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Lokesh Cinematic Universe

2026-05-31T14:34:24Z

DwainKilgore21: Info

{{short description|Indian shared universe}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| italic_title = no
| image =
| title = {{noitalic|Lokesh Cinematic Universe (LCU)}}
| creator = [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
| origin = ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' (2019)
| owner = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
* [[Lokesh Kanagaraj#As producer and writer|G Squad]]
* [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]
* Passion Studios
* [[The Route]]
* [[Seven Screen Studio]]}}
[[KVN Productions]]
| years = 2019–present
| films = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023)}}
| soundtracks = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Vikram (soundtrack)]]''
* ''[[Leo (soundtrack)]]''}}
| otherlabel1 = Budget
| otherdata1 = {{Estimation}} {{INR|395–545}} crore (3 films)
| otherlabel2 = Box office
| otherdata2 = {{Estimation}} {{INR|1124–1220}} crore (3 films)
}}
The '''Lokesh Cinematic Universe''' ('''LCU'''), also known as the '''Lokiverse''', is an Indian [[media franchise]] and [[shared universe]] of [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]]s created by [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=11 July 2022 |first=Shaurya |last=Thapa |title=Vikram's Lokesh Cinematic Universe and All Other MCUs of Indian Cinema |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vikram-s-lokesh-cinematic-universe-1974355-2022-07-11 |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711212040/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vikram-s-lokesh-cinematic-universe-1974355-2022-07-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is currently the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films#Highest-grossing franchises|highest-grossing Tamil film franchise]]. The universe follows an elaborate conflict between law enforcement officers and vigilantes in India who are at war against dangerous drug cartels led by powerful crime lords.

The first film in the universe was ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' (2019), followed by ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022) and ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023). It is set to continue with ''[[Benz (film)|Benz]]'', the first LCU film not to be directed by Lokesh, and ''Kaithi 2''.

== Development ==
Lokesh Kanagaraj expressed his desire to create a shared universe of films after completing his debut feature, ''[[Maanagaram]]''. He emphasized that such films have enduring appeal. During the production of ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'', he conceptualized and experimented with this idea, incorporating multiple open-ended plotlines in ''Kaithi''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=June 13, 2022 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj reveals the idea of a cinematic universe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-the-idea-of-a-cinematic-universe/articleshow/92175231.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613115208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-the-idea-of-a-cinematic-universe/articleshow/92175231.cms |archive-date=13 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He further developed this concept in collaboration with [[Dream Warrior Pictures]] and [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] for his film ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'', utilising properties owned by these production companies. As a result, he successfully established a shared universe and announced plans for additional projects set within this interconnected cinematic world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Ghost and a prisoner – One-stop shop for all things that might connect Kaithi and Vikram |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2022/jun/03/a-ghost-and-a-prisoner-one-stop-shop-for-all-things-that-might-connect-kaithi-and-vikram-31929.html |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=2 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604024701/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2022/jun/03/a-ghost-and-a-prisoner-one-stop-shop-for-all-things-that-might-connect-kaithi-and-vikram-31929.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Athimuthu |first=Soundarya |date=14 June 2022 |title=What Is 'Vikram' Director Lokesh Kanagaraj's 'Lokesh Cinematic Universe'? |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/lokesh-kanagaraj-kamal-haasan-vikram-director-what-is-lokesh-cinematic-universe-lcu-suriya |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615182923/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/lokesh-kanagaraj-kamal-haasan-vikram-director-what-is-lokesh-cinematic-universe-lcu-suriya |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram director Lokesh Kanagaraj is building his own cinematic universe |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2022/06/18/vikram-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-is-building-his-own-cinematic-universe.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619071837/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2022/06/18/vikram-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-is-building-his-own-cinematic-universe.html |archive-date=19 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=The Week}}</ref>

=== Naming ===
Though the name "Lokesh Cinematic Universe" was coined by netizens, post the release of ''Vikram'', Lokesh accepted it as the official name of the universe. Other names for the franchise include the Loki Cinematic Universe and Lokiverse, as Loki is his nickname.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Lakshmi |date=29 October 2023 |title=Why Lokesh Kanagaraj's 'Lokiverse' is a smashing hit |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2023/10/28/why-lokesh-kanagaraj-s-lokiverse-is-a-smashing-hit.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030062120/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2023/10/28/why-lokesh-kanagaraj-s-lokiverse-is-a-smashing-hit.html |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2022 |title=Kamal Haasan confirms Lokesh Kanagaraj's cinematic universe while talking about 'Vikram'? – Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kamal-haasan-interview-about-vikram-part-3-suriya-cameo-role-lokesh-kanagaraj-kaithi-2-latest-update-tamil-news-315070 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613005651/https://www.indiaglitz.com/kamal-haasan-interview-about-vikram-part-3-suriya-cameo-role-lokesh-kanagaraj-kaithi-2-latest-update-tamil-news-315070 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== In-franchise connections ===
[[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[George Maryan]] and [[Maya S. Krishnan]] are the only actors who have reprised their roles in significant capacities across multiple films within the universe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Narain: Vikram's stellar response and box office numbers are new to me |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/jun/19/narain-vikrams-stellar-response-and-box-office-numbers-are-new-to-me-32191.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622141028/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/jun/19/narain-vikrams-stellar-response-and-box-office-numbers-are-new-to-me-32191.html |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=19 June 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj on Building The LCU: “It All Began With a Narain Character” |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/lokesh-kanagaraj-on-building-the-lcu-it-all-began-with-a-narain-character-76020.html |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref> [[Karthi]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] have made voice-only cameo appearances, reprising their roles as Dilli in ''Vikram'' and Vikram in ''Leo,'' respectively.<ref name=":8" />

== Feature films ==
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders defaultcenter col2left"
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Release date
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Story
! scope="col" | Screenplay
! scope="col" | Dialogue
! scope="col" | Production Company
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
| {{Start date|2019|10|25|df=y}}
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" | [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
| Pon Parthiban Lokesh Kanagaraj
| [[Dream Warrior Pictures]] [[Vivekananda Pictures]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
| {{Start date|2022|06|03|df=y}}
| [[Rathna Kumar]] Lokesh Kanagaraj
| [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]
| {{Start date|2023|10|19|df=y}}
| Lokesh Kanagaraj Rathna Kumar Deeraj Vaidy
| [[Seven Screen Studio]]
|-
|}

=== ''Kaithi'' (2019) ===
{{Main|Kaithi (2019 film)}}
After a drug bust of 900 kilograms of cocaine belonging to drug dealers Adaikalam and Anbu in Trichy, Inspector Bejoy faces a dire situation when several cops are poisoned at a party by a corrupt cop in an attempt to recover the drugs and kill the officers involved in the bust. To thwart the gang, Bejoy blackmails ex-convict Dilli into assisting him by threatening to prevent him from meeting his 10-year-old daughter for the first time. Together, they embark on a mission to transport the poisoned cops to the hospital and prevent Anbu's gang from getting their hands on the busted drugs. Their journey is fraught with danger as they continuously evade pursuing gang members, who receive support from a corrupt narcotics official, Stephen Raj.

The first installment of the LCU, it stars [[Karthi]] in the lead role, along with [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Arjun Das]], [[Harish Uthaman]], [[George Maryan]] and [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]] in pivotal roles.

=== ''Vikram'' (2022) ===
{{Main|Vikram (2022 film)}}

Amar, a [[covert operation|black ops]] agent, is assigned to investigate a series of murders committed by a masked group of vigilantes. Their victims include high-ranking officials from the narcotics department like Stephen Raj and [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Prabhanjan,{{efn|The murder happens a couple of months after the drug bust in Trichy, shown in ''Kaithi''.}} and Prabhanjan's seemingly harmless foster father, Karnan. As Amar delves deeper into the case, a tangled web of clues leads him to the mastermind behind the murders, a drug kingpin named Sandhanam, who controls the largest drug syndicate in [[Chennai]]. However, a surprising twist reveals that Karnan is, in fact, alive and is a former Black Ops Commander [[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]], who leads the group of vigilantes, that now includes Bejoy. In the face of this revelation, Vikram, Amar, and Bejoy unite their efforts to take down Sandhanam's powerful drug syndicate.

The second installment in the LCU stars [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Fahadh Faasil]] with [[Kalidas Jayaram]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] and [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] in supporting roles. [[Suriya]] made his first appearance in the LCU in a cameo role as Rolex. The film is a [[spiritual successor]] of ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]'' (1986).<ref>{{cite web |title=Kamal Haasan's 'Vikram' shatters box-office records, check out his other hit films |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/kamal-haasans-vikram-shatters-box-office-records-check-out-his-other-hit-films-497258 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714115200/https://www.wionews.com/photos/kamal-haasans-vikram-shatters-box-office-records-check-out-his-other-hit-films-497258 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=WION |date=14 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=3 June 2022 |title='Vikram' movie review: Kamal Haasan steps back to watch Fahadh Faasil and Vijay Sethupathi have fun in Lokesh Cinematic Universe |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/vikram-movie-review-kamal-haasan-steps-back-to-watch-fahadh-faasil-and-vijay-sethupathi-have-fun-in-lokesh-cinematic-universe/article65490343.ece |access-date=2022-06-25 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608222221/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/vikram-movie-review-kamal-haasan-steps-back-to-watch-fahadh-faasil-and-vijay-sethupathi-have-fun-in-lokesh-cinematic-universe/article65490343.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=5 reasons why you shouldn't miss Lokesh Kanagaraj's 'Vikram' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/06/04/5-reasons-why-you-shouldnt-miss-lokesh-kanagarajs-vikram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604152714/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/06/04/5-reasons-why-you-shouldnt-miss-lokesh-kanagarajs-vikram |archive-date=4 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=DT next |date=4 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== ''Leo'' (2023) ===
{{Main|Leo (2023 Indian film)}}

Parthiban, a café owner and animal rescuer in [[Theog]], becomes a local hero after killing a group of robbers in his café. This draws the attention of gangsters Antony and Harold Das, who track him since he resembles Antony's son, Leo Das. Parthiban denies having any connection to them but they continue to hound him, and he takes matters into his own hands by eliminating both Antony and Harold and destroying their [[datura]] factory after confessing that he is Leo, having left his past life behind. Following this, Vikram, knowing Parthi's identity as Leo, invites him to join forces in creating a drug-free society in India, while suggesting a mysterious connection between them from their past.{{efn|As seen at the end of ''Leo''.}}

The third installment in LCU stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the title role, alongside [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], [[Priya Anand]] and [[Madonna Sebastian]] with [[George Maryan]] as [[Kaithi (2019 film)|Napoleon]] and a voice-over cameo by [[Kamal Haasan]] as [[Vikram (2022 film)|Agent Vikram]]. It is based on the 2005 film ''[[A History of Violence]]'', which itself was an adaptation of the [[A History of Violence (comics)|graphic novel of the same name]].

Leo emerged as the [[#Box office performance|highest grossing LCU film]], the [[List of Tamil films of 2023|second highest-grossing Tamil film of 2023]], the [[List of Indian films of 2023|fifth highest-grossing Indian film of 2023]], the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in the overseas markets|highest-grossing Tamil film overseas]] and the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films#Tamil Nadu gross collection|highest-grossing film in Tamil Nadu]].

=== Upcoming films ===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders defaultcenter col2left"
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Release Date
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Production Company
! scope="col" | Status
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Benz (film)|Benz]]''
|2026
| [[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]]
| [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] Bakkiyaraj Kannan
| Passion Studios The Route G Squad{{Citation Needed|date=December 2025}}
| Filming
|-
! scope="row" | ''Kaithi 2''
| {{TBA}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
| Lokesh Kanagaraj [[S. R. Prabhu]]
| [[Dream Warrior Pictures]] [[KVN Productions]]{{Citation Needed|date=December 2025}}
| Pre-production
|-
! scope="row" | Untitled ''Rolex'' film
| {{TBA}}
| Lokesh Kanagaraj [[Karthik Subbaraj]]
| [[KVN Productions]]{{Citation Needed|date=December 2025}}
| rowspan="2" | In Development
|-
! scope="row" | ''Vikram Returns''
| {{TBA}}
| Lokesh Kanagaraj [[Rathna Kumar]] Deeraj Vaidy
| [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]{{Citation Needed|date=December 2025}}
|}
==== ''Benz'' ====
{{Main|Benz (film)}}

Lokesh announced a new action thriller film titled ''Benz'', starring [[Raghava Lawrence]] and directed by [[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]] on 14 April 2024. A teaser was unveiled on Raghava Lawrence's 48th birthday, welcoming him into the universe on 29 October 2024. Actor [[Ravi Mohan]] is playing an important role in the film <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Entertainment |date=2026-05-31 |title=Benz: Ravi Mohan joins Lokesh Cinematic Universe days after announcing acting break |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ravi-mohan-benz-lcu-joins-lokesh-universe-after-divorce-related-acting-break-2919909-2026-05-31 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Malayalam]] Actor [[Nivin Pauly]] is playing as "Walter" an antagonist in the movie.

==== ''Kaithi 2'' ====
As implied at the end of ''Kaithi'', Lokesh had planned for a sequel, which he confirmed after its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2019 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj confirms 'Kaithi 2' with Karthi |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lokesh-kanagaraj-confirms-kaithi-2-karthi-111369 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103102944/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lokesh-kanagaraj-confirms-kaithi-2-karthi-111369 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> In an interview with Subha J Rao to ''[[Firstpost]]'', Lokesh conveyed his interest in developing the film into a franchise, stating that he had an idea for both the prequel and the sequel, which depends on the recurring schedules of the cast members. In May 2021, the film's producer, S. R. Prabhu, confirmed that the sequel was in the works.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=Kaithi director Lokesh Kanagaraj reveals plan to expand the film into a franchise: 'I have the idea for both a prequel and sequel' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaithi-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-plan-to-expand-film-into-a-franchise-i-have-the-idea-for-both-a-prequel-and-sequel-7609941.html |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=30 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830105849/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaithi-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-plan-to-expand-film-into-a-franchise-i-have-the-idea-for-both-a-prequel-and-sequel-7609941.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Kaithi 2'' is intended to be a prequel for Dilli, focusing on his character. Later, in an interaction with fans through [[Twitter]], Lokesh explained about Anbu's return in ''Vikram'' as he was knocked out and not dead, although he had stitch marks in his jaw due to his injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=Anbu hasn't died, more details in Kaithi 2: Lokesh Kanagaraj in Q&A |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/06/08/anbu-hasnt-died-more-details-in-kaithi-2-lokesh-kanagaraj-in-qa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608190205/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/06/08/anbu-hasnt-died-more-details-in-kaithi-2-lokesh-kanagaraj-in-qa |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>

Following the success of ''Vikram'', Lokesh planned to expand the scale of the sequel,<ref name=":0" /> with S. R. Prabhu admitting that it would be bigger than the first film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2022 |title=கைதி 2 வேலைகள் எப்போது தொடக்கம்?... தயாரிப்பாளர் கொடுத்த அப்டேட் |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/after-vijay-67-lokesh-kanagaraj-will-starts-kaithi-2-movie-works-397192 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612091020/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/after-vijay-67-lokesh-kanagaraj-will-starts-kaithi-2-movie-works-397192 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=ta}}</ref> Production of the film was expected to begin in the second quarter of 2022 but was delayed as Lokesh intended to resume the project after completing ''Leo'' and a film with [[Rajinikanth]], titled ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'' (2025), which would not be a part of the LCU. It was officially announced on 15th March 2025. He also confirmed the inclusion of characters from the movies Vikram and Leo.

==== Untitled ''Vikram'' sequel ====
Owing to the film's remarkable success, Kamal Haasan, in an interview with ''[[Pinkvilla]],'' expressed the potential for a sequel to ''Vikram''. In later interviews, Lokesh confirmed that the sequel to ''Vikram'' will be the official endgame for his universe.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Vikram 2 'already' on the cards? Kamal Haasan clears the air on the sequel |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-vikram-2-already-cards-kamal-haasan-clears-air-sequel-1135938 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619142439/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-vikram-2-already-cards-kamal-haasan-clears-air-sequel-1135938 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-18 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Vijay to play a gangster in his 40s in Lokesh Kanagaraj's next; Might enter LCU with Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-vijay-play-gangster-his-40s-lokesh-kanagarajs-next-might-enter-lcu-kamal-haasan-1145882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619122422/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-vijay-play-gangster-his-40s-lokesh-kanagarajs-next-might-enter-lcu-kamal-haasan-1145882 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==== Standalone ''Rolex'' film ====
In August 2023, Suriya revealed that a spin-off centred around his character, Rolex from ''Vikram'', was being planned.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Suriya reveals Lokesh Kanagaraj has plans for a standalone Rolex film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriya-reveals-lokesh-kanagaraj-has-plans-for-a-standalone-rolex-film-8891525/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816114523/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriya-reveals-lokesh-kanagaraj-has-plans-for-a-standalone-rolex-film-8891525/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Lokesh pitched Suriya an idea for a standalone film of the Rolex character, and the actor too agreed to the idea, which Lokesh later confirmed in October 2024.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-14 |title=Director Lokesh Kangaraj confirms standalone film on Suriya's character Rolex |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lokesh-kangaraj-confirms-standalone-rolex-film-suriya-2616823-2024-10-14 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Short films ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Release date
!Status
|-
!Chapter Zero - The Origin of LCU
|TBA
|{{center|Post-Production}}
|}

=== ''Chapter Zero - The Origin of LCU'' ===
Lokesh announced a short film on 29 October 2024, which would describe the inception of the universe before ''Kaithi''. Arjun Das, Narain, Kalidas Jayaram, and a few other actors from the universe will be a part of the short film. Lokesh released a first look at LCU Chapter Zero and titled it - 1 Shot 2 Stories 24 Hours, referring to the short film shot in 24 hours consisting of 2 stories and executed in a single shot.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-26 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj teases fans with an interesting update on the LCU short film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-teases-fans-with-an-interesting-update-on-the-lcu-short-film/articleshow/114615776.cms |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-10-25 |title=First look of Lokesh Kanagaraj's LCU prelude out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/25/first-look-of-lokesh-kanagarajs-lcu-prelude-out |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Expanded Setting ==
In [[Karuppu (film)|Karuppu]], a 2026 film by [[RJ Balaji]], [[Sandy Master]] and Janany Kunaseelan reprise their roles from [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]. Karuppu also features DSP Duraisingam from the [[Singam (film series)]].

== Additional crew and production details ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Occupation
! colspan="4" | Films
|-
! ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' (2019)
! ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022)
! ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023)
! ''[[Benz (film)|Benz]]'' (2026)
|-
! Director
| colspan="3"|Lokesh Kanagaraj
| Bakkiyaraj Kannan
|-
! Story
| colspan="4"|Lokesh Kanagaraj
|-
! Screenplay
| colspan="3"|Lokesh Kanagaraj
| rowspan="2"|Bakkiyaraj Kannan
|-
! Dialogue
| Lokesh Kanagaraj Pon Parthiban
| Lokesh Kanagaraj [[Rathna Kumar]]
| Lokesh Kanagaraj Rathna Kumar Deeraj Vaidy
|-
! Producer
| S. R. Prakash Babu [[S. R. Prabhu]] Thiruppur Vivek
| [[Kamal Haasan]] R. Mahendran
| S. S. Lalit Kumar Jagadish Palanisamy
| Sudhan Sundaram Lokesh Kanagaraj Jagadish Palanisamy
|-
! Composer
| rowspan="2" |[[Sam C. S.]]
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sai Abhyankkar]]
|-
! Background Score
|-
! Lyricist
| Sam C. S. Sharanya Gopinath
| [[Kamal Haasan]] Vishnu Edavan Heisenberg
| Vishnu Edavan Asal Kolaar Heisenberg
| TBA
|-
! Cinematographer
| [[Sathyan Sooryan]]
| [[Girish Gangadharan]]
| [[Manoj Paramahamsa]]
| Dinesh Purushothaman
|-
! Editor
| colspan="4" |[[Philomin Raj]]
|-
! Art Director
| colspan="3" |N. Sathees Kumar
| [[Jacki (art director)|Jacki]]
|-
! Stunt Director
| colspan="3" |[[Anbariv]]
| [[Anal Arasu]]
|-
! Sound Designer
| colspan="3" |Sachin Sudhakaran Hariharan M.
| Arun S. Mani
|-
! Choreographer
| –
| [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]]
| [[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]]
| TBA
|-
! Costume Designer
| Praveen Raja
| Pallavi Singh V. Sai Kavitha J.
| Pallavi Singh Praveen Raja Eka Lakhani
| Dinesh Manoharan Jeeva Karunya Shruthi Manjari
|}

== Future plans ==
In November 2024, Lokesh shared his plans for the franchise and the roadmap ahead. He said, "The opening (first film) was good. Now its structure is that there are only three films in the universe (so far). So, the fourth and fifth movies should be two basements, the sixth should be the pre-climax and the seventh or eighth should be the end. Going by that, I will get to do ''Kaithi 2'', Rolex standalone and ''Vikram 2''. If Vijay sir hadn't announced retirement, I would have done ''Leo 2'' as well. Then ''Leo 2'' or ''Vikram 2'' would have been the final film. That's the maximum I can do with this universe".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-06 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj reveals his plans for LCU; shares final update on 'Thalapathy' Vijay's Leo 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-his-plans-for-lcu-shares-final-update-on-thalapathy-vijays-leo-2-9656026/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Lokesh also talked about his plans on writing a strong female character, and the addition of new characters being added to the universe in subsequent films.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 October 2023 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj confirms that work for 'Kaithi 2' will begin after 'Thalaivar 171' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-confirms-that-work-for-kaithi-2-will-begin-after-thalaivar-171/articleshow/104255527.cms? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009065857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-confirms-that-work-for-kaithi-2-will-begin-after-thalaivar-171/articleshow/104255527.cms |archive-date=9 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Spin-offs ===
Lokesh revealed his plans for two spin-off series with Napoleon from ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' and Agent Tina from ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'', letting his assistants or other directors complete the same. Details of these are yet to be unveiled.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=Is Vijay's Leo a part of Lokesh Kanagaraj's Cinematic Universe with Kamal Haasan, Suriya and Karthi? Here's everything you need to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-leo-connections-lokesh-kanagaraj-universe-8991974/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021160201/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-leo-connections-lokesh-kanagaraj-universe-8991974/ |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
[[Anirudh Ravichander]] composed the [[soundtrack]]s and [[film score]]s for the LCU films under the label of [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]], except for ''Kaithi'' and ''Benz'', which were composed respectively by [[Sam C. S.|Sam CS]] and [[Sai Abhyankkar]] under the label of [[Think Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kollywood |first=Only |date=2019-11-01 |title=Kaithi: Sam CS talks about the different musical approach for the film |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/kaithi-sam-cs-talks-about-the-different-musical-approach-for-the-film/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Only Kollywood |language=en-US |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214032118/https://www.onlykollywood.com/kaithi-sam-cs-talks-about-the-different-musical-approach-for-the-film/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-04 |title=I'm happy to be the third music composer in LCU: Sai Abhyankkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/im-happy-to-be-the-third-music-composer-in-lcu-sai-abhyankkar/articleshow/114932012.cms |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Theme music ===
"Lokiverse" serves as the theme music for the franchise. It has two versions. The original version was featured in ''Vikram'' (2022),<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Vikram (Original Background Score) |website=[[Spotify]] |date=2022-07-07 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6S5qpNyT3ZAg7m0e2XSOqx |access-date=2023-11-04 |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707150057/https://open.spotify.com/album/6S5qpNyT3ZAg7m0e2XSOqx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Vikram (Original Background Score) - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=2022-07-07 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vikram-original-background-score/F,rzIdfV5zE_ |access-date=2023-11-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709063521/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vikram-original-background-score/F,rzIdfV5zE_ |url-status=live }}</ref> while the second version was featured in ''Leo'' (2023).<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title='Leo: Bloody Sweet' Soundtrack Album Released {{!}} Film Music Reporter |url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2023/10/20/anirudh-ravichander-leo-bloody-sweet-soundtrack-album-released/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029212539/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2023/10/20/anirudh-ravichander-leo-bloody-sweet-soundtrack-album-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The second version titled "[[Lokiverse 2.0 (song)|Lokiverse 2.0]]" connected the elements of the franchise between the first three installments: ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' (2019), ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022) and ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=#CinemaUpdate {{!}} Lokiverse 2.0 அடங்கிய 'லியோ' படத்தின் மியூசிக் ஆல்பம் வெளியானது! |url=https://twitter.com/sunnewstamil/status/1715024816514695522 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019181456/https://twitter.com/sunnewstamil/status/1715024816514695522 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref>

=== Soundtracks ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Release date
!Length
!Composer(s)
!Label
!Ref
|-
!{{center|''[[Vikram (soundtrack)|Vikram Film Soundtrack]]''}}
|{{center|15 May 2022}}
|0:15:52
| rowspan="2" |{{Center|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Center|[[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]}}
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Vikram (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=2022-05-15 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0FIP7MeIO3yqL8K6uTz3b1 |access-date=2023-11-04 |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526163413/https://open.spotify.com/album/0FIP7MeIO3yqL8K6uTz3b1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Vikram (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Ilaiyaraaja |date=1986-05-29 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/vikram-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1576841895 |access-date=2023-11-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526163413/https://music.apple.com/us/album/vikram-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1576841895 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://music.amazon.in/albums/B0B1CCB3L8 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=music.amazon.in |title=Play Vikram (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Anirudh Ravichander on Amazon Prime Music |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603103809/https://music.amazon.in/albums/B0B1CCB3L8 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!{{Center|''[[Leo (soundtrack)|Leo Film Soundtrack]]''}}
|{{Center|19 October 2023}}
|0:22:57
|<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=anirudhofficial/status/1715367363049300463 |url=https://twitter.com/anirudhofficial/status/1715367363049300463 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024081258/https://twitter.com/anirudhofficial/status/1715367363049300463 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Film scores ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Release date
!Length
!Composer(s)
!Label
!Ref
|-
!{{center|''[[Kaithi (soundtrack)|Kaithi Background Score]]''}}
|{{center|22 November 2019}}
|0:28:18
|{{Center|[[Sam C. S.]]}}
|N/A
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-22 |title=Lokesh Kangaraj directed Karthi's Kaithi original soundtrack released |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/lokesh-kangaraj-directed-karthis-kaithi-original-soundtrack-released.html |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221144658/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/lokesh-kangaraj-directed-karthis-kaithi-original-soundtrack-released.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!{{center|''[[Vikram (soundtrack)#Background score|Vikram Background Score]]''}}
|{{center|7 July 2022}}
|0:34:16
| rowspan="2" |{{Center|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Center|[[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]}}
|<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
|-
!{{center|''[[Leo (soundtrack)#Background score|Leo Background Score]]''}}
|{{center|''TBA''}}
|''TBA''
|<ref name=":7"/>
|}

== Timeline ==
{{Timeline of release years|1991=''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' flashback|1999=''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' flashback|title=Lokesh Cinematic Universe timeline|subtitle=(as of ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'')|compressempty=yes|range1=1991–2022|range1_color=#E50B15 #000000|2019a=''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''|2019b=''Vikram''|2022=''Leo''}}
An official timeline has not been released by the makers, but the films indicate this.

In the cinematic universe, the events in ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' unfold in the year 2019, followed by the events in ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]],'' which transpire three months after the events in ''Kaithi.'' Subsequently, the events in ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' occur three years later in 2022. The flashback storylines in ''Vikram'' and ''Leo'' depict events from 1991 and 1999 respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=24 October 2023 |title=A breakdown of Lokesh Kanagaraj's LCU: How the timelines of 'Kaithi', 'Vikram' and 'Leo' are interconnected |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/breaking-down-lokesh-kanagarajs-lcu-how-the-timelines-of-kaithi-vikram-and-leo-are-interconnected/article67453488.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024133113/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/breaking-down-lokesh-kanagarajs-lcu-how-the-timelines-of-kaithi-vikram-and-leo-are-interconnected/article67453488.ece |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Recurring cast and characters ==
{{Cast indicator|appeared=Lokesh Cinematic Universe|C|V|Y|M|m}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2"|Characters
! colspan="3" |Films
|-
! align="center" |''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' (2019)
!''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022)
!''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023)
|-
! colspan="4" |Introduced in ''Kaithi''
|-
!Dilli
|[[Karthi]]
| Karthi{{ref|voice only|V}}
|Mentioned{{efn|In ''Leo'', Dilli is mentioned by Napoleon during an interaction with Parthiban.}}
|-
!Inspector Bejoy
| colspan="2" | [[Narain (actor)|Narain]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
!Anbu Das
| [[Arjun Das]]
| Arjun Das{{ref|cameo|C}}
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
!Adaikalam Das
| [[Harish Uthaman]]
| Harish Uthaman{{ref|cameo|C}}
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
!Stephen Raj
|[[Hareesh Peradi]]
| Hareesh Peradi{{ref|cameo|C}}
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! Napoleon
| [[George Maryan]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| George Maryan
|-
!Kamatchi
| [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]]
| Dheena{{ref|cameo|C}}
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
!Amudha
|Baby Monica
|Baby Monica{{ref|cameo|C}}
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
!Commander Arun Kumar Vikram / Karnan
|Mentioned{{efn|In the opening of ''Kaithi,'' Inspector Bejoy, portrayed by Narain, queries Ajaz Ahmad if there is any information about the "ghost". ''Vikram'' reveals that the "ghost" mentioned in ''Kaithi'' is Kamal Haasan's character, Vikram.}}
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
|Kamal Haasan{{ref|voice only|V}}
|-
! colspan="4" |Introduced in ''Vikram''
|-
!Escort
| style="background :#d3d3d3;" |
|[[Maya S. Krishnan]]
|Maya S. Krishnan{{ref|cameo|C}}
|}

== Reception ==
=== Box office performance ===
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Box office" section of its article.}}
The Lokesh Cinematic Universe is currently the [[List of Indian film series|highest grossing Tamil film franchise]].
{| class="wikitable"
!Film
!Release
!Budget
!Box office
!Ref(s)
|-
!''[[Kaithi (2019 film)#Box office|Kaithi]]''
|25 October 2019
|{{INRConvert|25|c|year=2019|mode=historical}}
|{{INRConvert|105|c|year=2019|mode=historical}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=Bigil, Petta, Viswasam, Kanchana 3, Nerkonda Paarvai, Kaithi power Kollywood's theatrical takings in 2019 to Rs 1000 cr |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigil-petta-viswasam-kanchana-3-nerkonda-paarvai-kaithi-power-kollywoods-theatrical-takings-in-2019-to-rs-1000-cr-7736851.html |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228120405/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigil-petta-viswasam-kanchana-3-nerkonda-paarvai-kaithi-power-kollywoods-theatrical-takings-in-2019-to-rs-1000-cr-7736851.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!''[[Vikram (2022 film)#Box office|Vikram]]''
|3 June 2022
|{{INRConvert|120|c|year=2022|mode=historical}}
|{{INRConvert|424|c|year=2022|mode=historical}}–{{INRConvert|500|c|year=2022|mode=historical}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikram box office collection Day 27: Kamal Haasan's film refuses to slow down|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vikram-box-office-collection-day-27-kamal-haasan-s-film-refuses-to-slow-down-1968795-2022-07-01|website=[[India Today]]|date=1 July 2022|access-date=17 June 2023|quote=Kamal Haasan's Vikram is showing no signs of slowing down at the box office. As of now, Vikram is marching towards Rs 500 crore at the worldwide box office.|archive-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617043840/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vikram-box-office-collection-day-27-kamal-haasan-s-film-refuses-to-slow-down-1968795-2022-07-01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=வெற்றிகரமாக 75 நாட்களை நிறைவு செய்த விக்ரம்..! இதுவரை வசூல் செய்தது மட்டும் எத்தனை கோடி தெரியுமா?|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/vikram-movie-completed-75-days-and-latest-box-office-collection-details-here-rgpt9q|website=[[Asianet News Network]]|language=ta|date=16 August 2022|access-date=10 October 2022|quote=இதுவரை 500 கோடி ரூபாய் வசூல் சாதனை செய்துள்ளதாக தகவல் வெளியாகியுள்ளது.|archive-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817053630/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/vikram-movie-completed-100-days-and-latest-box-office-collection-details-here-rgpt9q|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kamal Haasan's Vikram finishes theatrical run as highest grossing film ever in Tamil Nadu, registers record footfall|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kamal-haasan-s-vikram-finishes-theatrical-run-as-highest-grossing-film-ever-in-tamil-nadu-registers-record-footfall-101663821451673.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=22 September 2022|access-date=10 October 2022|quote=At the end of its theatrical run, the film registered a record footfall and grossed over ₹500 crore worldwide.|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010000129/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kamal-haasan-s-vikram-finishes-theatrical-run-as-highest-grossing-film-ever-in-tamil-nadu-registers-record-footfall-101663821451673.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)#Box office|Leo]]''
|19 October 2023
|{{INRConvert|250|c|year=2023|mode=historical}}–{{INRConvert|400|c|year=2023|mode=historical}}
|{{INRConvert|595|c|year=2023|mode=historical}}–{{INRConvert|615|c|year=2023|mode=historical}}
|{{efn|name="leo"|''Leo''{{'}}s reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹595 crore (''[[Box Office India]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leo Box Office Collection |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8249 |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>) – ₹615 crore (''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2023 |title=Top 10 Kollywood Blockbusters, Box Office Hits|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/181123/leo-to-sarkar-top-10-highest-grossing-tamil-films.html |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>).}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:centr;" | Total
! {{INRConvert|395|c}}–{{INRConvert|545|c}}
! {{INRConvert|1124|c}}–{{INRConvert|1220|c}}
!
|}
'''<big>Critical reception</big>'''
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Critical reception" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Film
![[Rotten Tomatoes]]
|-
!''[[Kaithi (2019 film)#Critical response|Kaithi]]''
|100% (7/10 average rating) (7 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaithi {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kaithi |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Vikram (2022 film)#Critical reception|Vikram]]''
|59% (5.6/10 average rating) (17 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vikram |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)#Critical reception|Leo]]''
|82% (6.7/10 average rating) (11 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leo (2023) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/leo_2023_2 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.imdb.com/list/ls4156695656/?ref_=uspf_t_2 Lokesh Cinematic Universe (LCU)]

{{Lokesh Cinematic Universe}}
{{Lokesh Kanagaraj}}


[[Category:Action film franchises]]
[[Category:Continuity (fiction)]]
[[Category:Fictional universes]]
[[Category:Film series introduced in 2019]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Media franchises introduced in 2019]]
[[Category:Shared universes]]
[[Category:Indian shared universes]]
[[Category:Thriller film series]]

Jagatdev Singh

2026-05-07T22:56:28Z

DwainKilgore21: Creating bio - done

{{short description|Raja of Poonch from 1928 to 1940}}
{{Sources exist|date=May 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = Raja-i-Rajgan [[Raja]] Kalan Bahadur
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Poonch Jagir|Poonch]]
| reign = {{circa|1928}} – 1940 <ref name="Snedd">{{harvp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=237–238}}; {{harvp|McLeod, India and Pakistan: Friends, Rivals or Enemies?|2008|pp=74–75}}; {{harvp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=41}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Sukhdev Singh (Raja of Poonch)]]<ref name="poonch">{{cite web|url=https://poonch.nic.in/about-district/|title=About District Poonch {{pipe}} District Poonch, Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{pipe}} India|website=poonch.nic.in|access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref>
| successor = [[Shiv Rattan Dev Singh]]
| death_date =
| spouse = Padmavati
}}
'''Jagatdev Singh''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Poonch Jagir]] from 1928 until 1940, upon his death in 1940 - Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] used the situation to integrate the Poonch jagir into the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Snedd" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]

{{India-noble-stub}}

Battle of Malandari Pass

2026-05-06T17:52:19Z

DwainKilgore21: put up a data

{{Short description|Afghan-Mughal War battle}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)
| image = Malandari battle Monument.jpg
| date = 16 February 1586
| place = [[Buner]], Between [[Karakar Pass]] and Malandari Pass (in present day [[Pakistan]])
| combatant1 = [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] people
*[[Yousafzai]] tribe
*[[Jadoon]] tribe
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Kalu Khan Yousafzai]] Mirwais Khan
| commander2 = [[Birbal]]{{KIA}} [[Zain Khan Koka]]
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = 20,000<ref name= arlingh/>
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 8,000 ([[Abd al-Qadir Badayuni|Badayuni]]'s claim)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511766/page/279/mode/2up | title=Mughal Empire in India | year=1940 }}</ref> with 500 officers killed.<ref name="Kingdom">''[https://ia802308.us.archive.org/20/items/kingdomofafghani00taterich/kingdomofafghani00taterich.pdf The Kingdom of Afghanistan. A Historical Sketch]'' (1911) by G.P. Tate, Member of the Asiatic Society</ref>
| result = Afghan Yousufzai victory<ref>Mughal-Afghan Relations in South Asia p132</ref>{{full citation|date=September 2025}}
| partof = [[Mughal-Afghan Wars|Mughal–Afghan Wars]]
| caption = Battle of Malandari Monument in [[Buner]]
}}
The '''Battle of the Malandari Pass''' was fought on 16 February 1586 in what is now the [[Buner District]] in Pakistan's [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province]]. The army of the [[Mughal Empire]], led by [[Birbal|Raja Birbal]], was ambushed by Pashtun [[Yusufzai]] tribesmen, led by [[Malik#Pashtun usage|Malik]] [[Kalu Khan Yousafzai]]. It was one of the greatest defeats of Mughal history and under the reign of [[Akbar|Akbar the Great]].{{efn|[[John F. Richards]] fails to specifically refer to it as the Battle of Malandari Pass, but instead states Raja Bir Bar and Zain Khan Koka commanded an army against Yusufzai chiefs and it was the greatest disaster to befall a Mughal army during [[Akbar|Akbar's reign]].<ref name=Richards50-51>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA49 |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=50–51}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Micheal Fisher |url=http://archive.org/details/a-short-history-of-the-mughal-empire |title=A Short History Of The Mughal Empire |date=2016 |publisher=I.B. Tauras |pages=132–133}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=S. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511766 |title=Mughal Empire In India |date=1940 |publisher=Karnatak Publishing House |page=278}}</ref>

Birbal is believed to have died in the battle alongside around 8,000 Mughal soldiers.<ref name= arlingh>{{Cite book |last=Arlinghaus |first=Joseph Theodore |url= |title=The Transformation of Afghan Tribal Society: Tribal Expansion, Mughal Imperialism and the Roshaniyya Insurrection, 1450–1600 |date=1988 |publisher=[[Duke University]] |pages=316–317 |language=en |quote=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Mulk |first=Professor Shujaul |year=1981 |title=Relations between Akbar and the North West Frontier Tribes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ops5AAAAIAAJ |journal=Central Asia |publisher=Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar |pages=47–48 |issn=1729-9802 |quote=In this confusion, Birbal and Hasan Khan Bhittani, along with eight thousand men of the Mughal army lost their lives.}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Mughals had annihilated the whole Yousafzai tribe after Mullah Meru's defeat and death in 1581 AD, and Kalu Khan Yusufzai decided to take over the task of restoring the Yousafzai's organisation and unity. In the jirga that Yousafzai organised after consulting his friends and supporters, Ayub son of Rusi, Babu son of Saifu Aba Khel Mandanr, Mirwais son of Mullah Meru, and other individuals associated with Yousafzai took part. Yousafzai's country was visited by this jirga as it preached about togetherness and issued ominous warnings about the consequences of divide.

Ain-i-Akbari claims that Kalu Khan travelled to [[Agra]] when the Mughal Emperor Akbar went to the [[Kabulistan|Kabul region]] to chastise Mirza Muhammad. Kalu Khan was treated well, but he eventually left Agra. [[Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi|Khwaja Shamsuddin Khwafi]] detained Kalu Khan close to [[Attock]] and then took him to court. Kalu Khan ran away once more, went back home, and eventually became the leader of the seditious elements. Abu Fazal does not specifically state how Akbar took Kalu Khan to Agra or why or under what circumstances.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=ibn Mubārak |first1=Allami Abū al-Faz̤l |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1qLRAAACAAJ |title=The A-in-i Akbari |date=2001 |publisher=Low Price Publications |isbn=978-81-7536-228-4 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref>

The Yousafzai had selected Ghazi Khan Malezai to serve as their leader while Kalu Khan was away. But soon after, Ghazi Khan was killed in [[Bajaur District|Bajaur]] in a battle with the Mughals. Kalu Khan, who had just returned from Agra, also joined the fight. He was once again chosen by Yousafzais to lead the tribe in Damghar, Swat.<ref name=":0" />

==Battle==
According to historians [[Jadunath Sarkar]] and Raghubir Sinh, there were quarrels between the leaders of the Mughal troops, with Birbal, Abul Fath and Zain Khan disagreeing on the course of action, and "On 16th February, (1586), during a disorderly march, the Afghans attacked in a Swat defile. Panic seized the disunited Imperial army and 8000 men lost their lives, including Rajah Birbal and many other high officers, while all their camp and equipage were plundered. The fugitives straggling in the hills were cut off."<ref name="Sarkar">{{Cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA68 |title=A History of Jaipur: c. 1503–1938 |last2=Sinh |first2=Raghubir |date=1984 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0333-5 |pages=68–69 |language=en}}</ref>

Between the [[Karakar Pass]] and the Malandari Pass, the Yusufzai Afghans under the command of Kalu Khan routed the combined forces of Zain Khan and Raja Birbal. Birbal lost his life in this battle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=Raja+birbal+killed&pg=RA2-PA115 |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |pages=115 |language=en}}</ref> According to Mughal historian [[Khafi Khan]], 40,000–50,000 Mughal men perished in this battle.<ref name=":0" />{{Request quotation|date=September 2025}} However, [[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni|Badayuni]] claims that around 8000 Mughal men perished as a result of the entire episode.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliot |first=Henry Miers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2AGBNfe8ZQC&dq=Raja+birbal+killed&pg=PA451 |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-05587-1 |pages=451 |language=en}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Akbar learned about the disaster two days later and an army under Rajah [[Todar Mal]] set off on 19 February to exact retribution against the Yusufzais, killing a large number of them and selling many survivors to [[Turan]] and [[Iran|Persia]], as "the countries of Swat, Bajaur and Buner were cleansed of evildoers."<ref name=Sarkar/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1586]]
[[Category:Buner District]]
[[Category:Afghan–Mughal Wars]]
[[Category:16th century in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1586 in India]]
[[Category:Military history of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]

List of programmes broadcast by Sahara One

2026-05-06T15:58:32Z

DwainKilgore21: starting info

{{Short description|None}}
{{morefootnotes|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
This is a list of television programmes formerly broadcast by [[Sahara One]].
==Comedy series==
{{div col}}
*''Bhagwaan Bachaaye Inko''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040201/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=10 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210104419/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040201/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2004)
*''[[Don't Worry Ho Jayega]]'' (2000)
*''GiLLi Danda''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030525/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320081423/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030525/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2003)
*''[[Hi! Padosi... Kaun Hai Doshi?]]'' (2011)
*''[[Hum Dono (TV series)|Hum Dono]]'' (2000)
*''Hukum Mere Aaka''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030817/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301063255/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030817/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2003–2004)
*''[[Ruby Duby Hub Dub]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040613/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=9 December 2022|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307011900/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040613/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2004)
*''Shubh Mangal Savadhan''<ref name=JKK/> (2002–2004)
{{div col end}}

==Drama series==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[Aakhir Bahu Bhi Toh Beti Hee Hai]]'' (2013–2014)
*''[[Arzoo Hai Tu]]'' (2003–2004)
*''[[Bitto (TV series)|Bitto]]'' (2010–2011)
*''[[Buniyaad]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/feb/feb261.htm|title=Sahara One remains upbeat on 'Buniyaad'|date=21 February 2006|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916103725/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/feb/feb261.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2006)
*''[[Chacha Chaudhary (2002 TV series)|Chacha Chaudhary]]'' (2002–2004)
*''[[Daaman]]'' (2001–2002)
*''[[Do Lafzon Ki Kahani (TV series)|Do Lafzon Ki Kahani]]'' (2001)
*''[[Doli Saja Ke]]'' (2007–2009)
*''[[Draupadi (TV series)|Draupadi]]''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011021/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|access-date=21 May 2023|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128114743/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011021/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2002–2004)
*''[[Ek Chutki Aasman]]'' (2010)
*''[[Firangi Bahu]]'' (2013–2014)
*''[[Ganga Kii Dheej]]'' (2010–2011)
*''[[Ghar Aaja Pardesi]]'' (2013)
*''[[Ghar Ek Sapnaa]]'' (2007–2009)
*''[[Hamaari Beti Raaj Karegi]]'' (2010–2011)
*''[[Haqeeqat (Indian TV series)|Haqeeqat]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Har Mod Par]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/feb/feb48.htm |title=Sahara tries a different approach to primetime |date=2002-02-20 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en |access-date=2019-07-15 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127090215/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/feb/feb48.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> (2002)
*''[[Hare Kkaanch Ki Choodiyaan]]'' (2005–2006)
*''[[Haunted Nights]]'' (2012–2013)
*''[[Isse Kehte Hai Golmaal Ghar]]'' (2004–2005)
*''[[Jai Jai Jai Bajrang Bali]]'' (2011–2015)
*''[[Jhilmil Sitaaron Ka Aangan Hoga]]'' (2012–2013)
*''[[Jo Ishq Ki Marzi Woh Rab Ki Marzi]]'' (2009)
*''[[Kaala Saaya]]'' (2011)
*''Kagaar''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031012/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206021533/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031012/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2002–2004)
*''Kagaz Ki Kashti''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021229/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819212509/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021229/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2002–2003)
*''[[Kahani Chandrakanta Ki]]'' (2011–2012)
*''[[Kahi To Milenge]]'' (2002–2003)
*''[[Kaisi Laagi Lagan]]'' (2008–2009)
*''[[Kamini Damini]]'' (2004–2005)
*''[[Karishma - The Miracles of Destiny]]'' (2003–2004)
*''[[Kesariya Balam Aavo Hamare Des]]'' (2009–2011)
*''[[Kise Apna Kahein]]'' (2003)
*''[[Kituu Sabb Jaantii Hai]]'' (2005–2007)
*''[[Kohinoor (TV series)|Kohinoor]]'' (2005)
*''[[Kucchh Pal Saath Tumhara]]'' (2003–2004)
*''[[Kuch Apne Kuch Paraye]]'' (2006–2007)
*''[[Kuchh Love Kuchh Masti]]'' (2004–2005)
*''[[Main Aisi Kyunn Hoon]]'' (2007–2008)
*''[[Malini Iyer]]'' (2004–2005)
*''[[Masakali (TV series)|Masakali]]'' (2014–2015)
*''[[Mata Ki Chowki]]'' (2008–2011)
*''[[Mera Sasural]]'' (2008)
*''Mr. & Mrs. Mishra''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/more-than-money/519226/ |title=Hatim plays Abhimanyu Mishra |publisher=Archive.indianexpress.com |date=2009-09-20 |accessdate=2015-03-27 |archive-date=14 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025931/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/more-than-money/519226/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (2009)
*''[[Neeli Aankhen]]'' (2008)
*''[[Neem Neem Shahad Shahad]]'' (2011–2012)
*''Om Namah Narayan''<ref name="auto"/> (2001–2002)
*''[[Parchhaiyan (Sahara TV)|Parchhaiyan]]'' (2002)
*''[[Piya Ka Ghar Pyaara Lage]]'' (2011–2012)
*''[[Prratima]]'' (2004–2005)
*''Power Trip''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/sahara-manoranjan-all-set-to-transform-into-sahara-one-tv-13681.html|title=Sahara Manoranjan all set to transform into Sahara One TV - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=16 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816133519/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/sahara-manoranjan-all-set-to-transform-into-sahara-one-tv-13681.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (2004–2005)
*''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]'' (2004–2005)
*''[[Rishton Ke Bhanwar Mein Uljhi Niyati]]'' (2011–2014)
*''[[Ruby Duby Hub Dub]]'' (2004)
*''[[Saath Rahega Always]]'' (2005–2006)
*''[[Saathiya – Pyar Ka Naya Ehsaas]]'' (2004–2005)
*''[[Sahib Biwi Gulam]]'' (2004)
*''[[Sati...Satya Ki Shakti]]'' (2006)
*''[[Shorr]]'' (2010–2011)
*''[[Shubh Kadam]]'' (2009)
*''Solhah Singaarr'' (2006–2008)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070505/ttlife1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - The Tribune Lifestyle|access-date=5 July 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705213712/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070505/ttlife1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (Sahara One)|Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna]]'' (2012–2013)
*''[[Virasaat (Sahara One)|Virasaat]]'' (2002)
*''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]'' (2005–2011)
*''[[Zaara (TV series)|Zaara]]'' (2006–2008)
*''[[Zameen Se Aassman Tak]]'' (2004)
{{div col end}}

==Reality/non-scripted programming==
{{div col}}
*''[[Biggest Loser Jeetega]]'' (2007)
*''[[Comedy Champions]]'' (2008)
*''Fateh''<ref name=JKK/> (2002)
*''Hello''<ref name=Hello>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030112/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926034038/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030112/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2003)
*''[[Jjhoom India]]'' (2007–2008)
*''[[Saas v/s Bahu]]'' (2008)
*''Style Mantra''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041219/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=11 August 2022|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811121232/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041219/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2004)
*''[[Sur Kshetra]]'' (2012)
{{div col end}}

==Hindi dubbed series==
===Animated series===
{{div col}}
*''[[Just Kids!]]'' shows<ref name=JK>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k2/june/junetube6.htm|title=Sahara commences weekly kids show|date=3 June 2002|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212010943/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k2/june/junetube6.htm|archive-date=12 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=JKK>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/may/may93.htm|title=Child star to anchor kids band on Sahara|date=22 May 2002|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-date=7 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107161611/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/may/may93.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2002–2004)
**''[[The Great Book of Nature|Bhallu Sahab Ki Kahani]]''<ref name=JK/>
**''[[Denver, the Last Dinosaur]]''<ref name=JK/><ref name=JKK/>
**''[[Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli|The Jungle Book]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/june/june27.htm|title=Sahara One to hook up kids with "The Jungle Book"|date=4 June 2003|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212010932/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/june/june27.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
**''[[The Legend of Zorro (anime series)|The Legend of Zorro]]''
**''[[The New Adventures of Kimba The White Lion]]''
**''[[Mondo TV|Pocahontas]]''
**''[[Sandokan#Animated series|Sandokan]]''
**''Christopher Columbus''
**''Simba The King Lion''
**''[[The Story of Cinderella]]''
*''[[Spacetoon India|Spacetoon Hour]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1051129/asp/calcutta/story_5536922.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060319050831/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051129/asp/calcutta/story_5536922.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2006|title=Toon Space|date=29 November 2005|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> (2005–2006)
**''[[Baby & Me]]''
**''[[Captain Tsubasa]]''
**''[[Crush Gear Turbo]]''
**''Enchanted Princess Party''
{{div col end}}

==Films==
*''Phir Se''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr331.htm|title=SaharaOne bags Rapa Awards for telefilm 'Phir Se'|date=28 April 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=30 December 2020|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126043203/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr331.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2005)
*''[[Familywala]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnt7eTDSsgU|title=Familywala (2014) Full Length Hindi Movie|publisher=[[Sahara One]]|accessdate=9 February 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (2014)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sahara One Programmes}}
{{Children television series in India}}
{{Lists of television programs by genre}}
{{programs}}

[[Category:Sahara One original programming|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series|S]]
[[Category:Lists of television series by network|S]]

Harish Komme

2026-05-05T17:34:08Z

DwainKilgore21: Creating a stub - done

{{Short description|Indian film editor (born 1985)}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2022|blp=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harish Komme
| image = Harish Komme on Sets of Premam Poojyam.jpg
| alt = Harish Komme sitting and looking down at a laptop, with left elbow propped up on armrest; two people are partly visible in background, one wearing a lanyard
| caption = Komme in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|9|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| occupation = [[Film editor]]
| spouse = {{Marriage| Sunanda.N |2017}}
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
| imagesize =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2015–present
}}

'''Harish Komme''', is an Indian [[film editor]] known for his works in [[Kannada cinema]]. He works predominantly on [[Kannada language|Kannada]] films. His [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor]] was for his work on the feature film ''[[Mufti (film)|Mufti]]'' (2017) directed by Narthan.

