-as-head-content-strategy/65897036 |work=ET BrandEquity |date=21 September 2018 |language=en}} }}</ref>
*[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]] – Playback singer

*[[Mahesh Jethmalani]] – Lawyer, member of parliament<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/senior-advocate-mahesh-jethmalani-nominated-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/83124793.cms | title=Senior advocate Mahesh Jethmalani nominated to Rajya Sabha | work=The Times of India |first=Swati |last=Deshpande | date=31 May 2021 | access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>
*[[Jagdish Joshi (poet)|Jagdish Joshi]] – Gujarati poet
*[[Manisha Joshi]] – Gujarati poet

*[[Ashok Kamte]] – Additional Commissioner of Mumbai Police, killed during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/st-xaviers-college-pays-tribute-to-mumbai-cop-heroes/79769-8.html?from=incom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004194046/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/st-xaviers-college-pays-tribute-to-mumbai-cop-heroes/79769-8.html?from=incom|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2012|title=St Xavier's college pays tribute to Mumbai cop heroes|date=5 December 2008|access-date=1 November 2009|work=CNN-IBN}}</ref>
*[[Anil Kapoor]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TRAVEL/02/04/kapoor.biography/index.html|title=Anil Kapoor: Bollywood's Mr India|date=5 February 2009|access-date=1 November 2009|work=CNN News|last=Tutton|first=Mark }}</ref> – Actor
*[[Kunaal Roy Kapur]] – Actor
*[[Aditya Roy Kapur]] – Actor
*[[Salman Khan]] – Actor
*[[Mukesh Khanna]] – Actor<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet India's First Superhero |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/india/meet-indias-first-onscreen-superhero-mukesh-khanna-shaktimaan-mahabharat-net-worth-age-education-youtube-2819277/india-s-first-on-screen-superhero-2819283 |work=Zee News |date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101015734/https://zeenews.india.com/photos/india/meet-indias-first-onscreen-superhero-mukesh-khanna-shaktimaan-mahabharat-net-worth-age-education-youtube-2819277/mukesh-khannas-education-2819284 |archive-date=1 January 2025 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Kavita Krishnamurti]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030825/login/music.htm|title=... kehte hain mujhko Hawa Hawaii|date=25 August 2003|access-date=2 November 2009|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=India|last=Puri|first=Amit}}</ref> – Playback singer, [[Padma Shri]] awardee


*[[Rakesh Maria]] – Police Commissioner of Mumbai
*[[Vinod Mehra]]- Actor
*[[Zubin Mehta]] – Musician
*[[Ismail Merchant]] – Film producer
*[[Mario Miranda]] – Cartoonist, artist; [[Padma Vibhushan]] awardee
*[[Rohinton Mistry]] – Novelist
*[[Shaheen Mistri]] – Social activist and educator
*[[Shakti Mohan]] – Dancer

*[[G. T. Nanavati]] – Jurist
*[[Panna Naik]] – Gujarati poet
*[[Fali Sam Nariman]] – Jurist; 2002 [[Gruber Prize for Justice]] laureate<ref>{{cite web |title=2002 Gruber Justice Prize: Laureate Profile – Fali Sam Nariman |url=https://gruber.yale.edu/recipient/fali-sam-nariman |website=Gruber Foundation |publisher=Yale University |access-date=28 January 2025}}
* [https://gruber.yale.edu/prize/2002-gruber-justice-prize Announcement]
* {{cite press release |first1=A. Sarah |last1=Hreha |date=22 September 2002 |title=Lifetime Champion for Human Rights Wins Prize for Justice |url=https://gruber.yale.edu/press/2002-gruber-justice-prize-press-release |work=Media Office, Gruber Foundation|ref=none}}</ref>
* [[Shaina NC]] – Fashion Designer and Politician


*[[Alyque Padamsee]] – Actor, filmmaker
*[[Quasar Padamsee]] – Theatre actor, director
*[[Nanabhoy Palkhivala]] – Jurist and economist
*[[Meghna Pant]] – Author
*[[Smita Patil]] – Actress
*[[Diana Penty]] – Model, actress
*[[Freida Pinto]]<ref name="rd">{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/16slid1.htm|title=It's natural to want to become an actress after living in Mumbai|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=16 June 2008|access-date=30 October 2009}}</ref> – Actress
*[[Zinia Pinto]] – Nun and teacher<ref name=Tribune>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/559477/former-principal-of-st-josephs-zinia-pinto-passes-away-at-83 Death of Zinia Pinto], ''The Express Tribune'', 6 June 2013.</ref>
*[[Cedric Prakash]] – Human rights activist
*[[Azim Premji]] – Business executive{{r|illustr}}


*[[Fazal I Rahimtoola]] – Politician
*[[Amrita Rao]] – Actor
* [[Deepak Rao]] – Military trainer
*[[Suneeta Rao]] – Playback singer<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lobo |first1=Bian |department=Rediff on the Net, Life Style |title=Suneeta Rao launches her new album, ''Talaash'' |url=http://indiaabroad.com/style/1996/sunita.htm |work=indiaabroad.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200354/http://indiaabroad.com/style/1996/sunita.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
*[[Himanshu Roy]] – Additional Director General of Police of [[Maharashtra]]

*[[Bhaskar Saha]] – [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate
*[[Nowroji Saklatwala]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Nowroji Saklatwala Profile |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/nowroji-saklatwala-34868 |website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=26 January 2025}}</ref> – Business executive; former chairman of the [[Tata Group]]
*[[Ashwin Sanghi]] – Writer
*[[Rajdeep Sardesai]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/131/ARTICLE/2034/2008-01-27.html|title=Rajdeep Sardesai, Vinod Dua and Barkha Dutt Conferred Padma Shri|date=27 January 2007|access-date=1 November 2009|work=NewsWire7 |publisher=Media Newsline}}</ref> – Journalist
*[[Deepti Sati]] – Actress, model
*[[Zarina Screwvala]] – Entrepreneur
*[[K.D. Sethna]] – Poet and historian
*[[Shruti Seth]] – Actress
*[[Farooq Sheikh]] – Actor
*[[Praniti Shinde]] – Politician, [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for Solapur, Maharashtra<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/fathers-daughter-graduates-from-st-xaviers-to-solapur/|title=Father's daughter graduates from St Xavier's to Solapur|date=3 October 2009}}</ref>
*[[Soli Sorabjee]] – Jurist
*[[Francis Newton Souza|F. N. Souza]] – Artist

*[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Martyris|first= Nina|title=When dosa was a luxury|date=26 April 2003|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/44588861.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2 November 2009|quote=She determinedly enrolled at St Xavier's, and says that the two years of junior college were among the best in her life.}}</ref> – Actress
*[[Sir Dorabji Tata]] – Businessman, and a key figure in the development of the [[Tata Group]]
*[[Ratan Tata]] – Parsi financier and philanthropist
* [[Aaditya Thackeray]] – Politician serving as Cabinet Minister of Tourism and Environment for the Government of Maharashtra. He is also an MLA of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Mumbai, Maharashtra
*[[Shenaz Treasurywala]] – Actor and VJ
*[[Amish Tripathi]] – Author<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/brunch-stories/cover-story-how-amish-tripathi-changed-indian-publishing/article1-1050648.aspx |title=How Amish Tripathi changed Indian publishing |date=26 April 2013 |last=Lopez |first=Rachel |work=Hindustan Times |department=Brunch |archive-date=28 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428120335/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Cover-Story-How-Amish-Tripathi-changed-Indian-publishing/Article1-1050648.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Sucharita Tyagi]] – Film critic and radio jockey.
*[[Abbas Tyrewala]] – Writer, director

*[[Jayant B. Udgaonkar]] {{post-nominals|size=70%|list=[[The World Academy of Sciences|FTWAS]] [[Indian National Science Academy|FINAS]] [[Indian Academy of Sciences|FIAS]]}} – Molecular biologist, professor and researcher at the [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]] and [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]]; [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dolare |first1=Rahul |title=IISER Pune's Prof. Jayant Udgaonkar Honored with the Prestigious Vigyan Shri Award for 2024 |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/iiser-punes-prof-jayant-udgaonkar-honored-with-the-prestigious-vigyan-shri-award-for-2024/ |work=Punekar News |date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908122038/https://www.punekarnews.in/iiser-punes-prof-jayant-udgaonkar-honored-with-the-prestigious-vigyan-shri-award-for-2024/ |archive-date=8 September 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Pankaj Udhas]] – [[Ghazal]] singer<ref>{{cite news |title=Pankaj Udhas, Bollywood Singer and Maestro of the Ghazal, Dies at 72 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/27/world/asia/pankaj-udhas-dead.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=27 February 2024 |language=en |quote=While studying at St. Xavier's College in Mumbai, he learned to speak Urdu, the South Asian language in which ghazals were often written{{nbsp}}...}}</ref>





}}

==See also==
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]
* [[List of Jesuit educational institutions]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Cited sources==
*{{Cite report |first1=R. P. |last1=Kaushik |first2=A. S. |last2=Kukla |first3=Sneha |last3=Joshi |author4=((NAAC Peer Team)) |editor=Antony Stella |url=http://naac.tripod.com/peer_report/St_Xavier_College_Mumbai_Maharashtra.htm|title=Assessment Report on Institutional Reaccreditation of St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, Maharashtra |publisher=[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC)|access-date=29 October 2009|year=2007|ref=nc}}
*{{Cite book|url=http://www.universitylane.com/uploads/prospects/College_Handbook_(09-10)_5.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601170850/http://www.universitylane.com/uploads/prospects/College_Handbook_(09-10)_5.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2010|title=St. Xavier's College Handbook|date=June 2009|publisher=St. Xavier's College|access-date=29 October 2009|ref=hb}}

==External links==
* [https://www.xaviers.ac/iqac/naac/ St Xavier's College, Mumbai certification history] by National Assessment and Accreditation Council
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{official website}}

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Jesuit Colleges in India|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Xavier's College, Mumbai}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Colleges in India]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1869]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:1869 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]

Education in Perinthalmanna

2026-03-20T14:10:25Z

Dwatson32: stub

{{Short description|List of Education centers in Perinthalmanna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}

[[File:Balavadi, Muthukurussi, malappuram district.jpg|thumbnail|Balavadi in Muthukurussi]]
The academic growth of [[Perintalmanna]] is best reflected with its number of educational institutions, including the Malappuram Centre of [[Aligarh Muslim University]](established in 2012) at [[Chelamala, Malappuram|Chelamala]].
There is a long list of schools and colleges spread all over Perintalmanna.

==List of Colleges in Perinthalmanna==

*[[AMU Malappuram Campus|Aligarh Muslim University Malappuram Centre]], Perinthalmanna
*[http://alsalamaschool.in Alsalama Institute of Architecture, Perinthalmanna ]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*Pookoya Thangal Memorial Govt. (PTM ) College
*Government Polytechnic College, Perinthalmanna,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Government Polytechnic College, Perinthalmanna|url=https://www.gptcperinthalmanna.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529033214/http://www.gptcperinthalmanna.in:80/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> Angadippuram PO
*MEA Engineering College,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=MEA Engineering College, Perinthalmanna|url=https://www.meaec.edu.in/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703155124/http://www.meaec.edu.in:80/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> Vengoor P.O, Perinthalmanna
*Monti international institute of management studies, Puthanangadi, Perinthalmanna
*Mankada Govt College, Moorkkanad - Kolathur Rd

=== Colleges of Medical Sciences ===
*[http://alsalamaschools.in/optometry Al Salama College of Optometry]
*M.E.S. Academy of Medical Sciences:<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=MES Medical College|url=http://mesams.com/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830020725/http://mesams.com:80/ |archive-date=30 August 2008 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> Malaparamba, Perinthalmanna
**M.E.S. Medical College
**M.E.S. Dental College
**M.E.S. College of Nursing
**M.E.S. School of Nursing
**M.E.S. Institute of Paramedical Sciences
*Shifa Institute of Medical Sciences [Sims]:
**Al Shifa College of Paramedical Sciences
**Al Shifa College of Pharmacy
**Al Shifa College of Nursing
**Al Shifa School of Nursing
*Colleges Under EMS Memorial Co-Operative Hospital & Research Centre:
** EMS College of Paramedical Sciences
** EMS College of Nursing
** EMS School of Nursing
*Moulana Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Sciences:
**Moulana College of Paramedical Sciences
**Moulana College of Nursing
**Moulana School of Nursing
**Moulana College of Pharmacy

===Arts and Science Colleges===
*AL JAMIA Arts and Science College, Pooppalam
*M.E.S. Arts and Science College, Palachode P.O., Perinthalmanna
*MSTM (Muhammad Ali Shihab Thangal Memorial) Arts & Science College, Pooppalam
*SNDP Sathabdi Smaraka College, Angadippuram
*St Mary's College, Puthanagadi
*ISS Arts and Science College, Ponniakurissy
*Nasra Arts and Science College, Nusrathul Islam Trust, Thirurkad
*Co-operative Arts & Science College, Perinthalmanna,
*GEMS Arts & Science College, Panangagara, Perinthalmanna,
*AAMS (Academy for Accounting And Management Studies) Perinthalmanna
*MES Women's College, Perinthalmanna
*Pratibha College, Nh-213 Hwy, Perinthalmanna
*Victory college, Ootty Rd, Perinthalmanna
*National Service Society - NSSI (Mission College), Perinthalmanna

== Arabic Colleges ==
*Jamia Nooriyya Arabiyya Faizabad, Pattikkad
*Shuhadha Islamic College, Puthanangadi
*Ilahiya Arabic College, Thirurkad
*Anwarul Islam Arabic College, Thirurkad
*[[Darul Uloom Islamic Da'wa College|Darul Uloom Islamic Da'wa College, Thootha, Perintalmanna]]
*Jamia Al Hind - Sharaiyya College, Cherukara P.O., Perintalmanna
*Darul Uloom Islamic & Arts College Wafy Campus, Paral, Thootha, Perintalmanna
*Al Jamia Al Islamia - The Islamic University, Santapuram, Perinthalmanna

===Training Institute (TTC Colleges)===
*Darul Uloom Teacher Training Institute, Thootha, Perinthalmanna
*Perfect Teachers Training Institute, Perinthalmanna
*ISS College of Teacher Education, Ponniakurissy, Perinthalmanna

===Technical institutes===
*Etudemy Digital Academy, Perinthalmanna [https://www.etudemy.com/]
*Govt. ITI (SCDD), Pathaikkara, Perinthalmanna
*Cubatic College of Interior Designing, Perinthalmanna
*NTC College of Engineering (NTC Technical Institute), Perinthalmanna
*Anwar ITI (Industrial Training Institute-Run by: Thanveerul Islam Association), Tirurkad
*Hamad ITC, Thirurkad, Perinthalmanna
*Perfect ITC & College, (Run by Al-Kamil Charitable Trust), Perinthalmanna
*Al-Kamil ITI & Institute of Technology, Ooty Rd, Perinthalmanna
*Al-Kamil Institute of Fire And Safety
*Malabar Institute of Technology, Thazhe Pooppalam
*Electro ITC-Industrial Training Institute, Near KC, Perinthalmanna
*Electro Technical centre(ETC) - Vocational Training centre, Pattambi Road
*Food Craft Institute, Angadipuram (Jointly sponsored by Government of India and Government of Kerala)
*Akbar Academy of Airline Studies
*Vision School of Aviation - Aviation training institute in Perintalmanna
*Areena Animation Academy
*NIFE Academy and Countless Technology Institutions for various Genres.

===List of CBSE Affiliated Schools in Perinthalmanna===
*PES Global School (Parakkottil English School), Perintalmanna, Puzhakkattiri, affiliated to CBSE 931163, contact-8593060650
*Silvermount International School- The only international school of perinthalmanna, now affiliated to CBSE.
*I.S.S. English Medium Senior Secondary School:
*St. Joseph's E.M. Senior Secondary School, Puthanangadi - Perinthalmanna
*Sree Valluvanad Vidya Bhavan, Eravimangalam - Perinthalmanna
*Darul Falah English School, Poopalam - affiliated to the CBSE,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.darulfalahschool.com/about_us.php |title=Darul Falah English School |access-date=23 January 2016 |archive-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129150346/http://www.darulfalahschool.com/about_us.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*M.E.S. Central School, Perinthalmanna
*M.J. Academy, Panambi

==List of Schools in Perinthalmanna==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! School name
(Ref:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unaided Schools From sampoorna |url=https://scholarship.kite.kerala.gov.in/nmms2016/index.php/welcome/unAidedSchools/10 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=scholarship.kite.kerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=schoolist |url=http://www.dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=11 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.dhsekerala.gov.in}}</ref>)
! Type
! Funding
!Affiliation
|-
| 1 || Govt. Model Higher Secondary School, Perinthalmanna || [[Secondary school|Higher Secondary School]]|| [[Government of Kerala|Government]]
|[https://scert.kerala.gov.in SCERT Kerala]
|-
| 2 || Govt. Girls Higher Secondary School, Perinthalmanna || Higher Secondary School || Government
|SCERT Kerala
|-
| 3 || Govt. Vocational Higher Secondary School, Perinthalmanna || Higher Secondary School
([[Vocational education|Vocational]])
| Government
|SCERT Kerala
|-
| 4 || IHRD - Technical Higher Secondary School, Perinthalmanna || Higher Secondary School
([[Technical school|Technical]])
| Government ([[Institute of Human Resources Development|IHRD]])
|SCERT Kerala
|-
| 5 || Presentation English Medium Higher Secondary School, Perinthalmanna || Higher Secondary School || Private (Unaided)
|
|-
| 6 || Sree Valluvanad Vidyabhavan Senior Secondary School, Eravimangalam - Perinthalmanna || Higher Secondary School || Private ([[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]])
|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
([[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]], India)
|-
| 7 || Tharakan Higher Secondary School, Angadipuram, Perinthalmanna || Higher Secondary School || Aided
|SCERT Kerala
|-
| 8 || St. Joseph's E.M. Senior Secondary School, Puthanangadi - Perinthalmanna || Higher Secondary School || Private (CBSE)
|
|-
| 9 || St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Pariyapuram - Perinthalmanna || Higher Secondary School || Aided
|
|-
| 10 || AM Higher Secondary School (AMHSS), Thirurkad || Higher Secondary School || Aided
|
|-
| 11 || I.S.S. English Medium Senior Secondary School, Perinthalmanna || Higher Secondary School || Private (CBSE)
|
|-
| 12 || Anvar English Higher Secondary School, Thirurkad || Higher Secondary School || Private (Unaided)
|
|-
| 13 || Darul Uloom Higher Secondary School, Thootha || Higher Secondary School || Aided
|
|-
| 14 || PTMHSS - Higher Secondary School, Thazhekode || Higher Secondary School || Aided
|
|-
| 15 || GHSS - Higher Secondary School, Kunnakkavu || Higher Secondary School || Government
|
|-
| 16 || GHSS - Higher Secondary School, Anamangad || Higher Secondary School || Government
|
|-
| 17 || GHSS - Higher Secondary School, Aliparamba || Higher Secondary School || Government
|
|-
| 18 || GHSS - Higher Secondary School, Pulamanthole || Higher Secondary School || Government
|
|-
| 19 || Aura Global Schools, Panambi, Perinthalmanna || International / CBSE School || Private (CBSE)
|
|-
| 20 || Darul Falah English School, Poopalam || English Medium School || Private (CBSE)
|
|-
| 21 || Azhar English Medium School, Green Valley, Tirurkad || English Medium School || Private (CBSE)
|
|-
| 22 || M.E.S. Central School, Perinthalmanna || CBSE School || Private (CBSE)
|
|-
| 23 || MIC English Medium School, Cherukara || English Medium School || Private (Unaided)
|
|-
| 24 || PES Global School (Parakkottil English School), Puzhakkattiri, Perinthalmanna || CBSE School || Private (CBSE)
|
|-
| 25 || Silvermount International School || International School || Private (CBSE/International)
|
|-
| 26 || JSS English Medium School, Ponniakurissi || English Medium School || Private (Unaided)
|
|-
| 27 || Sacred Heart CMI Public School, Ponniakurissi || CBSE School || Private (CMI Management)
|
|-
| 28 || Royal Kids Montessori School, Kidangu Road, Perinthalmanna || Montessori School || Private
|
|-
| 29 || Casa Dei Bambini International Montessori Institute || Montessori School || Private
|
|-
| 30 || P.K.M. School for Mentally Retarded Children, Perinthalmanna || Special School || Aided
|
|-
| 31 || Fathima Upper Primary School, Pariyapuram || [[Primary school|Upper Primary School]]|| Aided
|
|-
| 32 || Sarojini Memorial Upper Primary School (SMUPS), Perinthalmanna || Upper Primary School || Aided
|
|-
| 33 || Kader Molla Memorial Upper Primary School (KMMUPS), Perinthalmanna South || Upper Primary School || Aided
|
|-
| 34 || AUPS Pathaikkara || Upper Primary School || Aided
|
|-
| 35 || AMUP School, Poovathani || Upper Primary School || Aided
|
|-
| 36 || AUP School, Arakkuparamba || Upper Primary School || Aided (Managed by Kauthedath Mana family)
|
|-
| 37 || PTMUP School, Puthanangadi || Upper Primary School || Aided
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Perinthalmanna]]
[[Category:Education in Malappuram district]]

Heo Hwang-ok

2026-03-17T04:57:49Z

Dwatson32:

{{Short description|Legendary queen of Geumgwan Gaya (32–189)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Heo Hwang-ok
| native_lang1 = [[Korean language|Korean]]
| native_lang1_name1 = 허황옥 許黃玉
| title = Empress Heo
| image = Queen Heo 2019 stamp of India.jpg
| alt =
| caption = A commemorative [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 5.00 postage stamp on Queen Heo Hwang-ok was issued by India in 2019.
| succession = [[Queen consort]] of [[Geumgwan Gaya]]
| reign = 189 AD
| reign-type = Tenure
| coronation =
| predecessor = Princess Mother Jeonggyeon
| successor = [[Queen Mojong|Lady Mojeong]]
| regent =
| birth_date = 32 AD
| birth_place = State of Ayuta
| death_date = 189 AD (aged about 157) {{sub|(1st day, 3rd months in [[Lunar calendar|Lunar]])}}
| death_place = [[Gimhae]], [[South Gyeongsang Province]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Tomb of Queen Consort of King Suro]], Gimhae, South Korea
| spouse = [[Suro of Geumgwan Gaya|King Suro of Gaya]]
| issue = [[Geodeung of Geumgwan Gaya|King Geodeung of Gaya]] 10 other sons Lady Kim of Garak State<ref>Married Seok Gu-gwang (석구광).</ref>
| full name =
| regnal name =
| posthumous name = Queen Mother Boju (보주태후, 普州太后)
| royal house =
| father =
| mother =
}}
'''Heo Hwang-ok''' ({{korean|hangul=허황옥|hanja=許黃玉}}; 32–189AD) also known as '''Empress Boju''' ({{korean|hangul=보주태후|hanja=普州太后|labels=no}}),<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-11-04|title=The Indian princess who became a South Korean queen|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46055285|access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref> was a legendary queen mentioned in the ''[[Samguk yusa]]'', a 13th-century Korean chronicle.

According to the ''Samguk yusa'', she became the wife of [[Suro of Geumgwan Gaya|King Suro of Geumgwan Gaya]] (part of the [[Kaya confederacy]]) at the age of 16, after having arrived by boat from a distant kingdom called "Ayuta (阿踰陁)"<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news|date=2018-11-04|title=The Indian princess who became a South Korean queen|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46055285|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref> with many theorizing it to be located in [[India]], [[Thailand]] or [[Central Asia]] (i.e. [[Tibet]]).<ref name=":9" /><ref name="REB_1991" /><ref name=":102">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Jong-geun |date=2024-10-30 |title=허황옥은 인도가 아닌 서역에서 왔다 |trans-title=Heo Hwang-ok came from Seoyeok and not India |url=http://sjbnews.com/news/news.php?code=li_news_2024&number=831309 |website=새전북신문 |language=ko}}</ref>

There is a [[Tomb of Queen Consort of King Suro|tomb in Gimhae, South Korea, that is believed to be hers]],<ref name="Kwon_2003" /> and a [[Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya|memorial]] in [[Ayodhya]], India, built in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 April 2020|title=Work on Queen Heo Memorial in Ayodhya|url=https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/wire-updates/national/2018/12/16/des6-korea-ayodhya%20memorial.html|access-date=6 Jul 2021|website=TheWeek}}</ref>

== Origins ==

The legend of Heo is found in ''[[Garakguk-gi]]'' (the Record of Garak Kingdom) which is currently lost, but referenced within the ''Samguk yusa''.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |title=Samguk Yusa |author=[[Il-yeon]] (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung & Grafton K. Mintz) |publisher=Yonsei University Press |location=Seoul |isbn=89-7141-017-5 |year=1972}}</ref> According to the legend, Heo was a princess of the kingdom of "Ayuta". The extant records do not identify "Ayuta" except as a "distant country". Popular culture often associate "Ayuta" with India, but there are no records of the legend in India itself.<ref name="BBC_memorial_2001" />

=== Northern India ===
Byung-mo Kim, a professor and anthropologist at [[Hanyang University]], linked "Ayuta" with [[Ayodhya]] in India based on phonetic similarity.<ref name=":9">{{cite book |author=Choong Soon Kim |title=Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Korea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b43pR3Z8zTcC&pg=PA34 |year=2011 |publisher=AltaMira |isbn=978-0-7591-2037-2 |page=34 }}</ref>

However, the location of Ayodhya is considered too inland for the queen to have allegedly traveled to Kaya, therefore, the claim is often scrutinized.<ref name=":0" />

=== Southern India ===
A book called ''Beautiful Korea'' published in 1968 alludes to her coming from "''Ayuta in'' ''the south of India''".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=If0DAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Ho+Hwang-Ok%22 |title=Beautiful Korea |publisher=Huimang Publishing Company |year=1968 |page=619 |language=en}}</ref> Recently, non-academics commonly interpret this as the [[Ay dynasty|Ay Kingdom]] based on regional approximation (southern India) and phonetic similarity: ''Ay''uta and ''Ay''. However, this is considered as retrospective [[pseudohistory]] that actively attempts to create a common ground without providing hard evidence, relying only on shallow speculations.

Also, unlike the Ayodhya theory, the idea is not widespread nor supported by any mainstream Korean historians. The claim that she came from the "''south of India''" is only found in the 1968 book which also does not specify any kingdom, only discussing vague estimations. It is likely based on an old [[fringe theory]] that posits that she [[Sailing|sailed]] from India to Kaya by sea; which naturally points to the coastal regions of southern India, hence the vagueness of the claim.

=== Southeast Asia ===
Scholars such as [[Grafton K. Mintz]] and Tae-hung Ha theorized that "Ayuta" was the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] of Thailand due to phonetic similarity, similar to Kim with Ayodhya.

Mitz and Ha took note of the phonetic similarity between "Ayuta" and the Ayutthaya Kingdom, but leaned more towards the name having an Indian origin.<ref name="REB_1991">{{cite book |author=Robert E. Buswell |title=Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul's Korean Way of Zen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EazRC28tdIIC&pg=PA74 |year=1991 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1427-4 |page=74 }}</ref> In addition, according to [[George Cœdès]], the kingdom of Ayutthaya was not founded until the year 1350, which was after the publication of ''Samguk yusa''.<ref name="REB_1991" /><ref name="Skand_2015">{{cite book |author=Skand R. Tayal |title=India and the Republic of Korea: Engaged Democracies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGwwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 |year=2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-34156-7 |page=23 |quote=Historians, however, believe that the Princess of Ayodhya is only a myth.}}</ref>

=== Central Asia ===
More recent theories suggest that the queen's origin was in fact closer to [[Western China]] or [[Central Asia]]. Hwa-seob Song, a professor at [[Chung-Ang University]], claims that "Ayuta" was within central parts of Asia; that Queen Heo's home kingdom was either [[Tibet]] or an [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] nation, and not India ([[South Asia]]) or Thailand ([[Southeast Asia]]).<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Jong-geun |date=2024-10-30 |title=허황옥은 인도가 아닌 서역에서 왔다 |trans-title=Heo Hwang-ok came from Seoyeok and not India |url=http://sjbnews.com/news/news.php?code=li_news_2024&number=831309 |website=새전북신문 |language=ko}}</ref> Song points out the differences in the labelling of the kingdoms in native Korean and states that "Ayuta" cannot be an Indian nation.<ref name=":10" />

Despite numerous theories and claims, Queen Heo's true origin is yet to be discovered. In recent years, her origin is believed to be a religious symbol rather than a historical fact due to numerous inconsistencies (see [[Heo Hwang-ok#Controversy surrounding her existence|Controversy surrounding her existence]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Pyŏng-mo |title=Hŏ Hwang-ok Rut'ŭ Indo esŏ Kaya kkaji: kogohakcha Kim Pyŏng-mo ŭi yŏksa ch'ujŏk sirijŭ |last2=김병모 |date=2018 |publisher=Yŏksa ŭi Ach'im |others=Pyŏng-mo Kim, 김병모 |isbn=978-89-93119-00-8 |edition=Ch'op'an |location=Sŏul-si |oclc=302289415}}</ref>

== Names ==
Her official name in Korea is "황옥 (Hwang-ok)" as was mentioned in the ''Samguk yusa''.<ref name=":3" /> Her family name "허 (Heo)" was given to her by King Suro when she naturalized, according to the legend. After becoming the queen, she was known as "허황후 (Empress Heo)" or "보주태후 (Empress Boju)".<ref name=":3" />

Recently, she is commonly known as "Suriratna" or "Sembavalam" in India. However contrary to popular belief, the names do not appear in the ''Samguk yusa'' and are likely created recently.

The name "Suriratna" is in fact from a comic book called ''Sri Ratna Kim Suro - The Legend of an Indian Princess in Korea'' (2015) by Indian author [[N. Parthasarathi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parthasarathi |first=N. |title=Sriratna & Kim Suro: The Legend of an Indian Princess in Korea |publisher=NBT |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-237-6835-9 |location=India}}</ref> The name is based on the author's educated guess on the name "Hwang-ok" meaning Yellow Jade, making it "Suriratna", meaning Precious Stone in Hindi. In reality, there is no historical evidence that backs this claim, but regardless of its authenticity, the name was popularized in several news articles within Korea and India despite its contemporary origins and lack of mention in ''Samguk yusa''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-08|title=Princess Suriratna of India marries King Suro of the Gaya Kingdom nearly 2,000 years ago|url=https://www.koreapost.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=21413|access-date=2021-01-21|website=The Korea Post|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Legend of Princess Sriratna {{!}} Official website of Indian Council for Cultural Relations, Government of India|url=https://www.iccr.gov.in/media/photo-gallery/legend-princess-sriratna|access-date=2022-01-29|website=www.iccr.gov.in}}</ref>

The name "Sembavalam" is often mentioned when postulating that Queen Heo was from Tamil Nadu. However, similar to "Suriratna", the name is not found anywhere in the ''Samguk yusa'' and is most likely a modern interpretation.

== Marriage to Suro ==
[[File:Suriratna_2019_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb|right|A commemorative [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 25.00 postage stamp of (Queen Heo Hwang-ok) was issued by India in 2019.]]
After their marriage, Heo told King Suro that she was 16 years old.<ref name=Descendants5>''[http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T49/2039_002.htm No. 2039《三國遺事》CBETA 電子佛典 V1.21 普及版] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230845/http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T49/2039_002.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}'', Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 49, CBETA Chinese Electronic Tripitaka V1.21, Normalized Version, T49n2039_p0983b14(07)</ref><ref name=Descendants/> She stated her [[given name]] as "Hwang-ok" ("Yellow Jade", 황옥, 黃玉) and her [[Surname|family name]] as "Heo" (허, or "Hurh" 許). She described how she came to Kaya as follows: the Heavenly Lord (''Sange Je'') appeared in her parents' dreams. He told them to send Heo to Suro, who had been chosen as the king of Kaya. The dream showed that the king had not yet found a queen. Heo's father then told her to go to Suro. After two months of a sea journey, she found ''Beondo'', a peach which fruited only every 3.000 years.<ref name="WonMoo2011">{{cite book | author=Won Moo Hurh | title="I Will Shoot Them from My Loving Heart": Memoir of a South Korean Officer in the Korean War | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGxtRrQn9WUC&pg=PA15 | year=2011 | publisher=McFarland | isbn=978-0-7864-8798-1 | pages=15–16}}</ref>

According to the legend, the courtiers of [[Suro of Geumgwan Gaya|King Suro]] had requested him to select a wife from among the maidens they would bring to the court. However, Suro stated that his selection of a wife will be commanded by the Heavens. He commanded Yuch'ŏn-gan to take a horse and a boat to Mangsan-do, an island to the south of the capital. At Mangsan, Yuch'ŏn saw a vessel with a red sail and a red flag. He sailed to the vessel, and escorted it to the shores of Kaya (present-day [[Gimhae]]). Another officer, Sin'gwigan went to the palace, and informed the King of the vessel's arrival. The King sent nine clan chiefs, asking them to escort the ship's passengers to the royal palace.<ref name="James2001">{{cite book |author=James Huntley Grayson |title=Myths and Legends from Korea: An Annotated Compendium of Ancient and Modern Materials |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZO49KfGLiMC&pg=PA110 |year=2001 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-1241-0 |pages=110–116}}</ref>

Princess Heo stated that she wouldn't accompany the strangers. Accordingly, the King ordered a tent to be pitched on the slopes of a hill near the palace. The princess then arrived at the tent with her courtiers and slaves. The courtiers included [[Sin Po]] (or Sin Bo, 신보, 申輔) and [[Cho Kwang]] (or Jo Gwang, 조광, 趙匡). Their wives were [[Queen Mojong|Mojong]] (모정, 慕貞) and [[Moryang]] (모량, 慕良) respectively. The twenty slaves carried gold, silver, jewels, silk brocade, and tableware and gems.<ref name="Choong2011">{{cite book |author=Choong Soon Kim |title=Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Korea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b43pR3Z8zTcC&pg=PA32 |date=16 October 2011 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-7591-2037-2 |pages=31–33}}</ref> Before marrying the king, the princess took off her silk trousers (mentioned as a skirt in a different section of ''Samguk yusa'') and offered them to the mountain spirit. King Suro tells her that he also knew about Heo's arrival in advance, and therefore, did not marry the maidens recommended by his courtiers.<ref name="WonMoo2011"/>

When some of the Queen's escorts decided to return home, King Suro gave each of them thirty rolls of hempen cloth (one roll was of 40 yards). He also gave each person ten bags of rice for the return voyage. A part of the Queen's original convoy, including the two courtiers and their wives, stayed back with her. The queen was given a residence in the inner palace, while the two courtiers and their wives were given separate residences. The rest of her convoy were given a guest house of twenty rooms.<ref name="Choong2011"/>

== Descendants ==
Allegedly, more than six million present-day Koreans, especially from [[Gimhae Kim clan|Gimhae Kim]], [[Gimhae Heo clan|Gimhae Heo]] and [[Incheon Yi Clan|Incheon Yi]] clans, trace their lineage to the legendary queen as the direct descendants of her 12 children with King Suro.<ref name="ancest1">[https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2017/04/162_219704.html Legacy of Queen Suriratn], [[The Korea Times]], 16 April 2017.</ref><ref name="WonMoo2011" /><ref name="BBC_memorial_2001">{{cite news |url=http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1205728.stm |title=Korean memorial to Indian princess |date=3 May 2001 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

She requested Suro to let two of the children bear her maiden surname. Legendary genealogical records trace the origins of the Gimhae [[Heo]] to these two children.<ref name="WonMoo2011" /> The Gimhae [[Kim (Korean surname)|Kims]] trace their origin to the other eight sons, and so does the Yi clan of Incheon. The remaining two children were daughters who were married respectively to a son of Talhae and a noble from [[Silla]].

According to the Jilburam, the remaining sons are said to have followed in their maternal uncle Po-ok's footsteps and devoted themselves to Buddhist meditation. They were named Hyejin, Gakcho, Jigam, Deonggyeon, Dumu, Jeongheong and Gyejang.<ref name="Descendants">Kim Choong Soon, 2011, Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Korea, AltairaPress, USA, Page 30-35.</ref>

[[Kim Yoon-ok]], wife of former South Korean President [[Lee Myung-bak]] who is from the Gimhae Kim clan, stated that she traces her ancestry to the royal family.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Tae-hoon|date=2010-01-25|title=India Is First Lady Kims Ancestral Home|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2021/07/113_59663.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=[[The Korea Times]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-13|title=Lamp of the east|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/183513/lamp-east.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

==Remains at Gimhae tomb==
{{Main article|Tomb of Queen Consort of King Suro}}
[[File:Queen_Suro_Tomb.jpg|thumb|right|Queen Suro's Tomb (Queen Heo Hwang-ok) at Gimhae in Korea.]]

The tombs believed to be that of Heo Hwang-ok and Suro are located in [[Gimhae]], South Korea. A [[pagoda]] traditionally held to have been brought to Korea on her ship is located near her grave. The ''Samguk yusa'' reports that the pagoda was erected on her ship in order to calm the god of the ocean and allow the ship to pass. The unusual and rough form of this pagoda, unlike any other in [[Korea]], may lend some credence to the account.<ref name="Kwon_2003">{{cite book|title=가야인의 삶과 문화 (Gayain-ui salm-gwa munhwa, The culture and life of the Gaya people) | author=Kwon Ju-hyeon (권주현) | year=2003 | publisher=Hyean | location=Seoul | isbn=89-8494-221-9 | pages = 212–214}}</ref>

A passage in the ''Samguk yusa'' indicates that [[Jilji of Geumgwan Gaya|King Jilji]] built a [[Korean Buddhism|Buddhist]] temple for the ancestral Queen Heo on the spot where she and King Suro were married.<ref name=rani/> He called the temple Wanghusa ("the Queen's temple") and provided it with ten ''[[Korean units of measurement#Notes|gyeol]]'' of stipend land.<ref name=rani>Ilyeon, 1972, [[Samguk Yusa]], tr. by Ha, Tae-Hung and Mintz, Grafton K., Yonsei University Press, Seoul, {{ISBN|89-7141-017-5}}, p. 168.</ref> A gyeol or kyŏl (결 or 結), varied in size from 2.2 acres to 9 acres (8,903–36,422 m2) depending upon the fertility of the land.<ref>{{citation |last=Palais |first=James B. |title=Confucian Statecraft & Korean Institutions: Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the Late Chosŏn Dynasty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7k3CgAAQBAJ |location=Seattle |publisher=University of Washington Press |date=1996 |isbn=978-0-295-80511-5 }}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=t7k3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA363 p. 363]</ref> The ''Samguk yusa'' also records that the temple was built in 452. Since there is no other record of Buddhism having been adopted in 5th-century Kaya, modern scholars have interpreted this as an ancestral shrine rather than a Buddhist temple.<ref name="Kwon_2003"/>

== Memorial in Ayodhya ==
{{Further|Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya}}
In 2001, a [[Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya|Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok]] was inaugurated by a Korean delegation, which included over a hundred historians and government representatives.<ref name=kor4>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1205728.stm |title=Korean memorial to Indian princess |date=6 March 2001 |publisher=BBC News }}</ref> In 2016, a Korean delegation proposed to develop the memorial. The proposal was accepted by then-Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref name=kor5>[https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160301/2806883.html UP CM announces grand memorial of Queen Huh Wang-Ock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212132456/https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160301/2806883.html |date=12 December 2019 }}, 1 March 2016, WebIndia123</ref> On November 6, 2018, on the eve of [[Diwali]] celebration, South Korea's First Lady [[Kim Jung-sook]], laid the foundation stone for the expansion and beautification of the existing memorial.<ref name=kor6>{{cite news |title=UP's Faizabad district to be known as Ayodhya, says Yogi Adityanath |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-s-faizabad-district-to-be-known-as-ayodhya-says-yogi-adityanath/story-YRLCIJwk8FUSN0X6a1jjjN.html |access-date=7 November 2018 |date=6 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=kor8>{{cite news |title=Site for Heo Hwang-ok memorial in Ayodhya finalised |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/site-for-heo-hwang-ok-memorial-in-ayodhya-finalised/story-CqKFu8zTTjBNrL6O02o8JO.html |access-date=7 November 2018 |date=2 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> She offered tribute at the ''Queen Heo Memorial'', attended a ceremony for the upgrade and beautification of the memorial and attended an elaborate [[Diwali]] celebration at Ayodhya along with the present Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]], that included cultural shows and lighting of 300,000+ lights on the banks of [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu River]].<ref name=kor40>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/south-korean-first-lady-kim-jung-sook-celebrates-diwali-in-ayodhya-revives-links-of-queen-heo/story-WGSAKC0xKAI9fVbhSiue6N.html South Korean first lady Kim Jung-sook celebrates Diwali in Ayodhya, revives links of Queen Heo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074203/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/south-korean-first-lady-kim-jung-sook-celebrates-diwali-in-ayodhya-revives-links-of-queen-heo/story-WGSAKC0xKAI9fVbhSiue6N.html |date=23 February 2019 }}, [[Hindustan Times]], 10 July 2018</ref>

Reportedly, hundreds of South Koreans visit Ayodhya every year to pay homage to their legendary Queen Heo Hwang-ok.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-10|title=This is why hundreds of South Koreans visit Ayodhya every year|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/narendra-modi-moon-jae-south-korea-india-5253825/|access-date=2021-01-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Controversy surrounding her existence ==

Heo Hwang-ok's rather unique background had been a subject of much discussion in South Korea among many historians. Despite her legendary status and numerous theories, most academics reject the story of Queen Heo due to historical, archaeological, and genetical inconsistencies.

=== Historical evidence ===
The first criticism stems from the fact that her existence is solely based on the accounts made in ''Samguk yusa'', a book that is widely regarded to be mostly fictional. Other older and more historically accurate sources such as the ''[[Samguk sagi]]'' lack mentions about an Indian princess arriving in Kaya and marrying the king. It is believed that the writer of ''Samguk yusa'', [[Il-yeon]] exaggerated much of the claims to create a sense of familiarity towards Buddhism being a Buddhist monk himself.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-10 |title='허왕후 설화'는 어떻게 실제 역사로 둔갑했나 |url=http://www.newstof.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=937 |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=뉴스톱 |language=ko}}</ref> Scholars such as Kwang-soo Lee, a professor at [[Busan University of Foreign Studies]] of Indian history stated that due to the lack of technology to properly reach the Korean peninsula from ancient India at the time, her arrival would have been nearly impossible or at least, extremely difficult.<ref name=":0" /> Another major critique stems from the book ''[[Garakguk-gi]]'' itself. Being written during the [[Goryeo Dynasty]] (the same period of ''[[Samguk yusa]]''<nowiki/>'s publication),<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Yang-jae |date=2022-08-09 |title=가야국의 실체와 『가락국기』 |language=Korean |work=Tongilnews |url=https://www.tongilnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=205847 |access-date=2022-08-14}}</ref> the book claims multiple accounts that revolves around events that happened almost a millennium before the foundation of the Goryeo kingdom. In addition to Kwang-soo Lee's analysis, journalists such as Yang-jae Lee also stated that since ''Samguk yusa'' and ''Garakguk-gi'' are both second hand accounts written in the same time period, the cross-referencing needs to be carefully examined and researchers must remain skeptical.<ref name=":4" />

The general consensus is that the probability of the existence of an Indian princess was highly unlikely and that much of the stories surrounding Heo Hwang-ok and King Suro found in ''Samguk yusa'' were fabricated for political and religious reasons in Kaya at the time.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=임 |first=동근 |date=2017-08-11 |title=[연합이매진] 인도 공주 허황옥이 가야에 온 까닭은 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20170718159000805 |access-date=2020-11-19 |website=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |language=ko}}</ref> The book claims that King Suro lived up to 157 years old and transformed into an [[eagle]] and a [[hawk]] to fight off his rivals according to the supposed ''[[Garakguk-gi]]'', making her story less probable stemming from the same source material.<ref name=":2" /> Analysts such as Dong-geun Im have theorized that Queen Heo truly existed not as a foreign [[Indian people|Indian]], but as a native [[Koreans|Korean]]. His claim suggests that ''Garakgukgi'' (and in turn ''Samguk yusa'') alludes to the [[deification]] of King Suro by aggrandizing much of his accomplishments and elevating him to that of the supernatural.<ref name=":2" /> For further context, the only King to be officially recognized as the longest reigning monarch of Korea was [[Jangsu of Goguryeo|King Jangsu]] (literal translation of "Long Life King") who lived up to the age of 97,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Hung-gyu |date=March 2012 |title=Defenders and Conquerors: The Rhetoric of Royal Power in Korean Inscriptions from the Fifth to Seventh Centuries |url=https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/e-journal/articles/final_kim.pdf |journal=Cross-Currents |page=1 |via= |access-date=1 August 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405181804/https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/e-journal/articles/final_kim.pdf }}</ref> making King Suro's supposed age of death (and his other claims) even more controversial.<ref name=":2" /> In essence, it can be deduced that Queen Heo's Korean ethnicity was elevated to that of the Indian heritage to create a sense of uniqueness since marrying a royal princess from [[India]], the birthplace of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] and [[Buddhism]] would be considered as a major accomplishment for the king of a Buddhist nation.<ref name=":1" />{{Main article|Lady Saso#Criticisms surrounding her origins}}

Il-yeon's exaggerations found in ''Samguk yusa'' are often scrutinized by modern analysts such as professor Hyun-sul Cho at the [[Seoul National University]] of Korean literature for falsely labelling royals (especially female individuals) of past Korean kingdoms as foreigners.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-19 |title=삼국유사에 선도성모가 불사를 좋아했다는데… |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/culture_general/15085.html |website=한겨레 |language=ko}}</ref> For the same reason, Cho heavily questioned Il-yeon's integrity and motives, and considered it to be one of the biggest reasons why the book is considered less credible than ''Samguk sagi''.<ref name=":8" /> In addition to Queen Heo, Il-yeon also knowingly mislabeled [[Lady Saso]] of being [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] in his book<ref>三國史記 > 卷第十二新羅本紀第十二 > 敬順王 > 論曰. 新羅朴氏·昔氏皆自卵生, 金氏從天入金樻而降, 或云乗金車. 此尤詭怪, 不可信, 然丗俗相傳, 爲之實事. 政和中, 我朝遣尚書李資諒入宋朝貢, 臣富軾以文翰之任輔行. 詣佑神舘, 見一堂設女仙像. 舘伴學士王黼曰, "此貴國之神, 公等知之乎." 遂言曰, "古有帝室之女, 不夫而孕, 爲人所疑, 乃泛海, 抵辰韓生子, 爲海東始主. 帝女爲地仙, 長在仙桃山, 此其像也." 臣又見大宋國信使王襄祭東神聖母文, 有"娠賢肇邦" 之句. 乃知東神則仙桃山神聖者也, 然而不知其子王於何時.</ref> (when in reality she was from [[Buyeo]]), a baseless claim postulated by a Chinese guide, "Wang Fu (王黼)" that was intentionally dismissed by [[Kim Pusik]] (the author of ''Samguk sagi'' and the first to have heard this rumor) during his visit to the [[Song dynasty]]<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=김 |first=성호 |title=씨성으로 본 한일민족의 기원: 한국의 시조는 소호김천씨, 일본은 천손단군이었다 |date=2000 |publisher=푸른숲 |isbn=978-89-7184-270-6 |location=서울 |language=Korean}}</ref> which Il-yeon took note after looking into Kim's posthumous records over five decades later and had it published in his own ''Samguk yusa''.<ref name=":03"/>

A more recent analysis posits that the queen did not come from India, but rather, [[Western China]] (such as [[Tibet]]) or [[Central Asia]].<ref name=":10" /> According to Hwa-seob Song (2024), a professor at [[Chung-Ang University]], the ''Samguk yusa'' clearly labels India under "Cheonchukguk (天竺國; 천축국)" or "Cheonchuk Kingdom", and called Indians as "Cheonchukin (天竺人; 천축인)" meaning "Cheonchuk people". Song claims that the passage where the queen is first mentioned implies a different origin, something that is not inherently [[South Asia|South Asian]]. According to the ''Samguk yusa'', it states that Queen Heo came from the kingdom "Ayuta" found in the "Seoyeok" region (西域阿踰陀國; Seoyeok Ayutaguk); as India is already claimed under "Cheonchuk", he states that "Seoyeok ({{literal translation|''Western region''}})" indicates a western province from the perspective of Korea, a [[Northeast Asia|Northeast Asian]] country, which would likely point to somewhere near Tibet. Song also postulated that if not Tibet, it would likely have been an [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] nation that is closer to Central Asia.<ref name=":10" />

=== Archaeological evidence ===
Other criticisms point to the reason behind her supposed journey to the Korean kingdom being too vague. Historians such as Ki-hwan Lee admit that the influence of India and [[Buddhism]] was profound for ancient [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Korean kingdoms]] at the time as many of them treated artifacts originating from India to be sacred.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-12-17 |title=[이기환의 흔적의 역사] "한반도엔 없는 돌"…가락국 허황후 '파사석탑의 정체' |url=https://www.khan.co.kr/culture/culture-general/article/201912170600001 |access-date=2021-02-09 |website=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |language=ko}}</ref> However, other historians such as Kwang-soo Lee have also stated that the agency of an Indian princess coming to Korea across the sea on a boat was very peculiar as ancient Korea was less known to India than countries such as [[History of China|ancient China]].<ref name=":0" /> Ki-hwan Lee suggested that the story of Heo Hwang-ok was dramatized to elevate Gaya's stature of the Buddhist scene among the Korean kingdoms and to associate the sacred artifacts they possessed to something closer to that of the Indian culture.<ref name=":1" />

Recent excavations led by Professor Byung-mo Kim at [[Hanyang University]] in 2018 discovered that the evidence which allegedly proved the existence of Queen Heo such as the famous relic resembling a pair of fish that was carved onto the tomb's gate, originated from [[Babylon]] rather than ''Ayuta'',<ref name=":5" /> further discrediting the possibilities of the queen being more than just a religious symbol. He added that despite much efforts to find any substantial evidence that linked the relics to Queen Heo's possible existence, the sheer commonness of the relics being found across all of Asia (starting from present-day [[Iraq]] to the [[Japanese archipelago]]), he concluded that the relics did not originate from ancient India, but rather the aforementioned ancient Babylon.<ref name=":5" /> Professor Kim added that engraving a depiction of a pair of fish was an ancient ritual stemming from a Babylonian belief that was thought to have brought eternal prosperity and marital happiness to the individuals who were blessed.<ref name=":5" />

=== DNA evidence ===
[[File:Peopling of eurasia.jpg|thumb|Distribution of Haplogroup M strand around the world.]]
In 2004, a research team in Korea conducted a genetic analysis into the remains of the supposed descendants of King Suro and Queen Heo.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last1=김 |first1=해 |last2=김 |first2=중걸 |date=2004-08-20 |title="김수로왕 부인 인도인일 수도" |url=https://www.idomin.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=128920 |website=경남도민일보 |language=ko}}</ref> According to the study, [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|Haplogroup M]], a haplogroup that is found predominantly in people from the southern regions in Asia was found. The research team claimed that the remains of the tombs possessed the '''Haplogroup M7''' family, the same haplogroup which is passed on through maternal lineages that could be found in the [[Middle East]], [[South Asia]] and [[East Asia]]. They stated that modern Koreans in general possessed at most around 5% of this DNA while the remains found in the tombs had a much higher frequency of it, thus supporting the idea that the descendants could trace their origins to a foreign lineage including that of India, aligning with the story found in ''Samguk yusa''.<ref name=":6" /> However, the head of the research team, Jong-il Kim also mentioned that the haplogroup demographic was too large to locate a specific origin and was cautious as to definitively claiming that the remains were truly of Indian origin as it is a common haplogroup found in populations closer to the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. They stated that additional examination was needed in the future to draw a conclusive argument.<ref name=":6" />

{{Main article|Genetic history of East Asians#Koreans}}

Almost two decades later in 2022, further research was conducted as to the origins of the Korean people, where a study discovered that the Korean peninsula included many ethnic groups during its ancient times, specifically during the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms period]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Rui |last2=Wang |first2=Chuan-Chao |date=2022-08-08 |title=Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans |journal=Current Biology |volume=32 |issue=15 |pages=R844–R847 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044 |pmid=35944486 |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022CBio...32.R844W }}</ref> According to the study, Korea was mostly occupied by people originating from Northern China ([[Manchuria]] and [[Siberia]]) but also had native people from the south that bore close resemblance to the [[Jōmon people]] of Japan who had inhabited the peninsula before the northern population ([[Yayoi people]] and [[Yemaek|Yemaek people]]) arrived and displaced them. Researchers pointed out that this ethnic group was mostly the ruling members of the Kaya confederacy<ref name=":7" /> and had a profound impact in both language and culture within the region (see [[Peninsular Japonic]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vovin |first=Alexander |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |chapter=Origins of the Japanese Language |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277}}</ref>

{{Main article|Jōmon people#Haplogroups}}

The [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|MtDNA Haplogroup]] found in the Jōmon people is characterized by the presence of '''Haplogroup [[:ja:ハプログループM7a (mtDNA)|M7a]]''' (a branch halpgroup that is part of the bigger M7 strand).<ref name="tanaka">M. Tanaka, V. M. Cabrera, A. M. González ''et al.'' (2004), "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan"</ref><ref name="Uchiyama2007">{{cite journal |last1=Uchiyama |first1=Taketo |last2=Hisazumi |first2=Rinnosuke |last3=Shimizu |first3=Kenshi |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture |journal=Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=83–96 |doi=10.3408/jafst.12.83 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It can be deduced that the remains used in the research conducted in 2004 were most likely royals of the Kaya confederacy who bore genetic resemblance to the Jōmon population. Thus, the reason for the discovery of the M7 haplogroup in their tombs and the researchers concluding a foreign origin was proposed.