==Career==
He made his debut as a film editor in 2015, with the Kannada movie "Eradondla Mooru". He subsequently worked in the movie ''[[Mufti (film)|Mufti]]'' starring Dr.[[Shiva Rajkumar]] & [[Sriimurali|Srii Murali]], produced under the banner [[Jayanna Combines]]. The movie earned him [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor]] for the year 2017.

He also worked as promo editor for a couple of films, one of which is a well-known film called [[Santheyalli Nintha Kabira]] released in the year 2016 starring [[Shiva Rajkumar]].

He spearheaded the editing of critically acclaimed film [[Ammachi Yemba Nenapu]] which is based on Dr.[[Vaidehi (Kannada writer)|Vaidehi]]'s Short Stories directed by [[Champa P Shetty]]. Some of his recently released are [[Inspector Vikram (2021 film)]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/inspector-vikram/movie-review/80705719.cms | title=Inspector Vikram Movie Review: A fun-filled entertainer that's pleasing to the eyes too | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> [[Madhagaja]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/madhagaja/movie-review/88070697.cms | title=Madhagaja Movie Review: A brisk, action-packed film, loaded with sentiments | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/video/sandalwood/kannada-sri-murali-madhagaja-film-collects-26-crores-collection-in-one-week-vcs-r41r4k | title=Madhagaja Collection: ರಾಜ್ಯಾದ್ಯಂತ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಯಾಗಿದೆ ಶ್ರೀಮುರಳಿ ಕ್ರೇಜ್! }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sriimurali-and-ashika-ranganath-complete-shooting-for-madhagaja/articleshow/85646763.cms?from=mdr | title=Sriimurali and Ashika Ranganath complete shooting for Madhagaja - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=26 August 2021 }}</ref> and [[Premam Poojyam]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2021/nov/08/prem-i-wouldnt-be-here-without-the-support-of-industry-and-audience-27694.html | title=Prem: I wouldn't be here without the support of industry and audience | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=7 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/premam-poojyam-has-12-songs-because-songs-express-love-best-says-director-raghavendra/articleshow/87626071.cms | title=Premam Poojyam has 12 songs because songs express love best, says director Raghavendra - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=11 November 2021 }}</ref>

==Awards==
* 2017 [[Karnataka State Film Awards|Karnataka State Film Award]] for [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editing]] – ''[[Mufti (film)|Mufti]]''

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

===As editor===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2015
|''Eradondla Mooru''
|Kannada
|Debut
|-
|2017
|''[[Mufti (film)|Mufti]]''
|Kannada
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor]]
|-
|2018
|''[[Ammachi Yemba Nenapu]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Inspector Vikram (2021 film)|Inspector Vikram]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Premam Poojyam]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Madhagaja]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
|rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Hope (2022 film)|Hope]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Monsoon Raaga]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Head Bush]]''
|Kannada
|Editing supervision
|-
|''[[Once Upon a Time in Jamaligudda]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Daredevil Musthafa]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Pahije Jatiche]]''
|Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Dantakathe]]''
|Kannada
|Post-production
|-
|rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Koli Esru]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Love Li]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Gana (film)|Gana]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[S/O Muthanna]]''
|Kannada
|Post-production
|-
|TBA
|''Rosy''
|Kannada
|Filming
|-
|rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Devil (2025 film)|Devil]]''
|Kannada
|Post-production
|}

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable "
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col"|Film
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col"|Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2015
| ''Eradondla Mooru''
| Doctor
|
|
|-
|2015
| ''[[Mufti (film)|Mufti]]''
| Civil engineer
| 2 Scenes
|
|-
|2018
| ''[[Ammachi Yemba Nenapu]]''
|
| One scene
|
|-
|2021
| ''[[Inspector Vikram (2021 film)|Inspector Vikram]]''
| TV channel head
|
|
|-
|2021
| ''[[Premam Poojyam]]''
| Medical college student
| Senior to [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]]
|
|-
|2021
| ''[[Madhagaja]]''
| Cameo
| In song with [[Sriimurali]]
|
|-
|2022
| ''[[Hope (2022 film)|Hope]]''
| Personal secretary to CM
|
|
|-
|2022
| ''[[Monsoon Raaga]]''
| Frustrated family man
| In song
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm8868263|name=Harish Komme}}
* [https://www.deccanherald.com/state/state-film-award-2017-699865.html State Film Award 2017: Suddi bags Best Film award]
* [https://www.ibtimes.co.in/karnataka-state-film-awards-2017-shuddhi-declared-best-movie-raajakumara-wins-best-entertainer-784000 Karnataka State Film Awards 2017: Shuddhi declared Best Movie, Raajakumara wins Best Entertainer Award - Complete Winners' List]
* [https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/karnataka-film-awards-announced/articleshow/66367331.cms ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಪ್ರಕಟ: ಶುದ್ದಿ ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ಚಿತ್ರ]
* [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ktaka-film-awards-shuddhi-bags-best-film-tara-and-vishruth-naik-best-actors-90585 K'taka film awards: 'Shuddhi' bags best film, Tara and Vishruth Naik best actors]
* {{Cite web | url=https://newstrailindia.com/inner.php?id=6776 | title=Film awards: an eternal wait | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424051813/https://newstrailindia.com/inner.php?id=6776 | archive-date=24 April 2022}}
* [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ammachi-yemba-nenapu-review-beautiful-kannada-film-celebrates-women-90909 'Ammachi Yemba Nenapu' review: A beautiful Kannada film that celebrates women]
* {{Cite web | url=https://biffes.org/project/chicken-curry/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611000441/https://biffes.org/project/chicken-curry/ | archive-date=11 June 2023 | title=KOLI ESRU | work=Biffes }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Komme, Harish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film editors]]
[[Category:Film people from Karnataka|editors]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

The Frank Anthony Public School, Bengaluru

2026-05-03T15:01:32Z

DwainKilgore21: new...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = The Frank Anthony Public School
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = "Courage is destiny"
| location = 13, Cambridge Road, [[Ulsoor]], [[Bangalore]] – 560 008
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9711|77.6287|type:edu_region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Private school]]
| established = {{Start date|1967|01|09|df=y}}
| founder = Mr. [[Frank Anthony]]
| school_board = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|Council for The ISC Examinations]]
| district =
| superintendent =
| chairman = David Hilton
| principal = Kevin Pope
| headmistress = Lorraine Briggs
| headmaster =
| faculty = Full-time
| grades = K-12
| gender = Co-educational
| lower_age = 4
| upper_age = 18
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| houses = {{flatlist|Corbett House {{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}}, D'mello House {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}}, Gidney House {{Color box|green|border=darkgray}}, Rodrigues House {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} }}
| song = [[#School Song|Courage is Destiny!]]
| mascot =
| newspaper =
| website = [http://fapsbangalore.org fapsbangalore.org]
| enrollment =
| language = [[English language|English]] (Medium of instruction)
[[Kannada]],
[[Hindi]],
[[Sanskrit]]
| feeder_schools =
| head = Craig William Temple
| head_label = Vice-Principal
}}
'''The Frank Anthony Public School''' (or '''FAPS''') is a [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] [[Day school|day-school]], for students of age 4–18 years, in [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. It was founded in 1967 by the Anglo-Indian educationist and barrister-at-law, [[Frank Anthony]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fapsbangalore.com/about-us/information-about-faps/|title=The School - The Frank Anthony Public School|website=The Frank Anthony Public School|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-17}}</ref> who was also the Founder-Chairman of the All India Anglo-Indian Educational Trust which, today, owns and administers five schools named after him, including [[The Frank Anthony Public School, New Delhi]], The Frank Anthony Public School, Bengaluru, [[The Frank Anthony Public School, Kolkata]] and three Frank Anthony Junior Schools in the cities of [[Bangalore]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Delhi]].

==Overview==
The school officially opened on 9 January 1967, being the third of the three Frank Anthony Public Schools in India. It is established, owned and administered by the All-India Anglo-Indian Education Institution, New Delhi, registered under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860. It is affiliated to the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Frank Anthony Public School, Bengaluru {{!}} About FAPS |url=https://www.fapsbangalore.org/about-faps.aspx |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.fapsbangalore.org}}</ref>

The school is divided into the Nursery Section, the Junior Section and the Senior Section. Each class has three sections in the Junior section, and five in the senior section. Before 2017, there were four in the senior section. Students of classes 11 and 12 are divided into three sections:
# Science (English, [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]], [[Mathematics]]/[[Psychology]], [[Biology]]/[[Computer]] Applications),
# Commerce (English, [[Commerce]], [[Transactional account|Account]]s, [[Economics]], [[Sociology]]/Second Language)
# Humanities ([[English studies|English]], [[Literature]] in [[English language|English]], second language, [[History]], [[Sociology]], [[Political Science]]).
The student count from Nursery to the Class XII is above 2000.<ref name=":0" />

==Terms==
There are two academic terms in the year:
* First Term (late May to late September/early October)
* Second Term (early October to early April)

The second term is split into half by two and a half weeks of [[Christmas]] vacation. Summer vacation lasts from early April till late May, during the warmest part of the year in [[Southern India]]. There is a week off for [[Navrati|Dasara]], around late September or early October.

==Houses==
The House system is a feature common to Public Schools in India (based on an equivalent system in England).
FAPS has four houses, named after eminent members of the [[Anglo-Indian]]s and benefactors of the school. Each house is represented by a colour and a motto that defines the House's identity.

===House structure===

Each house is led by two House Captains (a boy and a girl), two Vice-Captains (a boy and a girl), and a body of [[prefects]], selected from among the students of Class XII.
[[File:Faps.jpg|thumb|367x367px|The 4 houses with the school emblem.
]]

'''Corbett House'''
* Colour : Blue
* Motto: "Deeds not Words"

'''D'mello House'''
* Colour : Yellow
* Motto : "To Greater Heights"

'''Gidney House'''
* Colour : Green
* Motto : "The Impossible is Possible"

'''Rodrigues House'''
* Colour : Red
* Motto : "Strive and Attain"

The houses compete in inter-house activities, including sports (such as [[cricket]], [[basketball]], [[Association football|football]], [[volleyball]], and [[throwball]]), [[athletics (sport)|athletics]], [[quiz]]zes, [[debate]]s, and [[elocution]] competitions.

==Facilities==
The school has a playground where sports like [[cricket]], [[association football|football]], [[field hockey|hockey]], and other field sports are played. [[Basketball]], [[throwball]], and [[volleyball]] courts are available. In academics, there are labs for physics, chemistry, biology, computer science, and home science.

In 2017, a multipurpose hall was constructed.

== Clubs ==
The school offers for its students to engage and participate in various clubs that are considered a vital part of overall education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Frank Anthony Public School, Bengaluru {{!}} Clubs |url=https://www.fapsbangalore.org/clubs.aspx |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.fapsbangalore.org}}</ref> The clubs present in the school are:

# Interact Club
# Pen & Ink Club
# The Model United Nations Club
# Hindi Sahitya Sabha
# Kannada Sahitya Sabha
# Cookery Club
# FACC (Cultural Club)

The Frank Anthony Public School also has its own brass band and choir, headed by Mr. Narayanaswamy, that are regarded among the best in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-07-30 |title=Symphony that strikes the right chord |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/symphony-that-strikes-the-right-chord/articleshow/15266589.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The band and choir have performed at various prestigious events and venues, one of them being the [[Raj Bhavan, Bangalore]].[[File:The Frank Anthony Public School, Bangalore, Karnataka, India (2011).jpg|thumb|265x265px|The view of the school buildings from the school playground.
]]

==Tournaments==
An inter-school girls [[throwball]] tournament is held every year in the month of August.

===Tri-Faps===
Every year an inter-school tournament, Tri-Faps is conducted in one of the three Frank Anthony Public Schools across the country. The last Tri-Faps conducted at [[Bangalore]] was in 2023, with recurrences every year, in one of the three Frank Anthony Public School campuses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Frank Anthony Public School, Bengaluru {{!}} TRI-FAPS MEET |url=https://www.fapsbangalore.org/tri-faps-meet.aspx |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.fapsbangalore.org}}</ref>

==Heads==

===Principals===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Frank Anthony Public School, Bengaluru {{!}} Former Principals |url=https://www.fapsbangalore.org/former-principals.aspx |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.fapsbangalore.org}}</ref>
* C.W. Eastwood
* T.E. Allan
* E. McGready
* G.W. Mayer
* A.J. Wood
* V.E. Simcock
* Christopher Anthony Browne
* Keith Vivian Boye
* Kevin Dominic Pope (current)

===Headmasters/Vice-Principals===
The headmaster was in charge of the Senior section which includes classes 6 to 10 and the ISC grades. The office of Headmaster was renamed Vice-Principal in 2015.
* Keith Vivian Boye
* O.E. Fernandez
* Christopher Anthony Browne
* Kevin Dominic Pope
* Edwin Flynn
* Christina Lewis
* Craig William Temple (Current)

===Headmistresses===
The headmistress is in charge of the Junior section which includes the Nursery, Preparatory and classes 1 to 8.
* Lynn Cabral
* *Catrina Hastings
* Lorraine Briggs (current)

== Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=July 2025}}
* [[Pankaj Arjan Advani]], [[snooker]] Champion
*[[Divya Gokulnath]], Educator and Co-Founder of [[Byju's]]
* [[Lara Dutta]], Actress and [[Miss Universe 2000]]
* [[Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan]], [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]], [[National Security Guard]]
* [[Aditi Ashok]], Professional Golfer & Olympian
* [[Danish Sait]], Actor
* [[Stuart Binny]], cricketer, India/Karnataka/[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] ([[Indian Premier League]])
* [[Arun Shenoy]], musician, 2013 [[Grammy Award]] nominee
* [[Karun Nair]], Cricketer, India/Karnataka/[[Delhi Daredevils]] ([[Indian Premier League]])
* [[Shreyas Gopal]], Cricketer, Karnataka/[[Mumbai Indians]] ([[Indian Premier League]])
* [[Anaitha Nair]], Actress, Singer
* [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], Actor
* [[Noyonita Lodh]], Model and [[Miss Diva - 2014|Miss Diva Universe 2014]]
* [[Gautam Sharma]], TV actor and Model
* [[Siddharth Katragadda]], Artist, Filmmaker, Writer
* [[Barrington Rowland]], Cricketer, Karnataka
* [[Kanan Gill]], Stand-Up Comedian, Actor

==See also==
* [[The Frank Anthony Public School, New Delhi]]
* [[The Frank Anthony Public School, Kolkata]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://fapsbangalore.org Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Frank Anthony Public School, Bangalore}}
[[Category:Private schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]

Shamanuru Shivashankarappa

2026-04-21T11:50:57Z

DwainKilgore21: expanded information and updated info

{{Short description|Indian politician (1931–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shamanuru Shivashankarappa
| image = Shamanuru Shivashankarappa.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|6|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Davanagere]], Kingdom of Mysore, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|12|14|1931|6|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| office = [[Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Davanagere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davanagere]]
| parliament = Indian
| term_start = 10 March 1998
| term_end = 26 April 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3920.htm|title=Biographical Sketch |work=loksabhaph.nic.in |accessdate=18 August 2022}}</ref>
| office1 = Minister of Horticulture and Agricultural Marketing, [[Government of Karnataka]]
| constituency1 = [[Davanagere South (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Davangere South]]
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/333370/siddaramaiah-cabinet-list-portfolios.html|title=Siddaramaiah Cabinet: List of portfolio |work=Deccan Herald |date= 19 May 2013 |accessdate=18 August 2022}}</ref>
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[S. S. Mallikarjun]]
| office2 = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Davanagere South (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Davangere South]]
| term_start2 = 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/davanageresouth-karnataka-assembly-constituency|title=Davanagere South Assembly Constituency Election Result |work=resultuniversity.com |accessdate=18 August 2022}}</ref>
| term_end2 = 2025
| predecessor2 = ''Constituency established''
| successor2 =
| constituency3 = [[Davanagere Assembly constituency|Davangere]]
| term_start3 = 2004
| term_end3 = 2007
| predecessor3 = [[S. S. Mallikarjun]]
| successor3 = ''Constituency ceased to exist''
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Late Smt S.S Parvatamma
| children = 3 sons including [[S. S. Mallikarjun]] and 4 daughters
| relatives = [[Prabha Mallikarjun]] (daughter-in-law)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shamanuru Shivashankarappa''' (16 June 1931<ref>[https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2023/05/20/india-s-oldest-mla-shamanur-shivashankarappa.html Meet Shamanur Shivashankarappa, India’s oldest MLA]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran Congress leader Shamanur Shivashankarappa passes away at 94 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/veteran-congress-leader-shamanur-shivashankarappa-passes-away-at-94/article70396221.ece |access-date=14 December 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=14 December 2025}}</ref> – 14 December 2025) was an Indian politician from the state of [[Karnataka]] who was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Davanagere South Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karnataka.com/govt/ministers-2008/|title=List of Ministers in Karnataka Government in 2008|website=www.karnataka.com|date=23 September 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/shamanur-shivashankarappa-to-promote-horticulture/article4752123.ece Shamanur Shivashankarappa to promote Horticulture]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-leader-shamanuru-shivashankarappa-passes-away-at-95-tributes-pour-in/articleshow/125963667.cms|title=
Congress leader Shamanuru Shivashankarappa passes away at 95, tributes pour in|website=www.timesofindia.cpm|date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
A veteran [[Indian National Congress|Congressman]], Shivashankarappa was the treasurer of [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee]] for the three decades and was also the president of the All India Veerashaiva Mahasabha. He belonged to the [[Sadar Lingayats|Sadar Lingayat]] community. As a well known educationalist and industrialist, he was the [[chairman]] of [[Bapuji Educational Association]] which owns a chain of educational institutions including [[Bapuji Institute of Engineering & Technology]] and many professional institutions of higher education,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/lmember.htm|title=List of Members Elected 13th Karnataka Legislative Assembly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815090652/http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/lmember.htm |archive-date=15 August 2010}}</ref> and also owned a group of industries known as Shamanur Group, which have sugar and distilleries as their prime business. He was also the team chairman and owner of the now-defunct Shamanoor Davangere Diamonds in the [[Karnataka Premier League]], playing between 2009 to 2010. He was the co-producer of the 1970 Kannada movie ''[[Boregowda Bangalorige Banda]]''.

==Personal life and death==
Shivashankarappa's son [[S. S. Mallikarjun]], [[Minister (government)|Minister]] for Mines and Geology, Horticulture [[Government of Karnataka]], is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Davanagere North Assembly constituency]].

Shivashankarappa died from multiple organ failure in [[Bangalore]] on 14 December 2025, at the age of 94.<ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran Congress leader Shamanur Shivashankarappa passes away at 94 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/veteran-congress-leader-shamanur-shivashankarappa-passes-away-at-94/article70396221.ece |access-date=14 December 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivashankarappa, Shamanuru}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Davanagere district]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure]]

Muzaffar Hasan

2026-04-20T05:18:53Z

DwainKilgore21: starting a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{for|the Pakistan Navy admiral|Muzaffar Hassan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muzaffar Hasan
| image =
| honorific_suffix =
| office = Member [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Allahabad|Chail]],[[Allahabad|phulpur]], [[Allahabad|Pratappur]] and [[Allahabad|Nawabganj]] in [[Uttar Pradesh|Prayagraj]]
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1969
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| profession = [[Politician]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress Party]], Janata Party
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Muzaffar Hasan''' (born 22 July 1902) was an Indian [[nationalist]] leader from [[Uttar Pradesh]], serving [[Indian National Congress]] or [[Congress]] Party organization at city level, alongside Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]]. As a party worker, he took part in protest rallies against [[British rule]], facing police action with imprisonment in jail, many times, between 1920 and 1947.<ref name="our publication1">Muzaffar Hasan{{cite web|title=Kavish|pages=8–9|url=https://hgdc.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Kavish-Magazine_1997-98.pdf}}</ref> Muzaffar Hasan served as minister in Uttar Pradesh government of Congress party (1952 - 1969).<ref>{{cite web|title=Begum Hazrat Mahal Park - Lucknow |newspaper=The Pioneer| url=https://oudh.tripod.com/bhm/bhmptrib.htm }}access-date. August, 1962</ref>

==Early life==
Muzaffar Hasan was born on 22 August 1902 in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His father's name was Shah Haider Hasan who shared relationship with people from the historic Sayyid and Shaikh families in Allahabad Division. He learned basic Arabic, Farsi and Urdu books from his local teachers in Phulpur, Allahabad at an early age.<ref name="our publication1"/> He was too young to participate actively in the Indian [[Home Rule movement]] and [[Khilafat movement]] against British rule in the early 1900s. Later from 1920 to 1947, as a member of Congress party, he participated in [[satyagraha]], a kind of [[non-violent]], but mass-based [[civil disobedience]], aimed at complete independence from British rule promoted by [[Mohandas Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mobilization in a Mass Movement: Congress 'Propaganda' in the United Provinces (India), 1930-34|author= G. Pandey|journal=Modern Asian Studies |year=1975|volume=9 (2)|page=220|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/311960}}</ref>

==Political life==
Muzaffar Hasan was elected city president of [[Indian National Congress]] Party after the predecessor president:Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], with Radhey Shyam as Secretary in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] (1936). In addition he was a member of state Assembly and Parliamentary Board.<ref name="our publication1"/> Allahabad Congress party under him as the new president (1936-1946) achieved provincial elections as a result of [[Government of India Act 1935]] in 1936 and [[1946 Indian provincial elections]]. The Congress party won majority seats in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in these elections including seats in Allahabad.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chapter, Select 1 - Nationalists, Communalists and the 1937 Provincial Elections, In book Creating a New MedinaPublished online: 18 December 2014|author=Venkat Dhulipala|pages=25–48|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9781107280380 }}</ref> The election success of Congress Party in [[Uttar Pradesh]] along with other states in 1946, saw the party win majority in [[Constituent Assembly of India]] where the decision to make [[Dominion of India]], independence from [[British rule]], took place, 1947.

Muzaffar Hasan became a member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], MLA, by winning Chail [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] seat, in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|first general election]] held after Independence, 1952.<ref>Muzaffar Hasan{{cite web|title=Chail (Uttar Pradesh) Election Results 2022 |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/chail.html}}</ref> His presence, together with Nirmal Chandra Chaturvedi, MLC, influenced Congress Party not only to get majority status but also working of the party in the state, in particular, the election of [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]] as [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] (1960) due to resignation of former chief minister [[Sampurnanand]] in the post G.B. Pant era.<ref name=CM>{{cite web |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM |title=Chief Ministers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812234844/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM |archive-date=12 August 2013 |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> He served two terms MLA from Congress party, winning [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] election from [[Phulpur, Prayagraj|Phulpur]] (1962) and [[Pratappur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Pratappur]] (1967).<ref>{{cite web|title= Muzaffar Hasan, Phulpur Assembly Elections 1962 LIVE Results|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1962/phulpur/muzaffar-hasan/ }}retrieved 15 April 2025</ref><ref>Muzaffar Hasan, Pratappur{{cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1967|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html}} retrieved 15 April 2025</ref> In addition, he served as minister including transportation in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] continuously from 1952 to 1969. The political career of Muzaffar Hasan was summarized in a book 'Meri Siyasi Sarguzisht' and was reviewed separately and with other senior leaders in Congress Party.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meri Siyasi Sarguzisht|url=https://lucknowdigitallibrary.com/publications/i-meri-siyasi-sarguzisht|publisher=Tanveer Press Lucknow}} retrieved 6 May 2025</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Review:Charan Singh and the Congress (An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1957 to 1967 by Paul R Brass)|author=BADRI NARAYAN, TARUSHIKHA| journal=Economic and Political Weekly|year=2013|volume=48|pages=35–37 |jstor=23528605}}</ref> These publications contained information to know much of his noteworthy achievements aimed at the success of party in state elections or well-being of people in general, among others, in [[Uttar Pradesh]] (1936 - 1980).

Muzaffar Hasan did not win a seat in Allahabad, 1969 and 1974 elections, but he won [[Nawabganj, Allahabad Assembly constituency]] as a Janata Party member, 1977.<ref>Muzaffar Hasan, Nawabganj{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher =[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>

==Retirement life and death==
Muzaffar Hasan ended his political life in 1980. He spent much of time writing books in Urdu on subjects including politics and his family history.<ref name="our publication1"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Urdu Books of Muzaffar Hasan |url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/muzaffar-hasan/ebooks}} retrieved 22 April 2025</ref> He died in the early 2000s in Allahabad.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.rekhta.org/authors/muzaffar-hasan/all Muzaffar Hasan] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hasan, Muzaffar}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj|Allahabad]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:2000s deaths]]

Manjalpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:47Z

DwainKilgore21: starting new pg

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Manjalpur
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 145
| mla = Yogesh Patel
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:263602}}<ref name=election2022/>{{update after|2028|2}}
}}
'''Manjalpur''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]] district and it came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Vadodara Taluka (Part) Village – Tarsali (CT)
# Vadodara Taluka (Part) – [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]] (Part) Ward No. – 4, Kapurai (OG) 17

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name=election2012/>
|rowspan=3| [[Yogesh Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name=election2022/>

|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Manjalpur<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Yogesh Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:120133}}
|percentage = 75.85
|change = {{increase}}10.30%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Tashveen Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:19379}}|percentage=12.24|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chauhan Vinay Subhash (Fouji)<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP's 6th List For Gujarat Polls Out, 73 Names Out Of 182 Seats Revealed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-6th-list-for-gujarat-polls-out-73-names-out-of-182-seats-revealed-3450225 |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=21 October 2022}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes={{formatnum:11021}}|percentage=6.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes={{formatnum:3234}}|percentage=2.04|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,00,754|percentage=63.61%|change={{increase}}28.46%}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:260066}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Manjalpur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Yogesh Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:105036}}
|percentage = 65.50%
|change = -1.83%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Chirag Zaveri]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:48674}}|percentage=30.35%|change=+0.66%}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:56362}}|percentage=35.15%|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Manjalpur<ref name=election2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3840-gujarat-2012/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Yogesh Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:92642}}
|percentage = 67.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinnam Gandhi|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:40857}}|percentage=29.69|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:51785}}|percentage=37.63|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:137601}}|percentage=69.81|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Vadodara district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{coord|22.27|73.19|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Ghulam Mohammad Saroori

2026-04-19T09:53:55Z

DwainKilgore21: Made new entry - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G. M. Saroori
| caption = G.M. Saroori speaking on "PM’s New 15 Point Programme Welfare of Minorities", at the Bharat Nirman Public Information Campaign, in Kishtwar, Doda, Jammu & Kashmir on 2 September 2006
| image = G.M. Saroori speaking on “PM’s New 15 Point Programme Welfare of Minorities”, at the Bharat Nirman Public Information Campaign, in Kishtwar, Doda, Jammu & Kashmir on September 02, 2006.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|01|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghulam Muhammad Saroori, INC MLA from Inderwal – Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/ghulam-muhammad-saroori/ |website=Ourneta.com |access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref>
| birth_place = Sarthal, [[Kishtwar district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| office = [[First Omar Abdullah ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| children = 5
| term_start = 11 July 2009
| term_end = 26 August 2010
| governor = [[N. N. Vohra]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = * Mechanical Engineering
* Roads & Buildings
| predecessor = Omar Abdullah
| successor = Omar Abdullah<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jkgad.nic.in/common/showOrder.aspx?actCode=O9444|title=Allotment of Portfolio|work=General Administration Department, Government of Jammu & Kashmir|date=27 August 2010|access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>
| office1 = [[Minister of State]], [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_start1 = 1 January 2008
| term_end1 = 11 July 2008
| governor1 = [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha|S. K. Sinha]] [[N. N. Vohra]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata1 = * Tourism
* Forest
* School Education
* Social Welfare
* Consumer Affairs & Public Distribution
| office2 = MLA of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Inderwal Assembly constituency|Inderwal]]
| term_start2 = 2002
| term_end2 = 2018
| predecessor2 = Qazi Jalaluddin<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsnow.co.in/newsdet.aspx?q=21790|title=Here is an alternative assembly: 81 in number, growing in size, ideas; looking at inclusive role|work=The News Now|author=Zafar Choudhary|date=10 February 2017|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref>
| successor2 = [[Payare Lal Sharma]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 2022; 2025–present)
| other_party = [[Democratic Progressive Azad Party]] (2022–2025) [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| awards = Best Legislators Award 2014—15<ref name="award">{{cite news | title=Zulfkar, Haq, Saroori conferred with Best Legislators Award | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/zulfkar-haq-saroori-conferred-with-best-legislators-award-247752 |date = 7 Jun 2016 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]| access-date=16 Jun 2020 }}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Ghulam Mohammad Saroori''', also known as '''G. M. Saroori''', is an Indian politician and a former legislator of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]], who represented the [[Inderwal Assembly constituency|Inderwal constituency]] of [[Kishtwar district]] from 2002 to 2018 until the [[coalition government]] was ended in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=24|title=Ghulam Mohd. Saroori (Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Inderwal (Kishtwar) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=zm>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/jk-nia-summons-senior-congress-leader-ghulam-mohammad-saroori-803321.html|title=J&K: NIA summons senior Congress leader Ghulam Mohammad Saroori|author=Zulfikar Majid|work=Deccan Herald|date=10 February 2020|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bjp-pdp-alliance-in-jk-an-experiment-that-ended-when-mehbooba-mufti-delayed-rural-poll-pm-modi-2095203.html|title=BJP-PDP Alliance in J&K an 'Experiment', Ended When Mehbooba Mufti Delayed Panchayat Poll: PM Modi|website=News18|date=9 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nia-summons-senior-jammu-and-kashmir-congress-leader-gm-saroori-1644987-2020-02-10|title=NIA summons senior Jammu and Kashmir Congress leader GM Saroori|first=Kamaljit Kaur|last=Sandhu|date=10 February 2020|website=India Today}}</ref>

Saroori was affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]] until August 2022, during which he also served as its vice-president. He later briefly joined the [[Democratic Azad Party]] following its formation in September 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/azad-elected-chairman-of-democratic-azad-party/1150549/|title=Azad elected chairman of Democratic Azad Party|work=Press Trust of India|date=1 October 2022|access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref> but rejoined the Congress on 28 June 2025.<ref name="k326">{{cite web | last=Iqbal | first=Naveed | title=After brief stint with Ghulam Azad's DPAP, two J&K ex-ministers rejoin Congress | website=The Indian Express | date=28 June 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/after-brief-stint-with-ghulam-azads-dpap-two-jk-ex-ministers-rejoin-congress-10093162/ | access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref> In 2008, he was appointed a [[Minister of State]] for Tourism, Forest, School Education, Social Welfare and Consumer Affairs & Public Distribution, and later served as the Minister for Mechanical Engineering and Roads & Buildings from 2009 to 2010.<ref name="MHA">{{Cite web|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Ministers.pdf|title=List of ministers in Ministry of Home affairs Government of India }}</ref>

==Early life==
Ghulam Mohammad Saroori was born to Saidullah Saroori, who served as the [[sarpanch]] of the Sarthal panchayat for 32 years. He worked for the Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution Department for two months before becoming a businessman alongside his father.<ref name="IndianExpress"/> He and his family migrated to [[Kishtwar]] between 1992 and 1993 due to the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|militancy]] in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jk-cong-leader-probed-by-nia-says-nothing-to-hide-denies-link-with-hizbul-terrorist-120021200765_1.html|title=JK Cong leader probed by NIA says nothing to hide, denies link with Hizbul terrorist|work=Press Trust of India|publisher=Business Standard|date=12 February 2020|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> He fathered three daughters and two sons..

==Political career==
Saroori became associated with [[Nirmala Deshpande]] who was a social worker and [[Gandhism|Gandhian]].<ref name="IndianExpress"/>

He first contested in the assembly elections as an [[independent candidate]] from the [[Inderwal Assembly constituency]] in [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]], losing by nearly 200 votes.<ref name="IndianExpress">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/team-ghulam-nabi-azad-upper-castes-dalit-gujjar-jammu-kashmir-congress-8118177/|title=Team Ghulam Nabi Azad: Former ministers to ex-MLAs, upper castes to Dalit and Gujjar faces, J&K Congress leaders who have rallied behind him|first=Arun|last=Sharma|work=The Indian Express|date=29 August 2022|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] consecutively in the [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]], [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] and [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] elections as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=zm/>

On 1 January 2008, he was appointed the [[Minister of State]] for Tourism, Forest, School Education, Social Welfare and Consumer Affairs & Public Distribution under the state government of [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/01jk.htm|title=J&K cabinet expanded|author=Mukhtar Ahmad|work=Rediff.com|date=1 January 2008|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=27044|title=Saroori visits far flung areas of Bhalessa|work=Early Times|date=30 May 2008|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> He played a key role in defusing the [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal tension]] after the theft of an idol from the [[Mata Sarthal Devi Mandir]] by getting the culprits arrested.<ref name="IndianExpress"/>

Saroori was appointed the Minister for Roads & Buildings and Mechanical Engineering under the coalition government of [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] and Congress led by [[Omar Abdullah]] on 11 July 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/11/omar-abdullah-expands-jk-cabinet.htm|title=Omar Abdullah expands J&K cabinet|author=Mukhtar Ahmad|work=Rediff.com|date=11 July 2009|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="MHA"/> He was asked by the Congress to resign from his post after a scandal involving the alleged use of an impersonator appearing on his daughter's behalf in an examination, but he ignored it and left for [[Jeddah]] to perform [[umrah]] on 25 August 2010. The state government decided to dismiss him on the following day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/aug/26/saroori-sacked-over-impersonation-row-181448.html|title=Saroori sacked over impersonation row|work=The New Indian Express|date=26 August 2010|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> He was however cleared of all charges by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] in August 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-cong-minister-given-clean-chit-by-cbi-in-jk-112082800613_1.html|title=Former Cong minister given clean chit by CBI in JK|work=Press Trust of India|date=28 August 2012|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref>

A complaint was lodged with the State Accountability Commission against Saroori in October 2012 over alleged allotments of around 2,000 tenders during his tenure as the Minister of Roads & Buildings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=145119|title=SAC registered case in 2012, action awaited|author=Peerzada Ummer|work=Early Times|date=15 March 2015|access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> He was however cleared of all charges in February 2014 as they stemmed from the period of April—June 2009 when Abdullah held the portfolio.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kashmirlife.net/saroori-accuses-omar-of-allotting-2000-works-without-tendering-53703/|title=Saroori accuses Omar of allotting 2000 works without tendering|author=Muhammad Raafi|work=Kashmir Life|date=6 February 2014|access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

Saroori was appointed a vice-president for the state unit of the Congress in March 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/new-pcc-office-bearers-announced/|title=New PCC office bearers announced|work=Daily Excelsior|date=28 March 2015|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> He was conferred the Best Legislator Award for the year 2014–15 by Chief Minister [[Mehbooba Mufti]] in 2016.<ref name="award"/> In February 2020, he was summoned by the [[National Investigation Agency]] over allegations of him being linked to a [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] commander named Jehangir Saroori.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nia-summons-j-k-cong-vice-president-gm-saroori-over-kishtwar-terror-cases/story-CW5kRu9GVVqkHykBmk0ugJ.html|title=NIA summons J-K Cong vice president GM Saroori over Kishtwar terror cases|author=Ravi Krishnan Khajuria|work=The Indian Express|date=10 February 2020|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> He was later exonerated by the agency.<ref name="IndianExpress"/>

Saroori quit the Congress along with seven other leaders on 26 August 2022 after the resignation of Azad from the party. He contested the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] as an independent candidate to independent candidate [[Payare Lal Sharma]] by a margin of 643 votes <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/8-jammu-and-kashmir-congress-leaders-quit-in-support-of-azad-more-resignations-likely-101661551029750.html|title=8 J&K Congress leaders quit in support of Azad, more resignations likely|work=Hindustan Times|date=27 August 2022|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> He joined the [[Democratic Azad Party]] launched by Azad on 26 September 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/india/azad-elected-chairman-of-democratic-azad-party/1150549/|title=Azad elected chairman of Democratic Azad Party|work=Press Trust of India|date=1 October 2022|access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref> He lost his seat in 2024. On 28 June 2025, he returned to the [[Indian National Congress]] at a ceremony in Srinagar attended by senior party leaders. His comeback was viewed as a boost for the Congress in Jammu and Kashmir and a setback for the [[Democratic Progressive Azad Party]].<ref name="k326"/>

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saroori, GM}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:21st-century politicians]]

Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-04-16T11:24:58Z

DwainKilgore21: Made new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name = Dhyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category =
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Maharashtra#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = yes
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| map_alt = Location of Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary in Maharashtra, India
| location = Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India
| nearest_city = Khamgaon
| coordinates = {{coord|20.548|76.650|display=inline,title|region:IN-MH|name=Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary}}
| area_km2 = 205.20
| established = 1997
| governing_body = Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra
| designation = Wildlife sanctuary
| website = https://mahaforest.gov.in
}}

'''Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary''' (also spelled '''Dhyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary''' in some sources) is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in the [[Buldhana district]] of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-12-08 |title=Indian gaur sighted for the first time in Dnyanganga sanctuary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/indian-gaur-sighted-for-the-first-time-in-dnyanganga-sanctuary/articleshow/79613428.cms |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The sanctuary is part of Melghat Tiger Reserve and is located near the [[Dnyanganga River|Dnyanganga river]], a tributary of the [[Tapti River|Tapti]].<ref name=":3" />

The sanctuary was notified by the Government of Maharashtra in 1997 under the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]] and covers an area of approximately 205.20 km2. It lies within the [[Vidarbha]] region of Maharashtra and forms an important protected forest tract supporting regional biodiversity and wildlife movement. <ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary – Maharashtra Eco Tourism|publisher=Maharashtra Eco Tourism|url=https://www.mahaecotourism.gov.in/ecotourism/sites/default/files/inline-files/DnyanGanga_0.pdf}}</ref>

==History==
The forest area comprising the present Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary was historically managed as reserved forest prior to its declaration as a protected area. Recognising its ecological importance, the Government of Maharashtra declared the area a wildlife sanctuary in 1997 under provisions of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Since notification, the sanctuary has been managed by the Maharashtra Forest Department with objectives focused on wildlife conservation, habitat protection, and regulation of human activities. <ref name=":1" />

==Geography and climate==
Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary is located in southern Buldhana district, near the towns of Khamgaon and Buldhana. The sanctuary forms part of the Deccan basaltic landscape and is characterised by undulating terrain with low hill ranges and shallow valleys. Elevation in the sanctuary generally ranges from about 250 to 550 metres above sea level. The climate is tropical monsoon in nature, with most rainfall occurring during the southwest monsoon season from June to September. Seasonal streams associated with the [[Dnyanganga River]] and its tributaries serve as important water sources for wildlife, particularly during the dry months. <ref>{{cite web|title=Management Effectiveness Evaluation Report – Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary|publisher=Wildlife Institute of India|url=https://wii.gov.in/images/images/documents/mee/Mee_Team-16.pdf}}</ref>

==Flora==
The sanctuary is dominated by southern tropical dry deciduous forest. [[Teak]] (''Tectona grandis'') is the predominant tree species, along with anjan (''[[Hardwickia binata]]''), ain (''[[Terminalia elliptica]]''), dhaora (''[[Anogeissus latifolia]]''), and bamboo species. Vegetation structure varies from open woodland to relatively dense forest patches, supporting a range of ecological niches and contributing to overall biodiversity. <ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary – Flora & Fauna|publisher=Maharashtra Eco Tourism|url=https://www.mahaecotourism.gov.in/ecotourism/sites/default/files/inline-files/DnyanGanga_0.pdf}}</ref>

==Fauna==
Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary supports a diverse assemblage of mammals typical of central Indian dry forests. Documented species include
*[[leopard]] (''Panthera pardus''),
*[[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus''),
*[[striped hyena]] (''Hyaena hyaena''),
*[[sambar deer]] (''Rusa unicolor''),
*[[Muntjac|barking deer]] (''Muntiacus muntjak''),
*[[Nilgai]] (''Boselaphus tragocamelus''),
*[[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa''),
*[[jackal]]
*[[Jungle cat]].
Occasional reports of [[tiger]] movement have been recorded, indicating the sanctuary's role within a broader wildlife corridor in the Vidarbha region. <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tipeshwar tiger reaches Dnyanganga sanctuary, covers 1,300 km distance |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2019/12/2/Tipeshwar-tiger-reaches-Dnyanganga-sanctuary-covers-1-300-km-distance.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref>

Occasional reports of [[Gaur|Indian bison]] (Gaur) has also been reported on the sanctuary.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=In a first, Indian bison spotted at Maharashtra’s Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/in-a-first-indian-bison-spotted-at-maharashtra-s-dnyanganga-wildlife-sanctuary/story-FbPANC1bnLMrU5kNKRFZhK.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Conservation and tourism==
The sanctuary is administered by the [[Maharashtra Forest Department]] through the Buldhana Forest Division. Management priorities include habitat improvement, fire prevention and control, soil and water conservation measures, prevention of illegal grazing and tree felling, and protection against poaching. <ref>{{cite web|title=Management Effectiveness Evaluation Report – Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary|publisher=Wildlife Institute of India|url=https://wii.gov.in/images/images/documents/mee/Mee_Team-16.pdf}}</ref>

The Sanctuary is not developed as a major tourism destination, and visitor access is regulated primarily for conservation and educational purposes. The forest department periodically conducts nature awareness programmes, wildlife census exercises, and guided forest visits aimed at promoting conservation awareness while minimising disturbance to wildlife. <ref>{{cite news|title=Forest experience programmes record wildlife sightings in Dnyanganga sanctuary|publisher=Tarun Bharat Nagpur|date=25 May 2024|url=https://www.tarunbharat.net/Encyc/2024/5/25/Dnyanganga-wildlife-sanctuary.html}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Lonar Wildlife Sanctuary]]

* [[Wan Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1997]]
[[Category:Buldhana district]]

Gogunda Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:18Z

DwainKilgore21: Made details - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gogunda
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-149-Gogunda.svg
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 149
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Udaipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Pratap Lal Bheel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:264810}}<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Gogunda Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]] district, and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2018, it is represented by [[Pratap Lal Bheel]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Mangi Lal Garasiya]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Pratap Lal Bheel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Gogunda<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pratap Lal Bheel
|votes = {{formatnum:87827}}
|percentage = 44.58
|change = -1.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mangi Lal Garasiya
|votes = {{formatnum:84162}}
|percentage = 42.72
|change = -0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|candidate = Udai Lal Bhil
|votes = {{formatnum:8094}}
|percentage = 4.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dalapat Ram Garasiya
|votes = {{formatnum:3400}}
|percentage = 1.73
|change = -0.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Lahara
|votes = {{formatnum:2773}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change = -1.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prem Chand Gameti
|votes = {{formatnum:2617}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Hema Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2483}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Batti Lal Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:2114}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change = -0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3527}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change = -0.52
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3665}}
|percentage = 1.86
|change = -0.57
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196997}}
|percentage = 74.39
|change = +0.73
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Gogunda<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Pratap Lal Bheel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:82599}}
|percentage = 45.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Mangi Lal Garasiya
|votes = {{formatnum:78186}}
|percentage = 43.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Lahara Bhil
|votes = {{formatnum:4365}}
|percentage = 2.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Champaram
|votes = {{formatnum:3703}}
|percentage = 2.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Batti Lal Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:3272}}
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Birdhi Lal Chhanwal
|votes = {{formatnum:2406}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4173}}
|percentage = 2.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4413}}
|percentage = 2.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:181039}}
|percentage = 73.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Udaipur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.76|73.53|display=title}}