Due to the existence of M7 haplogroup found in the remains, it can be theorized that Heo Hwang-ok may be related to ancient Jōmon populations. According to a 2017 study published in Scientific Advances by the University of Cambridge and Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), ''"the type of mitochondria genome found in the Devil's Gate Cave people is nearly the same as that found in Koreans. You could say the cave people are almost like the ancestors of Koreans."'' said Jeon Seong-won, the lead researcher of the project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-02|title=Koreans, Vietnamese and Taiwanese inherited traits from Russian Far East|url=https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/781062|access-date=2024-06-17|language=en}}</ref> According to the study, the Devil's Gate Cave's remains are closely related to Jōmon D4 and M haplogroups.<ref name="Siska2017">{{cite journal |last1=Siska |first1=Veronika |last2=Jones |first2=Eppie |last3=Jeon |first3=Sungwon |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago |journal=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=2 |article-number=e1601877 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601877|pmid=28164156 |pmc=5287702 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1877S |hdl=2262/90843 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In fact, Devil's Gate Cave is located in the land of ancient Korean kingdoms such as Dongbuyeo ([[Eastern Buyeo]]), [[Okjeo]], and [[Goguryeo]], which the evidence hints that Jōmon ancestry has close relation to that of early inhabitants of Korea. Such abundance of M7 haplogroup found in Heo Hwang-ok's relatives' remains may signify a likely case that she came from the earliest traces of Jōmon ancestry, namely the progeny of Devil's Gate Cave ([[Chertovy Vorota Cave]]) inhabitants in Dongbuyeo. It also coincides with the fact that within the ''Samguk yusa'', the boat Heo Hwang-ok arrived in "darted like an arrow," is representative of Goguryeo warfare arsenal as the sail and flag were colored red, similar to Goguryeo's military colors, and a courtier's name was [[Sinpo]], which is the name of a North Korean city on the eastern coast of present-day Goguryeo.<ref>{{cite book |title=Samguk Yusa |author=[[Il-yeon]] (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung & Grafton K. Mintz) |publisher=Yonsei University Press |location=Seoul |isbn=89-7141-017-5 |year=1972}}</ref>

Despite the historical, archaeological and genealogical inaccuracies surrounding her existence, many Korean historians stated that her iconic image as a legendary figure should persist as a means for the two countries to remain on good terms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-05 |title=[김성회의 재미있는 다문화이야기] 이주민 '허황옥'과 '처용설화'는 사실일까? |url=https://www.eduinnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=14171 |access-date=2021-03-25 |website=에듀인뉴스(EduinNews) |language=ko}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* Portrayed by [[Seo Ji-hye]] in the 2010 [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] TV series ''[[Kim Su-ro, The Iron King]].''
* In February 2019, India and Korea signed an agreement on releasing a joint stamp, commemorating Queen Heo Hwang-ok.<ref>[https://www.economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68108448.cms India, South Korea sign 6 pacts; to step-up cooperation in infrastructure, combating global crime]. ''The Economic Times''. 22 February 2019</ref>
* [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] is releasing book that includes contact between foreign cultures and India, which mentions the story of Queen Heo Hwang-ok.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahuja |first1=Sanjeev K |title=Korean Queen Huh Hwang-ok story to appear in ICCR's book on International love stories |url=https://www.asiancommunitynews.com/korean-queen-huh-hwang-ok-story-to-appear-in-iccrs-book-on-international-love-stories/ |access-date=23 November 2020 |publisher=Asian Community News |date=20 November 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Lady Saso]]
*[[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]
*[[Korean Buddhist temples|Buddhist temples in South Korea]]
*[[Geumgwan Gaya]]
*[[Byeonhan confederacy]]
*[[Indians in Korea]]
*[[Koreans in India]]
*[[India–South Korea relations]]
*[[India–North Korea relations]]
*[[Korean mythology]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Heo Hwang-ok}}
*[http://www.lifeinkorea.com/Travel2/skyongsang/338 Tomb of Queen Suro]

{{Queens and Consorts of Geumgwan Gaya}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Korean royalty]]
[[Category:Gaya confederacy]]
[[Category:Characters in Korean mythology]]
[[Category:2nd-century Korean people]]
[[Category:Gimhae Heo clan]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Royal consorts of Geumgwan Gaya]]
[[Category:Ancient queens consort]]
[[Category:History of women in Korea]]
[[Category:India–Korea relations]]

[[Category:Asian people whose existence is disputed]]

Shah Waliullah Dehlawi

2026-03-13T00:24:00Z

Dwatson32: add formatting after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian Muslim scholar (1703–1762)}}
{{Redirect|Shah Waliullah}}
{{multiple issues |
{{POV|date=December 2021}}
{{Copy edit |date=February 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = [[Shaykh al-Islām]], [[Imam]] of [[Indian subcontinent|Hind]], [[Mujaddid]]
| native_name = قطب الدين أحمد ولي الله بن عبد الرحيم العمري الدهلوي
| native_name_lang = ar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1703|02|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Phulat, [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1762|08|20|1703|02|21|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Maratha Empire]]
| resting_place = [[Mehdiyan]]<ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{cite web |title=Shah Waliullah Dehlavi |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2506300051.html |website=Encyclopedia of World Biography |publisher=[[Encyclopedia.com]]}}</ref>
| children = [[Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi|Shah Abdul Aziz]]
| father = [[Shah Abdur Rahim]]
| mother = Fakhrun Nisa
| religion = [[Islam]]
| nationality = Mughal
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]<ref>Siddiqa, Ayesha. "Peace in Afghanistan." (2019): 703–710. "The first significant name is Shah Waliullah (1703–62), a Hanafi scholar,"</ref><ref>Shahid, Amir Khan. "DISPLACEMENT OF SHAH WALIULLAH'S Shah MOVEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON NORTHERN INDIAN MUSLIM REVIVALIST THOUGHTS. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan 51.2 (2014). "It would not be out of context to cite a reference of Shah Abdul Aziz (1746–1824) which is provided by Manazar Ahsan Gilanithat someone enquired from Shah Waliullah whether the Shias were Kafir. He maintained the different viewpoints among the Hanafi School of thought on the subject.."</ref>
| creed = [[Ash'ari]]<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Mohammad Afzal|title=Shah Wali Allah's Philosophy of Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOCeAAAAMAAJ|publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Centre of Excellence, [[Quaid-i-Azam University]]|issue=108 of N.I.H.C.R. publication|publication-date=2003|isbn=9789694150628|page=12|quote=Shah Wali Allah agrees with Shaykh Abu'l Hassan Ashari on most of the points held in dispute. In the beginning of the tenth khizanab he mentions fourteen main points. Shah Wali Allah is of the view that the Ashari school of thought generally represents the school of the companions. It is stated that Shah Wali Allah himself was Ashari in taste.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Mohammad Sharif Khan (Professor of Education, [[Aligarh Muslim University]])|author2=Mohammad Anwar Saleem (Department of Philosophy, [[Aligarh Muslim University]])|title=Muslim Philosophy and Philosophers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kmk_Y83yO8cC|date=1994|location=[[New Delhi]]|publisher=Ashish Publishing Houseg|isbn=9788170246237|page=25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=[[Edward Craig (philosopher)|Edward Craig]]|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Questions to sociobiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfRXYYhpLekC|publisher=[[Routledge]]|volume=8|publication-date=1998|isbn=9780415187138|page=734|quote=In the tenth khizana, Shah Wali Allah explains his theological view which, according to him, is in full accord with Ash'arite theology.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=[[Oliver Leaman]]|title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX-8BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT558|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|publication-date=2015|isbn=9781472569462|page=558|quote=Another important work dealing with metaphysics is al-Khayr al-Kathir (The Abundant Good), which is divided into ten chapters or, by his description of it, khizana (treasures). The book seeks to reconstruct new cohesive modes pertaining to the reality of wujud (being), the knowledge of God and human knowledge, the relationship between the Creator and the cosmos, and the reality of prophecy and the prophethood of Muhammad. Then, he discusses the principles of sainthood and Sufism. In the eighth and ninth chapters, practical and theoretical religious matters, such as the Shari'a (Islamic law) and the eschatological theories of Islam, are evaluated. '''In the last chapter, his theological views, generally in line with the Ash'arite theological school, are discussed.'''}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M69qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=الخير الكثير أو خزائن الحكمة|trans-title=The Abundant Good or Repositories of Wisdom|author=Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|editor=Ahmad Farid al-Mazidi|location=[[Lebanon]]|publisher=[[w:de:Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīya|Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya]]|via=[[Google Books]]|language=Arabic|date=2008|page=6|isbn=9782745158123|quote=وقال في الختام: وكتبه بيده الفقير إلى رحمة الله الكريم الودود ولي الله أحمد بن عبد الرحيم بن وجيه الدين بن معظم الدين بن منصور بن أحمد بن محمود عفا الله عنه وعنهم، وألحقه وإياهم بأسلافهم الصالحين؛ العمري نسباً، الدهلوي وطناً، الأشعري عقيدة، الصوفي طريقة، الحنفي عملاً، والحنفي والشافعي تدريساً|trans-quote=He (i. e., Shah Waliullah Dehlawi) then finally said: "And he wrote it with his hand, the one needy of the mercy of Allah the Generous and Most Loving, Waliullah Ahmad b. 'Abd al-Rahim b. Wajih al-Din b. Mu'azzam al-Din b. Mansur b. Ahmad b. Mahmud, Allah forgive him and them, and join him and them with their righteous ancestors. [[al-Omari|Al-'Umari]] by way of lineage, al-Dehlawi by way of homeplace, al-[[Ash'ari]] in [['Aqida]], al-[[Sufi]] in [[Tariqah]], al-[[Hanafi]] by way of practice, al-Hanafi and al-[[Shafi'i]] in terms of teaching."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://daralhadith.org.uk/shah-waliullah-ijazahhanafi-ashari-sufi/|title=Shah Waliullah Ijazah:Hanafi, Ashari, Sufi|website=daralhadith.org.uk|date=31 December 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231111023421/https://daralhadith.org.uk/shah-waliullah-ijazahhanafi-ashari-sufi/|archive-date=11 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.darultahqiq.com/shah-waliullah-transmitter-of-an-ashari-musalsal-chain/|title=Shah Waliullah – transmitter of an Ashari Musalsal chain|website=daralhadith.org.uk|date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260210124935/https://www.darultahqiq.com/shah-waliullah-transmitter-of-an-ashari-musalsal-chain/|archive-date= 2026-02-10}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Tafsir|Mufassir]], [[Hadith studies|Muhaddtih]], [[Historiographer]], [[Bibliographer]], [[Theologian]], [[Philosopher]], [[Academic staff|Academic]], [[Linguist]]
| order = [[Naqshbandi]]<ref name="Oxford Encyclopedia">{{cite book|editor=[[Peter N. Stearns]]|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISAZAQAAIAAJ|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|volume=4|publication-date=2008|isbn=9780195176322|page=243}}</ref>
| main_interests = [[Hadith studies|Hadith]], [[Tafsir]], [[History]], [[Bibliography]], [[Fiqh]]
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Hujjat Allah al-Baligha]]''|''[[Al-Fawz al-Kabir]]''}}
| influences = [[Abu Hanifa]], [[Al-Shafi'i]], [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], [[Baha' al-Din Naqshband]]<ref name="Oxford Encyclopedia">{{cite book|editor=[[Peter N. Stearns]]|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISAZAQAAIAAJ|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|volume=4|publication-date=2008|isbn=9780195176322|page=243}}</ref>
| influenced = [[Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi]]
| students = [[Murtada al-Zabidi]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Francis |authorlink=Francis Robinson|title=The 'Ulama of Farangi Mahall and Islamic Culture in South Asia|publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.|C. Hurst]]|date=2001|isbn=9781850654759|page=225}}</ref> [[Majduddin]]
| module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes
| ism = Aḥmad أحمد
| laqab = Quṭb ad-Dīn قطب الدين Shāh Walīullāh شاه ولي الله
| nisba = al-ʿUmarī العمري ad-Dihlawī الدهلوي}}
| caption =
}}
'''Qutb ud-Din Ahmad ibn ʿAbd-ur-Rahim al-ʿUmari ad-Dehlawi''' ({{langx|ar|قطب الدين أحمد بن عبد الرحيم العمري الدهلوي|Quṭb ad-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd-ur-Raḥīm al-ʿUmarī ad-Dehlawī}}&lrm;; 1703–1762), commonly known as '''Shah Waliullah Dehlawi''' (also '''Shah Wali Allah'''), was an Islamic [[Sunni]] scholar and [[Sufism|Sufi]] reformer,<ref name=":2">{{cite book |author=Muhammad Mosleh-uddin |title=Shah Waliullah's Contribution to Hadith Literature: A Critical Study |date=2003 |publisher=Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University |location=Aligarh, India |pages=2 |quote="As for Tasawuf Shah Waliullah was a reformist Sufi.."}}</ref> who contributed to [[Islamic revival]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is therefore seen by his followers as a [[Mujaddid|renewer]].<ref name=":6">{{cite journal|last1=Kunju|first1=Saifudheen|title=Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions|date=2012|page=1|url=https://www.academia.edu/592790|access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Early life and education==
{{Sufism|Notable early}}
Ahmad was born on 21 February 1703 to [[Shah Abdur Rahim]], a prominent Islamic scholar of [[Delhi]]. He later became known as Shah Waliullah because of his piety. He memorized the ''[[Quran|Qur'an]]'' by the age of seven. Soon thereafter, he mastered Arabic and [[Persian language|Persian]] letters. He was married at fourteen. By fifteen he had completed the standard curriculum of [[Hanafi]] law, theology, geometry, arithmetic and logic; two years later he succeeded his father as the dean of his Madrasah-i Rahimiyah. His father, [[Shah Abdur Rahim]] was the founder of the [[Madrasah-i Rahimiyah]]. He was on the committee appointed by [[Aurangzeb]] for compilation of the code of law, [[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]]. Shah Waliullah visited Makkah at the age of 29 years in 1732. His grandson was [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi]] who had a huge impact on the Deobandi movement.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APLmIxRyEjEC&pg=PA44 |title=Two Nations: The Philosophy of Muslim Nationalism |author=Anil Chandra Banerjee |page=44 |year=1981 |access-date=2016-01-21}}</ref><ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=Ranjit Singh {{!}} Maharaja, Biography, Family, & History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ranjit-Singh-Sikh-maharaja |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="GoogleBooks">{{Cite book |last=Shaheed |first=Shah Ismail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFaIp-8BEDoC&dq=shah+ismail+shaheed&pg=PT4 |title=Tafsir of Surah al-Layl |publisher=IslamKotob |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinan Siyech |first=Mohammed |date=4 February 2020 |title=What Makes a Movement Violent: Comparing the Ahle Hadith (Salafists) in India and Pakistan |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/what-makes-movement-violent-comparing-ahle-hadith-salafists-india-and-pakistan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418223600/https://www.mei.edu/publications/what-makes-movement-violent-comparing-ahle-hadith-salafists-india-and-pakistan |archive-date=18 April 2021 |website=MEI}}</ref>

== Views ==
{{Ash'arism}}

=== On Sunni Islam ===
Shah Waliullah defined [[Sunni Islam]] in broad terms, rather than confining it to a specific school of theology. According to Shah, ''Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jam'ah'' are those who followed the ''[[Qur'an]]'' and ''[[Sunnah]]'' on the way of the ''[[Sahaba]]'' (companions) and ''[[Tabi'un|Tabi'īn]]'', by holding "fast to the beliefs of the pious ancestors (''[[Salaf|al-salaf]]'')." He considered the four legal schools, as well as both the ''[[Ahl al-Hadith]]'' ([[Hanbali school of Islamic theology|Athari]]) and ''[[Ahl al-Ra'y]]'' ([[Maturidism|Maturidi]] and [[Ash'ari]]) schools of theology to be part of Sunnism. According to Shah, the differences between them are only over secondary issues of valid ''[[Ikhtilaf]]''; while on fundamental issues they remain united.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=K. Hermansen|first=Marcia|title=The Conclusive Argument from God: Shāh Walī Allāh of Delhi's Ḥujjat Allāh al-Bāligha|publisher=Brill Publishers|year=1996|isbn=978-90-04-10298-9|location=Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands|chapter=Chapter 84: The Difference Between the People of the Hadith and Those Who Exercise Personal Opinion | pages=24–26, 437–450}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite book|author=MUHAMMAD MOSLEH UDDIN|title=SHAH WALIULLAH'S CONTRIBUTION TO HADITH LITERATURE: A Critical Study|date=2003|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University|location=Aligarh, India|pages=90–91}}</ref>

=== On Fiqh (Jurisprudence) ===
He believed that leaders should rule in accordance with the precepts of Islam and the teachings of Islam should be purified by teachers with [[ijtihad]] based on the basis on which the [[Quran]] and [[Hadith]] is founded on. He believed that there are certain boundaries that must be placed on [[Sufism]] and that the four main [[Madhhab|Madhahib]] were to be mixed into one system of law and moral codes.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Hourani |first=Albert |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |publisher=Faber and Faber |year=1991 |location=England |pages=257 |language=en}}</ref> He said:<ref name="Waliullah 361">{{Cite book|last=Waliullah|first=Shah|title=Hujjat Allah Al Baligha|publisher=Dar Kotob Ilmiyah|pages=361}}</ref>
{{blockquote |text=There are numerous benefits in it that are no secret to anyone. These are especially required in these days when people lack courage, when carnal passions have taken deep root in people's souls and whenever a person is obsessed only with his opinion.}}

In his work ''Tahfimat al-Ilahiyya'', Shah declared his conviction that the unity of [[Hanafi]] and [[Shafi'i]] schools of law was essential for Indian Islamic revival.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mallat|first=Chibli|year=1995|title=The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf and the Shi'i International, Chibli Mallat|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1949-3606.1995.tb00552.x|journal=Digest of Middle East Studies|volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=64–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.1995.tb00552.x |access-date=May 12, 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hamid|first=Saiyid|year=2016|title=SOCIO-ECONOMIC IDEAS OF SHAH WALIULLAH|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144527419.pdf|access-date=May 12, 2023}}</ref> Thus, many of his legal positions aligned with the views of Imam [[al-Shafi'i]].<ref>{{cite book|author=MUHAMMAD MOSLEH UDDIN|title=SHAH WALIULLAH'S CONTRIBUTION TO HADITH LITERATURE: A Critical Study |date=2003|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University|location= Aligarh, India |pages=139, 142–144}}</ref> Shah Waliullah sought the reconciliation of differences of the Shafi'i and Hanafi schools of [[Fiqh]] as his duty. He was particularly concerned with the pervasive Hanafi fanaticism prevalent in his community, which he rebuked, and called for an inclusive association of all of the schools of law.<ref>{{cite book|author=MUHAMMAD MOSLEH UDDIN|title=SHAH WALIULLAH'S CONTRIBUTION TO HADITH LITERATURE: A Critical Study |date=2003|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University|location= Aligarh, India |pages=139–140}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=L. Esposito|first=John|title=The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-539589-1|location=New York|page=28|chapter=Chapter 2: salafiya, modernism, and revival|quote="Shah Wali Allah was primarily concerned about the pervasive Hanafi fanaticism that he observed in his community. Instead of condoning this he was more inclusive and argued for a synthesis of all of the schools of law"}}</ref> He said:<ref name="Waliullah 361" />
{{blockquote |text=The entire [[Ummah]], or rather those of them who are dependable, are unanimous about the fact that it is permissible to follow one of these four [[Madhahib]] that have been methodically systemized and recorded. This unanimity remains to this day.}}

=== On Tafsir (Qur'anic exegesis) ===
{{Further|Tafsir}}
Shah Waliullah placed emphasis on a direct understanding of the [[Quran|Qur'an]], maintaining that those students with sufficient knowledge must work with the text, rather than previous commentaries. He argued that Qurʾān is clear to any student with sufficient knowledge of [[Arabic]], just like it was understandable to its first recipients and scholars, including those parts that are ''[[Mutashabih|mutashābih]]'' (unclear). Shah believed that one should prefer the interpretation that is closest to the literal meaning (''ẓāhir al-maʿnā'') of the Qurʾān and the ''[[Sunnah]]'' which fits the Qur'anic context, without clinging to a particular school in exegesis, grammar, or theology.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schmidtke|first=Sabine|title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-19-969670-3|location=New York|pages=768–769|quote="He placed great emphasis on understanding the Qurʾān, first and foremost, through the Qurʾān itself, .. Shāh Walī Allāh maintained that students of the Qurʾān, after having acquired sufficient knowledge of Arabic, should directly work with the text itself instead of reading commentaries on it. The Qurʾān, he argued, is perfectly understandable to any serious student with knowledge of Arabic, just like it was understandable to its first recipients; to the learned scholar, even those parts that are usually considered unclear (mutashābih), ... In seeking an explanation for Qurʾānic verses, Shāh Walī Allāh argued, one should not follow a particular school, be it of exegesis, grammar, or theology, but prefer the interpretation that is closest to the literal meaning (ẓāhir al-maʿnā).."}}</ref>

=== On Divine Attributes ===
On the nature of Divine Attributes, Shah Waliullah held the positions of the Ash'ari creed.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">Al-Khateeb Al-Tabrezi (2013). Mishkaat Al-Masaabih (Manifestations of Truth). Nawab Qutbuddin Khan Dehlavi (trans.), vol. 1, p. 40. Darul-Ishaat.</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Shah Waliullah held to the position that [[ta'wil]] (alternative interpretation) of the Divine Attributes is permissible within limits. He writes in ''Hujjatullah al-Balighah'': "It is our right to interpret them (the attributes of God) in senses more easy to comprehend and more suitable than what they said, for clarity's sake, since holding these (specific) meanings is not stipulated, and the one investigating by means of intellectual proof is not forced to use them, and they are not preferable to others, nor do they have any exclusive merit."<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Waliullah |first=Shah |title=Ḥujjat Allah Al Baligha |date=2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004444775 |pages=194}}</ref>

Despite being an Ash'ari, Shah Waliullah opposed excessiveness in ''[[Kalam]]'' (speculative theology) and defended the position of the early [[Atharism|Athari]] creed''.''<ref>{{cite book |author=Muhammad Mosleh-uddin |title=Shah Waliullah's Contribution to Hadith Literature: A Critical Study |date=2003 |publisher=Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University |location=Aligarh, India |pages=94, 95 |quote=Shah Waliullah disagreed with the Ash'arite scholars and said, "The groups agreed that Allah is living, knowing, willing, powerful, speaking and they said that there is a difference between those seven Attributes and (other Attributes) like mercy (''Rahmah''), anger (''Ghadhab'') and generorsity (''Jood'') in this respect. While others said that seeing and hearing were two independent Attributes." In refusing the faith of Ash'arite the Shah said, "The earlier pious were unanimous in believing in Allah's Attributes according to His wish and as He obligated it (to the men) to declare Him as dissimilar with the creatures by His verse, "Nothing is like Him." And whoever obligates the opposite thought he contradicts the way of earlier pious. I say that there is no difference among the hearing, seeing, having power, laughing, speaking and ''Istiwa'' (existing upon the ''Arsh'')."}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Shah wrote in ''Hujjatullah al-Balighah'': "Those speculative theologians (''[[Ahl al-Ra'y|Mutakallimun]]'') who behaved contemptuously towards the Atharis calling them corporealists and [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphists]], saying that they sought refuge in the formula of "without asking how" ([[Bila Kayf]])... this contempt of theirs is unfounded and they err in their sayings both from the viewpoint of tradition and of reason and they err in slandering the leaders of the true religion."<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=K. Hermansen|first=Marcia|title=The Conclusive Argument from God: Shāh Walī Allāh of Delhi's Ḥujjat Allāh al-Bāligha|publisher=Brill Publishers|year=1996|isbn=978-90-04-10298-9|location=Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands|pages=193|chapter=Chapter 40: Belief in the Divine Attributes}}</ref>

In contrast to those speculative theologians which he deemed to be in err, he said the following regarding the limits of interpretation and its speculative nature: "There is no ruling to the effect that God meant what we hold, nor is there a consensus that one should believe in them and acknowledge them; such a thing would be absurd."<ref name=":5" />

=== Stance on Marathas ===
His dislike of the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] is expressed in one of his dreams that he narrated in "Fuyooz-ul Haramain" where he said "And I saw that the king of the infidels took over the land of the Muslims and looted their property. He enslaved their women and children and in the city of [[Ajmer]] he declared the rites of disbelief".<ref name=":3">Dr. Mubarak Ali, "[https://todayspointonline.com/role-of-muslim-clergy-in-medieval-society-of-the-indian-subcontinent/ Almiyah-e-Tarikh]", ch. 9 – 10, pp. 95 – 105, Fiction House, Lahore, (2012).</ref>

==== Correspondence with Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India ====

Shah Waliullah Dehlawi is reported to have written letters to [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]] (also known as Ahmad Shah Durrani), the founder of the [[Durrani Empire]], in which he urged Abdali to intervene militarily against the expanding influence of the [[Maratha Empire]], which had gained significant control over former Mughal territories following the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="Robinson">{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Francis |title=The Ulama of Farangi Mahall and Islamic Culture in South Asia |publisher=Permanent Black |year=2001 |pages=45–48}}</ref>

According to several historians, Shah Waliullah viewed the Maratha ascendancy as a threat to Muslim political authority in North India and believed that Abdali’s intervention would help restore a balance of power.<ref name="Metcalf">{{cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara D. |title=Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1982 |pages=21–23}}</ref> Abdali subsequently invaded India multiple times, culminating in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761, in which Maratha forces were decisively defeated.<ref name="Roy">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |publisher=Permanent Black |year=2004 |pages=80–90}}</ref>

Historians differ in their assessment of Shah Waliullah’s motivations and the extent of his influence on Abdali’s decision to invade. Some view his appeal as primarily political, aimed at countering Maratha expansion, while others interpret it within the broader context of 18th-century power struggles in the region.<ref name="Robinson" />

=== On the Shi'a ===
In one of his letters available in manuscripts collection at [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], he asks Muslim rulers led by [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] to put a ban on public religious ceremonies by non-Muslims, as well as to issue strict orders against certain ceremonies by the [[Shi'a]], whom he [[Sunni fatwas on Shias|considered Muslim]]: "Strict orders should be issued in all Islamic towns forbidding religious ceremonies publicly practiced by non-Muslims ─ such as the performance of [[Holi]] and ritual bathing in the [[Ganges]]. On the tenth of [[Muharram]], Shi'a should not be allowed to go beyond the bounds of moderation: they should neither say or do things that are considered offensive by other Muslims ─ that is, to recite [[tabarra]], or to curse the first three successors of the Prophet Muhammad, in the streets or bazars.<ref>S. Athar Rizvi, "[[iarchive:ShahWaliallahAndHisTimes/page/n237/mode/2up|Shah Waliullah and His Times]]", p. 227, Ma'rifat Publishing House, Canberra, (1980).</ref>

=== Arab culture ===
Shah Waliullah strongly advocated against adopting non-Islamic customs, and argued for commitment to Arabic Islamic culture. Shah Waliullah believed that: ''"''Muslims, no matter where they live, wherever they spend their youthful days, they should in any case be completely separated from the natives of that country in their culture, traditions and mannerisms. And wherever they are, they must be immersed in their Arabic splendor and Arabic trends''"''<ref name=":3" />''.'' On adherence to [[Arab culture]], he insists: ''"''Beware! The rich intend to adopt the ways of strangers and non-Arabs and those who deviate from the right path, and tries to mix and be like them''"''.<ref name=":3" /> In his own words, he sought to conform to the habits and customs of the early Arabs and Muhammad, and to "abstain from the customs of the Ajam and the Indians." The only logical hikmat-i-amali, or practical wisdom for Muslim rulers, was to strengthen community boundaries by conducting Jihad against opponents and promoting the cultural practises (adab) that differentiated that faithful from non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/partisans-of-allah/page/41/mode/2up?q=cultural |title=Partisans Of Allah: Jihad In South Asia |author= Ayesha Jalal |date=3 January 2008 |page=41 }}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Grave of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi.jpg|thumb|150px|Grave of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, [[Mehdiyan]], [[Delhi]], India]]
He died on Friday the 29th of Muharram 1176 AH, or 20 August 1762 at the time of Jummah prayer in [[Old Delhi]], aged 59.<ref name=":8" /> He was buried beside his father [[Shah Abdur Rahim]] at [[Mehdiyan]], a graveyard to the left of [[Delhi Gate, Delhi|Delhi Gate]].<ref name="burial">{{cite book |author1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |author-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |translator=Prof. Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi |title=History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband (Volume 2) |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam, [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Dar al-Ulum Deoband]] |page=109|edition=1981 |url=https://archive.org/download/2VolumeBookOnTheHistoryOfDarAlUlumDeoband/HistoryOfTheDarulUloomDeoband-VolumeTwo1981.pdf |accessdate=9 July 2019}}</ref>

==Works==
*''[[Hujjat Allah al-Baligha]]'' (The Conclusive Argument of God), Lahore: Shaikh Ghulam Ali and Sons, 1979. Considered to be his most important work. First published in [[Bareilly]], [[India]] in 1286 [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]].<ref name="MuhammadGhazali2k">{{cite book |last1=Al-Ghazali |first1=Muhammad |title=The socio-political thought of shah wali allah. |date=2004 |publisher=Adam Publishers |location=India |isbn=8174353607 |page=124 |url=https://archive.org/download/SocioPoliticalThoughtOfShahWaliAllah/Socio-Political%20Thought%20Of%20Shah%20Wali%20Allah.pdf |access-date=25 October 2021 |quote=Hujjat Allah al-Balighah (Arabic), Cairo, 1933 It is the magnum opus of the author which has been universally acknowledged by Muslim scholarship as his most outstanding and epoch-making contribution. It constitutes a highly significant exposition of the Islamic worldview. We shall separately present an introduction to this work in some detail. It was first published in Bareily (India) in 1286 A.H.}}</ref> T
* ''[[Al-Fawz al-Kabir]]''
*'' (The Sacred knowledge)'', ed. D. Pendlebury, trans. G. Jalbani, The Sacred Knowledge, London: Octagon, 1982.<ref name=":0" />
*''Al-Khayr al-kathir'' (The Abundant Good), trans. G. Jalbani, Lahore: Ashraf, 1974.<ref name=":0" />
*''Sata'at'' (Manifestations), trans. into Urdu by S.M. Hashimi, Lahore: Idarah Thaqafat Islamiyya, 1989; trans. into English by G. Jalbani, Sufism and the Islamic Tradition: the Lamahat and Sata'at of Shah Waliullah, London.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Shah Wali Allah (Qutb al-Din Ahmad al-Rahim) (1703-62)|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H045|website=Muslim Philosophy|access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref>
*''Lamahat'' (Flashes of Lightning), Hyderabad: Shah Wali Allah Academy, 1963; trans. G. Jalbani, Sufism and the Islamic Tradition: the Lamahat and Sata'at of Shah Waliullah, London, 1980. (One of the important writings on Sufism.)<ref name=":0" />
*''Futuh al-Haramayn'' (Emanations or Spiritual Visions of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]).<ref name=":0" />
*''Al-Tafhimat'' (Instructions or Clear Understanding), Dabhail, 1936, 2 vols.
*''Al-Budur al-bazighah'' (The Full Moons Rising in Splendour).
*''Ta'wil al-ahadith fi rumuz qisas al-anbiya'' (Symbolic Interpretation of the Events in the Mysteries of Prophetic Tales) <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Virani|first=Shafique|title=Hierohistory in Qāḍī l-Nuʿmān's Foundation of Symbolic Interpretation (Asās al-Taʾwīl): The Birth of Jesus|url=https://www.academia.edu/41992496|journal=Studies in Islamic Historiography|year=2019 |pages=147–169 |language=en|doi=10.1163/9789004415294_007|isbn=9789004415294 |s2cid=214047322 }}</ref>

Besides these, he is also credited being the first to [[Translations of the Quran|translate the Quran]] into [[Persian language|Persian]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last1=Abbas|first1=Mohammad|title=Shah Waliullah and Moderation|url=http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_351_400/shah_waliullah_and_moderation.htm|website=Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc.|access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref>

In addition to translating the [[Quran]], Shah Waliullah wrote 51 books in Persian and Arabic.<ref>Nigel Kelly, "The History and Culture of Pakistan," 2018.</ref> Amongst the most famous were ''Hujjat Allah al-Baligha'' and ''Izalat al-Khafa''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{Sufi}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Ash'ari}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shaykh al-Islāms]]
[[Category:Asharis]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Naqshbandi order]]
[[Category:Muslim reformers]]
[[Category:Mujaddid]]
[[Category:Islamic philosophers]]
[[Category:18th-century Muslim theologians]]
[[Category:Hadith scholars]]
[[Category:Sunni Sufis]]
[[Category:Sunni imams]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:1703 births]]
[[Category:1762 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Burials at Mehdiyan]]
[[Category:Banu Adi]]

Jaipur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Double Decker Express

2026-03-12T03:23:23Z

Dwatson32: content update

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF5C5C
| name = Jaipur Junction – Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Double Decker Express
| logo =
| image = Double dakar at Rewari.jpg
| caption = Jaipur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Double Decker Express Arrived At {{rws|Rewari Junction}}
| type = [[Double Decker Express]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]] & [[Delhi]]
| first = {{start date and age|2012|8|24|df=yes}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Jaipur Junction}} '''(JPR)'''
| stops = 7
| end = [[Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla]] '''(DEE)'''
| distance = {{convert|303|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 4 hours 25 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC Chair Car 
Executive chair car coach
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board Catering E-Catering
| observation facilities = large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Double Decker]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
| trainnumber = 12985 / 12986
| speed = {{convert|160|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|98.33|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = {{Jaipur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC DD Express Route}}
| map_state = show
}}

The 12985 / 12986 '''Jaipur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Double Decker Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[North Western Railway zone]] that runs between [[Jaipur Junction railway station|Jaipur Junction]] of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla]] of [[New Delhi]] in [[India]].

It operates as train number 12985 from [[Jaipur Junction railway station|Jaipur Junction]] to [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla]] and as train number 12986 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]] and [[New Delhi]].

==Coaches==

The 12985/86 Jaipur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Double Decker Express presently has 1 Executive Class and 13 AC Chair Car Coaches in addition to 2 EOG coaches.

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
!
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightgreen;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:pink;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C ;" |17
|-
|'''12985'''
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]]
|EOG
|E1
|C1
|C2
|C3
|C4
|C5
|C6
|C7
|C8
|C9
|C10
|C11
|C12
|C13
|EOG
|-
!
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightgreen;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:pink;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |17
|-
|'''12986'''
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|22x22px]]
|EOG
|C13
|C12
|C11
|C10
|C9
|C8
|C7
|C6
|C5
|C4
|C3
|C2
|C1
|E1
|EOG
|}

==Service==

The 12985/86 Jaipur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Double Decker Express covers the distance of 303 kilometers in 4 hours 25  mins (67.33 km/h) in both directions.

As the average speed of the train is above 98 km/h, as per [[Indian Railways]] rules, its fare includes a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] surcharge.

==Routeing==

The 12985/12986 Jaipur –Delhi Sarai Rohilla Double Decker Express runs from Jaipur via, Gandhinagar-Jaipur, Dausa, Alwar, Gurgaon, [[Delhi Cantonment railway station|Delhi Cantt]] to Delhi Sarai Rohilla and vice versa.

==Traction==

Earlier they run with diesel locomotives like [[WDM-3A]] and [[WDP-4]] or [[WDM-3D]]. A {{stnlnk|Tughlakabad}}(DLS) based [[WAP 7]] locomotive hauls the train for the entire route.

==Time table==

12985 Jaipur–Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Double Decker Express leaves Alwar Junction on a daily basis and reaches Delhi Sarai Rohilla the same day. Leaving at 06:00 AM from Jaipur, it reaches Sarai Rohilla at 10:25 AM, after journey period of four and a half hours.

12986 Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Jaipur AC Double Decker Express leaves Delhi Sarai Rohilla on a daily basis and reaches Jaipur Junction the same day. Starts at 05:35 PM from Sarai and reaches Jaipur at 10.00 PM, after journey period of four and a half hours.

The schedule of this 12985/12986 Jaipur - Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Double Decker Express is given below:-
{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#FF5C5C;" |''AWR - DEE - AWR AC Double Decker Express''
|+
! colspan="2" |12985
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |12986
|-
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|-
| -NIL-
|07:43
| '''Jaipur Junction'''
|19:51
| -NIL-
|-
|09:36
|09:38
| '''Gurgaon'''
|18:08
|18:10
|-
|09:53
|09:55
| '''Delhi Cantt.'''
|17:50
|17:52
|-
|10:25
| -NIL-
| '''Delhi Sarai Rohilla'''
| -NIL-
|17:35
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/jaipur-ac-doubledecker-train-to-be-flagged-off-on-august-16/988698/|title=Jaipur 'AC double-decker' train to be flagged off on August 16|work=Indian Express|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://goindia.about.com/b/2012/09/08/new-double-decker-delhi-jaipur-train.htm|title=New Double Decker Delhi–Jaipur Train|publisher=goindia.about.com|accessdate=2014-05-30|archive-date=26 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326154911/http://goindia.about.com/b/2012/09/08/new-double-decker-delhi-jaipur-train.htm|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ac-double-decker-train-for-jaipur-duronto-for-mumbai-ajmer-1560893|title=AC double-decker train for Jaipur; Duronto for Mumbai, Ajmer | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|publisher=dnaindia.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-05-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125225205/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=25 November 2013 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-05-30}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Double Decker Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alwar - Delhi Sarai Rohilla AC Double Decker Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Double-decker trains of India]]

Das (surname)

2026-03-11T07:31:05Z

Dwatson32: typo fix

{{Short description|Surname in South Asia}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox surname
|name = Das
|pronunciation =
|image =
|caption =
|meaning =
|region = [[Bengal]]
|origin = [[Bengali Hindu]]
|variant =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Das''' is a common last name in [[South Asia]], among adherents of [[Hinduism]] and [[Sikhism]], as well as those who converted to [[Islam]] or [[Christianity]]. It is a derived from the Sanskrit word [[Dasa]] (Sanskrit: दास) meaning [[Faith|devotee]], [[disciple]], [[votary]], or [[servant]], one engaged in selfless service or [[sevā]]. "Das" refers to one who serves God or has surrendered to God. The surname is often used by those in [[Assamese people|Assamese]], [[Bengalis|Bengali]], [[Biharis|Bihari]], [[Odia people|Oriya]], [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]], and [[Vaishnav]] communities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Das Family History |url=https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=das |website=Ancestry.com |access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref>

== Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand ==
Das is a common surname among various castes and classes of Bengalis including [[Baidya]], [[Bengali Kayastha]], [[Mahishya]], Tantubay, and others.<ref name="Indenp40">{{cite book | author= Ronald. B. Inden |title= Marriage and Rank in Bengali Culture : A History of Caste and Clan in Middle Period Bengal|date= January 1976| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8b9A7J_v-UC&pg=PA40|page=40|publisher= University of California Press|isbn= 9780520025691}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Lokeshwar |title=Amader Padobir Itihas |publisher=Ananda |location=Kolkata |pages=10, 12, 37, 57, 84 |language=Bengali}}</ref> In Bengal, the surname is also used by both [[Scheduled Caste]]s<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Partha S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X242DAAAQBAJ |title=Migrants, Refugees and the Stateless in South Asia |date=23 May 2016 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-855-7 |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref> and [[General Caste]]s. In Bihar, it is used by people belonging to [[Ambashtha]] and [[Karan Kayastha|Karn Kayastha]] castes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sahay |first1=Keshari N. |title=Ambastha Kayastha: The Evolution of a Family and Its Socio-cultural Dimensions |date=2001 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |isbn=978-81-7169-660-4 |pages=XVII, 299 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWpuAAAAMAAJ&q=karan+kayastha+das+surname}}</ref>

More broadly, in [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], and [[Jharkhand]], the surname "Das" is also used by the [[Dhobi]] and [[Patni caste|Patni]] communities.<ref name="SC">{{cite web |title=Scheduled Communities: A social Development profile of SC/ST's (Bihar, Jharkhand & W.B) |url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_scmnty.pdf |website=niti.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807192308/https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_scmnty.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2021}}</ref>

== Assam ==
In [[Assam]], the [[Jalia Kaibarta|Kaibarta]], the [[Patni caste|Patni]], the [[Rajbanshi people|Koch-Rajbanshi]], the [[Kalita (caste)|Kalita]] and other communities also use Das as their surname.<ref>{{cite book |date=1911 |title=Census of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywpFAQAAMAAJ&q=das+mahishya |location=India |publisher=Government of India |edition=Volume 5, Issue 1 |page=498}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Dayabati |date=19 December 2013 |title=Rural Politics in India: Political Stratification and Governance in West Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bn1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |location=United Kingdom |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=67 |isbn=978-1-107-04235-3}}</ref><ref name="SC"/>

== Odisha ==
In [[Odisha]], the Das surname is used by the [[Gopal (caste)|Gopal]] and [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] castes, while "Dash" is used by the [[Brahmins]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/118750/12/12_chapter%25205.pdf |title=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref>

== Punjab ==
In [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], they generally belong to the [[Saraswat Brahmin|Brahmin]] caste.<ref name="Punjabi Brahmin">{{cite web|url = http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/Martyrs/matisatidyal/MatiSatiDyal.htm| title = Bhai Mati Das|publisher = Sikh Heritage|access-date = 19 April 2009}}</ref>

== Karnataka ==
In [[Karnataka]], the Das surname is used by a section of [[Vokkaliga]]s who profess Vaishnavism called [[Vokkaliga#Gangadikara_Vokkaliga|Das Vokkaligas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subha |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qce1yYheAH4C&dq=das+vokkaliga&pg=PA153 |title=Karnataka Panchayat Elections 1995: Process, Issues, and Membership Profile |date=1997 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-612-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people==


* [[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Abhishek Das]], Indian football player
* [[Ajit Das]], Indian actor
* [[Amil Kumar Das]], Indian astronomer
* [[Arjun Das]], Indian actor
* [[Ashok Kumar Das]], Indian politician
* [[Atulananda Das]], Indian botanist
* [[Bhagavan Das (Theosophy)|Bhagavan Das]], Indian Theosophist
* [[Bhagavan Das (yogi)|Bhagavan Das]], an American yogi
* [[Bhai Dyal Das]], Sikh martyr
* [[Bhai Mati Das]], Sikh martyr
* [[Bhai Sati Das]], Sikh martyr
* [[Bibhusita Das]], Indian marine engineer
* [[Bina Das]], Indian revolutionary and nationalist
* [[Bishnu Charan Das]], Indian politician
* [[Biswanath Das]], Indian politician
* [[Brojen Das]], Bangladeshi swimmer
* [[Chittaranjan Das]], a Bengali lawyer and a major figure in the Indian independence movement
* [[Denish Das]], an Assamese cricketer
* [[Dinesh Das]], a Bengali poet
* [[Durga Mohan Das]], religious leader and social reformer
* [[Gardhab Das]], fictional character
* [[Gobindachandra Das]], a Bengali poet and writer
* [[Gopabandhu Das]], Indian freedom fighter, reformer, journalist and educationist from Odisha
* [[Gopala Ballabha Das]], Indian writer and deputy magistrate
* [[Gurcharan Das]], Indian Punjabi columnist for ''The Times of India''
* [[Guru Amar Das]], the third of the [[The Sikh Gurus|Ten Gurus of Sikhism]]
* [[Guru Ram Das]], the fourth of the Sikh gurus
* [[Hima Das]], Assamese sprinter
* [[Indrapramit Das]], Indian science fiction, fantasy and cross genre writer from Kolkata
* [[Jagannath Prasad Das]], researcher in psychometrics and author of the ([[PASS theory of intelligence]])
* [[Jatin Das (painter)|Jatin Das]], Indian painter from Odisha
* [[Jatindra Nath Das]], Freedom fighter
* [[Jibanananda Das]], a Bengali poet
* [[K. S. R. Das]], Indian film director
* [[Kamala Das]], Indian poet and author
* [[Khagen Das]], Indian politician
* [[Liton Das]], Bangladeshi Cricketer
* [[Madhusudan Das]], Odia lawyer and Indian nationalist of the 19th century
* [[Bhagwant Das|Maharaja Bhagwant Das]], King of Jaipur (1527–1589)
* [[Manoj Das]], English and Odia writer
* [[Mohini Mohan Das]], Indian politician, writer and activist from West Bengal.
* [[Monica Das]], Indian feminist economist
* [[Moumita Das]], Indian physicist
* [[Mrinal Kanti Das]], Bangladeshi politician
* [[Naba Das]], Indian politician
* [[Namit Das]] is an [[Indian film]] and theatre actor.
* [[Nandita Das]], Indian film actress/director from Odisha
* [[Nobin Chandra Das]], Entrepreneur and inventor of Bengali [[Rosogolla]]
* [[Parichay Das]], path-breaker Bhojpuri- Hindi poet, essayist, critic<ref name="isbn1-4286-1308-0">{{cite book|title=Essays And Lectures On The Religions Of The Hindus: Religious Sects of the Hindus V1|year=2006|isbn=1-4286-1308-0|page=353|author=das}}</ref>
* [[Prosenjit Das]], Indian cricketer
* [[Pulin Behari Das]], Revolutionary, founder of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti.
* [[Pushpalata Das]], Indian independence activist, social worker, Gandhian and legislator from Assam
* [[Radha Charan Das]], Former Vice-Chancellor of Berhampur University
* [[Raja Bhagwant Das]], Rajasthani ruler of [[Amber, India|Amber]]
* [[Raja Sitaram Ray]], born Sitaram Das was an autonomous king of Bengal.
* [[Ram Dass]], American spiritual teacher, yoga guru, and author
* [[Ranjan Das]], Bangladeshi cricketer
* [[Ranjit Das (footballer)]], Bangladeshi football player and coach
* [[Ranjit Das (politician)]], Indian politician from Tripura
* [[Rima Das]], Assamese Indian filmmaker
* [[Riyan Parag Das]], Assamese cricketer
* [[Sadhu Sitaram Das]], Indian revolutionary
* [[Sarala Dasa]], 14th-century poet of Odisha
* [[Sarat Chandra Das]], Indian scholar of Tibetan language
* [[Satish Ranjan Das]], legal representative for the Indian government
* [[Saumitra Das]], Indian microbiologist
* [[Seth Govind Das]], a member of Indian Parliament
* [[Shoshi Mukhi Das]], Indian missionary, teacher and nurse
* [[Shaktikanta Das]], Governor of R.B.I.
* [[Shiv Sunder Das]], Indian Cricketer from Odisha
* [[Shomie Das]], schoolmaster
* [[Shraddha Das]], Indian film actress
* [[Sudhi Ranjan Das]], 5th Chief Justice of India
* [[Suhasini Das]], politician from Bangladesh
* [[Surya Das]], American religious educator
* [[Tapan Das]], Indian actor
* [[Tarak Chandra Das]], anthropologist, author, former teacher in University of Calcutta
* [[Tarak Nath Das]], Indian revolutionary and Internationalist scholar
* [[Vasundhara Das]], Indian actress and singer
* [[Veena Das]], a professor of anthropology
* [[Vir Das]], comedian and actor

==See also==
* [[Das (disambiguation)]]
* [[Dasa#As a surname or byname|Dasa]]
* [[Dass (disambiguation)]]
* [[Dhas]]
* [[Gopal Das (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{surname}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Assamese-language surnames]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu surnames]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Odia-language surnames]]

Ribhus

2026-03-05T23:21:43Z

Dwatson32:

{{Short description|Hindu deities of the solar sphere}}
'''Ribhus''' ([[Sanskrit]]: ऋभु, ṛbhu, also Arbhu, Rbhus, Ribhukshan) are deities of [[ancient India]] whose referent has evolved over time.<ref name="CoulterTurner2013p918">{{cite book|author1=Charles Russell Coulter|author2=Patricia Turner|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWxekbhM1yEC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96397-2|page=918|chapter=Ribhus}}</ref> In early layers of the Vedic literature, it referred to a sun deity.<ref name="CoulterTurner2013p918"/> It evolved to being a wind deity, thereafter referred to three male artisans whose abilities and austerities make them into divinities in later Vedic texts.<ref name="CoulterTurner2013p918"/><ref>{{cite book|author=HH Wilson|title=Rig-Veda-Sanhita, The First Ashtaka or Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJ4-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA46|edition=2nd|year=1866|publisher=London: Trubner & Co.|pages=46–48 with footnotes, 284–285}}</ref> Their individual names were Ribhu, Vaja and Vibhvan (also called Vibhu), but they were collectively called '''Ribhus''' ({{IAST|ṛbhúḥ}}, pl. {{IAST|ṛbhávaḥ}}), also called Ribhukshan) ({{IAST|ṛbhukṣā}}). Their name's meaning might be "clever, skillful, inventive, prudent", cognate to [[Gothic language|Gothic]] ''arbaiþs'' "labour, toil"; or alternatively to English ''[[elf]]'', originally meaning "shining, white."<ref>suggested in [[OED]]</ref>

Ribhus are depicted in some legends of the Vedic literature as three sons of the goddess of morning light named ''Saranyu'' and Hindu god [[Indra]].<ref name="CoulterTurner2013p918"/> In other legends, such as in the [[Atharvaveda]], they are sons of ''Sudhanvan'', which means good archer.<ref name="CoulterTurner2013p918"/><ref name="Griffith1895p270"/> In either legends, they are famous for their creative abilities, innovation and they design chariots, the magic cow of plenty, channels for rivers, and tools for Indra and other gods, which makes many envious.<ref name="CoulterTurner2013p918"/><ref>{{cite book|author=HH Wilson|title=Rig-Veda-Sanhita, The First Ashtaka or Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJ4-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA46|edition=2nd|year=1866|publisher=London: Trubner & Co.|pages=46–48 with footnotes, 135, 171, 283–287}}</ref> In later Hindu mythology, the Ribhus are born in human form who then bring their innovation to earth, remain humble and kind.<ref name="CoulterTurner2013p918"/> This makes some gods angry and the Ribhus are refused entry back to heaven.<ref name="CoulterTurner2013p918"/> Other gods intervene and make the inventive Ribhus immortal. They are revered in ancient Hindu texts as sages, as stars, or rays of the sun.<ref name="CoulterTurner2013p918"/><ref name="Griffith1895p270">{{cite book|author=Ralph Thomas Hotchkin Griffith|title=The Hymns of the Atharvaveda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9YoAAAAYAAJ|year=1895|publisher=E. J. Lazarus & Company|pages=270 footnote 3 on The Sages|isbn=9780524075036}}</ref>

==Origin and meaning==
The Ribhus were first mentioned in the oldest [[Hindu]] scriptures of the [[Rigveda]], wherein eleven hymns are dedicated to them ([[Mandala 1|RV 1]].20, 110, 111, 161, [[Mandala 3|RV 3]].60, [[Mandala 4|RV 4]].33-37, [[RV 7]].48), and the [[Atharvaveda]]. They are said to be the sons of Sudhanvan, a descendant of [[Angiras]].<ref>''RigVeda Samhita'' Vol.I According to the translation of [[H.H. Wilson]] and Bhasya of Sayanacarya by Ravi Prakash Arya and K.L.Joshi</ref> In later [[Hindu mythology]] ([[Vishnu Purana]] Book 2, Chapters 15 - 16<ref>H.H. Wilson ''The Vishnu Purana A System of Hindhu Mythology And Tradition'', Delhi 1980, Reprint 2003, Vol.1 p.366 ff.</ref> and the ''Song of Ribhu''<ref>''The Song of Ribhu: Translated from the Original [[Tamil language|Tamil]] version of [[Ribhu Gita]]'': Translated by Dr. H. Ramamoorthy and [[Nome, Spiritual Teacher|Nome]], Published by [[Society of Abidance in Truth]]</ref>) Ribhu, supposed to be the leader of them, is said to be a son of [[Brahma]]. Unlike that identification the "[[Puranic]] Encyclopedia" states that this Ribhu is not identical with the leader of the Ribhus whose name therein is Rbhuksan.<ref>Vettam Mani ''Puranic Encyclopedia'', Delhi 1975, 9th Reprint 2010, p.647</ref> They are supposed to dwell in the solar sphere; [[Aitareya Brahmana]] III, 30 describes them as "sun's neighbours or pupils".<ref>[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] ''[[The Orion (Book)|The Orion, Or, Researches Into The Antiquity Of The Vedas]]'', Reprinted from 1893 Edition Delhi 2008, p.167</ref>

==Works==

The Ribhus are artists who formed the horses of Indra, the carriage of the [[Ashvins]], and the miraculous cow of [[Brihaspati]], made their parents young, and performed other wonderful works which according to [[Mandala 4|RV 4]].51.6 were "done by the dawn".<ref>''The Orion'', p.167</ref> According to [[Yaska]] they also founded the sacrifices.<ref>''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.76, Note 72</ref> They are supposed to take their ease and remain every year for twelve days idle in the house of Agohya (an appellation of [[Ādityas|Aditya]] which means "one who cannot be concealed", therefore the Sun).<ref>''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.53</ref> When the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] (gods) heard of their skill, they sent [[Agni]] to them, bidding them, to construct four cups from the one cup of [[Tvashtar]], the artificer of the devas. When the Ribhus successfully had executed this task, the devas received them among themselves, gave them immortality and allowed them to partake of their sacrifices.

==Interpretations==

===Three Seasons===

According to Yaska and Sayana the Ribhus represent the rays of the sun. [[David Frawley]] states about that notion, that "Vedic gods, like the Adityas, Maruts, Vasus and Rhibhus, often appear as rays of the sun, as stars or constellations"<ref>''Gods, Sages and Kings'', p.169</ref> [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], stating that the interpretation of Yaska and Sayana could not explain their number, interpreted them 1893 referring to "several European scholars" as representing the three seasons of the year of the early Vedic period.<ref>''The Orion'', p.167; ''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.51</ref> The Satapata [[Brahmana]] XIV.I.1.28 mentions "three divisions of the year"<ref>''Dates and Eras of Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.76, Note 73</ref> and in [[Mandala 1|RV 1]].164.48 the "three spokes" are supposed to mean this three seasons.<ref>''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.54</ref> But Tilak didn't show a relation of their name and works to this interpretation. So [[Arthur Berriedale Keith]] 1925 mentioned that "the assertion that the Rbhus are really the Rthus" (the seasons) "is not 'in the slightest degree plausible'".<ref>''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.76, Note 85, referring to A.B. Keith ''Philosophy and Religion in the Veda and Upanishads'' Vol.1, p.178</ref>

===Twelve intercalary Days===

====Description====
According to Bal Gangadhar Tilak referring to [[Mandala 1|RV 1]].161.13 the twelve days, when the Ribhus rested at the house of Agohya, took place "at the end of the year".<ref name="The Orion, p.113 f">''The Orion'', p.113 f.</ref> He describes them as the holiest days of the year of which the ancestors of today's Indians believed, that the devas then would leave heaven to visit the homes of the humans.<ref>Bal Gangadhar Tilak ''The Orion'', p.139</ref> As David Frawley mentioned in context of the seasons, according to [[RV 7]].103.7 - 8 also as the long [[Atiratra]] rite of [[Soma (drink)|Soma]] was celebrated at this time.<ref>David Frawley ''Gods, Sages And Kings'', first Indian Edition, Delhi 1993, p.173</ref>

Bal Gangadhar Tilak further interpreted the hound or dog, which according to [[Mandala 1|RV 1]].161.13 woke the Ribhus, as the "dogstar" [[Sirius]], which appears at the [[March equinox|vernal equinox]] "at the end of the Pitriyana".<ref name="The Orion, p.113 f"/> The "Pitriyana" (meaning "the path of the fathers", called [[Pitrs]]),<ref>''Gods, Sages And Kings'', p.177</ref> are the six southern signs of the [[Zodiak]], by Tilak also called "the eternal waters of Yamaloka".<ref>''The Orion'', p.114, see also p.109</ref> Illustrative Maitrayani [[Upanishad]] VI, 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gatewayforindia.com/upanishad/maitrayeni_upanishad.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803220329/http://www.gatewayforindia.com/upanishad/maitrayeni_upanishad.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 3, 2004|title = Maitrayani Upanishad}}</ref> describes the year as divided into two halfes, one of which belongs to Agni (Fire) and the other to [[Varuna]] (Water).<ref>''Gods, Sages And Kings'', p.157</ref> Thus according to Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1893 the year started at the time of the ''Rigveda'' at the vernal equinox<ref>''The Orion'', p.170</ref> and the Ribhus recommenced working after their awakening in the beginning of the new year.<ref>''The Orion'', p.169</ref> [[William Dwight Whitney]] 1895 rejected this interpretation by Tilak.<ref>''Dates and Eras of Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.52 f., referring to W.D. Whithey in ''Indian Antiquity''</ref> In this context Tilak also pointed to the fact that because of [[Mandala 1|RV 1]].161.13 not the solar year but the anticlockwise movement of the [[precession of the equinoxes]] must be meant which he calls an "equinoctial year",<ref>''The Orion'', p.169, compare p.115</ref> but he didn't refer to this in his further interpretation.

====Interpretation====
Bal Gangadhar Tilak then interpreted also in 1893 the Period of twelve days as the twelve [[intercalary day]]s,<ref>''The Orion'', p.168 f.</ref> to fix the difference between the [[lunar year]] of 354 days and the [[solar year]] of 366 days.<ref>''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol. 1, p. 51</ref> While he interpreted the beginning of the year at the vernal equinox, [[Arthur Anthony Macdonell]] 1917 stated that the twelve intercalary days "in all probability" were inserted at the [[winter solstice]].<ref>''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.76, Note 86, referring to A.A. Macdonell ''A History of Sanscrit Literature'', p.106</ref> A.B. Keith 1925 also criticized Tilak's interpretation by pointing to "... the fact that a year of 360 days and 12 months is ... the only year clearly known to the whole of Vedic literature prior to the late Sutras".<ref>''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.56, referring to A.B. Keith ''Philosophy and Religion of the Veda and Upanishads'' Vol.1</ref> Because he also "admits that ancient Indians had knowledge of intercalation" his statements on that point are considered "confused".<ref>''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.57; 56</ref> But already 1895 a similar view in terms of the length of the year was stated by [[George Thibaut]]<ref>''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.56</ref> and W.D. Whitney<ref name="Ancient Indian History Vol p.57">''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.57</ref> in ''Indian Antiquity''. In 1960 Narendra Nath Law wrote in ''Indian Antiquity Quarterly'' that: "W<hitney> would be correct if the 7th season or the 13th month (presumably for intercalation) had not been mentionend."<ref name="Ancient Indian History Vol p.57"/> He was referring to [[Mandala 1|RV 1]].164.15 which was interpreted by [[H.H. Wilson]] as describing seven seasons.<ref>''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.55, referring to H.H. Wilson ''Rigveda'' (Translation) Vol.2, p.131 f.</ref> But according to the translation of [[Ralph Thomas Hotchkin Griffith]] [[Mandala 1|RV 1]].164.15 means the seven [[Rishis]],<ref>Ralph Thomas Hotchkin Griffith ''The Hymns of the Rigveda'' Vol.1, Benares 1889, Reprint USA 2012, p.286</ref> which according to David Frawley were actually eight seers, representing the [[Big Dipper]].<ref>''Gods, Sages and Kings'', p.167</ref> The eighth star of the big dipper is according to his later reference to [[Mandala 3|RV 3]].56.2 in connexion with [[Mandala 1|RV 1]].164.15 not the unseen fourth star of the handle forming a double star system but the [[Pole Star]] around which the big dipper rotates.<ref>''Gods, Sages and Kings'', p.172, refer also p.167, the 8th seer</ref> Already [[Moritz Winternitz]] 1907 pointed "to the fact that there are certain passages in the Vedic texts which admid of various interpretations."<ref>''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.49, referring to M. Winternitz ''A History of Indian Literature'' Vol.1, German 1907, English translation 1927, p.30</ref> So A.B. Keith's and A.A. Macdonell's 1912 statement is still applicable, the 12 days were "merely the 'reflexion of the year' (samvatsarasya pratima) in the same way that they represent the twelve months and have no relation to chronology at all."<ref>''Dates and Eras in Ancient Indian History'' Vol.1, p.57, referring to A.B. Keith and A.A. Macdonell ''Vedic Index of Names and Subjects'' Vol.2 "Samvatsara", p.411-13</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* Generally: [[Monier-Williams]], ''Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' (1899), s.v. 'ṛbhu'

{{Rigveda}}{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
[[Category:Smithing gods]]
[[Category:Solar gods]]

Paap Ka Ant

2026-03-03T23:48:19Z

Dwatson32: expand citations after review and corrected details based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paap Ka Ant
| image = Paap Ka Ant.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Vijay (director)|Vijay Reddy]]
| producer = Gautam Bokadia
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Hema Malini]] [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Madhuri Dixit]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1989|12|08|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Paap Ka Ant''''' is a 1989 [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] directed by [[Vijay (director)|Vijay Reddy]]. It stars [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Madhuri Dixit]] in lead roles, along with [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Hema Malini]] in very very special appearances. The music was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].

==Cast==
*[[Rajesh Khanna]] as DCP Khanna
*[[Hema Malini]] as Advocate Jyoti
*[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Inspector Arjun
*[[Madhuri Dixit]] as Nisha
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Minister Prajapati
*[[Ranjeet]] as Shakaal
*[[Mac Mohan]]
*[[Viju Khote]]
*[[Asrani]]
*[[Guddi Maruti]]
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as IG

==Plot==
A woman fights for justice after her fiancé is killed by criminals who are acquitted of his murder and the gangrape of her sister.

==Soundtrack ==
# "Hum Tum Dance Karenge" – [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
# "Ishq Tere Ne" – [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Shabbir Kumar]]
# "Koi Vada Koi Iqrar Na Kiya" – [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Aziz]]
# "Deewane Dil Ke Deewane" – Mohammed Aziz, Kavita Krishnamurthy
# "Zindagi Ne Kiye" – Mohammed Aziz

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0095810|title=Paap Ka Ant}}

[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Nireekshana (2005 film)

2026-03-03T21:56:41Z

Dwatson32: Put up a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nireekshana
| image = Nireekshana (2005 film).jpeg
| alt =
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = N. Seetaram
| writer = N. Seetaram
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Aryan Rajesh]]|[[Sridevi Vijayakumar|Sridevi]]}}
| cinematography = Sarath
| editing = K. V. Krishna Reddy
| music = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| studio = [[Suresh Productions|Sri Suresh Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|7|1}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹1.25 crore<ref name="B"/>
| gross =
}}
'''''Nireekshana''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by N Seetaram and starring [[Aryan Rajesh]] and [[Sridevi Vijayakumar|Sridevi]].<ref>
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-nireekshana.html|title=Nireekshana - press meet - Telugu Cinema - Aryan Rajesh, Sridevi|website=Idlebrain}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audiocd-nireekshana.html|title=Nireekshana - audio CD release function - Telugu Cinema - Aryan Rajesh, Sridevi|website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows a man (Ravindra) who is in desperate need in money and happens to see a woman (Anu). Later, he learns that the woman is worth a large sum of money and is locked up in a farmhouse. How he saves her forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Aryan Rajesh]] as Ravindra
*[[Sridevi Vijayakumar|Sridevi]] as Anu
*[[Nagendra Babu]]
*[[Rama Prabha]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Ravindra's friend
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
*[[Gautham Raju]]
*[[Siva Reddy]]
* Jyothy
*[[Ananth Babu|Anant]]
*[[Bandla Ganesh]]
*Rambabu
*[[Ravi Varma Adduri|Ravi Varma]]
*[[Narsing Yadav]]
*Kalpana
*Archana Rai
*[[Babu Mohan]]
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
The shooting for the film began on 16 March 2005 and as of May 2005, the [[Part-talkie|talkie]] portion of the film was completed. A few songs were shot in [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet1-nireekshana.html|title=Nireekshana - press meet - Telugu Cinema - Aryan Rajesh, Sridevi|website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]]. The audio release function was held on 9 June 2005 with [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], [[Padmalaya Studios|G Adiseshagiri Rao]], [[M. S. Raju]], [[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] and [[D Suresh Babu]] attending as guests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-nireekshana.html|title=Nireekshana - audio function - Telugu Cinema - Aryan Rajesh & Sridevi|website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

==Reception==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "''Nireekshana'' - [[D. Ramanaidu|D Rama Naidu]]'s film after a long gap - disappoints".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nireekshana.html|title=Nireekshana - Telugu cinema Review - Aryan Rajesh & Sridevi|website=Idlebrain|last=Jeevi}}</ref> B. Anuradha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' opined that "''Nireekshana'' is definitely a film to avoid".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/nir/20050705.htm|title=Nireekshana is very avoidable|first=B.|last=Anuradha|website=Rediff|date=5 July 2005|accessdate=26 June 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' stated that "''Nireekshana'' is one of those films you wished you never saw!"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nireekshana|work=Sify|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nireekshana-review-telugu-pclvK2dbfcjeh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430022257/https://www.sify.com/movies/nireekshana-review-telugu-pclvK2dbfcjeh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2022|date=4 July 2005}}</ref> Himabindu Chatta of ''Full Hyderabad'' said that "The movie is a remix of an assortment of older, better films, but even the flimsy cut-and-paste-job could have been much more refined".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/nireekshana/telugu/nireekshana-movie-reviews-556-2.html|title=Nireekshana review: Nireekshana (Telugu) Movie Review|website=Full Hyderabad|first=Himabindu|last= Chatta}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3445026}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]

The Car (1997 film)

2026-03-03T21:16:03Z

Dwatson32: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Car
| image = The Car (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Rajasenan]]
| producer = Ajith, [[Devi Ajith]]
| writer = [[Rafi Mecartin]] [[Rajan Kiriyath]] Vinu Kiriyath
| narrator =
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] [[Sreelakshmi]] [[Kalabhavan Mani]] [[Indrans]]
| music =
| cinematography = Anandakuttan
| editing = [[K. P. Hariharaputhran]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1997|10|3}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''The Car''''' (Malayalam: ദി കാർ) is a 1997 [[crime comedy]] [[Malayalam film]] directed by [[Rajasenan]], and starring [[Jayaram]], [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], and [[Sreelakshmi]]. This was the last film appearance of veteran actor [[K. P. Ummer]].

This film is about two co-workers and roommates, who win a car in a contest. The car has a [[license plate]] number identical to that of a failed assassin. The new car's owner is arrested for the crime of the assassin, and soon tries to protect an heiress targeted by the assassination plot.

==Plot==
Mahadevan and Kumaran work in a small firm and are roommates, renting from Janakiamma. One day, luck comes to them when Mahadevan wins a car as the first prize of a promotional contest held by a washing-powder brand. Meanwhile, a murderer, Ambrose is after Maya. By mistake, both the murderer and Mahadevan get the same tag number on their cars' license plates. The murderers try a [[hit-and-run]] attack on Maya, but she escapes. She thinks that Mahadevan was behind the attack. Mahadevan gets arrested by sub-inspector Cherian according to Maya's complaint.

But due to lack of proper evidence, he's released with a warning. After getting through problems one after another, Mahadevan finds the real killers and their car. He tells Maya about the killers who attempted for her life. Shockingly it is revealed that one of the killers is Maya's cousin Vishnu who is after her wealth. Vishnu tries to kill Maya, but Mahadevan stops him. In an attempt to kill Mahadevan and Maya, Vishnu accidentally dies by being stabbed by a sharp object during the fight. In an attempt to dump his body, the couple is stopped by Vishnu's accomplice, Ambrose. He's enraged by his friend's death and tries to kill Mahadevan and Maya, but ends up at the dead end of the road, where the cops were waiting for him with an armed force. The car catches fire from the gunshots and explodes, killing him. The film ends with sub-inspector Cherian thanking Mahadevan and Maya, for their help and support.

==Cast==
*[[Jayaram]] as Mahadevan
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Kumaran / Kumarettan, Mahadevan's Friend
*[[Sreelakshmi]] as Maya, Mahadevan's Love Interest
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Sub Inspector Cherian
*Chandhu as Vishnu, Maya's Cousin
*[[Indrans]] as Constable Idiyan Vikraman
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Janakiyamma
*[[Bindu Panicker]] as Usha, Maya's Friend and Roommate
*[[Poojappura Ravi]] as Koshy
*[[Kochu Preman]] as Valiyakulam Swamy / Kochappi, Janakiyamma's Husband
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Maya's Grandafather's Advocate
* [[Kalamandalam Kesavan]] as Maya's Grandfather
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Ambrose, Vishnu's Friend
* Mahima as Malathi, Janakiyamma's Daughter
* [[Sona Nair]] as Beena
* [[Jayakumar Parameswaran Pillai]] as Autorickshaw Driver
* Bindu Murali as Motorcyclist

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack contains 6 songs, all composed by Sanjeev Lal and Lyrics by [[S. Ramesan Nair]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Kalichirithan"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
| 2
| "Kalichirithan"
| K. J. Yesudas
|-
| 3
| "Kalichirithan"
| K. S. Chitra
|-
| 4
| "Kamaladalam"
| [[Biju Narayanan]], K. S. Chitra
|-
| 5
| "Kamaladalam"
| K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chitra
|-
| 6
| "Rajayogam Swanthamayi"
| Biju Narayanan
|}

==Box office==
The film was an average grosser.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asianetindia.com/completes-25-years-in-cinema-jayaram/|title=Completes 25 years in cinema: Jayaram|work=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|date=1 December 2013|access-date=19 November 2016|archive-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231410/http://asianetindia.com/completes-25-years-in-cinema-jayaram/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0355307|The Car }}

{{Rajasenan}}
{{Rafi Mecartin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Car (1997 film), The}}
[[Category:1997 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajasenan]]
[[Category:1997 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about automobiles]]
[[Category:Films about assassinations]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Cotiote War

2026-03-03T13:17:27Z

Dwatson32: brief cleanup citations and added references

#REDIRECT [[Kottayam War]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Haludpukur

2026-03-01T09:09:19Z

Dwatson32: Adding initial entry basic info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Haludpukur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Haludpukhur, Haldipokhar
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6101|N|86.1385|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.35
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10485
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 831002
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0657
| registration_plate = JH 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 78.97%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Potka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Potka]]
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Haludpukur''' (also referred to as Haludpukhur, Haldipokhar) is a [[census town]] in the [[Potka block|Potka]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Dhalbhum subdivision]] of the [[East Singhbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map

| width=350| height=420| zoom=9

| coord={{coord|22|35|0|N|86|25|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in East Singhbhum district in Kolhan Division''' (Locations around Jamshedpur are shown in the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration map - see [[Bagbera Colony#Geography|Bagbera Colony]] page) M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|16|42|N|86|43|29|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Baharagora | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Baharagora]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|58|N|86|33|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Dhalbhumgarh| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhalbhumgarh]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|57|24|N|86|17|43|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Boram| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Boram, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|27|20|N|86|26|19|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Dumaria | numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|25|N|86|32|44|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Gurbandha | numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Gurbandha]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|9|30|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Hata| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hata, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|0|N|86|35|11|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kokpara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kokpara]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|0|N|86|24|58|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Mahulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mahulia]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|54|54|N|86|23|8|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Patamda| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Patamda]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|12|47|E}} | label-pos10= right|label10= Potka| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Potka]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|47|33|N|86|11|3|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Jamshedpur| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jamshedpur]] (M) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|28|48|N|86|43|12|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Chakuliya| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Chakuliya]] (M) |label-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|33|N|86|29|28|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Burudi| numbered13=T| mark-title13=[[Burudi]] (T) |shape-color13= #74C365
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|38|47|N|86|24|16|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14= Galudih | numbered14=T| mark-title14=[[Galudih]] (T) |shape-color14= #74C365
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|35|16|N|86|28|27|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Ghatshila| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Ghatshila]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|36|36|N|86|8|18|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16=Haludpukur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=Haludpukur (CT) |shape-color16=black| label-size16=13|label-color16=black 
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|39|40|N|86|21|36|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17=Jadugora| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Jadugora]] (CT) |shape-color17= #A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|22|N|86|27|13|E}} | label-pos18 top|label18=Musabani| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Musabani]] (CT) |shape-color18= #A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|21|40|N|86|36|20|E}} |label19= Subarnarekha |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|20|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -55| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|12|0|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21= Dalma |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|1|0|N|86|30|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= 20| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|16|0|N|86|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Haldipokhar is located at {{coord|22.6101|N|86.1385|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map "forms a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract". The main rivers draining the district are the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and the [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Natural Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref> The area lying between Jamshedpur and Ghatshila is the main industrial mining zone. The rest of the district is primarily agricultural. In the district, as of 2011, 56.9% of the population lives in the rural areas and a high 43.1% lives in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Industrialisation, Page 22: Census findings – Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Haludpukhur had a total population of 10,485, of which 5,317 (51%) were males and 5,168 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,517. The total number of literate persons in Haludpukhur was 7,082 (78.97% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location code: 363910, Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 20 December 2021}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Haludpukur census town (2011)<ref name=Language>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |title=C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level), Jharkhand - 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205182830/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |archive-date=5 February 2022 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India }} [https://new.census.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10246/download/13358/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX Alt URL]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|value1 = 48.1
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value2 = 34.8
|label3 = [[Hindi language |Hindi]]
|value3 = 10.9
|label4 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|value4 = 4.9
|label5 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]]
|value5 = 0.6
|label6 = [[Munda language|Munda]]
|value6 = 0.3
|other = yes
|other-color = grey
|footer=
}}

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Haludpukur town (2011)<ref name="census2011-religion">{{cite web|title=C-01: Population by religious community, Jharkhand - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|50.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Odisha|Hinduism]]|darkorange|46.5}}
{{bar percent|Unclassified Sect.|darkred|2.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.1}}
{{bar percent|Not stated|black|0.4}}
}}

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Purbi Singhbhum'', Haludpukhur covered an area of {{cvt|6.35|km2}}. It has an annual rainfall of {{cvt|1,030.2 |mm}}. Among the civic amenities, it had {{cvt|5|km|}} of roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved hand pump, uncovered well. It had 1,741 domestic electric connections, 4 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 1 hospital (with 10 beds), 35 dispensaries, 35 health centres, 10 family welfare centres, 10 maternity and child welfare centres, 7 maternity homes, 2 nursing homes, 12 charitable hospitals/ nursing homes, 1 veterinary hospital, 4 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 1 primary school, 4 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school, the nearest general degree college at Karandih, {{cvt|16|km}} away. It had 1 non-formal education centre (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). Among social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 stadium, 1 auditorium/ community hall. It produced bamboo baskets and leaf plates. It had the branch offices of 2 nationalised banks, 1 cooperative bank, 1 agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 863-871 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 20 December 2021}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Haludpukur railway station|Haludpukur Railway Station]] is on the [[Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line|Tatanagar-Badampahar branch line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-tatanagar-badampahar-demu-special-08131/3241/168/6982 | title = 0801 Tatanagar-Badampahar DEMU Special | work = Time Table | publisher = IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 20 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jharkhand.org.in/potka | title = Potka, Jharkhand | publisher = Jharkhand.org | access-date = 20 December 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Government Vidyaniketan Haldipokhar is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1960. It has facilities for teaching from class IX to class XII. The school has a playground and a library with 3,500 books, and has 2 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/purbi-singhbhum/20180211506/upg-govt-+2s-vniketan-haldipokhar.html | title = Upg Govt +2S VNiketan Haldipokhar| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 20 December 2021}}</ref>

Giri Bharati High School Haldipokhar is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1948. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X. The school has a playground, a library with 2,640 books and 1 computer for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/purbi-singhbhum/20180211507/h-s-giribharti-haldipokhar.html | title = Giri Bharati Haldipokhar| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 20 December 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolhan Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in East Singhbhum district]]

Antonov An-32

2026-02-27T03:19:54Z

Dwatson32:

{{short description|Airliner and military tactical transport aircraft by Antonov}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = An-32
| image = AirMark Antonov An-32 Spijkers-2.jpg
| caption = An-32 of AirMark
| type = [[Military transport aircraft]]
| national_origin = [[Soviet Union]]/[[Russia]]/[[Ukraine]]
| manufacturer = [[Antonov]]
| first_flight = 9 July 1976<ref name="aerow">Karnozov, Vovick. [http://www.aeroworldnet.com/1ra10160.htm "Renewed AN-32 in Flight Tests."] ''AeroWorldNet,'' 16 October 2000. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521113555/http://www.aeroworldnet.com/1ra10160.htm |date=May 21, 2007 }}</ref>
| introduction =
| retired =
| produced = 1982–2012
| number_built = 373<ref name=russianplanes.net/>
| status = In service
| primary_user = [[Indian Air Force]]
| more_users = [[National Air Force of Angola]] [[Sri Lanka Air Force]] [[Ukrainian Air Force]]
| developed_from = [[Antonov An-26]]
| variants =
| developed_into = [[Antonov/Taqnia An-132]]
}}

The '''Antonov An-32''' ([[NATO reporting name]]: '''Cline''') is a [[turboprop]] twin-engined [[military transport aircraft]]. Its first flight was in July 1976 and was displayed at the 1977 [[Paris Air Show]]. A variant of the [[Antonov An-24|An-24]], it was given upgraded equipment and more powerful [[Ivchenko AI-20]] engines, and is oriented towards flying in adverse weather conditions. The aircraft was produced from 1980 to 2012, and remains in service. It is the fourth member of the Antonov An-24 family, succeeding the An-24, [[Antonov An-30|An-30]] and [[Antonov An-26|An-26]], and coming before the cancelled [[Antonov/Taqnia An-132|An-132]].

==Design and development==
The An-32 is essentially a re-engined [[Antonov An-26|An-26]]. It is designed to withstand adverse weather conditions better than the standard An-26. Announced at the May 1977 Paris Air Show, the An-32 is distinguished from its predecessor by engines raised 1.5 m above the wing in order to avoid foreign object damage on rough, unprepared airstrips.

The type features high-lift wings with automatic leading-edge slats, large triple-slotted trailing edge flaps and an enlarged tailplane and a very large increase in power, giving improved take-off performance and service ceiling. The high placement of the engine [[nacelle]]s above the wing allowed for larger diameter propellers, which are driven by 5,100 hp rated [[Ivchenko AI-20]] turboprop engines, providing almost twice the power of the An-26's AI-24 powerplants.<ref name="AirInternational" /><ref name="warfiles">Antonov An-32. [https://warfiles.ru/show-84676-an-net-an-est-ukraina-nashla-poteryannye-indiyskie-an-32.html "Ан нет, Ан есть. Украина «нашла» потерянные индийские Ан-32."] ''[http://warfiles.ru/] 20 April 2015.''</ref>

Production from the Government Aircraft Factory in Kyiv, has included 123 aircraft for the [[Indian Air Force]], which ordered the aircraft under strong foreign relations between then USSR leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and then India leader [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="AirInternational" /><ref name="warfiles" />

The majority of production has been for the Russian and Ukrainian Air Forces, with around 40 per year being built during the late 1980s to early 1990s.<ref name="AirInternational" /> The estimated price for a modernised An-32 version is 15 million US dollars.<ref name="warfiles" />

The last An-32 was produced in 2012.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===Production data===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; font-size: 96%;"
|+ '''Production'''<ref name=russianplanes.net>{{cite web|url=http://russianplanes.net/planelist/Antonov/An-32|title=реестр самолётов типа Антонов Ан-32 |work=russianplanes.net|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910154742/http://russianplanes.net/planelist/Antonov/An-32|archive-date=2015-09-10}}</ref>
|-
! Total !! 1976 !! 1982 !! 1983 !! 1984!! 1985!! 1986!! 1987!! 1988!! 1989 !! 1990 !! 1991 !! 1992 !! 1993 !! 1994!! 1995!! 1996!!2005!! 2007!! 2008!! 2010!! 2011!! 2012
|-
|| '''373''' || 1|| 1|| 5|| 29|| 31|| 26|| 54|| 28|| 48|| 11|| 49|| 47|| 10|| 4|| 8|| 5|| 2|| 1|| 4|| 1|| 3|| 5
|}

==Operational history==
The An-32 has outstanding takeoff characteristics in hot and high conditions, up to {{convert|55|C|F|abbr=on}} and {{convert|4,500|m|abbr=on}} elevation, and is suitable for use as a medium tactical military transport roles as well as commercial roles. Operating as a cargo transport over the short and medium range air routes, the An-32 is suitable for air-dropping cargo, passenger carrying, medevac, firefighting, skydiving or paratrooping roles.

The An-32 entered service in the 1980s and served with the air forces of Ukraine, Russia, Bangladesh Air Force, the Indian Air Force, the Iraqi Air Force, the Mexican Air Force and the Sudanese Air Force.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In 2014, the [[Iraqi Air Force]] used its An-32B as bombers against the ISIS in response to the [[Islamic State invasion of Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Joseph |last=Trevithick |url=https://www.twz.com/20330/iraqs-an-32-cargo-planes-turned-bombers-flew-nearly-twice-as-many-strikes-as-its-f-16s |title=Iraq’s An-32 Cargo Planes Turned Bombers Flew Nearly Twice As Many Strikes As its F-16s |website=TWZ.com |date=23 April 2018 |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref>

==Variants==
[[File:MNS_An-32.jpg|thumb|A [[State Emergency Service of Ukraine]] An-32 [[firefighting aircraft]] dumps water on a forest fire.]]
* '''An-32''' : Twin-engined transport aircraft
* '''An-32A''' : The first civil variant, the majority of the 36 aircraft built were delivered to various government factory enterprises, for use in transporting assemblies between plants.
* '''An-32B''' : Improved version
* '''An-32B-100''' : Modernised version of the An-32B. [[Maximum takeoff weight]] (MTOW) increased to 28.5 tons, payload increased to 7.5 tons.<ref name= "An-32"/>
* '''An-32B-110''' : New avionics allowing aircraft to be operated by two crew members. Metric (Russian) avionics variant.<ref name="aviant110">
[http://www.aviant.ua/eng/an-32b-110.html "Kyiv Aviation Plant: 'Aviant' Аn-32B–110/120."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808213129/http://www.aviant.ua/eng/an-32b-110.html |date=2008-08-08 }} ''aviant.ua.'' Retrieved: 12 November 2011.
</ref>
* '''An-32B-120''' : Imperial (non-Russian) avionics variant of An-32B-110.<ref name="aviant110"/>
* '''An-32B-300''' : Version fitted with [[Rolls-Royce AE 2100]] turboprop engines, providing 4,600 hp each.<ref>
[http://www.aviant.ua/eng/an-32v-300.html "Kyiv Aviation Plant: 'Aviant' – An-32B-300."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220110533/http://www.aviant.ua/eng/an-32v-300.html |date=2009-02-20 }} ''aviant.ua.'' Retrieved: 12 November 2011.
</ref>
* '''An-32LL''' (''Letayushchaya Laboratoriya'' flying laboratory): The An-32 first prototype was equipped with a large SV-36P eight-bladed propeller and D-236 engine on the port side for testing, in place of the standard engine and propeller. The increased noise produced by the experimental installation (115-120 dB) outweighed the modest gains in performance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://modelgrad.com/akl-201603-aviakollektsia-3-2016-antonov-an-32-cline-twin-engined-turboprop-military-transport-aircraft.html|title=AKL-201603 AviaKollektsia 3 2016: Antonov An-32 Cline Twin-Engined Turboprop Military Transport Aircraft|website=modelgrad.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref>
* '''An-32MP''' : Marine Patrol version.<ref name="AN-32P"/>
* '''An-32P Firekiller''' : Aerial firefighting version. Special category type certificate granted on 10 March 1995. A total of eight tons of liquid can be discharged from the two external tanks simultaneously or one after the other. Drops are conducted at 40–50 m above ground level and 240 to 260 km/h. Can be used as a cargo aircraft when not fighting fires.<ref name="AN-32P">{{cite web |url=http://www.antonov.com/products/air/special/AN-32p/index.xml |title=An-32P |date=2004 |website=antonov.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430122223/http://www.antonov.com/products/air/special/AN-32p/index.xml |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=November 12, 2011 }}</ref>
* '''An-32V-200''' : A tactical transport/cargo aircraft outgrowth from the An-32B-100, with more modern avionics allowing two crew operation. Intended for export; despite reasonable interest few have been sold.
* '''An-32 RE''' : Modernised version of the An-32B. MTOW increased to 28.5 tons, payload increased to 7.5 tons.<ref name="An-32">{{cite web |url=http://www.antonov.com/products/air/transport/AN-32/index.xml |title=An-32 |date=2004 |website=antonov.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906083502/http://www.antonov.com/products/air/transport/AN-32/index.xml |archive-date=September 6, 2005 |access-date=November 12, 2011 }}</ref> New avionics.

==Operators==
[[File:S3-ACB Bangladesh Air Force An-32 (24081506344) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Bangladesh Air Force]] Antonov An-32 landing ]]
[[File:An Antonov An-32 of the Indian Air Force.jpg|thumb|The IAF's Antonov An-32 transport aircraft, during the Republic Day Flypast 2024.]]
[[File:Sri Lankan Air Force Antonov An-32B SDS.jpg|thumb|[[Sri Lanka Air Force]] Antonov An-32B.]]
[[File:Sun Air Charter Antonov An-32 UA-320-1.jpg|thumbnail|Sun Air Charter An-32 at [[Lokichogio Airport]].]]
[[File:Croatian AN-32B Ruzyne.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-32B of the [[Croatian Air Force]].]]
[[File:Mexican Navy Antonov An-32B 2009 Belyakov.jpg|thumb|[[Mexican Navy]] Antonov An-32B taking off at [[Kyiv International Airport|Kyiv-Zhuliany]] in 2009.]]

===Military operators===
Besides aircraft in service in the Ukrainian and Russian Air Forces, more than 240 An-32 aircraft are being operated in various countries around the world.

[[File:AN-32 cargo plane of the Afghan Air Force.jpg|thumb|right|An Antonov An-32 of the Afghan Air Force]]
{{AFG}}
* At least six were delivered to the [[Afghan Air Force]] from 1987. Three were used by the [[Afghan Armed Forces|Taliban Air Force]].<ref name="awst_20070115">"Aerospace Source Book 2007," ''[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]'', 15 January 2007.</ref><ref name="jane">Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment, 2001</ref> -2 Units Active in 2024.<ref name="World Air Forces 2025">{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=106507 |title= World Air Forces 2025 |publisher= Flightglobal Insight |year= 2024 |access-date= 10 December 2024}}</ref>
{{ANG}}
* [[People's Air and Air Defence Force of Angola]]<ref name="fiwaf15 p32">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 8–14 December 2015, p. 32.</ref> Operates seven An-32.
{{BAN}}
* [[Bangladesh Air Force]]: Three aircraft received and currently in service with the 3 Squadron 'Unicorns'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flying high in Bangladesh|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/flying-high-bangladesh|url-status=live|website=Air International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004081724/https://www.airinternational.com/article/flying-high-bangladesh |archive-date=2021-10-04 }}</ref> Two An-32B & one An-32C.<ref name="fiwaf12 p46">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 11–17 December 2012, p. 46.</ref> Overhauled and upgraded with life extension by ''SE PLANT 410 CA'' of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|title=SE PLANT 410 CA HANDS OVER THIRD OVERHAULED AND UPGRADED AN-32 AIRCRAFT OF BANGLADESH AIR FORCE|url=http://arp410.kiev.ua/en/novyny-2/7180/|website=PLANT 410 CA|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111041259/http://arp410.kiev.ua/en/novyny-2/7180/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{COL}}
* [[Colombian National Army Aviation]]: Two An-32<ref name="fiwaf12 p49">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 11–17 December 2012, p. 49.</ref>
{{COG}}
* [[Congolese Air Force]]: 2 in service<ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{cite web |last = |first = |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/world-air-forces-directory-2022/146695.article|title = World Air Forces 2022|publisher= Flightglobal |year= 2022 |doi = |accessdate= 18 July 2022|url-access=registration}}</ref>
{{ETH}}
* [[Ethiopian Air Force]]: 1 in service<ref name="World Air Forces 2021">{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345|title = World Air Forces 2021|publisher= FlightGlobal |date= 4 December 2020 |access-date= 20 June 2021}}</ref>
{{IND}}
* [[Indian Air Force]]: Bought 125 aircraft, ~105 are still in service. Entire fleet is undergoing modernization; 35 upgraded An-32s have been delivered by [[Ukrspetsexport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/420519/iaf-awaits-039safe039-return-last.html|title=IAF awaits 'safe' return of last batch of AN-32 fleet|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref> The upgrades include modern avionics equipment, new oxygen systems and improved crew seats. The remaining aircraft are being upgraded in India. These will be replaced with the Medium Transport Aircraft (MTA) programme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ritu |date=2024-02-09 |title=Lockheed, Airbus 'Fight It Out' For Multi-Billion Indian Aircraft Deal; Embraer 'Scores Goal' With Mahindra Contract |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/lockheed-airbus-fight-it-out-for-multi-billion-indian/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News |language=en-US}}</ref> As of 2024, IAF has plans to upgrade another 60 An-32s within India by FY2028-29, at the rate of 15 per overhaul cycle, led by 1 Base Repair Depot, [[Kanpur]] and 3 Base Repair Depot, [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Vijay |date=2024-05-10 |title=Indian Air Force draws up roadmap to outsource overhaul of 60 AN-32 aircraft to the industry |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/indian-air-force-draws-up-roadmap-to-outsource-overhaul-of-60-an-32-aircraft-to-the-industry-619923 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>
{{IRQ}}
* [[Iraqi Air Force]]: Six An-32B delivered from [[Ukraine]] between November 2011 and October 2012, initially used by the [[23rd Squadron (Iraq)|23rd Squadron]] alongside [[C-130]]s. In May 2013, the [[3rd Squadron (Iraq)|33rd Squadron]] was created to operate Iraq's An-32 fleet.<ref>{{harvnb|Delalande|2016|p=30}}</ref>
{{MEX}}
* [[Mexican Air Force]]: One An-32.<ref name="fiwaf12 p55">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 11–17 December 2012, p. 55.</ref>
* [[Mexican Naval Aviation]]: One An-32B.<ref name="fiwaf12 p55"/>
{{PER}}
* [[Peruvian Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf12 p57">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 11–17 December 2012, p. 57.</ref> Three An-32
* [[Peruvian Army]]<ref name="fiwaf12 p57"/> Two An-32B
* [[Peruvian Naval Aviation]]<ref name="fiwaf12 p57"/> One An-32B formerly from Hungary
{{SRI}}
* [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf12 p60">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 11–17 December 2012, p. 60.</ref> Four An-32
{{SUD}}
* [[Sudanese Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf12 p60"/> Six An-32

===Former military operators===
[[File:An-32 (12549136855).jpg|thumb|A Libyan An-32 in 2009]]
{{ARM}}
* [[Armenian Air Force]] One An-32
{{CRO}}
* [[Croatian Air Force]]: Operated two An-32B's.<ref name="fiwaf12 p49"/> Modernized in 2004 and subsequently retired and put up for sale in 2014 after being declared redundant. Both were transferred to Ukraine in 2023/24.
{{CIV}}
* [[Military of Ivory Coast]] one An-32
{{EQG}}
* [[Military of Equatorial Guinea|Air Force of Equatorial Guinea]]<ref name="fiwaf12 p50">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 11–17 December 2012, p. 50.</ref> One An-32 lost in crash in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.1001crash.com/index-page-description-accident-AN32_egng-lg-2-crash-218.html|title=Accident of an Antonov 32 operated by Equatorial Guinea National Guard - Annobón, Equatorial Guinea|website=1001crash.com|date=16 April 2008 }}</ref>
{{JOR}}
* [[Jordanian Air Force]]
{{flag|Libya|1977}}
* [[Libyan Air Force (1951-2011)|Libyan Air Force]]
{{RWA}}
* [[Military of Rwanda]]
{{TAN}}

===Civil operators===
In July 2016, a total of 25 Antonov An-32 aircraft remained in [[airline]] service. The largest operator was Aero Transporte S.A (ATSA) of Peru with four aircraft. Some 16 other airlines operated smaller numbers of the type.<ref>Thisdell and Farfard ''Flight International'' 9–15 August 2016, pp. 28–29.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/an32-transport/|title=Antonov An-32 Light Multipurpose Transport Aircraft|website=www.airforce-technology.com}}</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
* On 25 March 1986, an Indian Air Force An-32 disappeared over the [[Arabian Sea]] on a delivery flight from the [[Soviet Union]] (via [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]], [[Oman]].) No trace was ever found of the aircraft or its three crew and four passengers.<ref name=Muscat>[https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19860325-1 "ASN Aircraft accident: Antonov 32 K2729 Jamnagar, India."] ''Aviation Safety Network,'' 2004. Retrieved: 27 June 2011.</ref>
* On 15 July 1990, an [[Indian Air Force]] An-32 crashed in the [[Ponmudi|Ponmudi Mountain Range]] while en route from [[Tambaram Air Force Station]] to [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in India.<ref>[https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19900715-0 "ASN Aircraft accident: Antonov 32 K2705 Ponmudi, India."] ''Aviation Safety Network,'' Retrieved: 23 July 2016.</ref>
* On 22 November 1995, a [[Sri Lankan Air Force]] An-32B which chartered from the [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] was shot down during a landing in [[Jaffna]], and all 63 troops aboard killed.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}
* On 8 January 1996, an [[1996 Air Africa crash|An-32 freighter crashed into a crowded marketplace]] in [[Kinshasa]], [[Zaire]], resulting in the deaths of approximately 237 people on the ground. The crew attempted to abort the takeoff at [[N'Dolo Airport|Kinshasa-N'Dolo Airport]] after the aircraft failed to gain height. Four of the six crew members survived. Overloading was cited as a possible cause.<ref>[https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19960108-0 "ASN Aircraft accident: Antonov 32B."] ''Aviation Safety Network,'' 2004. Retrieved: 27 June 2011.</ref>
* On 12 February 1998, a [[1998 Sudanese Air Force Antonov An-32 crash|Sudanese Air Force An-32]] carrying 51 on board, overrun the runway after landing, crashing on river, killing 26 of the 57 on board, among them several of the country's most senior government leaders, including the [[Vice President of Sudan|Vice-President]] [[Zubair Mohamed Salih]].
* On 28 March 1998, a [[Peruvian Air Force]] An-32 carrying the dual civil/military registration OB-1389/FAP-388 and inbound from [[Tumbes, Peru|Tumbes]] evacuating 50 people stranded by [[El Niño]]-driven floods had an engine failure while approaching [[Cap. FAP Guillermo Concha Iberico International Airport|Piura]]. As the aircraft was overloaded, the pilot could not maintain height and the An-32 struck three houses of a nearby shantytown and crashed into a canal. While the crew of five survived, 21 passengers died plus one person on the ground.<ref>Glave, Fernando Braschi. [http://aviation-safety.net/photos/displayphoto.php?id=19980328-0&vnr=1&kind=C "Photo of Antonov 32 OB-1389."] ''Aviation Safety Network,'' 2004. Retrieved: 17 November 2012.</ref>
* On 26 August 2007, a [[Great Lakes Business Company]] An-32B carrying nine tons of minerals, 12 passengers, and a crew of three experienced engine trouble after takeoff from [[Kongolo Airport]], [[Kongolo, Katanga|Kongolo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], and crashed short of the runway while attempting to return to the airport, killing 14 of the 15 people on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20070826-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Antonov 32B 9Q-CAC Kongolo Airport (KOO)|date=26 August 2007|work=aviation-safety.net|access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref>
* On 11 April 2008, [[Kata Air Transport Flight 007|Kata Air Transport Flight 7]], a An-32, crashed during return the airport caused engine failure, killing all 8 on board.
* On 10 June 2009, an Indian Air Force An-32 carrying 13 people crashed shortly after it took off from [[Mechuka#Mechuka Airport|Mechuka]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], a state bordering China.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120917120216/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090611/jsp/nation/story_11094341.jsp "IAF plane crash over Arunachal Pradesh."] ''telegraphindia.com.'' Retrieved: 29 June 2011.</ref> All 13 people on board were reported to have been killed. Soon after the crash, India agreed a $US400 million deal with [[Ukraine]] for an An-32 fleet upgrade. This upgrade as reported will extend the life of these transport aircraft by nearly 15 years.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024025140/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-18/india/28204556_1_iaf-india-inks-ferry-troops-and-supplies "India inks AN-32 upgrade deal with Ukraine."] ''Times of India.'' Retrieved: 29 June 2011.</ref>
* On 12 December 2014, a Sri Lanka Air Force An-32 carrying five people crashed on approach to land at [[Ratmalana Airport]] after taking off from [[Bandaranayake International Airport|Katunayaka Bandaranayake International Airport]]. The pilot, co-pilot and two of the aircrew were killed in the crash and the fifth crew member suffered critical injuries and died after six days from the accident due to his injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20141212-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Antonov 32B SCM-864 Hokandara|date=12 December 2014|work=aviation-safety.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/58779/plane-crash-in-athurugiriya | title=Plane crash in Athurugiriya | work=[[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|Daily Mirror]] | date=12 December 2014 | access-date=12 December 2014}}</ref>
* On 22 July 2016, an [[2016 Indian Air Force An-32 disappearance|Indian Air Force An-32]] (Registration - K2743) travelling from [[Chennai]] to [[Port Blair]] went missing above the [[Bay of Bengal]] with 29 people on board. It left the [[Tambaram Air Base]] near Chennai at 8.30 am and disappeared from radar tracking at 9.12 am, 280 km east of Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/fears-grow-as-indian-air-force-an-32-remains-untraceable-1435311|title=Fears Grow As Indian Air Force AN-32 Remains Untraceable|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> On 12 January 2024, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)]] announced that the wreckage of the missing aircraft had been found in a recent search operation in collaboration with the [[National Institute of Ocean Technology]]. The wreckage was found at a depth of {{Convert|3400|m|ft}} and at a distance of 140 nautical miles (310 km) from the coast of [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-12 |title=Wreckage of IAF's AN-32 aircraft traced seven-and-a-half years after it went missing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/wreckage-of-iafs-an-32-aircraft-traced-seven-and-a-half-years-after-it-went-missing/articleshow/106768753.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was found by a ship on a research mission in the nearby areas and stumbled upon during calibration of Instruments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=These Scientists, Machine, Helped Solve Air Force's 8-Year-Old Mystery |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/these-scientists-machine-helped-solve-air-forces-8-year-old-mystery-5100619 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* On 3 October 2018 a [[Sudan Air Force]] An-32 collided with an [[Antonov An-30]] (also of the Sudan Air Force) at [[Khartoum International Airport]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.airlive.net/breaking-two-antonov-aircraft-have-collided-on-the-ground-at-khartoum-airport-sudan/|title=BREAKING Two Antonov aircraft have collided on the ground at Khartoum Airport, Sudan|work=Airlive Contributors|access-date=2018-10-03|language=en}}</ref>
* On 3 June 2019, [[2019 Indian Air Force An-32 crash|an Indian Air Force An-32]] went missing near [[Arunachal Pradesh]] shortly after taking off from [[Jorhat Airport|Jorhat Air Base]] in [[Assam]] in northeastern India. The wreckage of the aircraft was found in Arunachal Pradesh eight days later with 13 found dead on board.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/all-13-bodies-black-box-of-an-32-aircraft-retrieved/articleshow/69773733.cms|title=All 13 bodies, black box of AN-32 aircraft retrieved - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/missing-an-32-jet-found-in-arunachal-pradesh-1546574-2019-06-11 |title=Missing An-32 Jet Found in Arunachal Pradesh, 13 personnel of IAF feared killed |website=India Today|date=11 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>

==Specifications (An-32)==
[[File:Antonow An-32 Risszeichnung cline d1.gif|right|300px|Orthographic projection of the Antonov An-32.]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89<ref name="janes 88 p222-5">Taylor 1988, pp. 222–225.</ref>
|prime units?=met

|crew=4
|capacity=42 paratroopers/50 passengers/24 Casualties on stretcher with three medical personnel / {{cvt|6700|kg|0}} max payload
|length m=23.78
|length note=
|span m=29.2
|span note=
|height m=8.75
|height note=
|wing area sqm=75
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=16800
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=27000
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=

|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[ZMKB Progress AI-20DM]]
|eng1 type=[[turboprop]] engines
|eng1 kw=3812
|eng1 note=

|prop blade number=4
|prop name=constant speed propellers
|prop dia m=
|prop dia note=

|max speed kmh=530
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=470
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=2500
|range note=with 3,700 kg (8,160 lb) payload, no reserves
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling m=9500
|ceiling note=
|g limits=
|roll rate=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=

|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{Aircontent
|related=
* [[Antonov An-26]]
* [[Antonov/Taqnia An-132]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[EADS CASA C-295]]
* [[Alenia C-27J]]
|lists=
* [[List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS]]
|see also=
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="AirInternational">{{cite magazine|last=Allport|first=Dave|title=Military Transport Aircraft Directory (Part 2)|journal=[[Air International]]|date=April 1996|volume= 50|issue= 4|pages= 239}}</ref>
}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Delalande |first1=Arnaud |title=Iraqi Air Power Reborn, The Iraqi air arms since 2004 |date=2016 |publisher= Harpia Publishing |location=Houston |isbn=978-0-9854554-7-7}}
* Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". ''[[Flight International]]'', Vol. 182 No. 5370. 11–17 December 2012. pp. 40–64. ISSN 0015-3710.
* {{Citation | last = Hoyle | first = Craig | author-mask = 3 | title = World Air Forces Directory | work = Flight International | volume = 184 | number = 5419 | date = 10–16 December 2013 | pages = 24–51 | ISSN = 0015-3710}}.
* {{Citation | last = Hoyle | first = Craig | author-mask = 3 | title = World Air Forces Directory | work = Flight International | volume = 188 | number = 5517 | date = 8–14 December 2015 | pages = 26–53 | ISSN = 0015-3710}}.
* Taylor, John, W.R. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89.'' London: Jane's Information Group, 1988. {{ISBN|0-7106-0867-5}}.
* Thisdell, Dan and Fafard, Antoine. "World Airliner Census". ''Flight International'', Volume 190, No. 5550, 9–15 August 2016. pp. 20–43. {{ISSN|0015-3710}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120821170050/http://www.antonov.com/aircraft/transport-aircraft/an-32 Official Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090220180526/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/main.php?g2_itemId=147 Indian Air Force AN-32 Image Gallery]

{{Antonov aircraft}}
{{NATO transport reporting names}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antonov An-032}}
[[Category:Antonov aircraft|An-032]]
[[Category:1970s Soviet cargo aircraft]]
[[Category:1970s Soviet military transport aircraft]]
[[Category:India–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1976]]
[[Category:Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]

Antara Biswas

2026-02-24T15:57:48Z

Dwatson32:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Antara Biswas
| image = Monalisa at 'Dhappa' web series launch (2).jpg
| caption = Monalisa in 2022
| birth_name = Antara Biswas
| birth_date = 21 November
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| other_names = Monalisa
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Vikrant Singh Rajpoot]]|2017}}
| years_active = 1997–present
| website =
}}

'''Antara Biswas''' (born 21 November), known professionally as '''Monalisa''', is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] films and [[Hindi]] television. She participated as a contestant on ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 10)|Bigg Boss 10]]'' in 2016 and is best known for portraying Mohana Rathod in the supernatural drama ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Bigg Boss 10: Wild theme, wacky participants! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bigg-boss-10-wild-theme-wacky-participants/20161017.htm |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=Rediff |date=17 October 201 |language=en}}</ref> Monalisa is considered as one of the highest paid Bhojpuri actress.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Amrapali Dubey is highest paid Bhojpuri actress. See how much Monalisa and Rani Chatterjee earn |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amrapali-dubey-is-highest-paid-bhojpuri-actress-see-how-much-she-earns-1215498-2018-04-19 |access-date=29 September 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=19 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=कभी 120 रुपये रोजाना कमाने के लिए नौकरी करती थीं मोनालिसा, ऐसे बनीं भोजपुरी स्टार |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/news/story/monalisa-bhojpuri-actress-as-a-hotel-receptionist-before-entering-in-industry-tmovb-1507322-2022-07-27 |access-date=30 September 2023 |magazine=Aaj Tak |date=27 July 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Antara Biswas was born to a [[Bengali Hindu]] family on 21 November.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |title=Born to a Bengali Hindu family, Antara adopted the stage name of Mona Lisa at the behest of her uncle. |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/indian-stars/Antara-Biswas/newversion/articleshow_v2/14022588.cms |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206092217/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/indian-stars/Antara-Biswas/newversion/articleshow_v2/14022588.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bigg-Boss-10-November-21-episode-36-update-Manus-surprise-for-his-good-friend-Mona-Lisa-on-her-birthday/photostory/55546553.cms |title=Bigg Boss 10 November 21, episode 36 update: Manu's surprise for his 'good friend' Mona Lisa on her birthday |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=21 November 2016 }}</ref> She adopted the stage name of Monalisa at the behest of her uncle.<ref name="indiatimes1" /> She studied at [[Julien Day School]] in Elgin Road, South [[Kolkata]], and graduated from [[Ashutosh College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]], earning a BA degree in [[Sanskrit]] before starting out a few years ago as a small-time TV actress and model in [[Oriya language|Odia]] video albums.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite web |title=Dare girl from Gariahat |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051214/asp/calcutta/story_5599015.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927102145/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051214/asp/calcutta/story_5599015.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2013 |website=The Telegraph Calcutta |access-date=8 July 2016 |date=14 December 2005}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Monalisa at Launch of film Rampur Ka Laxman.jpg|thumb|Monalisa in 2010]]
Monalisa acted in several low-budget films before making her debut in [[Bollywood]] with ''[[Blackmail (2005 film)|Blackmail]]'', starring [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Suniel Shetty]].<ref name="telegraph" /> She then acted in South Indian films before coming to notice through her role in ''[[Tauba Tauba]]'' opposite Amin Gazi. She acted in a Kannada film titled ''[[Jackpot (2006 film)|Jackpot]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Understanding love |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3105722.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=8 July 2016 |date=16 July 2006}}</ref>

Monalisa made her Bhojpuri film debut with ''[[Bhole Shankar]]'' alongside [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]. The film was a major commercial success and broke the standing record for biggest opening for a Bhojpuri film.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.screenindia.com/news/mithuns-first-bhojpuri-film-creates-record-in-bihar/367841/ |title= Mithun's first Bhojpuri film creates record in Bihar |date= 3 October 2008 |work= Screen |access-date= 10 December 2009 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081005022100/http://www.screenindia.com/news/mithuns-first-bhojpuri-film-creates-record-in-bihar/367841/ |archivedate= 5 October 2008 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> She further established herself as a leading actress in Bhojpuri cinema with successful films such as ''Hum Bahubali'', ''[[Saat Saheliyan]]'', ''[[Devra Bada Satawela]]'' and ''[[Devra Bhail Deewana]]'' among others.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Times News Network |date=17 December 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/Ravi-Kishan-and-Rajkumar-R-Pandey-together-again/articleshow/45547429.cms|title=Ravi Kishan and Rajkumar R Pandey together again |work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref>

Monalisa's most notable role on television include her playing Mohana Mehta Rathod in ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]'', Iravati Verma in ''[[Namak Issk Ka]]'' and Yamini Raichand in ''[[Bekaboo]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/nazar-to-hum-2-new-shows-are-all-set-to-hit-your-screens-today-1300379-2018-07-30|title=Nazar to Hum: 2 new shows are all set to hit your screens today|publisher=India Today|author=Shweta Keshri|date=30 July 2018|access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/monalisa-on-joining-bekaboo-i-will-be-seen-in-a-90s-look-and-im-very-excited-about-that/articleshow/98390682.cms | title=Monalisa on joining Bekaboo: I will be seen in a 90s look and I'm very excited about that | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Doshi | first1=Hasti }}</ref> In 2022, she participated in ''Smart Jodi'' with her husband, [[Vikrant Singh Rajpoot]] and later played Rama in ''[[Favvara Chowk]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/monalisa-and-vikrant-singh-rajput-bring-on-screen-chemistry-to-city-streets/articleshow/58234735.cms|title=Monalisa and Vikrant Singh Rajput bring on-screen chemistry to city streets|work=www.timesofindia.com|author=The Times f India|date=18 April 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Monalisa: Every comedy show needs an element of tadka and my character in Favvara Chowk is just that|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/monalisa-every-comedy-show-needs-an-element-of-tadka-and-my-character-in-favvara-chowk-is-just-that/articleshow/95942743.cms|access-date=3 December 2022|website=TOI|date=2 December 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She married Bhojpuri actor [[Vikrant Singh Rajpoot]] in the ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' house on 17 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india.com/buzz/bigg-boss-10-monalisa-and-vikrant-singh-rajpoot-are-married-view-exclusive-wedding-and-mehndi-pictures-1766692/ |title=Bigg Boss 10: Monalisa and Vikrant Singh Rajpoot are married! View exclusive wedding and mehndi pictures & video! |work=india.com |date=17 January 2017 |access-date=18 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/nach-baliye-monalisa-and-vikrant-kiss-passionately-in-front-of-everyone-513561|title=NACH BALIYE: Monalisa and Vikrant KISS PASSIONATELY in front of everyone|work=www.abplive.com|author=ABP News|date=5 April 2017 }}</ref>

==Media image==
[[File:Monalisa at Leo Music Label Unveiling02 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Monalisa in 2009]]