[[Category:Udaipur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Kalol, Panchmahal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:09Z

DwainKilgore21: Creating new details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kaalol
| mla = [[Fatesinh Chauhan|Fatesinh Vakhatsinh Chauhan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:258323}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Over 4.90 crore voters in Gujarat; ECI releases final roll and electors details 2022 |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/10/10/over-4-90-crore-voters-in-gujarat-eci-releases-final-roll-and-electors-details-2022/ |website=www.deshgujarat.com |date=10 October 2022 |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref>
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 127
}}

'''Kaalol''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Kalol Taluka
# Ghoghamba Taluka (Part) Villages – Jorapura (Vangarva), Vangarva, Shaniyada, Ranipura (Damavav), Damavav, Khilodi, Rinchhwani, Albeta, Khan Patla, Sajora, Padedi, Simaliya, Jambuvaniya, Guneshiya, Kothayadi, Sherpura, Damanpura, Dantol, Bhilod, Gajipura (Kanpur), Kantaveda, Bhojpura, Goya Sundal, Kothara, Vav kulli, Chathi, Bor, Chatha, Kantu, Malu, Kanpur, Navagam, Jorapura (Davadra), Davadra, Mulani Kapadi, Gajapura (Kantu), Gundi, Khadpa, Gorada, Ambakhunt, Uncha Beda, Kharod, Gamani, Galibili, Godli, Vanskod, Nurapura, Ghogha

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{{incomplete list|date=June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! Image
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|rowspan=2|Arvindsinh Rathod || rowspan=2|
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Sumanben Chauhan]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Fatesinh Chauhan|Fatesinh Vakhatsinh Chauhan]]||
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Kalol, Panchmahal Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Fatesinh Chauhan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=141,686|percentage=75.03|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Prabhatsinh Pratapsinh Chauhan]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=26,007|percentage=13.77|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dineshbhai Kanubhai Baria|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=9,393|percentage=4.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,992|percentage=2.11|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=115,679|percentage=61.26|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:255,752}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]: Kaalol<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sumanben Chauhan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,03,028
|percentage = 60.91
|change = +16.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pradyumansinh Parmar (Panchmahal Zeroxwala)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 53,751
|percentage = 31.78
|change = +6.44
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 49,277
|percentage = 29.13
|change = +9.71
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,69,152
|percentage = 72.38
|change = -1.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]: Kalol<ref name=election2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3840-gujarat-2012/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arvindsinh Rathod
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 69275
|percentage = 44.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajendrasinh Jadav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 39219
|percentage = 25.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30056
|percentage = 19.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 154741
|percentage = 73.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.61|73.46|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Panchmahal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Gurh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:47Z

DwainKilgore21: Made new info - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gurh
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 75
| map_image = 75-Gurh.svg
| mla = [[Nagendra Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Sundar Lal Tiwari]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Rewa district|Rewa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rewa]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
}}

'''Gurh Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Rewa district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election!!Member<ref name="election2018-2">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/gurh.html|website=elections.in|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Shivnath Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Vrajraj Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| M. Prasad
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Rampal Singh
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Chandramani Tripathi
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Rajendra Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Nagendra Singh (Gurh politician)|Nagendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Vishambhar Nath Pandey
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Budhasen Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Vidyawati Patel
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan=2|[[Nagendra Singh (Gurh politician)|Nagendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Sundar Lal Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Nagendra Singh (Gurh politician)|Nagendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurh<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nagendra Singh (Gurh politician)|Nagendra Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:68715}}
|percentage = 41.62
|change = +12.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kapidhwaj Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:66222}}
|percentage = 40.11
|change = +17.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Smt. Saroj Ravind Kol (Advocate)
|votes = {{formatnum:18348}}
|percentage = 11.11
|change = -7.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Prakhar Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2213}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change = +0.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Lalmani Tripathi
|votes = {{formatnum:1516}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:290}}
|percentage = 0.18
|change = -0.38
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2493}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change = -3.78
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:165104}}
|percentage = 70.77
|change = -0.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurh<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nagendra Singh (Gurh politician)|Nagendra Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:42569}}
|percentage = 28.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Kapidhwaj Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:34741}}
|percentage = 23.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sunderlal Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:32735}}
|percentage = 22.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Muniraj Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:27063}}
|percentage = 18.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Balendra Kumar Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:1639}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramniwash Vishwakarma
|votes = {{formatnum:1623}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:831}}
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7828}}
|percentage = 5.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:147940}}
|percentage = 71.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gurh<ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sundar Lal Tiwari]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 33741
|percentage = 25.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Nagendra Singh (Gurh politician) | Nagendra Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 32359
|percentage = 24.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Muniraj Patel
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 26099
|percentage = 19.59
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kapidhwaj Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 25510
|percentage = 19.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Nityanand Kushwaha
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2319
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramkripal Saket
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2008
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ram Sundar Sharma
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1120
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Dherend Singh
|party = BSCP
|votes = 1107
|percentage = 0.83
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Abhishek Kumar Patel
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 1088
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Amresh Patel
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1084
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Ramkrishan Shyamlal
Yadav
|party = RSAD
|votes = 996
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mahesh Bhupati
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 971
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Brijkishor Sharma
|party = NPEP
|votes = 682
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sudhansu Kumar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 577
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dineshdhar Dwivedi
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 522
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramavatar Loni
|party = Republican Party of India (A)
|votes = 566
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramkisan Nirat (Saket)
|party = Rashtriya Parivartan Dal
|votes = 474
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2968
|percentage = 2.00
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 120331
|percentage = 62.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Gurh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.50|81.50|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rewa district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Nashik Igatpuri Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:25:00Z

DwainKilgore21: starting a details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nashik Igatpuri
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1951 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 1,62,645
| mla = Dattatraya Tulshiram Kale
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = 3 Seats (SC & ST)
}}
Nashik Igatpuri Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Nashik Assembly constituency|Nashik]] and [[Igatpuri Assembly constituency|Igatpuri]] constituencies.
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="3" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Dattatraya Tulshiram Kale || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| Murkute, Pandurang Mahadeo
|-
| Pawar, Bhikha Trimbak
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik Igatpuri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dattatraya Tulshiram Kale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,782 |percentage = 14.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Murkute, Pandurang Mahadeo |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,563 |percentage = 12.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar, Bhikha Trimbak |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,306 |percentage = 11.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad, Bhaurao Krishnarao |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 18,005 |percentage = 8.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bendkule, Ganpat Dhondiba |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 15,996 |percentage = 7.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Limaye, Madhav Purushottam |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 14,798 |percentage = 7.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Handge, Vithal Ganpat |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 12,534 |percentage = 6.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khetade Laxman Thakuji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 10,406 |percentage = 5.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govardhane Punjaji Laxman |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 9,423 |percentage = 4.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhangare, Ramchandra Namdeo |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 9,374 |percentage = 4.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,777 |percentage = 5.75% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 204,878 |percentage = 41.99% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 204,878}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,645 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Gopinath P

2026-04-09T08:40:34Z

DwainKilgore21: Made new entry

{{short description|Indian judge of Kerala High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gopinath P
| honorific_prefix = '''Hon'ble Justice'''
| image = Justice Gopinath P.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Kerala High Court|Judge of Kerala High Court]]
| term_start = 6 March 2020
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]]
| predecessor =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| office7 =
| term_start7 =
| term_end7 =
| office8 =
| term_start8 =
| term_end8 =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]]<ref name="EK"/>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|11|13|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| father =
| mother =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| signature = Justice Gopinath autograph.png
}}
'''Gopinath Puzhankara''' is an Indian judge presently serving as a judge of [[Kerala High Court]], the highest court in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]]. The High Court of Kerala is headquartered at [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kochi]].<ref name="Appointment">{{cite web|url=https://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Orders%20of%20appointment%20of%20Shri%20T%20R%20Ravi%20and%2003%20others%20to%20be%20Additional%20Judges%20of%20the%20Kerala%20HC%20%2804.03.2020%29.pdf|title=Appointment Notification|work=Official - Department of Justice - Government of India|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="SCC">{{cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2020/03/05/kerala-hc-appointment-order-of-4-additional-judges-for-a-period-of-2-years/|title=Appointment Order of 4 Additional Judges for a period of 2 years|work=scconline.com|date=5 March 2020 |accessdate=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="SCConline">{{cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2020/01/30/collegium-approves-elevation-of-3-advocates-and-1-judicial-officer-as-judge-of-kerala-hc/|title=Collegium approves — elevation of 3 Advocates and 1 Judicial Officer as Judge of Kerala HC|work=scconline.com|accessdate=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/sc-collegium-recommends-to-appoint-four-new-hc-judges-1.4487313|title=SC collegium recommends to appoint four new HC judges|work=mathrubhumi.com|accessdate=30 January 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307011659/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/sc-collegium-recommends-to-appoint-four-new-hc-judges-1.4487313|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-high-court-gets-four-new-judges/articleshow/74481247.cms|title=Kerala high court gets four new judges|work=indiatimes.com|accessdate=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="LL">{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/centre-notifies-the-appointment-of-three-lawyers-and-one-jud-officer-as-additional-judges-of-kerala-hc-read-resolution-153455|title=Centre Notifies The Appointment Of Three Lawyers And One Jud. Officer As Additional Judges Of Kerala HC|work=livelaw.in|date=4 March 2020 |accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="EK">{{cite web|url=https://www.expresskerala.com/kerala-hicourt-justice-bechu-kurian-thomas.html|title=ബെച്ചു കുര്യനും ഗോപിനാഥ് മേനോനും ഹൈക്കോടതി ജഡ്ജിമാരായത് ഒന്നാം റാങ്ക് തിളക്കത്തില്‍|work=expresskerala.com|date=31 January 2020 |accessdate=31 January 2020}}</ref> The court of justice Gopinath was one among the three ''paperless courts'' that started functioning from 1 August 2022 in Kerala High Court.<ref name="LESS">{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/three-paperless-courts-in-kerala-high-court-from-aug-1-lawyers-say-will-wait-and-watch-1.7744701|title=Three paperless courts in Kerala High Court from Aug 1; lawyers say will wait and watch|via=Mathrubhumi News|work=mathrubhumi.com|date=31 Jul 2022|access-date=11 Oct 2022}}</ref>

==Education==
Gopinath obtained law degree from the [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]] securing 1st rank in the final examination and completed masters in Law from [[University of Cambridge]], United Kingdom with [[Cambridge Commonwealth Trust|Cambridge Commonwealth Trust Scholarship]] for undertaking post graduate study at the University of Cambridge.

==Career==
Gopinath enrolled in 1996 and started practicing as a lawyer. During his practice he served as Central Government Counsel and Senior Standing Counsel for the Central Board of Excise and Customs. In 2018 he was designated as Senior Advocate by Kerala High Court. 6 March 2020 he was appointed as additional judge of Kerala High Court and became permanent with effect from 28.05.2021.<ref name="Appointment"/><ref name="Mathrubhumi"/><ref name="MMO">{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2020/03/06/high-court-judges-took-charge.html|title=െഹെക്കോടതി ജഡ്ജിമാർ ‌സത്യപ്രതിജ്ഞ ചെയ്തു|work=manoramaonline.com|accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="B&B">{{cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/four-additional-judges-appointed-for-kerala-high-court|title=Four Additional Judges appointed for Kerala High Court|work=barandbench.com|accessdate=5 March 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Sunday Holiday

2026-04-04T11:36:14Z

DwainKilgore21: done

{{short description|Malayalam movie}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sunday Holiday
| image = Sunday Holiday.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jis Joy]]
| producer = Sheen Helen
| writer = Jis Joy
| story = Kiran. V.S. Urasu
| starring = [[Sreenivasan]] [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] [[Lal Jose]] [[Aparna Balamurali]]
| music = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cinematography = Alex J. Pulikkal
| editing = Ratheesh Raj
| studio = MAQTRO Motion Pictures
| distributor = MAQTRO Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2017|07|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sunday Holiday''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy-drama]] film written and directed by [[Jis Joy]], based on a story by Kiran. V.S and Urasu. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Sreenivasan]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Lal Jose]], [[Aparna Balamurali]], [[Asha Sarath]], [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Bhagath Manuel]], Alphy Panjikkaaran and [[Alencier Ley Lopez]]. The music was composed by [[Deepak Dev]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://metromatinee.com/video/sunday-holiday-movie-review-ft-asif-ali-aparna-balamurali-lal-jose-sreenivasan|title=Sunday Holiday Movie Review Ft Asif Ali, Aparna Balamurali, Lal Jose, Sreenivasan|work=Metromatinee|access-date=2017-07-26|language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 14 July 2017, and received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/sunday-holiday-2017/cast-crew.html|title=Sunday Holiday (2017) Cast & Crew, Sunday Holiday (2017) Malayalam Movie Cast, Actors, Actress – FilmiBeat|website=FilmiBeat}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is about a cinema tale, narrated by Unni Mukundan to a famous director David Paul. Unni is a college professor who dreams of becoming a scriptwriter for films. Unni first gets rejected quite harshly, but then David regrets his actions and calls him back, asking him to narrate the story.

Unni narrates the story of Amal from [[Payyannur]]. Amal's love story with Sithara met with an unexpected ending as she accepted a marriage proposal. He decides to go to [[Ernakulam]] for a job so that he can stay away from his past. He shares a house with V. P. Vipeesh [[also known as|aka]] Rahul, Vinu and Narayanankutty aka Nakkutty. During this phase, Amal meets Anu a medical student and eventually falls in love with her. Anu reciprocates his feelings as she is saved by Amal when a person tries to [[abuse]] her. They decide to get married leaving Sithara fuming in jealousy.

The director loves the story and agrees to make the film. The climax reveals that Unni was narrating his own life story.

==Cast==
*[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Amal
*[[Aparna Balamurali]] as Anu
*[[Shruthi Ramachandran]] as Sithara
*[[Sreenivasan]] as Unni Mukundan, An aspiring film writer
*[[Lal Jose]] as David Paul, film director
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Narayanankutty Varavelil/ Nakkutty
*[[Asha Sarath]] as Dr. Sreedhanya
*[[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] as Rahul / V. P. Vipeesh
*[[Alencier Ley Lopez|Alencier]] as Sudhakaran / Amal's father
*[[Alphy Panjikaran]] as Amal's sister
*[[Bhagath Manuel]] as J. K.
*[[Nirmal Palazhi]] as Vinu
*[[Sudheer Karamana]] as Benny
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Benny's mother
*Preetha Pradeep as Benny's Wife
*[[Kalasala Babu]] as Unni's father
*[[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Church Visitor
*[[Sethu Lakshmi]] as Astrologer
*[[Meghanathan]] as S.I. Shafeeque K. V.
*[[Vinaya Prasad]] as Narayanankutty's wife
*[[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Abdul Salam Hajiyar
*Ann Benjamin as Haseena, Hajiyar's daughter / Anu's friend
*[[Thesni Khan]] as Shilpa
*[[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Lonappan
*Aliyar as himself, dubbing artist
*Athira Patel as Unni's Daughter
*Nandana Varma as Unni's Daughter
*Vidhya Vijayakumar as Amrita
*Fr. Bobby Jose Kattikad as himself
* Nasser Latif as Sithara's uncle
*Praveen Parameswar as Ad Film Director
*Remya Panicker as Ruby
*Jis Joy as a man in bus (cameo appearance)

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sunday Holiday
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|06|16}}
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Sathyam Audios
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations|Honey Bee2]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Adam John (film)|Adam]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Jis Joy]]
| all_music = [[Deepak Dev]]

| title1 = Mazha Paadum
| extra1 = [[Arvind Venugopal]], [[Aparna Balamurali]]
| length1 = {{Duration|04:24}}

| title2 = Oru Nokku Kaanuvan
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length2 = {{Duration|04:48}}

| title3 = Aaro Koode
| extra3 = Prakash Babu, [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan]]

| title4 = Kando Ninte Kannil<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/asif-alis-sunday-holiday-track-prachandanam-has-a-fun-video-and-some-interesting-lyrics/articleshow/59363762.cms|title=Asif Ali's 'Sunday Holiday' track 'Prachandanam' has a fun video and some interesting lyrics!|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2017-07-26}}</ref>
| extra4 = Anwar Sadath
| length4 = {{Duration|03:52}}

}}

==Release==

=== Theatrical ===
''Sunday Holiday'' was released in India on 14 July 2017 in 110 theatres across Kerala.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewer Deepa Soman rated it 3 out of 5 stars and stated, "''Sunday Holiday'' is a perceptive portrait of a film and that makes it quite unpretentious and feel-good too, which makes it worth your time."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/sunday-holiday/movie-review/59593301.cms|title=Sunday Holiday Review {3/5}: There are times when you feel certain sequences aren't contributing much to the film, but they don't bore you out either|website=The Times of India|access-date=2017-07-26}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6649794}}
* {{facebook|sundayholidaymovie}}

[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thalassery]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jis Joy]]

Tariq Ali

2026-03-29T16:08:08Z

DwainKilgore21: rework intro further and improved wording

{{Short description|British political activist, writer, and historian (born 1943)}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Tariq Ali
|image = Tariq Ali 2011 (3x4 cropped).jpg
|caption = Ali in 2011
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|10|21|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|occupation = Political activist Historian Novelist
|alma_mater = [[Exeter College, Oxford]], [[Government College University, Lahore]]
|genre = [[Geopolitics]] History [[Marxism]] [[Postcolonialism]]
|subject =
|movement = [[New Left]]
|children = 3
|spouse = Susan Watkins
|parents = [[Mazhar Ali Khan (journalist)|Mazhar Ali Khan]] and [[Tahira Mazhar Ali Khan]]
|relatives = [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]] (maternal grandfather)

}}

'''Tariq Ali''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|æ|r|ɪ|k|_|ˈ|æ|l|i}}{{ltr}};{{langx|ur|طارق علی}}; born 21 October 1943)<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of British Writers, 1800 to the Present Volume 2|last=Stade|first=George|year=2009|page=12}}</ref> is a [[British Pakistanis|Pakistani-British]] political [[activist]], [[writer]], [[journalist]], [[historian]], [[filmmaker]], and [[public intellectual]].<ref>[http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth164#bibliography Tariq Ali Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001020955/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth164 |date=1 October 2007 }}, Contemporary Writers, accessed 31 October 2006</ref><ref>"[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07/10/10/1414233 As 250 Killed in Clashes Near Afghan Border, British-Pakistani Author Tariq Ali on Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Ongoing U.S. Role in Regional Turmoil] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114152714/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07%2F10%2F10%2F1414233 |date=14 November 2007 }}", ''[[Democracy Now!]]'', 10 October 2007. Retrieved 11 October 2007.</ref> He is a member of the editorial committee of the ''[[New Left Review]]'' and ''Sin Permiso'', and contributes to ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[CounterPunch]]'', and the ''[[London Review of Books]]''. He reads [[Philosophy, Politics, and Economics]] at [[Exeter College, Oxford]].

He is the author of many books, including ''Pakistan: Military Rule or People's Power'' (1970), ''Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State'' (1983), ''Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity'' (2002), ''[[Bush in Babylon]]'' (2003), ''Conversations with [[Edward Said]]'' (2005), ''Pirates of the Caribbean: Axis Of Hope'' (2006), ''The Duel'' (2008), ''[[The Obama Syndrome]]'' (2010),<ref name=BCL1>{{cite web|title=Tariq Ali|url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/tariq-ali|publisher=British Council of Literature|access-date=24 February 2014|archive-date=1 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301204710/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/tariq-ali|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[The Extreme Centre: A Warning]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web | title = Archives | url = http://tariqali.org/archives/2912 | website = tariqali.org | publisher = Tariq Ali | access-date = 24 April 2015 | archive-date = 20 April 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150420015310/http://tariqali.org/archives/2912 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ali was born and raised in [[Lahore]], Punjab in [[British India]] (later part of [[Pakistan]]).<ref name="jamescampbell">{{cite news | last = Campbell | first = James | title = A life in writing: Tariq Ali | url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/may/08/tariq-ali-life-in-writing | newspaper = The Guardian | date = 8 May 2010 | access-date = 13 December 2016 | archive-date = 16 June 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240616125451/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/may/08/tariq-ali-life-in-writing | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Hunter Davies interview">{{cite news | last = Davies | first = Hunter | title = The Hunter Davies Interview: For you, Tariq Ali, the revolution is over: The Sixties Marxist bogeyman has matured into a minor media mogul... and he has managed to acquire a sense of humour | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-hunter-davies-interview-for-you-tariq-ali-the-revolution-is-over-the-sixties-marxist-bogeyman-has-matured-into-a-minor-media-mogul----and-he-has-managed-to-acquire-a-sense-of-humour-1395731.html | newspaper = The Independent | date = 22 February 1994 | access-date = 15 September 2017 | archive-date = 25 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925131031/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-hunter-davies-interview-for-you-tariq-ali-the-revolution-is-over-the-sixties-marxist-bogeyman-has-matured-into-a-minor-media-mogul----and-he-has-managed-to-acquire-a-sense-of-humour-1395731.html | url-status = live }}</ref> He is the son of journalist [[Mazhar Ali Khan (journalist)|Mazhar Ali Khan]]<ref name='frontline2013' /> and activist [[Tahira Mazhar Ali Khan]]. Ali's mother, Tahira, was the daughter of [[Sir Sikandar Hyat Khan]], who led the [[Unionist Muslim League]] and was later Prime Minister of the [[Punjab]] from 1937 to 1942.<ref name='frontline2013'>{{cite magazine | first = Sashi | last = Kumar | title = In conversation with Tariq Ali: The New World Disorder | date = 9 August 2013 | url = http://www.frontline.in/cover-story/the-new-world-disorder/article4944883.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728120814/http://www.frontline.in/cover-story/the-new-world-disorder/article4944883.ece |archive-date=28 July 2013 | magazine = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] | access-date = 2 February 2014}}</ref> Ali's father, Mazhar, had been "mobilising peasants in his family's fiefdom" when he was invited to join the ''[[Pakistan Times]]'' by [[Mian Iftikharuddin]],<ref name="Dawn 15 June 2017">{{cite news |last= Rehman |first= I.A. |title= An outstanding journalist |url= https://www.dawn.com/news/1339583 |date= 15 June 2017 |newspaper= [[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |location= Karachi |access-date= 4 September 2017 |archive-date= 8 February 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200208014049/https://www.dawn.com/news/1339583 |url-status= live }}</ref> later becoming sympathetic to the Communist cause, although he never joined the party.<ref name="The Friday Times 27 March 2015">{{cite news |last= Mohsin |first= Jugnu |author-link= Jugnu Mohsin |title= Tahira Mazhar Ali Khan, 1925–2015 |url= http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/tahira-mazhar-ali-khan-1925-2015/ |date= 27 March 2015 |newspaper= [[The Friday Times]] |location= Lahore |access-date= 4 September 2017 |archive-date= 10 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180710155525/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/tahira-mazhar-ali-khan-1925-2015/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

Ali's father and mother were [[cousins]]. His father served briefly as a [[Captain]] in the [[British Indian Army]], because Tahira's father had made service as an army officer a precondition of marriage to her.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news |last=Rehman |first=I.A. |date=15 June 2017 |title=An outstanding journalist (Mazhar Ali Khan) - in-depth Profile |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1339583 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214002833/https://www.dawn.com/news/1339583 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=18 February 2024 |newspaper=Dawn newspaper}}</ref> Tariq's mother later said: "Mazhar left for the Middle East on [[military service]]. I was very pregnant by then. We didn't see each other for two years. Our son Tariq was born while Mazhar was away. By the time he returned, I had joined the [[Communist Party of Pakistan|Communist Party]]. I had given away my entire [[Wiktionary:trousseau|trousseau]], including the family jewels, to the Party."<ref name="The Friday Times 27 March 2015"/>

===Emerging activism===
Ali first became politically active in his teens, taking part in opposition to the [[History of Pakistan (1947–present)#1958–1971: first military era|military dictatorship of Pakistan]]. An uncle who worked in the Pakistani military intelligence<ref name='frontline2013' /> warned his parents that Ali could not be protected.<ref name="jamescampbell"/> His parents therefore decided to get him out of Pakistan and sent him to England, where he studied [[Philosophy, Politics, and Economics]] at [[Exeter College, Oxford]].<ref name="jamescampbell"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/feature_tariqali.shtml |title=Tariq Ali profile |access-date=26 April 2007 |work=[[BBC Four]] Documentary article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917223148/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/feature_tariqali.shtml |archive-date=17 September 2007 }}</ref> At Oxford, he became a member of the Oxford University [[Humanists UK|Humanist]] Group, where he discovered "that debates and discussions here were far more stimulating than those conducted within the careerist confines of the Labour Club".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Race Today Collective |url=http://archive.org/details/racetodayreview118race |title=Race Today Review 1988: vol 18 no 2 |date=1988 |publisher=Race Today Collective |others=Darcus Howe Collective}}</ref> He was elected President of the [[Oxford Union]] in 1965. In 1967 Ali was one of 64 prominent figures, including [[the Beatles]], who signed a petition calling for the [[legalisation of marijuana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beatlesbible.com/1967/07/24/the-beatles-call-for-the-legalisation-of-marijuana/ |title=The Beatles call for the legalisation of marijuana |date=24 July 1967 |access-date=10 April 2014 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142158/http://www.beatlesbible.com/1967/07/24/the-beatles-call-for-the-legalisation-of-marijuana/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ali's tenure at the Union included a meeting with [[Malcolm X]] in December 1964 during which Malcolm X expressed deep consternation about his own risk of assassination.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Ali | first = Tariq | title = Leaving Shabazz | journal = [[New Left Review]] | volume = II | issue = 69 | date = May–June 2011 | url = http://newleftreview.org/II/69/tariq-ali-leaving-shabazz | access-date = 31 December 2015 | archive-date = 30 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160130182413/http://newleftreview.org/II/69/tariq-ali-leaving-shabazz | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Tariq Ali.jpg|thumb|Ali, [[Imperial College London|Imperial College, London]], 2003]]
His public profile began to grow during the [[Vietnam War]], when he engaged in debates against the war with such figures as [[Henry Kissinger]] and [[Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham|Michael Stewart]]. He testified at the [[Russell Tribunal]] over [[Role of the United States in the Vietnam War|US involvement in Vietnam]]. As time passed, Ali became increasingly critical of [[Foreign policy of the United States|American]] and [[Foreign relations of Israel|Israeli foreign policies]]. He was also a vigorous opponent of American relations with Pakistan that tended to back [[military dictatorship]]s over democracy. He was one of the marchers on the [[U.S. Embassy, London|American embassy in London]] in 1968 in a [[List of protests against the Vietnam War|demonstration against the Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/mar/22/vietnamwar|last=Ali|first=Tariq|title=Where has all the rage gone?|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 March 2008|access-date=6 January 2011|archive-date=1 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901080603/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/mar/22/vietnamwar|url-status=live}}</ref>

Active in the [[New Left]] of the 1960s, he has long been associated with the ''[[New Left Review]]''. Ali inserted himself into politics through his involvement with ''[[The Black Dwarf (Ali)|The Black Dwarf]]'' newspaper. In 1968, he joined the [[International Marxist Group]] (IMG). He was recruited to the leadership of the IMG and became a member of the International Executive Committee of the (reunified) [[Reunified Fourth International|Fourth International]]. He also befriended influential figures such as [[Malcolm X]], [[Stokely Carmichael]], [[John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2008/5/29/1968_40_years_later_tariq_ali |title=1968, Forty Years Later: Tariq Ali Looks Back on a Pivotal Year in the Global Struggle for Social Justice |publisher=Democracynow.org |date=29 May 2008 |access-date=5 February 2026 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005075214/https://www.democracynow.org/2008/5/29/1968_40_years_later_tariq_ali |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1967, Ali was in [[Camiri]], [[Bolivia]], not far from where [[Che Guevara]] was captured, to observe the trial of [[Régis Debray]]. Ali was accused of being a [[Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front|Cuban revolutionary]] by authorities. Ali then said: "If you torture me the whole night and I can speak Spanish in the morning I'll be grateful to you for the rest of my life."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSe-6XkzZhs |title=From Vietnam To Iraq To Bolivia-Tariq Ali |publisher=YouTube |access-date=3 August 2012 |archive-date=29 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929082426/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSe-6XkzZhs |url-status=live }}</ref>

During this period, he was an [[International Marxist Group|IMG]] candidate in [[Sheffield Attercliffe (UK Parliament constituency)|Sheffield Attercliffe]] at the [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|February 1974 general election]] and was co-author of ''Trotsky for Beginners'', a cartoon book. In 1981, Ali quit the IMG and joined the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] to support [[Tony Benn]] in his bid to become deputy leader of the Labour Party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/harman/1981/12/ali.htm|title=Tariq Ali: Why I'm Joining the Labour Party (December 1981)|website=www.marxists.org|access-date=11 November 2018|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715105848/https://www.marxists.org/archive/harman/1981/12/ali.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Encuentros Averroes Córdoba. El paradigma de Córdoba (2011).jpg|thumb|Ali presenting Spanish version of ''Conversations with Edward Said'', [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], 2010]]

In 1990, Ali published the satire ''[[Redemption (1990 novel)|Redemption]]'', on the inability of the Trotskyists to handle the downfall of the [[Eastern bloc]]. The book contains parodies of many well-known figures in the Trotskyist movement. In 1999 Ali strongly criticised [[NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina]] in the piece ''Springtime for NATO'',<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Ali | first = Tariq | title = Springtime for NATO | journal = New Left Review | volume = I | issue = 234 | date = March–April 1999 | url = http://newleftreview.org/I/234/tariq-ali-springtime-for-nato | access-date = 6 February 2014 | archive-date = 28 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140328100240/http://newleftreview.org/I/234/tariq-ali-springtime-for-nato | url-status = live }}</ref> and book ''[[Masters of the Universe? NATO's Balkan Crusade]]'' in which he negated the extent and nature of crimes committed by Serbian forces in Bosnia and Kosovo.<ref name="Ian-Williams-2000-Tariq">{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Ian |title=More Agitprop than reasoned argument |url=http://www.bosnia.org.uk/bosrep/julsept00/too.cfm |publisher=Bosnian Institute UK |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302035240/http://www.bosnia.org.uk/bosrep/julsept00/too.cfm |archive-date=2 March 2019 |language=en |date=September 2000}}</ref> He defended denialist claims espoused by figures such as [[Diana Johnstone]] and [[Edward S. Herman]].<ref name="Nick Cohen-Guardian-2011">{{cite web |title=Decline and fall of the puppetmasters |first=Nick |last=Cohen|author-link=Nick Cohen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/nick-cohen-democracy-murdoch-mladic |website=The Guardian |access-date=18 May 2020 |language=en |date=16 July 2011 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616125451/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/17/nick-cohen-democracy-murdoch-mladic |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Taylor-Denial-2008-p.168">{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Tony |author-link1=Tony Taylor (writer) |title=Denial: History Betrayed |date=2008 |publisher=Melbourne Univ. Publishing |isbn=978-0-522-85907-2 |page=168 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-FgN-K2zBYC&q=Tariq+Ali+genocide+denial&pg=PA168 |access-date=18 May 2020 |language=en |chapter=Denial |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616125451/https://books.google.com/books?id=m-FgN-K2zBYC&q=Tariq+Ali+genocide+denial&pg=PA168#v=snippet&q=Tariq%20Ali%20genocide%20denial&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cassian-workersliberty-2011">{{cite web |last=Cassian |first=Dal |title=Why Noam Chomsky, Tariq Ali, Arundhati Roy and their co-thinkers should apologise over Mladic and Srebrenica: {{!}} Workers' Liberty |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2011/06/04/why-noam-chomsky-tariq-ali-arundhati-roy-and-their-co-thinkers-should-apologise-ove |website=workersliberty.org |access-date=18 May 2020 |language=en |date=4 June 2011 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616125502/https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2011/06/04/why-noam-chomsky-tariq-ali-arundhati-roy-and-their-co-thinkers-should-apologise-ove |url-status=live }}</ref>

His book, ''Clash of Fundamentalisms'', aimed to put the events of the [[September 11 attacks]] in historical [[Point of view (philosophy)|perspective]]. He followed that with ''[[Bush in Babylon]]'', which criticised the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] by American president [[George W. Bush]]. The book uses poetry and critical essays in portraying the [[war in Iraq]] as a failure. Ali believes that the new [[Federal government of Iraq|Iraqi government]] will fail.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bush in Babylon: The Recolonisation of Iraq |last=Ali |first=Tariq |year=2004 |orig-date=2003 |chapter=Postscript: Blood Meridian: Year One of the Occupation |publisher=[[Verso Books|Verso]] |location=London |pages=199–247 |isbn=1844675122}}</ref>

Ali has remained a [[Neoliberalism#Criticism|critic]] of modern [[neoliberalism|neoliberal economics]] and was present at the 2005 [[World Social Forum]] in [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil, where he was one of 19 to sign the [[Porto Alegre Manifesto]]. He supports the model of the [[Bolivarian Revolution]] in Venezuela.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://versouk.wordpress.com/2010/06/30/oliver-stone-tariq-ali-and-mark-weisbrot-respond-to-ny-times-attack-on-south-of-the-border/ |title=Oliver Stone, Tariq Ali and Mark Weisbrot respond to NY Times attack on South of the Border " Verso UK's Blog |publisher=Versouk.wordpress.com |date=30 June 2010 |access-date=3 August 2012 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004193627/https://versouk.wordpress.com/2010/06/30/oliver-stone-tariq-ali-and-mark-weisbrot-respond-to-ny-times-attack-on-south-of-the-border/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

He has been described as "the alleged inspiration" for the [[Rolling Stones]]' song "[[Street Fighting Man]]", recorded in 1968.<ref>Hazou, Christopher Hazou, [https://archive.today/20120524150633/http://www.montrealmirror.com/2007/092707/news2.html "Journalism and jingoism: Ownership and gullibility are two recurring problems for the Western press, says author and activist Tariq Ali"], ''Montreal Mirror''. Archives: 27 September – 3 October 2007, Vol. 23, No. 15.</ref> [[John Lennon]]'s "[[Power to the People (song)|Power to the People]]" was inspired by an interview Lennon gave to Ali.<ref name="companion">{{cite book |editor-last1=Thomson |editor-first1=Elizabeth |editor-last2=Gutman |editor-first2=David |title=The Lennon Companion |year=2004 |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=0-306-81270-3 |page=165}}</ref>

Ali participated in the [[The Sight & Sound Greatest Films of All Time 2012|2012 ''Sight & Sound'' critics' poll]], where he listed his ten favourite films as follows: ''[[The Battle of Algiers]]'', ''[[Charulata]]'', ''[[Crimson Gold]]'', ''[[The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie]]'', ''[[Entranced Earth]]'', ''[[If....]]'', ''[[Osaka Elegy]]'', ''[[The Puppetmaster (film)|The Puppetmaster]]'', ''[[Rashomon]]'', and ''[[Tout Va Bien]]''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/sightandsoundpoll2012/voter/66 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818105547/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/sightandsoundpoll2012/voter/66 | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 August 2016 |title = Tariq Ali | BFI}}</ref>

He has written in favour of [[Scottish independence]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/13/scots-undo-union-of-rogues-independence-1707-honour|title=Scots, undo this union of rogues. Independence is the only way to fulfil your potential|last=Ali|first=Tariq|date=13 March 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-date=16 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616125455/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/13/scots-undo-union-of-rogues-independence-1707-honour|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum]], Ali was sympathetic to a [[Brexit|Leave]] vote on [[Lexit|left-wing grounds]], whilst simultaneously criticising [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] support for Brexit based on opposition to immigration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2015/s4473089.htm |title=Lateline – 31/05/2016: Interview: Tariq Ali, British writer and commentator |website=Abc.net.au |date=31 May 2016 |access-date=28 January 2017 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005084929/http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2015/s4473089.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, Ali was a member of the [[Belmarsh Tribunal]] organised by [[Progressive International]], investigating and evaluating the war crimes committed by the [[Federal government of the United States|United States government]] in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Horvat |first=Srećko |title=The Belmarsh Tribunal |date=2 October 2020 |publisher=[[openDemocracy]] |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/oureconomy/belmarsh-tribunal/}}</ref>

In November 2020, a British public inquiry into the work of undercover police officers was provided with evidence that Ali had been spied upon by at least 14 undercover police officers over a period of decades. The surveillance began in 1965 when he became president of the [[Oxford Union]], and continued until at least 2003, when Ali was on the national committee of the [[Stop the War Coalition]] trying to prevent the invasion of Iraq. Ali said: "It is incredible to think that after 35 years, in 2003, under the Tony Blair Labour government, that Special Branch were still engaging in the same anti-democratic activity as they had been at the outset."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Rob |title=Tariq Ali spied on by at least 14 undercover officers, inquiry hears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/nov/11/tariq-ali-spied-on-14-undercover-officers-spy-cops-inquiry-hears |access-date=14 November 2020 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616125454/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/nov/11/tariq-ali-spied-on-14-undercover-officers-spy-cops-inquiry-hears |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Screenplays===
Tariq Ali's ''The Leopard and the Fox'', first written as a [[BBC]] screenplay in 1985, is about the last days of [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]]. Never previously produced because of a censorship controversy, it was finally premiered in New York in October 2007, the day before former Pakistani Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] returned to her home country after eight years in exile.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alteregoproductions.org/blog/2007/07/the_leopard_and_the_fox_our_ne.htm |title=The Leopard and the Fox: Our new season begins |website=Alter Ego Blog |last=Roy |first=Shourin |date=July 19, 2007 |access-date=20 August 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022841/http://www.alteregoproductions.org/blog/2007/07/the_leopard_and_the_fox_our_ne.htm |archive-date=Sep 28, 2007}} ''The Leopard and the Fox'' was published in book form in 2006.</ref>

His next screenplay was ''A Banker for All Seasons'' (2007), about the rise and fall of the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] (BCCI). He completed his trilogy of screenplays with ''The Assassination: Who Killed Indira G?'' (2008).

In 2009, Ali co-wrote with [[Mark Weisbrot]] the screenplay to the [[Oliver Stone]] documentary ''[[South of the Border (2009 film)|South of the Border]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://southoftheborderdoc.com/cast-credits/ |title=Cast & Credits |publisher=South of the Border |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120823150205/http://southoftheborderdoc.com/cast-credits/ |archive-date= Aug 23, 2012 }}</ref> This gave a favourable account of Hugo Chávez and other left-wing Latin American leaders. Interviewed in the documentary, Ali explained the role that Bolivian water privatisation and the [[2000 Cochabamba protests]] played in eventually bringing [[Evo Morales]] to power.

==Personal life==
Ali lives in [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], north London, with his partner Susan Watkins, editor of the ''[[New Left Review]]''. He has three children. He grew up in a secular family that was more [[Cultural Muslim|culturally Muslim]] than religious, and describes himself as an [[atheist]].<ref name="Hunter Davies interview" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Tariq |title=This is the real outrage |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/13/muhammadcartoons.comment |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited |access-date=21 October 2020 |date=February 13, 2006 |quote=I am an atheist and do not know the meaning of the "religious pain" that is felt by believers of every case when what they believe in is insulted. |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327185957/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/13/muhammadcartoons.comment |url-status=live }}</ref> He published his memoirs in two volumes: ''Street Fighting Years'' (1987, later reissued in 2005), and ''You Can't Please All'' (2024).<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Bad Times: Travels with Tariq Ali |magazine=[[London Review of Books]] |date=20 February 2025 |last=Beckett |first=Andy |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v47/n03/andy-beckett/bad-times |volume=47 |number=3}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* ''The New Revolutionaries: A Handbook of the International Radical Left'' (editor), New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1969. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-79860
* ''Pakistan: Military Rule or People's Power'' (1970). {{ISBN|978-0-224-61864-9}}
* ''The Coming British Revolution'' (1971). {{ISBN|978-0-224-00630-9}}
* ''1968 and After: Inside the Revolution'' (1978). {{ISBN|978-0-85634-082-6}}
* ''Chile, Lessons of the Coup: Which Way to Workers Power'' (1978) .{{ISBN|978-0-85612-107-4}}
* ''[[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] for Beginners'' (1980). {{ISBN|978-0-906495-27-8}}
* ''Can Pakistan Survive?: The Death of a State'' (1983). {{ISBN|978-0-8052-7194-2}}; (1991) {{ISBN|978-0-86091-260-6}}
* ''Who's Afraid of [[Margaret Thatcher]]? In Praise of Socialism'' (1984). {{ISBN|978-0-86091-802-8}}
* ''[[The Stalinist Legacy]]: Its Impact on 20th-Century World Politics'' (1984). {{ISBN|978-0-93147-756-0}}
* ''An Indian Dynasty: The Story of the Nehru-Gandhi Family'' (1985). {{ISBN|978-0-39913-074-8}}
* ''Street Fighting Years: An Autobiography of the Sixties'' (1987). {{ISBN|978-0-00217-779-5}}
* ''Revolution from Above: Soviet Union Now'' (1988). {{ISBN|978-0-86091-268-2}}
* ''Iranian Nights'' (1989). {{ISBN|978-1-85459-026-8}}
* ''Moscow Gold'' (1990). {{ISBN|978-1-85459-078-7}}
* ''[[Redemption (1990 novel)|Redemption]]'' (1990). {{ISBN|978-0-7011-3394-8}}
* ''[[Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree]]'' (1992; 1st in the Islam Quintet). {{ISBN|978-0-7011-3944-5}}
* ''Ugly Rumours'' (1998). {{ISBN|978-1-85459-426-6}}
* ''1968: Marching in the Streets'' (1998). {{ISBN|978-0-7475-3763-2}}
* ''[[Fear of Mirrors]]'' Arcadia Books (4 August 1998). {{ISBN|978-1-900850-10-0}}; University of Chicago Press (10 August 2010). {{ISBN|978-1-906497-15-6}}
* ''[[The Book of Saladin (novel)|The Book of Saladin]]'' (1998; 2nd in the "Islam Quintet"). {{ISBN|978-1-85984-834-0}}
* ''[[Masters of the Universe? NATO's Balkan Crusade]]'' (2000). {{ISBN|978-1-85984-752-7}}
* ''Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity'' (2002). {{ISBN|978-1-85984-679-7}}
* ''[[Bush in Babylon|Bush in Babylon: The Recolonisation of Iraq]]'' (2003). {{ISBN|978-1-85984-583-7}}
* ''Street Fighting Years: An Autobiography of the Sixties'' (2005); reissued edn. {{ISBN|978-1-84467-029-1}}
* ''Speaking of Empire and Resistance: Conversations with Tariq Ali'' (2005). {{ISBN|978-1-56584-954-9}}
* ''[[Rough Music: Blair, Bombs, Baghdad, London, Terror]]'' (2005). {{ISBN|978-1-84467-545-6}}
* ''Conversations with [[Edward Said]]'' (2005). {{ISBN|978-1-905422-04-3}}
* ''A Sultan in Palermo'' (2005; featuring [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] and [[Roger II of Sicily]]; 4th in the "Islam Quintet"). {{ISBN|978-1-84467-025-3}}
* ''The Leopard and the Fox: A Pakistani Tragedy'' (2006). {{ISBN|978-1-905422-29-6}}
* ''Pirates of the Caribbean: Axis of Hope'' (2006) {{ISBN|978-1-84467-102-1}}; revised edn. (2008). {{ISBN|978-1-84467-248-6}}
* ''A Banker for All Seasons: Bank of Crooks and Cheats Incorporated'' (2007). {{ISBN|978-1-905422-65-4}}
* ''The Assassination: Who Killed Indira G?'' (2008). {{ISBN|978-1-905422-85-2}}
* ''[[The Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power]]'' (2008). {{ISBN|978-1-84737-355-7}}
* ''The Protocols of the Elders of Sodom: and other Essays'' (2009). {{ISBN|978-1-84467-367-4}}
* ''The Idea of Communism'' (non-fiction) (2009). {{ISBN|978-1-906497-26-2}}
* ''Night of the Golden Butterfly'' (2010; 5th in the "Islam Quintet"). {{ISBN|978-1-84467-611-8}}
* ''[[The Obama Syndrome: Surrender at Home, War Abroad]]'' (2010). {{ISBN|978-1-84467-449-7}}
* ''On History: Tariq Ali and [[Oliver Stone]] in Conversation''. (2011), {{ISBN|978-1-60846-149-3}}
* ''[[Kashmir: The Case for Freedom]]'' (2011). {{ISBN|1-844-67735-4}}
* ''[[The Extreme Centre: A Warning]]'' (2015). {{ISBN|978-1-78478-262-7}}
* ''Permanent Counter Revolution'' (2016). {{ISBN|978-1-78478-432-4}}
* ''[[The Dilemmas of Lenin: Terrorism, War, Empire, Love, Revolution]]'' (2017). {{ISBN|978-1-78663-110-7}}
* ''[[Winston Churchill: His Times, His Crimes]]'' (2022). {{ISBN|978-1-78873-577-3}}
* ''You Can't Please All: Memoirs 1980–2024'' (2024). {{ISBN|978-1-80429-090-3}}
{{refend}}

==See also==
* [[List of British Pakistanis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.tariqali.org Tariq Ali Official webpage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809184451/http://tariqali.org/ |date=9 August 2018 }}
* {{C-SPAN|93439}}
* [http://www.literaturfestival.com/archive/participants/authors/2007/tariq-ali?set_language=en Tariq Ali at the international literature festival berlin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222193901/http://www.literaturfestival.com/archive/participants/authors/2007/tariq-ali?set_language=en |date=22 February 2017 }}

{{Tariq Ali}}
{{British New Left}}
{{UK underground}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Tariq}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Anti–nuclear weapons activists]]
[[Category:Anti–Vietnam War activists]]
[[Category:British anti-war activists]]
[[Category:British atheists]]
[[Category:British critics of Christianity]]
[[Category:British Marxists]]
[[Category:British Trotskyists]]
[[Category:British writers of Pakistani descent]]
[[Category:Critics of the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:English atheists]]
[[Category:English historical novelists]]
[[Category:Hayat Khattar family]]
[[Category:International Marxist Group members]]
[[Category:Journalists from Lahore]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:London Review of Books people]]
[[Category:Marxist journalists]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Pakistani activists]]
[[Category:Pakistani anti-war activists]]
[[Category:Pakistani atheists]]
[[Category:Pakistani emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Pakistani filmmakers]]
[[Category:Pakistani historical novelists]]
[[Category:Pakistani Marxists]]
[[Category:Pakistani military historians]]
[[Category:Pakistani scholars]]
[[Category:Pakistani Trotskyists]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Oxford Union]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Lahore]]
[[Category:Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages]]

Darbeshpur

2026-03-27T08:36:22Z

DwainKilgore21: Made a entry - done

{{short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Darbeshpur
| official_name =
| other_name = Derbeshpur
| nickname = Darbesh
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3#Asia
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|22.9829|N|87.8009|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body = Painta Gram Panchayat
| area_total_km2 = 1.1
| area_land_km2 = 0.9
| area_water_km2 = 0.2
| area_urban_km2 = 0.2
| area_rural_km2 = 1
| length_km =
| width_km =
| elevation_m = 20
| elevation_min_m = 2
| elevation_max_m = 30
| population_total = 786
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = 238
| population_est = 1200
| pop_est_as_of = December 2025
| population_urban = 100+
| population_rural = 600+
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics2_title1 = Additional-Official
| demographics2_info1 = English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713427
| area_code = 03451
| area_code_type = Telephone
| registration_plate = WB42,WB41,WB18,WB17,WB15
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| demographics1_info1 = Bengali, English
| blank1_name = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info = [[Raina (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raina]]
| blank2_name = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info = [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Darbeshpur.jpg
}}

'''Darbeshpur''' or '''Derbeshpur''' is a village located in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in West Bengal, [[India]]. Its correct pronunciation in English is "Darveshpur".<ref name="www.census2011.co.in">{{Cite web |title=Darbeshpur Village Population - Tarakeswar - Hugli, West Bengal |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/324516-darbeshpur-west-bengal.html |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="vill.co.in">{{Cite web |title=Darbeshpur village in Raina - 2 Block,Barddhaman, West Bengal |url=https://vill.co.in/west-bengal/barddhaman/raina-ii-335022980/darbeshpur-022983209940/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PinCodeArea">{{Cite web |last=PinCodeArea |title=Postal Code: DARBESHPUR, Post Belar Bhurkunda BO (Bardhaman, West Bengal) |url=https://pincodearea.in/DARBESHPUR-Pincode-PO-Belar-Bhurkunda-BO |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=PinCodeArea |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Darbeshpur Village {{!}} Map of Darbeshpur Village in Tarakeswar Tehsil, Hugli of West Bengal |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/west-bengal/hugli/tarakeswar/darbeshpur.html |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref><ref name="District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman" /><ref name="District Census Handbook Bardhaman" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Caṭṭopādhyāẏa |first=Ekakaṛi |title=Bardhamāna Jelāra itihāsa a lokasaṃskṛti. 1 |date=2001 |edition=1. prakāśa |place=Kalakātā |publisher=Ryāḍikyāla |isbn=978-81-85459-36-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008 |url=http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc |archive-date=2009-02-25}}</ref> It is located in [[Raina II]] block in Purba Bardhaman district in West [[West Bengal]], India.

==Meaning of the name==
Darbeshpur was founded Durvesh of title. In Bengali it means Costfull (Dami).{{CN|date=December 2025}}

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages spoken in Darbeshpur
| value1 = 98.9
| label1 = Bengali
| color1 = orange
| value2 = 1
| label2 = Santali
| color2 = yellow
| value3 = 0.1
| label3 = Others
| color3 = red
}}

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the most used [[language]] here followed by [[Hindi]] and [[Santali language|Santali]].<ref name="www.census2011.co.in" /><ref name="vill.co.in" /><ref name="District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman">{{Cite web |title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman |url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-date=2019-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="District Census Handbook Bardhaman">{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook Bardhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf}}</ref><ref name="census-2011">{{Cite web |title=C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |website=2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

==Food==
[[Rasgulla]] is most popular sweet in this region.<ref name="vill.co.in" />

==Climate==
The [[Köppen Climate Classification]] sub-type for this climate is "[[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]]" (tropical savanna climate).{{Weather box
| single line = Yes
| location = Darbeshpur (1991 to 2020)
| source = Indian Metreological Department
| Jan record high C = 36.6
| Feb record high C = 38.8
| Mar record high C = 40.4
| Apr record high C = 46.0
| May record high C = 46.5
| Jun record high C = 45.2
| Jul record high C = 39.8
| Aug record high C = 37.2
| Sep record high C = 38.0
| Oct record high C = 36.0
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 33.0
| year record high C = 46.5
| Jan high C = 25.3
| Feb high C = 29.4
| Mar high C = 33.4
| Apr high C = 36.6
| May high C = 36.6
| Jun high C = 35.4
| Jul high C = 33.0
| Aug high C = 32.8
| Sep high C = 32.6
| Oct high C = 32.2
| Nov high C = 30.3
| Dec high C = 26.9
| year high C = 32.3
| Jan low C = 11.9
| Feb low C = 16.4
| Mar low C = 20.3
| Apr low C = 24.5
| May low C = 25.6
| Jun low C = 26.2
| Jul low C = 25.9
| Aug low C = 25.6
| Sep low C = 25.0
| Oct low C = 23.3
| Nov low C = 17.9
| Dec low C = 13.6
| year low C = 21.7
| Jan record low C = 4.4
| Feb record low C = 5.9
| Mar record low C = 11.7
| Apr record low C = 14.6
| May record low C = 15.4
| Jun record low C = 18.6
| Jul record low C = 19.4
| Aug record low C = 17.0
| Sep record low C = 16.0
| Oct record low C = 15.4
| Nov record low C = 9.8
| Dec record low C = 4.4
| year record low C = 4.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 9.3
| Feb rain mm = 21.7
| Mar rain mm = 29.2
| Apr rain mm = 60.2
| May rain mm = 93.3
| Jun rain mm = 216.7
| Jul rain mm = 312.1
| Aug rain mm = 265.7
| Sep rain mm = 221.0
| Oct rain mm = 117.0
| Nov rain mm = 9.8
| Dec rain mm = 6.3
| year rain mm = 1362.4
| Jan rain days = 0.8
| Feb rain days = 1.7
| Mar rain days = 2.2
| Apr rain days = 3.1
| May rain days = 5.8
| Jun rain days = 10.3
| Jul rain days = 15.1
| Aug rain days = 13.9
| Sep rain days = 11.2
| Oct rain days = 5.8
| Nov rain days = 0.8
| Dec rain days = 0.6
| year rain days = 71.2
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 61
| Feb humidity = 62
| Mar humidity = 59
| Apr humidity = 62
| May humidity = 65
| Jun humidity = 73
| Jul humidity = 81
| Aug humidity = 80
| Sep humidity = 81
| Oct humidity = 78
| Nov humidity = 67
| Dec humidity = 61
| year humidity = 70
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref>
}}

==Transportation Services==

Public Bus Stand-Within The Village.

Private Bus Stand-Within The Village.

Nearest Railway Station-[[Arambagh PC Sen Railway Station|Arambagh Railway Station]]

Nearest Airport-[[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]] in Andal

Cab Service-Within 8-10 Kilometers.

==Schools==
{{Cleanup list|section|date=August 2025}}
* [[Belar Das Para Primary School]]
* [[Bhurkunda-Belar High School]]<ref name="Budwan">{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education |url=http://wbchse.nic.in/admin/Burdwan_school_list.php?page=16& |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Budwan |publisher=WBCHSE}}</ref>
* [[Canvas Art School]]
* [[Darbeshpur Primary School]].<ref name="www.census2011.co.in" />
* [[Painta High School ]]<ref name="Budwan" />

==Healthcare==

There is one [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] in Darbeshpur with 2 beds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary health care - India |url=https://www.who.int/india/health-topics/primary-health-care |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary Health Centres (PHCs) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1656190 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228005504/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1656190 |archive-date=2024-12-28 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Healthcare in India pib gov.in press release |url=https://cbhidghs.mohfw.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=110&lid=112}}</ref>
==Fauna==
<gallery>
File:Indian Pariah Dog in Darbeshpur.jpg|[[Indian pariah dog|Indian Pariah Dog]]
File:Jungle Cat in a grassland in Purba Bardhaman District in West Bengal.jpg|[[Jungle cat|Jungle Cat]]
File:Jungle Cat in Darbeshpur Purba Bardhaman district of West Bengal.jpg|[[Jungle cat|Jungle Cat]]
File:Cattle Egret in Darbeshpur West Bengal.jpg|[[Bubulcus coromandus|Cattle Egret]]
File:Jungle Cat in Darbeshpur.jpg|[[Jungle cat]]
File:Indian Pariah Dog in Darbeshpur 2.jpg|[[Indian pariah dog|Indian Pariah Dog]]
File:Gray Langur on a road in Darbeshpur Purba Bardhaman West Bengal.jpg|[[Gray Langur]]
</gallery>
Animals such as [[Indian pariah dog]], [[Water buffalo|Water Buffalo]] ,[[Jungle cat]],[[Black Bengal goat]],[[Murrah buffalo]], [[Zebu|Indian cow]],[[Bengal fox]],[[Indian palm squirrel]],[[Semnopithecus|Gray Langur]] are found here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Purba Bardhaman District , Govt. of WB {{!}} India |url=https://purbabardhaman.nic.in/geography/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Birds such as [[Common kingfisher]] ,[[White-throated kingfisher]],[[Rock dove]],[[House crow]],[[House sparrow]], [[Yellow-throated sparrow]],[[Red-vented bulbul]],[[Indian pond heron]],[[Bubulcus coromandus|Cattle egret]],[[White-breasted waterhen|White breasted Waterhen]] are found here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildlife of Purba bardhaman district |url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/reports/hindi/AR_bardhmanzoo_2324.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Birds found in Purba Bardhaman district in West bengal |url=https://ebird.org/region/.within.website/x/cmd/anubis/api/pass-challenge?response=00006737bfaf1c9900bc68e7d280f1e2b2f90106ee0c74df86b387da711ebd2d&nonce=32546&redir=https%3A%2F%2Febird.org%2Fregion%2FIN-WB-PB%2Fbird-list&elapsedTime=2357}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Multiple image
| width = 250
| image1 = Natural beauty of fields 2.jpg
| image2 = Natural beauty of fields 3.jpg
| image3 = Natural beauty of fields.jpg
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 250
| perrow = 2/2
| image4 = Day view of Darbeshpur.jpg
| image5 = Tree in Darbeshpur.jpg
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Sai Baba of Shirdi

2026-03-26T23:58:26Z

DwainKilgore21: general added article for clarity further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Hindu and Muslim saint (c. 1838–1918)}}
{{redirect|Sai Nath|the university|Sai Nath University}}
{{pp|vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Sai Baba
| image = Shirdi Sai Baba 3.jpg
| alt = Sai Baba
| caption = Sai Baba (sitting near Dhuni in Dwarkamai circa 1903)
| death_date = {{Death date |df=yes|1918|10|15||}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Shirdi Sai Baba's 97th death anniversary: The one who was revered by all|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/sai-baba/1/499307.html|access-date=19 November 2017|work=India Today|date=15 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531174518/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/sai-baba/1/499307.html|archive-date=31 May 2017}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Shirdi]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Ahmednagar District]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| resting_place = Samadhi Mandir, [[Shirdi]]
| nationality = Indian
| website = {{url|https://sai.org.in/}}
| temple = Sai Baba's Samadhi Mandir, Shirdi
| religion =
| birth_date = {{circa|1838}}
}}
'''Sai Baba of Shirdi''' ({{Circa|1838–15 October 1918}}),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shirdi-Sai-Baba |title=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |year=2021 |quote="Shirdi Sai Baba, also called Sai Baba of Shirdi, (born 1838?—died October 15, 1918), spiritual leader dear to Hindu and Muslim devotees throughout India and in diaspora communities as far flung as the United States and the Caribbean. The name Sai Baba comes from sai, a Persian word used by Muslims to denote a holy person, and baba, Hindi for father."}}</ref> also known as '''Shirdi Sai Baba''', was an Indian spiritual master considered to be a [[Hindu saints|saint]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kamath |first1=M.V. |last2=Kher |first2=V.B. |title=Sai Baba of Shirdi: A Unique Saint |date=1991 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=8172240309}}</ref> and revered by both [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] devotees during and after his lifetime.

According to accounts from his life, Sai Baba preached the importance of "realisation of the self" and criticised "love towards perishable things". His teachings concentrated on a moral code of love, forgiveness, helping others, charity, contentment, inner peace, and devotion to God and [[Guru]].

Sai Baba condemned discrimination based on religion or caste. He had both Hindu and Muslim followers, but when pressed on his own religious affiliations, he refused to identify himself with one to the exclusion of the other.<ref name="Rigopoulos1993" />{{rp|3}} His teachings combined elements of Hinduism and Islam: he gave the Hindu name ''Dwarakamayi'' to the mosque in which he lived,<ref name="hoiberg">{{cite book | author1 = D. Hoiberg | author-link = Dale Hoiberg | author2 = I. Ramchandani | title = Students' Britannica India | publisher = Popular Prakashan | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&pg=PA324 | page = 324 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180303194030/https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&pg=PA324 | archive-date = 3 March 2018| isbn = 9780852297605 }}</ref> practised both Hindu and Muslim rituals, and taught using words and figures that drew from both traditions. According to the ''Shri Sai Satcharita'', a hagiography written shortly after his death, his Hindu devotees believed him to be an incarnation of the Hindu deity [[Dattatreya]].<ref name="Satcharitra">{{cite book |url=https://www.shirdibooks.com/sai-satcharitra-chapter-1/ |title=Shri Sai Satcharitra – online version |date=19 September 2012 |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Rigopoulos1993"/>

== Biography ==

Most information about Shirdi Sai Baba comes from the ''Śrī Sāī Saccarita'' written by G.R. Dabholkar in Marathi (1859-1929). Dabholkar's biography was influenced by the [[Warkari|Vākarī Sampradāya]] and the Marathi ''[[Shri Guru Charitra|Gurucaritra]]'' by [[Saraswati Gangadhar|Sarasvatī Gaṅgādhar]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Rigopoulos |first=Antonio |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=Shirdi Sai Baba |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}}</ref>

=== Early years ===
[[File:Shirdi sai2.jpg|thumb|Sai Baba sitting on a stone.]][[File:Shirdi Sai Baba and devotees2.jpg|thumb|Sai Baba with some devotees]]

Sai Baba is noted to have been born as a Hindu [[Brahmin]] before he was adopted by a [[Sufi]] fakeer. However, he himself gave no importance to the questions about his origins.<ref name="Rigopoulos1993">{{cite book | last = Rigopoulos | first = Antonio | title = The Life and Teachings of Sai Baba of Shirdi | publisher = [[State University of New York Press|SUNY]] | year= 1993 | isbn = 0791412687}}</ref>{{rp|8-9}}<ref name="Karline2016">{{cite book|last=McLain|first=Karline|title=The Afterlife of Sai Baba|publisher=University of Washington Press|date=2016-05-02|isbn=978-0-295-80651-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHN7CwAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{rp|129}}<ref name="d115">{{cite web|title=Biography & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=2009-06-18|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shirdi-Sai-Baba|ref={{sfnref|Encyclopedia Britannica|2009}}|access-date=2024-09-23}}</ref> Baba reportedly arrived at the village of [[Shirdi]] dressed as a [[Faqir|faqīr]] in the [[Ahmednagar District]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], when he was about sixteen years old. Although there is no agreement among biographers about the date of this event, it is generally accepted that Baba stayed in Shirdi for three years, disappeared for a year, and then returned permanently around 1858. This suggests a possible birth year of 1838.<ref name="Rigopoulos1993" />{{rp|45}}<ref name=":2" /> He led an ascetic life, sitting motionless under a [[neem]] tree and [[meditation|meditating]] while sitting in an [[asana]]. The Sai Satcharita recounts the reaction of the villagers.

<blockquote>The people of the village were wonder-struck to see such a young lad practicing hard penance, not minding heat or cold. By day he associated with no one, by night he was afraid of nobody.<ref name="Rigopoulos1993"/>{{rp|46}}</blockquote>

Some of the religiously-inclined villagers (Mahalsapati, Appa Jogle and Kashinatha) visited him regularly. The village children considered him mad and threw stones at him.<ref>{{cite book | last = Parthasarathy | first = Rangaswami | title = God Who Walked on Earth: The Life and Times of Shirdi Sai Baba | publisher = [[Sterling Publishing]] | year= 1997 | pages = 15 | isbn = 81-207-1809-7}}</ref> After some time he left the village and it is unknown where he went or what happened to him. There are some indications that he met with many saints and fakirs and worked as a weaver. He is reported to have said that he fought with the army of [[Rani Lakshmibai]] of [[Jhansi]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>(To Balakrishna Upasani Shastri) "I was at the battle in which the Rani of Jhansi took part. I was then in the army." Quoted in {{cite book | last = Narasimhaswami | first = B.V. | title = Sri Sai Baba's Charters & Sayings | publisher = All-India Sai Samaj, Madras | year= 1986 | pages = 209}}</ref>

=== Name ===
Sai Baba's real name is unknown. The name ''Sai'' was given to him by the temple priest Mahalsapati when he returned to Shirdi in 1858. The word ''Sai'' refers to a religious mendicant but can also mean ''God''.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chicago |first1=The University of |last2=Libraries (CRL) |first2=Center for Research |title=Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/?c.4:1:5269.platts |access-date=2017-06-24 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |language=en}}</ref> In several Indian and Middle Eastern languages the term ''Baba'' is an honorific signifying grandfather, father, old man or sir. Thus Sai Baba denotes "holy father", "saintly father".<ref name="Rigopoulos1993" />

===Return to Shirdi===

[[File:Shirdi Sai Baba 2.jpg|thumb|left|Sai Baba in his usual attire]]

Around this time Sai Baba adopted the practice of dressing in a knee-length one-piece [[Kaftan|''kafni'' robe]] and a cloth cap, articles of typical Sufi clothing. Ramgir Bua, a devotee, testified that Sai Baba was dressed like an athlete and sported 'long hair flowing down to the end of his spine' when he arrived in Shirdi, and that he never had his head shaved. It was only after Baba forfeited a wrestling match with one Mohiddin Tamboli that he took up the ''kafni'' and cloth cap.<ref>{{cite book | last = Warren | first = Marianne | title = Unravelling the Enigma: Shirdi Sai Baba in the Light of Sufism | publisher = [[Sterling Publishing|Sterling Publishers]] | year= 1997 | page = 104 | isbn = 81-207-2147-0}}</ref> This attire contributed to Baba's identification as a Muslim fakir and was one reason for the initial hostility toward him in a predominantly Hindu village.<ref name="Rigopoulos1993" />

For four to five years, Baba lived under a neem tree, and undertook long periods of meditation. His manner was said to be withdrawn and uncommunicative, and he often wandered for long periods in the jungle around Shirdi.<ref>{{cite book | last = Warren | first = Marianne | title = Unravelling the Enigma: Shirdi Sai Baba in the Light of Sufism | publisher = [[Sterling Publishing|Sterling Publishers]] | year = 1997 | page = 45 | isbn = 81-207-2147-0}}</ref> He was eventually persuaded to take up residence in an old and dilapidated [[mosque]], where he lived a solitary life, surviving by begging for [[alms]] and receiving itinerant Hindu or Muslim visitors. In the mosque, he maintained a sacred fire (''[[dhuni]]''), and gave sacred ash ('Udi') from the fire to guests on their departure. The ash was believed to have healing and [[Apotropaism|apotropaic]] powers. He performed the function of a local [[Hakim (title)|hakim]] and treated the sick by application of ashes. He delivered spiritual teachings to his visitors, and recommended the reading of the [[Ramayana]] and [[Bhagavat Gita]] for Hindus and the [[Qur'an]] for Muslims. He insisted on the indispensability of the unbroken remembrance of God's name (''[[dhikr]]''), and often expressed himself in a cryptic manner with the use of [[parable]]s, [[symbol]]s, and [[allegory|allegories]].<ref name="Rigopoulos1993"/>{{rp|86}}

Baba is believed to have tended a garden called Lendi Baug, named after a riverlet called Lendi which flowed nearby.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lendi baug |url=http://www.shirdisaitemple.com/shirdi-article/id/89/lendi-baug |website=www.shirdisaitemple.com |publisher=Shirdi Sai Baba Temple (official website) |access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> The garden still exists; it contains temples ([[Samadhi (shrine)|''samadhis'']]) commemorating people and animals associated with Baba's life, and continues to be visited by pilgrims.<ref>{{cite book | last = Chitluri | first = Vinny | title = Baba's Gurukul: SHIRDI | publisher = [[Sterling Publishers]] Pvt. Ltd | year = 2011 | page = 176 | isbn = 9788120790186}}</ref>

Some of Shirdi Sai Baba's disciples became well-known spiritual figures and saints, most notably Mahalsapati, a priest of the [[Khandoba]] temple in Shirdi, and [[Upasani Baba Maharaj]], who himself became the teacher of [[Meher Baba]]. He was revered by other saints as well, such as Bidkar Maharaj, [[Gagangiri Maharaj]], Janakidas Maharaj and Sati Godavari Mataji.<ref>Ruhela, S. P. (ed), ''Truth in Controversies about Sri Shirdi Sai Baba'', Faridabad, Indian Publishers Distributors, 2000. {{ISBN|81-7341-121-2}}</ref><ref name="Dabholkar, Govind Raghunath 1999">Dabholkar, Govind Raghunath, ''Shri Sai Satcharita: the life and teachings of Shirdi Sai Baba'' (1999)</ref> Sai Baba referred to several saints as 'my brothers', especially the disciples of [[Swami Samarth Maharaj|Swami Samartha of Akkalkot]].<ref name="Dabholkar, Govind Raghunath 1999" />

In 1910, Shirdi Sai Baba's fame began to spread in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06gFzl76nK8C&pg=RA2-PA1910|title=The Eternal Sai Phenomenon|last=Nanda|first=A. R.|date=2011-04-08|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9788120790247|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303194030/https://books.google.com/books?id=06gFzl76nK8C&pg=RA2-PA1910|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.shreeomsainath.com/worship&devotes.html|title=Worship & Devotes|website=www.shreeomsainath.com|access-date=2017-03-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303194032/http://www.shreeomsainath.com/worship%26devotes.html|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> Being regarded as a saint with the power of performing miracles, and even as an [[avatar]], numerous people came to visit him.<ref>{{cite book | last = Warren | first = Marianne | title = Unravelling the Enigma: Shirdi Sai Baba in the Light of Sufism | publisher = [[Sterling Publishing|Sterling Publishers]] | year= 1997 | pages = 340–341 | isbn = 81-207-2147-0}}</ref> They built his first temple at [[Bhivpuri]], [[Karjat]].<ref>[http://www.saiananta.com/bhivpuri.html Sai Ananta – Kaka Saheb Dixit Trust of Shri Sai Baba] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501002144/http://www.saiananta.com/bhivpuri.html |date=1 May 2010 }}. saiananta.com</ref>

===Final years and death (Samadhi)===

In August 1918, Sai Baba told some of his devotees that he would soon be "leaving his mortal body".<ref>{{cite web |title=About us – Chronology of events |url=https://www.sai.org.in/en/history |website=www.sai.org.in |publisher=Shri Sai Baba Trust (Official website) |access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> Towards the end of September, he had a high fever and stopped eating.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dabholkar |first1=Govind |title=Chapter 43 – Shri Sai Satcharitra |date=1 June 1999 |publisher=New Dawn Books |edition=2 }}</ref> As his condition deteriorated, he asked his disciples to recite holy texts to him, although he also continued to meet visitors. He died on 15 October 1918, coinciding with the [[Vijayadashami]] festival.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hemadpant |title=Sri Sai Satcharitra: The Wonderful Life and Teachings of Shirdi Sai Baba |isbn=978-1521183564 |date=16 June 2017 |publisher=Independently Published }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dabholkar |first1=Hemandpant |title=Shri Sai Satcharitra: The Wonderful Life and Teachings of Shirdi Sai Baba |date=12 April 2016 |publisher=Enlightenment press |isbn=978-0692690833 }}</ref> His remains were interred at Buti Wada in Shirdi, which later became a place of worship that is known today as Shree Samadhi Mandir or Shirdi Sai Baba Temple.

==Teachings and practices==

[[Image:Shirdi sai3.jpg|thumb|Sai Baba, leaning against the wall of Dwarakamayi, with devotees]]

Sai Baba opposed all persecution based on religion or [[caste]]. He was an opponent of religious orthodoxy – Christian, Hindu, and Muslim.<ref name="Rigopoulos1993" />{{rp|139}}

Sai Baba encouraged his devotees to pray, chant God's name, and read holy scriptures. He advised Muslims to study the [[Qur'an]] and Hindus to study texts such as the [[Ramayana]], [[Bhagavad Gita]] and [[Yoga Vasistha]].<ref name="saibaba.org">Dabholkar/Gunaji ''Shri Sai Satcharita''/''Shri Sai Satcharitra'' chapter 27.</ref> He instructed his devotees and followers to lead a moral life, help others, love every living being without any discrimination, and develop two important features of character: faith (''Shraddha'') and patience (''Saburi''). He criticised [[atheism]].<ref>Dabholkar/Gunaji ''Shri Sai Satcharita''/''Shri Sai Satcharitra'' chapter 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.saibaba.org/satcharitra/sai3.html |title=SAI SATCHARITRA – Chapter 3 |access-date=2007-06-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525013202/http://www.saibaba.org/satcharitra/sai3.html |archive-date=25 May 2007}}</ref>

In his teachings, Sai Baba emphasised the importance of performing one's duties without attachment to earthly matters and of being content regardless of the situation. In his personal practice, he observed worship procedures belonging to Islam; although he did not engage in regular rituals, he allowed the practice of [[Salah]], chanting of [[Al-Fatiha]], and Qur'an readings at Muslim festival times.<ref>{{cite book | last = Warren | first = Marianne | title = Unravelling The Enigma: Shirdi Sai Baba in the Light of Sufism. | publisher = [[Sterling Publishers]] | year = 1999 | page = 29 | isbn = 0-7914-1268-7}}</ref> Occasionally reciting the Al-Fatiha, Baba enjoyed listening to [[mawlid]] and [[qawwali]] accompanied by the [[tabla]] and [[sarangi]] twice daily.<ref>{{cite book | last = Warren | first = Marianne | title = Unravelling The Enigma: Shirdi Sai Baba in the Light of Sufism. | publisher = [[Sterling Publishers]] | year = 1999 | page = 30 | isbn = 0-7914-1268-7}}</ref>

Sai Baba interpreted the religious texts of both Islam and Hinduism. He explained the meaning of the Hindu scriptures in the spirit of [[Advaita Vedanta]], with a strong emphasis on the path of ''[[bhakti]]'' (devotion). All three of the main Hindu spiritual paths – [[Bhakti Yoga]], [[Jnana Yoga]], and [[Karma Yoga]] – influenced his teachings.<ref name="Rigopoulos1993" />{{rp|261-352}}
Sai Baba encouraged charity and sharing. He said:
{{Blockquote|Unless there is some relationship or connection, nobody goes anywhere. If any men or creatures come to you, do not discourteously drive them away, but receive them well and treat them with due respect. Sri [[Hari]] (God) will certainly be pleased if you give water to the thirsty, bread to the hungry, clothes to the naked, and your verandah to strangers for sitting and resting. If anybody wants any money from you and you are not inclined to give, do not give, but do not bark at him like a dog."<ref>Dabholkar (alias Hemadpant) ''Shri Sai Satcharita'' Shri Sai Baba Sansthan Shirdi, (translated from [[Marathi language|Marathi]] into English by Nagesh V. Gunaji in 1944) [http://www.shirdi-sai-baba.com/sai-books.html available online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060512203715/http://www.shirdi-sai-baba.com/sai-books.html |date=12 May 2006 }} or [http://www.saibaba.org/saisatc.html downloadable] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414023134/http://saibaba.org/saisatc.html |date=14 April 2006 }} or on [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01DO6QJ42 Kindle.]
</ref>}}Sai Baba stressed the importance of surrender to the true ''[[satguru]]'', who, having trodden the path to divine consciousness, can lead the disciple through the jungle of spiritual growth.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.shirdibooks.com/sai-satcharitra-chapter-48/ |title=Shri Sai Satcharitra – online version |date=19 September 2012 |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> True devotees, he said, always meditate upon the ''satguru'' with love, and surrender themselves completely to him. When he spoke of himself in this sense he explained his meaning thus:<blockquote>You need not go anywhere in search of Me. Barring your name and form, there exists in you, as well as in all beings, a sense of Being or Consciousness of Existence. That is ‘Me’. Knowing this, you see Me inside yourself, and in all beings. If you practice this, you will realize all-pervasiveness and thus be as one with Me.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Sai Satcharita - online version |url=https://www.shirdibooks.com/sai-satcharitra-chapter-43-and-44/ |access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref></blockquote>

===Worship and devotees===

[[File:Sai gold full.jpg|thumb|Sai Baba's Temple in Shirdi]]
[[File:Sai_baba_samadhi_mandir_.jpg|thumb|The [[Mandir Kalasha]] Of The Samadhi Mandir, Shirdi]]

A local [[Khandoba]] priest, Mahalsapati Nagre, is believed to have been Sai Baba's first devotee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://holyshirdi.saibaba.com/houses/mahalsa-house-1.html|title=Holy Shirdi {{!}}Mhalsapati's House|website=holyshirdi.saibaba.com|access-date=2017-03-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720084742/http://holyshirdi.saibaba.com/houses/mahalsa-house-1.html|archive-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssbf.co.in/About_SaiBaba/CharanPaduka.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927100629/http://www.ssbf.co.in/About_SaiBaba/CharanPaduka.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-09-27|title=Shirdi Sai Baba Foundation|website=www.ssbf.co.in|access-date=2017-03-13}}</ref> In the 19th century, Sai Baba's followers were only a small group of inhabitants of Shirdi and a few people from other parts of India.<ref name=":0" />

Today, because of Sai Baba, Shirdi has become a famous [[Religious tourism|religious tourist]] destination in India and is counted as one of the most popular Hindu places of pilgrimage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.amazingmaharashtra.com/2012/05/shirdi.html|title=Amazing Maharashtra: SHIRDI SAIBABA TEMPLE|last=Mhatre|first=Shridhar|work=Amazing Maharashtra|access-date=2017-03-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414192758/http://www.amazingmaharashtra.com/2012/05/shirdi.html|archive-date=14 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/blog/top-30-famous-temples-in-india/|title=Top 30 Famous Temples in India: Tour My India|date=2013-12-04|work=Tour My India|access-date=2017-03-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314063551/https://www.tourmyindia.com/blog/top-30-famous-temples-in-india/|archive-date=14 March 2017}}</ref> The first Sai Baba temple is situated at [[Kudal]], [[Sindhudurg]]. This temple was built in 1922.

The Sai Baba Temple in Shirdi is visited by an average of 25,000 pilgrims a day. During religious festivals, this number can reach up to 100,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shrisaibabasansthan.org/new_eng%20template_shirdi/shirdi/templecomplex.html|title=shirdi|date=2016-04-23|access-date=2017-03-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423104659/http://www.shrisaibabasansthan.org/new_eng%20template_shirdi/shirdi/templecomplex.html|archive-date=23 April 2016}}</ref> Both the interior of the temple and the exterior cone are covered with gold. Inside the temple, the statue of Sai Baba is carved out of Italian marble and is seen draped with royal cloth, wearing a gold crown and adorned with fresh flower garlands. The temple is managed by the Shri Sai Baba Sansthan Trust.

Following rituals and traditions dating back to when Baba was still alive, four [[Aarti|''aartis'']] are held daily (corresponding to the time of the day) inside the Samadhi Mandir. {{cn|date=June 2024}}

* Kakad Aarti ''(The Morning Aarti)'' at 04:30
* Madhyan Aarti ''(The Afternoon Aarti)'' at 12:00
* Dhup Aarti ''(The Evening Aarti)'' at 18:30
* Shej Aarti ''(The Night Aarti)'' at 22:30

The Palanquin procession of Sai Baba takes place every Thursday from the Samadhi Mandir to Dwarkamayi, onward to Chavdi and back to the Sai Baba Mandir. Devotees belonging to all faiths are welcome to take Darshan in the Samadhi Mandir and have free meals in the Prasadalaya, irrespective of caste, creed, and religion. {{cn|date=June 2024}}

Sai Baba of Shirdi is especially revered and worshiped in the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Gujarat]]. {{cn|date=June 2024}}

In recent years, the following of Sai Baba has spread to the Netherlands, the Caribbean, Nepal, Canada, United States, Australia, United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, United Kingdom,<ref>[http://www.rammandirleicester.org.uk/19.html Shridi Sai Baba] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116053623/http://rammandirleicester.org.uk/19.html |date=16 January 2017 }}. Ram Mandir Leicester. Retrieved on 2017-06-24.</ref><ref>[http://www.shirdisai.org.uk/ Shri Shirdi Saibaba Temple Association of London] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104000536/http://www.shirdisai.org.uk/ |date=4 January 2017 }}. Shirdisai.org.uk. Retrieved on 2017-06-24.</ref> Germany, France, and Singapore,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Brady R. |author2=Coward H. G. |author3=Hinnels J. H.|title=The South Asian Religious Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zsj7MfYXSZ4C&pg=PA93|date=2000|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-4509-9|page=93|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303194030/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zsj7MfYXSZ4C&pg=PA93|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> due to the [[Hinduism by country|Hindu]] [[Indian diaspora|Indian Diaspora]] in those countries.

===Hindus and Muslims===
[[File:Deoghar with Saibaba.jpg|thumb|right|A household shrine (Deoghar) in a Hindu Marathi family with Saibaba at the center]]
In a verse of the midday arti, devotees sing:

{{blockquote|In essence, there is no difference whatever between Hindu and Muslim. You took birth in human body to show this. You look with affection on both Hindus and Muslims. This, Sai, who pervades all, as the soul of all, demonstrates.}}

Baba often talked about the Hindu gods and quoted from sacred texts. On occasion he would comment on passages from the Bhagavad Gita, the Isha Upanishad, and others. The names of Krishna and Rama were sacred to him. With Muslim followers, he talked of Allah and the Qur'an, often quoting Persian verses. He frequently used the expression "''Allah rakhega vaiia rahena''" ("Let us be content with what we have, and submit our will to Allah"). He told his listeners that he, like them, was but a devotee of Allah, a humble faqir with two arms and two legs. In later years, Parsis and Christians would also visit him in Shirdi. He respected all faiths, and taught that all are particular paths toward one ineffable goal.<ref name="Rigopoulos1993" />{{rp|70-71}}

His notion of the unity of all mankind was congruous with both [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaitism]] and [[Sufism]]. "God being one and the master of all also meant that all his creatures were part of one big family," writes Sikand. "This belief was entirely in keeping with both the Bhakti philosophy as well as the teachings of the Sufis, who believed that the light of God exists in every creature, indeed in every particle of His creation."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sikand |first1=Yoginder |title=Sacred Spaces: Exploring Traditions of Shared Faith in India |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=India |page=122 |isbn=9780143029311 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBkwnoDPKgUC&dq=sikand+sufi+sai+baba&pg=PA120}}</ref> For Sai Baba, it is commonly believed that he viewed all religious paths as being equally valid, with him considering "Ishwar" (the Hindu God) and "Allah" to be synonymous. People coming to his abode were so taken aback to see Hindus, Muslims, and others living together so peacefully that in many instances it proved to be life-changing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pal |first=Amitabh |date=2011 |title="Islam" Means Peace: Understanding the Muslim Principle of Nonviolence Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAfRoIQV97MC&q=Sai+baba+urged+his&pg=PA71 |publisher=ABC Clio |page=71 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914173323/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zAfRoIQV97MC&pg=PA71&dq=muslim+worship+sai+baba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj--pKAv6TWAhXLpo8KHSlpDvIQ6AEILzAC#v=onepage&q=Sai%20baba%20urged%20his&f=false |archive-date=14 September 2017|isbn=9780313382918 }}</ref>

==Followers==

[[File:Sai Baba.jpg|right|thumb|Sai Baba depicted on a [[tapestry]]]]
[[File:Padukas.jpg|thumb|Padukas of Sai Baba]]

Shirdi Sai Baba left behind no spiritual heirs, appointed no disciples, and did not provide formal initiation (diksha), despite requests. Some of Sai Baba's notable disciples include Mahalsapathi, Madhav Rao (Shama), Nanasaheb Peshway, Bayijabai, Tatya Kote Patil, Kakasaheb Dixit, Radhakrishna Maai, Hemadpant, Bhuti, Das Ganu, Lakshmi Bai, Nanavali, Abdul Baba, Sapatanekar, Nanasaheb Chandodkar, B.V. Narashima Swamiji.<ref name="disciples">{{cite web |last1=Agrawal |first1=Pravin |title=SAI BABA OF SHIRDI |url=https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/sai-baba-of-shirdi-sharing |publisher=Speaking Tree |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> Some disciples became well-known spiritual figures, such as [[Upasani Maharaj]] of [[Sakori]]. After the death of Sai Baba, his devotees offered the daily [[Aarti]] to Upasani Maharaj when he paid a visit to [[Shirdi]] twice within 10 years.<ref name="asian_tribune_meher">{{cite news |author=sandman |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2009/01/19/who-sai-baba-guru-zarzari-zar-baksh-who-lived-khuldabad-says-meher-baba |title=Who is Sai Baba' guru? Zarzari Zar Baksh who lived at Khuldabad, says Meher Baba |newspaper=Asian Tribune |date=20 January 2009 |access-date=8 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119133757/http://asiantribune.com/news/2009/01/19/who-sai-baba-guru-zarzari-zar-baksh-who-lived-khuldabad-says-meher-baba |archive-date=19 November 2010}}</ref>

===Hindus===

The Hindu saint Anandanath of Yewala called Sai Baba a "precious diamond."<ref name="templeofpeace">{{cite web |url= http://templeofpeace.org/history.html|title= Who is Shirdi Sai Baba|access-date=29 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071015050416/http://templeofpeace.org/history.html |archive-date = 15 October 2007}}</ref> Another saint, Gangagir, said "Blessed is Shirdi, that it got this precious jewel."<ref name="templeofpeace" /> Sri Beedkar Maharaj greatly revered Sai Baba and when he met him in 1873, bestowed the title [[Jagad guru]] upon him.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.swamisamarth.com/parampara/beedkar_biography.html#An%20Avadhoot%20appears%20in%20front%20of%20Shree%20Beedkar%20Maharaj|title= A Short Biography of Shree Sadguru Beedkar Maharaj|access-date= 29 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071013230840/http://swamisamarth.com/parampara/beedkar_biography.html#An%20Avadhoot%20appears%20in%20front%20of%20Shree%20Beedkar%20Maharaj|archive-date= 13 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.saibaba.org/newsletter8-21.html|title= Beedkar Maharaj|access-date= 29 October 2007|work= Sai Vichaar, 6 Oct 2005, volume 8, issue 2001|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071017014535/http://saibaba.org/newsletter8-21.html|archive-date= 17 October 2007}}</ref> Sai Baba was also greatly respected by [[Vasudevanand Saraswati|Vasudevananda Saraswati]] (known as Tembye Swami).<ref>Dabholkar/Gunaji ''Shri Sai Satcharita''/''Shri Sai Satcharitra'' chapter 50 {{cite web |url=http://www.saibaba.org/satcharitra/sai50.html |title=Shri Sai Satcharitra |access-date=2007-06-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525203709/http://www.saibaba.org/satcharitra/sai50.html |archive-date=25 May 2007}}</ref> He was also revered by a group of [[Shaivism|Shaivic]] yogis, known as the ''Nath-Panchayat''.<ref>Ruhela ''Sri Shirdi Sai Baba – the universal master'' p. 27</ref> He is considered an avatar of the "Supreme Reality" (Brahman or God), a satguru, or saint, depending on individual proclivities{{cn|date=July 2023}}. This is not uncommon in Hinduism where there is no central doctrine or cosmology, but a basis in individual faith and spirituality.

===Muslims===
Abdul Baba was a close devotee of Sai Baba and was the caretaker of the shrine from 1918 to 1922. A large number of Muslim devotees used to come to the shrine until the 1980s.<ref name="Karline2016"/>
===Parsis===

Shirdi Sai Baba was revered by prominent [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]] such as [[Nanabhoy Palkhivala]], Farhaad Panthaky, and [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]], and has been cited as the Zoroastrians' most popular non-Zoroastrian religious figure.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hinnells, John R.|title=The Zoroastrian Diaspora:Religion and Migration: Religion and Migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Tha83L1QFUC&pg=PA109|date=2005|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-826759-1|page=109|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303194030/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Tha83L1QFUC&pg=PA109|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>

[[Meher Baba]], who was born into a Zoroastrian family, met Sai Baba in December 1915 and considered this event among the most significant in his life. ''Shri Sai Satcharita'' (Sai Baba's life story) makes no mention of Meher Baba, but in ''Lord Meher'', the life story of Meher Baba, there are numerous references to Sai Baba.<ref name="asian_tribune_meher" /> Meher Baba declared Sai Baba to be a ''Qutub-e-Irshad'', or the highest of the five [[Qutb|Qutubs]], a "Master of the Universe" in Meher Baba's spiritual hierarchy.<ref>Kalchuri, Bhau: ''Meher Prabhu: Lord Meher, The Biography of the Avatar of the Age, Meher Baba'', ''Manifestation, Inc.'' 1986. p. 64</ref>

==In culture==
===Sacred art and architecture===
[[File:Shirdi Sai Temple in Inverness Highlands South, Florida, US 03.jpg|thumb|Shirdi Sai Temple in Inverness, Florida, US]]
There are many temples of Shirdi Sai Baba in India.<ref name="srinivas">Srinivas ''Sathya Sai Baba movement''</ref> Temples are also located in countries outside India, including the United States, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa, Netherlands, Kenya, Benin, Cuba, Canada, Pakistan, Australia, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.omsrisai.net/saitemples.php?page=1 |title=Directory of Shri Shirdi Saibaba temples around the world |publisher=Omsrisai.net |access-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130222061437/http://www.omsrisai.net/saitemples.php?page=1 |archive-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> In the mosque in Shirdi where Sai Baba lived, there is a life-size portrait of him by Shama Rao Jaykar, an artist from Mumbai. There are numerous monuments and statues, designed to serve a religious function, of Sai Baba of Shirdi. One of these, made of marble by a sculptor named Balaji Vasant Talim, is in the Samadhi Mandir in Shirdi where Sai Baba was buried.<ref>Ruhela ''Sri Shirdi Sai Baba – The Universal Master''</ref>

In 2008, India Post issued a commemorative postage stamp of ₹5 to honour Shirdi Sai Baba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istampgallery.com/shri-shirdi-sai-baba/|title=Shri Shirdi Sai Baba Stamp|website=www.istampgallery.com|date=9 December 2016 |access-date=2017-04-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413234650/http://www.istampgallery.com/shri-shirdi-sai-baba/|archive-date=13 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2008.aspx|title=Postage Stamps|website=postagestamps.gov.in|access-date=2017-04-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410051230/http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps2008.aspx|archive-date=10 April 2017}}</ref>

===Film and television===
Sai Baba has been the subject of feature films in various languages produced by the [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]].

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Title role !! Director !! Language !! Ref(s)
|-
| 1955 || ''Shirdi Che Sai Baba'' || Dattopant Aangre || [[Kumarsen Samarth]] || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || <ref name="1955 National">{{cite news |title=NATIONAL AWARDS 1955 WINNERS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/1955/108 |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=Entertainment Times |agency=The Times Group |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Shirdi Ke Sai Baba]]'' || [[Sudhir Dalvi]] || Ashok V. Bhushan || [[Hindi]] || <ref name="1977 Movie">{{cite web |title=Shirdi Ke Sai Baba |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shirdi-ke-sai-baba/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=December 1976 |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam]]'' || [[Vijayachander]] || K. Vasu || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || <ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|page=108}}</ref>
|-
| 1989 || ''Bhagavan Shri Sai Baba'' || [[Sai Prakash]] || Sai Prakash || [[Kannada]] || <ref name="1989 Kannada">{{cite news |last1=Plumber |first1=Prachi Pinglay |title=The Spellbinder |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-spellbinder/291883 |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=Outlook |agency=Rajan Raheja Group |date=15 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 1993 || ''Sai Baba'' || Yashwant Dutt || Babasaheb S. Fattelal || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || <ref name="Ruhela2016">{{cite book|author=Satya Pal Ruhela|title=The Divine Grace of Sri Shirdi Sai Baba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-mOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56|date=30 January 2016|publisher=Partridge Publishing India|isbn=978-1-4828-7071-8|page=56}}</ref>
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Maya (1999 film)|Maya / Guru Poornima / Jayasurya]]''|| || [[Rama Narayanan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Kannada]] || <ref name="1999 Maya">{{cite web |title=Rama Narayanan Movies |url=https://www.bharatmovies.com/director/rama-narayanan-movies.htm |publisher=Bharat Movies |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609071831/https://www.bharatmovies.com/director/rama-narayanan-movies.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2000 || ''Sri Sai Mahima'' || [[Sai Prakash]] || Ashok Kumar || Telugu || <ref name="2000 Mahima">{{cite news |title=Sri Sai Mahima: Logo launch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/Sri-Sai-Mahima-Logo-launch/videoshow/18615115.cms |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=Entertainment Times |agency=The Times Group |publisher=The Times of India |date=21 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2001 || ''Shirdi Sai Baba'' || [[Sudhir Dalvi]] || [[Deepak Balraj Vij]] || Hindi ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Ishwarya Avatar Sai Baba'' || Mukul Nag || [[Ramanand Sagar]] || Hindi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Malik Ek]]'' || [[Jackie Shroff]] || [[Deepak Balraj Vij]] || Hindi ||
|-
| 2010–11 || ''Bhagwan Sri Shirdi Sai Baba'' || Surya Vasishta || Bukkapatna Vasu || [[Kannada]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Official Page of Bhagwan Sri Shirdi Sai Baba on Facebook|website = [[Facebook]]|url=https://www.facebook.com/tlc.shiradisai?fref=ts|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303194030/https://www.facebook.com/tlc.shiradisai?fref=ts|archive-date=3 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Shirdi Sai]]'' || [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]] || [[Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao|K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 2017–2023 || ''[[Mere Sai]]'' || Abeer Soofi [[Tushar Dalvi]]
| Sachin P. Ambre Harsh Agarwal || [[Hindi]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.setindia.com/us-en/shows/mere-sai-shraddha-aur-saburi/35|title=SET India – Indian Television, Hindi Serials, TV Shows & Live Reality Soaps{{!}} Entertainment Channel|website=www.setindia.com|access-date=2017-11-23|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032535/https://www.setindia.com/us-en/shows/mere-sai-shraddha-aur-saburi/35|archive-date=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Hindu gurus and saints]]
* [[Apotheosis]]

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===

{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Arulneyam, Durai, ''The Gospel of Shri Shirdi Sai Baba. A Holy Spiritual Path'', New Delhi, Sterling, 2008. {{ISBN|978-81-207-3997-0}}
* Babuji, Sri Sainathuni Sarath, ''Arati Sai Baba'', The Psalm Book of Shirdi Aratis, Saipatham Publications, 1996 [http://literature.saibaba.com/books/aratisaibaba/index.html available online]
* [[M. V. Kamath|Kamath, M. V.]] & Kher, V. B., ''Sai Baba of Shirdi: A Unique Saint'', India: Jaico Publishing House (1997). {{ISBN|81-7224-030-9}}
* Osborne, Arthur, ''The Incredible Sai Baba. The Life and Miracles of a Modern-day Saint'', Hyderabad, Orient Longman, 1957. {{ISBN|81-250-0084-4}}
* Panday, Balkrishna, ''Sai Baba's 261 Leelas. A Treasure House of Miracles'', New Delhi, Sterling, 2004. {{ISBN|81-207-2727-4}}
* Parthasarathy, Rangaswami, ''God Who Walked on Earth. The Life and Times of Shirdi Sai Baba'', New Delhi, Sterling, 1996. {{ISBN|81-207-1809-7}}.
* Rao, Sham P. P., ''Five Contemporary Gurus in the Shirdi (Sai Baba) Tradition'', Bangalore: Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, 1972. {{LCCN|75905429}}.
* Venkataraman, Krishnaswamy, ''Shirdi Stories'', Srishti Publishers, New Delhi, 2002. {{ISBN|81-87075-84-8}}
* White, Charles S. J., ''The Sai Baba Movement: Approaches to the Study of India Saints'' in [[Journal of Asian Studies]], Vol. 31, No. 4 (Aug. 1972), pp. 863–878
* White Charles S. J., ''The Sai Baba Movement: Study of a Unique Contemporary Moral and Spiritual Movement'', New Delhi, Arnold-Heinemann, 1985.
* Williams, Alison, ''Experiencing Sai Baba's Shirdi. A Guide'', revised edition, Shirdi, Saipatham Publications. 2004 {{ISBN|81-88560-00-6}} [http://literature.saibaba.com/books/shirdiguide/index.html available online]
* Walshe-Ryan, Lorraine, ''I am always with you'', Reprint 2008, New Delhi, [[Sterling Publishing]], 2006. {{ISBN|978-81-207-3192-9}}.
* Guruji Vij Rajesh, Service to Living beings is service to god Jai Sai Naam (1995) India
*{{Citation|title=Faith Movements and Social Transformation: Guru Charisma in Contemporary India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYN-DwAAQBAJ|first=Samta P.|last=Pandya|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=978-9811328237}}
{{refend}}

==External links==

{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Prone to spam|date=March 2017}}

* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Sai Baba of Shirdi}}
* [https://sai.org.in/ Shri Saibaba Sansthan Trust, Shirdi]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shirdi, Sai Baba Of}}
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[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu ascetics]]
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[[Category:Hindu mystics]]
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Battle of Shopian

2026-03-23T23:33:11Z

DwainKilgore21: quick refined section per sources and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|Battle of 1819 between a force of the Sikh Empire and Jabbar Khan}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Shopian<ref group="nb">The battle is also referred to as the Battle of Supin, Supine, Shupiyan, Supiya, and Soopyn.</ref>
| partof = [[Afghan–Sikh Wars]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 3 July 1819{{#tag:ref|The date of the battle is disputed. It has also been given as 5 July 1819.<ref name=Prinsep52>{{harvp|Prinsep|1846|p=52}}</ref>|group=nb}}
| place = [[Shopian]], [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|33.72|N|74.83|E|}}
| map_type = India
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = {{ublist|Sikh victory}}
*Srinagar and Kashmir annexed into the Sikh Empire
| status =
| combatant1 = [[Sikh Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Afghan Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] [[Misr Diwan Chand]] [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] [[Khushal Singh Jamadar]] [[Kharak Singh]] [[Akali Phoola Singh]] [[Sham Singh Attariwala]] [[Jawala Singh]] [[Hukam Singh Chimni]]
| commander2 = Jabbar Khan{{WIA}} [[Raja Aghar Khan]]
| strength1 = 30,000{{#tag:ref|The entire expedition had 30,000 troops, however most were not present on the battlefield. Kharak Singh's 8,000 troops were stationed in the area around Surdee Thana and Ranjit Singh's 10,000 troops were stationed at [[Bhimber]] and along the route to Surdee Thana. An unknown number of troops were also [[garrison]]ed throughout the forts captured in the [[Pir Panjal Range]] on the route from Surdee Thana to [[Shopian]]|group=nb}}
| strength2 = Unknown
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Conflicts in Afghanistan (1900-1950)}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Afghan-Sikh Wars}}

The '''Battle of Shopian''' took place on 3 July 1819 between an expeditionary force from the [[Sikh Empire]] and Jabbar Khan, the governor of the [[Kashmir Valley]] province of the [[Durrani Empire]]. It was the decisive battle during the Sikh expedition into Kashmir in 1819.