Monalisa is considered in the media as one of the most popular and highest paid Bhojpuri actress.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/web-stories/top-10-actresses-who-rule-the-bhojpuri-industry/photostory/91401562.cms |title=Check out the list of 10 actresses who rule the Bhojpuri film industry |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bhojpuri-top-5-highest-paid-bhojpuri-actress-akshra-singh-amrapali-dubey-monalisa-kajal-raghwani-rani-chatterjee-5154257-page-4.html |title=From Amrapali Dubey to Monalisa: Highest paid actresses in Bhojpuri cinema |work=News18 |access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref> She is also one of the most followed Bhojpuri actress on [[Instagram]] with over 5.8 million followers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-cinema/most-popular-bhojpuri-actors-actresses-instagram-followers-see-list-here/articleshow/90821439.cms |title=These 10 Bhojpuri stars are a sensation on social media, know how many Instagram followers they have |work=Navbharat Times |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/amp-stories-hi/entertainment/monalisa-to-amrapali-dubey-these-are-the-most-followed-bhojpuri-actresses-on-instagram-ws926 |title=Monalisa to Amrapali Dubey: Most followed Bhojpuri actresses on Instagram |work=Jagran TV |access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref> In 2010, ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that Monalisa (along with [[Rinku Ghosh]]) was the most sought after actress in the Bhojpuri film industry.<ref>{{cite news |agency=IANS |title=Bhojpuri cinema edges its way to success |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/bhojpuri-cinema-edges-its-way-to-success/article600255.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=8 July 2016 |date=28 August 2010}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Bhojpuri films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2008
| ''[[Bhole Shankar]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did you know Monalisa's first Bhojpuri movie 'Bhole Shankar' was with Mithun Chakravarty and Manoj Tiwari? Watch it here |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/did-you-know-monalisas-first-bhojpuri-movie-bhole-shankar-was-with-mithun-chakravarty-and-manoj-tiwari-watch-it-here-2282267.html |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Khatailal Mithailal''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Kaha Jaiba Raja Najariya Ladaike''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Tu Babua Hamaar''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Shrimaan Driver Babu''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2009
| ''Ho Gaini Deewana Tohra Pyar Me''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Kahan Jaiba Raja Nazariya Ladai Ke''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Hum Bahubali''
| Radhika
|
|
|-
| ''Dulha Albela''
| Dulhan
|
|
|-
| ''Ranbhoomi''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Pratigya''
| Dancer
| Special appearance in song "Lehariya Luta Ae Raja"
|
|-
| ''Hum Hai Khalnayak''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Sindur Daan''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Jade Mein Balma Pyara Lage''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Sahar Wali Jaan Mareli''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2010
| ''Ek Aur Kurukshetra''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Tu Jaan Hau Hamaar''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Dharmatma ''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Nathuniya Pe Goli Maare''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Bhojpuriya Don''
| Don's lover
|
|
|-
| ''Rangbaz Daroga''
| Aanchal
|
|
|-
| ''Nainihal''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Saat Saheliyan]]''
| Mona
|
|
|-
| ''[[Devra Bada Satawela]]''
| Mona
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2021 |title=Happy Birthday, Ravi Kishan; Best Bhojpuri films of the actor you must watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/photo-features/happy-birthday-ravi-kishan-best-bhojpuri-films-of-the-actor-you-must-watch/photostory/84494319.cms?picid=84494595 |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mrityunjay''
|
| Special appearance
|
|-
| ''Loafer''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Kanoon Hamra Mutthi Mein''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Daraar''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2011
| ''Mora Balma Chail Chabila''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Apne Begaane''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Aakhri Rasta''
| Bindu
|
|
|-
| ''Barood''
|
|
|
|-
| ''The Great Hero Hiralal''
| Hiralal's lover
|
|
|-
| ''Gundairaj''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Ladaai La Ankhiyan Ae Lounde Raja''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Kartavya''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Hamaar Devdas''
| Paro
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2012
| ''Bhaiya Hamar Dayavan''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Mehraru Bina Ratiya Kaise Kati''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Dacait''
|
|
| <ref name="times1">{{cite web |title=Khuddar and Dacait releasing today |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bhojpuri/news-interviews/Khuddar-and-Dacait-releasing-today/articleshow/15198740.cms?referral=PM |website=The Times of India |access-date=8 July 2016 |date=27 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''Khuddar''
| Sunita
|
|<ref name="times1" />
|-
| ''Naagin''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Khoon Pasina''
| Rama
|
|
|-
| ''Elan E Jung''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="30" | 2013
| ''Bhaiya Hamar Dayavan''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Rang De Pyar Ke Rang Mein''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Jaan Lebu Ka Ho''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Banaraswali''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Pratibandh''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Desh Pardesh''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Kasam Wardi Ke''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Biwi No. 1''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Lagal Sanheiya Ke Dor''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Saala Main To Sahib Ban Gaya''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Ziddi Aashiq''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Saawariyan Tose Laagi Kaisi Lagan''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Mati Preet Jagawale''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Zanzeer''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Ishq Ka Manjan Ghise Hai Piya''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Gumrah''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Ijjat''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Chhamia Bhelwali''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Jeevan Yudhh''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Saiyan Bhailan Pardesiyaa''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Jodi No. 1''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Ghulam''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Mita Deb Raavanraaj''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Budhwa Tamtamwala''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Lagal Ba Pyar Ke Bukhar''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Tulsi Bin Suna Anganwa''
| Tulsi
|
|
|-
| ''Ganga Putra''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Chedi Ganga Kinarewala''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Natawar Lal''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Ek Nihattha''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2014
| ''[[Devra Bhail Deewana]]''
| Mona
|
|<ref>{{cite news|agency=Times News Network |date=18 March 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/Devra-Bhail-Deewana-released/articleshow/32240218.cms|title=Devra Bhail Deewana released |work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''Khoon Bhari Hamaar Maang''
| Mona
|
|
|-
| ''Adalat''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Tere Naam''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Kare La Kamaal Dharti Ke Laal''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015
| ''Raja Babu''
| Dolly Singh
|
|
|-
| ''Prem Leela''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Saiyan Toofani''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Suhag''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Rakhtbhoomi''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| ''Sarkar Raj''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Jai Shree Ram''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Pawan Raja''
| Mona
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018
| ''Jeena Marna Tere Sang''
| Sita
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/monalisa-bhojpuri-movies-of-the-actress-with-husband-vikrant-singh-rajput/amp_etphotostory/64464410.cms|title=Monalisa: Bhojpuri Movies Of The Actress With Husband Vikrant Singh Rajput|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=22 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dulhan Chahi Pakistan Se 2]]''
| Dancer
| Special appearance in song "Susuk Susuk Ke Royi Thi"
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bhojpuri-star-pradeep-pandey-chintu-and-monalisa-seen-together-in-a-bhojpuri-fil-17181910.html|title=पाकिस्तान से दूसरी दुल्हन बनाकर मोनालिसा को लाएंगे भोजपुरी स्टार चिंटू|newspaper=Dainik Jagran|access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dabangg Mora Balma''
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Monalisa in Ab Dabangg Mora Balma |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bhojpuri/news-interviews/Monalisa-in-Ab-Dabangg-Mora-Balma/articleshow/18606587.cms?referral=PM |website=The Times of India |access-date=8 July 2016 |date=21 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mafia''
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Monalisa to romance Rajkumar Shrivastava in Mafia |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bhojpuri/news-interviews/Monalisa-to-romance-Rajkumar-Shrivastava-in-Mafia/articleshow/18268973.cms?referral=PM |website=The Times of India |access-date=8 July 2016 |date=31 July 2013}}</ref>
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 1997
| ''Jayate''
| Aarti
| [[Hindi]]
|
|
|-
| 1998
| ''Hamam fi Amsterdam''
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Odia language|Odia]]
|
|
|-
| 1999
| ''Jai Sriram''
| Rima Das
|
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman: A Victim of Marital Violence]]''
| Dancer
| Hindi
| Special appearance in song
|
|-
| 2002
| ''Wrong Number''
|
| Odia
|
|
|-
| 2003
| ''Top Somrat''
|
| rowspan="2"|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Bangladeshi film
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004
| ''Adhikar''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tauba Tauba]]''
| Rubina
| rowspan="7" | Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite news|first=Goher|last=Punn|title=Tauba Tauba Review|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/11/tauba_tauba_review.shtml|publisher=[[BBC.com]]|date=11 October 2004|access-date=18 August 2014|archive-date=27 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127221735/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/11/tauba_tauba_review.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ab Bas!''
|
| Special appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''Ek Hi Bhool''
| Tanvi
|
|
|-
| ''Jalwa: Fun in Love''
| Manisha Tripathi / Tanya "Chinky"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005
| ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]''
| Dancer
| Special appearance in song "Bunty Aur Babli"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU=|title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs)|access-date=22 May 2011|publisher=Box Office India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021202725/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Blackmail (2005 film)|Blackmail]]''
| Dancer
|
|
|-
| ''Bobby: Love and Lust''
| Bobby D'Costa
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006
| ''[[Jackpot (2006 film)|Jackpot]]''
| Laila
| [[Kannada]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/understanding-love/article3105722.ece|title = Understanding love|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 16 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629081830/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/understanding-love/article3105722.ece|archive-date=29 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''Half Fry Hyderabadi''
|
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007
| ''Love Guru''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaafila]]''
| Niharika
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jagadam]]''
| Dancer
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Special appearance in song "36-24-36"
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2008
| ''Encounter Dayanayak''
|
| Kannada
|
|
|-
| ''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]''
| Manish Sarraf’s wife
| Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/436/Money%20Hai%20Toh%20Honey%20Hai | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203074528/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/436/Money%20Hai%20Toh%20Honey%20Hai | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 February 2014 | title=Money Hai Toh Honey Hai | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | accessdate=25 July 2008}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vathiyar]]''
|
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| ''Nagaram''
|
| Telugu
|
|
|-
| ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]''
| Herself
| Tamil
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Boni (film)|Boni]]''
| Dancer
| Telugu
| Special appearance in song
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2010
| ''To The London Calling''
| Sonia / Urvashi
| rowspan="7" | Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''Ek Chatur Naar''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Royal Utsav''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Hamilton Palace''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Khoobsurat – The Beauty''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Meri Life Mein Uski Wife''
| Dipal
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| ''Khubsurat Naukrani''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Bablu''
|
| Telugu
|
|
|-
| ''Kadhalukku Maranamillai''
|
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''En Peyar Kumarasamy''
|
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Saugandh Chee Maa Baap Na''
| Kajal
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 10|Bigg Boss 10]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
| 6th place
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-10-bhojpuri-actress-antara-biswas-wants-salman-khans-attention-434637|title=Bigg Boss 10 contestant Antara Biswas: Want Salman Khan's attention|date=17 October 2016|access-date=4 October 2019|archive-date=20 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020115433/https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-10-bhojpuri-actress-antara-biswas-wants-salman-khans-attention-434637|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-10-makers-change-the-decision-at-the-end-evict-monalisa-antra-from-the-show-482367|title=Bigg Boss 10: Antara Biswas aka Monalisa gets EVICTED!|date=21 January 2017|access-date=20 January 2019|archive-date=20 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020115427/https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-10-makers-change-the-decision-at-the-end-evict-monalisa-antra-from-the-show-482367|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 8|Nach Baliye 8]]''
| 8th place
|<ref>{{cite web |date=8 May 2017 |title=Nach Baliye 8: Mona Lisa and husband Vikrant Rajpoot's journey in the dance reality show ends! |url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/nach-baliye-8-mona-lisa-and-husband-vikrant-rajpoots-journey-in-the-dance-reality-show-ends-2092718/ |website=India.com |access-date=10 August 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801152620/https://www.india.com/showbiz/nach-baliye-8-mona-lisa-and-husband-vikrant-rajpoots-journey-in-the-dance-reality-show-ends-2092718/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2020
| ''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]''
| Mohana Mehta Rathod
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/whoa-nazar-gets-an-extension/articleshow/65721389.cms|title=Whoa! 'Nazar' and Yehh Jadu hai Jin ka gets an extension|website=The Times of India|date=7 September 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Kitchen Champion]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Nazar (TV series) (season 2)|Nazar 2]]''
| Madhulika Chaudhary
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nazar-2-monalisa-returns-in-a-fiery-avatar-watch-new-promo/articleshow/74097652.cms|title=Nazar 2: Monalisa returns in a fiery avatar; watch new promo|website=The Times of India|date=12 February 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Namak Issk Ka]]''
| Iravati Verma
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Ankahee Dastaan: Nazar''
| Mohana Rathod
| Telefilm
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Smart Jodi''
| Contestant
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/vikraant-singh-monalisa-open-reality-show-smart-jodi-1503048780.html/amp|title=Bhojpuri stars Vikraant Singh and Monalisa open up on reality show 'Smart Jodi'|website=The Statesman|date=27 February 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Favvara Chowk]]''
| Rama
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/nazar-actress-monalisa-to-star-in-bharti-singh-and-haarsh-limbachiyaas-show-fawara-chowk-1202096?amp | title=Nazar actress Monalisa to star in Bharti Singh and Haarsh Limbachiyaa's show 'Fawara Chowk' | work=Pinkvilla | access-date=31 December 2022 | archive-date=31 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231044810/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/nazar-actress-monalisa-to-star-in-bharti-singh-and-haarsh-limbachiyaas-show-fawara-chowk-1202096?amp | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Bekaboo]]''
| Yamini Raichand
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/monalisas-retro-makeover-steals-the-show-in-ekta-kapoors-upcoming-tv-series-bekaboo-23273906|title=Monalisa's retro makeover steals the show in Ekta Kapoor's upcoming TV series 'Bekaboo'|first=Web|last=Developer|website=Mid-day|date=7 March 2023 |accessdate=7 March 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024
| ''[[Laal Banarasi]]''
| Nayantara Sinha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=9 May 2023 |title=स्टार प्लस और कलर्स टीवी को टक्कर देगा नया GEC चैनल, वाराणसी की कहानी से होगा शुभारंभ |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/television/post-star-plus-colors-tv-one-more-gec-nazara-to-started-soon-check-out-their-first-show-nazara-promo-1853928.html |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mata Ki Mahima''
| Indrayani
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shamshaan Champa]]''
| Mohini
|
|
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''Prem Leela''
| Rudrakshi
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=26 November 2024|title=Saachi Tiwari to play titular role in new show Prem Leela alongside Aakash Ahuja and Monalisa
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/saachi-tiwari-to-play-titular-role-in-new-show-alongside-aakash-ahuja-and-monalisa/articleshow/115699952.cms|access-date=28 November 2024|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Jaadu Teri Nazar – Daayan Ka Mausam]]''
|Mohana
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sehgal|first=Cirag|date=24 April 2025|title=Are Monalisa, Devoleena Bhattacharjee In Talks For Maha Dayan Role In Jaadu Teri Nazar?
|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/are-monalisa-devoleena-bhattacharjee-in-talks-for-maha-dayan-role-in-jaadu-teri-nazar-aa-9312069.html|access-date=23 May 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[The 50]]''
|Contestant
|Eliminated day 12
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actress Monalisa and husband Vikrant Singh Rajpoot to make their first reality show appearance together on ‘The 50’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actress-monalisa-and-husband-vikrant-singh-rajpoot-to-make-their-first-reality-show-appearance-together-on-the-50/articleshow/126644222.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=18 January 2026 |access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref>
|}

==== Special appearances ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 6|Bigg Boss 6]]''
| rowspan="3"|Herself
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Twitter abuzz with Salman Khan and 'Bigg Boss 6'!|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/CEL-salman-khan---s-bigg-boss-6-impressed-reality-tv-viewers-3891318-NOR.html?HF-4=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011051432/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/CEL-salman-khan---s-bigg-boss-6-impressed-reality-tv-viewers-3891318-NOR.html?HF-4=|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2012|newspaper=Bhaskar|date=7 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Comedy Dangal''
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Divya Drishti]]''
| Mohana Mehta Rathod
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/get-ready-to-watch-merger-episode-of-serial-divya-drishti-and-nazar-946210|title=Get ready to watch merger episode of serial Divya Drishti and Nazar|website=ABP News|date=20 March 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 14|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| rowspan="2"|Herself
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inside Bigg Boss 14 house, see photos|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/inside-bigg-boss-14-house-photos-6669458/lite/|access-date=3 October 2020|website=Indian Express|date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''Good Night India''
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2018
| ''Dupur Thakurpo: 2''
| Jhuma Boudi
|
|
|-
| 2020-2022
| ''[[Ratri Ke Yatri (web series)|Ratri Ke Yatri]]''
| Prostitute
| 2 seasons
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-ratri-ke-yatri-series-online-61fbc08d7b423a2060a5bdf0a2bfee2e |title=WATCH! Anthology series Ratri Ke Yatri's Official Trailer and All Episodes on MX Player |work=MX Player |access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
| ''Dhappa''
| Meera
| Episode: "Raat Ki Baat"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/jay-bhanushali-monalisa-open-up-on-their-roles-in-dhappa-23185097 |title=Jay Bhanushali and Monalisa open up on their roles in 'Dhappa' |work=Mid Day |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Hasratein''
| Shararat Bai
| Episode: "Shararat Bai"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/monalisa-read-30-novels-to-play-an-erotic-poetess-in-hasratein--news-242870 |title=Monalisa Read 30 Novels To Play An Erotic Poetess In 'Hasratein' |work=Outlook India |date=6 December 2022 |access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''Bajao''
| Tanvi Choudhary
|
|
|-
|2025
|''Zindagi Ka U-Turn''
|Sonam
|[[Microdrama]]
|
|}

==Award and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2015
| [[Bhojpuri Film Awards]]
| Best Actor – Female
| ''Adalat''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojpuri Film Awards 2015 complete list of nominations |work=Bhojpuri Film Awards |url=https://bhojpurifilmawards.com/nominees-2015/ |access-date=21 November 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]
|''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Winners|website=The Indian Express|date=21 March 2019|language=en-IN|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401071120/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Bhojpuri actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Antara Biswas}}
* {{IMDb name|1853497|Monalisa}}

{{Bigg Boss 10}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswas, Antara}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali television]]
[[Category:Asutosh College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

W. Hansraj Saxena

2026-02-12T06:18:26Z

Dwatson32: Put up new post...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = W.Hansraj Saxena
| image = W HANSRAJ SAXENA.jpg
| caption = W Hansraj Saxena during Enthiran Audio launch
| known_for = Management of Media and Entertainment
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Chennai, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1993–present
| spouse =
| homepage =
| occupation = Film producer, Former Deputy Managing Director of [[Sun Pictures]]
}}
'''W. Hansraj Saxena''' is the [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of the [[News J]] Channel.<ref name="newsj">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/news-j-wont-be-a-party-mouthpiece/article24938641.ece|title='News J won't be a party mouthpiece'|website=the hindu|date=12 September 2018 |access-date=2018-09-13 |last1=Jesudasan |first1=Dennis S. }}</ref> He is the former Deputy Managing Director of [[Sun Pictures]], an Indian film distribution and production company, subsidiary of [[Sun Group]] and a division of [[Sun TV Network]].

==Early life==
Hansraj Saxena holds a bachelor's degree in physics from [[Loyola College, Chennai]]. When he joined [[Sun Group]], he was employed as a manager of ''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]'' magazine.

==Sun TV Network==
He joined worked in [[Sun TV Network]] and their flagship channel, [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. His responsibilities include the production of all in-house programming, overall channel development, brand positioning, promotional activities, content management, market and competitor research and strategic planning. He also became a key person and Deputy Managing Director of [[Sun Pictures]] and was responsible for acquiring film distribution rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://markets.ft.com/ft/tearsheets/directorsAndDealings.asp?s=4239032|title=Markets data - stock market, bond, equity, commodity prices - FT.com|website=markets.ft.com}}</ref>

==Sun Pictures==
He headed [[Sun Pictures]] is a [[film distribution]] and [[film production|production]] [[film studio|studio]] unit of [[Chennai]] based [[Sun Network]] owned by [[Kalanidhi Maran]] started producing the TV film and distributing low-budget Tamil-language films, ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]'' being the first. Later, it went on to become one of the most powerful production, distribution houses in [[Tamil Cinema]].

==Sax Pictures==
He started his own film production banner Sax Pictures in 2012 after quitting Sun Tv.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/will-hansraj-saxenas-sax-pictures-be-a-success/articleshow/16693208.cms?from=mdr | title=Will Hansraj Saxena's Sax Pictures' be a success | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=6 October 2012 | last1=Vijayakumar | first1=Sanjay | last2=Kandavel | first2=Sangeetha }}</ref>

==News J==
In 2018, He became the [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of the newly launched [[News J]] Channel.<ref name="newsj"/>

==Filmography==
He Handled the following projects in Sun Pictures.

===Produced by Sun Pictures===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year || Film || Director || Cast || Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Enthiran]]'' || [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] || [[Rajinikanth]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] || Won, [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Award for Best Film]] Won, [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film]] Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Tamil]]
|-
|}

===Distributed by Sun Pictures===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ As distributor
|-
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Cast
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]'' || P. V. Prasad || [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]], [[Sunaina]]
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Thenavattu]]'' || V. V. Kadhir || [[Jeeva (actor)|Jeeva]], [[Poonam Bajwa]]
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Dindigul Sarathy]]'' || Siva sanmukam || [[Karunas]], [[Karthika Mathew|Karthika]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikathavan]]'' || [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Thee (2008 film)|Thee]]'' || [[Kicha (director)|Kicha]] || [[Sundar C]], [[Ramya Raj|Ragini]], [[Namitha]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]'' || [[K. V. Anand]] || [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Maasilamani]]'' || [[R. N. R. Manohar]] || [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]], [[Sunaina]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (2009 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]'' || [[G. N. R. Kumaravelan]] || [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Sakthi Vasu]], [[Priyamani]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]'' || [[R. Kannan]] || [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]'' || [[Babu Sivan]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Anushka Shetty]]
|-
|2010 ||''[[Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai]]'' || [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]] || [[Vishal Krishna]], [[Sarah-Jane Dias]], [[Neetu Chandra]], [[Tanushree Dutta]]
|-
|2010 || ''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'' || [[S. P. Rajkumar]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|-
|2010 || ''[[Singam]]'' || [[Hari (director)|Hari]] || [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]], [[Anushka Shetty]]
|-
|2010 || ''[[Thillalangadi]]'' || [[M. Raja]] || [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|-
|2010 || ''[[Enthiran]]'' || [[S. Shankar]] || [[Rajinikanth]], [[Aishwarya Rai]]
|-
|2011 || ''[[Aadukalam]]'' || [[Vetrimaran]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Taapsee Pannu]]
|-
|2011 || ''[[Mappillai (2011 film)|Mappillai]]'' || [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Hansika Motwani]]
|-
|2011 || ''[[Engeyum Kaadhal]]'' || [[Prabhu Deva]] || [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Hansika Motwani]]
|}

==Sax Pictures==
Hansraj Saxena was back to the industry with his new banner [[Sax Pictures]]. He is Producing and distributing Movies with his new banner.

===Distribution===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Sax Pictures Distribution
|-
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Cast
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Chaarulatha]]'' || Ponkumaran || [[Priyamani]], Skanda
|}

===Production===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Sax Pictures Production
|-
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Cast
|-
| 2012 || [[Shivani (film)|Shivani]] || Sai Gokul || Chandru, Kavya Shetty
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saxena, W. Hansraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television executives]]
[[Category:Tamil businesspeople]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Delhi Ridge

2026-02-12T05:04:24Z

Dwatson32: adjust section for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description|Park in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Peacock_in_its_habitat.jpg|thumb|Forest area of Delhi Ridge]]
'''Delhi Ridge''', sometimes simply called '''The Ridge''', is a [[ridge]] in the [[Aravalli Range#Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor|Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor]] in the National Capital Territory of [[Delhi]] in [[India]].<ref name="ref39zodif">{{Citation | title=Natural Resource Management | author=Bindhy Wasini Pandey | date=January 2005 | publisher=Mittal Publications, 2005 | isbn=978-81-7099-986-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tz9iDM6crLIC | quote=''... The Ridge and its neighbouring hilly tracts represent the natural flora. The major natural forests in Delhi are generally restricted to the Ridge. The natural flora is a tropical, thorny and secondary forest.''}}</ref> It is a northern extension of the ancient [[Aravalli Range]], which is approximately 1.5 billion years old—significantly older than the [[Himalayas]], which are "only" about 50 million years old.<ref name="ref27qifeb">{{Citation | title=Records of the Geological Survey of India, Volumes 5-7 | author=Geological Survey of India | year=1872 | publisher=Government of India, 1872 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mn8RAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... These ridges are prolongations of the Aravali mountain system, and are approximately on the line of the Indo-gangetic watershed ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref45vufal">{{Citation | title=Rajasthan, Delhi and Agra | author=Lindsay Brown, Amelia Thomas | year=2008 | publisher=Lonely Planet, 2008 | isbn=978-1-74104-690-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0_zXPb68kC | quote=''... Delhi lies on the vast flatlands of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, though the northernmost pimples of the Aravallis amount to the Ridge, which lies west of the city centre ...''}}</ref> The Delhi Ridge consists of [[quartzite]] rocks and extends from the southeast at [[Tughlaqabad]], near the [[Bhatti mines]], branching out in places and tapering off in the north near [[Wazirabad, Delhi|Wazirabad]] on the west bank of the [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]],<ref name=indfy>{{cite web
| url = http://www.indfy.com/places-to-see-in-delhi/parks-and-gardens/delhi-ridge.html
| title = Delhi Ridge
| access-date = 2006-12-23
| work = Parks and Gardens in Delhi
| publisher = IndFY.com.
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130703082929/http://www.indfy.com/delhi/tourist-places-to-visit/parks-and-gardens/delhi-ridge.html
| archive-date = 3 July 2013
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> spanning approximately 35 kilometres.<ref name=geology>{{cite web
| url = http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/index_files/geology.htm
| title = Geology Details
| access-date = 2006-12-23
| work = rainwaterharvesting.com
| publisher = [[Centre for Science and Environment]]}}</ref>

The Ridge acts as the "green lungs" for the city, and protects Delhi from the hot winds of the deserts of [[Rajasthan]] to the west. It has also enabled Delhi to be the world's second most bird-rich capital city, following [[Nairobi]] in [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2020-01-02|title=A round-the-year guide to engaging with nature|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/a-round-the-year-guide-to-engaging-with-nature/article30459615.ece|access-date=2021-08-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Though modest in height, the Ridge serves as a [[Drainage divide|watershed]], separating the Indus Plain to the west from the Gangetic Plain to the east, within the larger [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].

==History==
It is believed that the Aravallis are one of the oldest mountain ranges in India [[Aravalli Range#Geographical features|that evolved around 2.5 billion years ago]] during the [[Archaeozoic]] era. The range extends from [[Gujarat]] through [[Rajasthan]] to [[Haryana]]-[[Delhi]]. In Delhi, the spurs of the Aravallis are commonly collectively referred to as the Delhi Ridge, which is divided into the Northern, Central, South Central, and Southern Ridge.<ref name=mcg>[http://www.mcg.gov.in/BioDiversity.aspx Aravali Bio-Diversity Park Curtain Raising On World Environment Day 5 June 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702074447/http://www.mcg.gov.in/BioDiversity.aspx |date=2 July 2012 }} Municipal Corporation of Gurgaon.</ref>

In 1993, parts of [[north Delhi]], [[central Delhi]], [[south West Delhi]] and [[south Delhi]] covering 7,777 hectares was declared a reserve forest. Thereafter, between 1994 and 1996, a major part of the ridge was notified by the Government, thus stopping all construction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Govt assures to demarcate Delhi ridge boundaries by mid-October |publisher=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Govt-assures-to-demarcate-Delhi-ridge-boundaries-by-mid-October/Article1-1117370.aspx |author=Darpan Singh |date=4 September 2013 |access-date=2013-09-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905171747/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Govt-assures-to-demarcate-Delhi-ridge-boundaries-by-mid-October/Article1-1117370.aspx |archive-date=2013-09-05 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=Forest dept prepares plan to save the Delhi ridge
|publisher=Hindustan Times
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Forest-dept-prepares-plan-to-save-the-Delhi-ridge/Article1-1116675.aspx
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130910042911/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Forest-dept-prepares-plan-to-save-the-Delhi-ridge/Article1-1116675.aspx
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=10 September 2013
|author=Darpan Singh
|date=3 September 2013
|access-date=2013-09-10
}}</ref>

Over the years, urban development, illegal or otherwise, has engulfed several sections of the Delhi Ridge. In many areas, landscaped public parks, public housing, and illegal tenements have sprouted. Furthermore, the area also witnesses dumping of [[construction waste]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Shivani Singh |title=Land rush spoils Delhi's enviable green records |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Land-rush-spoils-Delhi-s-enviable-green-records/Article1-1119612.aspx |date=9 September 2013 |access-date=2013-09-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910090229/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Land-rush-spoils-Delhi-s-enviable-green-records/Article1-1119612.aspx |archive-date=2013-09-10 }}</ref>

==Geographical segments==
Today, the Ridge has been divided into four separate zones for administrative ease,<ref name=krishen>{{cite book
| title = Trees of Delhi: A Field Guide
| year = 2006
| publisher = Dorling Kindersley
| isbn = 0144000709
}}</ref> namely:

# The Old Delhi or ''Northern Ridge'' refers to the hilly area near Delhi University and is the smallest segment of the Ridge. The location of the Northern Ridge is 28°40′52″N 77°12′57″E. Nearly 170 hectares were declared a Reserved Forest in 1915. Today, less than 87 hectares remain near Delhi University, and this area is being developed by the [[Delhi Development Authority]] as the [[Northern Ridge biodiversity park|Northern Ridge Biodiversity Park]].
# The ''New Delhi'' or ''Central Ridge'' was designated a ''Reserved Forest'' in 1914 and spans from the southern fringes of [[Sadar Bazaar, Delhi|Sadar Bazaar]] to [[Dhaula Kuan]]. It originally spanned 864 hectares, though some portions have since gradually eroded.
# The ''Mehrauli'' or ''South-Central Ridge'' is centred at "Sanjay Vana" near [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|JNU]] and [[Vasant Kunj]], and encompasses 633 hectares. Large chunks have been encroached and built upon. Approximately 70 hectares of this segment of the Ridge in the vicinity of [[Sainik Farm]] have been subsumed under the [[Tilpath Valley Biodiversity Park]].
# The ''[[Tughlaqabad]]'' or ''Southern Ridge'' sprawls across 6200 hectares and includes the [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]]. This is the least urbanized of the four segments of the Ridge, though much of it comprises village-owned or privately owned farmland. This includes the forests of [[Bandhwari]] and [[Mangar Bani]].

==Northern Ridge==
Also referred to as the '''Kamala Nehru Ridge''', it covers an area of 87 hectares and is located near the North Campus of [[Delhi University]]. The area consists of an eclectic blend of nature and history and houses the [[Northern ridge biodiversity park|Northern Ridge Biodiversity Park]] developed and maintained by the [[Delhi Development Authority|Delhi Development Authority (DDA)]].<ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=A walking tour of Delhi’s Northern Ridge |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/explore-mughal-and-british-buildings-like-mutiny-memorial-ashokan-pillar-and-flagstaff-tower-on-a-heritage-walk-in-delhis-kamala-nehru-ridge-or-northern-ridge/cid/1877830 |access-date=25 November 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

===Historical monuments===
[[File:Flagstaff Tower 4.jpg|thumb|[[Flagstaff Tower]]]]
The North Ridge encompasses several monuments that date from as antiquated as the pre-Mughal era to the colonial British period. <ref name="Rangan"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Flagstaff Tower, Old Delhi.|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/27.html|publisher=victorianweb.org|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Flagstaff Tower - Northern Ridge, Delhi|url=http://www.expresstravelworld.com/sections/management/637-flagstaff-tower-northern-ridge-delhi|publisher=Indian Express, Expresstravel|access-date=5 September 2012|archive-date=28 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028224527/http://www.expresstravelworld.com/sections/management/637-flagstaff-tower-northern-ridge-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref>

# [[Mutiny Memorial]]
# Ashokan Pillar
# Pir Ghaib (inside [[Hindu Rao Hospital]])
# Baoli ([[Step well]]) inside [[Hindu Rao Hospital]]
# Chauburja Masjid
# [[Flagstaff Tower]]
# Eastern Guard House

<gallery>
File:Mutiny Memorial, North Ridge, Delhi.jpg|Mutiny Memorial
File:Asokan Pillar.JPG|[[Delhi-Topra pillar]], brought to Delhi from [[Topra Kalan]] by [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] in 1356
File:Southern Guard House.jpg|Southern Guard House
File:Pir Ghaib.JPG|Pir Ghaib, a 14th-century hunting lodge and Observatory built by [[Feroz Shah Tughlaq]]
File:Chauburji. Built on top.JPG|Chauburji Masjid
File:Old Baoli.JPG|Baoli ([[Stepwell]]) inside Hindu Rao Hospital
</gallery>

==Central Ridge==
The ''Central Ridge'' includes 864 hectares of forestry which were designated a ''Reserved Forest'' in 1914, and spans from the southern fringes of [[Sadar Bazaar, Delhi|Sadar Bazaar]] to [[Dhaula Kuan]].

=== Buddha Jayanti Park ===
[[File:Buddha-jayanti-park.jpg|thumb|upright|Buddha statue in the Buddha Jayanti Park]]
The '''[[Buddha Jayanti]] Smarak Park''' is situated in the central part of the Delhi Ridge in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. It occupies a stretch of almost a kilometre on the eastern section of [[Vandemataram Marg]], also known as Upper Ridge Road. It was established on the 2500th anniversary of [[Gautama Buddha]]'s enlightenment by Indian architect M. M. Rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Buddha Jayanti Park|url=http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/entertainment/buddha_jayanati_park.jsp|publisher=Government of NCT of Delhi - Delhi Tourism|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> A sapling of the [[Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi|Bodhi Tree]] from [[Sri Lanka]] was planted here by the then Prime Minister of India [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] on 25 October 1964.

On an artificial island in the park stands a pavilion housing a gilded [[Buddha in art|Buddha statue]], which was dedicated by the [[14th Dalai Lama]] in October 1993. Each year in May, on the full moon day of Vaisakha, the [[Buddha's Birthday|Buddha Jayanti]] festival is celebrated here.

[[Neeraj Gupta]], an Indian sculpture artist and environmentalist, is the president of Buddha Jayanti Park. In August 2023, Gupta organized a plantation program that resulted in the planting of 1,000 ''[[Cassia fistula]]'' (Amaltas) trees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thousand Amaltas Trees Planted in Buddha Jayanti Park |url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/business-news-one-thousand-amaltas-trees-planted-in-buddha-jayanti-park-5331336.html |website=LatestLY |language=en |date=10 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bajaj |first1=Aarti |title=Neeraj Gupta, president of Buddha Jayanti Park, organized a tree plantation program |url=https://www.brutimes.com/p/neeraj-gupta-president-of-buddha.html |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sculpting thoughts: Neeraj Gupta’s public art |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/sculpting-thoughts-neeraj-guptas-public-art-483213 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>

==South-Central Ridge==
The ''South-Central Ridge'' encompasses 633 hectares of land. Large chunks have been encroached and built upon.

=== Aravalli Biodiversity Park===
[[File:Aravali Biodiversity Park, Gurgaon.jpg|thumb|Aravalli Biodiversity Park, [[Gurgaon]]]]
[[File:Northern palm squirrel.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Northern Palm Squirrel]] in 'Aravalli Biodiversity Park', Delhi]]
[[Aravalli Biodiversity Park]]<ref name=mcg/> is an area spreading over {{convert|2.8|km2|acre|abbr=on}} on the South Central Delhi Ridge within the [[Aravalli Range]]. The area is enclosed by [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|JNU]], [[Mehrauli]]-[[Mahipalpur]] Road, [[National Highway 8 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 8]], Vasant Kunj, Masoodpur, Palam road and the southern periphery of [[Vasant Vihar]]. [[Delhi Development Authority|DDA]] and the [[University of Delhi]], under the auspices of the Biodiversity Parks Programme, collectively maintain the area. Each year, a substantial expenditure is spent on restoration, development, and maintenance.

The land that now comprises the Aravalli Biodiversity Park was once a mining site. Martha Shinde ([[Scindias]]) had a mining lease for the {{convert|2.3|km2|abbr=on}} area. They plundered whatever they could. For years, Shinde exploited a panoply of forest resources including minerals, mica, sand, stone, rocks and water. The land, once abundant with a dense and lush forest, was eventually transformed into pits and hillocks due to relentless mining activities.

Scientists from the Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE) at the University of Delhi have reintroduced over 10 ecosystems, comprising more than 40 biotic communities. Portions of the Aravalli in the state of [[Gujarat]] are covered with natural dense forest. However, the land on which the Aravalli Biodiversity Park is being developed lacked natural forest growth due to extensive mining in the area. The CEMDE and DDA are reviving native flora and fauna of Aravalli hill ranges by undertaking plantation of native species like dhau ([[Anogeissus pendula]]), dhak ([[Butea monosperma]]), babul ([[Acacia nilotica]]) and kair ([[Capparis decidua]]). A rangeland with native grasses has been developed and a systematic planting program is underway; each year, native trees and bushes are planted to remove unwanted weeds, i.e. [[Prosopis juliflora]].
A conservatory of butterflies, orchidarium and fernery has been developed.

The [[Aravali Biodiversity Park, Gurgaon]], on the [[Gurgaon]]-Delhi border, developed by the [[Gurgaon Municipal Corporation|Municipal Corporation of Gurgaon]], was inaugurated on 5 June 2010 on the occasion of the [[World Environment Day]].<ref name=mcg/>

===Neela Hauz Biodiversity Park===
{{main|Neela Hauz biodiversity park}}
Neela Hauz Biodiversity Park, straddling Sanjay Van in the South Central Ridge, was restored between 2015 and 2016. In 2014, out of Delhi's 611 water bodies, 274 were considered dead, while the remaining were in poor condition. Neela Hauz, a freshwater lake, was gradually succumbing to the same fate owing to the dumping of waste.<ref name=neela1/> In ancient times, it served as the principal water source for the [[Rajput]] city of [[Qila Rai Pithora]].<ref name=neela1/> Its basin was recharged by the extensive dense forests of Sanjay Van, with its overflow draining into the [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]].<ref name=neela1>M Jaggi, June 2017, [http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/42134/1/SR%2054%286%29%2022-23.pdf NOPR: Neela Hauz Biodiversity Park – From Barren to Beautiful, SR Vol.54(06).]</ref>

In 2014, the wetland was strewn with [[Eichhornia crassipes|water hyacinth]] and the Ridge was infested with the invasive species of [[prosopis juliflora]] (''Vilayati Babul'' or ''Kikar'' of Mexican origin), which were planted in the 1920s by the [[British raj|British]] to rehabilitate the wasteland.<ref name=wildht2>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/two-years-on-tilpath-valley-biodiversity-park-breathes-again/articleshow/63035604.cms Two years on, Tilpath Valley Biodiversity Park breathes again], Times of India, 23 Feb 2018.</ref><ref name=wildht1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-gets-its-third-biodiversity-park-in-tilpat-valley/story-22c7t3YnkSk3bqW2jMMpsJ.html Delhi gets its third biodiversity park in Tilpat Valley], Hindustan Times, 3 Feb 2018.</ref><ref name=neela1/> The silted-up lake faced encroachment and raw sewage inflow, prompting concerned citizens to obtain a [[Delhi High Court]] order for its restoration by the government.<ref name=neela1/> Following the commencement of restoration efforts in 2015, this biodiversity park was officially inaugurated in November 2016.<ref name=neela1/>

===Sanjay Van===
{{Main|Sanjay Van}}
{{Expand section|date=December 2021}}
Sanjay Van is located near [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] and [[Vasant Kunj]].

==Southern Ridge==
''Southern Ridge'' sprawls across 6200 hectares and includes the [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Bandhwari]] and [[Mangar Bani]] forests. This is the least urbanized of the four segments of the Ridge, though much of it consists of village-owned or privately owned farmland.

===Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary ===

[[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]] is a 32.71 km2 biodiversity area in the South Ridge on the Delhi-Haryana border. It is considered a vital habitat for the [[Indian leopard]]. [[Endangered species]] in the sanctuary include the [[red-headed vulture]] and the [[Egyptian vulture]]: the [[Government of Haryana]] has constituted a [[Jatayu Conservation Breeding Centre, Pinjore#Vultures|vulture conservation program]]. [[Near-threatened species]] include [[painted stork]], [[white-faced ibis]] and the [[European roller]]. Rare birds include [[black francolin]] and [[grey-headed fish eagle]]. Plant species include [[butea monosperma]] (dhak or flame of forest), [[anogeissus]] (dhok), [[Wrightia tinctoria]] (inderjao), [[Elm|Indian elm]], [[neolamarckia cadamba]] (kadamba), [[prosopis cineraria]] (jaand), [[tinospora cordifolia]] (giloi), etc.<ref name=protect1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/haryana-government-moots-buffer-zone-to-save-asola-sanctuary/articleshow/67752163.cms Haryana Government moots buffer zone to save Asola sanctuary], Times of India, 30 Jan 2019.</ref>

===Mangar Bani forest===

[[Mangar Bani]], a [[Neolithic]] archaeological site and [[Sacred groves of India#Locations of sacred groves|sacred grove]] hill forest on the Delhi-Haryana border, is in the [[Delhi Ridge#Southern Ridge|South Delhi Ridge]] of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] mountain range in the [[Faridabad]] [[tehsil]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/india/story/mangar-bani-weekend-getaway-travel-lifetr-1027108-2017-07-30 |title=Here's why Mangar Bani can be your ideal weekend getaway |date=July 30, 2017 |first1=Navneet|last1=Mendiratta |website=India Today |publisher=[[India Today]] |location=India |language=en |access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/saving-mangar-bani-why-returning-grove-to-original-custodians-may-be-only-solution/articleshow/66061056.cms |title=Saving Mangar Bani: Why returning grove to original custodians may be only solution - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |language=en |access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/haryana-s-mangar-bani-forest-demarcated-at-last/story-OqTvqpQIMoffH85fpYNc7H.html |title=Haryana's Mangar Bani forest demarcated at last |date=2015-09-03 |website=hindustantimes.com/ |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=India |language=en |access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref>

It lies within the [[Aravalli Range#Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor|Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor]] stretching from [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] to Delhi. Historical sites in the vicinity of the sanctuary are [[Badkhal Lake]], the 10th century [[Surajkund]] reservoir and [[Anangpur Dam]], [[Damdama Lake]], [[Tughlaqabad Fort]] and the [[Jahanpanah#Adilabad|ruins of Adilabad]].<ref name="Department of Forest, Delhi">[http://forest.delhigovt.nic.in/wildlife/asola.html#asola Asola Bhatti Wild Life Sanctuary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816140938/http://forest.delhigovt.nic.in/wildlife/asola.html#asola |date=16 August 2011 }}, Department of Forest, Delhi Government</ref> It is contiguous to the seasonal [[Pali village#Pali jharna|waterfalls in Pali-Dhuaj-Kot villages of Faridabad]],<ref name="sura">[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/faridabad/water-will-be-stopped-by-making-a-dam-on-the-hills-of-pali-village/articleshow/70320771.cms पाली गांव की पहाड़ियों पर डैम बनाकर रोका जाएगा झरनों का पानी]</ref> and the [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]]. It is also an important wetland for the [[migratory birds]] as several dozen lakes formed in the abandoned [[Open-pit mining|open pit mines]] in and around the area.

Spanning 5,000 hectares, this is the largest prehistoric site and [[Stone Age]] tool-making factory in the Indian subcontinent and the first discovered site in the Aravalli range with cave paintings. The stone tools and rock art date back 100,000 years BP, while the cave paintings are estimated to be 20,000-40,000 years BP. It is also the oldest known site of human habitation in Haryana and the [[National Capital Region]].<ref name=mangr1>[https://theprint.in/india/stone-age-tools-cave-paintings-discovered-in-haryana-could-be-clues-to-prehistoric-factory/702204/ Stone Age tools, cave paintings discovered in Haryana could be clues to ‘prehistoric factory’], The Print, 2 July Sep 2017.</ref>

===Tilpath Valley Biodiversity Park===

[[Tilpath Valley Biodiversity Park]], spread over 172 acres is a biodiversity area in the South Ridge, immediately northwest of Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary and south of [[Sainik Farm]]. Previously, the area had valleys scattered with sand-mined quarries and dried-up springs due to a lack of groundwater recharge. There was no natural forest cover, only invasive weed species like ''[[Neltuma juliflora|Prosopis juliflora]]'', [[lantana]], and [[parthenium]]. This was replaced with a three-layered forest community featuring native trees and plants such as [[Madhuca longifolia|mahua]], [[Adina cordifolia|haldu]], [[Dalbergia sissoo|sheesham]] and [[Aegle marmelos|bael]]. Scrubland was restored to attract reptiles and birds. In 2015, 100,000 trees were planted with the help of 40,000 volunteers, followed by another 20,000 trees in 2016.

Wildlife surveys are conducted by tracking pugmarks using the [[Pug impression pad|Pug Impression Pad]] (PIP) method and by photographing wild animals.<ref name="wildht2" /> It now encompasses grasslands, hilly terrain, and a rich diversity of wildlife, with over 105 plant species, 103 bird species, 32 butterfly species, 15 species of herpetofauna (reptiles and amphibians), and eight mammalian species, including [[leopard]], [[Indian rock python]], [[jackal]]s, [[neelgai]], [[mongoose]]s, [[porcupine]]s, [[small Indian civet]], [[gecko]], [[Sirkeer malkoha]], [[nightjar]], [[Indian paradise flycatcher]].<ref name="wildht1" />

Following development that commenced in 2015, it was officially inaugurated as Delhi's third biodiversity park on February 3, 2018.<ref name="wildht2" /><ref name="wildht1" />

==Urban forests==

In 2025, Delhi government announced the plan to develop 17 new [[urban forest]]s totalling 177 acres including 2 [[Pocket forest|Miyawaki forests]].<ref name=urb1>[https://theprint.in/india/delhi-govt-to-develop-17-urban-forests-to-boost-green-cover-combat-air-pollution/2759127/ Delhi govt to develop 17 urban forests to boost green cover, combat air pollution], The Print, 7 oct 2025.</ref>

* Miyawaki forests: both near Najafgarh and one of these will be named after [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]].<ref name=urb1/>
# Kharkhari Jatmal Forest, 2.44 hectares with 350,000 saplings of native species.
# Jainpur Forest, 4.54 hectares.<ref name=urb1/>

* Urban forests in north and south Delhi.
** [[South Delhi]]
:# Sathbari Urban Forest<ref name=urb1/>
:# Maidan Garhi Urban Forest<ref name=urb1/>

** [[North Delhi]]
:# Shahpur Garhi Urban Forest<ref name=urb1/>
:# Alipur Urban Forest<ref name=urb1/>
:# Narela B4 Urban Forest<ref name=urb1/>
:# Mamurpur Urban Forest<ref name=urb1/>
:# Narela G7 Urban Forest<ref name=urb1/>
:# Narela G8 Urban Forest<ref name=urb1/>
:# Rohini Sector 30 Pehladpur Bagar Urban Forest<ref name=urb1/>
:# Rohini Sector 31 Pansali Urban Forest<ref name=urb1/>
:# Rohini Sector 32 Pansali Urban Forest<ref name=urb1/>
:# Rohini Sector 32 Urban Forest<ref name=urb1/>
:# Rohini Sector 32 Barwala Urban Forest<ref name=urb1/>
:# Rohini Mahamudpura Mazri A Urban Forest<ref name=urb1/>

==See also==

* [[List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India|National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana]]
* [[Wildlife of India]]
* [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India]]
* [[Talkatora Gardens]]
* [[List of parks in Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

;Bibliography:
* {{cite book |title=The Delhi Ridge Forest. Decline and Conservation |author=Kalpavriksh |year=1991|url=https://archive.org/stream/DelhiRidge#page/n0/mode/2up |ref=Ka }}

;External links:
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120528194722/http://aravalibiodiversitypark.in/?q=node%2F1 Aravalli Biodiversity Park, Gurgaon, website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040605024840/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/23/stories/2004022308690400.htm Foundation of biodiversity park laid]
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/thorny-british-tree-to-be-thrown-out-of-biodiversity-park/528712/0 Thorny British tree to be thrown out of biodiversity park]
* [http://www.dda.org.in/greens/biodiv/aravalli-biodiversity-park.html ARAVALLI BIODIVERSITY PARK]

{{coord|28.616|77.169|type:landmark|display=title}}

{{Protected areas of India}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Biodiversity Worldwide}}
{{Delhi}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Landforms of Delhi]]
[[Category:Ridges of India]]
[[Category:Aravalli Range]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Delhi]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Haryana]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Gurgaon district]]
[[Category:Faridabad district]]

Shirin Guha

2026-02-11T07:24:28Z

Dwatson32: starting new entry

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swachata Sanjiban Guha
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_name = Swachhatoa Guha
| birth_place = [[Ichapore]], West Bengal
| yearsactive = 2013–present
| occupation = Actor
| relatives =Sanjiban Guha
}}
'''Swachata Sanjiban Guha''', born '''Swachhatoa Guha''', also known as '''Shirin Guha''', is an Indian actress from [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, now based in [[New Jersey]]. She made her [[Bollywood]] debut with ''[[Lootera]]'' (2013).

==Early life and background==
Swachata Guha originates from [[Ichapore]], West Bengal. Her father Sanjiban Guha is an actor in Bengali film industry.<ref name=exp>{{cite news |title=Show Time |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/show-time/935740/0 |newspaper=Indian Express |date=12 Apr 2012 |accessdate=13 July 2013}}</ref> She holds a 1st class hons graduate in drama from the [[Rabindra Bharati University]]<ref name="exp" /> and post graduate diploma in acting and film making from [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII), [[Pune]], graduating in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=FTII alumnus Shirin Guha makes her debut with 'Lootera '|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-27/news-interviews/40232331_1_lootera-sonakshi-sinha-ftii |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130713091002/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-27/news-interviews/40232331_1_lootera-sonakshi-sinha-ftii |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2013 |date= 27 Jun 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=13 July 2013}}</ref> She hails from a strong theatre background. She is currently married to Sudipta Mallik and lives in [[New Jersey]].

==Career==
Guha has been a professional script-writer for [[Zee Bangla]] and journalist for [[ABP News]].<ref name=exp/> She is a trained dancer and made her [[Bollywood]] début with Hindi feature film ''[[Lootera]]'' (2013), directed by [[Vikramaditya Motwane]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Patel|first=Devansh|title=Shirin's interview|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/slideshow/index/type/view/id/1129/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215152645/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/slideshow/index/type/view/id/1129/|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2016|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=30 May 2012|accessdate=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata girl Shirin Guha to debut Bollywood|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-10/news-interviews/31655135_1_sonakshi-sinha-ranveer-singh-ftii |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624080546/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-10/news-interviews/31655135_1_sonakshi-sinha-ranveer-singh-ftii |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2013 |date=10 May 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=13 July 2013}}</ref> She has also appeared in the episode ''Kabuliwala'' in the television show ''[[Stories by Rabindranath Tagore]]'', directed by [[Anurag Basu]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/in-pics-this-is-what-anurag-basu-is-up-to-these-days/story-kVJtzrvDdhZpYGNxOPq23L.html|title=In pics: This is what Anurag Basu is up to these days|date=29 July 2015|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> the short film ''Khaney Mein Kya Hain'';<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/OvEFg8o-hPc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170710143926/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvEFg8o-hPc&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvEFg8o-hPc&t=13s| title = Khaney Mein Kya Hai? Ft. Shikha Talsania {{!}} Mothers & Daughters | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and the English play ''GIANT''. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], she appeared in the global cast of ''[[The Show Must Go Online]]'', a [[YouTube]] live theatre show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/uk-regional/article/The-Show-Must-Go-Online-Announce-Full-Cast-For-Livestreamed-Reading-Of-KING-LEAR-20200921|title=The Show Must Go Online Announce Full Cast For Livestreamed Reading Of KING LEAR|author=BWW News Desk|website=BroadwayWorld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://t2conline.com/what-to-watch-september-2nd-to-take-away-the-blues/|title=What To Watch September 2nd To Take Away The Blues – Times Square Chronicles}}</ref>

==Filmography==
* ''Light Shade Red'' (2012)
* ''[[Lootera]]'' (2013)
* ''Jab Tum Kaho'' (2016)
* ''[[Stories by Rabindranath Tagore]]'' (2015)
* ''Khaney Mein Kya Hain'' (2017)
* [[Giants (web series)|''Giants'']] (2018-2019)
* ''[[The Show Must Go Online]]'' (2020)
* ''The Marriage Proposal'' (2021)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5474878}}
* {{IMDb name|11928079|Swachata Guha Mallik}}
* {{IMDb name|9515296|Swachata Guha}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guha, Shirin}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Rabindra Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Aaha Kalyanam (TV series)

2026-02-09T07:29:08Z

Dwatson32: Created A Pg

{{Short description|2023 Indian television series}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = AahaKalyanam.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| creator =
| writer = Snigdha Basu (Bengali Adaptation Writer) [[Sangeetha Mohan]] [[Acropoliis Entertainment]]
| director = Francis Kathiravan
| screenplay = Anand Venkat (Episode 1-177) M.R Pon Ilango M.R Ashokan C.U Muthuselvan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mounika]]|Vikram Shri|Akshaya Kandamuthan|Vibish Aswanth|Gayathri Sri|R. G. Ram|Bhavya Shri}}
| opentheme =
| theme_music_composer = Ilayavan
| editor = Dhinesh prakash V.M Prakash Darsartham P7 Media
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 644 
| list_episodes =
| cinematography = D. Rajesh (Episode 1-206) D.Ramesh V.Ravi Vasan
| producer = Rajavelu Rathnavel, Thillainathan.k
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx.20-22 minutes per episode
| company = A Tele Factory
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|03|20|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|10|3|df=yes}}

| network = [[Star Vijay]] [[JioHotstar]]
| related = [[Gaatchora]]
}}

'''''Aaha Kalyanam''''' ({{translation|''Wow! Marriage!''}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] television series. The series is an essence remake of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] TV series ''[[Brahmamudi (TV series)|Brahmamudi]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Upcoming Vijay Tv serials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-vikram-vedha-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/97684641.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=The Times of India| date=7 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aaha Kalyanam |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/aaha-kalyanam/1260135554 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around greedy Kodeeswari, a mother who wishes that someday her daughters would marry into a wealthy family. But whose bond will form with whom, the decision lies in the hands of God. On the important [[Saraswati Puja]] holiday in [[Tamil Nadu]], the extravaganza begins. Every year, the famed diamond merchants, the Vedachalams, observe [[Saraswati Puja]]. Mahalaxmi, the second daughter of Kodeeswari, has been given this year's task of decorating the entire Puja. Three sisters who reside with their parents. Her mother hopes that one day one of her daughters will marry into a prosperous household. Because of Maha's artistic talent, Kodeeswari intends to accompany her daughters to the Vedachalam house.

On the other side, the Vedachalams are a joint family. The three brothers in the family are adored by their grandparents the most. The youngest brother is Vijay, who writes poems and is an excellent poet. The middle brother Gowtham is a playboy, who is carefree and readily drawn to everyone and also envies Surya and aspires to make sure that he doesn't get the best things in life. Surya is Vedachalam's eldest grandson, who is the most adored and is in charge of his family's business since he is the eldest son.

The story unfolds when Mahalakshmi harbors hatred from her first encounter with Surya, where she demanded wedding selection tickets. Aishwarya, initially chosen to be Surya's wife, decides to refuse the role and opts to be with Gowtham instead.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Mounika]] as Koteeswari: Dasarathan's wife; Mahalakshmi, Aishwarya and Prabha's mother, who aspires that one day one of her three daughters marries into a rich family. Dhasarathan's wife (2023-2025)
*Vikram Shri as Surya: A jewellery businessman; Raghavan and Rajalaxmi’s son; Gowtham, Vijay, Akshara and Aarthy’s cousin; Mahalakshmi's husband (2023-2025)
*Akshaya Kandamuthan as Mahalakshmi: a talented and hardworking artist and painter; Dasarathan and Koteeswari's younger daughter; Aishwarya's younger and Prabha elder's sister; Surya's wife (2023-2025)
*Vibish Aswanth as Gowtham: a playboy; Chitradevi's son; Akshara's elder brother; Surya, Vijay and Aarthy’s cousin; Aishwarya's husband (2023-2025) (Main Antagonist)
*Gayathri Sri as Aishwarya: Dasarathan and Koteeswari's eldest daughter; Mahalakshmi and Prabha's elder sister; Gowtham's wife (2023-2025)
*R. G. Ram as Vijay: an artist; Raghuvaran and Gayathri's son; Aarthy's elder brother; Surya, Gowtham and Akshara's cousin; Anamika and Prabha's husband; Azhagi's father (2023-2025)
*Bhavya Shri as Prabha: a tomboy; Dasarathan and Koteeswari's youngest daughter; Mahalakshmi and Aishwarya's younger sister; Vijay's second wife (2023-2025)

===Recurring ===
* Auditor Sridhar / Tarun Master as Vedhachalam
* Kowsalya Senthamarai as Bhanumathi
* CN Ravishankar as Dasarathan: Koteeshwari's husband; Mahalakshmi, Aishwarya and Prabha's father.
* Anitha Venkat as Rajalakshmi: Raghavan's wife; Surya's mother.
* Rohit Ved as Raghavan: Rajalakshmi’s husband, Surya’s father.
* Shilpa Mary Teresa as Chithradevi: who wants to get revenge on Rajalakshmi; Gowtham and Akshara's mother. (Main Antagonist)
* Dr. Jaya as Gayathri: Raghuvaran's wife; Vijay and Aarthy's mother.
* Jairam as Raghuvaran: Gayathri’s husband; Vijay and Aarthy’s father.
* Sherin Janu as Anamika: a gold digger and greedy woman; Vijay's girlfriend and his ex wife. (Antagonist)
*Baby Nynika as Azhagi, Vijay’s daughter; Maha and Surya's adopted daughter.
* Preethiga as Aarthy: Vijay's younger sister; Raghuvaran and Gayathri's daughter.
* Arunima Sudhakar as Akshara: Gowtham's younger sister; Chithradevi's daughter.
* Anjali Varadhan as Baakiyam, Koteeswari's elder sister.
* Vimal Nair Suresh as Vikram
* Yuvan Mayilsamy as Krish

==Production==
[[Mounika]], who was well known for her acting in old-school movies as well as serials, was cast as Kodeeswari. Jay D'Souza and Darshini Gowda were initially chosen to play the main leads but were replaced by Vikram Shri and Akshaya Kandamuthan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Popular actress Mounika to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Aaha Kalyanam'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-actress-mounika-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-aaha-kalyanam/articleshow/97760679.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=9 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகை மெளனிகா நடிப்பில் வெளியாகும் 'ஆஹா கல்யாணம்' நெடுந்தொடர்!|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/news-about-vijay-tv-ahaa-kalyanam-serial|website=cinema.vikatan.com|date=16 March 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> On 6 December 2023, Sherin Janu joined the cast to add a fresh layer to the story line.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Sherin Janu joins the cast of 'Aaha Kalayanam'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sherin-janu-joins-the-cast-of-aaha-kalayanam/articleshow/105784530.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:20%;"| Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:24%;"| Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:13%;"| Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:16%;"| Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:8%;"| Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:8%;"| Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Gaatchora]]'' গাটছড়া
|20 December 2021
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|14 December 2023
|Original
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Katheyondu Shuruvagide'' ಕಥೆಯೊಂದು ಶುರುವಾಗಿದೆ
|28 November 2022
|[[Star Suvarna]]
| 3 March 2024
|rowspan="6"|Remake
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Teri Meri Doriyaann]]'' तेरी मेरी डोरियाँ
|4 January 2023
|[[StarPlus]]
| 14 July 2024
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''[[Brahmamudi (TV series)|Brahmamudi]]'' బ్రహ్మముడి
|24 January 2023
|[[Star Maa]]
|Ongoing
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''Aaha Kalyanam'' ஆஹா கல்யாணம்
|20 March 2023
|[[Star Vijay]]
|3 October 2025
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Patharamattu]]'' പത്തരമാറ്റ്
|15 May 2023
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Ongoing
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Laxmichya Paulanni]]'' लक्ष्मीच्या पाऊलांनी
|20 November 2023
|[[Star Pravah]]
|12 December 2025
|}

== Crossovers ==
A crossover with [[Mahanadhi (TV series)|''Mahanadhi'']] was announced on 4 February, where both families would be staying over at the same resort and would be competing to win 5 lakhs.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mahanadhi & Aaha Kalyanam {{!}} Mahasangamam {{!}} 5th to 9th February 2024 - Promo | date=3 February 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1S3pHmP3M0 |access-date=2024-02-05 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/aaha-kalyanam/1260135554 ''Aaha Kalyanam''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|tt27111965}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Bengali-languages television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series about sisters]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Aggar Tum Na Hote

2026-02-04T03:38:06Z

Dwatson32: Created Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aggar Tum Na Hote.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on = 
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Khalid Akhtar, Bhupesh Kumar
| creative_director =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Simaran Kaur]]|[[Himanshu Soni]]}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = Aggar Tum Na Hote
| endtheme =
| composer = [[Palak Muchhal]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 123 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Mahesh Pandey]]
| cinematography =
| editor = 
| camera = Multi-camera 
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Mahesh Pandey Productions
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|11|9}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|04|29|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Aggar Tum Na Hote''''' ({{translation|If You Were Not There}}) is an Indian television [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] series that premiered from 9 November 2021 on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/zee-tv-is-set-to-regale-its-viewers-with-a-riveting-drama-aggar-tum-na-hote-from-november-9-333302 | title=Zee TV is set to regale its viewers with a riveting drama Aggar Tum Na Hote from November 9 | work=Tribuneindia News Service | access-date=17 December 2022 | archive-date=14 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114121431/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/zee-tv-is-set-to-regale-its-viewers-with-a-riveting-drama-aggar-tum-na-hote-from-november-9-333302 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Produced by [[Mahesh Pandey]] under Mahesh Pandey Productions, it stars [[Simaran Kaur]] and [[Himanshu Soni]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/aggar-tum-na-hote-zee-tv-new-show-is-based-on-a-love-story-with-suspense-story-revolves-around-niyati-and-abhimanyu/371841 | title=Aggar Tum Na Hote: पहले ही एपिसोड में दिखी नियति और अभिमन्‍यू की जबरदस्‍त केमिस्‍ट्री, लव स्‍टोरी संग लगेगा सस्‍पेंस का तड़का | date=9 November 2021 }}</ref> It went off air on 29 April 2022 and digitally available on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-show-agar-tum-na-hote-to-go-off-air/articleshow/90949656.cms | title=Exclusive! Show Agar Tum Na Hote to go off air - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=20 April 2022 }}</ref>

Niyati a nurse resides in Mumbai with her parents and works as a nurse with Dr. Anand her childhood friend. While Abhimanyu a helpful man stays away from his mother but misses her a lot.