== Background ==
[[File:Sikh map of Kashmir created shortly before their campaign in the region in 1819.jpg|thumb|Sikh map of Kashmir created shortly before their campaign in the region in 1819]]
From 1814 to 1819, the [[Sikh Empire]] was forced to send successive punitive expeditions against the hill states of [[Bhimber]], [[Rajauri]], [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]], [[Nurpur State|Nurpur]], and others. By subduing rebellions in these states, the Sikh Empire was attempting to keep control of the routes through the [[Pir Panjal range|Pir Panjal Range]] and into Kashmir. However the Durrani Empire kept [[de facto]] control of the areas because the Pir Panjal Range blocked supplies and fresh troops to the Sikh armies.

After the death of Fateh Khan Wazir in 1818, governor [[Azim Khan]] left Kashmir for [[Kabul]] to assume Wazir's office, leaving Jabbar Khan in charge of Kashmir.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=128}} [[Birbal Dhar]], Azim Khan's revenue minister, betrayed his master and traveled to [[Lahore]], the capital of the Sikh Empire, asking [[Ranjit Singh]] to annex Kashmir, saying the Afghan rule was very unpopular among the people of Kashmir.<ref>{{harvp|Nalwa|2009|p=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The History of the Sikhs Volume 5|last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |year=1991 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=9788121505154|pages=128}}</ref>

== 1819 Kashmir expedition ==
The Sikh expeditionary force established two [[Armory (military)|armories]] for the expedition at [[Gujrat city|Gujrat]] and [[Wazirabad]].<ref name=Johar>{{harvp|Johar|2000}}</ref> On 20 April, Ranjit Singh ordered his men from Lahore to the hill states at the foot of the Pir Panjal range.<ref name=Johar/> The expedition was split into three columns: [[Misr Diwan Chand]] commanded the advance force of about 12,000 with heavy artillery where [[Kharak Singh]] and [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] marched behind him, and [[Ranjit Singh]] commanded the rear guard,<ref name=Johar/>{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=129}} protecting the [[supply train]].<ref>{{harvp|Prinsep|1846|p=51}}</ref> The expeditionary force marched to [[Bhimber]] and resupplied, capturing the fort of a local [[Hakim (title)|Hakim]] without resistance.<ref name=Johar/> On 1 May, both columns of the Sikh Army reached [[Rajouri]] and its ruler,
[[Raja Aghar Khan]], rebelled and forced a battle. [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] took command of a force and routed his army, which offered an [[unconditional surrender]] after losing most of its men and war supplies.<ref name=Johar/> Aghar Khan's brother, [[Raja]] Rahimullah Khan, was appointed the [[Raja]] of [[Rajauri]] in return for assistance in navigating the 'Behram Pass' (Baramgala, {{coord|33.605|74.4136}}, the lower end of the [[Pir Panjal Pass]]).{{sfn|Johar|1985|pp=129–130}}

Once the Sikh forces reached the Behram Pass, the Durrani-appointed [[faujdar]] charged with guarding it fled to [[Srinagar]].{{sfn|Johar|1985|pp=129–130}} Mir Mohammad Khan, the [[kotwal]] of [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]], and Mohammad Ali, the kotwal of [[Shopian]], attempted a defense at the Dhaki Deo and Maja passes but were defeated and surrendered to Misr Diwan Chand on 23 June 1819.<ref name=Prinsep52/> Kharak Singh now advanced to Surdee Thana,<ref name=Prinsep52/>{{#tag:ref|Surdee Thana is possibly modern-day [[Thanamandi]]. Travel guides from later eras note a route through the Pir Panjal Range from Rajauri to a town named "Thanna" and from "Thanna" to [[Shopian]]<ref>{{harvp|Drew|1875|page=156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Murray|1883|page=203}}</ref>|group=nb}} while Misr Diwan Chand split his force into three divisions and ordered them to cross the Pir Panjal Range through different passes.

== Battle ==
[[File:Plate 22. Fort of Shupayan - Part 2. Recollections of India (FIRST EDITION) 5588 022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The Fort of Shupayan, from where Ranjit Singh controlled the region, as sketched by [[Charles Hardinge, 2nd Viscount Hardinge|Charles Hardinge]]]]
The army regrouped at Surai Ali{{#tag:ref|Also referred to as Serai Illahi<ref name=SMC1718>{{Harvp|Sikh Missionary College|pp=17–18}}</ref> and Serai Ali<ref name=Johar/>|group=nb}} on the road to Shopian. On 3 July 1819, the Sikh army attempted to march through Shopian to [[Srinagar]] but was stopped by a Durrani army headed by Jabbar Khan.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=129}} The Durrani force had heavily [[Fortification|entrenched]] itself in preparation for the Sikh [[artillery]] attack and brought heavy artillery,<ref name=SMC1718/> which the Sikhs were unprepared for because they had brought only light guns.<ref>{{harvp|Chopra|1928|page=25}}</ref>

Once his artillery was in range, Misr Diwan Chand opened the battle with an [[Barrage (artillery)|artillery barrage]] and multiple infantry and cavalry charges. The Durrani army was able to hold back the Sikh attempts to storm their lines until the Sikhs began moving their guns forward. However, while Misr Diwan Chand was overseeing the movement of guns on the Sikh left flank, Jabbar Khan saw an opening and led the Durrani right flank which stormed Misr Diwan Chand's [[artillery battery]], captured two guns, and threw the Sikh left flank in "disarray".<ref>{{Harvp|Sikh Missionary College|p=19}}</ref> However the Durrani force attacking the Sikh left flank was exposed from their left and [[Akali Phoola Singh]], the commander of the Sikh right flank, rallied his troops and led his command in a charge across the battlefield to the artillery battery. After a close quarters fight which resulted in both sides resorting to using swords and daggers, the Durrani soldiers proved to be ineffective against the much superior martial skills of the Sikh soldiers and sections of the Durrani force began to retreat and Jabbar Khan was wounded while escaping the battlefield.<ref name=Johar/> On 15 July 1819, the Sikh army made their way into Srinagar.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=130}}

== Aftermath ==
Jabbar Khan and his army fled from the battlefield to Muzaffarbad but were turned away by the governor, then fleeing to Peshawar and finally to Kabul.<ref name=Prinsep53>{{harvp|Prinsep|1846|p=53}}</ref>{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=130}} When the Sikh army entered the city of Srinagar after the battle, Prince Kharak Singh guaranteed the personal safety of every citizen and ensured the city was not plundered. The peaceful capture of Srinagar was important as Srinagar, besides having a large [[Shawl]]-making industry, was also the center of trade between [[Punjab region|Panjab]], [[Tibet]], [[Skardu|Iskardo]], and [[Ladakh]].<ref name=Chopra26>{{harvp|Chopra|1928|page=26}}</ref>

After taking Srinagar, the Sikh army faced no major opposition in conquering [[Kashmir]]. However, when Ranjit Singh installed [[Moti Ram]], the son of Dewan Mokham Chand, as the new governor of Kashmir, he also sent a "large body of troops" with him to ensure tribute from strongholds within Kashmir that might attempt to resist Sikh rule.<ref name=Prinsep53/> The capture of Kashmir set the boundaries and borders of the Sikh Empire with Tibet. The conquest of Kashmir marked an "extensive addition" to the Sikh Empire and "significantly" increased the empire's revenue and landmass.<ref name=Chopra26/>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{citation |title=The Panjab as a Sovereign State |last=Chopra |first=Gulshan Lall |year=1928 |publisher=Uttar Chand Kapur and Sons |location=Lahore}}
* {{citation |last=Johar |first=Surinder Singh |title=The Secular Maharaja: A Biography of Maharaja Ranjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04MeAAAAMAAJ |year=1985 |publisher=Manas|isbn=9780836415438 }}
*{{citation |last=Johar |first= Surinder Singh |title=Annexation of Kashmir to the Sikh Kingdom |journal= The Sikh Review |publisher=The Sikh Cultural Center, Calcutta |date=December 2000}}
*{{citation |title=Hari Singh Nalwa - Champion of the Khalsaji |last=Nalwa |first=Vanit |year=2009 |publisher=Manohar Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7304-785-5 }}
*{{citation |ref=CITEREFSikh_Missionary_College|title=Akali Baba Phool Singh Ji |publisher=Sikh Missionary College |location=Jalandhar |url=http://www.rajkaregakhalsa.net/literature/General%20Sikhism/Akali%20Baba%20Phoola%20Singh.pdf }}
*{{citation |last1=Prinsep |first1=Henry Thoby |author-link1=Henry Thoby Prinsep |last2=Prinsep |first2=James |year=1846 |title=History of the Punjab: And of the Rise, Progress, and Present Condition of the Sect and Nation of the Sikhs (Volume II) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yO3iqjEdOcC&q=History%20of%20the%20Punjab%20(Volume%202)%20Thoby%20Prinsep%2C%20James%20Prinsep&pg=RA1-PR3 |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co. |isbn=978-1-142-34278-4 |ref={{sfnref|Prinsep|1846}}}}
*{{citation |last=Murray|first=John |title=Handbook of the Punjab, western Rajputana, Kashmir, and upper Sindh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMMzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA230 |year=1883 |publisher=J. Murray}}
*{{citation |last=Drew |first=Frederic |author-link=Frederick Drew |title=The Jummoo and Kashmir territories: A geographical account |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA156 |access-date=31 May 2010 |year=1875 |publisher=E. Stanford}}

{{Sikh Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shopian}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1819]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:1810s battles|Shopian]]
[[Category:Battles involving Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1819 in India]]
[[Category:Origins of the Kashmir conflict]]

2016 Indian Federation Cup final

2026-03-21T22:03:56Z

DwainKilgore21: put up a post

{{main article|2015–16 Indian Federation Cup}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2016 Indian Federation Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event =
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
| team1association =
| team1score = 5
| team2 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
| team2association =
| team2score = 0
| details =
| date = 21 May 2016
| stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium|Indira Gandhi Stadium]]
| city = [[Guwahati]]
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] ([[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]])
| man_of_the_match1atitle =
| man_of_the_match1b =
| man_of_the_match1btitle =
| referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna]]
| attendance =
| weather = Rain, cloudy sky 26°C (79°F) 88% [[humidity]]
| previous = [[2015 Indian Federation Cup final|2015]]
| next = [[2017 Indian Federation Cup final|2017]]
}}

The '''2016 Indian Federation Cup final''' was a [[association football|football]] match played on 21 May 2016 at the [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium|Indira Gandhi Stadium]] in [[Guwahati]] between [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/localsports/story.php?sec=2&subsec=11&id=266578&dtP=2016-05-09&ppr=1|title=Guwahati to host Federation Cup final|website=sentinelassam.com|accessdate=14 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602101758/http://www.sentinelassam.com/localsports/story.php?sec=2&subsec=11&id=266578&dtP=2016-05-09&ppr=1|archive-date=2 June 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] won the final by defeating [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] 5–0 with a brace from [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] and goals each from [[Sony Norde]], [[Dhanachandra Singh]] and [[Bikramjit Singh]]. This was a record 14th time that [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] won the tournament, making them the most successful club in the history of the competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/mohun-bagan-win-2016-federation-cup-with-5-0-rout-of-aizawl-fc|title=Mohun Bagan win 2016 Federation Cup with 5-0 rout of Aizawl FC|website=sportskeeda.com|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>

The match was telecast live on [[TEN Sports#TEN 2|TEN 2]].

==Background==
[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] were playing a record 19th [[Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]] final. They had previously won 13, a record in itself. However, their most recent victory was way back in the [[2008 Indian Federation Cup|2008 edition]] against [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] by a margin of 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=13th Federation Cup triumph of McDowell's Mohun Bagan in 2008 |url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/13th-federation-cup-triumph-of-mcdowells-mohun-bagan-in-2008-2327 |website=mohunbaganac.com |accessdate=21 May 2016 }}</ref> Their most recent defeat in the final was in the [[2010 Indian Federation Cup#Final|2010 edition]], where they lost 1–0 to arch rivals [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal 1-0 Mohun Bagan: Federation Cup Final 2010 |url=http://eastbengalvsmohunbagan.blogspot.in/2013/06/east-bengal-1-0-mohun-bagan-federation.html |website=eastbengalvsmohunbagan.blogspot.in |accessdate=21 May 2016 }}</ref>

It was [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]'s debut in the [[Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]] final. The team had been relegated from the top division of [[I-League]] and were looking to create history by becoming the first ever team from the North-East to win the title.<ref>{{cite web|title=‘Giantkillers’ Aizawl FC face heavyweights Bagan in Federation Cup final |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/giankillers-aizawl-fc-face-heavyweights-bagan-in-federation-cup-final/story-bDSl2CariYK7jhqueD6NQM.html |website=hindustantimes.com |accessdate=21 May 2016 }}</ref>

Mohun Bagan and Aizawl had played twice during the season's [[2015–16 I-League|I-League]]. While Mohun Bagan won their home match, it was the highlanders who spoiled the party for Mohun Bagan in the latter's away game. On 9 January 2016, Mohun Bagan won the opening match of the [[2015–16 I-League|I-League]] 3–1 at the [[Barasat Stadium]], with a brace from [[Cornell Glen]] and a solitary goal from [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]]. Aizawl's only goal was a result of an own goal from Bagan right back, [[Pritam Kotal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-i-league-mohun-bagan-off-to-a-flying-start-courtesy-cornell-glenn-2163926|title=Mohun Bagan off to a flying start courtesy Cornell Glenn|website=dnaindia.com|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>
In the return leg encounter at the [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl]] it was the highlanders who brought down high flying Mohun Bagan to ground with a 2–1 victory over the [[Kolkata]] club. [[Alfred Jaryan]] opened the scoring for the highlanders, while [[Cornell Glen]] equalised for Mohun Bagan. In the second half it was [[Lalchawnkima]] who converted from the spot to give Aizawl a much cherished victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/aizawl-vs-mohun-bagan/2177579/report|title=Mariners left red faced as they succumb to maiden I-League defeat|website=goal.com|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>

==Road to the final==
{{details|2015–16 Indian Federation Cup}}

The '''2015–16 Indian Federation Cup''', also known as ''' 2015–16 Hero Federation Cup''' due to sponsorship reasons was the 37th edition of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]], the main national [[association football|football]] cup competition in [[India]]. The tournament was held from 30 April 2016 to 21 May 2016. The top 8 teams from the [[2015–16 I-League]] participated in the tournament.

===Mohun Bagan===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right"
|-
!scope=col width="25" | Round
!scope=col width="25" | Leg
!scope=col width="150" | Opposition
!scope=col width="50" | Score
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Quarter-finals|QF]]
| [[Tilak Maidan Stadium|Away]]
| [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| 3–2
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Quarter-finals|QF]]
| [[Barasat Stadium|Home]]
| [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| 4–0
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center" | [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Semi-finals|SF]]
| [[Barasat Stadium|Home]]
| [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| 5–0
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center" | [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Semi-finals|SF]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Away]]
| [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| 0–0
|-
|}

[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] had reached the finals 18 times previously and made their 19th appearance in the final in the [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup|2015–16 Federation Cup]]. Mohun Bagan kicked off their campaign on a positive note when they defeated [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] in a [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Quarter-finals|quarter final]] away encounter. [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] opened the scoring for the Mariners within 30 seconds from kick-off as he headed in a [[Subhash Singh]] cross. Bagan however found themselves down 2–1 at the end of the first half, thanks to 26th and 30th-minute strikes from [[Martin Scott (Scottish footballer)|Martin Scott]] and [[Calvin Mbarga]] respectively. In the second half, substitute [[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Abhishek Das]] drew Mohun Bagan level as he netted in a goal in the 77th minute from a [[Katsumi Yusa]] pass, minutes after he was introduced as a substitute. In the 86th minute, it was [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] who sealed the fate of the match with a vicious half volley past the goalkeeper [[Karanjit Singh]] to put Mohun Bagan 3–2 ahead. The match ended with the same scoreline and Bagan had 3 crucial away goals in their kitty giving them a lot of confidence before the home leg.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7159|title=Jeje's brace leads Mohun Bagan to a 2-3 win over Salgaocar|website=the-aiff.com|date=2 May 2016|accessdate=15 May 2016}}</ref>

In the return leg of the [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Quarter-finals|quarter final]] tie, the Mariners demolished [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] 4–0 riding on a brace from Haitian playmaker [[Sony Norde]] and goals from [[Katsumi Yusa]] and [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]. It was [[Katsumi Yusa]] who started the scoring in the 25th minute reaching at the end of a [[Sony Norde]] cross and tapping it easily into an open net. Minutes away from the half time whistle [[Sony Norde]] scored his first of the match and the tournament as he beautifully cut in from the left and put the ball in the net past the goalkeeper to ensure that Bagan went into the lemon break with a 3-goal advantage on aggregate. The Green and Maroon brigade started off the second half where they ended the first. It was a piece of individual brilliance by Haitian playmaker [[Sony Norde]] as he went past three [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] defenders and put the ball in the net with relative ease to score his second of the night. In the final minute of the match, a beautiful through ball from [[Cornell Glen]] saw [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] tap it in with utter ease to put the icing on the cake of the Green and Maroon victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7168|title=Mohun Bagan to face Shillong Lajong in Hero Fed Cup semis|website=the-aiff.com|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=15 May 2016}}</ref>

Next, Mohun Bagan were up against a fairly confident [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] side who had entered the [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Semi-finals|semi-finals]] upsetting [[Kolkata]] giants [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] 4–3 on aggregate. The first 30 minutes of the semi-final was a closely contested tie. It took a moment of individual brilliance from [[Sony Norde]] in the 40th minute to open the scoring for Bagan. His long range effort rebounded off [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Lajong]] goalkeeper [[Vishal Kaith]], and [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] grabbed onto the opportunity as he toed the ball into the net. This goal opened the scoring floodgates for Mohun Bagan. In the final stages of the first half [[Bikramjit Singh]] scored a screamer from a [[Cornell Glen]] pass to put Mohun Bagan ahead 2–0. After the restart [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] completed his hat-trick by scoring in the 51st and 56th minute. At the fag end of the match young star [[Azharuddin Mallick]] put the final nail in the [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Lajong]] coffin to secure a comprehensive 5–0 victory for the Mariners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7172|title=Jeje hat-trick leads Bagan to 5-0 win over Lajong|website=the-aiff.com|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=15 May 2016}}</ref>

Mohun Bagan had almost secured a place in the [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Final|final]] as they went into the semi-final away encounter with a 5–0 advantage against [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]. This however did not deter the Bagan gaffer, [[Sanjoy Sen]] from fielding his first side in the match. The Mariners however lacked motivation and played a defensive game. They failed to create significant positive moves as their opponents found it easier going in the centre of the field. [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] had their best chance of the match when Brazilian striker [[Fábio Pena]] found an open net in front of him but still ended up hitting the woodwork. The match was fairly uneventful and ended a 0–0 stalemate guaranteeing Mohun Bagan progress on basis of the 5–0 aggregate scoreline.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7186|title=Mohun Bagan progress into the finals of Hero Fed Cup|website=the-aiff.com|date=14 May 2016|accessdate=15 May 2016}}</ref>

===Aizawl===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right"
|-
!scope=col width="25" | Round
!scope=col width="25" | Leg
!scope=col width="150" | Opposition
!scope=col width="50" | Score
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Quarter-finals|QF]]
| [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl|Home]]
| [[Bengaluru FC]]
| 2–1
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Quarter-finals|QF]]
| [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|Away]]
| [[Bengaluru FC]]
| 3–2
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center" | [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Semi-finals|SF]]
| [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl|Home]]
| [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
| 0–0
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center" | [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Semi-finals|SF]]
| [[Fatorda Stadium|Away]]
| [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
| 2–2
|-
|}

[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] had a dream run in the [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]] before they made it to their first ever [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Final|final]]. In the [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Quarter-finals|quarter final]] encounter, they were first up at home against the recently crowned [[2015-16 I-League|I-League]] champions [[Bengaluru FC]]. [[Bengaluru FC]] opened the scoring in the 15th minute thanks to a strike from midfield general [[Eugeneson Lyngdoh]]. Aizawl however did not give up hope and drew level terms in the 38th minute from an [[Alfred Jaryan]] strike. In the final minutes of regulation time, it was striker [[Joel Sunday]] who gave Aizawl the elusive winning goal. This result meant that although [[Bengaluru FC]] had an away goal in their kitty, it was Aizawl who walked away the stronger, being a goal to the good before the return leg [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Quarter-finals|quarter final]] encounter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7148|title=Aizawl FC stun Hero I-League Champions Bengaluru FC|website=the-aiff.com|date=30 April 2016|accessdate=15 May 2016}}</ref>

The return leg match at the [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] started with [[Bengaluru FC]] needing a 1–0 victory to guarantee a place in the semi-finals. It was however, the visitors Aizawl who drew first blood from a [[Joel Sunday]] goal in the 26th minute. [[Bengaluru FC]] however were not too late to strike back. In the 28th minute, [[C.K. Vineeth]] found himself at the end of a [[Keegan Pereira (footballer)|Keegan Pereira]] pass and the Keralite did not make any mistake in finding the back of the net. In the 38th minute however, the agony for the hosts mounted as [[Joel Sunday]] scored a scorcher of a goal to give Aizawl a 2–1 lead with 2 away goals, 1 more than [[Bengaluru FC]]. After the restart, post the lemon break, the fate of the match was sealed by the Aizawl captain [[David Lalrinmuana]] as he scored from a direct free-kick to give the visitors an almost unassailable 3–1 lead (5–2 on aggregate). [[Bengaluru FC]] pressed hard in the final half hour and did manage to pull one back through a penalty goal from Indian striker [[Sunil Chettri]]. However, that proved to be too little too late as the visitors booked their spot in the semi-final with a 3–2 victory on the night and an aggregate scoreline of 5–3 in their favour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7162|title=Aizawl FC progress into Semi-Finals of Hero Fed Cup|website=the-aiff.com|date=3 May 2016|accessdate=15 May 2016}}</ref>

Aizawl were up against [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] in the semi-final encounter at home in the first leg. The match saw both teams playing safe and ended 0–0 leaving the teams' fate resting on the return leg encounter at the [[Fatorda Stadium|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Goa]]. The match produced a few sporadic chances, most of which fell to the north eastern side. The best chance of the match came in the 53rd minute when captain [[David Lalrinmuana]]'s free-kick found [[Emmanuel Chigozie]] in the box, but the latter failed to break the deadlock. In the 81st minute, [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] custodian [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]] pulled off a brilliant save to deny the hosts the lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7175|title=Aizawl FC held to a goalless draw by Sporting Goa in Hero Fed Cup semis|website=the-aiff.com|date=10 May 2016|accessdate=15 May 2016}}</ref>

The fate of the semi-finalists rested on the return leg encounter in [[Goa]]. The match started off with nerves on both sides forcing rookie mistakes in both camps. It was however the visitors Aizawl, who drew first blood, all thanks to their wonderman [[Joel Sunday]] who put them ahead in the 37th minute. The 1–0 lead meant Aizawl had an away goal advantage and [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] would have to score two to progress into the [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Final|final]]. The Goans however got their rescue act in place, seconds away from the lemon break whistle. A [[Sumit Passi]] header found the back of the net to draw [[Sporting Clube de Goa]] to level terms. The visitors however made the Goan recovery more difficult after the referee awarded a penalty to the highlanders as their captain [[David Lalrinmuana]] was tripped in the box by a [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] defender. [[Lalchawnkima]] made no mistake in finding the net from the penalty spot to give Aizawl a 2–1 lead. In the 80th minute however, a butter-fingers moment from Aizawl goalkeeper [[Soram Poirei]] saw him push an easy shot right onto [[Glan Martins]]' boots. The forward made no mistake in scoring from close range to draw the Goans 2–2. [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] however needed another goal to advance to the [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Final|final]]. They had their best chance in injury time, but [[Sumit Passi]] failed to tap in an easy ball into an open net. The ending however was not very happy for the visitors. Aizawl captain [[David Lalrinmuana]] was given the marching orders by the referee when he tried to delay a free-kick from being taken. This made the vital midfielder unavailable for the all-important [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Final|final]] encounter. The match finished 2–2 on the night and the same on aggregate seeing Aizawl go through to the [[2015–16 Indian Federation Cup#Final|final]] having two more away goals than their opponents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7188|title=Aizawl FC to take on Mohun Bagan in Hero Fed Cup Finals|website=the-aiff.com|date=15 May 2016|accessdate=15 May 2016}}</ref>

==Match details==
{{Football box
|date=21 May 2016
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 5–0
|report=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7206
|team2=[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|goals1=[[Sony Norde|Norde]] {{goal|48}} [[Dhanachandra Singh|D. Singh]] {{goal|59}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Jeje]] {{goal|73||88}} [[Bikramjit Singh|B. Singh]] {{goal|83}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium|Indira Gandhi Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
|attendance=
|referee= [[C. R. Srikrishna]]
}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_la = _mbaway_1415
|pattern_b = _mbaway_1415
|pattern_ra = _mbaway_1415
|pattern_sh = _mbhome_1415
|pattern_so =
|leftarm = FFFFFF
|body = FFFFFF
|rightarm = FFFFFF
|shorts = FFFFFF
|socks = FFFFFF
|title = Mohun Bagan
}}

|{{Football kit
|pattern_la =
|pattern_b =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh = _afchome_1516
|pattern_so = _afchome_1516
|leftarm = FF0000
|body = FF0000
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = FF0000
|socks = FF0000
|title = Aizawl
}}
|}

{| style="width:100%"
|-
|style="vertical-align:top;width:40%"|
{| style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||'''24'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Debjit Majumder]]
|-
|CB ||'''4'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kingshuk Debnath]]
|-
|CB ||'''5'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhanachandra Singh]]
|-
|CB ||'''10'''||{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Katsumi Yusa]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|RM ||'''12'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pritam Kotal]]
|-
|CM ||'''11'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pronay Halder]] || || {{suboff|90}}
|-
|CM ||'''6'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bikramjit Singh]]
|-
|LM ||'''2'''||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luciano Sabrosa]]
|-
|AM ||'''16'''||{{flagicon|HAI}} [[Sony Norde]]
|-
|CF ||'''13'''||{{flagicon|TRI}} [[Cornell Glen]] || || {{suboff|87}}
|-
|CF ||'''7'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
|-
|colspan="3"|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK ||'''1'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arnab Das Sharma]]
|-
|DF ||'''3'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Raju Gaikwad]]
|-
|DF ||'''21'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjay Balmuchu]]
|-
|DF ||'''28'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Abhishek Das]]
|-
|MF ||'''23'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Souvik Chakraborty]] || || {{subon|90}}
|-
|MF ||'''42'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lenny Rodrigues]]
|-
|FW ||'''35'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Azharuddin Mallick]] || || {{subon|87}}
|-
|colspan="3"|'''Head Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjoy Sen]]
|}
|style="vertical-align:top"|[[File:Mohun Bagan vs Aizawl 2016-05-21.png|300px]]
|style="vertical-align:top; width:50%"|
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-size:90%; margin:auto"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||'''1'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Soram Poirei]]
|-
|RB ||'''27'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalramchullova]]
|-
|CB ||'''31'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalchawnkima]]
|-
|CB ||'''4'''||{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Emmanuel Chigozie]] || {{yel|20}}
|-
|LB ||'''26'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ricky Lallawmawma]]
|-
|RM ||'''11'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Albert Zohmingmawia]]
|-
|CM ||'''3'''||{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Kinowaki]]
|-
|CM ||'''20'''||{{flagicon|LBR}} [[Alfred Jaryan]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|LM ||'''39'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalruatthara]] || {{yel|52}} || {{suboff|69}}
|-
|CF ||'''25'''||{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Joel Sunday]] || || {{suboff|90}}
|-
|CF ||'''19'''||{{flagicon|IND}} H Lalmuankima || || {{suboff|66}}
|-
|colspan="3"|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK ||'''21'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Zothanmawia]]
|-
|DF ||'''18'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Imanuel Lalthazuala]]
|-
|DF ||'''24'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalthakima]]
|-
|MF ||'''8'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[H Lalbiakthanga]]
|-
|MF ||'''13'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalmuanzova]] || || {{subon|69}}
|-
|FW ||'''16'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[F Lalrinpuia]] || || {{subon|90}}
|-
|FW ||'''30'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]] || || {{subon|66}}
|-
|colspan="3"|'''Not playing:'''
|-
|MF ||'''17'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[David Lalrinmuana]]
|-
|colspan="3"|'''Head Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jahar Das]]
|}
|}

{| width=82% style="font-size:90%"
|width=50% valign=top|
'''Man of the match'''
*[[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] ([[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]])

|width=50% valign=top|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of extra-time if necessary.
*Penalty shoot-out if scores still level.
*Seven named substitutes.
*Maximum of three substitutions.
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Federation Cup (India)}}
{{2015–16 in Indian football}}
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2016 Indian Federation Cup Final}}
[[Category:2015–16 Indian Federation Cup|1]]
[[Category:Indian Federation Cup finals]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant matches]]
[[Category:Aizawl FC matches]]

Neyveli Thermal Power Station

2026-03-21T19:42:38Z

DwainKilgore21: put up first article first draft

{{Short description|Building in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox power station
| fetchwikidata = NONE
| name = Neyveli Thermal Power Station-I
| name_official =
| image = Neyveli_1.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Neyveli Thermal Power Station-I
| image_alt =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption= Location of the Neyveli Thermal Power Station-I in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|35|34|N|79|28|17|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| location = [[Neyveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| status = O
| construction_began =
| commissioned = Unit 1: July 1962 Unit 2-4 : September 1963 Unit 5 : 1964 Unit 6 : 1965 Unit 7 : 1967 Unit 8 : 1969 Unit 9 : 1970 Unit 10 : 2002 Unit 11 : 2003
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner =
| operator = [[Neyveli Lignite Corporation]]
| th_fuel_primary = [[Lignite]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_decommissioned = 6 X 50 MW 3 X 100 MW
| ps_units_operational= 2 X 210 MW
| ps_units_manu_model = [[Leningradsky Metallichesky Zavod|LMZ]] [[Electrosila]]
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity= 420 MW
| ps_electrical_cap_fac=
| website =
| extra =
}}

{{Infobox power station
| fetchwikidata = NONE
| name = Neyveli Thermal Power Station-II
| name_official =
| image = Neyveli thermal power station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Neyveli Thermal Power Station-II
| location_map =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption= Location of the Neyveli Thermal Power Station-II in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{Coord|11|33|29|N|79|26|33|E}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| location =
| status = Operational
| construction_began =
| commissioned = Unit 1: March 1986 Unit 2: June 1993
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| operator = [[Neyveli Lignite Corporation]]
| th_fuel_primary = [[Lignite]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational= 7 X 210 MW 2 X 250 MW
| ps_units_manu_model = [[Franco Tosi]] [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]]
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 1970 MW
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website =
}}

{{Infobox power station
| fetchwikidata = NONE
| name = Neyveli New Thermal Power Station
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption= Location of the Neyveli New Thermal Power Station in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{Coord|11|35|28|N|79|27|09|E}}
| country =
| location =
| status = Operational
| construction_began =
| commissioned = Unit 1: September 2019 Unit 2: February 2021
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| operator = [[Neyveli Lignite Corporation]]
| th_fuel_primary = [[Lignite]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational= 2 X 500 MW
| ps_units_manu_model =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 1000 MW
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website =
}}

'''Neyveli Thermal Power Station''' is a set of power plants situated near [[lignite]] mines of [[Neyveli]]. It consists of three distinct units (''Neyveli Thermal Power Station I'', ''Neyveli Thermal Power Station II'' and ''Neyveli New Thermal Power Station'') capable of producing '''420 MW''', '''1,970 MW''' and '''1000 MW''' respectively including their expansion units. It is operated by [[Neyveli Lignite Corporation|NLC]]. The total installed capacity of this station is 3390 MW as of April 2021.

==Neyveli Thermal Power Station I==
The Neyveli Thermal Power Station I has configuration of 600 MW (6x50-MW units and 3x100-MW units). All these units were commissioned between May 1962 and September 1970. The plant is equipped with boilers from the [[Taganrog Metallurgical Plant]], turbines from [[Leningradsky Metallichesky Zavod|LMZ]] and generators from [[Electrosila]], imported from
the [[Soviet Union]] under [[Indo-Soviet assistance programme]].<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://industcards.com/st-coal-india-tn.htm
| title = Coal-Fired Plants in Tamil Nadu
| work = Industcards
| accessdate = 2012-12-22}}
{{dead link|date=March 2026}}
</ref> It was planned that the Neyveli Thermal Power Station I will be decommissioned between 2011 and 2014; however, in 2011 the period of operations was extended for five years.<ref name=economictimes211211>
{{cite news
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-21/news/30542620_1_nlc-neyveli-lignite-corporation-power-generation
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230345/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-21/news/30542620_1_nlc-neyveli-lignite-corporation-power-generation
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| title = Decommissioning of Thermal Power Station I at NLC deferred
| newspaper = [[The Economic Times]]
| date = 2011-12-21
| accessdate = 2012-12-22}}
</ref> On 20 May 2014 a High Pressure steam heater, one of the equipments of turbine package burst in a unit of Thermal Power Station I, killed one engineer and injured 5 others. Two out of the 5 died later in hospital unable to survive the wound. Incidentally, it was [[Neyveli Lignite Corporation]]'s 58th Raising Day.<ref name=thehindu>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/one-killed-six-injured-in-nlc-steam-pipeline-burst/article6029253.ece
| title = One killed, six injured in NLC steam pipeline burst
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| date = 2014-05-20
| accessdate = 2014-05-21}}
</ref>

Two units of 210 MW capacity each were also added under Stage I expansion which are under commercial operation.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

After the construction of Neyveli New Thermal Power Station, the first units were decommissioned and only the two 210 MW units remain in operation.

==Neyveli Thermal Power Station II==
The 1470 MW (7x210 MW) Neyveli Thermal Power Station II was built in two stages. At the first stage between March 1986 and March 1988 three units with capacity of 210 MW each were commissioned. Boilers were supplied by [[Ganz-Danubius]] and generators were supplied by [[Franco Tosi]]. At the second stage from March 1991 to June 1993 four units with the same capacity, supplied by [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]], were added.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

Under Stage II expansion, two units of 250 MW each were installed by BHEL. These units use circulating fluidised bed combustion (CFBC) boilers.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

==Neyveli New Thermal Power Station==
'''Neyveli New Thermal Power Station''' (NNTPS) is a 1,000 MW lignite-fired thermal power plant located at Neyveli in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, India. The power plant is operated by [[NLC India Limited]] and comprises two units of 500 MW each. The station was established as part of a replacement programme for the ageing units of Neyveli Thermal Power Station I which were being phased out after completing their service life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neyveli New Thermal Power Project (2x500 MW) |url=https://www.nlcindia.in/website/en/projects/thermal-power-generation |publisher=NLC India Limited |access-date=22 March 2026}}</ref>

The first unit was commissioned in December 2019 and the second unit in July 2020. The generated power is allocated to the Southern Region states including Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and the Union Territory of Puducherry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neyveli New Thermal Power Station becomes fully operational |url=https://powerline.net.in/2021/02/08/neyveli-new-thermal-power-station-becomes-fully-operational/ |publisher=Power Line Magazine |access-date=22 March 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Energy}}
* [[List of power stations in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*https://www.nlcindia.com/new_website/index.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212015555/https://www.nlcindia.com/new_website/index.htm |date=12 February 2021 }}
*https://web.archive.org/web/20090619085652/http://www.coal.nic.in/0203CHAPTER%20XIV.pdf

{{Power Plants of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Soviet foreign aid]]
[[Category:India–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1962]]

Prithviraj Raso

2026-03-20T13:24:20Z

DwainKilgore21: adding basic stub from scratch

{{Short description|Medieval Indian epic by Chand Bardai}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox poem
| image = Prithviraj Raso.jpg
| caption = The cover of a ''Prithviraj Raso'' version published by the [[Nagari Pracharini Sabha]]
| language = [[Brajbhasha]]
|genre = [[Epic poetry|Epic poem]]
| author = [[Chand Bardai]]
}}
The '''''Prithviraj Raso''''' ([[IAST]]: Pṛthvīrāja Rāso) is a [[Braj Bhasha|Brajbhasha]] epic poem about the life of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] (reigned {{circa}} 1177–1192 CE). It is attributed to [[Chand Bardai]], who according to the text, was a court poet of the king.

The earliest extant copy of the text dates back to the 16th century, although some scholars date its oldest version to the 13th century. By the 19th century, several [[interpolation (manuscripts)|interpolations]] and additions had been made to the original text under the patronage from [[Rajput]] rulers. The text now exists in four recensions. It contains a mixture of historical facts and imaginary legends, and is not considered historically reliable.

== Authorship and date ==
According to tradition, the ''Prithviraj Raso'' was composed by Chand Bardai, Prithviraj's court poet (''[[Kaviraj|raj kavi]]''<ref>''Raj kavi'' can be translated as "court poet" or "royal sage" and identified a courtier who was expected both to provide advice to the king and to compose "official" histories that glorified the king. ''Raj kavi'' were expected to accompany the king while hunting and making war. His role also may have included that of a balladeer who encouraged and exhorted the warriors to bravery in battle by reciting the great deeds of their leaders and illustrious clan forebears. In general see Bloomfield, Morton W. and Dunn, Charles W. (1992) ''Role of the Poet in Early Societies'' (2nd edition) D.S. Brewer, Cambridge, England, {{ISBN|0-85991-347-3}}</ref>), who accompanied the king in all his battles.<ref name="Gopal">Gopal, Madan (1996) ''Origin and Development of Hindi/Urdu Literature'' Deep & Deep Publications, New Delhi, India, page 8, {{OCLC|243899911}}</ref> The last canto, which narrates the death of Chand Bardai and Prithviraj, is said to have been composed by Chand Bardai's son Jalha (or Jalhan).{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=64}}<ref name="Jindal1955">{{cite book |author=K. B. Jindal |title=A history of Hindi literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkA9AAAAIAAJ |year=1955 |publisher=Kitab Mahal |page=12}}</ref>

Most modern scholars do not consider ''Prithviraj Raso'' to have been composed during Prithviraj's time. The text's language points to a date much later than the 12th century, and its current recension mentions the 13th century King Samarsi ([[Samarasimha|Samarsimha]] or Samar Singh), whom it anachronistically describes as a contemporary of Prithviraj. However, some scholars still believe that Chand Bardai was a historical court poet of Prithviraj, and he composed a text that forms the basis of the present version of ''Prithviraj Raso''.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=64}}

The earliest extant manuscript of ''Prithviraj Raso'', discovered at Dharanojwali village of [[Gujarat]], is dated 1610. This manuscript contains the shortest recension of the text, and its language is more archaic than the one found in the other 17th century manuscripts. This suggests that the shortest recension was most probably composed sometime before 1600, towards the end of the 16th century.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=65}}

Scholars such as [[Narottama Dasa|Narottamdas]] swami, [[Namvar Singh]], and Cynthia Talbot date the text to the 16th century, during the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] (r. 1556–1605). This theory is based on the fact that two narratives written during c. 1587-1597 are essentially summaries of the ''Prithviraj Raso'' plot: these narratives are contained in the Persian language text ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' and the Sanskrit language text ''Surjana-charita''. Some episodes contained in ''Prithviraj Raso'' (such as the existence of a minister called Kaymas or Prithviraj's defeat by the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] ruler [[Muhammad of Ghor]] or Shihab-ud-Din Ghori) are mentioned in the earlier texts, but these earlier texts do not follow the storyline of the ''Prithviraj Raso''.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=64}} For example, the 15th century text ''[[Hammira Mahakavya#Legend of Prithviraja III|Hammira Mahakavya]]'', which appears to have been written for a [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]] patron, does not mention the heroic episodes contained in the ''Prithviraj Raso''. If such episodes were known during the 15th century, the author of ''Hammira Mahakavya'' would not have failed to mention them. This suggests that the ''Prithiviraj Raso'' narratives did not exist in the 15th century in oral form, as speculated by some writers.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=65–66}}

== Recensions ==
[[File:Prithviraj Raso manuscript, Maharaja Man Singh Pustak Prakash, Jodhpur.jpg|thumb|Prithviraj Raso manuscript, Maharaja Man Singh Pustak Prakash, Jodhpur]]
The oldest extant recension of ''Prithviraj Raso'' is from the 16th century.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=13}} It exists in form a manuscript copied in 1610, for a grandson of Kalyanmal, the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] ruler of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]].{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=100}} Scholars, such as Cynthia Talbot, Narottamdas Swami and Namwar Singh date the text to the 16th century, during the reign of [[Akbar]].{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=64}} However Rima Hooja and other scholars of Rajasthan claim the core to have been written in [[Lata (region)|Lata]] [[Apabhramsha]] (also called ''Latiya Apabhramsha'') language and style typical of 12th and 13th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |author=Rima Hooja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A history of Rajasthan |publisher=Rupa & Co |year=2006 |isbn=978-8129108906|quote=However, scholars who believe in the historicity of Sanyogita (and of Chand Bardai being a bard — possibly Prithvibhatta at Prithviraj Chauhan’s court), say that the additions and embellishments in the later versions do not detract from the substance of the original tale given in the earliest recension. It has also been pointed out that the oldest sections of the Prithviraj Raso are undoubtedly in the language and poetic style known as the ‘Lata Apabhramsha’ (also ‘Latiya Apabhramsha’) something typical of the twelfth-thirteenth centuries, which was later overtaken by other linguistic styles. Thus, several of Rajasthan’s scholars feel that the original recension of the Prithviraj Raso should be assigned to c. AD 1235-40 i.e. within three to four decades of the death of Prithviraj Chauhan|page=266}}</ref>

Since the 16th century, the size of the text has expanded greatly because of several interpolations and additions, resulting in multiple recensions.{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|p=30}} Only a small portion of the existing recensions is likely to have been part of the original version. A small 1300-stanza manuscript in [[Bikaner]] is closest to the original text. The longest available version is the [[Udaipur]] ([[Mewar]]) manuscript, which is an epic with 16,306 stanzas.<ref name="Gopal" />

Modern scholars categorize the various recensions of ''Prithviraj Raso'' into four broad categories, represented by the following editions:<ref name="Gopal" />{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=x, 13, 27, 63-66}}

# Shortest ({{Transliteration|bra|laghutam}}) recension
#* Edited by Rajmal Bora, titled ''Candvardāīkṛt Prithīrājrāsau''
#* Known from 2 manuscripts
#* The earliest manuscript is dated 1610, and was discovered at the Dharanojwali village of Gujarat; the other is dated 1640 ([[Vikram Samvat|Samvat]] 1697)
# Short ({{Transliteration|bra|laghu}}) recension
#* Edited by Mataprasad Gupta, titled ''Pṛthvīrāj Rāsau''
#* Known from 5 manuscripts
#* The oldest manuscript is dated 1613
# Medium ({{Transliteration|bra|madhyam}}) recension
#* Edited by Kavirav Mohansimha, titled '' Pṛthvīrāj Rāso''
#* Known from 11 manuscripts
#* The oldest manuscript is dated 1635
# Long ({{Transliteration|bra|brhad}}) recension
#* Edited by Mohanlal Vishnu Pandya and Shyamsundar Das, titled ''Pṛthvīrāj Rāso''
#* Developed under the patronage of the Mewar court in late 17th century
#* The most popular and the first printed version of the text is based on a 1703 manuscript commissioned by [[Amar Singh II]] in 1703

Several manuscripts deviate from these editions. For example, some manuscripts of the medium recension omit the episode of Prithviraj killing the Ghurid sultan Shihab-ud-Din Ghori.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=63}} American academic Cynthia Talbot compiled a list of nearly 170 manuscripts of the text. The patrons of only 17 of these can be identified: they include kings and princes from the royal families of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], [[Jaipur State|Amber]] (Jaipur), [[Kota State|Kota]], [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]], and [[Udaipur State|Udaipur]]; and a chief of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]].{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=142}} Few manuscripts provide information about their production; those that do indicate that such manuscripts were usually written by Bhat bards, [[Brahmin]]s or [[Jains]] for Rajput patrons.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=62}}

== Language ==

The classification of the text's language has been debated by scholars, as its language varies noticeably between the various recensions, and sometimes, even between the different portions of the same manuscript.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=61}} The present version of ''Prithviraj Raso'' is composed primarily in Brajbhasha dialect, with some regional [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] peculiarities.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=13}} This language is sometimes called "Pingal" to distinguish it from [[Dingal]], the language of Rajasthani poems.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=61}} There may have been [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] influences in the original work, as the author, Chand Bardai, was from [[Lahore]], however the current form of the work lacks any Punjabi influences.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Critical Discourse in Punjabi |date=Oct 19, 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |others=Rana Nayar, Alpna Saini, Tania Bansal |isbn=9781000963618 |quote=Chand Bardai's epic ''Prithvi Raj Raaso'' is accepted to be written in Dingle, an old Rajasthani language. Bardai was born in Lahore and was a court poet of Prithvi Raj. So, it can have some elements of Punjabi. But the form in which we get ''Prithvi Raj Raso'' today cannot confirm this. Some scholars consider it totally fake, but still some Punjabi elements can be located in this epic upon research.}}</ref>

''Prithviraj Raso'' frequently uses the six-line "chappay" [[metre (poetry)|metre]], which has "harsh, warlike connotations", and is more prevalent in Dingal than in Brajbhasha. The text features archaic vocabulary: this is especially true of the longest recension.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=61}}

The various manuscripts use different proper names. For example, Prithviraj is variously called Prathiraj, Prathurav, Prithiraj etc.; and the [[Tomara dynasty]] is variously called Tanvar, Tauvar, Tunvar, and Tuar.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=75}} The Ghurid king [[Muhammad of Ghor|Shihab al-Din]] alias Mu'izz al-Din is called Sahabdin in the text.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=78}}

== Plot summary ==

This is a summary of the shortest (Rajmal Bora) recension of ''Prithviraj Raso'':{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=13–14}}

: Prithviraj was born to the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan]] ruler of [[Ajmer]]; his mother was the daughter of the [[Tomaras of Delhi|Delhi]] ruler [[Anangpal Tomar]].{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=13}} Anangpal was cursed with not having any male heir, because he had meddled with the [[iron pillar of Delhi]]. So, he appointed Prithviraj as the king of Delhi. Some time later, king [[Jaichand]] of [[Kannauj]] decided to conduct a [[Rajasuya]] ceremony to proclaim his supremacy. Prithviraj refused to participate in this ceremony, and thus, refused to acknowledge Jaichand as the supreme king.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=14}}

: Meanwhile, Jaichand's daughter [[Sanyogita]] fell in love with Prithviraj after hearing about his heroic exploits, and declared that she would only marry him. Jaichand arranged a [[swayamvara]] (husband-selection) ceremony for his daughter, but did not invite Prithviraj. Nevertheless, Prithviraj marched to Kannauj with a hundred warriors and eloped with Samyogita. Two-thirds of his warriors sacrificed their life in fight against the Kannauj army, allowing him to escape to Delhi with Sanyogita. In Delhi, Prithviraj became infatuated with his new wife, and started spending most of his time with her. He started ignoring the state affairs, particularly the threat from the Muslim invader Shihab al-Din Muhammad Ghuri.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=14}}

: Prithviraj's priest and the poet Chand Bardai brought the king to his senses. Although Prithviraj prepared for the battle against Shihab al-Din in a short time, he was ultimately defeated. Shihab al-Din imprisoned Prithviraj, and took him to the invader's capital [[Ghazna|Ghazni]]. There, Shihab al-Din had Prithviraj blinded. On hearing this, Chand Bardai traveled to Ghazni and tricked Shihab al-Din into watching an archery performance by the blind Prithviraj. During this performance, Prithviraj shot the arrow in the direction of Muhammad Ghori's voice and killed him. Prithviraj and Chand Bardai killed each other shortly after.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=14}}

The long recension contains several additions. For example, it mentions that Anangpal demanded his kingdom back a few years later. After failing to regain it by force, he went on to sought support from Shihab al-Din. Prithviraj defeated both of them, and convinced Anangpal to retire.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=76}} The largest recension also gives accounts of bravery of several noble chiefs like Jaitra Rai, Devrai Baggari, Balibhadra Rai, Kuranbh Ram Rai, Prasang Rai Khichi and Jam Rai Yadav, whom it describes as the military allies or associates of Prithviraj.<ref name="rasoo">{{cite book|last1=Baradāī|first1=Canda|last2=Mōhanasiṃha|first2=Kavirāva|title=Pṛthvīrāja rāsō. Sampādaka: Kavirāva Mōhanasiṃha. [Prathama samskaraṇa]|year=1954|publisher=Sāhitya Saṃstthāna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcAtAQAAIAAJ |access-date=12 July 2016|language=hi}}</ref>

== Historical development ==

=== Similarities with Prithviraja Prabandha ===

Among the various medieval texts that mention Prithviraj Chauhan, ''Prithviraj Raso'' shares some similarities with the Sanskrit-language narrative ''[[Prithviraja Prabandha]]''. Unlike other texts, the two texts feature three common characters beside Prithviraj and his Ghurid rival Shihab al-Din:{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=56}}

* Chand Bardai, the bard of Prithviraj in the ''Raso'', appears as Chand Baliddika in the ''Prabandha''.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=54–56}}
* The [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gahadavala]] king [[Jayachandra|Jaichand]] appears as a rival of Prithviraj in the ''Raso''. In the ''Prabandha'', he is mentioned as Jaychand, and orders celebrations throughout his capital when he hears about Prithviraj's death.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=56}}
* A minister of Prithviraj is called Kaymas in the ''Raso'' and Kaimbasa in the ''Prabandha''.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=56}}

Kaymas or Kaimbasa appears to have been a historical person, as he is mentioned under the name ''Kadambavasa'' in the ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'', which was composed during Prithivraj's reign. He is also mentioned in another text - the Sanskrit-language [[Kharatara Gaccha|Kharatara''-gaccha'']] ''[[Pattavali]]'' (1336 CE). However, unlike these texts, the ''Prithviraja Prabandha'' mentions the king's attack on this minister - an episode also mentioned in the ''Prithviraj Raso''.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=56}}

In the ''Prithviraja Prabandha'', Kaimbasa is not on good terms with Prithviraj's spear-bearer Pratapasimha. One day, he complains to the king against Pratapasimha, but the spear-bearer convinces the king that Kaimbasa had been supporting the king's Ghurid enemies. On a subsequent night, the king attempts to kill Kaimbasa with a bow and arrow in the dark, but Kaimbasa escapes. The king feigns innocence about the attack, but Chand Baliddika knows about the incident, and condemns the king in private. The next day, Prithviraj dismisses both Kaimbasa and Chand Baliddika from his service. Kaimbasa later helps the invading Ghurid king Shihab al-Din defeat and capture Prithviraj. While imprisoned, Prithviraj asks Kaimbasa for a bow-and-arrow to kill Shihab al-Din, but the minister betrays him by divulging his plan to Shihab al-Din. A statue is kept in the Ghurid Sultan's place: Prithviraj ends up shooting an arrow at the statue, and is later stoned to death on Shihab al-Din's orders.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=53–54}} The text implies that Prithviraj had been blinded before his imprisonment, as he realises his failure to kill Shihab al-Din when he hears the sound of the statue breaking.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=59}}

In the ''Prithviraj Raso'', Kaymas falls in love with a slave from [[Karnataka]], and visits the queen's palace to meet her at night, while the king is away on a hunting expedition. Prithviraj's [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] queen sends him a letter complaining that Kaymas has been violating the privacy of the women's quarters. Prithviraj returns to the palace at night, and without any warning, attacks Kaimbasa with arrows. The first arrow misses Kaimbasa, but the second kills him. Prithviraj then secretly buries Kaymas along with his slave-lover, but Chand Bardai learns about the king's dishonourable act in a dream.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=56–58}} Later, Prithviraj marries [[Samyogita]], becomes obsessed with her, and starts ignoring the state affairs. He is subsequently defeated and blinded by the Ghurid king Shihab al-Din, but later kills the Ghurid king with an arrow during an archery performance, assisted by the bard Chand Bardai.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=58–59}}

Frances Pritchett, a professor of South Asian Literature at the [[Columbia University]], notes that the killing of Kaymas is one of the three key episodes integral to the plot of the original version of the ''Prithviraj Raso'', the other two being the king's eloping with [[Samyogita]], and his killing of Shihab al-Din. Pritchett notes that Prithviraj's shooting of Kaymas foreshadows his shooting of Shihab al-Din: in the first episode, Prithviraj demonstrates his ability to shoot at night with poor visibility in the dark; in the second episode, he repeats this feat when he is blind. There is also an insinuation that Prithviraj's unjustified murder of Kaymas led to his misfortune of being defeated and blinded by the Ghurids. The king's blindness can be seen as a metaphor: when he starts ignoring the state affairs after being infatuated with Samyogita, he "becomes blind, figuratively-speaking, to the dangers to his kingdom".{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=58–59}}

Unlike ''Prithviraj Raso'', the ''Prithviraja Prabandha'' does not glorify Prithviraj. Here, his arrow misses Kaimbasa, indicating that he is not a phenomenal archer. Also, he dismisses his bard from his service, and his subsequent attempt to kill Shihab al-Din fails.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=59}}

''Prithviraja Prabandha'' and ''[[Prabandha Chintamani]]'', both written by [[Jainism|Jain]] authors, present Prithviraj as an inept and unworthy king.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=54–55}} However, the ''Prithviraj Raso'' glorifies him as an admirable king.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=61}} The similarities between ''Prithviraj Raso'' and ''Prithviraja Prabandha'' suggest that one of these texts borrowed from the other, but it is not clear which of these was authored first, making it difficult to trace the origin of the legend.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=59–60}} It is possible that ''Prithviraj Raso'' is based on the earlier Jain narratives, and changed the story to present Prithviraj as a hero who took revenge on his enemy and died an honourable death. Alternatively, it is possible that the Jain texts borrowed the story from an older oral tradition which is the basis of ''Prithviraj Raso''. Another possibility is that both the narratives may have been adapted from another, now-lost account.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=60–61}}

=== The Mewar recension ===

The language of the texts available today largely appears to be post-15th century and to be based upon the 17th-century compilation commissioned by [[Amar Singh II]], the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]] ruler of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]].<ref name="Gopal" /> Amar Singh's predecessors had commissioned re-working of ''Prithviraj Raso'', probably beginning in the 1630s or 1640s, during the reign of [[Jagat Singh I]]. The version commissioned by Amar Singh was compiled by the poet Karuna-udadhi. Its manuscript, generally dated to 1703 CE, states that "stupid poets" had separated Chand Bardai's text into different parts: Karuna-udadhi wrote the current version by "picking through the strands" on the orders of Amar Singh. The resulting text is actually a revised text, which is very different from the earlier versions of the text.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=146}}

This version appears to have been written as the part of a campaign to revive the Mewar dynasty's prestige, which had declined as a result of their setbacks against and later alliance with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=156–161}} The Mewar recension enlarges and embellishes the role of the Mewar family in history, through their association with Prithviraj Chauhan.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=149–150}} For example, it mentions Amar Singh's ancestor Samar Singh ([[Samarasimha]]) as the closest associate of Prithviraj Chauhan. On the other hand, the shortest recension of ''Prithviraj Raso'' does not even mention Samar Singh.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=152}} The Mewar recension claims that Samar Singh married Prithviraj's sister Pritha, and fought alongside Prithviraj against Jaichand of Kannauj. Such claims are first made in two earlier Brajbhasha texts composed during the reign of Amar Singh's grandfather [[Raj Singh I]]: ''Rajvilas'' of Man and ''Rajaprashasti'' of Ranchhod Bhatt.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=150–151}}

Unlike the shortest recension which mentions Samyogita as Prithviraj's only wife, the Mewar version claims that Prithviraj married 12 other princesses, many of them presented to him by his nobles. On the other hand, the Mewar family's Samar Singh is the only one who marries a woman from Prithviraj's family, thus highlighting Samar Singh's high status. The recension devotes an entire chapter to the marriage of Samar Singh and Pritha, describing how Prithviraj's father [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvar]] decided to marry his daughter to Samar Singh, because of the Mewar's family's glory.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=152–153}}

== Historical reliability ==

Because of the claim that ''Prithviraj Raso'' was written by Prithviraj's contemporary Chand Bardai, the text was historically regarded as an authoritative source.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=63}} However, it contains a mixture of imaginary stories and historical facts, which it exaggerates for dramatic effect. The largest version of the text is especially known to contain several inaccuracies, and is of little historical value.{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|p=30}}<ref name="AyyappappanikkarAkademi1997">{{cite book | editor=K Ayyappap Panikkar | title=Medieval Indian literature: an anthology (Volume 1) | author = Vijayendra Snatak | chapter = Medieval Hindi Literature | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA142 | access-date=28 September 2011 |year=1997 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 | page=142}}</ref>

Since the 16th century, the Rajput rulers patronized ''Prithviraj Raso'' for its elements of heroic exploits, romance and revenge.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=13}} Because of this, it became the most popular biography of Prithviraj among the Rajputs. [[James Tod]], who introduced the text to the Western scholarship, characterised it as an authentic historical source{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=7}} but is today considered himself not to be reliable.<ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |pages=3–5}}</ref> As a result of James Tod's writings, ''Prithviraj Raso'' overshadowed other legendary texts about Prithviraj Chauhan (such as the ''[[Alha-Khand|Alha Khand]]'' and ''Prithviraja Vijaya''). From 1900 onwards, several [[Hindi]]-language narratives based on Prithviraj Raso were published.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=27}}

In 1886, [[Kaviraj Shyamaldas]] raised doubts about the text's historicity, finding faults with its chronology.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=64}}<ref>Kaviraj Syamaldas "The Antiquity, Authenticity and Genuineness of the epic called the Prithviraj Rasa and commonly ascribed to Chand Bardai" J Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, V 55, Pt.1, 1886</ref> These concerns were dismissed by those who saw ''Prithviraj Raso'' as an authentic indigenous text (as opposed to the Persian-language histories by Muslim writers).{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=27}} The Mewar State official Mohanlal Vishnu Pandya tried to prove the text as authentic using forged documents. Pandya's arguments were rejected by prominent scholars such as [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|G. H. Ojha]] and Ram Narayan Dugar.{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|p=30}} As the research on medieval Indian history advanced, other problems with the text's historicity became apparent,{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=64}} and by the late 19th century, the consensus on the historical authenticity of ''Prithviraj Raso'' had broken down.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=27}}

While not strictly history, the ''Prithviraj Raso'' is a source of information on the social and clan structure of the [[Kshattriya]] communities of [[northern India]].<ref name="Luṇiyā">Luṇiyā, Bhanwarlal Nathuram (1978) ''Life and Culture in Medieval India'' Kamal Prakashan, Indore, India, page 293, {{OCLC|641457716}}</ref>

=== Examples of historical inaccuracies ===

Some examples of historical inaccuracies in ''Prithviraj Raso'' include:

* The text claims that Prithviraj's mother came from the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomara]] family of Delhi. This is directly contradicted by the more reliable text ''Prithviraja Vijaya'', which was composed during Prithviraj's reign.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=339}} According to ''Prithviraja Vijaya'', his mother Karpuradevi was a [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] princess.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=156}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=69}} The genealogy mentioned in ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' matches with the one given in the Chahamana inscriptions, and therefore, modern scholars reject the ''Prithviraj Raso'' claim.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=74}}
* The text claims that Prithviraj's maternal grandfather Anangpal Tomar had no sons, and therefore, gave the kingdom of Delhi to Prithviraj. According to the text, Prithviraj thus became the king of Delhi even before he inherited the throne of Ajmer from his father.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=74}} This is historically inaccurate, as Delhi was annexed to the Chahamana territory by Prithviraj's uncle [[Vigraharaja IV]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=162}} Prithviraj inherited Delhi from his father [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]].<ref>{{cite book |author=D. C. Ganguly |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive History of India (A. D. 300-985) |volume=3, Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXtDAAAAYAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / Orient Longmans |page=704 }}</ref>
* After 1200, Ajmer's political importance had declined, and therefore, in order to present Prithviraj as an important political figure, the ''Prithviraj Raso'' presents Delhi as his capital.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=70–71}} Earlier texts place Prithviraj in Ajmer: these texts include Sanskrit-language works such as ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' and ''Kharatara-gachchha-pattavali'', as well as the Persian-language chronicles such as ''Taj al-Masir'' and ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri''.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=73}} The ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'' explicitly mentions Prithviraj's feudatory Govind Rai ("Gobind Rae") as the ruler of Delhi.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=86}}
* The long recension of the text claims that the [[Chaulukya]] king [[Bhima II]] killed Prithviraj's father Someshvara. Later, Prithviraj defeated and killed Bhima. This is known to be historically false, as the reign of Bhima lasted nearly half a century after Prithviraj's death. Also, Bhima was a baby at the time of Someshvara's death, and therefore, could not have killed him.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=76}}
* The text claims that the [[Gahadavala]] ruler [[Vijayachandra]] defeated Bhola-Bhima of Pattanapura (Bhima II of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]). However, Bhima II ascended the [[Chaulukya]] throne only in 1178 CE, after Vijayachandra's death.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=92}}
* The text states that Prithviraja and princess Shashivrata fell in love after hearing about each other in the songs of a wandering bard. Shashivrata was the daughter of the [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Devagiri Yadava]] king Bhanu. She had a brother named Narendra. Bhanu arranged her marriage to Virchand (Virachandra), a nephew of Jaichand ([[Jayachandra]]), the Gahadavala king of Kannauj. Prithviraja marched off to Devagiri, and carried away Shashivrata against her father's wishes. The Chahamana army defeated the joint Gahadavala-Yadava forces. This legend is also historically inaccurate, as the Yadava capital at that time was [[Sinnar]], not [[Devagiri]]. The contemporary Yadava ruler was [[Bhillama V]], and he is not known to have any children named Shashivrata and Narendra. Moreover, there is no evidence of Chahamana and Gahadavala armies fighting a battle in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=526-527}}
* The text also claims that Vijayachandra defeated Mukunda-deva, the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavanshi]] king of [[Kataka (city)|Kataka]]. Mukunda concluded peace by marrying his daughter to Jayachandra; [[Samyukta]] was the issue of this marriage. In reality, the Somavanshi dynasty did not have any king named Mukunda-deva, and they had already been displaced by the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Gangas]] before Vijayachandra's ascension.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=92}}
* The text mentions that Prithviraj defeated Nahar Rai of Mandovara and the Mughal chief Mudgala Rai. No historical records suggest existence of these persons.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=162}}
* The longest recension claims that Samar Singh of [[Guhilas of Medapata|Mewar]] was Prithviraj's bravest associate and married his sister Pritha. In reality, Samarasimha (Samar Singh) lived nearly a century after Prithviraj's death: his inscriptions date from 1273 CE to 1299 CE.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=156}}
* The text claims that Prithviraj was taken to Ghazna as a prisoner, and managed to kill [[Muhammad of Ghor]] (Shihab al-Din) there. This is a fictional narrative: Muhammad of Ghor continued to rule for more than a decade after Prithviraj's death. Other historical records indicate that Prithviraj was taken to Ajmer after his defeat, and killed there on Muhammad's orders.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=87}} Some manuscripts of ''Prithviraj Raso'' do not contain this episode.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=63}}

The different recensions of the text also vary with each other. For example, the most popular recension of the text mentions the [[Agnikula]] legend, according to which Chahavana or Chahamana, the progenitor of the Chauhan dynasty, was born out of a fire-pit. However, the earliest extant manuscript of the text does not mention the Agnikula legend at all. It states that the first Chauhan ruler was [[Manik Rai|Manikya Rai]], who was born from [[Brahma]]'s sacrifice.<ref>{{cite book |first=Alf |last=Hiltebeitel |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PR1 |year=1999 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-34055-5 |page=447}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Puratana Prabandha Sangraha]]
* ''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]''
* ''[[Prithviraj Chauhan (epic)|Prithviraj Chauhan]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts |volume=VIII: Yādavas of Seuṇadeśa |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.29554 |oclc=59001459 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828105828/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/531155 |archive-date=28 August 2016}}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |title=Ancient India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120804364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA339 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. V. Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTYhAAAAMAAJ |title=Prithviraj Chauhan and His Times |publisher=Publication Scheme |year=1981 |oclc=8709359 }}
* {{cite book |author=Roma Niyogi |title=The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty |publisher=Oriental |year=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ |oclc=5386449 }}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:16th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian literature]]
[[Category:Indian poems]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:Epic poems]]
[[Category:Works about monarchs]]
[[Category:Rajasthani literature]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:12th-century poetry]]
[[Category:Chahamana dynasty]]
[[Category:Works about rajas]]
[[Category:16th-century poetry]]
[[Category:13th-century poems]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Official history]]
[[Category:Medieval legends]]

Tomb of Mir Madan

2026-03-17T03:28:38Z

DwainKilgore21: quick enhance section for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|Tomb in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Tomb of Mir Madan
| native_name ='''An [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal|Listed Monument]]'''
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| location_town = Faridpur
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'''Tomb of Mir Madan''' is located at Faridpur, in the [[Beldanga II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Berhampore subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF CULTURE |title=LIST OF MONUMENTS CONSERVED AND PROTECTED IN WEST BENGAL |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/259/AU1769.pdf?source=pqars |access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref>

According to the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]], the Tomb of Mir Madan is an ASI Listed Monument.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal - Archaeological Survey of India|publisher= ASI|work= Item no. 112|access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|57|0|N|88|13|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Berhampore and Kandi subdivisions, Murshidabad district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical centres Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
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|mark-coord5={{coord|24|7|37|N|88|16|48|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Cossimbazar| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Cossimbazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|6|58|N|88|14|32|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Goaljan| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Goaljan]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|7|44|N|88|13|56|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Gopjan| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Gopjan]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|5|14|N|88|14|56|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Gora Bazar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Gora Bazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|3|45|N|88|14|19|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Haridasmati| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Haridasmati]] (CT)
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|mark-coord13={{coord|23|55|25|N|88|15|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Beldanga| numbered13=M| mark-title13=[[Beldanga]] (M) | shape-color13= #800000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|57|36|N|88|1|48|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Kandi| numbered14=M| mark-title14=[[Kandi, Murshidabad]] (M) | shape-color14= #800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|1|49|N|88|11|27|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Karnasuvarna| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Karnasuvarna]] (H)| shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|55|55|N|88|26|51|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Amtala | numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Amtala, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|8|40|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Daulatabad | numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Daulatabad, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|3|10|N|88|25|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hariharpara | numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Hariharpara]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|54|41|N|88|27|25|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Naoda | numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Naoda]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|51|34|N|88|15|18|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Rejinagar | numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Rejinagar]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|55|24|N|88|13|45|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Sarulia | numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Sarulia]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|51|50|N|88|11|55|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Shaktipur | numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Shaktipur]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|55|17|N|88|25|55|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Surangapur | numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Surangapur]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|53|17|N|88|4|59|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Bharatpur | numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Bharatpur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
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|mark-coord27={{coord|23|54|32|N|87|57|35|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Gram Salkia | numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Gram Salkia]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
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|mark-coord29={{coord|24|5|23|N|87|59|24|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Nagar | numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Nagar, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|53|23|N|87|59|20|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30= Panchthupi | numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Panchthupi]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
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|mark-coord35={{coord|23|50|51|N|88|13|48|E}} | label-pos35=left|label35=Tomb of Mir Madan| numbered35=H| mark-title35= Tomb of Mir Madan (H) |shape-color35=black| label-size35=13|label-color35=black  }}

===Location===
The Tomb of Mir Madan is located at {{coord|23.8476|88.2301|display=inline}}.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Mir Madan==
[[Mir Madan]] was one of the most trusted officers and chief of the artillery of [[Nawab Siraj Ud Dowla]]. On 23 June 1757, in the [[Battle of Plassey]], Mir Madan fought for the [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawab]] whereas Commander-in-chief [[Mir Jafar]] and others remained standstill. Madan's troops caused a serious pressure on the forces of the [[East India Company]]. At 2 pm on that day, he was mortally wounded by a British [[Round shot|cannonball]] and died. His two fellow fighters, Nawe Singh Hajari and Bahadur Khan, also died.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Subodhchandra Sengupta |author2=Anjali Basu |year=2002 |title=Sansad Bengali Charitavidhan |volume=1 |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Sansad |language=bn |pages=417 |isbn=81-85626-65-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Amin |first=Sk Abdul |date=2019-07-02 |title=The Real ‘Heroes’ of the Battle of Plassey |url=https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia/story/people/the-real-heroes-of-the-battle-of-plassey |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=PeepulTree |language=en}}</ref>

Some cadres of his troop buried him secretly in Faridpur village, [[Rejinagar]], near the [[Palashi]] battlefield. This place is known as Farid Shah's ''Dargah'' (Mosque).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bharater Itihas |last=Atul Ch. Roy |publisher=Prantik |year=1996 |location=Kolkata |language=bn |pages=234}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Pinaki1983|title=English: Mir Madan's Tomb, Faridpur, Murshidabad|date=2017-02-25|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ASI_display_board_of_Tomb_of_Mir_Madan.jpg|access-date=2021-11-17}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Tomb of Mirmadan 04.jpg|Mir Madan’s tomb
File:Tomb of Mirmadan 15.jpg|Mir Madan’s tomb (left) and Farid Shah's darga (right)
File:Mirmadan's Tomb.jpg|Mir Madan’s tomb
File:Tomb of Mirmadan - ASI Board 01.jpg|ASI board
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Murshidabad}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Tomb of Mirmadan}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Murshidabad]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tombs in India]]

2023 Shimla Municipal Corporation election

2026-03-17T02:36:14Z

DwainKilgore21: put up a details

{{Short description|Municipal election in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2023 Shimla Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| previous_election = 2017 Shimla Municipal Corporation election
| previous_year = 2017
| election_date = 2 May 2023
| next_year = 2028
| seats_for_election = All 34 seats of the [[Shimla Municipal Corporation]]
| majority_seats = 18
| opinion_polls =
| image2 = Lotus flower symbol.svg
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=150|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 12 seats
| seats1 = 24 seats
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 12
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| alliance1 = United Progressive Alliance
| seats_before1 =
| leader_since1 = 2022
| turnout = 58.97%<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-02 |title=Shimla MC Elections See 58.97% Voter Turnout |url=https://thenewshimachal.com/2023/05/shimla-mc-elections-see-58-97-voter-turnout/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=The News Himachal |language=en-US}}</ref> ({{increase}} 1.17%)
| leader2 = [[Suresh Kumar Kashyap]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 17 seats
| seats2 = 9 seats
| seats_after2 =
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 8
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance
| seats_before2 =
| leader_since2 = 2020
| title =
| before_election =
| before_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| after_election = '''TBD'''
| after_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| ongoing = completed
| map_image =
}}

The election to the [[Shimla Municipal Corporation]] was held on [[2023 elections in India|2 May 2023]].Votes were counted and results declared on 4 May 2023.

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election programme - State Election Commission, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://sechimachal.nic.in/assets/files/election%20programme.pdf |website=sechimachal.nic.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-03 |title=Elections in Shimla Municipal Corporation on May 2, results on May 4 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/elections-in-shimla-municipal-corporation-on-may-2-results-on-may-4-123040301132_1.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
! Day
|-
| Issue of notification of election
| 3 April 2023
| Monday
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 18 April 2023
| Tuesday
|-
| Scrutiny of Nominations
| 19 April 2023
| Wednesday
|-
| Withdrawal of Candidature
| 21 April 2023
| Friday
|-
| Date of Poll
| '''2 May 2023'''
| Tuesday
|-
| Date of Counting
| '''4 May 2023'''
| Thursday
|-
| Date of Completion
| 6 May 2023
| Saturday
|}

==Parties and alliances==
=== {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable" " width="50%"
|+
!No.
!Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats Contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| [[Suresh Kumar Kashyap]]
| 34<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-22 |title=102 candidates in the fray for 34 seats in Shimla municipal polls on May 2 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/102-candidates-in-the-fray-for-34-seats-in-shimla-municipal-polls-on-may-2-123042101261_1.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Congress]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable" " width="50%"
|+
!No.
!Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats Contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
| [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
|34<ref name=":1" />
|-
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable" " width="50%"
|+
!No.
!Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats Contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPIM election symbol.png|50px]]
| Onkar Shad<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=HP: Dr Onkar Shad re-elected CPI(M) state secretary |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/north/politics-hp-cpim/2517350.html |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>
|4<ref name=":1" />
|-
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable" " width="50%"
|+
!No.
!Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats Contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|[[File:Aam_Aadmi_Party_logo_(English).svg|50px]]
|[[File:AAP_Symbol.png|50px]]
| Anoop Kesari<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-21 |title=AAP to contest all seats in Shimla MC poll: State party chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/aap-to-contest-all-seats-in-shimla-mc-poll-state-party-chief-101640031689781.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|21<ref name=":1" />
|}

==Result==
Results were announced on 4 May 2023. [[Indian National Congress]] swept the election by winning 24 seats.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-04 |title=Shimla Municipal Corporation election result: Congress gets clear majority in civic body with 24 seats, BJP wins 9 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/shimla-municipal-corporation-polls-result-congress-wins-eight-seats-bjp-4-counting-under-way-for-remaining-seats/articleshow/99980662.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-04 |title=Shimla MC Elections result: Congress stuns BJP, wins big in Shimla MC elections |url=https://thenewshimachal.com/2023/05/shimla-mc-elections-result/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=The News Himachal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shimla Municipal Corporation Election 2023: Full List Of Ward-wise Winners |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/shimla-municipal-corporation-election-2023-full-list-of-ward-wise-winners-shimla-civic-polls-result-details-6030406/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Results by Party ===
{| style="width:61%; text-align:center;"
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:70.5%;" | '''24'''
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; width:26.4%;" | '''9'''
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; width:2.9%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''INC'''
| '''BJP'''
| '''CPI(M)'''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Parties
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Contested
!Won
!+/-
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
| 34
| 24
| {{increase}} 12
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| 34
| 9
| {{decrease}} 8
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:CPIM election symbol.png|50px]]
| 4
| 1
| {{no change}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[File:AAP_Symbol.png|50px]]
| 21
| {{dash}}
| {{no change}}
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|–
|9
|{{dash}}
| {{decrease}} 4
|-
! colspan="3" align="centre" | Total
! 102
! 34
!{{dash}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India|Shimla]]
[[Category:2023 elections in India|Shimla]]
[[Category:History of Shimla]]
[[Category:Local body elections in Himachal Pradesh]]

Edoardo Tiretta

2026-03-16T03:34:14Z

DwainKilgore21: Made article

{{Short description|Venetian nobleman, architect and landowner (1731–1809)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
[[File: Edward Tiretta in The Bengal Levee. (BM 1851,0901.622) (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|upright|Caricature of Tiretta in ''The Bengal Levee'', by [[James Gilray]], 1792]]

Count '''Edoardo Tiretta''' (August 1731 – 15 March 1809<ref>
{{Citation |last=Filesi |first=Teobaldo |title=Archivio di Stato di Salerno |date=1973-01-01 |work=Gli archivi pubblici della campania e in particolare l'archivio di stato di Napoli dalle origini al 1922 |pages=277–278 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004590724_046 |access-date=2025-01-14 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004590724_046 |isbn=978-90-04-59072-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>), often anglicized to '''Edward Tiretta''', was a [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] nobleman, [[architect]] and landowner. Part of [[Giacomo Casanova]]'s set in [[Paris]], he moved to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in his forties, where he worked as a civil architect, building superintendent and land surveyor. He notably built [[Tiretta Bazaar]], which became India's first [[Chinatown]].

== Early life ==
Edoardo Tiretta was born in August 1731 in [[Trebaseleghe]], in the modern-day [[Province of Padua]], to a wealthy land-owning family. They owned a palace in [[Treviso]], a villa in [[Montello (hill)|Montello]], and numerous other properties in the countryside. He was educated as a mathematician and architect.<ref name=":6" />

Having been discovered embezzling money from the [[mount of piety]] in his hometown of Treviso, he took refuge in France in order to escape the police, where he found himself nearly destitute. Tiretta arrived in [[Paris]] in 1757 at the age of twenty-five and was introduced to the infamous [[Giacomo Casanova]], who described him thus:<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Casanova |first=Giacomo |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2981 |title=The Memoirs of Jacques Casanova de Seingalt, 1725–1798 |publisher=Putnam |location=New York |publication-date=1902 |translator-last=Machen |translator-first=Arthur}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=In the beginning of March, 1757, I received a letter from my friend Madame Manzoni, which she sent to me by a young man of good appearance, with a frank and high-born air, whom I recognized as a Venetian by his accent. He was young Count Tiretta de Trevisa, recommended to my care by Madame Manzoni, who said that he would tell me his story, which I might be sure would be a true one.|author=Giacomo Casanova|title=''The Memoirs of Jacques Casanova de Seingalt, 1725–1798''|source=Volume III: ''The Eternal Quest'', "Episode XI: Paris and Holland", Chapter I}}

Casanova took Tiretta under his protection, offering him room and board; over the next few years, Tiretta would become his close friend and confidant. He shared Casanova's [[libertine]] lifestyle, seducing women for money; one of his many lovers nicknamed him "Count Six-Times" based on the number of times they had made love in one night.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Summers |first=Judith |title=Casanova's Women: The Great Seducer and the Women He Loved |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2006 |isbn=9781596911222 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=210 |language=EN}}</ref>

== Life in Calcutta ==
Following the loss of a favoured mistress, Tiretta decided to pursue his fortune in the [[East Indies]].<ref name=":5" /> Sometime in the early 1770s, Tiretta acquired a clerical job in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia in the Dutch East Indies]] through Casanova's recommendation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Trinanjan |date=24 July 2023 |title=Tiretta Bazaar: Calcutta's Casanova connection |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/tiretta-bazaar-edward-tiretta-and-calcuttas-connection-with-casanova/cid/1954238 |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> However, Tiretta got involved in a scandal and fled to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], then a prominent [[East India Company]] city and capital of the [[Bengal Presidency]]. The details of the scandal are not known,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banka |first=Neha |date=20 December 2019 |title=Streetwise Kolkata: Tiretta Bazaar, a Chinatown named after an Italian |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/streetwise-kolkata-tiretta-bazaar-a-chinatown-names-after-an-italian-6176952/ |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> although Casanova refers to it as "a revolt at Batavia" and that "[Tiretta] had only escaped the gallows by flight."<ref name=":5" />

=== Public life ===
Tiretta would hold many roles in Calcutta over the years, including [[Cartography|map-maker]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Abhijit |date=20 February 2011 |title=A Venetian in Calcutta |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-venetian-in-calcutta/cid/1189346 |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> Civil Architect of Calcutta, Superintendent of Roads,<ref name=":3" /> and building inspector.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Marzo Magno |first=Alessandro |date=5 April 2022 |title=Il conte Edoardo Tiretta, grande seduttore trevigiano di Calcutta (che gli dedica un mercato) |url=https://www.ilgazzettino.it/nordest/treviso/edoardo_tiretta_conte_seduttore_calcutta_mercato_bazar_trebaseleghe-6609381.html#?refresh_ce |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=Il Gazzettino |language=it}}</ref> He also became a land-owner and businessman, earning a degree of affluence and prominence in the city.<ref name=":1" /> Systematic [[land registration]] was introduced in the Bengal Presidency by legislation of the [[Supreme Council of Bengal]] on 9 January 1781 and registered in the [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William]] on 1 February 1781. Tiretta was appointed the first surveyor and registrar under this legislation, at a salary of 1000 [[Indian rupee|sicca rupees]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://wbregistration.gov.in/(S(acpify2ps1ajf1hfxgjo2jo5))/history.aspx |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=Directorate of Registration and Stamp Revenue, Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

Diarist [[William Hickey (memoirist)|William Hickey]] left the following account of Tiretta: "By birth he was an Italian, but had spent considerable portion of his life in France and Germany{{nbsp}}... he had made no great proficiency in the English language{{nbsp}}... it being perfectly ridiculous to hear the strange mélange had made when speaking{{nbsp}}... a compound of English, French, Portuguese and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], interlarded with the most uncouth and ''outré'' oaths in each language."<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dubbini |first=Gianni |date=1 January 2015 |title=Una "vita globale". Il nobile Edoardo Tiretta di Treviso (1731–1809). Dall'Europa all'India britannica |trans-title=A "Global Life". The Noble Edoardo Tiretta of Treviso (1731–1809). From Europe to British India |url=https://iris.unive.it/handle/10278/3678745 |journal=Ateneo Veneto |language=IT |volume=14/2 |pages=9–36}}</ref> [[James Augustus Hicky]], the founder of [[Hicky's Bengal Gazette]], gave him the nickname of "Nosey Jargon" owing to his habit of prying into others' affairs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Trinanjan |title=Tiretta Bazaar: Calcutta's Casanova connection |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/tiretta-bazaar-edward-tiretta-and-calcuttas-connection-with-casanova/cid/1954238 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208235900/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/tiretta-bazaar-edward-tiretta-and-calcuttas-connection-with-casanova/cid/1954238 |archive-date=2024-12-08 |access-date=2025-09-02 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Tiretta Bazaar ===
{{Main|Tiretta Bazaar}}
Around 1783, Tiretta was given permission to construct a "[[Pucca housing|puckabazaar]]" in central Calcutta of an area comprising around nine [[Bigha|''bighas'']] and eight [[Katha (unit)|''cottahs'']] of land, "with convenient shops, surrounded with a colonnade [[veranda]]": this is the eponymous Tiretta Bazaar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Javed |first=Zeeshan |date=6 April 2019 |title=Bowing Out? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bowing-out/articleshow/68747124.cms |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The bazaar became the nucleus of India's first Chinatown.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Trinetra |date=1 November 2024 |title=Chinatown in Kolkata: Experience the roots of Indian Chinese at Tiretta Bazaar and Tangra |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/travel/chinatown-in-kolkata-tiretta-bazaar-and-tangra-best-restaurants-to-visit/ |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=Lifestyle Asia India |language=en-IN}}</ref> However, Tiretta had a reversal of fortune over the next three years, verging on bankruptcy. He announced the sale of his bazaar as well as several other properties by [[lottery]] in the ''[[Calcutta Gazette]]'' on 2 December 1788. This "Tiretta's Lottery" consisted of six prizes; the bazaar was the first prize with a valuation of nearly two [[lakh]] sicca rupees.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 1788 |title=Plan of a Lottery, Submitted to the Public, Consisting of Six Valuable Prizes |url=https://britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002676/17881204/012/0002 |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=[[Calcutta Gazette]] |pages=2}}</ref> A gentleman by the name Charles Watson won the lottery for Tiretta Bazaar but opted to retain the old name.<ref name=":0" />

=== Marriage and family ===
Tiretta married a teenaged French girl named Angelique Carrion (1778–1796), the orphaned daughter of a French officer from [[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]],<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Simeoni |first1=Gianluca |last2=Hauc |first2=Jean-Claude |date=2022 |title=A propos de Edoardo Tiretta |url=https://pric.unive.it/fileadmin/user_upload/Giacomo-Casanova/doc/CASANOVIANA5.pdf |journal=Casanoviana |language=FR |volume=5 |pages=43–52}}</ref> at the age of 59.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robb |first=Peter |date=2006 |title=Children, Emotion, Identity and Empire: Views from the Blechyndens' Calcutta Diaries (1790–1822) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876604 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=175–201 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X06001946 |jstor=3876604 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> She died at the age of 18<ref name=":1" /> giving birth to their daughter.<ref name=":0" /> Their daughter's name is recorded variously as Angelique{{Emdash}}like her mother<ref name=":4" />{{Emdash}} and as Josephine.<ref name=":6" />

In March 1797, he bought a plot of land on [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]], and had his wife's remains reinterred there. This new cemetery was presented by Tiretta to the Roman Catholic community of Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blechynden |first=Kathleen |url=https://ia800908.us.archive.org/18/items/calcuttapastpres00blec/calcuttapastpres00blec.pdf |title=Calcutta: Past and Present |publisher=W. Thacker & Co. |year=1905 |location=London |pages=177 |language=EN}}</ref> This cemetery was razed in 1977<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Soumitra |date=2024-02-26 |title=Untold stories of Park Street cemeteries disinterred |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/untold-stories-of-park-street-cemeteries-disinterred/cid/2002969 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> and Angelique's tomb was lost, although several other tombs were relocated to the [[South Park Street Cemetery]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Dipayan |date=2022-07-20 |title=The Invisible Cemeteries of Calcutta |url=https://qz.com/india/883891/the-invisible-cemeteries-of-kolkata |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> The land is occupied by a school.<ref name=":7" />

The writer [[Giovanni Comisso]] wrote about his own ancestry: "Edoardo Tiretta from Treviso, my maternal ancestor, had participated in Casanova's life. I went to my grandmother, who was a Tiretta and was born in 1824 and I asked her if she remembered anything about this ancestor [...] My grandmother remembered in her childhood a relative of hers, called "the Indian", who went around Treviso dressed in green and must have been the daughter of [...] Edoardo."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comisso |first=Giovanni |date=2020-06-12 |title="Il nuovo Casanova" di Giovanni Comisso – La rivisitazione della vita di un libertino del Settecento {{!}} Premio letterario Giovanni Comisso |url=https://www.premiocomisso.it/il-nuovo-casanova-di-giovanni-comisso-la-rivisitazione-della-vita-di-un-libertino-del-settecento/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |language=it-IT}}</ref>

== Retirement and death ==
On 31 August 1802, Tiretta wrote to [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesley, Governor-General of India]], requesting permission to retire.<ref name=":6" /> His request was granted around October 1803, and he was also provided a pension of 532 rupees per month for life. Tiretta's assistant Richard Blechynden (great-grandfather of tea trader [[Richard Blechynden]]) succeeded him as land surveyor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robb |first=Peter |title=Sentiment and Self: Richard Blechynden's Calcutta Diaries, 1791–1822 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-908860-7 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |pages=36–37}}</ref>

In 1807, Tiretta returned to Treviso with his daughter; his youthful crime was either forgotten or overlooked.<ref name=":4" /> He died there in March 1809 at the age of 77.<ref name=":4" /> His place of burial is unknown.<ref name=":0" /> Tiretta's will, written in London in 1806, is held at the [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|UK National Archives]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Will of Edward Tiretta of Treviso, Kingdom of Italy |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D912048 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The National Archives}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1731 births]]
[[Category:1809 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century people from the Republic of Venice]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Surveyors]]
[[Category:Builders]]
[[Category:19th-century Italian architects]]
[[Category:Europeans in India]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian architects]]

Krishna Chandra Bhanj Deo

2026-03-10T18:40:02Z

DwainKilgore21: Creating new post - done

{{short description|Raja of Mayurbhanj (1868 - 1882)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]]
| reign = {{circa|1868}} – 29 May 1882
| predecessor = [[Shrinath Bhanj Deo]]
| successor = [[Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1840}}
| death_date = 29 May 1882
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo]]
* [[Shyam Chandra|Shyam Chandra Mardraj Harichandan]]
*Shridam Chandra Bhanj Deo
*Rasal Manjari
*Ratna Manjari
*Labanya Manjari
*Bilas Manjari
}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Mayurbhanj.png}} [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]]
| father = Sitanath Bhanj Deo
| dynasty = [[Bhanja dynasty|Bhanja]]
}}
'''Krishna Chandra Bhanj Deo''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] from 1868 until his death in 1882.

==Early life and family==
He was born in 1848 to Sitanath Bhanj Deo, the second son of [[Jadunath Bhanj Deo]], the [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Biography_of_the_Maharaja_Sri_Ram_Chandr/BuUwAQAAMAAJ |title=Biography of the Maharaja Sri Ram Chandra Bhanj Deo |date=1918 |pages=21–23 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=MAYURBHANJ |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/mayurbhanj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706113757/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/mayurbhanj.html |archive-date=2017-07-06 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> He married and had issue: three sons, [[Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo]]; [[Shyam Chandra|Shyam Chandra Mardraj Harichandan]], who was adopted by the [[Nilgiri State|Nilgiri]] family; and Shridam Chandra Bhanj Deo; and four daughters.<ref name=":0" /> His daughters were Rasal Manjari, Ratna Manjari, Labanya Manjari, and Bilas Manjari, and they respectively married the [[Raja]] of [[Porahat]], the [[Raja]] of [[Panchkot Raj|Panchkot]], the [[zamindar]] of [[Barapali|Barpali]], and the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Anandapur]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

== Succession ==
Since his uncle, [[Shrinath Bhanj Deo]], had no issue to succeed him as the [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]], Krishna was considered the [[heir presumptive]] to his uncle’s title, rank, and dignity.<ref name=":3" /> However, his uncle was not fond of him and, to prevent Krishna from succeeding, adopted Jugal Kishore, a [[Brahmin]] boy, as his designated successor.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Samal |first=J. K. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Makers_of_Modern_Orissa/XP_tAxMbvgkC |title=Makers of Modern Orissa: Contributions of Some Leading Personalities of Orissa in the 2nd Half of the 19th Century |last2=Nayak |first2=Pradip Kumar |date=1996 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-322-9 |pages=126–129 |language=en}}</ref> This decision was not well received, and in fact the then Superintendent of the [[Orissa Tributary States]], T.E. Ravenshaw, strongly advocated Krishna’s claim to the throne of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Upon [[Shrinath Bhanj Deo|Shrinath]]’s death on in 1868, Krishna succeeded him as the [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]].<ref name=":3" />

== Reign ==
The early days of his reign were marked by conspiracies to oust him from the throne of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> These conspiracies were backed by the widow of his deceased uncle.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Later, after examining all claims, T.E. Ravenshaw wrote to the Secretary of the [[Bengal Presidency|Government of Bengal]], requesting that Krishna’s succession be officially recognised and acknowledged.<ref name=":4" /> Accordingly, the [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency#Lieutenant Governors of the Bengal Presidency (1854-1912)|Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal]] recognised Krishna as the [[Raja]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]].<ref name=":4" /> The sub-division of Bamanghati, which was taken under the direct control of the [[British government of India|British Government]] in 1866 on account of the mismanagement by his uncle, [[Shrinath Bhanj Deo]], was restored to him in 1878.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> He instituted a programme of reform in the police, jail, revenue, public works, and judicial departments, among others, and remarkable development was seen in the fields of education, communication, and public health.<ref name=":4" /> He also constructed roads.<ref name=":4" /> In 1879, when the Roman Catholic Missionary made its first settlement in Nangalakata, he granted them 16 sq. miles (approx. 41.43 sq. km) of land.<ref name=":4" /> The mission founded a new village in 1880 and named it Krushnachandrapur after him.<ref name=":4" />

== Philanthropy ==
To raise the [[high school]] at [[Cuttack]] to the status of a [[college]], he donated Rs. 27,000.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
He died on 29 May 1882 and was succeeded by [[Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo]] to his title, rank, and dignity.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=700 |language=en}}</ref>

== Honours ==
The hereditary title of [[Raja]] was conferred on him by the [[British government of India|British Government]] by a sanad in 1874.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Orissa |first=India Superintendent of Census Operations |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/District_Census_Handbook_Orissa_Mayurbha/de-zTiQP3dQC |title=District Census Handbook, Orissa: Mayurbhanj |date=1965 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |pages=51–52 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=D. P. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/People_s_Revolt_in_Orissa/W8GXSR0SiF8C |title=People's Revolt in Orissa: A Study of Talcher |date=1998 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-739-3 |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref> The title of [[Maharaja]] was conferred on him as a personal distinction on the occasion of the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1877.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_and_Zamindars_o/LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=391 |language=en}}</ref> It was awarded in recognition of his good governance and liberal public benefactions.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1868 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Mayurbhanj]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]

Elie-Jean-Joseph Morel

2026-03-09T15:12:05Z

DwainKilgore21: expanded content

{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = His Excellency
| name = Elie-Jean-Joseph Morel
| honorific-suffix = [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|M.E.P.]]
| title = Archbishop Emeritus of Pondicherry Titular Archbishop of Cotrada
| image = Elie-Jean-Joseph Morel.jpg
| alt = Archbishop Elie-Jean-Joseph Morel
| caption = Archbishop Elie-Jean-Joseph Morel
| see = Archdiocese of Pondicherry
| appointed = 11 May 1909
| term_start = 21 September 1909
| term_end = 16 August 1929
| predecessor = [[Joseph-Adolphe Gandy]]
| successor = [[Auguste-Siméon Colas]]

| ordination = 24 September 1887
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 21 September 1909
| consecrated_by = [[Hugues-Madelain Bottero]]


| birth_name = Elie-Jean-Joseph Morel
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1862|12|27}}
| birth_place = Bellefontaine, France
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1948|6|15|1862|12|27}}
| death_place = Bangalore
| buried = Cemetery adjacent to [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Pondicherry]]
| religion = Catholic
| parents =
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =
| other =
}}
{{Ordination
| consecrated by = [[Hugues-Madelain Bottero]]
| co-consecrators = [[Teotonio Emanuele Ribeiro Vieira de Castro]]
[[Augustine-Antoine Roy]]
| date of consecration =21 September 1909
| place of consecration =Pondicherry
| bishop 1=[[Hippolyte Teissier]]
| consecration date 1 =24 January 1917
| bishop 2=[[Eugène Mederlet]]
| consecration date 2 =28 October 1928
| bishop 3=[[Henri-Aimé-Anatole Prunier]]
| consecration date 3 =14 September 1930
| bishop 4=[[Auguste-Siméon Colas]]
| consecration date 4 =29 September 1930

}}

'''Elie-Jean-Joseph Morel''' (27 December 1862 – 15 June 1948) was a member of [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] and was the archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Archdiocese of Pondicherry]]. On 21 September 1909 he succeeded Archbishop [[Joseph-Adolphe Gandy]]. He was the bishop until 16 August 1929.<ref name='ch'>{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bmorele|Elie-Jean-Joseph Morel M.E.P.|31 October 2014}}</ref> He resigned for health reasons. He was succeeded by [[Auguste-Siméon Colas]].