== Cast ==
* [[Himanshu Soni]] as Abhimanyu Pandey
* [[Simaran Kaur]] as Niyati Abhimanyu Pandey
* Amreen Malhotra<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/himanshu-soni-bonds-well-with-child-actor-amreen-malhotra-in-aggar-tum-na-hote/articleshow/90973491.cms | title=Himanshu Soni bonds well with child actor Amreen Malhotra in 'Aggar Tum Na Hote' - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=21 April 2022 }}</ref> as Nitya Mishra
* Riya Soni<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/riya-soni-who-has-recently-joined-the-cast-of-aggar-tum-na-hote-talks-to-us-about-her-role-and-more-360886 | title=Riya Soni, who has recently joined the cast of Aggar Tum Na Hote, talks to us about her role and more }}</ref> as Shagun
* [[Avinash Wadhawan]] as Gajendra Pandey
* [[Anita Kulkarni]] as Manorama Gajendra Pandey
* Vikrant Singh Rajput as Karan
* Sangeeta Adhikari as Devi Mami
* Nikhil Chaddha<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/playing-the-antagonist-376347 | title=Reyaansh vir Chadha talks about the challenges of playing the antagonist in Aggar Tum Na Hote }}</ref> as Angad Tiwari
* Harsh Vashisht as Bhagwati Tiwari
* Krishnakant Singh Bundela as Panditji

== Production ==
The series was announced in 2021 by [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/zee-tvs-aggar-tum-na-hote-on-way-310097 | title=Zee TV's Aggar Tum Na Hote on way }}</ref> The teaser of the series was released on 16 October 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/-agar-tum-na-hote-doesnt-have-saas-bahu-drama-it-is-a-simple-love-story-himanshu-soni-on-new-show/videoshow/87470766.cms | title=' Agar Tum Na Hote doesn't have saas-bahu drama, it is a simple love story', Himanshu Soni on new show | TV - Times of India Videos | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> ''Simaran Kaur'' was cast in the titular role, and was joined by [[Himanshu Soni]] as leads.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/himanshu-soni-continues-shoot-agar-tum-na-hote-spite-major-injury-set/ | title=Himanshu Soni continues to shoot for Agar Tum Na Hote in spite of major injury on set : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=13 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/television-news/article/agar-tum-na-hote-actress-simran-kaur-s-name-was-decided-after-movie-ddlj-152712 | title=Agar tum na hote actress simran kaur s name was decided after movie DDLJ | નામ કી ફિલ્મી કહાની | date=24 October 2021 }}</ref> The series marks comeback for [[Avinash Wadhawan]] into fiction after three years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avinash Wadhawan Makes TV Comeback After 3 Years With 'Aggar Tum Na Hote'|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/avinash-wadhawan-makes-tv-comeback-after-3-years-with-aggar-tum-na-hote/81813607.html|publisher=ahmedabadmirror.com}}</ref> On 29 March 2022, the show has completed 100 episodes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/simaran-kaur-on-aggar-tum-na-hote-completing-100-episodes-383461 | title=Simaran Kaur on Aggar Tum Na Hote completing 100 episodes }}</ref> In March 2022, Amreen Malhotra was cast to portray Nitya Mishra and joined by [[Nikhil Chaddha|Reyaansh Vir Chadha]] to portray the negative lead Angad.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/amreen-malhotra-enters-aggar-tum-na-hote/articleshow/90570832.cms | title=Amreen Malhotra enters 'Aggar Tum Na Hote' - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=31 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-transition-from-positive-to-negative-was-indeed-scary-says-reyaansh-vir-chadha/articleshow/90122080.cms | title=The transition from positive to negative was indeed scary, says Reyaansh vir Chadha - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 March 2022 }}</ref> The title song is sung by [[Palak Muchhal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/palak-muchhal-recreates-lata-mangeshkars-80s-hit-songs-for-tv-show-aggar-tum-na-hote/articleshow/88393158.cms | title=Palak Muchhal recreates Lata Mangeshkar's 80s hit songs for TV show Aggar Tum Na Hote - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=20 December 2021 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Zee TV]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=15405410}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/aggar-tum-na-hote/0-6-4z52149 ''Aggar Tum Na Hote''] on [[ZEE5]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Francis Pearson

2026-01-26T22:13:19Z

Dwatson32: further adjust structure for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|British politician}}
{{Distinguish|Francis Pearson (drag queen)}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Sir
| name = Francis Pearson
| honorific_suffix = [[Baronet|Bt]]
| image = File:Sir-Francis-Fenwick-Pearson-1st-Bt.jpg
| caption = Sir Francis Fenwick Pearson, 1st Bt in 1969

| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Clitheroe (UK Parliament constituency)|Clitheroe]]
| predecessor = [[Richard Fort (Conservative politician)|Richard Fort]]
| successor = [[David Walder]]
| term_start = 1959
| term_end = 1970
| majority =

| office1 = [[Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister]]
| primeminister1 = [[Alec Douglas-Home]]
| term_start1 = 1963
| term_end1 = 1964
| predecessor1 = [[Knox Cunningham]]
| successor1 = [[Ernest Fernyhough]]

| birth_name = Francis Fenwick Pearson
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|06|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1991|02|17|1911|06|13|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| education = [[Uppingham School]], [[Rutland]]
| alma_mater = [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity Hall]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| occupation = British colonial administrator Chief Minister of [[Manipur]] State [[Farmer]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| relations =

| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Indian Army]]
| serviceyears =
| rank =
| servicenumber =
| unit = [[1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)|1st King George's Own Gurkha Rifles]]
| commands =
| battles =
| mawards =
}}

'''Sir Francis Fenwick Pearson, 1st Baronet''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|MBE|JP|DL}} (13 June 1911 – 17 February 1991) was a British colonial administrator, farmer and politician.

==Colonial service==
Pearson attended [[Uppingham School]] in [[Rutland]], and then [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity Hall]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]. He was commissioned a Second Lieutenant onto the Unattached List for the Indian Army from being a Second Lieutenant, T.A. (University Candidate) in September 1932, with seniority from 29 January 1931. After a year attached to a British regiment in India, he was appointed to the Indian Army and posted to the [[1 Gorkha Rifles|1st King George's Own Gurkha Rifles]] on 3 November 1933. He served as [[Aide-de-camp]] to the [[Viceroy of India]] from June 1935 to April 1936.<ref>War services of British and Indian Officers of the Indian Army 1941</ref>

=== Indian Political Service ===
Pearson transferred to the [[Indian Political Service]] in October 1935. In June 1945 he was appointed a [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] as captain, Indian Political Service.<ref>London Gazette 14 June 1945, p2957</ref>

He served as the President of the Manipur State Durbar (later designated as the Chief Minister) in the princely state of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] from 1945 to 1947. The ruler of Manipur at that time was Maharaja [[Bodhchandra Singh|Bodhachandra Singh]]. Pearson headed the committee that formulated the [[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947|Manipur State Constitution Act]], passed in May 1947.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical_constitutions/manipur_state_constitution_act__1947_1st%20January%201947 |accessdate=2 November 2020 |website=ConstitutionOfIndia.net}}</ref> He handed over power to Maharajkumar [[Priyobrata Singh]], the Maharaja's nominee for chief minister, on 14 August 1947.

The village of Pearson in [[Churachandpur district]] was named in his honour.

==Parliamentary career==
Pearson returned to Britain after Indian independence and settled in [[Lancashire]] where he became a farmer, and also involved himself in local government. He was a [[Justice of the Peace]] for Lancashire from 1952.

At the [[1959 United Kingdom general election|1959 general election]], Pearson replaced [[Richard Fort (1907–1959)|Richard Fort]] (who had died earlier in the year) as [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] Member of Parliament for [[Clitheroe (UK Parliament constituency)|Clitheroe]], a rural constituency in the Lancashire foothills of the Pennines. He was swiftly named as an Assistant Government [[Whip (politics)|Whip]] (1960) and became a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (Government Whip) in March 1962.

==Parliamentary Private Secretary==
Sir [[Alec Douglas-Home]], who became Prime Minister in October 1963, choose Pearson to be his [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]], an unpaid but pivotal role where Pearson had to maintain relations between the Prime Minister and his own backbenchers. When Douglas-Home lost the [[1964 United Kingdom general election|1964 general election]] and resigned as Prime Minister, he gave Pearson a [[Baronet]]cy in his resignation honours list.

==Lancashire contribution==
Pearson retired from Parliament at the [[1970 United Kingdom general election|1970 general election]], but not from politics. He was Chairman of the [[Central Lancashire]] New Town Development Corporation from 1971 (the [[new town]] covered [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], [[Chorley]], [[Leyland, Lancashire|Leyland]] and several other areas).

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{Rayment-hc|date=March 2012}}
*M. Stenton and S. Lees, "Who's Who of British MPs" (Harvester Press, 1981)

== External links ==
*{{Hansard-contribs | sir-francis-pearson | Francis Pearson }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Clitheroe (UK Parliament constituency)|Clitheroe]]
| years = [[1959 United Kingdom general election|1959]]–[[1970 United Kingdom general election|1970]]
| before = [[Richard Fort (1907–1959)|Richard Fort]]
| after = [[David Walder]]
}}

{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Knox Cunningham]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister]]| years=1963–1964}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ernest Fernyhough]]}}

{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-new|Creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Pearson baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Gressingham)''' | years=1963–1991}}
{{s-aft|after=Francis Pearson}}
{{s-end}}

{{PPSs to the Prime Minister|state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pearson, Francis}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants of Lancashire]]
[[Category:English justices of the peace]]
[[Category:Indian Political Service officers]]
[[Category:Politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Ministers in the Macmillan and Douglas-Home governments, 1957–1964]]
[[Category:Parliamentary private secretaries to the prime minister]]
[[Category:Pearson baronets|301]]
[[Category:People educated at Uppingham School]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1959–1964]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1964–1966]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1966–1970]]

Pipraun

2026-01-20T21:21:14Z

Dwatson32: Put up details

{{Short description|Border village in Mithila, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name = पिपरौन
| native_name_lang = mai
| settlement_type = Village
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.6010487|N|85.9363222|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Bihar
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila region|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
| subdivision_type4 = Block
| subdivision_name4 = Harlakhi
| population_total = 9249
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_demonym = [[Maithil]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official language
*Mother language
| demographics2_info1 = *Hindi
*[[Maithili language|Maithili]]
}}

'''Pipraun''' ({{langx|mai|पिपरौन}}) is a village in the [[Harlakhi Assembly constituency|Harlakhi]] block of the [[Madhubani district]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. It is situated near the [[India–Nepal border]]. The international border is called as Pipraun-Jatahi border.<ref>{{Cite news |title=चुनाव को लेकर जटही-पिपरौन बॉर्डर सील |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-jathi-piproun-border-sealed-for-election-7503939.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पंचायत भवन के निर्माण में अनियमियतता की शिकायत - Complaint of irregularity in construction of Panchayat building - Bihar Madhubani General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-complaint-of-irregularity-in-construction-of-panchayat-building-19783990.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> There is an Indian custom office in the village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Customs Station Evaluation Report |url=https://lpai.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-07/LPAI_LCS_Evaluation_Report_Vol1.pdf |website=Land Ports Authority of India}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the population census 2011, the total population of the village is 9249. Out of the total population, 4803 are males and 4446 are females. The total number of households in the village is 1641.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population finder {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Description ==
The legendary river [[Jamuni River|Jamuni]] flows through the northern side of the village. The Jamuni river also serves as the line of Indo-Nepal border near the village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सूखने लगी भारत नेपाल सीमा पर बहने वाली पौराणिक जमुनी नदी - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-drying-indian-nepal-river-the-mythological-river-yamuna-19301453.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The border at the Pipraun village connects two major Hindu religious destinations [[Janakpur]] and [[Phulhar]] in the Mithila region related to the [[Ramayana circuit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devshila Yatra: नेपाल के जनकपुरधाम से मधुबनी पहुंची देवशिला यात्रा, जय श्री राम की गूंज से भक्तिमय हुआ शहर - Devshila Yatra reached Madhubani from Janakpur of Nepal |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-devshila-yatra-reached-madhubani-from-janakpur-of-nepal-23313703.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The village is connected by the [[National Highway 227 (India)|National Highway-227]] from [[Chakia, Bihar|Chakia]] to [[Narahia]]. In the village, there is a petrol pump on the side of the national highway.<ref>{{Cite news |title=दुर्घटना:पिपरौन में नेपाली बाइक की ठोकर से दो किशोर की मौत, चालक गिरफ्तार |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/news/two-teenagers-died-due-to-stumbling-of-nepali-bike-in-pipraun-driver-arrested-130176684.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

The [[Government of India]] has deployed a camp of [[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]] soldiers near the line of the Indo-Nepal border in the village for the purpose of border security. On the north side of the border, there is a Nepalese village called Jatahi. The Jatahi village is connected to the capital city [[Janakpur]] of the [[Madhesh Province|Madhesh Pradesh]] province in [[Nepal]] by a highway.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-03-22 |title=Madhubani News: इंडो-नेपाल सीमा से विदेशी महिला समेत 3 गिरफ्तार, SSB जवानों ने की कार्रवाई |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/madhubani/ssb-jawans-of-pipraun-camp-arrested-2-foreigners-on-indo-nepal-border-in-madhubani/bh20230322070623522522303 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Madhubani district]]

{{Madhubani-geo-stub}}

Heliophysics

2026-01-18T16:35:09Z

Dwatson32: general improved formatting for consistency additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Science of the heliosphere}}
[[File:The sun in many wavelengths.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|This image presents various wavelengths of light produced by the Sun.]]
{{heliophysics}}

'''Heliophysics''' (from the prefix "[[wikt:helio-|helio]]", from [[Attic Greek]] ''hḗlios'', meaning Sun, and the noun "[[physics]]": the science of matter and energy and their interactions) is the physics of the Sun and its connection with the [[Solar System]].<ref name="Gough">{{cite journal
|author1=Gough, D.O. | title = Our first inferences from helioseismology
| journal = Physics Bulletin
| year = 1983
| volume = 34
| issue = 12
| pages = 502–507
| doi = 10.1088/0031-9112/34/12/019
| bibcode = 1983PhB....34..502G
}}</ref> [[NASA]] defines<ref>''Heliophysics. The New Science of the Sun - Solar System Connection: Recommended Roadmap for Science and Technology 2005 - 2035.''; https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090010233</ref> heliophysics as "(1) the comprehensive new term for the science of the Sun - Solar System Connection, (2) the exploration, discovery, and understanding of Earth's space environment, and (3) the system science that unites all of the linked phenomena in the region of the cosmos influenced by a star like [[Sun|our Sun]]."

Heliophysics is broader than [[Solar physics]], that studies the Sun itself, including its interior, atmosphere, and magnetic fields. It concentrates on the Sun's effects on [[Earth]] and other bodies within the Solar System, as well as the changing conditions in space. It is primarily concerned with the [[magnetosphere]], [[ionosphere]], [[thermosphere]], [[mesosphere]], and [[upper atmosphere]] of the Earth and other [[planet]]s. Heliophysics combines the science of the Sun, [[solar corona|corona]], [[heliosphere]] and [[geospace]], and encompasses a wide variety of astronomical phenomena, including "[[cosmic rays]] and [[particle acceleration]], [[space weather]] and [[radiation]], [[dust]] and [[magnetic reconnection]], nuclear energy generation and internal solar dynamics, [[solar activity]] and [[stellar magnetic field]]s, [[aeronomy]] and [[space plasma]]s, [[magnetic field]]s and [[global change]]", and the interactions of the Solar System with the [[Milky Way Galaxy]].

== History and etymology ==

Term "heliophysics" ({{langx|ru|гелиофизика}}) was widely used in [[Russian language|Russian-language]] [[scientific literature]]. The [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] third edition (1969–1978) defines "Heliophysics" as "[...] a division of [[astrophysics]] that studies [[Solar physics|physics of the Sun]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Гелиофизика {{!}} это... Что такое Гелиофизика? |url=https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/78175/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Словари и энциклопедии на Академике |language=ru}}</ref> In 1990, the [[Higher Attestation Commission]], responsible for the advanced [[Academic degree|academic degrees]] in [[Soviet Union]] and later in [[Russia]] and the [[Post-Soviet states|Former Soviet Union]], established a new specialty "Heliophysics and physics of solar system". In [[English language|English-language]] scientific literature prior to about 2001, the term heliophysics was sporadically used to describe the study of the "physics of the Sun".<ref name="Gough2012">{{cite journal
|author1=Gough, D.O. | title = Heliophysics Gleaned from Seismology
| journal = ASP Conference Series
| date = September 2012
| volume = 462
| pages = 429–454
| bibcode = 2012ASPC..462..429G
|arxiv = 1210.1114 }}</ref> As such it was a direct translation from the French "héliophysique" and the Russian "гелиофизика". In 2001, Joseph M. Davila, Nat Gopalswamy and [[Barbara J. Thompson]] at NASA's [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] adopted the term in their preparations of what became known as the [[International Heliophysical Year]] (2007–2008), following 50 years after the [[International Geophysical Year]]; in adopting the term for this purpose, they expanded its meaning to encompass the entire domain of influence of the Sun (the [[heliosphere]]). As an early advocate of the newly expanded meaning, [[George Siscoe]] offered the following characterization:
<blockquote> "Heliophysics [encompasses] environmental science, a unique hybrid between [[meteorology]] and [[astrophysics]], comprising a body of data and a set of paradigms (general laws—perhaps mostly still undiscovered) specific to magnetized plasmas and neutrals in the heliosphere interacting with themselves and with gravitating bodies and their atmospheres."
</blockquote>

Around mid-2006, [[Richard R. Fisher]], then Director of the Sun-Earth Connections Division of NASA's [[Science Mission Directorate]], was challenged by the NASA administrator to come up with a concise new name for his division that "had better end on 'physics'".<ref>Richard Fisher speaking just after the 1h30m mark in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOIO-uL9h1A this youtube movie]</ref> He proposed "[[Heliophysics Science Division]]", which has been in use since then. The Heliophysics Science Division uses the term "heliophysics" to denote the study of the heliosphere and the objects that interact with it – most notably planetary atmospheres and magnetospheres, the solar corona, and the [[interstellar medium]].

Heliophysical research connects directly to a broader web of physical processes that naturally expand its reach beyond NASA's narrower view that limits it to the Solar System: heliophysics reaches from [[solar physics]] out to [[stellar physics]] in general, and involves several branches of [[nuclear physics]], [[plasma physics]], [[space physics]] and [[magnetospheric physics]]. The science of heliophysics lies at the foundation of the study of [[space weather]], and is also directly involved in understanding [[planetary habitability]].

==Background==

The Sun is an active [[star]], and Earth is located within its [[solar atmosphere|atmosphere]], so there is a dynamic interaction. The Sun' light influences all life and processes on Earth; it is an energy provider that allows and sustains [[life]] on Earth. However, the Sun also produces streams of [[charged particles|high energy particles]] known as the [[solar wind]], and radiation that can harm life or alter its evolution. Under the protective shield of [[Earth's magnetic field]] and its atmosphere, Earth can be seen as an island in the universe where life has developed and flourished.<ref name=helionasa>
{{NASA
|article=Heliophysics
|url=https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/}}</ref><ref name=pesnell>{{cite journal
| title =The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
| journal =Solar Physics
| volume =275
| issue =1–2
| pages =3–15
| doi =10.1007/s11207-011-9841-3| year =2011
| last1 =Pesnell
| first1 =W. Dean
| last2 =Thompson
| first2 =B. J.
| last3 =Chamberlin
| first3 =P. C.
| bibcode =2012SoPh..275....3P
| doi-access =free
}}</ref>

The intertwined response of the Earth and [[heliosphere]] are studied because the planet is immersed in this unseen environment. Above the protective cocoon of Earth's lower atmosphere is a plasma soup composed of electrified and magnetized matter entwined with penetrating radiation and energetic particles. Modern technologies are susceptible to the extremes of [[space weather]] — severe disturbances of the upper atmosphere and of the near-Earth space environment that are driven by the magnetic activity of the Sun. Strong electrical currents driven in the Earth's surface during auroral events can disrupt and damage modern electric power grids and may contribute to the corrosion of oil and gas pipelines.<ref name=big-q-s>
{{NASA
|article=Big Questions
|url=https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/big-questions/}}</ref>

==Heliophysics research program==
[[File:NASA Heliophysics Division fleet as of July 2024.png|thumb|Current and future heliophysics missions, 2024]]

[[Solar observation|Methods have been developed]] to see into the internal workings of the Sun and understand how the [[Earth's magnetosphere]] responds to [[solar activity]]. Further studies are concerned with exploring the full system of complex interactions that characterize the relationship of the Sun with the [[Solar System]].<ref name=helionasa/><ref name=pesnell/>

There are three primary objectives that define the multi-decadal studies:<ref name=helionasa/><ref name=burch>
{{cite journal
| title =Magnetospheric Multiscale Overview and Science Objectives
| journal =Space Science Reviews
| volume =199
| issue =1–4
| pages =5–21
| doi =10.1007/s11214-015-0164-9
| year =2015
| last1 =Burch
| first1 =J. L.
| last2 =Moore
| first2 =T. E.
| last3 =Torbert
| first3 =R. B.
| last4 =Giles
| first4 =B. L.
| bibcode =2016SSRv..199....5B
| doi-access =free
}}</ref>
* To understand the changing flow of energy and matter throughout the Sun, heliosphere, and planetary environments.
* To explore the fundamental physical processes of space plasma systems.
* To define the origins and societal impacts of variability in the Earth-Sun system.

===Heliosphere===

Plasmas and their embedded magnetic fields affect the formation and evolution of planets and planetary systems. The heliosphere shields the Solar System from galactic cosmic radiation. Earth is shielded by its [[magnetic field]], protecting it from solar and cosmic particle radiation and from erosion of the atmosphere by the [[solar wind]]. Planets without a shielding magnetic field, such as [[Mars]] and [[Venus]], are exposed to those processes and evolve differently. On [[Earth]], the magnetic field changes strength and configuration during its occasional polarity reversals, altering the shielding of the planet from external radiation sources.<ref name=focus>
{{NASA
|article=Focus Areas
|url=https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-areas//}}</ref>

===Magnetospheres===

Determine changes in the [[Earth's magnetosphere]], ionosphere, and upper atmosphere in order to enable specification, prediction, and mitigation of their effects. Heliophysics seeks to develop an understanding of the response of the near-Earth plasma regions to [[space weather]]. This complex, highly coupled system protects Earth from the worst solar disturbances while redistributing energy and mass throughout.<ref name=burch/><ref name=focus/>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* NASA's [[Heliophysics Science Division]]
* [[List of heliophysics missions]]
** [[Parker Solar Probe]]
** [[Solar Orbiter]]
** [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory]] (SOHO)
** [[Solar Dynamics Observatory]] (SDO)
** [[STEREO]]
** [[Ulysses (spacecraft)|Ulysses]]
* [[Aeronomy]]
* [[Advanced Composition Explorer]] (ACE)
* [[WIND (spacecraft)|WIND]]
* [[Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission]] (MMS)
* [[Cluster II (spacecraft)|Cluster II]]
* [[Solar and Space Physics Decadal Survey]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/ NASA Heliophysics]
* [http://www.helio-vo.eu/science.php Heliophysics Integrated Observatory]
* NASA video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taQMJqcrAtE Understanding The Sun – The Heliophysics Program]
* NASA video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfnst1W33OI Introduction to Heliophysics]
* American Geophysical Union video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOag-1yQQxM Heliophysics and the Weather in Space]
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.14022 ''Principles Of Heliophysics: a textbook on the universal processes behind planetary habitability'' by Karel Schrijver et al]
* [https://cpaess.ucar.edu/heliophysics/resources/textbooks NASA Heliophysics textbooks]
* [https://cpaess.ucar.edu/heliophysics/summer-school NASA-funded Summer Schools]

{{The Sun}}
{{Physics-footer}}
{{Solar storms}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sun]]
[[Category:Space science]]
[[Category:Space weather]]
[[Category:Astrophysics]]
[[Category:Space plasmas]]

Army Training Command

2026-01-17T19:54:27Z

Dwatson32: rework references per standard format and improved wording based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Army Training Command
| image = File:IA Training Command.png
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Insignia of ARTRAC
| dates = 1991 – Present
| country = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{Army|india}}
| type = [[Formation (military)|Command]]
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Shimla]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| anniversaries = 1 October (Raising Day)
| battles =
| notable_commanders = [[General (India)|Gen]] [[Shankar Roy Chowdhury]] [[General (India)|Gen]] [[Joginder Jaswant Singh|J. J. Singh]] [[General (India)|Gen]] [[Deepak Kapoor]] [[General (India)|Gen]] [[Manoj Mukund Naravane|M. M. Naravane]]
| specialization = [[Military education and training|Training]]
| current_commander = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Devendra Sharma (general)|Devendra Sharma]], {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=80%|PVSM|AVSM|SM}}
| commander1_label = [[General officer commanding|GOC-in-C]]
| identification_symbol = [[File:Flag of Army Training Command, India.png|150px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Flag
}}

The '''Army Training Command''', abbreviated as '''ARTRAC''', is one of the seven commands of the [[Indian Army]]. It is currently based at [[Shimla]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mod.nic.in/aforces/ |title=Ministry of Defence |access-date=8 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405031810/http://www.mod.nic.in/aforces/ |archive-date=5 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was established on 1 October 1991 at [[Mhow]].

== History ==
The Army Training Command was established on 1 October 1991 at [[Mhow]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and moved to [[Shimla]] on 31 March 1993.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author=John Pike |title=Army Training Command (ARTRAC) |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/artrac.htm |access-date=2 August 2015 |work=globalsecurity.org}}</ref> The Indian Army has diverse, intensive and variegated Operational responsibilities. Due to constant change in the complexion of the future battlefield combined with rapid technological advances, a need to restructure and streamline our overall training structure was identified. The aim was to maximize effectiveness of our training and establish a dedicated organization for formulating concepts and doctrines, which are specifically applicable to our operational environment.<ref name=":0" /> The requirement was to be met by the establishment of a centralized, independent and high-powered organization, with the requisite infrastructure and resources to meet all aspects of concepts and doctrine development, training policies and institutional training.<ref name=":0" />

In 2020, it was decided to merge the Directorate General of Military Training (DGMT) with ARTRAC.<ref name=integ1>[https://theprint.in/defence/in-the-works-for-army-training-command-wings-for-training-validation-more-officers/281680/ In the works for Army Training Command — wings for training, validation & more officers], [[The Print]], 24 Aug 2019.</ref> DGMT runs the [[Chail Military School#History|Rashtriya Military Schools]] (RMS).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustanlink.com/careertex/top-institutes-india/bangalore-military-school.htm|title=Bangalore Military School, Bangalore Military School detailed information, Admission Process for Bangalore Military School|access-date=22 June 2016}}</ref>

== Objectives ==
Its roles are to:
* Formulate concepts and doctrines of warfare in the fields of strategy, operational art, tactics, logistics, training and human resource development stimulating a real-time scenario.
* Acts as the nodal agency for all institutional training in the Army
* Evolve joint doctrines in conjunction with other Services
* Integrating technology like simulation-based war-gaming into training modules

== List of Commanders ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="7" | General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Army Training Command
|- style="background:#cccccc"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 400px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Unit of Commission
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | References
|-
| 1
| rowspan="25" |[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| A. S. Kalkat {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM}}}}
| 1 October 1991
| 31 July 1992
| [[8th Gorkha Rifles]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/community/sky-diving-bike-stunts-leave-spectators-spellbound/140369.html|title=Sky diving, bike stunts leave spectators spellbound : The Tribune India}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[Shankar Roychowdhury]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}{{ref|a}}
| 1 August 1992
| 22 November 1994
| [[20 Lancers (India)|20th Lancers]]
| <ref>{{cite web | title=Shankar Roy Chowdhury appointed new chief of army staff |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/19941215-shankar-roy-chowdhury-appointed-new-chief-of-army-staff-810028-1994-12-15 |website=India Today |language=en | date=15 December 1994|accessdate=5 September 2024}} {{subscription}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| S. K. Sharma
| 22 November 1994
| 31 March 1997
| [[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
|
|-
| 4
| Vijay Oberoi {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
| 1 April 1997
| 15 October 1999
| [[Maratha Light Infantry]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Army Training Command may be moved from Shimla to Ambala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-training-command-may-be-moved-from-shimla-to-ambala/story-yr07zI5U4tryVDm9SYeGvL.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=28 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| H. B. Kala {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SC}}}}
| 15 October 1999
| 1 April 2001
| [[Jat Regiment]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99oct16/himachal.htm|title=tribuneindia... Himachal}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| Shamsher Singh Mehta {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
| 1 April 2001
| 31 October 2002
| [[63rd Cavalry (India)|63rd Cavalry]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Lt. Gen. S. S. Mehta Takes Over Army Training Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/2001-APRIL-JULY-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-2001-04-01_001.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India – Archive|date=1 April 2001|access-date=4 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| Shantanu Choudhry {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
| 1 November 2002
| 31 December 2002
| [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/minor-reshuffle-likely-at-army-hq/article27878506.ece|title=Minor reshuffle likely at Army hq.|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2002-11-01|access-date=2021-07-22}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| [[Joginder Jaswant Singh|J. J. Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}{{ref|a}}
| 1 January 2003
| 30 January 2004
| [[Maratha Light Infantry]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=The colours of Army green |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2026/stories/20040102002803800.htm |website=frontline.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| K. Nagaraj {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM}}}}
| 1 February 2004
| 15 August 2005
| [[Maratha Light Infantry]]
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Feb 9 |first1=Rahul Singh |title='Ganpat' generals going great guns {{!}} Chandigarh News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Ganpat-generals-going-great-guns/articleshow/484259.cms |website=The Times of India |date=9 February 2004 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 10
| [[Deepak Kapoor]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}}{{ref|a}}
| 15 August 2005
| 31 September 2005
| [[Regiment of Artillery]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Nagalim.NL News |url=http://www.nagalim.nl/news/00000168.htm |website=www.nagalim.nl}}</ref>
|-
| 11
| K. S. Jamwal {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
| 1 October 2005
| 31 December 2006
| [[Regiment of Artillery]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Kapoor to be new VCOAS; Panag, Jamwal to head N, E Cmds |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/12/24/lt-gen-kapoor-to-be-new-vcoas-panag-jamwal-to-head-n-e-cmds-1167104766.html |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en |date=26 December 2006}}</ref>
|-
| 12
| M. L. Naidu {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|YSM}}}}
| 1 January 2007
| 30 September 2007
| [[Rajput Regiment]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Naidu to take charge on January 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/lt-gen-naidu-to-take-charge-on-january-1/story-ukwuX3LxaSJu399q908hJI.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=26 December 2006}}</ref>
|-
| 13
| J. K. Mohanty {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|UYSM|SM|VSM}}}}
| 1 October 2007
| 31 December 2008
| [[Dogra Regiment]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=English Releases |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=31601 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| 14
| B. S. Jaswal {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
| 1 January 2009
| 30 September 2009
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen B S Jaswal takes charge of Northern Command today – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lt-gen-b-s-jaswal-takes-charge-of-northern-command-today/523586/ |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
|-
| 15
| Arvinder Singh Lamba {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
| 1 October 2009
| 1 December 2010
| [[Regiment of Artillery]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Army training command gets new chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/army-training-command-gets-new-chief/story-4rpgKNJ38FuIcuOdB6MItL.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=1 October 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 16
| K. Surendra Nath {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
| 1 January 2011
| 30 May 2013
| [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment|Mechanised Infantry]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hillpost.in/2010/12/lt-gen-k-surendra-nath-takes-charge-of-artrac/25482/|title=LT Gen K Surendra Nath takes charge of ARTRAC – Hill Post|date=31 December 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| 17
| Sanjeev Madhok {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
| 1 June 2013
| 30 July 2015
| [[Brigade of The Guards|Brigade of Guards]]
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Pioneer |first1=The |title=lt Gen Madhok takes over command of Army training |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/lt-gen-madhok-takes-over-command-of-army-training.html |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 18
| [[Pattiarimal Mohamadali Hariz|P M Hariz]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}}
| 1 August 2015
| 31 August 2016
| [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment|Mechanized Infantry]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories3909_Lt_Gen_Hariz_assumes_charge_of_ARTRAC.htm|title=..:: India Strategic ::. APPOINTMENTS: Lt Gen Hariz assumes charge of ARTRAC|website=www.indiastrategic.in|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref>
|-
| 19
| [[Dewan Rabindranath Soni|Dewan Rabindranth Soni]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
| 17 September 2016
| 30 November 2017
| [[Central India Horse]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/lt-gen-soni-is-goc-in-chief-of-artrac/296728.html|title=Lt Gen Soni is GOC-in-Chief of ARTRAC|newspaper=The Tribune India}}</ref>
|-
| 20
| [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}}{{ref|a}}
| 1 December 2017
| 30 September 2018
| [[Sikh Light Infantry]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/lt-gen-naravane-takes-over-as-artrac-chief/506687.html|title=Lt Gen Naravane takes over as ARTRAC chief : The Tribune India}}</ref>
|-
| 21
| [[Pattacheruvanda C. Thimayya|P C Thimayya]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VSM}}}}
| 1 November 2018
| 30 April 2020
| [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Thimmaya takes over as GoC Army Training Command, Shimla |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-gen-thimmaya-takes-over-as-goc-army-training-command-shimla/articleshow/66457073.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |date=1 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 22
| [[Raj Shukla]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|YSM|SM}}}}
| 1 May 2020
| 31 March 2022
| [[Regiment of Artillery]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/lt-gen-raj-shukla-assumes-command-of-the-artrac/north/news/1977455.html|title=Lt Gen Raj Shukla assumes command of the ARTRAC|publisher=United News of India|date=1 May 2020|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 23
| [[Surinder Singh Mahal]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
| 1 April 2022
| 30 November 2023
| [[41st Armoured Regiment (India)|41 Armoured Regiment]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Lieutenant General Surinder Singh Mahal took over the command of ARTRAC today |url=https://hindi.latestly.com/socially/india/lt-gen-ss-mahal-took-over-the-command-of-artrac-today-1279625.html|publisher=Hindi Latestly|date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 24
| [[Manjinder Singh (general)|Manjinder Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|YSM|VSM}}}}
| 1 December 2023
| 30 June 2024
| [[Madras Regiment]]
||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://x.com/adgpi/status/1730508422574145763?s=20|title=Lieutenant General Manjinder Singh assumed the command of Army Training Command|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 25
| [[Devendra Sharma (general)|Devendra Sharma]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM}}}}
| 1 July 2024
| ''Incumbent''
| [[Scinde Horse|14th Horse (Scinde Horse)]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-01 |title=Lt Gen Devendra Sharma takes over as new Army training command chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lt-gen-devendra-sharma-takes-over-as-new-army-training-command-chief/articleshow/111405748.cms |access-date=2024-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
1.{{note|a}}Later became the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspxMnId=uElFDWpYGqbxMXxg+jgDHw==&ParentID=s4zCCOcmToHpUgde7d9Clg==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ== ARTRAC Army Commanders' Conclave]

{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Commands of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Army training units and formations]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1991]]

{{India-mil-stub}}

Panikhia Jati

2026-01-16T04:25:02Z

Dwatson32: cleanup

{{Short description|Group of higher castes in Odisha, India}}
'''Panikhia Jati''' ({{langx|or|ପାଣିଖିଆ ଜାତି}}) also known as '''Panichhuan Jati ''' (Clean castes) of [[Odisha]]. Which is a group of dominant{{How|date=September 2025}} and high rank castes. Which water and foods are acceptable for deities and also for [[Brahmin]]s, includes: [[Karan (caste)|Karan]],
[[Khandayat (caste)|Khandayat]], [[Gopal (caste)|Gopal]], [[Chasa caste|Chasa]],[[Gudia (caste)|Gudia]] caste.<ref name="Singh1992">{{cite book|author=K. S. Singh|title=People of India: Odisha (2 pts.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP_XIoebIE8C&q=panikhia+jatis|year=1992|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-7046-293-4}}</ref> There is a good social relation and communication among the castes. They are very strict for their social status or prestige; they do not take water and food from lower communities. But occasionally they allow [[Barika (caste)|Barika]] and [[Mali (caste)|Mali]] people to participate in their festivals and other rituals.<ref name="Das2012">{{cite book|author=Nava Kishor Das|title=Odisha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sz7m_yM-hJsC&q=panikhia+jatis|year=2012|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India by Seagull Books|isbn=978-81-7046-293-4}}</ref><ref name="Mohanty2003">{{cite book|author=Ramesh P. Mohanty|title=Dalits Development and Change: An Empirical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMCEOmVXhLkC&pg=PA35|year=2003|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-696-7|pages=35–}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Mumbai CSMT–Amritsar Express

2025-12-31T11:34:17Z

Dwatson32:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus–Amritsar Junction Express
| logo = Amritsar Express TB.png
| image = Dadar express at kkr.jpg
| caption = Amritsar - Mumbai CSMT Express At [[Kurukshetra Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Express train|Express]]
| first = 1 September 1919<ref>{{cite web |last1=CSMT |first1=ASR |title=India Rail |url=http://www.indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/4326705/2#4326705-2 |website=indiarailinfo.com |access-date=12 June 2022 |ref=Railway Info}}</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| start = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]]
| stops = 89 as 11057 Mumbai CSMT–Amritsar Express, 88 as 11058 Amritsar–Mumbai CSMT Express
| end = {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}}
| distance = {{convert|2030|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 40 hours 45 minutes as 11057 Mumbai CSMT - Amritsar Express, 39 hours 15 minutes as 11058 Amritsar - Mumbai CSMT Express
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Class
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No [[pantry car]] attached
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities =
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] ICF CBC Rake
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11057 / 11058
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum {{convert|50|km/h|0|abbr=on}} including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 11057 / 58 '''Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus–Amritsar Junction Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Central Railway zone]] that runs between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] and {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} in India.
It operates as train number 11057 from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus to Amritsar Junction and as train number 11058 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].

It is one of three trains that connect [[Mumbai]] and [[Amritsar]], the other trains being the 12903 / 04 [[Golden Temple Mail]] & 12925 / 26 [[Paschim Express]]. However the 12903 / 04 [[Golden Temple Mail]] and 12925 / 26 [[Paschim Express]] are operated by [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] and have a different routing.

Alongside the [[Punjab Mail]], this train is one of the oldest trains running out of [[Bombay]].

==History==

1905 was the year when Agra got direct connection to Delhi via Mathura Chord. Legendary Punjab Mail was diverted via Chord and Kashi Express was introduced as an Bombay Express train between [[Bombay]] and [[Delhi]] from 1 February 1907,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/4326705/2#4326705-2 |website=indiarailinfo.com|title=4326705-2: Timeline: 1st Feb 1907: 27/28 Delhi Expr - Railway Enquiry }}</ref> numbered 27 Down (towards Delhi) and 30 Up (towards Bombay). For the first few years of its run, it only carried third class carriages and was popularly known as the ''Delhi Express''.

From 1 September 1919, ''Delhi Express'' diverted to Allahabad & GUP Express commenced to connect ''Bombay'' to ''Delhi'' carrying passengers of all classes and with dining car. Through carriage to Lucknow was also added to the consist. This through carriage was detached at Jhansi, whence it was run through to Lucknow with a connecting train.

During this period, the [[Punjab Mail]] used to depart from Bombay shortly after noon and arrive at Delhi on the next night. This made it very inconvenient for conveying mail between Bombay and Delhi, as the mail had to be posted early at Bombay and detained overnight at Delhi. The Delhi express however, departed from Bombay late night and arrived at Delhi on the morning of the third day. This schedule was better suited for the mail service and consequently, from 1 January 1921, the Delhi express started carrying mail between Bombay and Delhi.

Between 1926 and 1930, due to the introduction of many new trains like the [[Frontier Mail]] and the Howrah–Lahore express, the Delhi express changed terminals several times. From 1 January 1926, the train started running through to Rawalpindi, over the tracks of the North Western railway. From 1 September of the same year, the run was extended to Peshawar, in competition to the BB&CIR's Frontier Mail which was also made into a regular train from the same day. The service was curtailed to Lahore from 1 September 1929 and extended back to Peshawar from 1 March 1930. Subsequently, the train was designated as 197 Down and 198 Up on the GIPR's tracks.

Between September 1929 and March 1930, it used to carry the {{stnlnk|Mettupalayam}}–[[Lahore]] through carriages between Itarsi and Lahore. These carriages were run between [[Madras]] and Itarsi as the [[Grand Trunk Express]].

Like many trains operating in North India, this train's services were disrupted during the partition of India in 1947. After several temporary alterations in its route and schedule, from 12 January 1948, it resumed regular operations between [[Bombay]] and [[Delhi]]. Later the same year, its run was extended to Amritsar.

Starting from the early 1950s, it started running through to [[Pathankot]] and was called the ''Pathankot Express'', a name that is still used at many wayside stations today. From 1 April 1968, the train started terminating at Amritsar again. Since then, barring changes in terminals within Bombay (the train operated from all major terminals in the Central Railway's jurisdiction in Bombay), the train's route and destination have remained unchanged.

==Coaches==

The 11057 / 58 Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus–Amritsar Junction Express presently has 1 AC 2 tier, 4 AC 3 tier, 8 Sleeper Class, 2 General Unreserved, 1 Railway Mail Service coach and 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. It does not have a [[pantry car]].

{| class="wikitable"
|0
!1
!2
!'''3'''
!4
!'''5'''
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
|-
|ENG
|SLR
|GS
|S8
|S7
|S6
|S5
|S4
|S3
|S2
|S1
|B4
|B3
|B2
|B1
|A1
|RMS
|GS
|SLR
|}
As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

11057 Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus–Amritsar Junction Express covers the distance of 2030 kilometres in 40 hours 45 mins (49.82 km/h) and in 43 hours 20 mins as 11058 Amritsar Junction–Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Express (46.85 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is below {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare does not include a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==

The 11057 / 58 Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus–Amritsar Junction Express runs from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] via {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Igatpuri}}, {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction|}}, [[Bhopal Junction railway station|Bhopal Junction]], {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}, [[Gwalior Junction railway station|Gwalior]], {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}, {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}, {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ludhiana Junction}}, [[Phillaur Junction railway station|Phillaur Junction]] {{stnlnk|Jalandhar City Junction}} to [[Amritsar Junction railway station|Amritsar Junction]]. The train also has 4 coaches for {{stnlnk|Dhule}} city which are terminated from {{stnlnk|Chalisgaon Junction}} towards Dhule.

==Traction==

Initially the train ran from [[Dadar railway station|Dadar Terminus]] and was later shifted to [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] on 22 October 2012 as part of a plan to decongest Dadar Terminus. Later, from 1 June 2015, its terminal shifted to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]].

Earlier a [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-3|WCAM 3]] would haul the train between [[Dadar railway station|Dadar Terminus]] / [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] until {{stnlnk|Igatpuri}}, handing over to a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad]]-based [[WAP-4]] which would haul the train until {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}} after which a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Tughlakabad|Tughlakabad]]-based [[WDM-3A]] would power the train for the remainder of the journey.

With Central Railways progressively moving towards a complete changeover from DC to AC traction, it is now hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad]]-based [[WAP-4]], [[WAP-5]] or a [[WAP-7]] until {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}} after which a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Tughlakabad|Tughlakabad]]-based [[WDM-3A]] or WDP-3A powers the train for the remainder of the journey.

After 1 June 2015 it shifts to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] for changing the [[Patliputra Express]] (previously Rajendranagar Express) to [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]].

==Timings==

11057 Mumbai CSMT - Amritsar Express leaves Mumbai CSMT Everyday at 11:30PM to reach Amritsar on evening 04:15PM of Day 3 with a distance of 2047 km and an average speed of 50km/h with a total journey time of 40 hours 45 minutes.

11058 Amritsar - Mumbai CSMT Express leaves Amritsar Everyday at 08:50AM to reach Mumbai CSMT at Midnight 12:05AM on Day 3 with a distance of 2047 km and an average speed of 52km/h with a total journey time of 39 hours 15 minutes.

[[File:11057 Amritsar Express arrival at Habibgunj railway station.webm|thumb|300px|11057 Amritsar Express arrival at [[Rani Kamalapati railway station]]
]]

==Rake sharing==

It shares its rakes with 22159/22160 [[Mumbai CST–Chennai Express|Mumbai CSMT–Chennai Express]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6thw8UeegNI|title=11057 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Amritsar Express - YouTube|publisher=youtube.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=959&did=135091053364299704B63AB3552D4FAA3BFE4EF84F4A6.web107|title=Central Railway / Indian Railways Portal|publisher=cr.indianrailways.gov.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Central-railways-promises-more-passenger-friendly-services-by-year-end/articleshow/14528792.cms|title=Central railways promises more passenger friendly services by year end – The Times of India|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/yogeshattri2013/9410760015/|title=#11057 Mumbai LTT-Amritsar Express | Flickr - Photo Sharing!|publisher=flickr.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate= 8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai CST-Amritsar Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]

Kendujhar district

2025-12-29T01:29:39Z

Dwatson32:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kendujhar district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Keonjhar district
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]] of [[Odisha]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Maa Tarini, Ghatagaon, Keonjhar.jpg
|photo2a = Khandadhar Waterfall Kendujhar 01.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Top: [[Maa Tarini Temple, Ghatgaon|Maa Tarini Temple]] in [[Ghatgaon]] Bottom: [[Khandadhar Falls, Kendujhar|Khandadhar Falls]]
| image_map = Kendujhar in Odisha (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Odisha
| coordinates = {{coord|21.633|N|85.6|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kendujhar]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[District collector|Collector & District Magistrate]]
| leader_name = Vishal Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title1 = Divisional Forest Officer Cum Wildlife Warden
| leader_name1 = Dhanraj Hanumant Dhamdhere, [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]]
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name2 = Kusalkar Nitin Dagudu, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8,303
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 480
| population_total = 1,801,733
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 8
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]], English
| demographics1_title2 = Local
| demographics1_info2 = [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Munda language|Munda]], [[Juang language|Juang]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissapost.com/tribals-seek-official-tag-for-ho-language/|title = Tribals seek official tag for Ho language|date = 27 October 2018}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 758 xxx
| registration_plate = OD-09
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.987 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 69%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar(ST)]]
| leader_name3 = [[Chandrani Murmu]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = 7 {{collapsible list|title={{nbsp}}|[[Telkoi|020-Telkoi(ST)]] [[Ghasipura (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|021-Ghasipura]] [[Anandapur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|022-Anandapur(SC)]] [[Patna (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|023-Patna(ST)]] [[Keonjhar (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|024-Keonjhar(ST)]] [[Champua (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|025-Champua]] [[Karanjia (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|030-Karanjia (ST)]]}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Aw]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|1535.5|mm|in}}
| website = {{URL|kendujhar.odisha.gov.in}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Kendujhar district''', also known as '''Keonjhar district''', is an administrative district of [[Odisha]]. The district is one of the fifth Scheduled Areas of Odisha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/scheduled-tribes-welfare/fifth-schedule-areas|title=Vikaspedia Domains}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribal.nic.in/declarationof5thSchedule.aspx | title=Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India }}</ref><ref>[http://pesadarpan.gov.in/en_US/hidden/-/asset_publisher/PSDIGLsdo3bO/content/scheduled-areas-in-orissa/26993?p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_count=1&p_r_p_564233524_resetCur=true&p_r_p_564233524_categoryId=27007&entry_id=41191&show_back=true]{{dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stscodisha.gov.in/Aboutus.asp?GL=abt&PL=1|title=ST & SC Development, Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare Department:: Government of Odisha|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009133658/http://stscodisha.gov.in/Aboutus.asp?GL=abt&PL=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The town of [[Kendujhar]] (or Kendujhargarh) is the district headquarters. The district has three sub-divisions, [[Anandapur]], [[Champua]], and Kendujhar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Declaration of 5th Schedule|access-date=3 July 2018|url=https://tribal.nic.in/declarationof5thSchedule.aspx}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Origin of the name Keonjhar/Kendujhar is not certain. Locals pronounce the name as ''Kenjhar''. In medieval Sanskrit inscriptions the name "Kenjhar" is found. The name has been Sanskritised to Kendujhar by the ex-Durbar government.<ref name="Orissa (India). Senapati Sahu 1966 p.">{{cite book|author=Orissa (India).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgIuAQAAIAAJ|title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Kendujhar|last2=Senapati|first2=N.|last3=Sahu|first3=N.K.|publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press|year=1966|series=Gazetteer of India|page=2|language=en|access-date=20 May 2019 }} [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3117 Alt URL]</ref> The name ''Kendujhar'' is derived from ''"Kendu"'', meaning [[Diospyros melanoxylon|East Indian Ebony]] (tree which is abundant in the district) and ''"Jhar"'' meaning [[water spring]].<ref name="Bhushan Banerjee 2008 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Bhushan | first1=C. | last2=Banerjee | first2=C.B.A.M.Z.H.S. | title=Rich Lands Poor People: Is 'sustainable' Mining Possible | publisher=Centre For Science And Environment | series=State of India's Environment, a Citizens' Report | year=2008 | isbn=978-81-86906-42-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5M4RAQAAIAAJ | access-date=20 May 2019 | page=241}}</ref> In colonial records, the district name variously noted as '''Comgur''', '''Konjoor''', '''Koonjoor''', '''Keunjur''', and '''Keunjhar'''.

== History ==
{{Main|Keonjhar State}}
Early history of Kendujhar is not certain. [[Nagas of Vindhyatabi]] ruled Keonjhar during the second century CE to fourth century CE and [[Satrubhanja]] was famous king of the dynasty.<ref name="Bhanja">{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/191656/12/12_chapter%203.pdf|title=ORIGIN, GENEALOGY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE BHANJAS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|pages=74, 75|access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="imperial">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&q=Satrubhanja+Asanpat&pg=PA60|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=|first=|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt.Ltd|year=1989|isbn=81-208-0592-5|location=New Delhi|pages=60, 61}}</ref> In [[Sitabhinji Group of Rock Shelters|Sitabhinji]], fresco paintings were found in the cave shelter of Ravana Chhaya, which date to the fifth century A.D.<ref name="kendujhar.nic.in">[http://kendujhar.nic.in kendujhar.nic.in]</ref><ref name="Orissa State Museum 1984 p. ">{{cite book | author=Orissa State Museum | title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal | publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum | issue=v. 30, nos. 2–4 | year=1984 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSJuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=19 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Puranveshana: Indian journal of archaeology and tradition. 2017 p. ">{{citation | title=Puranveshana: Indian journal of archaeology and tradition | journal=Puranveshana: Indian Journal of Archaeology and Tradition | year=2018 | oclc=1036208533 |issn= 2456-964X| volume= 2 |issue= 1 | page= 71}}</ref>

The district of Kendujhar functioned as a princely state before its amalgamation with Orissa, its early historical accounts remaining enigmatic. Cobden-Ramsay delineated a segment of Upper [[Keonjhar State|Kendujhar]], amalgamating it with [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] to establish the entity known as [[Haripur Gada|Hariharpur]].<ref name="Cobden-Ramsay 2011" /> This geographical entity likely constituted a component of the ancient Khijjinga territory, which had its headquarters at Khijjinga Kota, now identified as modern [[Khiching]]. It evolved into an independent state during the early half of the 12th century A.D., under the rulership of Jyoti Bhanja.

Preceding the reign of Jyoti Bhanja, Kendujhar's territorial jurisdiction encompassed solely the northern precinct of the contemporary district. In the latter part of the 15th century, under the governance of King Govinda Bhanja, Kendujhar extended its territorial boundaries from [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]] in the north to [[Sukinda]] (a ''Zamindari'' situated in Cuttack district) in the south. It also extended from Mayurbhanj in the east to the perimeters of the States of [[Bonai State|Bonai]], [[Pal Lahara State|Pal-lahara]], and [[Dhenkanal State|Dhenkanal]] in the west. During Pratap Balabhadra Bhanja's rule (1764-1792 A.D.), two small areas, Tillo and Jujhpada, were acquired from the Zamindar of Kantajhari and incorporated into the State. These additions received official recognition in the 1804 ''Sanad'' granted by the [[East India Company]] to Raja Janardan Bhanja. After the merger with Orissa, for administrative reasons, Tillo (7.51 sq. km.) and Jujhpada (9.06 sq. km.) were transferred to Baleshwar and Cuttack districts, respectively. Additionally, the Ambo group of villages (14.84 sq. km.) from Baleshwar district became part of Kendujhar district.

There were several chiefs of this Gadjat State until Raja Janardan Bhanja signed a treaty with East India Company. This recognised the title of Raja by British Government. There was a succession dispute when the then Raja died without a legitimate heir in 1861. This dispute was finally over with a multiparty compromise with Dhanurjaya Bhanja being crowned king in 1868. However, there was a rebellion that broke out soon after led by Ratna Naik and a few other tribals. This rebellion was quelled with the help of British Police.<ref name="Cobden-Ramsay 2011">{{cite book | last=Cobden-Ramsay | first=L.E.B. | title=Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers | publisher=Logos Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-7268-216-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rbye1SEL1KAC | access-date=20 May 2019 | pages=213–215 }} [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206889/page/n239/mode/1up Alt URL]</ref><ref name="Sinha 1993 p. 318">{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=S.P. | title=Conflict and Tension in Tribal Society | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | year=1993 | isbn=978-81-7022-493-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsZUsqlIFDEC&pg=PA318 | access-date=20 May 2019 | page=318}}</ref><ref name="Sinha Centre for Studies in Social Sciences 1987 p. ">{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=S. | author2=Centre for Studies in Social Sciences | title=Tribal polities and state systems in pre-colonial eastern and north eastern India | publisher=Published for Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, by K.P. Bagchi & Co. | year=1987 | isbn=978-81-7074-014-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4E_AAAAMAAJ | access-date=20 May 2019 }}</ref> There was another tribal uprising in 1891 under the leadership of Dharanidhar Naik against oppressive practices such as [[bonded labour]]. This was known as "Dharani Meli".<ref name="Mukherjee 1964 p. ">{{cite book | last=Mukherjee | first=P. | title=History of Orissa in the 19th century | publisher=Utkal University | series=Utkal University history of Orissa | year=1964 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUvRAAAAMAAJ | access-date=20 May 2019 | page=411}}</ref> The Raja had to flee to Cuttack and the rebellion was again quelled by British forces.<ref name="Mishra 1998 p. 17">{{cite book | last=Mishra | first=D.P. | title=People's Revolt in Orissa: A Study of Talcher | publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-7156-739-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8GXSR0SiF8C&pg=PA17 | access-date=20 May 2019 | page=17}}</ref><ref name="Mishra 1983 p. ">{{cite book | last=Mishra | first=P.K. | title=Political unrest in Orissa in the 19th century: anti-British, anti-feudal, and agrarian risings | publisher=Punthi Pustak | series=Orissan studies project | year=1983 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PUdAAAAMAAJ | access-date=20 May 2019 }}</ref>

Post Indian Independence in 1947 the whole of [[Keonjhar State]] was integrated into the State of Odisha (then Orissa) by "The Administration of Orissa States Orders, 1948". It became one of the 13 districts of the State.<ref name="The Orissa Gazette. Extraordinary No. 2A/1.1.1948">{{cite web | author=Government of Orissa| title=The Orissa Gazette. Extraordinary. | website=Bare Acts | date=31 December 1947 | url=http://www.bareactslive.com/Ori/OR004.HTM | access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref>

==Geography==
Keonjhar is a landlocked district situated in the northern part of Orissa. It is bounded by [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]], [[Balasore district|Balasore]] and [[Bhadrak district]] to the east, [[Jajpur district]] to the south, [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]], [[Anugul district|Anugul]] and [[Sundargarh district]] to the west, and [[West Singhbhum district]] to the north.

The district of Keonjhar is highly rich in mineral resources and has vast deposits of iron, [[manganese]] and [[chromium]] [[ore]]s. About 30% of the district's total area is covered with tracts of dense forests. Keonjhar also contains one of the oldest rock formations in the world, which covers an area of 100 km2.

===Topography===
On the eastern half of the district are the plains of [[Anandapur]]. To the west is a range of hills containing peaks such as Gandhamardan (3477 ft), Mankadnacha (3639 ft), Gonasika (3219 ft) and Thakurani (3003 ft)<ref name="Cobden-Ramsay 2011 p. 213 ">{{cite book | last=Cobden-Ramsay | first=L.E.B. | title=Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers | publisher=Logos Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-7268-216-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rbye1SEL1KAC | access-date=20 May 2019 | page=213}}</ref>

About half of the area of this district is covered by forests of Northern tropical deciduous type trees which include [[Shorea robusta|Sal]], [[Terminalia elliptica|Asan]], [[Syzygium cumini|Jamu]], [[Terminalia arjuna|Arjuna]], [[Schleichera oleosa|Kusum]], [[Xylia xylocarpa|Kangada]], [[Madhuca indica|Mahua]], [[Mangifera indica|Mango]], [[Diospyros melanoxylon|Kendu]].<ref name="wildlife.odisha.gov.in">{{cite web | title=Keonjhar WLU :: Odisha Wildlife Organisation | website=wildlife.odisha.gov.in | url=https://www.wildlife.odisha.gov.in/WebPortal/WL_Keonjhar.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 | access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="kendujhar.nic.in" /><ref name=" india 2014">{{cite web | author= india | title=keonjhar-phytosociology-MS-revised | publisher=Google Scholar | date=27 April 2014 | url=https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:KCAgOQJbH18J:scholar.google.com/+A.+Kar,++++A.K.+Biswal+and+++C.+Sudhakar+Reddy+&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 | access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref>

The highlands consist of clusters of rugged crags and the mountaintops appear to be sharply ridged or peaked, however they have extensive tablelands on their summits. In some areas, isolated hills rise abruptly from the plains, but most areas have a general elevation of over 600m. The highlands form the watershed for a number of rivers, including the Baitarani River.<ref name="India. Meteorological Department 2002 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Meteorological Department | title=Climate of Orissa | publisher=Controller of Publications | year=2002 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oC0cAQAAMAAJ | access-date=19 May 2019 | page= 2}}</ref><ref name="Cobden-Ramsay 2011 p. 212-213 ">{{cite book | last=Cobden-Ramsay | first=L.E.B. | title=Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers | publisher=Logos Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-7268-216-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rbye1SEL1KAC | access-date=20 May 2019 | pages=212–213}}</ref>

===Nomira national geological monument===
{{anchor|Pillow Lava in lron ore belt at Nomira}}

Pillow Lava in lron ore belt at Nomira 2 km east of Nomira 18 km from 18 km south of Joda town, on the Keonjhar-Barbil-Lahunipada state highway, has been declared the [[List of National Geological Monuments in India|National Geological Monuments of India]] by the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI), for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of [[geotourism]].<ref name="gsi1">{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712055947/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=12 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gsi2">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573|title=Geo-Heritage Sites|date=9 March 2016|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="gsi3">[http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf national geo-heritage of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111120428/http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf |date=11 January 2017 }}, [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]]</ref> Pillow Lava, Iron ore belt of Nomira is an exposure of [[ellipsoid]]al [[pillow lava]] of a maximum thickness of 2m x 0.6m. The fine to medium grained, green to bluish green coloured with abundant [[Vesicular texture]] filled with [[quartz]]. The lavas and the associated [[pyroclastic rock]]s and [[tuff]]s are underlain by [[quartzite]] and overlain by [[shale]], chart-shale and [[Banded iron formation|banded hematite]] [[jasper]].

The site can be reached from Joda by following Joda Nayagar road up to Bamebari and then following a 2 km unmetalled road leading eastward up to Nomira.

===Climate===
The temperature in the district begins to rise rapidly in the spring with the highest temperatures recorded in the month of May usually go up to 38 °C. The maximum recorded temperature however is 43.3 °C.<ref name="Hindu 2016">{{cite web | last=Hindu | first=The | title=Temperature on the rise again in Odisha | website=The Hindu | date=3 May 2016 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/temperature-on-the-rise-again-in-odisha/article8548858.ece | access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> The weather cools during the monsoon in June and remains cool until the end of October. The temperature in the month of December can drop down to 7 °C. The minimum temperature recorded was 1 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1910.1 mm.<ref name="District Irrigation Plan (DIP) of Odisha Year: 2015-20">{{cite conference |title=DISTRICT IRRIGATION PLAN OF KEONJHAR(ODISHA)) |url=http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/DIP/2015-20/keonjhar.pdf |book-title=General Introduction of the District |conference=District Irrigation Plan (DIP) of Odisha Year: 2015–20 |conference-url=http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/DIP/DIPIndex.htm |page=14 }}</ref>

==Economy==
Keonjhar is part of the Singhbhum-Keonjhar-Banei iron belt. This belt stretches about 50 km and around 14.5 km lie within Kendujhar District. Daitari hills that border Kendujhar and Jajpur district is home to high grade of Iron ore. [[Odisha Mining Corporation]] along with [[Tata Steel|TISCO]] and Bolani Mines Private Ltd run iron ore mines in Kendujhar. In addition there are many medium and small scale mining operations in Barbil/Joda area. Keonjhar also has abundant manganese and Chromite deposits. Kendujhar supplies around 80% of Odisha's manganese production. The manganese mines are at Banspani, Barbil and Barjamda while the Chromite mines are at Baula, Nuasahi and Phulinjhorhuli.
<ref name="Das 2017">{{cite web | last=Das | first=Sudhansu Kumar | title=Role of commercial banks in rural development – A case study of Keonjhar district of Orissa | website=Apache Tomcat/7.0.65 | date=27 January 2017 | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/129654 | access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Jindal_steel_and_power_In_Kendujhar_district.png|thumb|Jspl pellet plant|left]]
2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Kendujhar one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]].<ref name="brgf" /> The district is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]] Programme (BRGF).

As per the Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act of 2015 the district is set to receive aid from mining companies and lease holders.<ref name=brgf>{{cite news|date=31 May 2015|title=Keonjhar may get Rs 2800 cr for MDF|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/keonjhar-may-get-rs-2800-cr-for-mdf-115053100695_1.html|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref>

==Administration==
*Subdivisions- 03, 1. [[Anandapur]], 2. [[Champua]], 3. [[Kendujhar (sadar)]]
*[[Tehsils]]- 13
*Blocks- 13: [[Anandapur]], Banspal, [[Champua]], [[Ghasipura]], [[Ghatgaon]], [[Harichandanpur]], Hatadihi, [[Jhumpura]], [[Joda]], [[Keonjhar]], Patna, [[Saharpada]], [[Telkoi]]
*[[Revenue]] [[Circles]]- 50
*[[Gram Panchayats]]- 287
*Sub-Registrar Office- 06
*Police Stations- 25
*Towns(Urban Areas)- 09
*Municipalities- 04: 1. [[Anandapur]], 2. [[Barbil]], 3. [[Kendujhar]], 4. [[Joda]]
*[[Notified Area Council|NAC]]- 01 [[Champua]]
*Census Town- 04: 1.[[Balagoda|Bolani]], 2.Jajanga, 3.[[Jhumpura]], 4.[[Daitari]]
*Inhabited Villages- 2135
*Fire Stations- 13
* District Jail/ Special Jail- 01
*Sub-Jails- 02
*Agricultural Districts- 03
*ICDS Projects- 14
*Treasury/SubTreasury- 07
*HQ.Hospital/Hospitals- 04
*Community Health Centre/UGPHC- 17
*[[Public Health Centre]]- 81
*Sub Centre (Health)- 351

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,85,758|13=1911|14=3,64,702|15=1921|16=3,79,496|17=1931|18=4,60,609|19=1941|20=5,29,786|21=1951|22=5,88,441|23=1961|24=7,43,315|25=1971|26=9,55,514|27=1981|28=11,14,622|29=1991|30=13,37,026|31=2001|32=15,61,990|33=2011|34=18,01,733|source=Census of India<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Kendujhar district (2011)<ref name="census2011-religion">{{cite web|title=Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Per cent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Odisha|Hinduism]]|darkorange|97.28}}
{{bar percent|[[Odia Muslims|Islam]]|green|1.54}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Odisha|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|0.41}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.26}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Kendujhar district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,801,733.<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 – Kendujhar|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/948/download/36660/DH_2011_2106_PART_A_DCHB_KENDUJHAR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> It is the 264th most populous district in India.<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|217|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> The district's [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 15.42%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Kendujhar has a [[sex ratio]] of 987 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 69%. 14.05% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 11.62% and 45.45% of the population.<ref name=districtcensus/>

The concentration of Scheduled Tribes is the highest in the [[Keonjhar]] subdivision and lowest in the Anandapur subdivision. The majority of Scheduled Tribes members are employed in agriculture, mining, or quarrying. The literacy among the Scheduled Tribes was 15.25% in the 1981 census but it has increased to 24.89% in the 1991 census. This percentage is higher than the State average of 22.31%.<ref name="kendujhar.nic.in" />

===Tribes and communities===
Kendujhar district, situated in the state of Odisha, is categorized as a [[Scheduled Areas|Scheduled Area]]. According to the 2011 census, the Scheduled population accounts for 57.06% of the state's total population. The district has significant representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The major [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] in Kendujhar district, along with their respective percentages within the total Scheduled Caste population of 209,357, are as follows: [[Pano (caste)|Pano]] (59.9%), [[Dhobi|Dhoba]] (13.59%), Keuta (4.23%), [[Dom (caste)|Dom]] (4.11%), [[Ghasi]] (3.27%), Haddi (2.25%), Pantanti (2.07%), Patratanti (1.53%), Gokha (1.12%), and Tamudia (0.94%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), Odisha - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42900/download/46568/SC-21-PCA-A10-APPENDIX.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> Similarly, the major [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] in the district, with their respective percentages within the total Scheduled Tribe population of 801,878, include [[Ho people|Ho]] (30.77%), [[Bhuiya]]n (12.70%), [[Gondi people|Gond]] (9.86%), [[Bathudi Tribe|Bathudi]] (9.65%), [[Sounti]] (8.89%), [[Santal people|Santal]] (8.8%), [[Munda people|Munda]] (5.97%), [[Juang people|Juang]] (3.27%), [[Lodha people|Lodha]] (3.21%), [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] (1.76%), [[Sora people|Soura]] (1.18%), [[Mirdha (tribe)|Mirdha]] (0.63%).<ref name="Mehta 2004 p. 285">{{cite book | last=Mehta | first=P.C. | title=Ethnographic Atlas of Indian Tribes | publisher=Discovery Publishing House | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-7141-852-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hoQqpkfrXfAC&pg=PA285 | access-date=20 May 2019 | page=285}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Kendujhar district (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport"/>
|label1 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value1 = 78.88 |color1 = saddlebrown
|label2 = [[Ho language|Ho]] |value2 = 8.09 |color2 = deepskyblue
|label3 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value3 = 3.77 |color3 =purple
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 2.66 |color4 = orange
|label5 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value5 = 1.69 |color5 = teal
|label6 = [[Juang language|Juang]] |value6 = 1.29 |color6 = paleturquoise
|label7 = [[Urdu]] |value7 = 0.93 |color7 = green
|label8 = Others |value8 = 2.69 |color8 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 78.88% of the population in the district spoke [[Odia language|Odia]], 8.09% [[Ho language|Ho]], 3.77% [[Santali language|Santali]], 2.66% [[Hindi]], 1.69% [[Mundari language|Mundari]], 1.29% [[Juang language|Juang]] and 0.93% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10217/download/13329/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2100.XLSX|website=Census of India 2011 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Around 30% of the tribals belong to the [[Ho people]] and they speak the [[Ho language]]. Other languages include Bhunjia, which is spoken by approximately 7000 [[Bhunjia]] [[Adivasi]]s. Only Bhunija Tribal communities also speak Odia as a secondary language and other tribal communities uses their own mother tongues.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|editor=M. Paul Lewis|encyclopedia=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|title=Bhunjia: A language of India|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhu|access-date=3 July 2018|edition=16th|year=2009|publisher=SIL International|location=Dallas, Texas}}</ref>

==Culture and heritage==
The culture of Keonjhar district is mainly tribal culture of different tribes residing in this district. The district administration recognised important tribal festivals among which are the festivals of Sohrai, Gaumara Parab, Sarhul, Mage Parab, Baa Parab, Hermuutu, Heroh Parab, Karam Parab, Jomnama Parab, Jomsuim, Uda Parab, and Baruni Jatra and Bhoji Bhaata.<ref name=kendujhar>[https://kendujhar.nic.in/culture-heritage/ Culture & Heritage] Retrieved 3 July 2018.</ref>

===Folk dance===
The district has large sections of tribal communities. So, there are many folk dances such as Ho, Juang and Changu dances which are popular and recognised by the district administration.<ref name=kendujhar/>

===Ho Dance===
This dance is performed by the Ho speaking tribe mainly during Mage Porob in the month of November–January.

===Juang Dance===
Juang dance is performed by the Juang tribe of this district.

==Politics==

===Vidhan sabha constituencies===
{{Main|List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha}}
The following is the 6 [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan sabha]] constituencies<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their EXtent|author=Shangara Ram|journal=The Gazette of India/Orissa State Gazette|number=282|date=15 December 2006|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154017/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref> of Kendujhar district and the elected members<ref>{{cite web|url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/MLAprof.aspx|title=List of Member in Fourteenth Assembly|website=odishaassembly.nic.in|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> of that area.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Constituency
!Reservation
!Extent of the Assembly Constituency (Blocks)
!Member of 15th Assembly
!Party
|-
!20
|[[Telkoi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Telkoi]]
|ST
|Harichandanpur, Telkoi, Banspal (Part)
| Premananda Naik
| style="background:#004225;"|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
!21
|[[Ghasipura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghasipura]]
|None
|Ghasipura, Ghatagaon, Anandpur (part)
|[[Badri Narayan Patra]]
|style="background:#004225;"|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
!22
|[[Anandapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Anandapur]]
|SC
| Anandapur (M), Hatadihi, Anandapur (part) 
| Abhimanyu Sethi
| style="background:#004225;"|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
!23
|[[Patna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patna]]
|ST
|Patna, Saharpada, Jhumpura (part), Champua (part)
|Jagannath Naik
|style="background:#004225;"|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
!24
|[[Keonjhar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]]
|ST
| Keonjhar (M), Keonjhar, Jhumpura (part) , Bansapal (Part) 
|Mohan Majhi
| style="background:#f93;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!25
|[[Champua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Champua]]
|None
|Joda (M), Barbil (M), Joda, Champua (part)
|Meenakshi Mahanta
|style="background:#004225;"|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|}

== Gallery ==
[[File:Kendujhargarh palace.jpg|none|thumb|201x201px|Kendujhargarh palace walls.]]
[[File:Khandadhar Waterfall Kendujhar 02.jpg|none|thumb|168x168px|Khandadhar waterfalls]]
[[File:Badaghagara Kendujhar.jpg|none|thumb|181x181px|Badaghaghra waterfall, Keonjhar]]
[[File:Taarini Temple.JPG|center|thumb|Ghatagaon Tarini temple]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://kendujhar.nic.in/}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100211023356/http://indiatravelite.com/orissa/otdcpanthanivaskeonjhar.htm indiatravelite.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100328111122/http://gis.ori.nic.in/ gis.ori.nic.in]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kendujhar district
|North = [[West Singhbhum district]], Jharkhand
|Northeast =
|East = [[Mayurbhanj district]]
|Southeast = [[Baleshwar district]] [[Bhadrak district]]
|South = [[Jajapur district]]
|Southwest = [[Dhenkanal district]]
|West = [[Anugul district]]
|Northwest = [[Sundergarh district]]
}}
{{Kendujhar district}}
{{Orissa}}
{{Mahanadi Basin}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kendujhar district| ]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Districts of Odisha]]

Paap (TV series)

2025-12-25T12:02:46Z

Dwatson32: Put up new article!

{{Short description|Indian Bengali web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Paap poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Anupam Hari, Joydeep Mukherjee
| country = India
| genre = [[Drama]], [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| num_seasons = 2 
| num_episodes = 10 
| language = Bengali Hindi
| company = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|10|02|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|06|04|df=y}}
}}

'''''Paap''''' ([[English language|English]]: Sin) is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language family drama-murder mystery<ref>{{Cite web |title=The first look of of[sic] Puja Banerjee's Bengali Web Series |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/the-first-look-of-of-puja-banerjee-s-bengali-web-series-190920 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Tellychakkar.com |date=19 September 2019 |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909134503/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/the-first-look-of-of-puja-banerjee-s-bengali-web-series-190920 |url-status=live }}</ref> directed by Anupam Hari which started streaming on popular Bengali [[Over-the-top media service in India|OTT]] platform hoichoi from 2 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Trailer of hoichoi Original Paap starring Puja Banerjee is mysterious and intriguing - read details |url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/trailer-hoichoi-original-paap-starring-puja-banerjee-mysterious-and-intriguing-read-details |url-status=dead |access-date=9 October 2019 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725100603/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/trailer-hoichoi-original-paap-starring-puja-banerjee-mysterious-and-intriguing-read-details }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url=https://www.adgully.com/hoichoi-unveils-paap-on-the-eve-of-mahalaya-88610.html | title=Hoichoi unveils "Paap" on the eve of 'Mahalaya' | date=30 September 2019 | access-date=9 October 2019 | archive-date=9 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009093803/https://www.adgully.com/hoichoi-unveils-paap-on-the-eve-of-mahalaya-88610.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The series stars [[Puja Banerjee]] who made her debut in Bengali web series through this web series. The series also features [[Saheb Bhattacharya]], [[Solanki Roy]], [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]], Ishani Das, Rajat Ganguly, [[Bhaswar Chattopadhyay]], Rupsa Dasgupta, Priyanka Mondal, Indrajit Chakraborty in the key roles.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/puja-banerjee-to-see-much-awaited-hoichoi-new-durga-puja-series-called-paap%E2%80%99_275236.html| title=সিনেমা নয়, এবার 'হইচই' এর নতুন ওয়েবসিরিজ 'পাপ'এ দেখা যাবে পূজাকে| date=30 August 2019| access-date=9 October 2019| archive-date=24 July 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724072015/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/puja-banerjee-to-see-much-awaited-hoichoi-new-durga-puja-series-called-paap%E2%80%99_275236.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Durga Puja]] is the most important festival for Bengalis, where all the family members meet and enjoy this precious festival together. The actual meaning of the Bengali word ‘Paap’ is ‘Sin’. The series is based on an ancient Durga Puja celebration of a family, where all members and relatives of the family have come to become a part of the celebration. Meanwhile, an unwanted guest comes who had a mysterious past life and have some long-kept secrets about the family. At the same time, two dead bodies are discovered in the house and the puja house becomes a crime scene and there are many mysteries to unveil.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/puja-banerjee-signs-bengali-web-series-paap-hoichoi/2019/08/30|title = Puja Banerjee signs Bengali web series Paap for hoichoi|date = 30 August 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|archive-date = 4 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190904060946/https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/puja-banerjee-signs-bengali-web-series-paap-hoichoi/2019/08/30|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Puja Banerjee]] as Parboni 'Paru'/ Rubina
*[[Saheb Bhattacharya]] as Chhoton Chowdhury
*[[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] as Inspector Monojit Halder/Nabin Chandra Das
*[[Ishani Das]] as young Paru
*[[Bhaswar Chattopadhyay]] as Srimonto Chowdhury 'Tublu' aka Mejda
*[[Solanki Roy]] / [[Mishmee Das]] as Tiya Chowdhury
*Roopsha Dasgupta as Bidisha Chowdhury
*Priyanka Mondal as Sneha
*[[Angana Roy (Bengali actress)|Angana Roy]]
*Indrajit Chakraborty as Dhiman Chowdhury'Bablu' aka Borda
*Rajat Ganguly as Baikunto Chowdhury aka Natun Mesho

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview

| color1 = #4C5966
| link1 = #Season 1 (2018)
| episodes1 = 5
| released1 = {{Start date|2019|10|02}}

| color2 = #273746
| link2 = #Season 2 (2021)
| episodes2 = 5
| released2 = {{Start date|2021|06|04}}

}}

==Season 1 (2019)==
On 28 September 2019 on the day of [[Pitru Paksha|Mahalaya]], hoichoi released the trailer of the series.Paap was released on 2 October 2019 with five episodes.

=== Season 1 Episodes ===
{{Episode table |background=#4C5966 |overall=Police decided to encounter Guddu and Bablu and attack them. Kaleen ask them to stay low, they hide in Bihar border. |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Suchipatra
|DirectedBy = Anupam Hari
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Agontuk
|DirectedBy = Anupam Hari
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Aro Aghat
|DirectedBy = Anupam Hari
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Mukhobondho
|DirectedBy = Anupam Hari
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Porbo Ek
|DirectedBy = Anupam Hari
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

==Season 2 (2021)==
On 4 June 2021 hoichoi released the second season of the original web series. The second season has been called as the "Antim Pawrbo" (Last Chapter). In this season hoichoi released five new episodes. In this season, the cast almost remained same like the first season except Tiya, which is now played by [[Mishmee Das]] while [[Solanki Roy]] in first. Also, this time the season is directed by Joydeep Mukherjee.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/hoichoi-gives-a-glimpse-of-its-2021-content-slate-210320|title = Hoichoi gives a glimpse of its 2021 content slate|date = 20 March 2021|access-date = 4 June 2021|archive-date = 4 June 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210604113719/https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/hoichoi-gives-a-glimpse-of-its-2021-content-slate-210320|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/paap-season-2-web-series-online-streaming-release-date-preview-cast-crew-thriller/|title=Paap Season 2 Web Series Online Streaming Release Date Preview Cast & Crew|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309180700/https://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/paap-season-2-web-series-online-streaming-release-date-preview-cast-crew-thriller/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

=== Season 2 Episodes ===
{{Episode table |background=#273746 |overall=Police decided to encounter Guddu and Bablu and attack them. Kaleen ask them to stay low, they hide in Bihar border. |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Bohurupi
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|04|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Chabikathi
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|04|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Sondhikhon
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|04|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Obhisondhi
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|04|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Uposonghar
|DirectedBy = Joydeep Mukherjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|04|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|10999922}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2017 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Durga Puja in popular culture]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the West Bengal Police]]

CMS-01

2025-12-02T21:09:45Z

Dwatson32: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian communication satellite}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = CMS-01
| names_list = GSAT-12R
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_size = 300px
| mission_type = [[Communications satellite|Communications]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2020-099A
| SATCAT = 47256
| website =
| mission_duration = Planned: >7 years Elapsed: {{time interval|17 December 2020|show=ymd|sep=,}}
| spacecraft_bus = [[I-1K]]<ref name="gsat-gunter">{{cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gsat-12.htm|title=GSAT-12/12R|publisher=Gunter Space Page|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>
| manufacturer = ISRO
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = 1425 kg<ref name="DDNat_YT_202001217">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEG0HbzDPnQ|title=Launch of PSLV-C50/CMS-01 mission from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR), Sriharikota|date=17 December 2020|type=Video|language=en, hi|minutes=4 minutes 40 seconds}}</ref>
| power = 1500 watts<ref name="cms01-brochure"/>
| launch_date = 17 December 2020, 10:11 [[Coordinated universal time|UTC]]
| launch_rocket = [[PSLV-C50]]<ref name="gsat12r"/>
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Site SLP]]
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| entered_service =
| disposal_type =
| deactivated =
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geostationary orbit]]
| orbit_longitude = 83.0° E
| apsis = gee
| trans_band = [[C band (IEEE)|Extended C-band]]<ref name="pslvc50"/>
| trans_frequency =
| trans_bandwidth =
| trans_capacity =
| trans_coverage = [[India|Indian mainland]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and [[Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep Islands]]
| trans_TWTA =
| trans_EIRP =
| trans_HPBW =
| programme = [[GSAT|CMS Series]]
| previous_mission =
| next_mission = [[GSAT-24|CMS-02]]
| programme2 = [[GSAT|GSAT Series]]
| previous_mission2 = [[GSAT-30]]
| next_mission2 = [[GSAT-24]]
}}

'''CMS-01''' (formerly known as ''GSAT-12R''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-gearing-up-for-launch-of-small-satellite-launch-vehicles-sivan/article33048208.ece|title=ISRO gearing up for launch of small satellite launch vehicles: Sivan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 November 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>) is a communication satellite designed and developed by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). This satellite is a replacement of the aging [[GSAT-12]] at 83.0° E.<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-12-17|title=India launches CMS-01 communications satellite|url=https://spacenews.com/india-launches-cms-01-communications-satellite/|access-date=2020-12-17|publisher=SpaceNews}}</ref> This satellite was successfully launched by [[PSLV]]-C50 [[launch vehicle]] on 17 December 2020 at 10:11 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]].<ref name="cms01-brochure">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c50-cms-01/pslv-c50-cms-01-brochure|title=PSLV-C50/CMS-01 Brochure|publisher=ISRO|date=11 December 2020|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217111001/https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c50-cms-01/pslv-c50-cms-01-brochure|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Satellite ==
[[File:PSLV-C50, CMS-01- Launch vehicle being transported to Second Launch Pad from VAB 002.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|PSLV-C50 CMS-01 at Sriharikota]]

CMS-01 is considered to be a replacement of the aged satellite GSAT-12. It provides services like tele-education, [[Telehealth|tele-medicine]], [[Emergency management|disaster management support]] and [[Satellite Internet access]].<ref name="gsat12r"/> Approved cost of CMS-01 is {{INR convert|200|c}}.<ref name="LS_232_20210804">{{Cite web|date=4 August 2021|title=Government of India, Department of Space, Lok Sabha: Starred Question No. 232 to be answered on Wednesday, August 04, 2021|url=http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/176/AS232.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804214253/http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/176/AS232.pdf|archive-date=4 August 2021|access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref>

== Payloads ==
CMS-01 will be replacing services of GSAT-12 in [[C band (IEEE)|Extended C-band]].

== Launch ==
[[File:PSLV-C50, CMS-01- Lift-off 005.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|PSLV-C50 CMS-01 launching from Sriharikota, on 17 December 2020.]]

CMS-01 was successfully launched from a [[PSLV]]-C50 [[launch vehicle]] on 17 December 2020 at 10:11 UTC.<ref name="pslvc50">{{cite web|title=PSLV-C50/CMS-01|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c50-cms-01|publisher=ISRO|access-date=2020-12-11|website=isro.gov.in|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211082938/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c50-cms-01|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="gsat12r">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/isro-gearing-up-for-rocket-launches-with-virtual-launch-control-centre-151412|title=ISRO gearing up for rocket launches with Virtual Launch Control Centre|newspaper=The Tribune|date=5 October 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[GSAT]]
* [[List of Indian satellites]]
* [[List of PSLV launches]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{PSLV}}
{{GSAT Satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2020}}
{{Portal bar|India|Spaceflight}}

[[Category:GSAT satellites]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2020]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2020]]

St. Luke's Church, New Delhi

2025-11-29T05:46:15Z

Dwatson32: updated page

{{EngvarB|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}

{{Infobox church
| denomination = "[[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]"
| name = St. Luke's Church
| fullname =
| image =
| imagesize =
| imagealt =

| caption =
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize = 200
| map caption =

| coordinates = {{coord|28.57003|77.227718|region:IN _type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| osgridref =
| location = B-68, [[Defence Colony]], 
New Delhi
| previous denomination =
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = [http://www.saintlukeschurch.com/ St. Luke's Church in Defence Colony] Homepage
| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1979}}
| founder =
| dedication =
| dedicated date =
| consecrated date =
| cult =
| relics =
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| status =
| functional status = functional
| heritage designation =
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| capacity =
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| dome dia outer =
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| spire quantity =
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| materials =
| parish =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| episcopalarea =
| archdiocese =
| diocese =
| province =
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district =
| division =
| subdivision =
| archbishop =
| bishop =
| abbot =
| vicar =
| provost-rector =
| provost =
| viceprovost =
| rector =
| dean =
| subdean =
| precentor =
| canon =
| canonpastor =
| prebendary =
| priestincharge =
| priest = Fr. James Peter Raj
| asstpriest = Fr. Sunil Crasta
| honpriest =
| curate =
| minister =
| assistant =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| chaplain =
| archdeacon =
| deacon =
| reader =
| organistdom =
| director =
| organist =
| organscholar =
| chapterclerk =
| laychapter =
| warden =
| businessmgr =
| liturgycoord =
| reledu =
| rcia =
| youthmin =
| flowerguild =
| musicgroup =
| parishadmin =
| serversguild =
| logo =
| logosize =
| logolink =
| logoalt =
| imagelink =
| deaconness =
}}

{{Christianity in India sidebar}}

'''St. Luke's Church''' is a [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] parish located in [[Defence Colony]] B-68, New Delhi, India. It is under the administration of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi|Archdiocese of Delhi]]. The building was constructed in 1979.

The Defence Colony was a district set aside for housing armed forces personnel. The original church was built on a vacant residential plot.

The present [[priest|Parish Priest]] is Fr. James Peter Raj. Mass is celebrated in English, [[Hindi]], and [[Malayalam language]]. Details of Mass timings and other details regarding the Church can be obtained from Homepage.

There are various religious houses and institutions of this parish:

== Religious houses and institutions in the parish==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name of the Congregation
! Address
! Telephone Number
|-
|
Missionary Sisters, Servants of Holy Spirit
|
Holy Spirit Convent 
B-17 Panchsheel Enclave 
New Delhi 110017 
|
26499058
|-
|
Religious of Mary Immaculate (RMI Sisters)
|
Yuvati Nivas 
M-8, South Extn – II 
New Delhi 110049 
|
26251262
|-
|
Institutions run by R.M.I. Sisters 
Hostel for young working girls 
Social Centre for young domestic workers 
|
|
26251262
|-
|
Missionary Society of St. Francis Xavier
|
Fr, Agnel School, 
Gautam Nagar 
New Delhi 110049 
|
26859283
|-
|
'''Fr, Agnel Institutions in Defence Colony Parish''' 
1) Fr. Agnel School, Gautam Nagar 
2) National Open School Centre, Fr, Agnel School, Gautam Nagar 
3) Fr. Agnel Polytechnic, Gautam Nagar 
4) Fr. Agnel Community Polytechnic, Gautam Nagar
|
|
26863286 
26863928

26863286 
26859961 
26526627
|}

== See also==
* [[Roman Catholicism in India]]

== External links==
*[http://www.saintlukeschurch.com/ St. Luke's Church in Defense Colony] Homepage
*{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130628105255/http://www.archdiocesedelhi.com// Archdiocese of Delhi]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Luke's Church, New Delhi}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Churches in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1979]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]

{{India-RC-church-stub}}

Kallepugonda

2025-11-24T05:53:16Z

Dwatson32: expand details also and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kallepugonda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.9149|N|81.9295|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = East Godavari
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.85
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 182
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 214
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Kallepugonda''' is a village in [[Y. Ramavaram Mandal]], [[East Godavari district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in East Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/eastgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=7 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archivedate=21 January 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], This Village had a population of 182, out of which 78 were male and 104 were female. Population of children below 6 years of age were 22%. The literacy rate of the village is 26%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2814_PART_A_DCHB_EAST%20GODAVARI.pdf|title= Kallepugonda Village Census 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{East Godavari district}}

[[Category:Villages in Y. Ramavaram mandal]]

{{EastGodavari-geo-stub}}

Vijay Television Awards

2025-11-16T11:44:02Z

Dwatson32: starting a page

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language TV awards}}
{{Distinguish|Vijay Awards}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film awards
| name = Vijay Television Awards
| award_link =
| awarded_for = Achievements in television
| image = [[File:Vijay Television Awards 2015.jpg|260px]]
| caption = Logo of Vijay Television Awards 2015
| site = [[Chennai]]
| host =
| firstawarded =
| producer = Pradeep Milroy Peter R.Shekar Venkatesh Ramachandran Praveen Bennett Sonali Sundararaj Charu Roopa 
| director =
| organizer =
| most_wins = [[Saravanan Meenatchi]] Season 1 (6 awards)
| most_nominations = ''[[Airtel Super Singer]]''
| channel = [[Star Vijay]]
| network =
| duration = 3 hours (approx.)
| date = 24 May 2014
| ratings =
| next =
}}

The '''Vijay Television Awards''' are an awards ceremony held to honour the cast and crew of [[Tamil television drama]] and other shows which air on [[Star Vijay]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="1st">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Vijay-Television-awards-launched/articleshow/35617411.cms|title= Vijay Television Awards launched|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was established on 24 May 2014,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/vijay-television-awards-launched-201978.html|title= Vijay Television Awards 2014 launched|website= tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref> and is held annually in the first half of year in [[Chennai]].

== Nominations ==
Jurors select five nominees in each award category from among the shows that air on [[Star Vijay]]. The nominees are interviewed on Vijay TV and viewers are invited to cast their votes via text message or at the Vijay Television Awards website.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/awards/first-vijay-television-awards-sees-people-poll-for-their-favourite-tv-stars-140526|title= First Vijay Television Awards sees People poll for their Favourite TV Stars |website= indiantelevision.com}}</ref>

== Ceremonies ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Ceremony
! Host
! Ref
|-
| 2014
| [[#1st Vijay Television Awards|1st Vijay Television Awards]]
| [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]], [[Dhivyadharshini]], [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]]
| <ref name="1st"/>
|-
| 2015
| [[#2rd Vijay Television Awards|2rd Vijay Television Awards]]
| [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]], [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]], [[Kavin Raj]], [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]]
|
|-
| 2017
| [[#3rd Vijay Television Awards|3rd Vijay Television Awards]]
| [[Ramya Subramanian]], [[Kavin Raj]]
|
|-
| 2018
| [[#4th Vijay Television Awards|4th Vijay Television Awards]]
| [[Dhivyadharshini]], [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
|
|-
| 2019
| [[#5th Vijay Television Awards|5th Vijay Television Awards]]
| [[Dhivyadharshini]], [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
|
|-
| 2021
| [[#6th Vijay Television Awards|6th Vijay Television Awards]]
| [[Dhivyadharshini]], [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Erode Mahesh]], [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
|
|-
| 2021
| [[#7th Vijay Television Awards|7th Vijay Television Awards]]
| [[Archana Chandhoke]], [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Erode Mahesh]], [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
|
|-
| 2023
| [[#8th Vijay Television Awards|8th Vijay Television Awards]]
| [[Nakshathra Nagesh]], [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Erode Mahesh]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
|
|-
| 2024
| [[#9th Vijay Television Awards|9th Vijay Television Awards]]
| [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
|
|}

== 1st Vijay Television Awards ==
The '''Vijay Television Awards 2014''' ceremony took place on 24 May 2014 at YMCA Nandanam, [[Chennai]], and was telecast during the second week of June 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/stars-galore-to-witness-launch-of-vijay-telly-awards-140508|title=Stars Galore to witness launch of Vijay Television Awards|website= indiantelevision.com}}</ref> The show was hosted by [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]], [[Dhivyadharshini]] and [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantvinfo.com/vijay-television-awards-2014/|title= Vijay Television Awards 2014|website= indiantvinfo.com}}</ref>

Guests included [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]], [[P. Vasu]], [[D. Imman]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] and [[Yugi Sethu]].

''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]'' won six awards, including, Favourite Actor Male and Favourite Actor Female for [[Senthil Kumar]] and [[Sreeja Chandran]]. Other winners were ''[[Office (2013 series)|Office]]'' with four awards, ''[[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer]]'' and ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]]'' with three awards, ''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]'', ''Neeya Naana'' and ''[[Athu Ithu Ethu]]'' with two awards, and ''Connexion'' with one award.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/vijay-television-awards-launched/articlecontent-pf19318-201978.html|title=விஜய் தொலைக்காட்சி விருதுகள் 2014 வெற்றியாளர்களின் பட்டியல்|website=tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://adgully.com/vijay-television-awards-launched-stars-galore-57833.html|title=Vijay Television Awards launched, stars galore|website= adgully.com}}</ref>

=== Winners (Fiction) ===
{| class="wikitable" width="75%"
|-
! scope="col" colspan="2" |Favorite Serial
|-
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" |
* '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]''' and '''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]'''
** 7C
** [[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]
** [[Office (TV series)|Office]]
|-
!align="center"|Favorite onscreen pair
!align="center"|Favorite Comedian
|-
|
* [[Karthik Raj]] and [[Shruthi Raj]] – '''[[Office (TV series)|Office]]'''
|
* [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]] – '''[[Office (TV series)|Office]]'''
|-
!align="center"|Favorite Actor Male
!align="center"|Favorite Actor Female
|-
|
* [[Senthil Kumar]] – '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]'''
|
* [[Sreeja Chandran]] – '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]'''
|-
!align="center"|Favorite supporting Actor Male
!align="center"|Favorite supporting Actor Female
|-
|
* [[Udhayabhanu Maheswaran|Uday Mahesh]] – '''[[Office (TV series)|Office]]'''
|
* [[Sudha Chandran]] – '''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]'''
|-
!align="center"|Special jury Award
!align="center"|Favorite Find
|-
|
* [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] and [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekar]] – '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]'''
|
* [[Madhumila]] – '''[[Office (TV series)|Office]]'''
|-
|}

=== Winners (Non-Fiction) ===
{| class="wikitable" width="75%"
|-
!align="center"|Favorite show
!align="center"|Favorite Talk show
|-
|
* Connexion
|
* Neeya Naana
|-
!align="center"|Favorite Reality Show
!align="center"|Pride of Vijay TV
|-
|
* [[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer]]
|
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]]
|-
!align="center"|Favorite Singer Male
!align="center"|Favorite Singer Female
|-
|
* Hariharasudhan – '''[[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer]]'''
|
* [[Pooja Vaidyanath]] – '''[[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer]]'''
|-
!align="center"|Favorite judge Male
!align="center"|Favorite judge Female
|-
|
* [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] – '''[[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer]]'''
|
* [[K. S. Chithra]] – '''[[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer]]'''
|-
!align="center"|Favorite dancer Male
!align="center"|Favorite dancer Female
|-
|
* [[Sathish Krishnan]] – '''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]]'''
|
* [[Gabriella Charlton]] – '''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One Season 6]]'''
|-
!align="center"|Favorite Junior
!align="center"|Favorite comedian
|-
|
* [[Alka Ajith]] – '''[[Super Singer Junior]]'''
|
* [[Robo Shankar]] – '''[[Athu Ithu Ethu]]'''
|-
!align="center"|Favorite International Find
!align="center"|Favorite comedy team
|-
|
* [[Pragathi Guruprasad]] – '''[[Super Singer Junior season 3]]'''
** Mathialagan - '''[[Thayumanavan (TV series)|Thayumanavan]]'''
|
* '''[[Athu Ithu Ethu]]''' (Siricha pochu team)
|-
!align="center"|Favorite Anchor Male
!align="center"|Favorite Anchor Female
|-
|
* [[Gopinath Chandran]] – '''Neeya Naana'''
|
* [[Dhivyadharshini]]
|-
!align="center"|Favorite Entertainer
!align="center"|Elegant Lady of Vijay television(special award)
|-
|
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
|
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
|-
!align="center"|Special Award
!align="center"|Special Honorary Award
|-
|
* [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] – '''[[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer]]'''
|
* [[Yugi Sethu]]
|}

==2nd Vijay Television Awards==
The second edition of '''Vijay Television Awards 2025''' was held on 19 September 2015 at Nehru Indoor Stadium in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Vijay-Television-Awards-on-September-19/articleshow/49010594.cms|title= Vijay Television Awards 2015 on September 19|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The award function was hosted by the anchors [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]], [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]], [[Kavin Raj]] and [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/vijay-tv-to-air-second-edition-of-television-awards-150922|title= Vijay TV to air second edition of Television Awards|website= indiantelevision.com}}</ref>

''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 2]]'' won four awards, including, Favorite Serial, Favorite Comedian, Favourite Actor Male and Favourite Actor Female for [[Myna Nandhini]], [[Kavin Raj]] and [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]]. Other winners were ''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]'' and ''[[Andal Azhagar]]'' with three awards.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/article.php?aid=52883|title= டிடி, கோபிநாத், ரம்யா உட்பட விஜய் டிவி விருது பெற்றவர்கள் பட்டியல் !|website= vikatan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 2nd Vijay Television Awards 2015 {{!}} Show on 19 September 2015 |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/09/winners-2nd-vijay-television-awards-2015.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Vinodadarshan}}</ref>

=== Winners (Fiction) ===
{| class="wikitable" width="75%"
|-
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Favorite Serial
|-
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" |'''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Director
! align="center" |Favorite Comedian
|-
| '''Praveen Bennet''' and '''Brama'''
|[[Myna Nandhini]] - '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 2]]'''
|-
! align="center" | Favorite Actor Male
! align="center" | Favorite Actor Female
|-
| [[Kavin Raj]] - '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 2]]'''
| [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]] - '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 2]]'''
|-
! align="center" | Favorite supporting Actor Male
! align="center" | Favorite supporting Actor Female
|-
| Stalin - '''[[Andal Azhagar]]'''
| [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] - '''[[Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai]]'''
|-
! align="center" | Favorite Villain
! align="center" | Favorite Marumagal
|-
| Kavya - '''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]'''
| [[Meghna Vincent]] - '''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]'''
|-
! align="center" | Favorite Maamiyar
! align="center" | Favorite Family
|-
| [[Sudha Chandran]] - '''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]'''
| Collector Family - '''[[Andal Azhagar]]'''
|-
! align="center" | Favorite Promo
! align="center" | Favorite Find
|-
| [[Andal Azhagar]]
| [[Madhumila]]
|-
! align="center" | Favorite on screen pair
! align="center" | Best BGM
|-
| [[Karthik Raj]] and [[Sruthi Raj]] - '''[[Office (TV series)|Office]]'''
| Ilayavan - '''[[Office (TV series)|Office]]'''
|}

=== Winners (Non-Fiction) ===
{| class="wikitable" width="75%"
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Game Show
! align="center" |Favorite Talk show
|-
| Connexion
| [[Koffee With DD]]
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Reality Show
! align="center" |Pride of Vijay TV
|-
| [[Super Singer Junior]]
| [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Singer Male
! align="center" |Favorite Judge Female
|-
| Sathya Prakash - Ammadi Un Azhagu ([[Vellaikaara Durai]])
| [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] - '''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Judge Male
! align="center" |Favorite Judge Panel
|-
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|'''[[Kitchen Super Star]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Choreographer
! align="center" |Voice of Vjay TV Award
|-
| Sheriff
| Gopi and GG
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Comedian
! align="center" |Favorite International Find
|-
| Amudhavaanan and [[Vadivel Balaji]]
| Jessica Judes
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Anchor Male
! align="center" |Favorite Anchor Female
|-
| [[Gopinath Chandran]] - '''Neeya Naana''' and '''Back to School'''
| [[Dhivyadharshini]] - [[Koffee With DD]]
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Anchor Pair
! align="center" |Favorite Promo
|-
| [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and Bhavana - '''[[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer]]'''
|[[Super Singer Junior]] - '''Wildcard Promo'''
|-
! align="center" |Special Award
! align="center" |Special Award
|-
| [[Poornitha|Kalyani]]
| Ramya
|}

==3rd Vijay Television Awards==
The third edition of '''Vijay Television Awards 2017''' was held after 2 years on 6 May 2017 at Nehru Indoor Stadium in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-tv-awards-on-may-6/articleshow/58475786.cms|title=Vijay TV Awards on May 6|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The award function was hosted by the anchors [[Ramya Subramanian]] and [[Kavin Raj]]. The show aired 21 May 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/watch-vijay-awards-at-3-pm-today/articleshow/58773010.cms|title=Watch Vijay Awards at 3PM today|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 3]]'' won six awards, including, Favorite Serial, Favorite Director, Favorite Comedian, Favorite supporting Actor Female, Favorite Find Male and Favourite Actor Female for Praveen Bennet, [[Myna Nandhini]], [[Rio Raj]] and [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]]. Other winners were ''[[Mappillai (Tamil TV series)|Mappillai]]'' with four awards, including, Favorite supporting Actor Male, Favorite Maamiyar, Favorite Pair.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex |date=2017-05-15 |title=3rd Annual Vijay Television Awards 2017 Winners List |url=https://www.scooptimes.com/awards/vijay-television-awards-2017-winners-list/8652 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Scooptimes |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Winners (Fiction) ===
{| class="wikitable" width="75%"
|-
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Favorite Serial
|-
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" | '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 3]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Director
! align="center" |Favorite Comedian
|-
| Praveen Bennet - '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 3]]'''
| [[Myna Nandhini]] - '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 3]]'''
|-
! align="center" | Favorite Actor Male
! align="center" | Favorite Actor Female
|-
| [[Amit Bhargav]] - '''[[Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai]]'''
| [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]] - '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 3]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Favorite supporting Actor Male
! align="center" |Favorite supporting Actor Female
|-
| [[S. Rajasekar]] - '''[[Mappillai (Tamil TV series)|Mappillai]]'''
| [[Gayathri Yuvraaj]] - '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 3]]'''
|-
! align="center" | Favorite Villain
! align="center" | Favorite Mom
|-
| Kavitha - '''[[Neeli (TV series)|Neeli]]'''
| [[Sindhu Shyam]] - '''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]'''
|-
! align="center" | Favorite Maamiyar
! align="center" | Favorite Family
|-
| [[Sabitha Anand]] - '''[[Mappillai (Tamil TV series)|Mappillai]]'''
| '''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Promo
! align="center" |Favorite Find Male
|-
|'''[[Andal Azhagar]]'''
| [[Rio Raj]] - '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 3]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Find Female
! align="center" |Favorite Dad
|-
| [[Sameera Sherief]] - '''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]'''
| [[S. Rajasekar]] - '''[[Mappillai (Tamil TV series)|Mappillai]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Pair
! align="center" |Favorite Child Artist
|-
| [[Senthil Kumar]] & [[Sreeja Chandran|Sreeja]] - '''[[Mappillai (Tamil TV series)|Mappillai]]'''
| Chavi Sharma - '''[[Neeli (TV series)|Neeli]]'''
|}

=== Winners (Non-Fiction) ===
{| class="wikitable" width="75%"
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Show'
! align="center" |Favorite Singer Male
|-
| [[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru]] 7
| Rajaganapthy
|-
! align="center" | Favorite Reality Show
! align="center" | Favorite Comedian Pair
|-
| [[Kings of Dance season 2|Kings of Dance]]
| [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]] & [[Aranthangi Nisha]]
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Anchor Male
! align="center" |Favorite Comedian Male
|-
| [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
| [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]]
|-
! align="center" |Favorite Anchor Pair
! align="center" |Favorite Anchor Female
|-
| [[Erode Mahesh]] & Thaadi Balaji
| [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
|-
! align="center" | Favorite Dancer Female
! align="center" | Favorite Promo
|-
| Sunitha Gogoi
| [[Super Singer Junior]] - '''Wildcard Promo'''
|-
! align="center" |Pride Of The Channel
! align="center" |Favorite Dancer Male
|-
| [[Robo Shankar]]
| [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
|-
! align="center" |'''Favorite Comedy Team'''
! align="center" |
|-
|Siricha Pochu ([[Athu Ithu Ethu]])
|
|}

==4th Vijay Television Awards==
The 4th Vijay Television Awards is an awards ceremony for excellence in [[Star Vijay]] Television. It was held on 6 May and 13 May 2018 on Sunday at 15:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]). It was hosted by [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]], Azhar and [[Dhivyadharshini]].

''[[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]'' and ''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani 1]]'' won three awards, Other winners were ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'' and ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 3]]'' with two awards.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2018/05/winners-of-4th-vijay-television-awards-2018.html|title=4th Vijay Television Awards |website=www.vinodadarshan.com}}</ref>

=== Winners ===
{| class="wikitable" width="75%"
|-
! align="center" |Best Serial
! align="center" |Pride of Chennai
|-
| [[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani 1]]
| [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)|Bigg Boss]]
|-
! align="center" | Favorite Actor Male
! align="center" | Favorite Actor Female
|-
| [[Sanjeev Karthick]] - '''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani 1]]'''
| Alya Manasa - '''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani 1]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Best Crew and Team
! align="center" |Best Find Of The Year
|-
| [[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]
| [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]] - '''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Best Villain
! align="center" |Best Budding Pair
|-
| [[Dr. Sharmila]] - '''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]'''
| [[Shivani Narayanan]] & [[Mohammed Azeem (Tamil actor)|Mohammed Azeem]] - '''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Best Comedian
! align="center" |100 Dedication Award
|-
| Rajkumar Manoharan - '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 3]]'''
| [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]] - '''[[Saravanan Meenatchi season 3]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Best Pair
! align="center" |Best Family
|-
| [[Prajin]] & [[Pavani Reddy]] - '''[[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]'''
| [[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]
|-
! align="center" |Best Mother
! align="center" |
|-
| [[Anila Sreekumar]] - '''[[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]'''
|
|}

==5th Vijay Television Awards==
The fifth edition of '''Vijay Television Awards 2019''' was at EVP film city on 6 April 2019. The event was hosted by anchors [[Dhivyadharshini]] and [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/vijay-tv-recognises-talents-in-the-5th-annual-vijay-television-awards/|title=Vijay TV recognises talents in the 5th Annual Vijay Television Awards |website=www.medianews4u.com}}</ref> The popular fiction show couple ''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani 1]]'' fame [[Sanjeev Karthick]] and Alya Manasa had a surprising engagement day on the sets of Vijay Television awards. The show was aired from 28 April 2019 on Sunday at 15:30([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/star-vijay-to-telecast-5th-annual-vijay-television-awards-soon-95959.html|title=Star Vijay to telecast 5th annual Vijay Television Awards soon|website=www.exchange4media.com}}</ref>

=== Winners ===
{| class="wikitable" width="75%"
|-
! align="center" |Best Serial
! align="center" |Best Family Show
|-
| [[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Raagam]]
| [[Pandian Stores]]
|-
! align="center" | Best Hero
! align="center" | Best Heroine
|-
| [[Mirchi Senthil]] - '''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar S1]]'''
| Alya Manasa - '''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani S1]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Best Mother
! align="center" |Best Daughter
|-
| [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] - '''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]'''
| Mounika Devi - '''[[Avalum Naanum]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Best Child Award
! align="center" |Best Son
|-
| Sherine Farhana - '''[[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Raagam S1]]'''
| [[Prajin]] - '''[[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Best Budding Pair
! align="center" |Best Jodi
|-
| Pavithra & Dhiraviam Rajakumaran - '''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]]'''
| [[Sanjeev Karthick]] & Alya Manasa - '''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani S1]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Best Supporting Actor Award
! align="center" |Best Find of the Year
|-
| [[Sujitha]] - '''[[Pandian Stores]]'''
| Darshan & Monisha - '''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Best Villain
! align="center" |Best Marumagal
|-
| Shanoor Sana Begum - '''[[Ponmagal Vanthal (TV series)|Ponmagal Vanthal]]'''
| Rashmi Jayraj - '''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar S1]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Favourite Jodi
! align="center" |Best Couples
|-
| [[Senthil Kumar]] & [[Raksha Holla]] - '''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar S1]]'''
| [[Amit Bhargav]] & [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]] - '''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Best Comedian
! align="center" |Best Writer
|-
| Shabnam - '''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani S1]]'''
| Priya Thambi - '''[[Pandian Stores]]'''
|-
| Senthil Kumar & Raksha Holla - '''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar S1]]'''
| [[Amit Bhargav]] & [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]] - '''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'''
|-
! align="center" |Best Director
! align="center" |Best Dialogue
|-
| Thai Selvam - '''[[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Raagam S1]]''' and '''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar S1]]'''
| E. Chandrasekar & K Jayaprakash - '''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar S1]]'''
|}

=== Winners (Non-Fiction) ===
* '''Non Stop Comedy''' – [[Aranthangi Nisha]]
* '''Best Pair of Anchor''' – [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
* '''Best Anchor''' – [[Rio Raj]]

==6th Vijay Television Awards==
The 6th Vijay Television Awards is an awards ceremony for excellence in [[Star Vijay]] Television. It was held on 18 April 2021 on Sunday at 15:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]). It was hosted by [[Dhivyadharshini]] and [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/6th-annual-vijay-television-awards-on-april-18-112365.html|title=6th annual Vijay Television Awards on April 18|website=www.exchange4media.com}}</ref>

''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]'' won five awards, including, Best Hero, Best Heroine, Best Mamiyaar, Best Female in Negative Role, Best Director for [[Arun Prasad]], [[Roshini Haripriyan]], [[Roopa Sree]], [[Farina Azad]] and Praveen Bennet. Other winners were ''[[Cooku with Comali season 2]]'' with three awards, including, Best Reality Show, Best Comedian for [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]] and Trending Pair for [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]] and [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/vijay-television-awards-2021-winners-list-complete-list-of-vijay-television-award-winners-revealed/34645/|title=Vijay Television Awards 2021 Winners List|website=thenewscrunch.com}}</ref>

==7th Vijay Television Awards==
The award function was hosted by [[Archana Chandhoke]], [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Erode Mahesh]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]]. It was telecasted on 24 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-05 |title=Vijay Television Awards 2022: Meet The Winners |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vijay-television-awards-2022-meet-the-winners-4945202.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Television Awards 2022 Winners List: Best Actors, Full Show Date Timings |url=https://www.tellybest.com/news/vijay-television-awards-2022-winners-list-best-actors-full-show-date-timings |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.tellybest.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Baakiyalakshmi]] won the most awards with 5 in total, Best Actress went to Suchitra, Best Prime-Time serial, Best Supporting Actress went to [[Reshma Pasupuleti]], Best Villain (Sathish), Best Father (Rosary), Best Director (David) and Best Writer (Priya Thambi).

[[Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum]] came second with 3 awards, which were Best Male and Female Performers going to Vinoth Babu and [[Pavithra Janani]] for their roles as Vetri and Abhi, Best Non Prime-time Serial as well as Best Non-Prime Time Director for Abdul Hafeez.

== 8th Vijay Television Awards ==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #FFA500
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption = 8th Annual Vijay Television Awards
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Nakshathra Nagesh]]
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
* [[Erode Mahesh]]
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
}}
}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|5|14}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|5|21|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 2
| prev_season = [[#7th Annual Vijay Television Awards|Vijay Television Awards 2022]]
| next_season = [[#9th Annual Vijay Television Awards|Vijay Television Awards 2024]]
}}

This time around, [[Star Vijay]] opted to telecast the awards in two parts, the first part being aired on 14 May and the second part to be aired on 21 May 2023. The hosts this time around were [[Nakshathra Nagesh]], [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Erode Mahesh]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-24 |title=8th Annual Tamil Television Awards 2023 to air soon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/8th-annual-tamil-television-awards-2023-to-air-soon/articleshow/99732243.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Baakiyalakshmi]] swept the awards yet again, along with [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave 2]] with three awards each going to them. [[Baakiyalakshmi]] won Favourite Primetime Serial, Best Villain for [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] and Best Heroine for Suchitra. Eeramana Rojave 2 also won 3 awards as well, with [[Gabriella Charlton]] and Siddarth Kumaran winning Best Pair, Swathi Konde winning Find of the Year for a female actress, as well as a [[Posthumous name|posthumous]] award given to Eeramana Rojave 2 director Thai Selvam for best prime-time director.

[[Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum]] won two awards, with Best Supporting Actress going to Tharshika and Auditor Sridhar winning Best Father awards respectively; as well as [[Pandian Stores]] with two - [[Venkat Renganathan]] for his role as Jeeva in [[Pandian Stores]] and Saravanan Vickram for Supporting Hero. Muthuzhagu won best non prime-time serial, [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]] won Best Anchor awards for their respective genders.

[[Erode Mahesh]] was also given a special award for his immense 15 year commitment to Star Vijay.