==Early life==

He was born 27 December 1862 in Bellefontaine, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Claude|diocese of Saint-Claude]], [[Jura (department)|Jura]].<ref name='mep'>{{cite web|title=Elie Jean Joseph MOREL - Biography|url=http://archives.mepasie.org/notices/notices-biographiques/morel|website=MEP Archives|publisher=MEP|accessdate=31 October 2014}}</ref> He entered Paris Foreign Missions Society on 5 March 1885. He was ordained as a priest on 24 September 1887. He left immediately for the Pondicherry Mission where he was appointed as a professor of science at the Colonial College. Then, he was appointed as the parish priest of Thennur, where he made a relatively short stay. He was recalled to the College Saint Joseph at Cuddalore as professor of science. He was forced to return to Pondicherry to replace the top of the [[Petit Seminaire Higher Secondary School|Grand Séminaire]], P. Faure, who, extremely tired, had to return to France.

Mgr. Joseph-Adolphe Gandy, then Archbishop of Pondicherry, realizing that his health was failing, had requested Rome to give him a coadjutor. He died before getting a definitive answer. Six months after his death, Rome appointed Morel as his successor.

==As bishop==
Mgr. Morel received his episcopal consecration at the hands of Mgr. [[Hugues-Madelain Bottero]], M.E.P., Bishop of Kumbakonam on 21 September 1909. At that time, High caste Christians of Pondicherry were, as revolt against the authority, did not participate in the consecration event. The reason for the revolt was that the out-castes (Parias) wanted equal rights and demanded the removal of segregation of seats which were reserved for high caste peoples by hereditary. This situation was very discouraging to the new bishop. Calm was restored only after 1913.<ref name='hpm'>{{cite book|last1=P. A.|first1=Sampath Kumar|author-link=P. A. Sampath Kumar|last2=Carof|first2=André|title=History of Pondicherry Mission: An Outline (a translation from French)|year=1999|publisher=Department of Christian Studies, University of Madras|location=Chennai|pages=236–259}}</ref>

During its years of episcopate Mgr. Morel worked specially, with the help of Fr. Gavan Duffy, to organize and to improve the training of teachers in the schools of the diocese, and to increase the vocation in the diocese.

In 1914, at the outbreak of the First World War, some missionaries were mobilized, and several posts lost their incharge. Mgr. Morel did not hesitate to become parish priest himself and settled in Villupuram until the end of the war in 1918. After the war he resumed his Episcopal duties in Pondicherry which included visits to parishes, confirmations, consecration of new chapels, churches, opening schools etc.

==Resignation and death==
[[File:Tomb of Elie-Jean-Joseph Morel.jpg|thumbnail|left|Tomb of Mgr. Elie-Jean-Joseph Morel]]
But in 1919, he believed his duty to resign because of his health. He was suffering with [[cataract]]s. Mgr. [[Auguste-Siméon Colas]] succeeded him.

Wanting to spend his time usefully, he became chaplain of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny on the mountain of Yerkaud. This lasted a time, and he was forced to retire at St. Martha hospital, Bangalore, which was recently built by Mgr. Colas, for sick and aged missionaries. During the absence of Mgr. Despatures, Bishop of Bangalore, Mgr. Morel served by giving a few confirmations in the diocese.

But his strength quickly declined and after receiving the last sacraments and after two days of agony, he died 15 June 1948, eighteen years after his resignation. His body was transferred to Pondicherry, where the funeral mass was said in the cathedral. His body is buried next to his predecessor Mgr. Gandy, in the cemetery adjacent to [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Pondicherry]].<ref name='mep'/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}

{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-tul|title=Archbishop of Cotrada|years=28 October 1955 – 24 October 1968 }}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hugo Bressane de Araújo]]}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Joseph-Adolphe Gandy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Archbishop of Pondicherry]]|years=11 May 1909 – 16 August 1929 }}
{{s-aft|after=[[Auguste-Siméon Colas]]}}

{{s-end}}

{{RC Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morel, Elie-Jean-Joseph}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:Paris Foreign Missions Society missionaries]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholic bishops in Asia]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
[[Category:People from French India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in India]]

Manipuri cuisine

2026-03-04T15:54:44Z

DwainKilgore21: minor refined information after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Cuisine of Manipur, a state of northeastern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Indian cuisine}}
{{Meitei people}}

'''Manipuri cuisine''' refers to the cuisine of [[Manipur]], a state of northeastern [[India]]. Daily meals are based on rice, with a few side dishes of vegetables, fish and meat.<ref name="e-pao.net">{{cite web |title=In pursuit of that nostalgic taste and aroma|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.EI.In_pursuit_of_that_nostalgic_taste_and_aroma_By_Samarjit_Kambam}}</ref> A meal would usually have a vegetable stew called {{Transliteration|mni|ensaang}} or {{Transliteration|mni|[[Thongba|athongba]]}}, flavored with dried or fried fish; stir-fried vegetables called {{Transliteration|mni|kanghou}}; and a spicy item, which could be {{Transliteration|mni|morok metpa}} (a chili paste), [[eromba]] (boiled and mashed vegetables with chili and fermented fish), or [[singju]] (a piquant salad). All piquant side dishes are accompanied by a choice of fresh herbs, collectively called {{Transliteration|mni|maroi}}. The base and essence of both Meitei Manipuri and non-Meitei Manipuri cuisine is the fermented fish called {{Transliteration|mni|[[Ngari_(fish)|ngari]]}}. Several dishes of meat, mostly chicken and pork,<ref>{{cite web |title=Classic Manipur Pork Curry |url=http://letscookfusion.com/index.php/tag/oak-thongba/}}</ref> are cooked with unique recipes.<ref name="e-pao.net"/> Due to religious taboos, Muslims living in Manipur do not cook pork.

A side dish of steamed ({{Transliteration|mni|a-ngaanba}}) or boiled vegetables with a hint of sugar ({{Transliteration|mni|cham-phut}}) are also quite common as palate cleansers in most meals. The aromatics of most dishes start with frying bay leaf, chives, onion, garlic, and ginger in mustard oil. The rest of the vegetables follow after that. Oil is sparingly used in most of the main stews but the side dishes of {{Transliteration|mni|kanghou}} (stir-fried spicy vegetables) and {{Transliteration|mni|bora}} (fritters) make up for that. Fish is also a staple, and appears in every meal, either as {{Transliteration|mni|ngaari}} or as roasted or fried pieces. While fish is an essential part of the diet, due to increasing prices, fish curry is prepared only occasionally, or during feasts. The Meiteis live in the valley of Manipur where freshwater fish from lakes and rivers and ponds had been plentiful until recent times. In Manipur, meals are known as [[chakluk]].

Non-Meitei cuisine can be found in the hills of the state.

== Basic diet ==
The staple diet of Manipur consists of rice, fish, and large varieties of leafy vegetables (both aquatic and terrestrial).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.north-east-india.com/information/cuisines.html |title=Cuisines of North East India |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-date=31 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831190254/http://www.north-east-india.com/information/cuisines.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manipuris typically raise vegetables in a kitchen garden and rear fishes in small ponds (''pukhri'')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amitangshu |first=Acharya |date=Apr 2008 |title=A Pond for Every House, Manipur |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/indiawaterportal/2508237598}}</ref> around their house. Since the vegetables are either grown at home or obtained from local market, the cuisines are very seasonal, each season having its own special vegetables and preparations. The taste is very different from other Indian cuisines because of the use of various aromatic herbs and roots that are peculiar to the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mbobo.net/food-vegetable-manipur.html |title=some fruits and foods of Manipur |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710121340/http://mbobo.net/food-vegetable-manipur.html |archivedate=2011-07-10 }}</ref>

=== Aromatic herbs and roots used by Meiteis and non-Meiteis ===
# Nungshi hidak ([[Mentha|Mint]])
# Maroi napaakpi ([[Allium hookeri|Hooker chives]])
# Yenam (maroi nakuppi) ([[Garlic chives|Chinese chives]])
# Awaa phadigom ([[Eryngium foetidum|Mexican coriander]])
# Mayang-ton ([[Lemon basil]])
# Toning-khok ([[Houttuynia cordata|Chameleon plant]])
# Khanghuman/Kanghu-maan (''[[Salvia dianthera]]'',<ref name="flowersofindia">{{cite web|url=http://flowersofindia.net/|title=Flowers of India}}</ref> formerly ''Meriandra dianthera'' and ''Meriandra bengalensis'')
# Mukthrubi (''[[Zanthoxylum armatum]]''<ref name="flowersofindia" /> ([[Sichuan peppercorn]])
# Phakpai ([[Vietnamese coriander]])
# Chantruk ([[pepper cress]])
# Yaipan (''[[Curcuma angustifolia]]''<ref name="flowersofindia" />)
# Kang-hu mapaan ([[galangal]])
# Takhel-manao
# Leibakmaroom (''[[Calvatia gigantea]]'')
# Uyen (similar to shiitake mushroom)
# Uchi-na ([[jelly ear]])
# Chengum ([[mushroom]])
# Charu-yen (''[[Volvariella volvacea]]'')
# Kanglayen ([[Split Gill|split gill mushroom]])
# Ushoi (bamboo shoots)

There are also ingredients in the cuisine that require an acquired taste, such as ''hawaijaar'' (fermented soya bean, somewhat similar to the Japanese [[nattō]]), ''soibum'' (fermented bamboo shoot), ''ngaa-ri'' (fermented fish), and ''[[hentak]]'' (fermented fish powder and herbs).

=== Meats and seafood used by Meiteis and non-Meiteis ===
* Hameng (mutton)
* Khajing (shrimp)
* Nga (fish)
* Nganu (duck)
* Oak (pork)
* San (beef or buffalo)
* Tharoi (snail)
* Yen (chicken)

== Dishes ==
[[File:Chahao kheer.jpg|thumb|Chahao [[kheer]], a popular black rice dessert of Manipur made with [[Chak-Hao black rice]]]]
*''[[Eromba]]'': a [[chutney]] of vegetables boiled or steamed with a lot of red chillies or [[umorok]] (king chilli) with [[Ngari_(fish)|ngari]] (fermented fish), smoked or roasted fish and mashed together. It is garnished with herbs like maroi (maroi nakuppi, phakpai, mayang-ton, toning-khok, kaanghumaan, lomba, tilhou, [[chaantruk]], coriander leaves and many more).
*''[[Singju]]'': a piquant salad which is prepared with an assortment of raw vegetables, and can have varying combinations depending on preference or season. The vegetables are [[Julienning|julienned]], while the accompanying herbs and leaves are coarsely chopped or shredded. Some of the usual main ingredients are cabbage, lotus stem, {{Transliteration|mni|laphu tharo}} (banana flower), {{Transliteration|mni|[[Oenanthe javanica|komprek]]}} (a kind of scented herb), {{Transliteration|mni|kollamni}} (another herb), {{Transliteration|mni|yongchaak}} (tree beans/stink beans/''[[Parkia speciosa]]''). The accompanying herbs and leaves include sweet pea shoots, ''toningkhok'' (''Houtuniya cordata'') leaves and roots, ''heibi mana'', coriander leaves etc. Most singju items are seasonal. Singju can be seasoned with a chili paste flavored with roasted {{Transliteration|mni|[[Ngari_(fish)|ngari]]}} (fermented fish), or with roasted "thoiding" seeds (''[[Perilla_frutescens|Perilla frutescens]]'') powder and roasted chick pea powder/roasted ''besan'', plus roasted red chili powder. Thoiding seeds are rich in healthy fats and vitamins, and when they are roasted they give a nutty flavor that is distinctive to a singju. Other additional ingredients include boiled beans and peas, and also savory crispies, though these are optional.
*''[[Chamthong]]'' or ''kangshoi'': a stew of any seasonal vegetables with coarsely chopped onions or spring onion, {{Transliteration|mni|maroi}} - both {{Transliteration|mni|yennam nakuppi}} and {{Transliteration|mni|napakpi}}, ginger, {{Transliteration|mni|ngari}} and salt, topped with ngari,<ref name=Leirang>{{cite web |url=http://leirang.com/2010/02/18/ngari/ |title=Ngari |website=Leirang - the culinary journey |date=2010-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609164759/http://leirang.com/2010/02/18/ngari/ |archive-date=2010-06-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> dried fish, or fried fish pieces and water. It is soupy in consistency and is eaten with rice.
*''Morok metpa'': a coarse paste prepared with green or dry red chilies mixed with chopped onions, coriander leaves and other local herbs for garnishing. The chilies are steamed or roasted with ngari<ref name=Leirang /> or simply crushed and then mashed with salt and this fish condiment; fried fish pieces can also be added to it. This is something which accompanies both the meals as a routine side dish.
*''Kang-ngou'' or ''kaang-hou'': various vegetables stir-fried with traditional spices
*''Nganam'': fish and {{Transliteration|mni|maroi}} baked on a pan
*''Paaknam'': a pancake prepared with a mixture of pea flour, {{Transliteration|mni|maroi napaakpi}}, {{Transliteration|mni|laphu tharo}}, {{Transliteration|mni|awa phadigom}}, and {{Transliteration|mni|[[Ngari (fish)|ngari]]}} wrapped in turmeric and banana leaves and either baked in a pan or steamed first and then roasted
*''[[Nga thongba]]'': a fish curry
*''Nga ataoba thongba'': a fried fish curry
*''Nga atoiba'': mashed fish
*''Ooti'': a typical vegetarian dish generally characterised by its slightly overcooked texture of having the ingredients slightly mashed. Baking soda is also frequently used for this dish.
*''[[Maroi bori thongba|Pakoura thongba]]'' or ''bora thongba'': a fritter curry
*''Chagem pomba'': a curry made with fermented soya, mustard leaves, roasted or smoked fish and other herbs; broken rice is also a main ingredient and so the name "chagem" in this dish
*''Keli chana'': a spicy chickpea snack
*''Alu kangmet'': boiled potatoes mashed with fried red chili and {{Transliteration|mni|nakuppi}} with salt and/or dressed with mustard oil
*''[[Sana thongba]]'': a curry prepared with paneer
*''[[Yen thongba]]'': a chicken curry
*''Nganu thongba'': a duck curry
*''Oak thongba'': a pork curry
*''San thongba'': a beef curry
*''Hameng thongba'': a mutton curry
*''Tharoi thongba'': a snail curry
*''Pan hawaijar thongba'': a taro and fermented soybean curry
*''Soibum thongba'': a bamboo shoot curry
*''Sagol hawai thongba'': a black lentil curry
*''A-nganba'' or ''champhut'': steamed vegetables, such as pumpkin, peas, carrots, French beans, etc
*''[[Chak-Hao (Black rice)|Chak-hao]] kheer'': a black rice pudding
*''Tilhou kheer'': a onion pudding
*''Chemmeen kheer'': a prawn pudding
*''Sangom kheer'': a white rice pudding
*''Kabok'': A puffed rice snack
*''Hei thongba'': a fruit curry
*''Kangshubi'': a ground seed snack
*''Yerum tal'': an omelette

== See also ==
*[[Burmese cuisine]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Manipur}}
{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Indian dishes}}
{{Burmese cuisine}}
{{cuisines}}

[[Category:Manipuri cuisine| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Manipur|Cuisine]]
[[Category:Cuisine of Northeast India]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine by state or union territory]]

Ponnukku Thanga Manasu

2026-03-04T04:52:45Z

DwainKilgore21: put up some post basic info

{{short description|1973 film by Devaraj Mohan}}
{{for|the TV series|Ponnukku Thanga Manasu (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ponnukku Thanga Manasu
| image = Ponnukku Thanga Manasu.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Devaraj–Mohan]]
| producer = [[P. Madhavan]]
| story = Balamurugan
| starring = [[Sivakumar]] [[Jayachitra]] [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] [[Vidhubala]]
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = A. Soma Sundaram [[P. N. Sundaram]] (Supervising)
| editing = R. Devarajan
| studio = Arun Prasad Movies
| released = {{film date|1973|6|2|df=y}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ponnukku Thanga Manasu''''' ({{Translation|The girl has a heart of gold}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[buddy film]], produced by [[P. Madhavan]] and directed by [[Devaraj–Mohan]]. The film stars [[Sivakumar]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] and [[Vidhubala]], with [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]] and [[M. R. R. Vasu]] in supporting roles. It was released on 2 June 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponnukku Thanga Manasu / பொண்ணுக்கு தங்க மனசு |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/ponnukku-thanga-manasu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231115194124/https://screen4screen.com/movies/ponnukku-thanga-manasu |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Bhoomidevi Pushpiniyayi]]'' in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Ajay |date=3 December 2010 |title=Old is Gold: Tamil Movies made in Malayalam |url=http://oldmalayalam.blogspot.com/2010/12/original-tamil-malayalam-remake-nalla.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190208032430/http://oldmalayalam.blogspot.com/2010/12/original-tamil-malayalam-remake-nalla.html |archive-date=8 February 2019 |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=Old is Gold}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=October 2022}}
Ramu is a poor orphan who dreams of becoming a collector. Shankar, his rich best friend, assists him financially and by providing him with a place to stay. Geetha and Shanthi are college students and best friends who often clash due to the differences in their beliefs. Geetha is rich, arrogant and feels entitled to special treatment due to her wealth. Shanthi is poor and believes that all people should be treated with respect regardless of wealth. Both friendships end due to various circumstances. When the four meet years later, Geetha and Shanthi challenge each other over their worldviews. The rest of the story depicts whether the day would be won by wealth or hard work and respect.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sivakumar]] as Ramu
* [[Jayachitra]] as Shanthi
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Shankar
* [[Vidhubala]] as Geetha
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]]
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]]
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]]
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]]
* Sami Kannu
* Chandran Babu as Pakkiri
* I. S. R
}}

== Production ==
''Ponnukku Thanga Manasu'' was directed by duo [[Devaraj–Mohan]] making their directorial debut and it was produced by their mentor [[P. Madhavan]] under his production company Arun Prasad Movies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2015 |title='Tell him that his cycle is Acting!' எனக்குப் பிடித்த இரட்டையர்கள்!- நடிகர் சிவகுமார் கட்டுரை |url=http://andhimazhai.com/news/view/sivakumar-29-04-2015.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204030300/http://andhimazhai.com/news/view/sivakumar-29-04-2015.html |archive-date=4 December 2022 |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=Andhimazhai |language=Ta}}</ref> The title was derived from a song from ''[[Raman Ethanai Ramanadi]]'' (1970) directed by Madhavan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=7 May 2020 |title=அப்போது பி.மாதவன்; இப்போது கவுதம் வாசுதேவ்மேனன் - பாட்டுவரியை படத்தலைப்பாக்கிய இயக்குநர்கள் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/553290-p-madhavan-gouthamvasudevmenan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419123131/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/553290-p-madhavan-gouthamvasudevmenan.html |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Ta}}</ref> [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], who was previously a child actor, made his debut in this film as a leading actor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=8 December 2005 |title=For Vijayakumar, work is always worship |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/for-vijayakumar-work-is-always-worship/article27531487.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624083722/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/for-vijayakumar-work-is-always-worship/article27531487.ece |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=24 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='பொண்ணுக்கு தங்கமனசு' படத்தில் புதுமுகங்கள் |work=Navamani|language=ta|access-date=9 October 2025|page=4|date=4 April 1973|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-22-1-26#?xywh=985%2C5394%2C3762%2C2167&cv=3|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[G. K. Venkatesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponnukku Thanga Manasu Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by G K Venkatesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/ponnukku-thanga-manasu-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-g-k-venkatesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008091419/https://mossymart.com/product/ponnukku-thanga-manasu-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-g-k-venkatesh/ |archive-date=8 October 2022 |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Thanjavoor Seemayile" was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] who was Venkatesh's assistant at that time; however his name was not included in the title credits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2018 |title=இளையராஜா இசையமைத்த முதல் பாட்டு! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=8478&id1=40&issue=20180330 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230320111440/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=8478&id1=40&issue=20180330 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=Ta}}</ref> The song also marked [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]'s debut as lyricist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parthasarathy |first=Anusha |date=8 November 2011 |title=Memories of Madras – Verse in the woods |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Memories-of-Madras-%E2%80%93-Verse-in-the-woods/article13477665.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612003441/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Memories-of-Madras-%E2%80%93-Verse-in-the-woods/article13477665.ece |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Penn Ullame" || [[P. Susheela]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || [[:ta:%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88 %E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D|Poovai Senguttuvan]] || 05:13
|-
| "Thean Sindhuthey Vaanam" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]] || rowspan="2" |[[Kannadasan]] || 03:42
|-
| "Neram Iravu Neram" || L. R. Eswari || 04:04
|-
| "Thanjavoor Seemayile" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], S. Janaki || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]|| 06:21
|}

== Reception ==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' favourably reviewed the film for Devaraj–Mohan's direction and Balamurugan's writing.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=17 June 1973 |title=பொண்ணுக்கு தங்க மனசு |url=https://ibb.co/r6gy3MB |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008090907/https://ibb.co/r6gy3MB |archive-date=8 October 2022 |access-date=8 October 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''Navamani'' praised Balamurugan's screenplay and dialogues, acting of star cast and Devaraj-Mohan's direction.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 1973 |title=பொண்ணுக்கு தங்க மனசு |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_44/4.jp2/full/1000,1479/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251014150417/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_44/4.jp2/full/1000,1479/0/default.jpg |archive-date=14 October 2025 |access-date=14 October 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{P. Madhavan}}

[[Category:1970s buddy films]]
[[Category:1970s female buddy films]]
[[Category:1970s feminist films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Devaraj–Mohan]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian female buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kathanayakuni Katha

2026-03-03T21:45:26Z

DwainKilgore21: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kathanayakuni Katha.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Modukuri Johnson Appala Chary {{small|(dialogues)}}
| producer = K. Devi Vara Prasad
| director = [[D. Yoganand]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Vanisri]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = J. Satyanarayana
| editing = Kandaswamy
| studio = Tarakarama Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1975|2|21}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kathanayakuni Katha''''' ({{translation|Story of a Hero}}) is a 1975 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]], produced by K. Devi Vara Prasad under the Tarakarama Pictures banner and directed by [[D. Yoganand]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Vanisri]], with music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathanayakuni Katha (1975) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QXQ/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240604090448/https://indiancine.ma/QXQ/info |archive-date=4 June 2024 |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where Ramu, a valiant loaf, pesters his foster, Pullatla Tayaramma. Besides, Phani Bhushan Rao, a malicious Zamindar, carries several barbarities therein. Lalitha, his sister, is sweet on Ramu. Ergo, Ramu approaches Bhushanam with the proposal when he is whipped and mortified. At that point, Bhushanam started to espouse his sister to a tycoon. Then, Ramu makes a precise beard so that he will receive Lalitha's hand by gaining lakhs. Accordingly, he proceeds to the city, where a benevolent Rangaiah shelters him, and he dotes on his dumb daughter Lakshmi as his sibling. After a while, Rangaiah dies in an accident, endorsing Lakshmi's responsibility to him. Now Ramu becomes a luminary in the film industry and returns for Lalitha. By then, she quits as Bhushanam forcibly fixes her alliance with film star Suresh. He is following Ramu's payback to Bhushanam, who fakes Lalitha's death, which distresses Ramu. During that plight, Madhuri, his co-artist, consoles him, and Tayaramma aspires to splice them. Fortuitously, Lalitha reaches Raju, facing many hardships that envy Suresh. So, he ploys, based on Bhushanam, to successfully reconcile with them, molests Lakshmi, and coerces Lalitha to wed Suresh. Meanwhile, Suresh's mother, Parvatamma, detects Ramu as her elder by his birthmark. Suresh attempts to knit Lalitha forcibly, but Ramu rescues her when Parvatamma divulges the actuality. At last, Suresh & Bhushanam reforms. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Ramu & Lalitha.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Ramu
*[[Vanisri]] as Lalitha
*[[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]] as Madhuri
*[[Srividya]] as Lakshmi
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Phanibhushanam
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Suresh
*[[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Babu
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Rangaiah
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Sankharaiah
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Parvathi
*[[G. Varalakshmi]] as Pulatla Tayaramma
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Nanchari
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as herself
*[[Chaya Devi]] as Chayadevi
*[[Visweswara Rao|Master Visweswara Rao]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
Music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathanayakuni Katha (1975)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CCX/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240604090228/https://indiancine.ma/documents/CCX/info |archive-date=2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Vemanna Cheppindhi"
|[[Kosaraju]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Leela]]
|3:58
|-
|"Chilipi Kalla Baava"
|Kosaraju
|[[P. Susheela]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
|4:09
|-
|"Cheppanaa Oka Chinna Maata"
|Kosaraju
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:39
|-
|"Devude Chesthaadu"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jayaram]]
|3:59
|-
|"Cheyandira Bhojanam"
|Kosaraju
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|1:54
|-
|"Devudu Lokamlo"
|[[Acharya Aatreya]]
|P. Susheela
|3:59
|-
|"Magasiri Choopula"
|[[Dasaradhi Krishnamacharyulu|Dasaradhi]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jayaram
|4:10
|-
|"O Tight Pantu"
|Kosaraju
|[[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]], L. R. Eswari
|1:48
|-
|"Sreemathigaaroo"
|Acharya Aatreya
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:38
|}

==Reception==
{{Empty section|date=June 2024}}
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathanayakuni Katha (1975) Review |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/IDP/info |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Indiancine.ma |language=Te}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0371770}}

{{D. Yoganand}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:1970s action drama films]]
[[Category:1975 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by D. Yoganand]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]

Joshua (2020 film)

2026-03-03T09:39:38Z

DwainKilgore21: Creating new entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Joshua
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Peter Sunder Dhas
| writer = Peter Sunder Dhas
| producer =
| starring = Master Abel Peter [[Priyanka Nair]] [[Hemanth Menon]] [[Dinesh Panicker]]
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| editing = Ratheesh Mohan
| cinematography = S Lawell
| studio = The Alive Media
| distributor = [[The Alive Media]] [[NNG Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2020|02|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Joshua''''' is a 2020 Indian film made in Malayalam-language, directed by Peter Sunder Dhas starring Master Abel Peter and [[Priyanka Nair]]. The principal photography of the film began on 5 September 2019 and the film was released on 28 February 2020.<ref name=P>{{cite news |title=പ്രിയങ്ക നായര്‍ 'ജോഷ്വാ'യുമായെത്തുന്നു |trans-title=Priyanka Nair arrives with 'Joshua' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/joshua-new-film-priyanka-nair-1.4275391 |access-date=28 August 2021 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml |date=12 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Babu |first1=Bibin |title=പ്രിയങ്കയും ഹേമന്തും ഒരുമിക്കുന്ന'ജോഷ്വാ' ഫെബ്രുവരി 28ന് തിയേറ്ററുകളിൽ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/priyanka-nair-hemanth-menon-starrer-joshua-movie-will-release-on-february-28th/articleshow/74092991.cms |access-date=26 August 2021 |publisher=[[Samayam Malayalam]] |language=ml|date=12 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Babu |first=Bibin |title=പ്രിയങ്കയും ഹേമന്തും ഒരുമിക്കുന്ന'ജോഷ്വാ' ഫെബ്രുവരി 28ന് തിയേറ്ററുകളിൽ |trans-title='Joshua' with Priyanka and Hemant in theaters on 28 February |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/priyanka-nair-hemanth-menon-starrer-joshua-movie-will-release-on-february-28th/articleshow/74092991.cms |access-date=28 August 2021 |publisher=[[Samayam Malayalam]] |language=ml |date=12 February 2020}}</ref>

== Summary ==
''Joshua'' is a psychological film that shows the impact of the medium of cinema on the minds of children and how it affect their lives.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*Master Abel Peter as Joshua
*[[Priyanka Nair]] as Annie
*[[Hemanth Menon]] as Arjun
*Anu Tressa
*[[Dinesh Panicker]]
*[[Anand (actor)|Anand]]
*Manka Mahesh
*Feby Tharakan
*Anil Pappan
*Rajkumar
*Thirumala Ramachandran
*Alex Koyipurath
*Anju Nair
{{colend}}

== Production ==
First time director Peter Sunder Dhas was backed by the production house ''The Alive Media'' to make a film based on a psychological subject. Actress [[Priyanka Nair]] and child actor Abel Peter were signed for the film. Later, actors [[Hemanth Menon]] and [[Dinesh Panicker]] joined the film that was shot at the locations of [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref name=P/> and [[Varkala]]. Interestingly the first look poster of director [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s film with the same title was released around the same time creating a confusion.<ref>{{cite news |title=ഗൗതം വാസുദേവ മേനോൻ്റെ അടുത്ത ചിത്രത്തിൽ വരുൺ നായകൻ; 'ജോഷ്വ' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റര്‍ പുറത്ത് |trans-title=Varun will play the lead in Gautham Vasudeva Menon's next film; 'Joshua' first look poster out |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/gautham-menons-next-movie-joshua-first-look-poster-released/articleshow/71873487.cms |access-date=28 August 2021 |publisher=[[Samayam Malayalam]] |language=ml|date=3 November 2019}}</ref> Miss South India contestant Anu Tressa also was signed to play the romantic pair of [[Hemanth Menon]]. [[Gopi Sundar]] was assigned for the songs and background score.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joshua-Song-Kanneer Peyyum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/joshua-song-kanneer-peyyum/videoshow/75197526.cms |access-date=1 January 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 April 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|11880890}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:2020 psychological thriller films]]

3rd IIFA Utsavam

2026-03-02T05:42:24Z

DwainKilgore21: put up a details

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu film award ceremony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 3
| award = IIFA Utsavam
| last = [[2nd IIFA Utsavam|2nd]]
| award_link = IIFA Utsavam
| date = 27 September 2024
| site = [[Etihad Arena]], [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
| host = [[Akul Balaji]] [[Divya Menon]] [[Pearle Maaney]] [[Rana Daggubati]] [[Sathish]] [[Sudev Nair]] [[Teja Sajja]] [[Vijay Raghavendra]]
| producer = Wizcraft International Entertainment
| channel = {{Ubl|[[Gemini TV]] (Telugu)|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] (Tamil)|[[Surya TV]] (Malayalam)|[[Udaya TV]] (Kannada)}}
| network = [[Sun TV Network]]
| director =
| best_picture = {{ubl|''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' (Telugu)|''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' (Tamil)|''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' (Malayalam)|''[[Kaatera]]'' (Kannada)}}
| most_awards = ''Ponniyin Selvan: II'' (10)
| most_nominations = ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (13)
}}

The '''3rd IIFA Utsavam''' is an awards event that took place at the [[Etihad Arena]], [[Yas Island]] in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates, on 27 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA 2024: Shah Rukh Khan and Karan Johar all set to host grand celebration of cinema |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-shah-rukh-khan-and-karan-johar-all-set-to-host-grand-celebration-of-cinema-3161650 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards: 'Jailer', 'Dasara', '2018: Everyone is a Hero', 'Kaatera' win 'Best Picture' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/09/28/iifa-awards-best-picture-actor-actress-award-tamil-malayalam-telugu-kannada.html |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> [[Rana Daggubati]] and [[Teja Sajja]] have hosted the Telugu segment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Rana takes centre stage as host of IIFA Utsavam 2024 Telugu Cinema Awards category |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/rana-takes-centre-stage-as-host-of-iifa-utsavam-2024-telugu-cinema-awards-category-779631 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> [[Pearle Maaney]] and [[Sudev Nair]] have hosted the Malayalam segment. [[Akul Balaji]] and [[Vijay Raghavendra]] have hosted the Kannada segment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Utsavam 2024: Rana Daggubati turns host, Rakul Preet Singh to perform at the gala |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/iifa-utsavam-2024-rana-daggubati-turns-host-rakul-preet-singh-to-perform-at-the-gala20240415171632/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> [[Sathish]] and [[Divya Menon]] were later announced as the hosts for the Tamil segment. The nominations were announced on 21 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA UTSAVAM 2024 UNVEILS NOMINATIONS, HONORING THE DIVERSITY OF SOUTH INDIAN CINEMA! |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/utsavam-news-details/iifa-utsavam-2024-unveils-nominations-honoring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema- |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=IIFA 2024 Utsavam unveils nominations, honouring the diversity of South Indian cinema |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-utsavam-unveils-nominations-honouring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema-13806739.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

The event was originally scheduled to be held on 6{{Ndash}}7 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-16 |title=IIFA UTSAVAM 2024 Dates, Venue, Ticket Price, Where to Buy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/south-indian-stars-to-make-high-octane-global-waves-at-yas-island-abu-dhabi-889771 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] cinema segments were scheduled to be held on 6 September 2024 and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] cinema segments on 7 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Excitement builds as IIFA Utsavam 2024 unveils hosts and performers line-up |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/excitement-builds-as-iifa-utsavam-2024-unveils-hosts-and-performers-line-up-3025688 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> It was later rescheduled to 27 September 2024 and will be the inaugural event of the IIFA Festival 2024, followed by the [[24th IIFA Awards]] and IIFA Rocks on 28 September 2024 and 29 September 2024 respectively, at the same venue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE: Shah Rukh Khan to host IIFA Awards 2024 in Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-to-host-iifa-awards-2024 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> The technical awards were announced on 17 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEXA IIFA Utsavam Awards Co-Presented By Meteora Announces The Technical Awards Winners |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/utsavam-news-details/nexa-iifa-utsavam-awards-co-presented-by-meteora-announces-the-technical-awards-winners |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' is the most awarded film with ten awards, followed by [[2018 (film)|''2018'']], ''[[Kaatera]]'' and ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'' with five, [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']] with three. [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']] is the most awarded Telugu film, followed by ''[[Hi Nanna]]''. ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' is the most awarded Tamil film, followed by [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]. ''[[Kaatera]]'' and ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'' are the most awarded Kannada films. [[2018 (film)|''2018'']] is the most awarded Malayalam film, followed by ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]'' and ''[[Romancham]]''.
== Winners and nominees ==

=== Main awards ===
==== Telugu ====
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" |
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;" ! |Best Picture
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;" ! |[[IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Direction]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']] – Sudhakar Cherukuri, producer'''
**[[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']] – Sreenivasa Kumar Naidu, producer
** ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'' – [[Sahu Garapati]] and Harish Peddi, producers
** ''[[Hi Nanna]]'' – Mohan Cherukuri, Murthy K. S. and Vijender Reddy Teegala, producers
** ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' – [[Vijay Kiragandur]] and [[Chaluve Gowda]], producers
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Anil Ravipudi]] – ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'''''
** Mahesh Babu Pachigolla – ''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]''
** [[Prashanth Neel]] – ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
** [[Sai Rajesh]] – [[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']]
** [[Srikanth Odela]] – [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | [[IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Actor-Telugu|Performance in a Leading Role – Male]]
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | [[IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Performance in a Leading Role – Female]]
|-
|
* '''[[Nani (actor)|Nani]] – [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]'''
** [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] – ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
** [[Dhanush]] – [[Sir (2023 film)|''Sir'']]
** Nani – ''[[Hi Nanna]]''
** [[Naveen Polishetty]] – ''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]''
** [[Vijay Deverakonda]] – [[Kushi (2023 film)|''Kushi'']]
|
* '''[[Mrunal Thakur]]''' – ''[[Hi Nanna]]''
** [[Anushka Shetty]] – ''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]''
** [[Keerthy Suresh]] – [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]
** [[Sreeleela]] – ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
** [[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]] – [[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']]
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Performance in a Supporting Role – Male
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Performance in a Supporting Role – Female
|-
|
* '''[[Brahmanandam]] – ''[[Ranga Maarthaanda]]'''''
** [[Dheekshith Shetty]] – [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]
** [[Hyper Aadi]] – ''[[Ravanasura]]''
** [[Jayaram]] – ''Ravanasura''
** Racha Ravi – [[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']]
|
* '''[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] – ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]'''''
** [[Faria Abdullah]] – ''[[Ravanasura]]''
** [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]] – ''[[Ranga Maarthaanda]]''
** [[Sriya Reddy]] – ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
** Soniya Singh – [[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Music Direction
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Lyrics
|-
|
* '''[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] – [[Hi Nanna (soundtrack)|''Hi Nanna'']]'''
** [[Devi Sri Prasad]] – ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
** Hesham Abdul Wahab – [[Kushi (2023 film)|''Kushi'']]
** [[Santhosh Narayanan]] – [[Dasara (soundtrack)|''Dasara'']]
** [[Thaman S]] – ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
|
* '''[[Anantha Sriram]] – "O Rendu Prema Meghaalila" from [[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']]'''
** Kalyan Nayak – "Ayyayyo" from ''[[Mem Famous]]''
** [[Kasarla Shyam]] – "Chamkeela Angeelesi" from [[Dasara (soundtrack)|''Dasara'']]
** [[Krishna Kanth]] – "Adigaa" from [[Hi Nanna (soundtrack)|''Hi Nanna'']]
** [[Shiva Nirvana]] – "Kushi Title Song" from [[Kushi (2023 film)|''Kushi'']]
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Playback Singer – Male
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Playback Singer – Female
|-
|
* '''[[Rahul Sipligunj]] – "Ayyayyo" from ''[[Mem Famous]]'''''
** [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]] – "Almost Padipoyindhe Pilla" from ''[[Das Ka Dhamki]]''
** [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] – "Naa Roja Nuvve" from [[Kushi (2023 film)|''Kushi'']]
** [[Ram Miriyala]] – "Chamkeela Angeelesi" from [[Dasara (soundtrack)|''Dasara'']]
** [[Sid Sriram]] – "Aradhya" from [[Kushi (2023 film)|''Kushi'']]
|
* '''[[Mangli]] – "Ooru Palletooru" from [[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']]'''
** [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]] – "Chamkeela Angeelesi" from [[Dasara (soundtrack)|''Dasara'']]
** [[Chinmayi Sripaada]] – "Aradhya" from [[Kushi (2023 film)|''Kushi'']]
** [[Ramya Behara]] – "Mass Mogudu" from ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
** [[Shruti Haasan]] – "Odiyamma" from [[Hi Nanna (soundtrack)|''Hi Nanna'']]
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Performance in a Negative Role
|-
|
* '''[[Shine Tom Chacko]] – [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]'''
** [[Duniya Vijay]] – ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
** [[Jisshu Sengupta]] – ''[[Tiger Nageswara Rao]]''
** [[Prakash Raj]] – ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
** [[Samuthirakani]] – [[Sir (2023 film)|''Sir'']]
|}

==== Tamil ====
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" |
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;" ! |Best Picture
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;" ! |Best Direction
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']] – [[Kalanithi Maran]], producer'''
** ''[[Ayothi]]'' – R. Ravindran, producer
** ''[[Maamannan]]'' – M. Shenbagamurthy and R. Arjun Durai, producers
** ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' – [[Mani Ratnam]] and [[Subaskaran Allirajah]], producers
** ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]'' – [[Elred Kumar]], producer
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Mani Ratnam]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'''''
** [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] – [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]
** [[Karthik Subbaraj]] – ''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]''
** R. Manthira Moorthy – ''[[Ayothi]]''
** [[Nelson Dilipkumar]] – [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]
** [[Vetrimaaran]] – ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Performance in a Leading Role – Male
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Performance in a Leading Role – Female
|-
|
* '''[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] ''– [[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'''''
** [[Karthi]] – ''Ponniyin Selvan: II''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]
** [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] – ''[[Chithha]]''
** [[Sivakarthikeyan]] – [[Maaveeran (2023 film)|''Maaveeran'']]
** [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] – ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
|
* '''[[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'''''
** [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] – [[Farhana (film)|''Farhana'']]
** [[Keerthy Suresh]] – ''[[Maamannan]]''
** [[Nayanthara]] – ''[[Annapoorani: The Goddess of Food]]''
** [[Shraddha Srinath]] – ''[[Irugapatru]]''
** [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] – ''Ponniyin Selvan: II''
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Performance in a Supporting Role – Male
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Performance in a Supporting Role – Female
|-
|
* '''[[Jayaram]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'''''
** [[Azhagam Perumal]] – ''[[Maamannan]]''
** [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] – ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
** [[R. Sarathkumar]]– ''Ponniyin Selvan: II''
** [[Redin Kingsley]] – [[Mark Antony (2023 film)|''Mark Antony'']]
|
* '''Sahasra Shree – ''[[Chithha]]'''''
** [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
** [[Ramya Krishnan]] – [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]
** [[Raichal Rabecca]] – [[Good Night (2023 film)|''Good Night'']]
** [[Saritha]] – [[Maaveeran (2023 film)|''Maaveeran'']]
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Music Direction
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Lyrics
|-
|
* '''[[A. R. Rahman]] – [[Ponniyin Selvan: II (soundtrack)|''Ponniyin Selvan: II'']]'''
** [[Anirudh Ravichander]] – [[Jailer (soundtrack)|''Jailer'']]
** [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]] and [[Santhosh Narayanan]] – ''[[Chithha (soundtrack)|Chithha]]''
** [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] – ''[[Aneethi]]''
** [[Ilaiyaraaja]] – ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
|
* '''Super Subu – "Hukum – Thalaivar Alappara" from [[Jailer (soundtrack)|''Jailer'']]'''
** [[Ilaiyaraaja]] – "Kaattumalli" from ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
** Ilango Krishnan – "Veera Raja Veera" from ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II (soundtrack)|Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
** Vishnu Edavan – "[[Naa Ready]]" from [[Leo (soundtrack)|''Leo'']]
** [[Yugabharathi]] – "Nenjame Nenjame" from [[Maamannan (soundtrack)|''Maamannan'']]
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Playback Singer – Male
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Playback Singer – Female
|-
|
* '''[[Haricharan]] – "Chinnanjiru Nilave" from [[Ponniyin Selvan: II (soundtrack)|''Ponniyin Selvan: II'']]'''
** [[Anirudh Ravichander]] – "Hukum" from [[Jailer (soundtrack)|''Jailer'']]
** Anirudh Ravichander – "Badass" from [[Leo (soundtrack)|''Leo'']]
** [[Sean Roldan]] – "Naan Gaali" from [[Good Night (2023 film)|''Good Night'']]
** [[Vijay Yesudas]] – "Nenjame Nenjame" from [[Maamannan (soundtrack)|''Maamannan'']]
** [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] – "Rathamaarey" from ''Jailer''
|
* '''[[Shakthisree Gopalan]] – "Aga Naga" from [[Ponniyin Selvan: II (soundtrack)|''Ponniyin Selvan: II'']]'''
** [[Ananya Bhat]] – "Kaattumalli" from ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
** Shakthishree Gopalan– "Nenjame Nenjame" from [[Maamannan (soundtrack)|''Maamannan'']]
** [[Shilpa Rao]] – "[[Kaavaalaa]]" from [[Jailer (soundtrack)|''Jailer'']]
** [[Shweta Mohan]] – "Vaa Vaathi" from ''[[Vaathi]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Performance in a Negative Role
|-
|
* '''[[S. J. Suryah]] – [[Mark Antony (2023 film)|''Mark Antony'']]'''
** [[Arjun Sarja]] – [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]
** [[Fahadh Faasil]] – ''[[Maamannan]]''
** [[Selvaraghavan]] – [[Farhana (film)|''Farhana'']]
** [[Vinayakan]] – [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]
|}