===Best category Awards Winner===
{| class="wikitable" width="80%"
|-
!align="center"|Best Serial
!align="center"|Best Serial Afternoon
|-
|
* '''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]'''
** [[Pandian Stores]]
** [[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani 2]]
** [[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]
|
* Muthazhagu
** [[Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum]]
|-
!align="center"|Best Hero
!align="center"|Best Heroine
|-
|
* '''[[Venkat Renganathan]]''' – '''[[Pandian Stores]]'''
** Swaminathan – [[Kaatrukkenna Veli (TV series)|Kaatrukkenna Veli]]
** Arnav – Chellamma
** Vinoth Babu – [[Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum]]
** Aashish Chakravarthi – Muthazhagu
** [[Deepak Dinkar]] – [[Thamizhum Saraswathiyum]]
** Siddharth Kumaran – [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave 2]]
** Sidhu Sid – [[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani 2]]
** Arun Prasad – [[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]
** Dhiraviyam Rajakumaran – [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave 2]]
|
* K. S. Suchitra Shetty – [[Baakiyalakshmi]]
|-
!align="center"|Best Supporting Actor Male
!align="center"|Best Supporting Actor Female
|-
|
* '''Saravanan Vickram''' – '''[[Pandian Stores]]'''
** Navin Vetri – [[Thamizhum Saraswathiyum]]
** Bhanu Prakash – [[Kaatrukkenna Veli (TV series)|Kaatrukkenna Veli]]
** Sabari – [[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]
** Rahul Ramachandran – [[Mouna Raagam 2]]
** Balaji Thiyagarajan Dayalan – [[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani 2]]
|
* Tharshika – [[Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum]]
** Dharshna - [[Thamizhum Saraswathiyum]]
|-
!align="center"|Best Pair Fiction
!align="center"|Best Pair Non - Fiction
|-
|
* Siddharth Kumaran & [[Gabriella Charlton]] – [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave 2]]
** [[Pavithra Janani]] & Vinoth Babu - [[Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum]]
|
* Madurai Muthu & Ramar
|-
!align="center"|Find of the year Fiction
!align="center"|Find of the year Non - Fiction
|-
|
* Swathi Konde – [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave 2]]
|
* Shivin Ganesan – [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 6|Bigg Boss 6]]
|-
!align="center"|Best Comedian Fiction
!align="center"|Favorite Comedian Non-Fiction
|-
|
* Kasthuri – [[Baakiyalakshmi]]
|
* Kuraishi – [[Cooku with Comali season 4]]
|-
!align="center"|Best Son
!align="center"|Best Child Artist
|-
|
* [[VJ Vishal]] – [[Baakiyalakshmi]]
|
* Kanmani – [[Chellamma (TV series)|Chellamma]]
|-
!align="center"|Best Daughter-in-law
!align="center"|Best Mother
|-
|
* '''Shobana''' – '''Muthuzhagu'''
** [[Pavithra Janani]] – [[Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum]]
** [[Nakshatra Nagesh]] – [[Thamizhum Saraswathiyum]]
** [[Ashwini Aanandita]] – [[Namma Veetu Ponnu]]
** [[Riya Vishwanathan]] – [[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani 2]]
** Dharshna Sripal Golecha – [[Thamizhum Saraswathiyum]]
|
* [[Roopa Sree]] – [[Bharathi Kannamma 2]]
|-
!align="center"|Best Director Afternoon
!align="center"|Best Director
|-
|
* Abdul Kabeez – [[Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum]]
|
* ThaaiSelvam – Eeramana Rojave 2
|-
!align="center"|Best Negative Role
!align="center"|Budding Young Pair
|-
|
* [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] – [[Baakiyalakshmi]]
|
* Priyanka & Swaminathan – [[Kaatrukkenna Veli (TV series)|Kaatrukkenna Veli]]
|-
!align="center"|Favorite Show
!align="center"|Favorite Singer
|-
|
* [[Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya]]
|
* Rakshita Suresh
|-
|-
!align="center"|Dhool Moment Award
!align="center"|Best DOP
|-
|
* DJ Black
|
* Saravanan – [[Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum]]
|-
!align="center"|Best Anchor Male
!align="center"|Best Anchor Female
|-
|
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
|
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
|-
!align="center"|Best Dubbing Artist
!align="center"|Special Award
|-
|
* Meenalochani
|
* Erode Mahesh (15 Years Journey in Vijay TV)
|-
|}

== 9th Vijay Television Awards ==
The '''9th Vijay Television Awards''' ceremony honoured the best Vijay Television shows released in 2023. The ceremony was held on 2024 and broadcast on [[Star Vijay]] on 1 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/9th-annual-tamil-television-awards-2024-to-air-soon/articleshow/109560412.cms|title=9th Annual Tamil Television Awards 2024|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> The show opted to telecast the awards in two parts, the first part being aired on 1 September and the second part to be aired on 8 September 2024 on Sunday at 15:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]). [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]] is the host for this season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/9th-annual-vijay-television-awards-date-1721491365|title=பிரம்மாண்டமாக நடக்கப்போகும் விஜய் டெலி அவார்ட்ஸ்... வெளிவந்த தேதி விவரம் |website=cineulagam.com|date=24 April 2024|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2024/9th-vijay-television-awards-2024-winners-list-verti-vasanth-best-hero-swetha-find-of-the-year-serial-415525.html|title=9th Vijay Television Awards 2024 Winners List|website=www.filmibeat.com|date=1 September 2024|language=en}}</ref>

=== Winners ===
{| class="wikitable" width="75%"
|-
! align="center" |Best Serial
! align="center" |1000 Episodes Special Award
|-
| ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
| ''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]''
|-
! align="center" | Best Hero
! align="center" | Best Heroine
|-
| Vetri Vasanth - ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
| [[Gomathi Priya]] - ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''<ref>{{cite news|date=7 September 2024 |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/123745|title=விருது மேடையில் அப்பாவை நினைத்து நெகிழ்ந்த கோமதி பிரியா |newspaper=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |Best Mother
! align="center" |Best Father
|-
| [[Nirosha]] - ''[[Pandian Stores 2]]''
| Stalin Muthu - ''[[Pandian Stores 2]]''
|-
! align="center" |Best Mamiyar
! align="center" |Best Mamanar
|-
| [[Anila Sreekumar]] - ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
| [[R. Sundarrajan]] - ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
|-
! align="center" |Find of the year Actor Male
! align="center" |Find of the year Actor Female
|-
| Navin Kumar - ''[[Chinna Marumagal (2024 TV series)|Chinna Marumagal]]''
| Swetha - ''[[Chinna Marumagal (2024 TV series)|Chinna Marumagal]]''
|-
! align="center" |Best Supporting Actor Male
! align="center" |Best Supporting Actor Female
|-
| Sri Deva - ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
| Salma Arun - ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
|-
! align="center" |Best Budding Pair
! align="center" |Best Pair
|-
| Prem Jacob & Varshini Suresh - ''[[Nee Naan Kaadhal]]''
| Swaminathan & Lakshmi Priya - ''[[Mahanadhi (TV series)|Mahanathi]]''
|-
! align="center" |Best Child Award
! align="center" |Favourite Family
|-
| Vedhasya - ''[[Ponni (TV series)|Ponni]]''
| [[Pandian Stores 2]]
|-
! align="center" |Best Thatha
! align="center" |Best Patti
|-
| S. T. P. Rosario - ''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]''
| Revathy - ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
|-
! align="center" |Best son
! align="center" |Best Marumagal
|-
| Vikram Shri - ''[[Aaha Kalyanam]]''
| Akshaya Kandamuthan - ''[[Aaha Kalyanam (TV series)|Aaha Kalyanam]]''
|-
! align="center" |Best Director
! align="center" |Best Director Non Prime Time
|-
| S. Kumaran - ''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=7 September 2024|url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/vijay-tv-made-gomathi-a-dummy-and-lifted-vijaya-the-only-serial-that-won-more-awards/#google_vignette|title=கோமதியை டம்மியாக்கி விஜயாவை தூக்கி நிறுத்திய விஜய் டிவி.. அதிக விருதை தட்டிப்பறித்த ஒரே ஒரு சீரியல்|website=Cinemapettai|access-date=17 September 2024|language=ta}}</ref>
| Vel Raj - ''[[Chellamma (TV series)|Chellamma]]''
|-
! align="center" |Best Dialogue
! align="center" |Special Award
|-
| Priya Thampy - ''[[Pandian Stores 2]]'' and ''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]''
| [[Deepak Dinkar]]
|-
! align="center" |Favourite Reality Show
! align="center" |Best Game Show
|-
| ''[[Super Singer 9]]''
| ''[[Start Music season 5]]''
|-
! align="center" |Best Anchor Male
! align="center" |Best Anchor Female
|-
| [[Rio Raj]]
| [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
|-
! align="center" |Entertainer Of The Year
! align="center" |Trending Pair Non Fiction
|-
| [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]]
| [[KPY Bala]] and [[Aranthangi Nisha]]
|-
! align="center" |Best Comedy Show
! align="center" |Best Villain
|-
| [[Athu Ithu Ethu]]
| [[Naveen Muralidharan]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Asian television awards]]
* [[Vijay Awards]]
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
* [[International Tamil Film Awards]]
* [[Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Cinema Express Awards]]
* [[Sun Kudumbam Awards]] (Tamil Television Awards)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.vijaytv.in}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Tamil-language television awards]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]
[[Category:Indian television awards]]

Kamrupi dialects

2025-11-15T21:30:27Z

Dwatson32: revise

{{Short description|Dialect of Assamese}}
{{about|the modern dialect group of Assamese|the historical language spoken in Kamarupa|Kamarupi Prakrit}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kamrupi
| altname =
| nativename =
| pronunciation = {{IPA|/ˈkæmruːpi/}}{{sfn|Goswami|1970}}
| ethnicity = [[Kamrupi people]]
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Kamrup region]]
| speakers =
| ref =
| date =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bengali-Assamese languages|Bengali-Assamese]]
| fam6 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| dialects = [[Barpetia dialect]]
 [[Nalbariya dialect]] Palasbaria dialect
| script = * [[Assamese alphabet]]
| map = File: Assamese varieties.svg
| mapcaption = Distribution of Kamrupi dialects in {{fontcolor|#C95595|pink}}.
| isoexception = dialect
| glotto = none
}}
{{Indo-European topics}}
'''Kamrupi dialects''' are a group of regional [[dialect]]s of [[Assamese language|Assamese]],<ref>Kamrupi is defined as a dialect of Assamese in the title of the seminal work—{{harvnb|Goswami|1970}}, ''A Study on Kamrupi: A dialect of Assamese''</ref> spoken in the [[Kamrup region]]. It formerly enjoyed [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]] status.<ref name="harvcol|Goswami|1970|p=4">{{harvcol|Goswami|1970|p=4}}</ref> It is one of two western dialect groups of the [[Assamese language]], the other being [[Goalpariya language|Goalpariya]].<ref>{{Harv|Kakati|1941|p=16}}</ref> Kamrupi is heterogeneous with three [[subdialect]]s— [[Barpetia dialect]], [[Nalbariya dialect]] and Palasbaria dialect.{{sfn|Goswami|1970|p=28|ps=: "The sub-dialectical varieties of Kamrupi may be grouped mainly into three divisions —western, central and southern. The variety spoken in the area comprising Barpeta, Sundardiya, Patbausi, Bhabani- pur etc. is western, that of Nalbari and its surrounding areas is central."}}

In medieval times, Kamrupi was used in the Brahmaputra Valley and its adjoining areas for literary purposes in parallel with Sanskrit, both for prose and poetry. This went against the practices of literary figures of [[Central India|mid India]] like [[Vidyapati]] who used [[Sanskrit]] for prose and [[Maithili language|Maithili]] for poetry.<ref>{{cite book |last=Medhi |first=Kaliram |date=1988 |title=Assamese grammar and origin of the Assamese language |quote=Prose had also been used by the Maithili poets, Vidyapati, Harsanatha and others,--in their dramas. But whereas the Maithili poets prose was in Sanskrit and their songs alone in Maithili Sankara Deva's prose and songs were both in Kamrupi.}}</ref> In more recent times, the South Kamrupi dialect has been used in the works of author [[Indira Goswami]]. Poet and nationalist [[Ambikagiri Raichoudhury]] also used Kamrupi in his works to great extent.<ref>Sahitya Akademi, ''Indian literature: Volume 30'', 1987 Ambikagiri set a new trend in Assamese by his abundant use of Kamrupi language in his writings.</ref> In 2018, the Kamrupi film [[Village Rockstars]] became the first from the region to be selected for India's official entry to the [[91st Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/india-picks-national-award-winning-village-rockstars-as-oscar-entry-1920419|title='Village Rockstars, Film On Guitar-Playing Girl, Is India's Oscar Entry'|access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> In 1996, another Kamrupi dialect film named [[Adajya]] directed by [[Santwana Bordoloi|Santwana Bardoloi]] based on a novel by [[Mamoni Raisom Goswami|Indira Goswami]] titled [[The Moth Eaten Howdah of the Tusker|Dontal Haatir Uiye Khuwa Haoda]] won the Indian National award as the Best Regional Film (Assamese) and Jury's special award.

==Features==
===Phonology===
{|class="wikitable"
|+Vowels
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|[[Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan=3|[[Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan=3|[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!ROM
![[Assamese alphabet|Script]]
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!ROM
![[Assamese alphabet|Script]]
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!ROM
![[Assamese alphabet|Script]]
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|i
|{{lang|as|ই/ঈ}}
|colspan=3|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|u
|{{lang|as|উ/ঊ}}
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|colspan=3|
|colspan=3|
|{{IPA link|ʊ}}
|ú
|{{lang|as|ও}}
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|é
|{{lang|as|এ’}}
|colspan=3|
|colspan=3|
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|e
|{{lang|as|এ}}
|colspan=3|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|o
|{{lang|as|অ}}
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|colspan=3|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|a
|{{lang|as|আ}}
|colspan=3|
|}

The Kamrupi dialects have seven phonemes in contrast to the eight in standard Assamese dialect. The phoneme that is missing in the Kamrupi dialects is the [[close-mid back rounded vowel]] /{{IPA|o}}/ ({{lang|as|অ’}}). In the Kamrupi dialects, this vowel is replaced by another vowel, a diphthong or a different form.

{|class="wikitable"
|+
!colspan=2|Replaced by
!colspan=2|Early Assamese
!colspan=2|Standard Assamese
!colspan=2|Kamrupi
|-
|rowspan=2|{{lang|as|অ}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPA|ɔ}}
|{{lang|as|ভৈল}} || bhoilo
|{{lang|as|হ’ল}} || /{{IPA|hol}}/
|{{lang|as|হল}} || /{{IPA|hɔl}}/
|-
|{{lang|as|হুইবে}} || huibe
|{{lang|as|হ’ব}} || /{{IPA|ɦobɔ}}/
|{{lang|as|হবো}} || /{{IPA|ɦɔbʊ}}/
|-
|{{lang|as|আ}}
|{{IPA|a}}
|{{lang|as|কলা}} || kola
|{{lang|as|ক’লা}} || /{{IPA|kola}}/
|{{lang|as|কালা}} || /{{IPA|kala}}/
|-
|{{lang|as|উ}}
|{{IPA|u}}
| ||
|{{lang|as|ব’ল}} || /{{IPA|bol}}/
|{{lang|as|বুল}} || /{{IPA|bul}}/
|-
|{{lang|as|এ}}
|{{IPA|ɛ}}
|{{lang|as|গৈল}} || goilo
|{{lang|as|গ’ল}} || /{{IPA|ɡol}}/
|{{lang|as|গেল}} || /{{IPA|ɡɛl}}/
|-
|{{lang|as|ও}}
|{{IPA|ʊ}}
|{{lang|as|কৈত, কহিত}} || koito, kohito
|{{lang|as|ক’ত}} || /{{IPA|kot}}/
|{{lang|as|কোত}} || /{{IPA|kʊt}}/
|-
|{{lang|as|ওই}}
|{{IPA|ʊi}}
|{{lang|as|ৰহিল, ৰহিলেক, ৰহিলা, ৰহিলন্ত}} || rohilo, rohileko, rohila, rohilonto
|{{lang|as|ৰ’ল, ৰ’লে}} || /{{IPA|ɹol}}/, /{{IPA|ɹolɛ}}/
|{{lang|as|ৰোইল, ৰোইলাক}} || /{{IPA|ɾʊil}}/, /{{IPA|ɾʊilak}}/
|}

* The treatment of ks as kh which is a notable feature in Early Assamese and the Kamrupi dialect has been found in Kamarupa inscriptions, such as inscriptions of [[Ratna Pala]] where ksitimatha>khimatha was used.<ref>{{harvcol|Goswami|1970|p=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=''The Assam Academy Review - Issue 1''|publisher=Assam Academy for Cultural Relations|page= 47 }}</ref>
* One of the most prominent features of Kamrupi is the use of initial stress, as opposed to penultimate stress in the eastern dialects, which effectively shortens the word<ref>"The word stress in the Kamrupi dialect is uniformly and dominantly ''initial'' as opposed to the ''penultimate'' stress of the standard colloquial." {{harv|Kakati|1941|pp=16–17}}</ref> (''komora'', Eastern dialect; ''kumra'', Kamrupi dialect<ref>{{harv|Goswami|1970|p=19}}</ref>). Though standard Assamese follows the pan-Indian system of penultimate, Kamrupi shares the initial stress, with some difference, with the Bengali,<ref>"Assamese follows the pan Indian system of penultimate stress and bengali has an initial stress. Even in that respect Bengali differs from Kamrupi dialect which also has an initial stress." {{harv|Kakati|1941|p=7}}</ref> where the initial stress system established itself as the dominant feature in the 16th century.<ref>"...the initial stress had the victory ultimately and by the end of the Middle Bengali period [c1500 CE, p132] it is very likely that it was active in west central Bengali and most Bengali dialects thus giving to modern Bengali their typical form (ODBL 282) {{harv|Southworth|2005|p=141}}</ref> In Kamrupi dialect too, the initial stress is a later development which is a result of contact with some linguistic group.<ref>"In Western Assam perhaps in contact with some people speaking a language with a strong initial stress the penultimate stress of the primitive language got shifted to the initial syllable. In Eastern Assam the original penultimate stress persisted." {{harv|Kakati|1941|p=84}}</ref>
* Medial vowels are thus rarely pronounced or largely slurred over.
* In standard Assamese if a word has two /a/ sounds side-by-side, the first /a/ turns into an /ɔ/ or /ɛ/, a feature that became prominent in writings of Hema Saraswati, Harivara Vipra, Kaviratna Saraswati etc.<ref>"In all these writers, the Assamese idiom seem to have been fully individualized...So is an anterior ''ā'' shortened before a following ''ā''." {{harv|Kakati|1941|p=12}}</ref> In Kamrupi, two consecutive /a/ are tolerated (''star'': /taɹa/ (Kamrupi), /tɔɹa/ (Standard)).<ref>{{harv|Goswami|1970|p=15}}</ref> The early Assamese used pan Indian system of tolerance of both the parallel /a/.{{sfn|Goswami|1970|p=96|ps=: "In early Assamese we find such forms : dayaluka rama tumi bolaya sansare"}} In disyllabic words, the second /ɔ/ becomes an /a/ (hot: /gɔɹam/, Kamrupi; /gɔɹɔm/, St. Assamese).<ref>{{harv|Goswami|1970|p=16}}</ref>
* Epenthetic vowels are the rule in Kamrupi dialects, with even diphthongs and triphthongs appearing in initial syllables (''haula'' Kam; ''haluwa'' St) (''keuila'' Kam; kewaliya St), and a complete absence of diphthongs in the final syllables.<ref name="Kakati 1941 17">{{harv|Kakati|1941|p=17}}</ref>
* High vowels are feature of Kamrupi, in contrast to predominance of medial vowels in Standard Assamese. Kapur, tule, mul, tamul and khalu in eastern Assamese as against Kapor (cloth), tole (raises), mol (worth), tamol (betel-nut) and khalo (I have eaten) in Kamrupi.<ref name="Kakati 1941 17"/>
* The east Assamese favours de-aspiration as against aspiration of Kamrupi in same phonological context.
*/x/ does not occurs finally in Kamrupi, it does sometimes in eastern Assamese. In non-initial position Old Indo-Aryan sibilants become /kh/ and sometimes /h/, whereas in eastern Assamese it becomes /x/, e.g. Akha (Kamrupi) and Axa (Standard Assamese).

===Morphology===
* Western Assamese shares morphological peculiarities with North Bengali. The plural suffixes in Western Assamese -hamra and -gila have parallel forms in North Bengali -amrah, the remote demonstrative plural and -gila, -gla.{{sfn|Goswami|1970}} The plural suffixes of Kamrupi are very different from the eastern Assamese (Kamrupi: -''gila'', -''gilak''; Standard: -''bür'', -''bilak''). Kamrupi plural suffixes has continuity from ancient times, as opposed to late medieval appearance of bür and bilak in Eastern Assam.
* Standard uses -''loi'' in the dative case ending, Kamrupi uses the dative-accusative case ending -''k'' or the locative -''t'' (Kamrupi: ''ghorot/ghorok zaü̃''; Standard ''ghoroloi zaü̃'').<ref>{{harv|Goswami|1970|pp=20–21}}</ref>
* The instrumental sense -''di'' in Kamrupi is increasingly accepted in the Standard now (Kamrupi:''hatedi''; Standard: ''hatere'').
* Kamrupi has large variety of adverbial formations such as - ita, - ethen, - enke and - kahai, which are quite different in Eastern Assamese.
* Pleonastic suffixes of East Assamese are distinct from those of Kamrupi like - ni, - na, - holi.
* The enclitic definites are separate in both the languages.
* In the Eastern variety - heten is used for past conditional, as against Kamrupi - hoi.
* Formation of verbs from nouns and participles are more common in Kamrupi than Eastern Assamese.
* Kamrupi has - lak and - ilak for third personal affix while East Assamese uses - le and - ile for the same (Kamrupi: ''xi khalak''; Standard: ''xi khale'').

===Similarities with Eastern Assamese===
According to Upendranath Goswami, differences between Kamrupi and east Assamese is not insignificant, they ranged over whole field of phonology, morphology and vocabulary.{{sfn|Goswami|1970|p=9}}

Its unique features distinguishes it from Eastern Assamese, there may some commonalities—case endings, conjugational affixes, pronominal roots, derivatives and vocabulary—that underscore a fundamental unity,<ref>{{harv|Kakati|1941|p=18}}</ref> nonetheless, Kamrupi dialect, with a long history of its own differs greatly from the eastern variety of Assamese.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sukumar Sen |author2=Ramesh Nigam |date=1975 |title=Grammatical Sketches of Indian Languages with Comparative Vocabulary and Texts |publisher=Controller of Publications |page=36 |quote=This Kamrupi dialect, with a long history of its own differs greatly from the eastern variety of Assamese.}}</ref>

Dr. Nirmalendu Bhowmik, while discussing similarity of Kamrupi with Eastern Assamese, observes that despite some similarity in morphology, there is absolutely no similarity in terms of phonology, though both languages shares few common words.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barmā |first=Sukhabilāsa |date=2004 |title=Bhāwāiyā: Ethnomusicological Study |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |page=104 |isbn=8182200709 }}</ref>

===Comparison with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages===
Eastern Indo-Aryan languages share a common phonological structure.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" align="center"
|-
! Kamrupi !! Sylheti!! Standard Assamese !! Translation
|-
| Xi ghorot/ghorok gesi || He Goro gese || Xi Ghoroloi/Ghorot goise || He has gone home.
|-
| Tai Ghorot gesi || Tai Goro gese || Tai Ghoroloi/Ghorot goise || She has gone home.
|-
| Eta Kamot aihlu/aisu || Exta xamo aisi || Eta Kamot Ahilû/Ahisû || I have come for some work.
|-
| Deksa na? || Dexso ni? || Dekhisa ne? || Have you seen it?
|-
| Zaba na tumi? || Zaibay ni tumi? || Zaba ne tumi? || Will you leave?
|-
|}

===Glossarial===
There is differences in vocables of Kamrupi and Eastern Assamese, such that even common objects are denoted by different words. In eastern variety there are no generic terms to such English words like brothers and sisters, Kamrupi do have, such as bhak and bainak. Kamrupi also uses /soli/ for both boys and girls collectively for children, East Assamese lacks such forms.{{sfn|Goswami|1970|p=xvii}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" align="center"
|-
! Kamrupi !! Sylheti!! Standard Assamese !! Translation
|-
| Khüam || Xauaimu || Khüam || I will Feed (Someone)
|-
| Kumra || Kumṛa || Kümüra || Gourd
|-
| Mekur/Meukri ||Mekur/Bilai || Mekuri || Cat
|-
| Hosa || Hasa || Xosa/Hosa || Truth
|-
| Dhól || Ḍul || Dhül || Drum
|-
| Nun || Nun || Lün || Salt
|-
| Sana || Aulad/Sao/Hurutayn || Püali/Sona || Offspring
|-
| Dima || Ḍim/Enḍa/Boida || Koni/Dim || Egg
|-
| -gila/-gilak || -guin || -bilak || Plural suffix
|-
| Pani<ref>{{harv|Goswami|1970|p=80}}</ref> || Fani || Pani || Water
|-
| Taka, Toka || Texá || Toka || Money
|-
| Bazar || Bazár || Bozar || Market
|-
| Souk, Tiniali/Sairali || Souk || Tiniali/Sariali || Town square
|-
| Manhu || Manu/Manuš/Mainš || Manuh || People
|}

===Old Indo-Aryan words===
Kamrupi retained many [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Old Indo-Aryan]] words.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" align="center"
|-
! Kamrupi !!East Assamese!!Sylheti!! O.I.A !! Translation
|-
| Theng || Theng|| Teng|| Tanga || Leg
|-
| Pek || Büka ||Fex || Panka || Mud
|-
| Phen ||Phen || Fen/Fena || Phena || Foam
|-
| Bor || Bor || Damand/Boʊr|| Vara || Bridegroom
|-
| Bari || Bari || Után/Barí/Barígòr || Vatika || Enclosed ground with plantation
|-
| Soli || (Löra-süali) || Sabal/Sao|| Challi || Offspring
|-
| Boni || Bhoni || Boni/Boin || Bhagini || Sister
|-
| Dima || Dim || Dim || Dimba || Egg
|-
| Kake ||Kakoi || Xaxoi || Kanikattika || Comb
|-
| Niar || Nior || Nior || Nihara || Fog
|-
| Kurma || (Mitir) || (Kutum)/Gushti || Kutumbaka || Relative
|}

==Definition of the region==
{{main|Kamrup region}}
[[File:Kamrup-1931-gazateerofindia.png|200px|right|thumb|{{center|Kamrupi dialect speaking region in Assam}}]]
The Kamrup between Manas and Barnadi rivers,<ref>Deba Brat Sharma (1995), ''Changing Cultural Mosaic of a Village in Assam'', Page 10, an end the kingdom of Kamarupa and since then the area between the rivers the Manas on the west and the Barnadi on the east came to be known as Kamrup</ref> where Kamrupi is spoken, formed the capital area of two of three dynasties of the ancient [[Kamarupa kingdom]] (4th–12th century), with [[Pragjyotishpura]] ([[Guwahati]])<ref>T. Raatan (2006), History, Religion and Culture of North East India - Page 70 Known in the ancient lore as the kingdom of Pragjyotisha and Kamrupa, the capital having been Pragjyotishpura situated in or near Guwahati</ref> and [[Durjaya]] ([[North Guwahati]]).<ref>Chandra Dhar Tripathi, Indian Institute of Advanced Study (2002), Aspects of the medieval history of Assam, Page 17 Ratnapala founded a new city called Sri Durjaya and shifted his capital there. It has been identified with the ruins at modern North Gauhati</ref> Kingdom existed as parallel to [[Davaka]] of central Assam.<ref>Suresh Kant Sharma, Usha Sharma (2005), Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, ..., Davaka (Nowgong) and Kamarupa as separate and submissive friendly kingdoms</ref> Absorption of Davaka by Kamrup marks eastward expansion of latter,<ref>Kanak Lal Barua (1966), ''Early history of Kāmarupa'', Page 31 in the sixth or the seventh century this kingdom of Davaka was absorbed by Kamarupa</ref> which ultimately covered area from the Karatoya in the west to the temple of Dikkaravasini at Sadiya in the east, [[Bhutan]] in north and Northern [[Bangladesh]] in south.<ref>S. P. Sinha (2007), ''Lost Opportunities: 50 Years of Insurgency in the North-east'' Kamrup included the whole of Brahmaputra Valley, Bhutan, Rangpur district (Bangladesh), Cooch Behar, part of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh and Garo</ref><ref>...the temple of the goddess Tameshwari (Dikkaravasini) is now located at modern Sadiya about 100 miles to the northeast of Sibsagar" {{harv|Sircar|1990|pp=63–64}}.</ref>

===Medieval===
[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s established four ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkars]]'' (administrative units): Bangalbhum, Dhekeri, Dakkhinkul and Kamrup; placing Kamrup in "Sarkar Kamrup".<ref>{{harv|Gogoi|2002|p=99}} The Sarkar of Kamrup was between the Manas and the Barnadi rivers on the north bank, and was bounded in the east by the ''Asurar Ali''</ref>
The Kamrupi is currently prevalent in Mughal Sarkar of Kamrup.<ref>"Uttorkol or Dhenkiri north of the Brohmoputro, Dokhyinkul south of the same, Bangalbhumi west of the Brohmoputro, and Kamrup proper, called so as containing Gohati, the most ancient capital of the country." {{harv|Martin|1838|p=417}}</ref> In late medieval times, Kamrupi literary style passed to eastern Assam.<ref>{{harv|Goswami|1970|p=10}}</ref>
The examples of medieval Assamese or middle Kamrupi are obtained from the 14th century from North Bengal, Western Assam and fewer in central Assam, and this was followed by a deluge of literary activity in the 16th century that accompanied the growth of [[Srimanta Sankardeva]]'s [[Ekasarana Dharma|Vaishnavite movement]]. The literary activities occurred throughout Assam and North Bengal, and influence of Kamrupi remain strong throughout.

Some features of Early and Middle Assamese which are still present in some dialects of Kamrupi Assamese and Central Assamese but absent in current Eastern Assamese (in ''italics''):
* "manusya sahasrar madhyato kono janase punyabase ''gyanak lagi'' yatna kare ......emane durlabh jnano ''tumat'' krpaya kaho". (Katha Gita, 1593–1597)
* "''āke'' śuni lakśminārāyane ''ghilāk'' khedi āhil. baṅɡāle ''khāibāk napāi'' gaṛar bhitarate ''śukhāi'' mare...''tāhnār'' mukhat; ''āhnār'' sange<ref>{{cite book |last= Goswami |first= Upendranath |date=1978 |title= An introduction to Assamese |publisher= Mani-Manik Prakash |page= 14 |quote= āke śuni lakśminārāyane ghilāk khedi āhil. baṅɡāle khāibāk napāi gaṛar bhitarate śukhāi mare...tāhnār mukhat; āhnār sange}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=also Assamese?|date=April 2018}} (Kamrupar Buranji, 17th century)
* barphukane ''maharajat'' janova rup kari sihatar manuhak maharajar ''thaik'' anai...''sidikir parā''<ref>{{cite book |last= Goswami |first= Upendranath |date=1978 |title= An introduction to Assamese |publisher= Mani-Manik Prakash |page= 14 |quote= barphukane maharajat janova rup kari sihatar manuhak maharajar thaik anai...sidikir parā}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=also Assamese?|date=April 2018}} (Tripura Buranji, 18th century)

===Colonial===
Kamrup passed to the British in 1824, and the colonial district, largely congruous to the Kamapitha and Mughal Sarkar became the [[Undivided Kamrup district]] in the post-colonial period.
Form spoken in Eastern Assam, come to notice due to translation of Bible in 1838 by American Baptist Missions, as part of conversion process. British adopted Eastern Assamese as the standard official language in 1873, due to recommendations of Christian missionaries.<ref>{{cite book |last=Garg |first=Gaṅgā Rām |date=1992 |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world: Volume 3 |quote=With the publication of the translation of the Bible (1838) done by Nathan Brown of the American Baptist Mission Group, modern period of Assamese language began. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=George |first=K. M. |title=Modern Indian literature, an anthology: Volume 3 |quote=In the restoration of the language (Eastern Assamese), American Baptist missionaries played a very significant role.}}</ref> Whereas the Kamrupi was non-uniform, the eastern dialect was uniform over a large territory in eastern Assam.<ref>{{harv|Goswami|1970|p=11}}</ref><ref name="Chatterji 1970 140">{{harv|Chatterji|1970|p=140}}</ref> Nevertheless, Kamrupi pandits like Shyamal Choudhury, [[Amrit Bhushan Dev Adhikari|Amrit Bhushan Adhikary]] and [[Kaliram Medhi]] objected the imposition of eastern Assamese as official language of entire valley, especially in Kamrup due to distinctness and antiquity of Kamrupi language.

===Modern===
Since the center of literary activity has moved back to [[Guwahati]] in Kamrup, the standard based on eastern dialects has started acquiring Kamrupi dialectal elements in recent decades. For example, the [[instrumental case]] is -''di'' in Kamrupi (''hatedi'', "with hand") and -''re'' in eastern Assamese (''hatere''),<ref>{{harv|Goswami|1970|p=21}}</ref> and the Kamrupi form is increasingly common in the Standard.

These dialects are now spoken in the present districts of [[Kamrup Rural district|Kamrup Rural]], western part of [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]], [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]], [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[Darrang district|Darrang]], and parts of [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]] and [[Chirang district|Chirang]]. The name is derived from the colonial [[Kamrup district]], from [[Kamarupa kingdom]].<ref>Robert Montgomery Martin, ''Puraniya, Ronggopoor and Assam'', 1838 The ancient Hindu territory of Kamrup, which extends east from the Korotoya, where it joined the kingdom of Motsyo, to Dikkorbasini.</ref><ref>Great Britain. India Office, ''The India list and India Office list'', 1819 The earliest authentic traditions attest the existence of a Hindu kingdom of Kamrup, with its capital at Gauhati.</ref>

==Scholarly views==
[[Magadhi Prakrit]], keeping north of the [[Ganga river]], gave rise to the [[Old Kamrupi|Kamarupa Apabhramsa]] dialects of Assam and North Bengal. Suniti Kumar Chatterji divides Magadhan dialects regionwise as [[Rarh region|Radha]], [[Varendra]], [[Western Assam|Kamarupa]]<ref>Suniti Kumar Chatterji (1926), ''The origin and development of the Bengali language, Volume 1'' One would expect one and identical language to have been current in North Central Bengal (Pundra-vardhana) and North Bengal and West Assam (Kamarupa) in the 7th century, since these tracts, and other parts of Bengal, had almost the same speech</ref> and [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]]<ref name=Bangladesh_Itihas_Samiti>{{cite book |author=Monsur Musa |editor=Sharif Uddin Ahmed |chapter=History of the Study of the Dialect of Sylhet: Some Problems |title=Sylhet: History and Heritage |year=1999 |publisher=Bangladesh Itihas Samiti |isbn=984-31-0478-1 |page=591 |quote=Suniti Kumar Chatterjee in his Origin and Development of Bangla Language (ODBL) divided the Bangla dialect into four groups in accordance with the name of the regions such as Rada, Pundra or Barindra, Banga and Kamrupi}}</ref><ref name="Chatterji 1970 140"/><ref>Suniti Kumar Chatterji, ''The origin and development of the Bengali language, Volume 1'' Eastern Magadhi Prakrita and Apabhramsa has four dialect groups (1) Radha-the language of West Bengal and Orissa (2) Varendra-dialect of North Central Bengal (3)Kamarupa-dialect of Northern Bengal and Assam and (4) Vanga-dialect of East Bengal.</ref>

Sukumar Sen referring to ancientness of Kamrupi, wrote, "Assamese, or more appropriately the old Kamarupi dialect entered into Kamrup or western Assam, where this speech was first characterized as Assamese."<ref name=Grammatical_sketches>Sukumar Sen, ''Grammatical sketches of Indian languages with comparative vocabulary and texts'', Volume 1, 1975, P 31, Assamese, or more appropriately the old Kamarupi dialect entered into Kamrup or western Assam, where this speech was first characterized as Assamese.</ref>

Upendranath Goswami wrote, "The Assamese language, coming from the west was first characterized in Kamrup or Western Assam whose boundary comprised in early times the whole of North-Bengal, including Cooch-Behar, Rangpur and Jalpaiguri districts of Bengal".{{sfn|Goswami|1970|p=4}}

==Literature==
{{wide image|Charyapada.jpg|1100px|align-cap=center|[[Charyapada]]|alt=Sample of Kamrupi}}
The early examples of Kamrupi writings and literature are copper plate seals of [[Varman dynasty|Kamrupi kings]], issued in different parts of eastern and [[Northern India]] and the [[Charyapada]], which is a collection of 8th-12th century Vajrayana Buddhist caryagiti, or mystical poems. Being caryagiti (songs of realization), the Charyapada were intended to be sung. These songs of realization were spontaneously composed verses, that expressed a practitioner's experience of the enlightened state. A manuscript of this anthology was discovered in the early 20th century, by Hariprasad Shastri in [[Nepal]]. It provides the examples of the Kamrupi and other eastern [[Indo-Aryan languages]].

The writers of the Charyapada, the Mahasiddhas or Siddhacharyas, belonged to the various regions of Kamrup (Assam), [[Gauḍa region|Gauda]] (Bengal), [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] (Orissa) and [[Mithila (India)|Mithila]] (Bihar). A Tibetan translation of the Charyapada was also preserved in the Tibetan Buddhist canon.<ref>{{harv|Goswami|1970}} "They cannot furnish the grammatical structure of Kamrupl or Assamese for which we are to turn our attention to the songs of the Buddhist Siddhacaryas, known as Caryas, composed in between 8th to 12th centuries A.D.</ref>

The notable medieval Kamrupi literary figures are [[Rama Saraswati]], [[Ananta Kandali]], [[Sridhara Kandali]], [[Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya]], [[Kalapachandra Dvija]] and [[Bhattadeva]], the father of Assamese prose.<ref name="harvcol|Goswami|1970|p=4"/>
[[Hema Saraswati]] and [[Haribara Vipra]] are two other well known Kamrupi poets. Hema Saraswati composed the "Prahlad Charitra" based on the [[Vamana Purana]], while Haribara Vipra translated the Aswamedha Parva of the [[Mahabharata]]. Kaviratna was the author of the "Jayadratha Vadha". His home was at Sila, a village within the [[Barpeta|Barpeta district]]. The writings of all these three poets are still extant. To a somewhat later period belonged [[Madhava Kandali]] and [[Rudra Kandali]]. The former versified portions of the Ramayana and the latter composed, in Kamrupi verse, portions of the Mahabharata.

Sankara Deva who was born in 1449 A.D., refers to Madhava Kandali as one of the reputed poets belonging to an earlier age. It may therefore place both Madhava Kandali and Rudra Kandali towards the end of the fourteenth century. In his Ramayana, Madhava Kandali himself states that his other name was Kaviraj-Kandali and that though he could easily compose verses in [[Sanskrit]] he composed the [[Ramayana]] in Assamese verse for the benefit of the people at large. Madhava Kandali wrote also another poem entitled "Devajit." Sixteenth century, witnessed a great development of the vernacular literature of Kamarupa. The [[Yogini Tantra]], a well-known Sanskrit work which gives the boundaries of the kingdom of Kamarupa, as it existed during the rule of the [[Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)|Pala kings]], probably written in Kamarupa during the first pact of the sixteenth century. To this period it must also assign the compilation of the Behula Upakhyana by [[Durgabar Kayastha]], a native of [[Kamakhya, Guwahati|Kamakhya]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: Volume 100 |last= Shashi|first=S. S.|year=1996|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=8170418593 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kamrup (disambiguation)]]
*[[Kamrupi (disambiguation)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=Suniti Kumar |title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language: Introduction, phonology |date=1970 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=978-0-04-491007-7}}
* {{Citation |last=Gogoi |first=Jahnabi |year=2002 |title=Agrarian System Of Medieval Assam |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |place=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book |title=A study on Kāmrūpī: a dialect of Assamese|last=Goswami|first=Upendranath |year=1970 |publisher=Dept. of Historical Antiquarian Studies, Assam |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/9087859?selectedversion=NBD1507246}}
* {{cite book |title=Onomatopoetic and echo-words in Kamrupi|last=Goswami |first=Upendranath |year=1957 }}
* {{cite book |title=O. I. A. sibilants in Kāmrupi|last=Goswami |first=Upendranath |year=1957 }}
* {{cite book |title=An introduction to Assamese|last=Goswami |first=Upendranath |year=1978 |publisher=Mani-Manik Prakash |pages=126 }}
* {{cite book |title=Assamese Grammar and Origin of the Assamese Language|last=Medhi |first=Kaliram |year=1936 |publisher=Sri Gouranga press |pages=547 }}
* {{cite book |title=Origin and Development of Bengali|last=Chatterji |first=Suniti Kumar |year=1926 |publisher=Calcutta university press }}
* {{cite book |title=Assamese: Its Formation and Development |last=Kakati |first=Banikanta |year=1941 |publisher=Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies |location=Gauhati |url=https://archive.org/details/AssameseitsFormationAndDevelopment}}
* {{cite book|last= Sharma|first=Mukunda Madhava|title=Inscriptions of Ancient Assam|publisher=[[Gauhati University]]|year=1978|location=Guwahati, Assam}}
*{{Cite book|last=Southworth|first=Franklin C.|title=Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfFt8j94VxYC|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|place=London/New York|year=2005
|isbn=9780203412916 }}
* {{cite thesis |title=A study on Kāmrūpī: a dialect of Assamese|last=Goswami |first=Upendranath |year=1958 |publisher=Gauhati University |hdl=10603/67922 |access-date=2018-02-08|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/67922}}
* {{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Robert Montgomery |title=Puraniya, Ronggopoor and Assam |date=1838 |publisher=W.H. Allen and Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fg8NAAAAYAAJ&pg=417 |language=en}}
*{{Citation |last=Sircar |first=D C |contribution=Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa |year=1990 |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H K |volume=I |pages=59–78 |place=Guwahati |publisher=Publication Board, Assam}}
{{refend}}

{{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Western Assam}}

[[Category:Kamrupi culture]]
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Assamese language]]

Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India

2025-11-06T05:05:10Z

Dwatson32: starting

#REDIRECT [[Indra Sawhney and Others v. Union of India]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Goa State Chess Association

2025-11-03T17:19:44Z

Dwatson32: adjusted formatting additionally and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Chess organization in India}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = GOA CHESS ASSOCIATION (formerly Goa State Chess Association)
|image = GSCA_logo.jpg
|image_border =
|size = 150px
|alt =
|caption = Official logo of GSCA
|map =
|msize =
|malt =
|mcaption =
|abbreviation = GSCA
|formation = 1977
|extinction =
|type = Sports organisation
|status = Association
|purpose = [[Chess]]
|headquarters = Goa
|location = Around Goa
|region_served =Entire Goa
|membership = Affiliated Clubs and Academies
|language = English
|leader_title =President
|leader_name = [[Vinay Tendulkar]]
|main_organ =
|parent_organization =
|affiliations = [[All India Chess Federation]]
|num_staff = 17
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|website = [http://goachess.com/ Official Website]
|remarks =
}}
The '''Goa Chess Association''' (GSCA) is an association for the game of chess in [[Goa]], India. It was formed in 1977 and is affiliated with the [[All India Chess Federation]].

==History==
In 1973 the '''All Goa Daman & Diu Chess Association''' was formed under the presidency of P. K. Dias, however, it became defunct. Then in 1977 a group of enthusiasts banding themselves together as '''Vasco Chess Association''' approached the State Council and revived the State Body with the presidency of Dr. R. V. Deo.

==Affiliates==
*[[Bambolim]] Chess Club
*Mapusa Chess Club
*Cortalim Chess Club
*Jai Chess Club
*[[Margao]] Chess Club
*Porvorim Chess Club
*Curchorem Chess Club
*Vithalapur Chess Club
*Clube Desporto
*Panjim Gymkhana
*Super Sports Club

==Academy==
*Unique Chess Academy
*Kingshekhar Chess Academy

==Events==
Since its inception the GSCA has been regularly holding tournaments in all Categories of events announced by the [[All India Chess Federation]] and have been sending teams to the Nationals. It has also hosted 5 National Level Tournaments. Some of them are:
*National Sub - Junior (1983)
* National Junior (1984)
* A. N. Naik Memorial FIDE rated Open Chess Tournament (2000 & 2002)
* World Junior Chess Championship (2004)
*Hirabai Salgaoncar FIDE Rating (2006)
*GVM FIDE Rating 2011
*National Juniors 2011

==References==
*[http://www.assamchess.org/ Official Website of GSCA]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080924033407/http://goachess.com/clubs.html Goa Clubs & Coaches]

[[Category:Chess organizations]]
[[Category:Chess in India]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Sport in Goa]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1977]]

2020s in Shumang Kumhei

2025-10-30T02:37:14Z

Dwatson32: Created Entry

{{Short description|none}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2024}}

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}

This article is about the notable events, related to [[Shumang Kumhei]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯨꯃꯥꯡ ꯀꯨꯝꯍꯩ}}|}}), also known as [[Shumang Leela]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯨꯃꯥꯡ ꯂꯤꯂꯥ}}|}}), a traditional Meitei [[theatre|theatrical]] art form, happened in 2020s.

== Events ==
=== 2020 ===
* [[COVID-19 pandemic]]

=== 2021 ===
* '''6 July''': [[Manipur Government]] planned to use ‘Shumang Leela’ theatre to spread public awareness against [[COVID-19]], by showing a play titled ‘Keidoubagi Kidoino’ ({{Translation|There is no need to fear}}), directed by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] award winner [[Shougrakpam Hemanta]] to stop misinformation on the virus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 July 2021|title=Manipur govt plans to use 'Shumang Leela' theatre form to spread Covid awareness|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-govt-shumang-leela-theatre-covid-7392161/|access-date=2024-09-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* '''11 July''': The premier show of Shumang Kumhei ''"Keidoubagi Kidoino"'', a [[COVID-19]] awareness media advocacy campaign, produced by Directorate of Information & Public Relations (DIPR), Manipur under the initiative of chief minister, was organized at Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen, Palace Compound in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CM notes Shumang Kumhei role in shaping public opinion|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/7/12/Imphal-Jul-11-DIPR-Chief-Minister-N-Biren-Singh-has-categorically-stated-that-Shumang-Kumhei-pl.amp.html|access-date=2024-09-25|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''20 August''': The blessing ceremony for Shumang Leela titled ''"Mei Iklaba Thamoi"'' based on the life story of [[Tokyo Olympics]] Silver Medallist, [[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]], was organized at Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen at Palace Compound in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blessing ceremony of Mei Iklaba Thamoi' held : 21st aug21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=10..210821.aug21|access-date=2024-09-25|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* '''22 September''': A Shumang Leela play called ''"Mei Iklaba Thamoi"'' ({{translation|An ignited heart}}), based on the life and work of [[Tokyo Olympics]] medallist [[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]] was shown in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=22 September 2021|title=Manipur's popular Shumang Leela play on Olympic medalist Mirabai Chanu premiered|url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/manipurs-popular-shumang-leela-play-on-olympic-medalist-mirabai-chanu-premiered-1204520|access-date=2024-09-25|website=assamtribune.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''20 October''': [[Governor of Manipur|Manipur Governor]] inaugurated ''All Manipur Shumang Leela Festival 20–21'' in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur Governor inaugurates All Manipur Shumang Leela Festival 20–21|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/manipur-governor-inaugurates-all-manipur-shumang-leela-festival-20-2120211020070547/}}</ref>

=== 2022 ===
* '''4 January''': The premier show of the Sumang Lila titled ''Ima Macha'' was performed by Time Star Artists Union at Langmeidong Maning Awang Leikai in [[Kakching district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Premier show of shumang leela 'Ima Macha' held|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/1/4/Our-CorrespondentKAKCHING-Jan-4-The-premier-show-of-the-sumang-lila-titled-Ima-Macha-presented.html|access-date=2024-09-25|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''13 April''': Manipur State Shumang Leela Council (MSSLC) gave the Thokchom Iboyaima Award 2022 to director, producer and artist Moirangthem Bhorot Singh, during the observance of 22nd Shumang Leela Day held at Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moirangthem Bhorot Singh conferred with Thokchom Iboyaima Award 2022|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/art/moirangthem-bhorot-singh-conferred-with-thokchom-iboyaima-award-2022|access-date=2024-09-25|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en}}</ref>
* '''30 August''': The ''50th All Manipur Shumang Leela Festival 2021–2022'' started at Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen at Palace Compound in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=50th All Manipur Shumang Leela Festival 2021–2022 begins|date=31 August 2022 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/50th-all-manipur-shumang-leela-festival-2021-2022-begins/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=All Manipur Shumang Leela Festival 2021–2022 – GKToday|url=https://www.gktoday.in/all-manipur-shumang-leela-festival-2021-20/|access-date=2024-09-25|website=www.gktoday.in}}</ref>
* '''11 September''': Sangai Artist Association performed ''Laklaroi Amuk Yenningtha'' at 50th State Kala Academy Sumang Leela Festival at Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen, Palace Compound in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Laklaroi Amuk Hanna Yeningtha' at 50th State Kala Academy Sumang Leela Festival :: 11th September 2022 ~ Pictures from Manipur|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epGallery.asp?id=1&src=Arts_Dances/Theatre/Laklaroi202209_1|access-date=2024-09-25|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>
* '''12 September''': [[Sanaleipak Nachom|Sanaleibak Nachom Artistes' Association]] performed ''Wakhal Eronba'' at 50th State Kala Academy Sumang Leela Festival at Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen, Palace Compound, [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Wakhal Eronba' at 50th State Kala Academy Sumang Leela Festival :: 12th September 2022 ~ Pictures from Manipur|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epGallery.asp?id=1&src=Arts_Dances/Theatre/Wakhal202209_1|access-date=2024-09-25|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>
* '''29 October''': Tributes were paid to Shumang Leela female artist, Late Namoijam Lata Leima from Maharabi Awang Leikai, [[Imphal West district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tributes paid to Shumang Leela female artist, late Namoijam Lata Leima|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/10/29/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-29-Tributes-were-paid-to-renowned-Shumang-Leela-female-artist-L.html|access-date=2024-09-25|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''29 November''': International Shumang Leela Festival, 2022, organized as a part of the Manipur [[Sangai Festival]], was concluded at Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen, Palace Compound, [[Imphal East district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Shumang Leela Festival 2022 closes with plans to make the event 'more attractive'|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/international-shumang-leela-festival-2022-closes-with-plans-to-make-the-event-more-attractive|access-date=2024-09-25|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en}}</ref>
* '''29 December''': Sanaleibak Nachom Artist Association performed ''Khunai Mai Taaba'' at 19th Shumang Leela Ningtham Kumhei at Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen, Palace Compound, [[Imphal]] from 24 December 2022 to 4 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=19th Shumang Leela Ningtham Kumhei at Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen :: 24 December 2022 to 04 January 2023 ~ Pictures from Manipur|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epGallery.asp?id=1&src=Arts_Dances/Theatre/Shumang202301_1|access-date=2024-09-25|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

=== 2023 ===
* '''10 February''': 51st All Manipur Shumang Leela Festival 2022–23 started at Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=51st All Manipur Shumang Leela Festival kicks off|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/2/11/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Feb-10-The-51st-All-Manipur-Shumang-Leela-Festival-2022-23-kicked-of.html}}</ref>

=== 2024 ===
* '''18 January''': The month-long workshop cum production on women's Shumang Leela folk play ''[[Khuyol Haoba and Yaithing Konu|Haoba Konu]]'', organized by Yangam Leirak Nupi Leela Association, Heirangoi-thong, [[Imphal West district]], was concluded at Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen, Palace Compound, [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Workshop cum production on 'Haoba Konu' wraps up|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/1/19/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Jan-18-The-month-long-workshop-cum-production-on-women-shumang-leela-folk-pla.html|access-date=2024-09-25|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''5 March''': Shumang Leela actor and director Oinam Thoiba, died at the age of 70.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bishwajit|first=Aribam|date=5 March 2024|title=Renowned Shumang Leela actor, director Oinam Thoiba passes away at 70|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/renowned-shumang-leela-actor-director-oinam-thoiba-passes-away-at-70|access-date=2024-09-25|website=News from Manipur – Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''12 April''': After a long gap of nearly a year due to the ethnic crisis in [[Manipur]], the Shumang Leela traditional art form, was resumed with the performance of the play ''Mutlaroidaba Machu'' by the Peace Maker Artistes’ Association, as a part of the 24th Shumang Leela Day at the Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen in [[Imphal East district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shumang Lila returns after year-long gap|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/shumang-lila-returns-after-year-long-gap|access-date=2024-09-25|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en}}</ref>
* '''7 July''': Management Committee of the Manipur State Shumang Leela Council announced the newly elected executive members for the term 2024–28.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gita|first=Konthoujam|date=7 July 2024|title=Shumang Leela Council announces new Executive Members|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/other-news/shumang-leela-council-announces-new-executive-members/|access-date=2024-09-25|website=News from Manipur – Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 in Meitei culture]]
* [[2023 in Meitei culture]]
* [[2022 in Meitei culture]]
* [[2021 in Meitei culture]]
* [[2020 in Meitei culture]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2020s]]
[[Category:Theatres]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]

Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh

2025-10-16T16:53:35Z

Dwatson32: new

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{|style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left: 10px; text-align: center; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:5px; font-size: 85%; width:280px;" class="box"
! style="padding:0.2em; border solid thin #0000CC; text-align:center; margin-bottom:5px; background:lightsteelblue; font-size:12px;"|Buddhist monasteries (Himachal Pradesh)<div>[[File:Lalung Gompa Guru Rinpoche.jpg|135x135px]][[File:Lhalung Gompa.jpg|135x135px]][[File:Dhankar gompa, Spiti.jpg|140x140px]][[File:Tabo Gompa - old walls and chortens.jpg|125x125px]][[File:Entrance to Nako gompa, Spiti.jpg|135x125px]][[File:J&K trip (7).jpg|135x137px]][[File:Domaro en McLeod Ganj.jpg|265x265px]]</div> [[Lhalung Monastery]] Altar of [[Guru Rinpoche]] *Worship at [[Lhalung Monastery]] [[Dhankar Monastery]] *[[Tabo Monastery]] and [[chortens]] [[Panorama]] [[Nako, India|Nako Monastery]], [[Spiti]] *[[Shakyamuni Buddha]] at the monastery of the [[14th Dalai Lama]], Tenzin Gyatso [[McLeod Ganj]], also called Little [[Lhasa]], capital of the [[Central Tibetan Administration|Tibetan Government-in-Exile]] 
|- valign="top"
|
|-
</div>
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'''Buddhism in the [[Himachal Pradesh]]''' [[States of India|state of India]] of has been a long-recorded practice. The spread of [[Buddhism]] in the region has occurred intermediately throughout its history. Starting in the 3rd century BCE, Buddhism was propagated by the [[Maurya Empire]] under the reign of [[Ashoka]]. The region would remain an important center for Buddhism under the [[Kushan Empire]] and its vassals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tG0fnF0VRk0C&q=buddhism+himachal+pradesh+history&pg=PA72|title=Social, Cultural, and Economic History of Himachal Pradesh|last=Ahluwalia|first=Manjit Singh|date=1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173870897|language=en}}</ref> Over the centuries the following of Buddhism has greatly fluctuated. Yet by experiencing revivals and migrations, Buddhism continued to be rooted in the region, particularly in the [[Lahaul]], [[Spiti Valley|Spiti]] and [[Kinnaur]] valleys.

After the 14th [[Dalai Lama]], [[Tenzin Gyatso]], escaped from Tibet with his followers in 1959 and took refuge in India, the focus on [[Tibetan Buddhism]] spread further and attracted immense international sympathy and support. The Dalai Lama found [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]] in Himachal Pradesh as an ideal place to establish his "capital in exile" at [[McLeod Ganj]] in close vicinity to Dharamshala, and is called the '''Little Lhasa''' and also as '''Dhasa''' (a combination of Dharamshala and [[Lhasa]] in [[Tibet]]). This situation has given the state a unique status in the global firmament of Buddhist traditions. It is now the cradle of Tibetan Buddhism, with its undeniable link to the past activities initiated in the 8th century (in 747 AD) by Guru [[Padmasambhava]] (who went to Tibet from [[Rewalsar, India|Rewalsar]] in Himachal Pradesh in [[North India]] to spread Buddhism), who was known as the "Guru Rinpoche" and the "Second Buddha".<ref name="Lama">{{Cite web|url=http://namgyalmonastery.org/hhdl|title=His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyaltso|accessdate=2010-01-17|publisher=Namgyal Monastery|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012005104/http://namgyalmonastery.org/hhdl|archivedate=12 October 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Behl">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2122/stories/20041105000106500.htm |title=Trans-Himalayan Murals |author=Benoy K. Behl |accessdate=2010-01-17 |publisher=The [[Frontline (magazine)|Front Line]]: [[The Hindu Group]] |volume=21 – Issue 22, 23 Oct. – 5 Nov. 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129063958/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2122/stories/20041105000106500.htm |archive-date=29 January 2010 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aarogya.com/tabo/monastery.html |title=About Tabo Monastery |accessdate= 2010-01-17}}</ref><ref name="Handa">{{Cite book|last=Handa|first=O.C|title= Buddhist Monasteries of Himachal|work=Preface |pages=11–16|accessdate=2010-01-18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbeRDnz8h7oC&q=Alchi+Monastery&pg=PA165|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=2004|isbn=81-7387-170-1}}</ref>

The influence of Buddhism is strong throughout the Trans-Himalayan region or Western [[Himalayas]], formed by the Indian states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and Himachal Pradesh and bounded by the [[Indus River]] on the extreme west and the [[Tons River|Tons]]-[[Yamuna River]] gorge on the east.<ref name="Handa p.21">Handa p.21</ref> With the influx of Tibetan refugees into India, in the last over 50 years (since 1959), popularity and practice of Tibetan Buddhism has been notable. Apart from the original practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism in ancient and medieval India, it is now seriously pursued by Tibetans re-settled at Dharamshala (the nodal centre and the 'capital in exile' of the Dalai Lama were initially re-settled) in Himachal Pradesh, [[Dehradun]] ([[Uttarakhand]]), [[Kushalnagar]] ([[Karnataka]]), [[Darjeeling]] ([[West Bengal]]), [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Sikkim]] and [[Ladakh]].<ref name=sects>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturopedia.com/religions/tibetan.html|title=Tibetan Buddhism|accessdate=2010-01-17|publisher=Culturopedia|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106075900/http://www.culturopedia.com/Religions/tibetan.html|archivedate=6 January 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=tourism/>

==Overview==
After a lull in the spread of Buddhism in the state during the 10th century, the Tibetan King Yeshe Od of [[Guge]] took the initiative to revive it. Of the 21 scholars he had sent to revive Buddhism in the Trans Himalayan region, only two had survived, and one of them was the famous scholar-translator [[Rinchen Zangpo]] who transfused Buddhist activity in the state of Himachal Pradesh. Known by the epithet "Lohtsawa" or the "Great Translator", Zangpo built 108 monasteries in the trans-Himalayan region to spread Buddhism, which are considered as the main stay of [[Vajrayana]] of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] (also known as [[Lamaism]]). He institutionalised Buddhism in this region. Zangpo had engaged Kashmiri artists who created wall paintings and sculptures in these legendary 108 monasteries; only a few of these have survived in Himachal Pradesh namely, the [[Lhalung Monastery]], [[Nako, India|Nako Gompa]] in Spiti and [[Tabo Monastery]] in Spiti, the last named monastery is known as the [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] of the [[Himalayas]]. In Himachal Pradesh, apart from these ancient Buddhist monasteries set up by Zangpo, his contemporaries of other [[Buddhist sects]] built many more monasteries. This activity thus further continued in the subsequent centuries under the four main traditions of [[Nyingma]], [[Kagyu]], [[Gelug]], and [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]], categorised as per teachings into three "[[Yana (Buddhism)|vehicles]]": [[Hinayana]], [[Mahayana]], and [[Vajrayana]]. These monasteries are mostly in the Spiti, Lahaul and Kinnaur valleys. Some of the well known monasteries are [[Gandhola Monastery]] ([[Drukpa Lineage|Drukpa]] [[Kargyu]] sect) [[Guru Ghantal Monastery]], [[Kardang Monastery]] (Drukpa sect), [[Shashur Monastery]], [[Tayul Monastery]] and [[Gemur Monastery]] in the Lahaul Valley, [[Dhankar Monastery]], [[Kaza Monastery]], [[Kye Monastery]], [[Tangyud Monastery]] (Sakya sect), [[Kungri Monastery]] (of the [[Nyingma]] sect), [[Kardang Monastery]] (Drukpa Kagyu sect) and [[Kibber|Kibber Monastery]] in the Spiti Valley, and the [[Bir Tibetan|Bir Monasteries]] ([[Bir Tibetan]] monasteries of the Nyingma, Kagyu and Sakya sects) in the Kangra valley.<ref name=Handa/><ref name=himachal>{{Cite web|url=http://hplahaulspiti.gov.in/Monasteries.htm#KARDANG|title=Tourism:Monasteries|accessdate=2010-01-17|publisher=Government of Himachal Pradesh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428093752/http://hplahaulspiti.gov.in/Monasteries.htm#KARDANG|archive-date=28 April 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Kalachakra Temple.jpg|thumb|Kalachakra Temple]]
[[File:Padmasambhava statue. Gandhola Monastery. Kaza. Himachel Pradesh. 2004.jpg|thumb|Padmasambhava statue. Gandhala Monastery. Kaza. Himachel Pradesh. 2004]]
The very earliest influence of Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh is traced to the [[Emperor Ashoka|Ashokan]] period in the 3rd century BC. He had established many stupas, and one of them was traced to the state in the [[Kulu valley]], as cited in the chronicles of the [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] travellers.<ref name=tourism>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-tourism.com/countries/india/destinations/himachal-pradesh.html|title=Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh|accessdate=2010-01-17|publisher=Buddhist Tourism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802074210/http://www.buddhist-tourism.com/countries/india/destinations/himachal-pradesh.html|archive-date=2 August 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mention is also made of a much earlier propagation during Buddha's time itself by Sthavira Angira and Stavira Kanakavatsa, in the [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]] area and [[Kashmir]] respectively. In the 7th century, [[King Songtsen Gampo]] of Tibet had deputed Thomi Sambota to visit [[Buddhist]] [[Vihara]]s in India to imbibe more of [[Indian Buddhism|Indian Buddhist]] knowledge. It was in 749 AD that Padmasambhava (hailed as the second Buddha) with his compatriot [[Shantarakshita]] established the [[Vajrayana Buddhism]] in the Western Himalayan region.<ref name=Handa/> [[Rewalsar lake]] at [[Rewalsar, India|Rewalsar]] in [[Mandi district]] is where Padmasambhava (literal meaning "lotus born") is said to have meditated for long years. At Rewalsar, there is also a strange legend of his life linked to the local King, his daughter and the lake. It is one of the most ancient links to Tibetan Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh where Buddhists undertake [[parikrama]] of the lake on religious pilgrimage.<ref name=tourism/><ref name=mandi>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hptdc.nic.in/cir0202.htm#rewa|title=Beas Circuit, Mandi:Rewalsar|accessdate=2010-01-19|publisher=National Informatics Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209043624/http://hptdc.nic.in/cir0202.htm#rewa|archive-date=9 February 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=legend>{{cite web |url=http://www.himachalpradesh.us/mandi/index.php |title = One version of the Buddhist legend |accessdate = 2010-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813202402/http://www.himachalpradesh.us/mandi/index.php |archive-date = 13 August 2006 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence in Himachal Pradesh offers strong evidence of Buddhist influence. [[Numismatic]] evidence has established the presence of Buddhism in the Kuluta region (upper Beas region of the Kuluta Kingdom) of the state in the 1st century BC and 2nd century AD. On the [[Palampur]]-Malan- Dadh-[[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]] road, {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} from Malan rock inscriptions in [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] and [[Kharoshti]] scripts of 3rd and 2nd century BC have been discovered on a single granite rock known as ''Lakhina pathar'', which are supported by the Buddhist monuments at Chahri; inscribed pedestals of [[Vajravarahi]] (Buddhist [[Vajrayana|tantric]] goddess) is dated to 5th or early 6th century. Handa's archaeological explorations have also unearthed a headless stone image of Buddha (now in the [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] Museum) at sites of Chetru and Kanhiara villages; Chetru in local lingua is interpreted as [[Chaitya]] in [[Sanskrit]]. Names such as Matth and [[Trilokinath]] and one dozen [[Matha|''maths'']] in Kangra and Mandi districts further point to Buddhist establishments between the 3rd century BC and 6th century AD. Cave type (''guha'' type) Buddhist monastery at Gandhala has been inferred from a copper lot (pot), chased with [[Jataka]] episode discovered in a monastic cell in [[Kullu]] subdivision of the Kangra division which is dated to the 2nd century AD. Trilokinath and Gandhala (also known as [[Guru Ghantal]]), beyond [[Rohtang la]] pass are considered classical Buddhist shrines of [[Indian Buddhism]] (inferred to predate Padmasmbhava's times by many centuries). Discovery of marble head (7th or 8th century AD) of [[Avalokiteshvara]] at the confluence of [[Chandra River|Chandra]] and Bhagha Rivers support evidence of monastic activities in these remote regions.<ref name="Handa p.75-80.">Handa p.75-80</ref>

Archaeological evidence also supports the influence of [[Vajrayana Buddhism]] influence prior to the 8th century in the region east of Sutlej river. Cult powers of Padmasambhava, before he went to Tibet (before 747 AD), are also deciphered from legends at [[Nako, India|Nako]] in Kinnaur, Trilokinath and Gandhala in Lahaul, and Rewalsar in Mandi district. From the mid 8th century (after 747 AD) evidence of Buddhist activities remain obscure till Tibetan Buddhism penetrated the region in the 10th century.<ref name="Handa p.86.">Handa p.86</ref>

[[Rinchen Zangpo]] was urged by Buddhist Guru Shantarakshita from Kashmir, who had already established a monastic order in Tibet, to travel around to spread Buddhism in the trans-Himalayan region. At that time, Zangpo was teaching in Kashmir. He embarked on his campaign to teach Buddhism in the trans-Himalayan region by travelling through Lahaul, Spiti and Kinnaur valleys of the [[Sutlej River]] valley, in Himachal Pradesh, then to [[Ladakh]] and further on to Tibet, [[Nepal]], [[Sikkim]] and [[Bhutan]]. He established [[Buddhist]] [[Dharma]] in all these regions. This period was called the "Second Coming" of Buddhism in the region since earlier efforts made had not progressed much.<ref name="sects"/> It is said that Zangpo's persistence of amalgamating Tibetan Buddhism into the Indian creed was the "Second Advancement" or "Second Coming", also called the "Classical Period". Since then, Tibetan Buddhism has also imbibed many of the religious practices and culture of India. Buddhist monastic art and architecture thus went through a sea change.<ref name=Handa/>

Another Buddhist [[Vajrayana|Tantric]] [[Atisha|Guru Deepankara Srijnana]] ([[Atisha]]) (982–1054) was held in high esteem during the period of Zangpo. He had a great influence on Zangpo in teaching the finer aspects of Tantric texts in Sanskrit and the translated texts in [[Old Tibetan|Tibetan]]. Under Atisha's influence there was conceptual reformation of primitive Buddhism in Tibet into the [[Mahayana Buddhism]], which laid stress on "celibacy and morality". This resulted in the evolution of a reformed sect known as [[Kadampa|Kahdampa]], which eventually got subsumed under the [[Gelukpa]] [[sect]]. This reformation also caused further break-up of Buddhism under several sects and sub sects. The Kings of Guge had a significant role in propagation of the religion, which had strong influence on the architectural planning of Tibetan monasteries. One of the Guge brothers, Chang chub-O, had even got the [[Tabo Monastery]] in Spiti refurbished. But Tibet was fragmented under the influence of its various sects and subsects, which attracted [[Mongol]] invasion. Three events in the 13th century had profound effect on Tibetan Buddhism; one was [[Chengiz Khan]]'s invasion of Tibet in 1206; the second event in the second half of thirteenth century was that of the then Chinese ruler [[Kublai Khan]]'s (of [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]], who later became a Buddhist); and the third of Kashmir, which until then had been a stronghold of Buddhism, going under Muslim rule after 1339, putting an end to cultural communication with India. Mongol invasion is also credited with uniting Tibet under the institution of the Dalai Lama. While the Mongols favoured the [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] sect, the [[Ming dynasty]] (Chinese) favoured [[Kargyupa]] and Kahdampa sects; but these actions resulted in inter-sectoral rivalry and even destruction of each other's monasteries. It was during this period that monasteries were also built on hilltops and many were also well fortified. The period between 1300 AD and 1850 AD marked the development of hill-top monasteries and examples of this type in the western Himalayan region are the [[Ki Monastery]] in Spiti and the [[Hemis Monastery]] in [[Ladakh]].<ref name="Handa p.94-97">Handa pp.94–97</ref>

Thus, from the 14th century onwards, the monasteries had adopted a fort-like design for its buildings from logistic considerations and built them as "religio-military strongholds"; many of them have disappeared due to invasions but some have survived in Ladakh and Spiti valleys in India. Zangpo's "Classical monasteries" in Western Tibet, in Lahaul, Spiti and Kinnaur in Himachal Pradesh, and in Ladakh have survived and are fairly well preserved for posterity. However, instances of greed and neglect have been reported in some monasteries.<ref name=Handa/>

;Tibetan immigration
The Khadamp sect, which was reorganised as "Gelukpa sect" at the start of the 15th century by [[Tsongkhapa]] has dominated Tibet and became the "Spiritual and Temporal Authority of Tibet" with the Dalai Lama invested with full authority of this sect. While the founder Lama of Gelukpa sect was Tsongkhapa, his nephew [[Gendun Drup]] was the first Grand Lama and since then the mantle has been passed on to the subsequent Lamas under a [[Reincarnation]] theory of succession. The fifth Dalai Lama subsumed all of the other sub-sects under his control, {{fix|text=This was uninterrupted?}} with his headquarters at [[Lhasa]] as the supreme head of Buddhism in Tibet. The Dalai Lamas also held some political power in certain areas of Tibet until the [[14th Dalai Lama]] emigrated to India in 1959.<ref name="Handa p.97-99">Handa pp.97–99</ref>

The 14th Dalai Lama established his "Government in exile", in 1960 at Mcleod Ganj in the upper part of the town of Dharamshala. This has since become the nerve centre of Tibetan Buddhism with the Tibetan refugees establishing monasteries of their sects, such as the Gelukpa, Sakyapa, Kargyupa, Nyingmapa, Chonangpa and Dragung-Kargyupa; Non-Buddhist of [[Bön]] religion also have established their monastery here. Over 40 monasteries (unofficial records) of these sects have been reported.<ref name="Handa p.218-219.">Handa pp.218–219</ref>

In order to educate ethnic Tibetan youths in Dharamshala and the Himalayan border students of India, the [[Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies]] (CIHTS) was established at [[Varanasi]] by Pt. [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]] in consultation with the Dalai Lama. The institute, a [[Deemed University]] since 1988, is currently headed by Prof. Ngawang Samten, assisted by faculty members of the institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaeducation.ernet.in/insitutions/PROFILE.ASP?no=U01486|title=India education|accessdate=2010-01-19|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624031956/http://www.indiaeducation.ernet.in/insitutions/PROFILE.ASP?no=U01486|archivedate=24 June 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smith.edu/cihts/|title=Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies|accessdate=2010-01-19|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130070634/http://www.smith.edu/cihts/|archivedate=30 November 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Earliest lake and monasteries==
The earliest reverential link according to Padmasmabhava's legend is to the Rewalsar lake at Rewalsar in [[Mandi district]] of Himachal Pradesh where Padmasambhava is said to have meditated. There are three monasteries located here namely, the ancient Nyingmapa Monastery on periphery of the Rewalsar lake and two new monasteries (of modern construction) namely, the [[Drigung Kagyu Monastery]] (a multistoreyed complex behind the ancient monastery) of the Kagyu order and [[Tso-Pema Ogyen Heru-kai Nyingmapa Gompa]].<ref name=tourism/><ref name=mandi/><ref name="Handap.221.">Handa p.221</ref><ref name=Rawalsar>{{cite web|title = Buddhist monasteries in Rawalsar|url = http://vegetarian-restaurants.net/India-Guide/IndianStates/Himachal-Pradesh/Himachal-Pradesh.htm|accessdate = 2010-09-03|archive-date = 11 April 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100411024319/http://www.vegetarian-restaurants.net/India-Guide/IndianStates/Himachal-Pradesh/Himachal-Pradesh.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref>

;Rewalsar
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| footer = Left: [[Rewalsar Lake]] sacred to Buddhist as Tso Pema. Right: Legend links it Padmasambhava's birth as a lotus in the lake
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[[Rewalsar, India|Rewalsar]] has an ancient divine link for the Buddhists as it is believed that Guru Padmasambhava set out from here on his journey to Tibet to propagate Buddhist dharma. The Rewalsar Lake ('Tso Pema' or 'Pad-ma-can' to [[Tibetans]]) has a legend that started the belief that on the islands of floating reeds of the lake the spirit of Padmasambhava's resides. According to folk legend, Padmasmabhava tried to teach Buddhist dharma to the daughter (Mandarava) of the King of Mandi, Arshadhara of [[Sahor]], which was seriously resented by the King. It is also mentioned that Mandarva was enamoured of Padmasambhava of [[Nalanda]]. The King, therefore, ordered Padmasambhava to be burnt alive. However, the pyre burned for a full week, with great clouds of black smoke arising from it and a lake appeared there after a week at the spot where he was supposed to have been burnt. Then, Padmasambhava (also known as Vajracharya), unscathed by the fire, is said to have appeared seated on a full-blown lotus from within a [[lotus (plant)|lotus]] in the middle of the lake. One version states that the King, as a repentance for his wrong actions, married his daughter with Padmasambhava. Another version states that Mandarava (stated to be the sister of [[Shantarakshita]]) as repentance, left her parents' house, and meditated near a well, which has now become a shrine (worshipped by Tibetan Buddhists as a manifestation of [[Shakti|Shakthi]]). It was from this lake that Padmasambhava travelled to Tibet to spread the Vajrayana Buddhism.<ref name=tourism/><ref name=legend/><ref name="Handa p.214-216.">Handa pp.214–216</ref> Rawalsar has two monasteries, namely, the Drikung Kagyu Gompa and Tso-Pema Ogyen Heru-kai Nyingmapa Gompa.<ref name=mandi/><ref name=Rawalsar/><ref name=Tribune>{{cite web|title = Devotees throng Rewalsar|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040229/himachal.htm#6|accessdate = 2010-01-19}}</ref>

To commemorate Padmasmabahava (so named after he emerged from the Padmacan lake or lotus lake), a monastery was built on the western shore of the lake, called the Nyingmapa Monastery (built in Central Tibetan fashion), which has been expanded manifold into a multistoreyed [[pagoda]] type structure, with several renovations done till the late 19th century. A large gilded statue of Padmasambahava in the formal attire as the manifestation of Guru Rinpoche is deified here. There are two other new monasteries built around the ancient monastery; these are the [[Drigung Kagyu Monastery]] of the Kagyupa order and the other monastery called the [[Tso-Pema Ogyen Heru-kai Nyingmapa Gompa]] of the Nyingma sect; though of modern construction these two have retained the aesthetic Tibetan architectural ambience.<ref name="Handa p.214-216."/>

In 2004, to commemorate the birthday of Padmasambhava, the [[Tsechu]] fair was held here, after a gap of 12 years. The fair was inaugurated by the Dalai Lama and was attended by [[Urgyen Trinley Dorje]] [[Karmapa]] along with 50,000 other Buddhist pilgrims. The Dalai Lama also performed a [[parikrama]] ([[circumambulation]]) of the lake.<ref name=tribune>{{cite web|title = Dalai Lama performs parikrama at Rewalsar|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040302/himachal.htm#13 |accessdate =2010-09-03|work= [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>

==Rinchen Zangpo's monasteries==
Rinchen Zangpo, the famous scholar-translator, established 108 monasteries during his mission undertaken in the 10th century to propagate Buddhist Dharma in the Trans-Himalayan region. A few of them, which have survived in Himachal Pradesh, present exquisite monasteries of artistic and architectural excellence in Lahaul, Spiti and Kinnaur valleys of the [[Sutlej River]] valley, such as the Tabo monastery, Lhalung monastery and Nako monastery.

===Tabo monastery===
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| footer = Left: Paintings in the new assembly hall of [[Tabo Monastery]]. Right: View of the valley and [[Tabo Monastery]] in [[Tabo Monastery|Tabo]] village
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[[Tabo Monastery]] (or Tabo Chos-Khor Monastery) was founded in 996 AD (and refurbished in 1042 AD) by Rinchen Zangpo; it is considered the oldest monastery in Himachal Pradesh. It located at the southern edge of the Trans Himalayan plateau in the Spiti Valley on the banks of the [[Spiti River]], in the very arid, cold and rocky area at an altitude of {{convert|3050|m|ft}}. The sprawling monastery, spread over an area of {{convert|6300|m2|ft2}}, has nine temples – the Temple of the Enlightened Gods (gTug-Lha-khang), the Golden Temple (gSer-khang), the Initiation Temple (dKyil-kHor- khang), the Bodhisattva Maitreya Temple (Byams-Pa Chen-po Lha-khang), the Temple of Dromton (Brom-ston Lha khang), the Chamber of Picture Treasures (Z'al-ma), the Large Temple of Dromton (Brom-ston Lha khang), the Mahakala Vajra Bhairava Temple (Gon-khang) and the White Temple (dKar-abyum Lha-Khang) (out of these nine, the first four are considered the oldest temples while the others were later additions) – 23 [[chortens]], monks' residences and an extension that houses the nuns' residence. It was initially an important centre of learning of the Kadampa order, which later developed into the Gelukpa order. It was severely damaged in the [[1975 Kinnaur earthquake]] and has since been re-built with a new ''Dukhang'' (assembly hall). The Dalai Lama held the [[Kalachakra]] ceremonies here in 1983 and 1996. The year 1996 marked 1000 years of Tabo Monastery's existence. A number of caves carved into the cliff face are located above the monastery, which are used by monks for meditation. The monastery is studded with large collection of precious [[Thangka]] (scroll paintings), [[manuscripts]], well-preserved statues, frescos and extensive murals that cover almost every wall. The monastery is a national historic treasure of India and preserved by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name=Behl/>

The few original paintings of [[Bodhisattvas]], from the period of the renovation of Tabo monastery in 1042, seen in the Dukong (assembly hall), are similar in style to those seen at [[Alchi Monastery]] in its aesthetic elegance. These have a gentle form with stress on unique detailing of textiles and ornaments. The paintings in the assembly hall are dedicated to [[Vairochana]]. Also seen are paintings of two narrative sequences namely, the first narrative is about the visit by [[Sudhana]], a merchant's son, deputed by [[Bodhisattva]] [[Manjushri]], on a spiritual mission, while the second narrative depicts the life of the Buddha. The Dalai Lama has expressed his desire to retire to Tabo, since he maintains that the Tabo Monastery is one of the holiest.<ref name=Behl/>

It is a [[World Heritage Site]] listed by [[UNESCO]]. Its sanctity in the Trans Himalayan Buddhism is considered as second only to that of the [[Tholing Monastery]] in Tibet.<ref name=circuit>{{Cite web|url=http://hplahaulspiti.gov.in/BudhCircuit.htm|title=Lahaul Spiti|accessdate=2010-01-18|publisher=Government of Himachal Pradesh|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317085522/http://hplahaulspiti.gov.in/BudhCircuit.htm|archivedate=17 March 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Lhalung monastery===
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| footer = Left: Old statues in Lhalung. Right: Abbott of Lalung Gompa
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[[Lhalung Monastery]], Lhalun Monastery or Lalung Monastery (also known as the Sarkhang or Golden Temple), one of the earliest monasteries (considered second to Tabo monastery in importance) founded in Spiti valley, near the Lingti river. It is dated to the late 10th century and credited to Rinchen Zangpo. Village of [[Lhalung]] ( meaning: 'land of the gods') in the vicinity of the monastery, at an altitude of {{convert|3658|m|ft}}, has 45 homes. A few chortens are located on the way to the monastery. It is said that the Lhalung [[Devata|Devta]] is head of all the Devtas of the valley and emerges from the Tangmar mountain beyond the village. It was a complex of nine shrines enclosed within a dilapidated wall with the main chapel richly decorated. The monastery is inferred as an ancient centre of learning and debate (local name: ''Choshore'') on the basis of old ruins of several temples seen around the five buildings of the monastery, apart from an equally ancient sacred tree. Serkhang, the golden hall of the temple complex has is studded with images (most of them gilded) of deities (51 deities) – mounted on walls or erected on a central altar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/SpitiTouristPlaces.htm|title=Tourism in Lahaul Spiti|accessdate=2010-01-19|publisher=National Informatics Centre|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819101915/http://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/spititouristplaces.htm|archivedate=19 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>Kapadia p. 82</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Homestays of Spiti- The Forbidden Land |url=http://www.treknature.com/gallery/photo156064.htm |accessdate=2010-01-17 |work=Day 4: [[Demul]] to Lhalung}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://footlooseindia.com/indiatours/transhimalsafari.htm |title=Luxury Tours in Indian Himalayas |work=Tabo-Lhalung-Dhankar-Schiling |accessdate=2010-01-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204001853/http://footlooseindia.com/indiatours/transhimalsafari.htm |archivedate=4 February 2010 }}</ref><ref>Kapadia p. 64</ref><ref>Rizvi pp. 59, 256</ref>

===Nako monastery===
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The [[Nako, India|Nako monastery]] is located ({{convert|3660|m|ft}}) near the [[India]]-[[Tibet]] border in the trans-Himalayan region in [[Nako, India|Nako village]] in [[Kinnaur district]] at its western edge. The monastery complex in the village has four temples in an enclosure built with mud walls. It is also dated to the second coming of Buddhism to the region and is credited to Rinchen Zangpo. The area is known for the [[Nako Lake]], which forms part of the border of the village.<ref name=Behl/><ref name=Nako>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-tourism.com/countries/india/monasteries/himachalpradesh/nako-monastery.html|title=Nako Monastery|accessdate=2010-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106125605/http://www.buddhist-tourism.com/countries/india/monasteries/himachalpradesh/nako-monastery.html|archive-date=6 November 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Though the monastery complex looks simple from outside, in the interiors of the complex, the wall paintings in the monastery are delicately executed. Influence of the Ajanta style of painting, is distinct "in the tonal variation of body hues to produce an effect of light and shade". The elegant divine figures have placid expressions, a reflection of the finest classical art of India.<ref name=Behl/><ref name=Nako/>

The four temples are well preserved; the main temple and the upper temple considered the oldest of the four structures have the original clay sculptures, murals and ceiling panels – larger temple of these two is known as the 'Translator's Temple'; the third structure is a small white temple, partly dilapidated, has a wooden door frame depicting scenes of the Life of the Buddha carved on the lintel; and the fourth structure is of the same size as the Upper Temple and is also situated next to it, which is known as "rGya-dpag-pa'i lHa-khang" meaning temple of wide proportions.<ref name=Nako/>

An impression of a foot found near the [[Nako Lake]] is ascribed to Guru Padmasambhava.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://himachaltourism.gov.in/post/Journey-with-the-Buddha.aspx|title=About Himachal|accessdate=2010-01-18|publisher=Tourism Department|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505054018/http://himachaltourism.gov.in/post/Journey-with-the-Buddha.aspx|archivedate=5 May 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In a nearby village called Tashigang, several caves are found where it is said Guru Padmasambhava meditated and gave discourse to his disciples. An image is stated to grow hair.<ref name=circuit/>

==Fourteenth century and later monasteries==
The trend of building fortified Buddhist monasteries was started from the 14th century onwards. However, very few have survived. Of these, Tangyud monastery, Dhankar monastery and Key monastery in Spiti valley are some of the well known ones.

===Tangyud Monastery===
{{Further|Tangyud Monastery}}
{{multiple image
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| footer = Left: Castle type [[Tangyud Monastery]], [[Spiti]] valley. Right: Inside Assembly Hall, [[Tangyud Monastery]], [[Spiti]]
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The [[Tangyud Monastery]] in the Spiti valley was built in the early 14th century when the Sakyapas rose to power under [[Mongolia|Mongol]] patronage. It is built like a fortified castle on the edge of a deep canyon, with massive slanted mud walls and battlements with vertical red ochre and white vertical stripes which make them look much taller than they really are. It is at an altitude of {{convert|4587|m|ft}}, on the edge of a deep canyon and overlooking the town of [[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]], {{convert|4|km|mi}} from the town. It is one of only two monasteries belonging to the Sakya sect left in Spiti – the other, at Kaza itself, is small and relatively insignificant. It is thought, however, that there was an earlier [[Kadampa]] establishment here founded by [[Rinchen Zangpo]] (958–1055 AD) and named ''Rador-lha''. The name, Tangyud, may refer to the Sakya revision of the ''Tang-rGyud'', or the 87 volumes of Tantra treatises which form part of the [[Tengyur]]; this was done around 1310 AD by a team of scholars under the Sakya lama, Ch'os-Kyi-O'd-zer. The unplanned arrangement of the monastery is attributed to several modifications carried out after it was ransacked by invasions of Central Tibet by Mongols, in 1655 AD. The monastery is also famous for the expertise of the Sakyapa tantric cult that even dacoits are scared to rob this monastery.<ref name="Handa p.139-140.">Handa p.139-140</ref><ref>Kapadia p. 204</ref>

===Dhankar Monastery===
{{Further|Dhankar Gompa}}
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| footer = Left: [[Dhankar Monastery]] – a Fort monastery at {{convert|3894|m|ft}} altitude. Right: Prayer flags in [[Dhankar Monastery]]
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[[Dhankar Gompa|Dhankar Monastery]] also spelt '''Drangkhar''' or '''Dhangkar Gompa'''; ''Brang-mkhar'' or ''Grang-mkhar'', situated in the Spiti Valley between the towns of [[Kaza, India|Kaza]] and Tabo at an elevation of {{convert|3894|m|ft}} is a fort monastery similar to the [[Key Monastery]] and [[Tangyud Monastery]] in Spiti built in the Central Tibetan pattern.<ref>Handa pp. 131, 149</ref> Dhankar was the traditional capital of the Spiti Valley Kingdom during the 17th century. The complex is built on a {{convert|300|m|ft}} high spur overlooking the confluence of the Spiti River and [[Pin River]] – one of the world's most spectacular settings for a gompa. ''Dhang'' or ''dang'' means cliff, and ''kar'' or ''khar'' means fort. Hence, Dhangkar means ''fort on a cliff''. It belongs to the Gelukpa order but claims to its earlier founding in the 12th century has put forth by the local monks. Below this Gompa is the small village of Shichilling where the new Dhankar Monastery has been built. It is home to about 150 monks belonging to the Gelukpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism. Dhankar is approachable by a road, good for small vehicles only, that branches off for Dhankar from the main Kaza-Samdu road at a point around {{convert|24|km|mi}} from Kaza.<ref>Francke p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.golden-heron.com/gompas.htm|title=The Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries of the Spiti Valley}}</ref>

In 2006, [[World Monuments Fund]] selected Dhankar gompa as one of the 100 most endangered sites in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wmf.org/watch_past.html|title=World Monuments Watch 1996–2006|publisher=World Monuments Fund|access-date=20 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928211806/http://wmf.org/watch_past.html|archive-date=28 September 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A non-profit group, Dhangkar Initiative, is attempting to organize its conservation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhangkar.com/|title=The Dhangkar Initiative}}</ref>

===Key Monastery===
{{Further|Key Monastery}}
{{multiple image
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| footer = Left: Key Gompa [[Spiti]] valley. Right: Key Gompa with [[Spiti River]] flowing behind
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The earliest history of [[Key Gompa|Key Monastery]] is traced to [[Dromtön]] (Brom-ston, 1008–1064 CE), a pupil of the famous teacher, [[Atisha]], in the 11th century. This however, refers to destroyed [[Kadampa]] monastery at the nearby village of [[Rangrik]], which was probably destroyed in the 14th century when the [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] sect rose to power with [[Mongol]] assistance. In the wake of the Chinese influence, it was rebuilt during the 14th century as an outstanding example of the monastic architecture.<ref>Francke pp. 45–47</ref><ref>Handa pp. 97, 99</ref>

In the 17th century, during the reign of the [[Fifth Dalai Lama]], Key was attacked again by the Mongols and later became a Gelugpa establishment. In 1820, it was sacked again during the wars between Ladakh and Kullu. In 1841, it was severely damaged by the [[Dogras|Dogra]] army under [[Ghulam Khan]] and [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan|Rahim Khan]]. Later that same year it suffered more damage from a [[Sikh]] army. In the 1840s, it was also ravaged by fire and in 1975 a violent earthquake caused more damage, which was repaired with the help of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] and the State Public Works Department. The successive trails of destruction and patch-up jobs have resulted in a haphazard growth of box-like structures, and so the monastery looks like a fort, where temples are built on top of one another. The walls of the monastery are covered by paintings and murals. It is an outstanding example of the monastic architecture, which developed during the 14th century in the wake of the Chinese influence.<ref>Handa pp. 100–101</ref>

Key monastery has a collection of ancient murals and books of high aesthetic value and it enshrines [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] images and idols, in the position of [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|Dhyana]].<ref name="surfindia">[http://www.surfindia.com/travel/himachal-pradesh/kye-monastery.html SurfIndia.com – Kye monastery] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804153919/http://www.surfindia.com/travel/himachal-pradesh/kye-monastery.html |date=4 August 2009 }}</ref>

==Monasteries in Dharamshala==
{{multiple image
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| footer = Left: The [[14th Dalai Lama]], 2007. Right: The [[Library of Tibetan Works and Archives|Library of Tibetan Works and Archives at Dharmashala]] set up by the Dalai Lama
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Subsequent to the 14th Dalai Lama establishing his Tibetan exile government at Mcleod Ganj (a former colonial [[United Kingdom|British]] summer picnic spot) near upper Dharamshala, the ancient [[Namgyal Monastery]], which was first established by the third Dalai Lama in 1579 in Tibet, was relocated to Dharamshala (the district headquarters of the [[Kangra district]]), in 1959. It is now the personal monastery of the Dalai Lama. Two hundred monks and young trainee monks reside here. They pursue studies of the major texts of Buddhist Sutras and Tantras, as also the Tibetan and English Languages.<ref name=Namgyal>{{Cite web|url=http://namgyalmonastery.org/monastery|title=Namgyal Monastery as it exists today in India|accessdate=2010-01-17|publisher=Namgyal Monastery|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141104/http://namgyalmonastery.org/monastery|archivedate=9 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Tsuglagkhang===
An important Buddhist shrine (located opposite to the [[Namgyal Monastery]] in the same courtyard) in the town is the [[Tsuglagkhang]] or [[Tsuglag Khang]], known as the Dalai Lama's temple. It houses the statues, in sitting postures, of [[Shakyamuni]] (gilded)- the central image, [[Avalokiteśvara]] (the deity of compassion sculpted in silver with eleven faces and thousand arms and eyes -linked to a legend), and [[Padmasambhava]] (Guru Rinpoche) – both facing the direction of Tibet – and also the [[Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts]]. Dalai Lama's residence is opposite to this temple. A festival is held here every year, during April and May, when traditional dances and plays are enacted.<ref name=complex>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snow-crest-inn-dharamsala.com/Dalai-Lama-temple.html|title=Dalai Lama Temple Complex|accessdate=2010-01-19|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123074450/http://www.snow-crest-inn-dharamsala.com/Dalai-Lama-temple.html|archivedate=23 January 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name= Deshpande>{{Cite book|last= Deshpande|first= Aruna|title=India: A Divine Destination|work=Dharmasala|page=476|publisher=Crest Publishing House|year=2005|isbn=81-242-0556-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pcserver.nic.in/ngo/profilegood.asp?code=000704| title = Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts (TIPA)| work = Planning Commission NGO Database| publisher = Planning Commission, Government of India| accessdate = 2009-01-17}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{convert|8|km|mi}} away from Dharamshala, at [[Sidhpur]], a small monastery called the Gompa Dip Tse-Chok Ling, the Gangchen Kyishong (called Gangkyi in short by Tibetans and Library by Indians is the premises of the Tibetan government-in-exile), Mani Lakhang Stupa, [[Nechung]] Monastery, [[Norbulingka Institute]], [[Sidhpur]] are located. The Karmapa (who was in Norbulinga in Tibet before taking refuge in India) is now living in Gyato monastery.

===Kalachakra Temple===
Kalachakra Temple is located adjoining the Tsulagkhang which is dedicated to the [[Kalachakra]]. The temple has fresco decorations of 722 deities of the mandala, Shakayamuni Buddha, and the central Kalachakra image. Dalai Lama personally directed the painting of the frescos done by three master painters over a period of three years. The walls and columns here have many traditional Tibetan Thangka paintings.<ref name=complex/>

===Library of Tibetan works and archives===
A [[Library of Tibetan Works and Archives]] (LTWA) was also set up by the Dalai Lama, in June 1970, to provide exhaustive information on Buddhist and Tibetan culture. The LTWA boasts of more than 110,000 titles in the form of manuscripts (40% are the Tibetan originals<ref name= Deshpande/>), books and documents; hundreds of thangkas (Tibetan scroll paintings), statues and other artefacts; and over 6,000 photographs, and many other materials. The LTWA has nine departments guided by a governing body. The library conducts seminars, talks, meetings and discussions and also brings out an annual 'News Letter.' On the third floor of this library there is a museum (opened in 1974) that houses notable artefacts such as a three-dimensional carved wooden [[mandala]] of [[Avalokiteshvara]] and items that date back to the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ltwa.net/library/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=88&Itemid=57&lang=en |title=History of the Library of Tibetan Works & Archives |accessdate=2010-01-17 |publisher=History of the Library of Tibetan Works & Archives |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503025855/http://www.ltwa.net/library/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=88&Itemid=57&lang=en |archivedate=3 May 2009 }}</ref>

{{multiple image
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| caption2 = Seat of Happiness Temple, [[Norbulingka Institute]]
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| caption3 = A Thangka painter, Norbulingka Institute}}

===Norbulingka Institute===
The [[Norbulingka Institute]] founded in 1988, by the present Dalai Lama has the primary objective of preserving the Tibetan language and cultural heritage. This institute has been patterned on the same lines as Norbulingka, the traditional summer residence of the Dalai Lamas, in [[Lhasa]], amidst a well-maintained garden setting, and the emphasis here is more on traditional art. A temple named as the "Seat of Happiness Temple" (Deden Tsuglakhang) is located here. Around this temple, craft centres are located, which specialise in traditional forms of Thanka painting to Metal art that are considered integral to Tibetan Monastery architecture. 300 artisans work here and also impart training to their wards.<ref name= Bernstorff >{{Cite book|last= Bernstorff |first= Dagmar|author2=Hubertus von Welck |title= Exile as challenge: the Tibetan diaspora|work= Norbulingka Institute|page=305|accessdate=2010-01-17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_lLiIvbf9S4C&q=Norbulingka+Institute&pg=PA305|publisher= Orient Blackswan|year=2003| isbn= 81-250-2555-3}}</ref>

The Losel Doll Museum here has diorama displays of traditional Tibetan scenes, using miniature Tibetan dolls in traditional costumes.

A short distance from the institute lies the Dolma Ling Buddhist nunnery<ref name=Bindloss>{{Cite book|last1=Bindloss|first1=Joe |last2=Singh |first2=Sarina |last3=Bainbridge |first3=James |last4=Brown |first4=Lindsay |last5=Elliott |first5=Mark |last6=Butler|first6=Stuart|title= India|work=Norbulingka Institute|page=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari/page/330 330]|accessdate=2010-01-19|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|url-access=registration|quote=Norbulingka Institute.|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2007|isbn=978-1-74104-308-2}}</ref> and the Gyato Monastery, temporary residence of the 17th Karmapa, [[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]].

==Festivals==

Buddhist festivals held in Himachal Pradesh are predominantly connected with their religious identity. They relate to the seasons (New Year as per Lunar and Solar calendars), Buddha's birth and death anniversaries, and also the sacred days such as the birthdays of the Bodhistavas. The annual calendar is filled with festivals and some the popular ones starting with January are the following.<ref name=Bindloss-page283>{{Cite book|last1=Bindloss|first1=Joe|last2=Singh|first2=Sarina|title=India|work=Festivals in Himachal Pradesh|page= [https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari/page/283 283]|accessdate=2010-01-20|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|url-access=registration|quote=Buddhist Festivals in Himachal Pradesh.|publisher=LonelyPlanet|year=2007|isbn=978-1-74104-308-2}}</ref><ref name=holiday>{{Cite web|url=http://www.india-buddhist-tours.com/Buddhism-Facts/buddhist-festivals-holidays.html|title=Buddhist Festivals and Holidays|accessdate=2010-01-20|archive-date=21 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821161244/http://www.india-buddhist-tours.com/Buddhism-Facts/buddhist-festivals-holidays.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In January, in the Lahaul region, a carnival called the Halda Festival is held when people carry twigs of [[Cedrus deodara|cedar]] tree to a location specified by the lamas and then throw it into a bonfire accompanied by various dances.<ref name=shubha>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shubhyatra.com/himachal-pradesh/festivals-of-himachal.html|title= Buddhist festivals in Himachal Pradesh|accessdate=2010-01-20}}</ref>

During February/March, the Tibetan New Year is observed as [[Losar]] festival by all Tibetan Buddhists in the state with processions, music and dancing; mask dances or chaam dances are popular on this occasion. The Dalai Lama holds teaching discourses at Dharmashala during this festival.<ref name= "Bindloss p.283">Bindloss p.283</ref>

Ki Cham festival held in June/July is specific to Ki monastery. On this occasion, whirling mask dances are held in the monastery, which is watched by people from many villages of Spiti.<ref name= "Bindloss p.283">Bindloss p.283</ref>

An ancient practice of a trade fair called the La Darcha is held in August in Spiti. Buddhist dances and Buddhist sports are popular and held along with rural marketing fair. Its social, economic and cultural significance relates to ancient ties with Tibet. Instead of La Darch ground near the Chicham village, the festival is now held at Kaza, headquarters of Spiti subdivision.<ref name= "Bindloss p.283">Bindloss p.283</ref><ref name=Ahluwalia>{{Cite book|last= Ahluwalia|first= Manjit Singh|title= Social, cultural, and economic history of Himachal Pradesh|work=Tribal fairs and Festivalsaccess|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tG0fnF0VRk0C&q=Buddhist+Festivals+in+Himachal+Pradesh&pg=PA92|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=1998|isbn= 81-7387-089-6}}</ref>

In November, the Guktor festival is held in Dhankar monastery in Spiti when processions and mask dances are the set festive practices.<ref name= "Bindloss p.283">Bindloss p.283</ref>

In December, the International Himalayan Festival (a three-day event) is held in Mcleod Ganj, the exile capital of Tibet to celebrate the Dalai Lama getting the Nobel Peace Prize. Dance and music mark the day with resolve to promote peace and cultural amity. On this occasion, the Dalai Lama blesses Mcleod Ganj.<ref name= "Bindloss p.283">Bindloss p.283</ref>

==See also==
* [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
* [[Buddhism in India]]
* [[Buddhism in Kashmir]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*Kapadia, Harish. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=lOzHDG7NfooC ''Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya'']. Second Edition. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-7387-093-4}}
*Handa, O. C. (1987). ''Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-85182-03-5}}.
*Janet Rizvi. (1996). ''Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia''. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Delhi. {{ISBN|0-19-564546-4}}.
*{{Cite book|last= Deshpande|first= Aruna|title=India: A Divine Destination|publisher=Crest Publishing House|year=2005|isbn=81-242-0556-6}}
*Francke, A. H. (1914). ''Antiquities of Indian Tibet''. Vol. I, Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi.
{{Buddhist monasteries in Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Himachal Pradesh topics}}

[[Category:Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Buddhism in India| ]]

Stone carving in Odisha

2025-10-12T12:39:20Z

Dwatson32:

{{Short description|Ancient stone sculpting practice}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Konark Stone Carving
| color =
| logo =
| image = Stone work at Konark Orissa India.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names = Konark Stone Carving (କୋଣାର୍କ ପଥର ଖୋଦେଇ)
| description =
| type = [[Handcraft]], [[Stone]]
| area = [[Konark]], [[Puri district]], [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 
| material = [[Handcraft]]
| official website =
}}
[[File:Rajarani Temple 03.jpg|thumb|Varuna Sculpture Rajarani Temple, Bhubaneswar]]
'''Stone carving in Odisha''' is the ancient practice of sculpting stone into art and utilitarian objects. It is an ancient practice in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. Stone carving is practiced by artisans mainly in [[Puri]], [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Lalitgiri]] in the [[Cuttack district]], though some carvings can be found in [[Khiching]] in the [[Mayurbhanj District]]. Stone carving is one of the major handcrafts of [[Odisha]]. The art form primarily consists of custom carved works,<ref>{{cite web|title=Stone carving in Orissa|url=http://www.incredibleodisha.org/Stone-Carvings-in-orissa.aspx|website=Incredible Odisha|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> with the [[Sun Temple of Konark]] and its intricate sculpture and delicate carvings on the red vivid sandstone exemplifying the practice. Other noteworthy monuments include the Stupas of [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] and [[Ratnagiri, Odisha|Ratnagiri]] and the temples at [[Jagannath]], [[Lingaraj]], [[Mukteshwar]] and as well as other temples in the region.

==Stones==
[[Sandstone]], [[soap stone|soapstone]], [[serpentinite]], [[Makrana marble]], and [[granite]] were used in Konark stone carving.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stone Carving|url=http://www.orupa.org/stone_carving.html|website=Orupa|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref> Skillful artists may use the soft, white soapstone, {{Transliteration|or|khadipathara}}, or the slightly harder greenish [[chlorite]] or {{Transliteration|or|kochilapathara}}. Rocks such as the pinkish {{Transliteration|or|khandolite}}, {{Transliteration|or|sahanapathara}} or {{Transliteration|or|baulapathara}} and the hardest of all, black granite and {{Transliteration|or|muguni pathara}} are commonly used.

==Procedure==
An outline of sorts is first drawn on the cut-to-size stone. Once the outline is engraved, the final figure is brought out by removing the unwanted portions. For the harder stones, this is done by chiseling out the extra material. With softer stones, it is done by scraping out the extra material with a sharp flat-edged iron tool. Hammers and chisels of various sizes are used (e.g., the {{Transliteration|or|muna}}, {{Transliteration|or|patili}}, {{Transliteration|or|martual}}, {{Transliteration|or|thuk-thuki}} and {{Transliteration|or|nitana}}).

==Products==
Subjects are often traditional images, including mythological figures. Utilitarian items like candle stands, pen stands, paperweights, bookends, lamp bases and [[stoneware]] utensils are also created. Turning and polishing with a wooden lathe called Kunda, the craftsmen produce beautiful polished plates (thali), containers (gina, pathuri), cups and glasses. These are used for {{Transliteration|hi|[[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]]}}, ritual worships and for daily eating. Stoneware containers are particularly good for storing curd as they do not react to acid. They are also filled with water and used for holding the legs of wooden almirahs to keep out the ants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stone Carving|url=http://odishatourism.gov.in/Attractions/Handicrafts/Stone.aspx|website=Odisha Tourism|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Loving couple mithuna- 13th century India.png|Loving Maithuna Sculpture - 13th century Eastern ganga dynasty
File:Sculptures in the Odisha State Museum1.jpg|Sculpture art from Odisha
File:Chamunda at Odisha State Museum, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.jpg|Chamunda 8th century CE at Odisha State Museum, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
File:Sculpture of Alasa Kanya at Vaital Deul, Bhubaneswar.jpg|Sculpture of Alasa Kanya at Vaital Deul, Bhubaneswar
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Odisha}}
{{Odia culture}}

[[Category:Geographical indications in Odisha]]
[[Category:Stonemasonry]]

Ramkrishnapur, Bishnupur

2025-08-02T03:54:08Z

Dwatson32: basic updated content per sources per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramkrishnapur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.3574|N|88.2583|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bishnupur II]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.61
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total = 5971
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743503
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Satgachhia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satgachhia]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ramkrishnapur''' is a [[census town]] and a [[gram panchayat]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas|Bishnupur]] police station in the [[Bishnupur II]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Alipore Sadar subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=320| height=200| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|23|30|N|88|15|40|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the eastern part of Alipore Sadar subdivision (including Bishnupur I & II CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|26|7|N|88|18|25|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Daulatpur| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Daulatpur, Bishnupur]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000|label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|24|52|N|88|17|1|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Bhasa | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Bhasa, Bishnupur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|23|5|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bishnupur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|23|10|N|88|14|55|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Kanyanagar | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Kanyanagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|22|0|N|88|16|35|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Amtala | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Amtala]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|21|10|N|88|15|29|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Ramkrishnapur | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= Ramkrishnapur, Bishnupur (CT)|shape-color6=black| label-size6=13|label-color6=black 
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|21|0|N|88|16|4|E}} | label-pos7=bottom|label7= Kriparampur | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Kriparampur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|22|18|N|88|17|39|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Chak Enayetnagar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Chak Enayetnagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|26|4|N|88|14|55|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Nahazari| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Nahazari]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|24|17|N|88|14|12|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Nadabhanga| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Nadabhanga]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|23|56|N|88|14|37|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Kanganbaria| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Kanganbaria]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|23|30|N|88|15|38|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Bora Gagangohalia| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Bora Gagangohalia]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|22|20|N|88|14|4|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Barkalikapur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Barkalikapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|22|45|N|88|13|25|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Chanddandaha| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Chanddandaha]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|21|50|N|88|12|34|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Patharberia| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Patharberia]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|21|28|N|88|17|59|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Doulatabad| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Doulatabad, Bishnupur]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|24|0|N|88|12|50|E}} | label-pos17=top|label17= Bakrahat| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Bakrahat]] (R)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|22|45|N|88|14|36|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Vidyanagar| numbered18=N |mark-title18= [[Vidyanagar, Bishnupur]] (N)|shape-color18=#C42222}}

===Area overview===
The Alipore Sadar subdivision is the most urbanized part of the South 24 Parganas district. 59.85% of the population lives in the urban areas and 40.15% lives in the rural areas. In the southern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 15 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the subdivision, on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], is an alluvial stretch, with industrial development.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Ramkrishnapur is located at {{coord|22.3574|N|88.2583|E}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

[[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas|Bishnupur]], [[Kanyanagar]], [[Amtala]], Ramkrishnapur, [[Kriparampur]] and [[Chak Enayetnagar]] (a little away) form a cluster of census towns, as per the map of the Bishnupur I CD block on page 207 and the map of the Bishnupur II CD block on page 233 of the District Census Handbook 2011 for the South 24 Parganas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 207 - Map of Bishnupur CD block, Page 233 – Map of Bishnupur II CD block | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 2 November 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ramkrishnapur had a total population of 5,971, of which 3,013 (50%) were males and 2,958 (50%) were females. There were 536 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Ramkrishnapur was 4,879 (89.77% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 5 November 2019}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook'' 2011, Ramkrishnapur covered an area of 3.6103 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 3 km roads with open drains. The protected water supply involved over-head tank. It had 900 domestic electric connections and 100 road light points. Among the medical facilities it had 1 hospital, 1 maternity home, 1 veterinary hospital, 3 charitable hospitals/ nursing homes and 25 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had was 1 middle school.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 9 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
Ramkrishnapur is on the [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]].<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
Ramkrishnapur Sarada Vidyamandir is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution, established in 1940. It has arrangements for teaching from class V to class X.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/south--twenty-four-pargan/19180415002/ramkrishnapur-sarada-vidyamandir-high-school.html |title = Ramkrishnapur Sarada Vidyamandir |publisher= Schools | access-date = 5 November 2019 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Amtala Rural Hospital, with 50 beds, at [[Amtala]], is the major government medical facility in the Bishnupur II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =4 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Bharatpur Development Authority

2025-06-17T04:53:44Z

Dwatson32: Created New Pg!

{{short description|Development Authority in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name = BHDA
| jurisdiction = [[Rajasthan]]
| headquarters = [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| parent_department = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| status = Active
}}

'''Bharatpur Development Authority''' (BHDA) is a government agency established by the [[Government of Rajasthan]] in late 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=समझें भरतपुर विकास प्राधिकरण का पूरा गणित, शहर सहित 210 गांव शामिल; CM के गृहजिले में तेज होगी विकास को रफ्तार |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/bharatpur-development-authority-210-villages-and-city-included-in-bda-know-how-cm-bhajanlal-hometown-will-devlope-7269266 |date=17 December 2024 |work=NDTV Rajasthan |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref> It was created to oversee and coordinate urban and rural development in the [[Bharatpur district]]. The authority works in coordination with the [[Bharatpur Municipal Corporation]] to implement planning and infrastructure projects in the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=भरतपुर में बनेगा विकास प्राधिकरण, शहर की सीमा में 30 नए गांव आएंगे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bharatpur/news/development-authority-will-be-formed-in-bharatpur-30-new-villages-will-come-within-the-city-limits-133400256.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2025-03-21 |title=Raj govt takes follow-up action to boost urban development |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/raj-govt-takes-follow-up-action-to-boost-urban-development-1503410562.html |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bharatpur district]]
{{gov-agency-stub}}

Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Sikkim

2025-06-10T23:28:45Z

Dwatson32: done

{{infobox Christian denomination
| name= Council of Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Sikkim
| main_classification= [[Protestantism|Protestant]]
| orientation= [[Calvinism|Reformed]]
| scripture=
| theology= [[Calvinist]]
| polity= [[Presbyterian]]
| associations= [[Reformed and Presbyterian Fellowship of India]]<ref name=REF/>
| area= [[Sikkim]]
| founded_date= {{start date and age|1993}}
| separated_from = [[Church of North India]]
|branched_from = [[Church of Scotland]]
| merger=
| absorbed=
| separations=
| merged_into=
| congregations= 120 (2015)<ref name=IRFA/>
| members = 61,000 (2018)<ref name=STE>{{cite web|url=https://open.library.ubc.ca| title=Tribal Christianity in the Himalayas|date=June 15, 2018|author=Stephen Christopher|website=Kyoto University|page=8|accessdate=January 16, 2022}}</ref>
| ministers=
| website = {{url|http://councilofepcs.org/}}
}}

The '''Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Sikkim''' ('''EPCS''') is a [[Presbyterian]] denomination that was reorganised in [[Sikkim]] 1993 by various churches that broke away from the [[Church of North India]].<ref name=REF>{{cite web|url=https://pceaarchive.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/The+Presbyterian+Banner/2019/Banner+November+2019.pdf| title=History of the Presbyterian and Reformed Fraternity of India|website=The Presbyterian Banner|date=November 1, 2019| accessdate=December 16, 2021}}</ref><ref name=REF1>{{cite web|url=https://repository.globethics.net/handle/20.500.12424/220599| title=History of Christianity in India| page=242| author=Jayakumar, A.| date=2013| accessdate =December 16, 2021}}</ref> As of 2014, it is the largest Christian denomination in [[Sikkim]].<ref name=REF/><ref name=IRFA/><ref name=STE2>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/landscapeperspectives/docs/gangtok.compressed_1| title=Landscape Perspectives Academics| date=December 3, 2015|page=12| accessdate = January 16, 2022}}</ref>

== History ==

The [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian churches]] originate from the [[Protestant Reformation]] of the 16th century. It is the Christian [[Protestantism|Protestant]] churches that adhere to [[Calvinism|Reformed theology]] and whose ecclesiastical government is characterized by the government of an assembly of elders.

Government [[Presbyterian]] is common in Protestant churches that were modeled after the Reformation [[Protestantism|Protestant]] Switzerland, notably in the countries of [[Switzerland]], [[Scotland]], [[Netherlands]], [[ France]] and portions of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], of [[Ireland]] and later in [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Presbyterian-churches| title=Presbyterian and Reformed Churches|website=Britannica| accessdate = January 17, 2022}}</ref>

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the [[Church of Scotland]] planted churches in [[North India]]. In 1936, the Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Sikkim was established by the Scottish missions. However, after the [[Independence of India]], the missionaries had to leave the region. Consequently, most Protestant groups in the north of the country united to form the [[Church of North India]] (CNI) in 1970.<ref name=REF1/>

In 1993, most of the CNI-affiliated churches in [[Sikkim]] separated from the denomination and reconstituted the Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Sikkim, the largest Christian denomination in the state since then.<ref name=REF1/><ref name=STE2/> Since then, the denomination has been known for its social actions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/shedding-worries-about-faraway-parents-school-kids-load-relief-supplies/article2477096.ece| title =Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Sikkim helps people affected by earthquakes| accessdate = January 17, 2022}}</ref>

== Doctrine ==

The EPCS subscribes to the [[Apostles' Creed]], [[Athanasian Creed]], [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed|Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed]], [[Westminster Confession of Faith]], [[Westminster Shorter Catechism]] and [[Westminster Larger Catechism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ptsindia.com/school/faculty | title=Doctrine of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Sikkim| accessdate = February 5, 2022}}</ref><ref name=IRFA>{{cite web|url=http://irfa.org.au/about/partner-churches/| title =Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Sikkim is part of the Presbyterian and Reformed Fraternity of India| accessdate = February 5, 2022}}</ref>

== Interchurch Relations ==

The denomination is a member of the [[Reformed and Presbyterian Fellowship of India]].<ref name=REF/><ref name=IRFA/>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Presbyterian denominations in Asia]]
[[Category:Presbyterianism in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Religion in Sikkim]]