==== Malayalam ====
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" |
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;" ! |Best Picture
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;" ! |Best Direction
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[2018 (film)|''2018'']] – Venu Kunnappilly, producer'''
** ''[[Falimy]]'' – Ganesh Menon and Lakshmi Warrier, producers
** ''[[Kannur Squad]]'' – George Sebastian, producer
** [[Neru (film)|''Neru'']] – [[Antony Perumbavoor]], producer
** ''[[Romancham]]'' – [[Johnpaul George]], producer
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Jeo Baby]] – ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]'''''
** Devan Jayakumar – ''[[Valatty]]''
** [[Jithu Madhavan]] – ''[[Romancham]]''
** [[Jude Anthany Joseph]] – [[2018 (film)|''2018'']]
** [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] – ''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]''
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Performance in a Leading Role – Male
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Performance in a Leading Role – Female
|-
|
* '''[[Tovino Thomas]] – [[2018 (film)|''2018'']]'''
** [[Fahadh Faasil]] – ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]''
** [[Joju George]] – ''[[Iratta]]''
** [[Mammootty]] – ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
** Mammootty – ''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]''
** [[Mohanlal]] – [[Neru (film)|''Neru'']]
|
* '''[[Anaswara Rajan]] – [[Neru (film)|''Neru'']]'''
** [[Jyothika]] – ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
** [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] – ''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]''
** [[Manju Pillai]] – ''[[Falimy]]''
** [[Vincy Aloshious]] – [[Rekha (2023 film)|''Rekha'']]
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Performance in a Supporting Role – Male
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Performance in a Supporting Role – Female
|-
|
* '''Sudhi Kozhikode – ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]'''''
** [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] – [[Thuramukham (2023 film)|''Thuramukham'']]
** [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] – [[2018 (film)|''2018'']]
** [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] – [[Neru (film)|''Neru'']]
** [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] – ''2018''
|
* '''[[Mamitha Baiju]] – ''[[Pranaya Vilasam]]'''''
** [[Bindu Panicker]] – ''[[Madhura Manohara Moham]]''
** [[Darshana Rajendran]] – [[Thuramukham (2023 film)|''Thuramukham'']]
** [[Nikhila Vimal]] – ''[[Ayalvaashi]]''
** [[Srinda]] – ''Thuramukham''
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Music Direction
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Lyrics
|-
|
* '''[[Sushin Shyam]] – ''[[Romancham]]'''''
** [[Dabzee]], [[Vishnu Vijay]] – ''[[Sulaikha Manzil]]''
** Nobin Paul – [[2018 (soundtrack)|''2018'']]
** Sushin Shyam – ''[[Kannur Squad]]''
** Vishnu Vijay – ''[[Falimy]]''
|
* '''[[Joe Paul (lyricist)|Joe Paul]] – "Uyirayi Maarave" from [[2018 (soundtrack)|''2018'']]'''
** Joe Paul – "Venmegham" from ''2018''
** BK Harinarayanan – "Arike Koottay Arike" from ''[[Valatty]]''
** [[Muhsin Parari]] – "Mazhavillile" from ''[[Falimy]]''
** [[Vinayak Sasikumar]] – "Mrudhu Bhaave Dhruda Kruthye" from ''[[Kannur Squad]]''
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Playback Singer – Male
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" ! | Playback Singer – Female
|-
|
* '''[[Sushin Shyam]] – "Aathmave Po" from ''[[Romancham]]'''''
** [[K. S. Harisankar]] – "Uyirayi Maarave" from [[2018 (soundtrack)|''2018'']]
** K. S. Harishankar– "Venmegham" from ''2018''
** [[Vijay Yesudas]] – "Niramulloru" from ''[[Valatty]]''
** [[Vishnu Vijay]] – "Mazhavillile" from ''[[Falimy]]''
|
* '''Ezma Nobin – "Innithile" from [[2018 (soundtrack)|''2018'']]'''
** [[K. S. Chithra]] – "Alivozhukum" from [[Antony (2023 film)|''Antony'']]
** K. S. Chithra – "Pottithakarnna Kinavu" from [[Neelavelicham (film)|''Neelavelicham'']]
** Madhuvanthi Narayan – "Aadharanjali" from ''[[Romancham]]''
** [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Ayisha Ayisha" from [[Ayisha (film)|''Ayisha'']]
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Performance in a Negative Role
|-
|
* '''[[Arjun Radhakrishnan]] – ''[[Kannur Squad]]'''''
** [[Biju Menon]] – [[Garudan (2023 film)|''Garudan'']]
** [[Roshan Mathew]] – [[Dhoomam (2023 film)|''Dhoomam'']]
** [[Sudev Nair]] – [[Thuramukham (2023 film)|''Thuramukham'']]
** [[Sunny Wayne]] – [[Vela (film)|''Vela'']]
|}
==== Kannada ====
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|Best Picture
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|Best Direction
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Kaatera]]'' {{Ndash}} [[Rockline Venkatesh]], producer'''
** ''[[Aachar & Co]]'' {{Ndash}} Ashwini Puneeth Rajkumar, producer
** [[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|''Kousalya Supraja Rama'']] {{Ndash}} [[B. C. Patil]], Raghavendra P. S, Ramesha K, [[Shashank (director)|Shashank]], Shrushti Patil and Vanaja Patil, producers
** ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'' {{Ndash}} [[Rakshit Shetty]], producer
** ''[[Tagaru Palya]]'' – [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]], producer
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Tharun Sudhir]] – ''[[Kaatera]]'''''
** [[Hemanth M. Rao]] – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]''
** [[M. G. Srinivas]] – [[Ghost (2023 film)|''Ghost'']]
** [[Shashank (director)|Shashank]] – [[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|''Kousalya Supraja Rama'']]
** Sindhu Sreenivasa Murthy – ''[[Aachar & Co]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Performance in a Leading Role – Male
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Performance in a Leading Role – Female
|-
|
* '''[[Rakshit Shetty]] – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'''''
** [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] – ''[[Kaatera]]''
** [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]] – [[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|''Kousalya Supraja Rama'']]
** [[Raj B. Shetty]] – [[Toby (film)|''Toby'']]
** [[Shiva Rajkumar]] – [[Ghost (2023 film)|''Ghost'']]
|
* '''[[Rukmini Vasanth]] – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'''''
** Amrutha Prem – ''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
** Aradhana Ram – ''[[Kaatera]]''
** [[Chaithra J. Achar]] – [[Toby (film)|''Toby'']]
** [[Megha Shetty]] – [[Kaiva (2023 film)|''Kaiva'']]
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Performance in a Supporting Role – Male
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Performance in a Supporting Role – Female
|-
|
* '''Gopal Krishna Deshpande – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B]]'''''
** [[Anoop Revanna]] – [[Kabzaa (2023 film)|''Kabzaa'']]
** [[Chikkanna]] – ''[[Raja Marthanda]]''
** [[Kumar Govind]] – ''[[Kaatera]]''
** [[Nagabhushana]] – [[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|''Kousalya Supraja Rama'']]
|
* '''[[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] – ''[[Kaatera]]'''''
** Janvi Rayala – [[Kaiva (2023 film)|''Kaiva'']]
** [[Meghana Gaonkar]] – ''[[Shivaji Surathkal 2]]''
** [[Sudha Belawadi]] – [[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|''Kousalya Supraja Rama'']]
** [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] – ''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Music Direction
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Lyrics
|-
|
* '''[[V. Harikrishna]] – ''[[Kaatera]]'''''
** [[Arjun Janya]] – [[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|''Kousalya Supraja Rama'']]
** [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] – ''[[Hostel Hudugaru Bekagiddare]]''
** [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]''
** [[Vasuki Vaibhav]] – ''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
|
* '''Dhananjay Ranjan – "Sapta Saagaradaache Ello Title Track" from ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'''''
** [[Chethan Kumar (director)|Chethan Kumar]] – "Pasandaagavne" from ''[[Kaatera]]''
** [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] – "Sambanja Annodu Doddu Kana" from ''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
** Shashank – "Shivani" from [[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|''Kousalya Supraja Rama'']]
** [[V. Nagendra Prasad]] – "Sankranthi Sanjeli" from [[Kaiva (2023 film)|''Kaiva'']]
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Playback Singer – Male
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Playback Singer – Female
|-
|
* '''MC Bijju and Kiran Kaverappa – "Horaata" from ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'''''
** Nishan Rai – "Shivani" from [[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|''Kousalya Supraja Rama'']]
** [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] – "Protest Song" from ''[[Hostel Hudugaru Bekagiddare]]''
** [[Prem (director)|Prem]] – "Sambanja Annodu Doddu Kana" from ''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
** [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]] – "Manasege Banthu Bittu Hogoke" from ''[[Kaatera]]''
|
* '''Srilakshmi Belmannu – "Kadalanu" from ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]'''''
** Aishwarya Rangarajan – "Namaami Namaami" from [[Kabzaa (2023 film)|''Kabzaa'']]
** Eesha Suchi – "Twinkle Twinkle" from ''[[Shivaji Surathkal 2]]''
** Madhuri Seshadri – "Suryakanthi" from ''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
** [[Vani Harikrishna]] – "Anuragava Kalisalu" from ''[[Kaatera]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Performance in a Negative Role
|-
|
* '''[[Jagapathi Babu]] – ''[[Kaatera]]'''''
** [[Abhijith (actor)|Abhijith]] – [[Ghost (2023 film)|''Ghost'']]
** [[Meghana Raj]] – ''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]''
** Ramesh Indira – ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]''
** Shishya Deepak – [[Veeram (2023 film)|''Veeram'']]
|}

=== Technical awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Best Screenplay
|-
|
* '''Alfred Prakash, Vignesh Raja – ''[[Por Thozhil]]'' (Tamil)'''
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Best Dialogues
|-
|
* '''Mahesh Babu Pachigolla – ''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]'' (Telugu)'''
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Best Cinematography
|-
|
* '''[[Ravi Varman]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (Tamil)'''
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Best Editing
|-
|
* '''Ujwal Kulkarni – ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' (Telugu)'''
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Best Background Score
|-
|
* '''[[A. R. Rahman]] – [[Ponniyin Selvan: II (soundtrack)|''Ponniyin Selvan: II'']] (Tamil)'''
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Best Choreography
|-
|
* '''[[Prem Rakshith]] – "Chamkeela Angeelesi" from [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']] (Telugu)'''
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Best Production Design
|-
|
* '''[[Thota Tharani]]''' '''– ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (Tamil)'''
|-
! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| Best Special Effects (Visual)
|-
|
* '''Mindstein Studios – [[2018 (film)|''2018'']] (Malayalam)'''
|}

=== Special awards ===

* Outstanding Achievement in Indian Cinema – [[Chiranjeevi]]
* Golden Legacy – [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
* Woman of the Year – [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
* Excellence in Indian Cinema – [[Keerthy Suresh]]
* Outstanding Contribution in Indian Cinema – [[Priyadarshan]]
* Outstanding Excellence in Kannada cinema – [[Rishab Shetty]]
* Best Debut – Kannada – Aradhana Ram for ''[[Kaatera]]''

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Films with multiple nominations
! Nominations !! Film
|-
!13
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |11
| [[2018 (film)|''2018'']]
|-
|''[[Kaatera]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |10
|[[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]
|-
|[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]
|-
!9
|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]''
|-
!8
|[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|''Kousalya Supraja Rama'']]
|-
! rowspan="3" |7
|''[[Maamannan]]''
|-
|''[[Tagaru Palya]]''
|-
|''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''
|-
!6
|''[[Hi Nanna]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" |5
|''[[Falimy]]''
|-
|[[Kushi (2023 film)|''Kushi'']]
|-
|''[[Romancham]]''
|-
! rowspan="6" |4
|[[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']]
|-
|''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
|-
|''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
|-
|''[[Kannur Squad]]''
|-
|[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]
|-
|[[Neru (film)|''Neru'']]
|-
! rowspan="10" |3
|''[[Chithha]]''
|-
|[[Farhana (film)|''Farhana'']]
|-
|[[Ghost (2023 film)|''Ghost'']]
|-
|[[Kaiva (2023 film)|''Kaiva'']]
|-
|''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]''
|-
|''[[Ravanasura]]''
|-
|''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|-
|[[Thuramukham (2023 film)|''Thuramukham'']]
|-
|''[[Valatty]]''
|-
|''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
|-
! rowspan="14" |2
|''[[Aachar & Co]]''
|-
|''[[Ayothi]]''
|-
|[[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']]
|-
|[[Good Night (2023 film)|''Good Night'']]
|-
|''[[Hostel Hudugaru Bekagiddare]]''
|-
|[[Kabzaa (2023 film)|''Kabzaa'']]
|-
|[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|''Maaveeran'']]
|-
|[[Mark Antony (2023 film)|''Mark Antony'']]
|-
|''[[Mem Famous]]''
|-
|''[[Ranga Maarthaanda]]''
|-
|''[[Shivaji Surathkal 2]]''
|-
|[[Sir (2023 film)|''Sir'']]
|-
|[[Toby (film)|''Toby'']]
|-
|''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Films with multiple awards
! Awards !! Film
|-
!10
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" |5
|[[2018 (film)|''2018'']]
|-
|''[[Kaatera]]''
|-
|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]''
|-
!4
|[[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']]
|-
! rowspan="4" |2
|''[[Hi Nanna]]''
|-
|[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]
|-
|''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
|-
|''[[Romancham]]''
|}

== Presenters and performers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Performer
!Work
|-
|Aradhana Ram
|Dance
|-
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Singing
|-
|[[Malashri]]
| rowspan="7" |Dance
|-
|[[Prabhu Deva]]
|-
|[[Pragya Jaiswal]]
|-
|[[Raashii Khanna]]
|-
|[[Regina Cassandra]]
|-
|[[Shane Nigam]]
|-
|[[Janhvi Kapoor]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.iifa.com/iifa-utsavam-2024|name=Official website}}
{{IIFA Utsavam}}

[[Category:IIFA Utsavam]]
[[Category:2024 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:September 2024 in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:2024 awards in India]]

Samarsata Express

2026-02-25T18:12:23Z

DwainKilgore21: started

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{no footnotes|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Samarsata Superfast Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1998|08|17}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|Mumbai LTT]] (LTT)
| stops = 21
| end = {{stnlnk|Shalimar}} (SHM)
| distance = {{convert|2071|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 35 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = Bi-weekly.
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| sharing = Rake sharing with 12101/12102 [[Jnaneswari Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[Broad Gauge]]
| el =
| trainnumber = 12151 / 12152
| speed = {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Samarsata Express (Howrah - Mumbai) Route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12151 / 12152 '''Samarsata Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways]] zone that runs between [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] and {{stnlnk|Shalimar}} in India. It is named after Samarasta Festival held in [[Nagpur]].

It operates as train number 12151 from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus to Shalimar and as train number 12152 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]] & [[West Bengal]].

==Coaches==

The 12151 / 12152 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Howrah Samarsata Express presently has 1 AC 1st Class, 2 AC 2 tier, 5 AC 3 tier, 8 Sleeper Class, 3 Second Class seating & 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. In addition, it carries a [[pantry car]].

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.
[[File:Samarsata Express - coachboard.jpg|thumb|Samarsata Express – coachboard]]
[[File:Samarsata Express - 2nd Class coach.jpg|thumb|Samarsata Express – 2nd Class coach]]

==Service==

The 12151 / 12152 Samarsata Express covers the distance of 2081 kilometres in 35 hours 50 mins as 12151 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Howrah Samarsata Express (58.07 km/h) and 2091 kilometres in 34 hrs 15 mins as 12152 Howrah–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Samarsata Express (61.05 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above 55 km/h, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a superfast surcharge.

==Routeing==

The 12151 / 12152 Samarsata Express runs from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus via {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Igatpuri}}, [[Nashik Road]], {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}, [[Akola Junction]], {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}, [[Gondia Junction]], {{stnlnk|Bilaspur Junction}}, [[Rourkela Junction]], [[Chakradharpur railway station|Chakradharpur]], [[Chandil railway station|Chandil Junction]], {{stnlnk|Adra Junction}}, [[Bankura Junction railway station|Bankura Junction]], {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}} to Shalimar.

==Traction==

Initially a [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-3|WCAM-3]] from the [[Diesel Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan shed]] would haul the train from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus up to {{stnlnk|Igatpuri}} handing over to a {{stnlnk|Santragachi}}-based [[WAP-4]] which powers the train until {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}}.

With Central Railway progressively moving towards a complete changeover from DC to AC traction, it has recently started being hauled end to end by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Ajni|Ajni Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]]
electric locomotive.

==Timings==

* 12151 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Shalimar Samarsata Express leaves Lokmanya Tilak Terminus every Wednesday & Thursday at 20:35 hrs IST and reaches Shalimar at 06:55 hrs IST on the 3rd day.
* 12152 Shalimar–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Samarsata Express leaves Shalimar every Friday & Saturday at 19:45 hrs IST and reaches Lokmanya Tilak Terminus at 05:30 hrs IST on the 3rd day.

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in|title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry|publisher=indianrail.gov.in|accessdate=2014-04-05}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.mouthshut.com/review/Samarasata-Delux-review-slmrtonuon|title=SAMARASATA DELUX Consumer Reviews and Ratings–Samarsata Express!!! – MouthShut.com|publisher=mouthshut.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://isomerase.blogspot.in/2012/08/a-54-hour-train-ride.html|title=My Adventures on the Indian Railways: A 54 Hour Train Ride|date=August 2012 |publisher=isomerase.blogspot.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/several-trains-on-south-eastern-railway-route-diverted-11824|title=Several trains on South Eastern Railway route diverted | NDTV.com|publisher=ndtv.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samarsata Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1998]]

Kalpasar Project

2026-02-22T23:12:16Z

DwainKilgore21: Creating a pg - done

{{Short description|Dam in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{update|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Kalpasar Dam
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = India
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_alt =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = dam
| coordinates = {{coord|21|27|21|N|72|24|57|E|display=inline}}
| country =
| location =
| purpose =
| status =
| construction_began =
| opening =
| demolished =
| cost =
| builder =
| owner =
| operator =
| dam_type =
| dam_crosses =
| dam_height_foundation =
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_length =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total =
| res_capacity_active =
| res_capacity_inactive =
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_max_depth =
| res_elevation =
| res_tidal_range =
| lower_dam_type =
| lower_dam_crosses =
| lower_dam_height_foundation =
| lower_dam_height_thalweg =
| lower_dam_length =
| lower_dam_elevation_crest =
| lower_dam_width_crest =
| lower_dam_width_base =
| lower_dam_volume =
| lower_spillway_count =
| lower_spillway_type =
| lower_spillway_capacity =
| lower_res_name =
| lower_res_capacity_total =
| lower_res_capacity_active =
| lower_res_capacity_inactive =
| lower_res_catchment =
| lower_res_surface =
| lower_res_max_length =
| lower_res_max_width =
| lower_res_max_depth =
| lower_res_elevation =
| lower_res_tidal_range =
| plant_name =
| plant_coordinates = 
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_hydraulic_head =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_pumpgenerators =
| plant_pumps =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_capacity_factor =
| plant_efficiency =
| plant_storage_hours =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_annual_gen_year =
| website = {{official website}}
| extra =
}}
[[File:Map Gujarat state and districts.png|thumb|right|320px|The [[Gulf of Khambat]] is at the right-lower-center of the map of Gujarat on the [[Arabian Sea]].]]

The '''Kalpasar Project''' or the '''Gulf of Khambhat Development Project''' envisages building a 30 km [[dam]] across the [[Gulf of Khambat]] in India for establishing a huge fresh water [[coastal reservoir]] for [[irrigation]], drinking and industrial purposes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Efficacy of coastal reservoirs to address India's water shortage by impounding excess river flood waters near the coast (page 49)|url=http://ojs.udspub.com/index.php/jsupp/issue/viewIssue/51/4|accessdate=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234122/http://ojs.udspub.com/index.php/jsupp/issue/viewIssue/51/4|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Association for Coastal Reservoir Research|url=http://iacrr.org/publications|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234508/http://iacrr.org/publications|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 July 2018|accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref> The project with 30 km sea dam will have the capacity to store 10 billion cubic meters fresh water, equating to 25% of Gujarat’s average annual rainwater flow, from the rivers like [[Narmada River|Narmada]], [[Mahi River|Mahi]], [[Dhadhar River|Dhadhar]], [[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]], [[Bhogavo River|Limbdi-Bhagovo]], and two other minor rivers.<ref name="t1"/> A 10 lane road link will also be set up over the dam, greatly reducing the distance between [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[South Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/english/news/industry/14131-indian-water-project-south-korea-build-sea-wall-india|title=South Korea to Build Sea Wall in India|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=23 March 2016|archive-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325090734/http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/english/news/industry/14131-indian-water-project-south-korea-build-sea-wall-india|url-status=dead}}</ref> The project, which will create world's largest freshwater lake in marine environment, will cost INR90,000 crore or US$12.75 billion (2015-16 estimates with 8% annual inflation) excluding the cost of [[Tidal power|tidal power plant]].<ref name="t2"/> Project entails construction of the main ''"Kalpasar dam"'' across Gulf of Khambat and another [[Bhadbhut barrage]] on [[Narmada River|Narmada river]], as well as a canal connecting the two.<ref name=short1/>

Spending began in earnest in 2004,<ref name="in180221">{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Jumana |title=Gujarat government unclear on Kalpasar Dam project after spending crores |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/despite-spending-rs-30-71-cr-gujarat-govt-unclear-on-viability-of-kalpasar-dam-project-1174787-2018-02-21 |accessdate=26 December 2018 |publisher=India News |date=21 February 2018}}</ref> and by 2018 INR 250 crore has been spent on various feasibility studies and surveys.<ref name="t2"/> By July 2019, 25 of the 43 feasibility studies for the ecological, environmental, social and financial impact, etc were complete; 8 more were underway; remaining 10 surveys will take 3 to 5 years to complete i.e. by 2021-23.<ref name="t2"/> Detailed Project Report (DPR) was intended to be completed by the end of 2018.<ref name="t3">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/8-kalpsar-feasibility-studies-still-on-govt/articleshow/70198801.cms|title=Eight Kalpsar feasibility studies still on: Gujarat government
|date=12 July 2019|newspaper=Times of India|language=en-US|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="t1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-water-woes-kalpsar-project-dpr-likely-by-year-end/articleshow/62872660.cms|title=Gujarat water woes: Kalpsar project DPR likely by year end|date=11 February 2018|newspaper=Times of India|language=en-US|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> The project, if found feasible, will take at least 20 years (by 2035-38) to complete including 3 to 5 years pre-construction feasibility studies which are presently underway, and further 12 to 15 years of construction thereafter which has not commenced yet.<ref name="t2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/kalpasar-to-take-at-least-20-years-if-found-feasible/articleshow/56633405.cms|title=Kalpasar to take at least 20 years, if found feasible|date=18 January 2017|newspaper=Times of India|language=en-US|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> As of 2018, no environmental or other clearances have been obtained for the Kalpasar dam.<ref name="t1"/> Meanwhile the construction of the [[Bhadbhut barrage]], which is a smaller component of the project, commenced in 2020.<ref name=update1/>

More than 30,000 MCM of water from [[Narmada River|Narmada river]] alone flows out annually into the sea due to the lack of storage capacity and dams, thus experts have been calling for a review of Gujarat's Water Policy to expedite the Kalpasar project.<ref name="t4">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/water-equal-to-four-times-narmada-dam-capacity-flowed-into-the-sea/articleshow/71414168.cms|title=Narmada dam capacity flowed into the sea|date=3 October 2019|newspaper=Times of India|language=en-US|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> Few more similar projects are on anvil to harness the surplus flood waters of Indian rivers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=2023-12-27 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=30–45 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 }}</ref>

==Background==

=== Etymology ===

''Kalpasar'' means a lake that fulfills all the wishes (कल्प+सर). The construction of the word is similar to कल्पवृक्ष, the Hindu mythological ‘[[Kalpavriksha|Kalpa Vriksha]]’ ([[Devanagari]]: कल्पवृक्ष) – wishing tree.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://newser.in/good-news/kalpsar-project-worlds-largest-lake/|title=Kalpsar Project : World's Largest Lake|date=18 November 2016|newspaper=Newser|language=en-US|access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref>

===History===

The Gulf of Khambhat was identified as a promising site for tidal power generation by UNDP Expert, Mr. Eric Wilson in the year 1975. Successive governments were then presented in details the possibility of a project, aptly named Kalpasar Project by its visionary Dr. Anil Kane, who conceptualised it in 80s as a feasible project. In 1988–89 a reconnaissance report was prepared for the dam across the Gulf of Khambhat. The report concluded that, assuming sound foundation conditions, the closure of the Gulf was technically feasible.<ref name=recon1>{{cite web|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/daily-wire/work-on-gujarats-kalpasar-project-likely-to-commence-by-next-year/|title=Work on Gujarats Kalpasar project likely to commence by next year|date=27 May 2013 |accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref> Studies are still going on and the length of the proposed dam is reduced and the tidal power component is dropped. The cost of project is estimated at {{Indian Rupee}} 85,000 crore as of 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/04_Jul_2022_10125319044276867Annexure-Pre-feasibilityReport(PFR).pdf|title=Pre-Feasibility: Report Kalpasar Project|date= June 2022|access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref> It is reported that the project may take 20 years to complete if found feasible and approved.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/kalpasar-to-take-at-least-20-years-if-found-feasible/articleshow/56633405.cms|title=Kalpasar to take at least 20 years, if found feasible – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>

== Project details ==

=== Objectives ===

Kalpasar aims at the creation of a [[fresh water]] coastal reservoir in the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] by the construction of a dam connecting the east and west bank of the Gulf. In the reservoir the runoff from [[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]], [[Mahi River|Mahi]], [[Dhadhar River|Dhadar]] and [[Narmada River|Narmada]] will be stored, together with the waters from the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] rivers discharging into the [[Gulf of Khambhat]]. The stored waters are to be used for irrigation, domestic and industrial water requirements in the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India is not running out of water, water is running out of India|date=26 March 2017 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/260317/by-invitation-india-is-not-running-out-of-water-water-is-running-out-of-india.html|accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref> Kalpasar is considered the evident solution for solving on the short as well as on the long term the threatening drinking and irrigation water problems in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].

Once the Gulf is closed, water levels within the reservoir can be controlled while the [[Tide|tidal]] fluctuation outside the reservoir continues and, hence, can be harnessed for the generation of [[Tidal power|tidal energy]].

In addition to fresh water storage and [[tidal power]] generation, Kalpasar also aims at land reclamation, transportation improvements and fisheries development. In accordance with this project, a mega fresh water reservoir will be constructed on the upstream side of the dam by impounding the surplus waters of numerous rivers.

This project, will resolve four vital problems of the [[Gujarat|State of Gujarat]] which are water, electrical power, road-rail transport and development of ports.<ref name=":0" />

===Scope and cost===

====Abandoned original plan and scope====
[[File:Kalpsar3.jpg|thumb|Map of old proposal scope with larger 64 km long Kalpasar dam and tidal power plant, no longer valid.]]

The original plan envisaged a larger dam along with a tidal power plant.

A [[Government of Gujarat|state government]] release said the Rs 55,000 crore (US$11.7 billion) project, to be completed by 2020, will have a vast fresh water reservoir with gross storage of 16,791 million cubic metres of water, 64 km long dam across the Gulf of Khambhat connecting [[Ghogha]] in [[Bhavnagar]] with [[Hansot]] in [[Bharuch District]], reducing the distance between the two by 225 km. It will have tidal power generation house with an installed capacity of 5,880 [[megawatt|MW]]. Another estimate was given by the Government in October 2010 which stated the proposed dam to be built just north of [[Bhavnagar]] in the west to Alandar in [[Dahej]] on the east.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gujarat-plans-first-over-the-sea-dam/articleshow/6811046.cms|title=Gujarat plans first over the sea dam|newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref> In 2017, the revised project plan reduced the size of lake with only 30 km sea dam instead of original plan of 64 km long dam.<ref name=short1/>

==== Revised and reduced current scope ====
[[File:Kalpasar Dyke Project.jpg|thumb|Map of the new and revised Proposed Kalpasar Project ]]
In 2017 the scope and size of the dam project was reduced, instead of a longer Kalpasar dam across the Gulf of, it will now have a shorter Kalpasar dam across the Gulf of Khambat along with another [[Bhadbhut barrage]] on Narmada river and a canal connecting these two.<ref name=short1/> The Tidal power project has been dropped from the scope,<ref name=short1/> which could be taken up as a separate project.

* '''Kalpasar dam''': The size of Kalpasar dam has been reduced by shifting the alignment towards north, from [[Kala Talav]] village in [[Bhavnagar district]] to [[Aladar]] village north of [[Port of Dahej]] in [[Bharuch district]].<ref name=short1/>

* '''[[Bhadbhut barrage]]''': Since the alignment of ''"Kalpasar dam"'' has been moved further north, the [[Narmada River]] will not flow directly into the Kalpasar dam. Instead Narmada's water will be diverted to Kalpasar dam by constructing another 1.7 km long [[causeway]]-cum-[[weir]] barrage of 600 million cubic meter storage capacity 25 km upstream of Narmada's mouth before it enters the sea near [[Bhadbhut]] in Bharuch district.<ref name=short1/><ref name=short2>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/state-protests-waterway-bodys-plan-to-repurpose-badhbhut-barrage/articleshow/67934902.cms Gujarat protests waterway body’s plan to repurpose Badhbhut barrage], Times of India, 11 February 2019.</ref><ref name=short3>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/bhadbhut-barrage-only-solution-to-salinity-ingress-in-narmada/articleshow/65494235.cms ‘Bhadbhut barrage only solution to salinity ingress in Narmada], Times of India, 22 April 2018.</ref> This barrage help prevent [[saltwater intrusion]] in Narmada River.<ref name=short3/>

* '''[[Bhadbhut-Kalpasar canal]]''': To transfer the water of narmada river from ''"Bhadbhut barrage"'' to ''"Kalpasar dam"'', a new 30 km long canal with one lac [[cusec]]s water carrying capacity will be constructed from ''"Bhadbhut barrage"'' to ''"Kalpasar dam"''.<ref name=short1/>

* '''Kalpasar irrigation command and channels''': Various canals and channels will be built in the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] to irrigate the farms from ''"Kalpasar dam"''.<ref name=short1>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/kalpasar-to-take-at-least-20-years-if-found-feasible/articleshow/56633405.cms|title=Kalpasar to take at least 20 years, if found feasible|newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 January 2017 |accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kala+Talav,+Gujarat,+India/Aladar,+Gujarat,+India/Bhadbhut,+Gujarat,+India/@22.1004279,71.9807118,9z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m20!4m19!1m5!1m1!1s0x395f4f8974ca8609:0x95f25fb0e54071e1!2m2!1d72.1401322!2d21.8469266!1m5!1m1!1s0x395f79ae40147d2f:0xbac4e33b2fbe1781!2m2!1d72.6683333!2d21.8342294!1m5!1m1!1s0x3be029b65fba9253:0xe08f81c063f2e33a!2m2!1d72.8441629!2d21.6843454!3e0 Current/new alignment map]</ref>

=== Issues ===
Narmada river one of the [[List of National Waterways in India|111 waterways in India]] which facilitate the [[water transport in India]], the currently design of Bhadhut barrage by the [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat government]] would allow only lower capacity class III ships where as the union water transport ministry notification envisages higher capacity class IV ships, consequently union government has asked [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat government]] to upgrade the design of the barrage and shipping locks to facilitate the navigation of larger class IV ships.<ref name=short2/>

There are other ecological and environmental issues to be addressed as part of various feasibility studies being undertaken.

=== Current status ===
; Planning stage
* '''1975-2004 Endless wait due to poor planning and slow pace of implementation:''' Conceived in 1975, reconnaissance in 1988–89 and with construction expected to commence in 2012, is a much delayed project.<ref name=recon1/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sandrp.in/dams/Why_Modis_54000_crore_legacy_project_KALPSAR_is_doomed_Nov_2010.pdf|title=Modi's hankering for illusory legacy of mega water project|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821011137/http://sandrp.in/dams/Why_Modis_54000_crore_legacy_project_KALPSAR_is_doomed_Nov_2010.pdf|archive-date=21 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

; Feasibility surveys stage
* '''2004 - spending began on feasibility surveys:''', but work was delayed amid questions about feasibility.<ref name="in180221"/>

* '''2014-17 - ongoing surveys:''' The entire [[Gulf of Khambhat]] area was undergoing [[Bathymetry|Bathymetric]] and Land Survey for determining sea bed levels under the supervision of [[National Institute of Ocean Technology]] (NIOT, [[Chennai]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalpasarproject.com|title=Kalpasar Project|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223092926/http://www.kalpasarproject.com/|archive-date=23 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newser.in/good-news/kalpsar-project-worlds-largest-lake/|title=Kalpasar Project (Yojana) : World's Largest Lake|date=18 November 2016 |accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref>

* '''2019 - 25 surveys out of 43 completed, 8 underway, 10 yet to commence:''' By July 2019, 25 of the 43 feasibility studies for the ecological, environmental, social and financial impact, etc were complete; 8 more were underway; remaining 10 surveys will take 3 to 5 years to complete i.e. by 2021-23.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A3ab48021-40fb-47c0-b9d4-995d868ffc3a|title=Hydraulic and morphological impact of a closure dam in the Gulf of Khambhat|accessdate=15 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="t2"/> Detailed Project Report (DPR) was intended to be completed by the end of 2018.<ref name="t3"/>

; Construction stage
* Tenders for the ''"Bhadhut barrage"'' will be issued by December 2019 and construction will commence in 2020.<ref name=update1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/cm-lays-foundation-for-100mld-desalination-plant-in-dahej/articleshow/72312824.cms Gujarat CM Vijay Rupani lays foundation for 100MLD desalination plant in Dahej], Times of India, 1 December 2019.</ref> The construction of main ''"Kalpasar dam"'' Will take 12 to 15 years, once the construction commences only after 2021-23.

== Other water projects in the area ==
In December 2019, Chief Minister [[Vijay Rupani|Vijaybhai Rupani]] laid the foundation stone for the 100 MLD water desalination plant in Dahej - which will be operational by 2022 - and 8 more such desalination plants will be built in [[Gujarat]] to meet the water needs of the state's industry.<ref name=update1/>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Similar projects
** [[Polavaram Project]], under construction in India
** [[Saemangeum Seawall]], functional in Korea
** [[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]

* Lists
** [[Dissolved load|List of rivers by dissolved load]]
** [[List of drainage basins by area]]
** [[List of rivers of India by discharge]]
** [[List of rivers by discharge]]
** [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]

* Water management in India
** [[Environment of India]]
** [[Groundwater#India|Ground water in India]]
** [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]]
** [[Irrigation in India]]
** [[National Water Policy]]
** [[Water scarcity in India]]
** [[Water supply and sanitation in India]]
** [[Water pollution in India]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
; Citations
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website}}

{{-}}
{{Hydrography of Gujarat}}
{{Power stations of Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Water supply infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:Power stations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tidal power stations in India]]
[[Category:Proposed tidal power stations]]
[[Category:Gulf of Khambhat]]
[[Category:Dams in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Proposed dams in India]]
[[Category:Proposed renewable energy power stations in India]]

Government model high school sector 25 Chandigarh

2026-02-22T19:10:47Z

DwainKilgore21: Made new info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Government Model High School, Sector-25, Chandigarh
| trust =
| school_number = 01722700139
| system =
| schedule = 7:30 AM 2:30 PM
| category = Government school
| hours_in_day = 6 hours
| superintendent =
| administrator =
| location = Sector 25 [[Chandigarh]] UT
| teaching_staff = 100+
| faculty =
| head_teacher = Mrs. Nitika
| classrooms = 75+
| song = [[Jana Gana Mana]]
| communities =
| image =
| caption =
| picture =
| revenue =
| former_name = Government Model girls school
| country = India
| staff = 250+
| campus_size = (minimum) 0.5 kg
| motto = ''Satyamev Jayate''
| newspaper =
| sports = Hockey, basketball, football
| other_names = GMHS25, 25Model
| schooltype = Government school for public
| fundingtype = State-funded
| established = 1978
| coordinates =
| sister_school = Government Model high School, Sector 24, Chandigarh
| school_code =
| school_board = Central Board of Secondary Education, CBSE
| teams = Hockey
| team_name = GMHS Sec 25 hockey team
| colours =
| fees = 150 $ for General
| headmistress =
| director = Mr. Keshav
| principal = Mr Rajinder Singh
| classes = Nursery to 10th
| houses = Laghpat house, Shubhasph house, Patel house, Shrabha house
| enrollment = +800 (2021)
| state = Punjab, Chandigarh
| language = English, Hindi, Punjabi
| local_authority = Chandigarh education administration
| educational_authority = CBSE, S.C.O 34 to 37 Jublie square, Block E aerocity, Sector 82, SAS Nagar, Mohali, (PB)
| website = {{URL|https://www.gmhs25.com}}
| year =
| lastupdate = "18 August 2022" (Shivam )
| founder = [[Government of Chandigarh]]
}}
'''Government Model high School, Sector-25''' (often called '''GMHS-25''' or simply '''25model''') is a [[State school|State-funded]] co-educational [[secondary school]] located in [[Chandigarh]], India, educating students in grades K–12. Founded in 1954 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gmhs25.com/?page_id=|title=School History {{!}} Govt. Model high School, Sector-25, Chandigarh|website=gmhs25.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-08-15}}</ref> it is the oldest school in Chandigarh and among the most selective.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2008jul03/chandigarh_government_schools_great_demand.html|title=Chandigarh government schools in great demand {{!}} TwoCircles.net|last=TwoCirkcles.net|website=twocircles.net|language=en-US|access-date=2020-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gmhs25.com-sets-highest-cutoff-in-all-streams/968828/|title=GMSSS-16 sets highest cut-off in all streams - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-08-15}}</ref> The school is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] and offers twenty-three subjects at the [[All India Senior School Certificate Examination|AISSCE]] level,<ref name=cbse>{{Cite web|url=http://gmhs25.com/?page_id=|title=CBSE DISCLOSURE (OASIS) {{!}} Govt. Model high School, Sector 25, Chandigarh|website=gmhs25.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> among the highest for any school in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gmhs25-sets-highest-cutoff-in-all-streams/968828/|title=GMHS25-sets highest cut-off in all streams - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/class-xi-cut-offs-for-govt-schools-released-2889423/|title=Class XI: Cut-offs for govt schools in Chandigarh released|date=2016-07-02|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-04-02|language=en-US}}</ref> It also claims a 100% pass percentage at the [[All India Secondary School Examination|All India School Certificate Examination]] level.<ref name=cbse/>

The school's main building was designed by Swiss [[architect]] [[Pierre Jeanneret]] in line with the former's [[Modern architecture|modernist]] ideals<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gmhs25.com/|title=Govt. Model High School, Sector-25, Chandigarh {{!}} model|website=gmhs25.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-17}}</ref><ref>Joshi, Kiran (1999). ''Documenting Chandigarh: the Indian Architecture of Pierre Jeanneret, Edwin Maxwell Fry, Jane Beverly Drew (Vol. 1)''. Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing.</ref> and was inaugurated by the then Commissioner of the [[Chandigarh|Union Territory of Chandigarh]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Chandigarh]]

Shah Jahan Album

2026-02-22T14:42:02Z

DwainKilgore21: entry...

{{Short description|Series of Mughal miniatures painted 1620–1820}}
[[File:Rosette, Titles of Shah Jahan.jpg|thumb|'''"'''Rosette bearing the Names and Titles of Shah Jahan", Folio from the Shah Jahan album]]
The '''Shah Jahan Album''', also known as the '''Kevorkian Album''' or the '''Emperor's Album''', is a series of Mughal miniatures dating between 1620–1820 from Mughal India. The album was intended for a private audience, likely consisting of the royal family and close friends.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Welch |first=Stuart Cary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDIyr9LRJ0MC |title=The Emperors' Album: Images of Mughal India |date=1987 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-499-9 |language=en}}</ref> The folios are generally 15 5/16 inches (38.9 cm) by 10 1/4 inches (26 cm), however there are slight variations in height and width across the folios. The paintings for the folios were made by various artists and their workshops such as [[Nanha (painter)|Nanha]] and [[Ustad Mansur|Mansur]] while the calligraphic text for the folios were made by famous calligraphers such as [[Mir Ali Heravi|Mir' Ali Haravi]]. [[Jahangir|Emperor Jahangir]] (r. 1605 - 1627) started the tradition of commissioning folios for the album which was continued by his successors [[Shah Jahan]] and [[Aurangzeb]].

In 1820, eleven more folios, referred to as the Late Shah Jahan Album, were added and the album was rebound. In total the album contains fifty folios generally focusing on nature based still lives and portraits of royalty and favored members of the royal court. The entirety of the album is now in the United States with nine of the folios being held at the [[Freer Gallery of Art]] in Washington D.C., while the remaining forty one held in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[New York City]].<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
Emperor Jahangir first started commissioning folios for the Shah Jahan Album around 1620. When he died in 1627 continuing the album fell to his successor and son, Shah Jahan. Shah Jahan added more portraits and illuminations, most of which are differentiated by the inclusion of [[Nastaliq|nasta'liq script]]<ref name=":0" /> and through a change of style. The original Kevorkian album's last owner was Shah Jahan's son and usurper Aurangzeb who added only an impression of his seal on a pre-existing rosette.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Viswanathan |first=Rashmi |title=The Shah Jahan Album |journal=Heilbrunn Timeline of History}}</ref> The album, along with many other Mughal miniatures, left the royal library sometime in the early nineteenth century. It is assumed that it ended up in the hands of a Delhi [[art dealer]] who also commissioned other miniatures imitating the seventeenth century style to accompany his preexisting collection. All of these folios were bound together resulting in the Kevorkian album in museums today. In 1929 the Shah Jahan album was bought by Mr. and Mrs. Jack S. Rofe from an antiques shop in Scotland. After the couple got the album appraised at Sotheby's they sold it for £10,500 to [[Hagop Kevorkian]], a New York collector and art dealer.<ref name=":0" /> In 1939 and 1948 Mr. Kevorkian offered nine folios to the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. and in 1955, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York bought the remaining forty one folios from Kevorkian.<ref name=":0" />

== Overall visual style/description ==
Although the album was originally bound together, today it is viewed in separate leaves. In its original bound state the viewer would have first seen a [[Shamsa]] or sunburst vignette surrounded by mythical animals and golf leaf foliage. This would have been followed with an illuminated double page frontispiece called an 'unwan after which would have followed the various miniatures and calligraphy pages that make up the album.<ref name=":2" /> The general folio layout consists of one side with calligraphic text surrounded by a decorative border and another corresponding side with a miniature painting similarly surrounded by a decorative border. These two sides would face each other so that when the viewer opened to a page there would be a calligraphy page on one side with the corresponding painting facing the calligraphy.<ref name=":2" /> The folios were often made in workshops with multiple artists and apprentices contributing to different steps in the process.<ref name=":0" /> The images themselves were typically nature based still lives or portraits. The album contains many images in the Akbari or Jahangiri style.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=J.M. |title=Mughal Miniatures |publisher=Thames and Hudson |year=1993}}</ref> In particular, the focus on court life and hunting scenes showcase this style.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Sanjeev Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QnFTzS2xh8C&dq=jahangiri+style&pg=PP7 |title=Jahangir, a Connoisseur of Mughal Art |date=2001 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-386-1 |language=en}}</ref>

The folios generally fall into two groups based on the numbering of the borders. Group A contains pairs where the painting would have been first while Group B folios would have the calligraphic page first.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Shah Jahan with his son Dara Shikoh, from album made for Shah Jahan, ca. 1620.jpg|thumb|"Shahjahan and Prince Dara-Shikoh Toy with Jewels", Folio from the Shah Jahan Album]]
Emperor Jahangir utilized portraiture as a means of gaining psychological insight into the sitter rather than simply immortalizing them, resulting in the more realistic and natural style associated with his commissioned portraits<ref name=":1" /> such as in 'Shahjahan and Prince Dara-Shikoh Toy with Jewels'. Outside of portraits, Emperor Jahangir's miniatures were characterized by a dynamic and naturalistic style seen even through the borders,<ref name=":0" /> showcasing flowers and animals. As the emperor personally enjoyed animals and nature there are many nature based still lives in the album in addition to portraits.<ref name=":0" /> Another differentiating facet of miniatures from Jahangir's time is the introduction of a "golden age" theme which was popularized during his and his successor's reigns.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parodi |first=Laura Emilia |date=2011 |title=Two Pages from the Late Shahjahan Album |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23075938 |journal=Ars Orientalis |volume=40 |pages=267–294 |jstor=23075938 |issn=0571-1371}}</ref> The theme is primarily showcased through both the use of actual gold in the miniatures<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Asghar |first1=Samreen |last2=Yaseen |first2=Aneela |last3=Nadeem |first3=Hira |date=July–September 2023 |title=Unfolding the Opulent Golden Age: Gold in Mughal Miniature Court Paintings in the era of Emperor Shah Jahan (1628–1658) |journal=Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=449–460|doi=10.47205/plhr.2023(7-III)39 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and through various animals and symbols, such as globes,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Govil |first=Aditi |date=May 15, 2022 |title=The Perception of European Geography in Mughal-Period Persian Texts: A Preliminary Exploration |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/234844892210808 |journal=Studies in People's History |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11–21 |doi=10.1177/234844892210808 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |via=Sage Journals}}</ref> in the borders and images themselves.

Emperor Shah Jahan focused more of his artistic patronage on architecture rather than on illuminated manuscripts, being most well known for the Taj Mahal.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last1=Blair |first1=Sheila S. |title=19. The Arts in India under the Mughals and their Contemporaries in the Deccan |date=2017-08-22 |work=The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250–1800 |url=https://www.aaeportal.com/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |publisher=Yale University Press |language=en |isbn=978-0-300-23398-8 |last2=Bloom |first2=Jonathan M.}}</ref> However, he did continue to contribute to the Shah Jahan album. Under Shah Jahan the portraits in particular took on a more formal and staged style, reflecting the increasingly formal court atmosphere. Frequent touch ups and polishing may also have contributed to the staged nature of the leaves commissioned by Shah Jahan.<ref name=":4" /> His portraits are nearly always in profile and reflect un-aging features, in stark contrast to the realistic wrinkles in Jahangir's portraits.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fetvaci |first1=Emine |title=A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture |last2=Gruber |first2=Christiane |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Finbarr Barry |location=Hoboken, NJ |publication-date=2017 |pages=896–897 |chapter=Portraiture: From Royal to Urban |editor-last2=Gulru |editor-first2=Necipoglu}}</ref> The borders in the leaves commissioned by Shah Jahan also reflect this change to a more static and less naturalistic tendency, emphasizing pattern over individuality.<ref name=":0" />

Unlike his two predecessors, Aurangzeb did not actively patronize the arts,<ref name=":3" /> contributing only his seal to a preexisting shamsa in the main Kevorkian album.

Folios from the late Shah Jahan album are considered to be less expressive and flatter than the older folios.<ref name=":0" /> In the Late Shah Jahan Album the contents of the borders were more closely related to the images they were framing, often alluding to the sitter's achievements or personality quirks.<ref name=":3" /> In addition, the main Kevorkian album seems to have portraits that feature sitters who aren't contemporary to when the image was made while the Late Shah Jahan album featured more contemporary sitters.<ref name=":0" />

== Artists ==

* [[Manohar Das|Manohar]]
* [[Govardhan (artist)|Govardhan]]
* [[Nanha (painter)|Nanha]]
* Payag
* Balachand
* [[Ustad Mansur|Mansur]]
* [[Daulat (artist)|Daulat]]
* La'lchand
* Chitarman
* Murad

== Calligraphers ==

* [[Mir Ali Heravi|Mir 'Ali Haravi]]
* Sultan 'Ali al-Mashhadi

== Notes ==
<references />

== References ==

* {{cite journal |doi=10.47205/plhr.2023(7-III)39 |title=Unfolding the Opulent Golden Age: Gold in Mughal Miniature Court Paintings in the era of Emperor Shah Jahan (1628-1658) |date=2023 |last1=Asghar |first1=Samreen |journal=Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review |volume=7 |doi-access=free }}
* Blair, Sheila S. and Jonathan M. Bloom. (2017-08-22), "19. The Arts in India under the Mughals and their Contemporaries in the Deccan." In ''The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250–1800'', by Sheila S. Blair and Jonathan M. Bloom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. https://aaeportal.com/?id=-15678.
* {{cite book |doi=10.1002/9781119069218.ch34 |chapter=Painting, from Royal to Urban Patronage |title=A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture |date=2017 |last1=Fetvacı |first1=Emine |last2=Gruber |first2=Christiane |pages=874–902 |isbn=978-1-119-06866-2 }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1177/23484489221080893 |title=The Perception of European Geography in Mughal-Period Persian Texts: A Preliminary Exploration |date=2022 |last1=Govil |first1=Aditi |journal=Studies in People's History |volume=9 |pages=11–21 }}
* {{cite journal |jstor=23075938 |title=Two Pages from the Late Shahjahan Album |last1=Parodi |first1=Laura Emilia |journal=Ars Orientalis |date=2011 |volume=40 |pages=267–294 }}
* Rogers, J.M. ''Mughal Miniatures''. (1993). Thames and Hudson.
* Srivastava, Sanjeev Prasad (2001). ''Jahangir, a Connoisseur of Mughal Art''. Abinav Publications. ISBN 978-0-300-23398-8
* Viswanathan, Rashmi. "The Shah Jahan Album". In ''Heilbrunn Timeline of History''. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000-.https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/empe/hd_empe.htm (April 2010).
* Welch, Stuart Cary (1987). ''The Emperors' Album: Images of Mughal India''. Metropolitan Museum of Art. {{ISBN|978-0-87099-499-9}}.

[[Category:Wikipedia Student Program]]
[[Category:Mughal art]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

Sobhan

2026-02-18T13:41:00Z

DwainKilgore21: added info

{{short description|Telugu film director (1968–2008)}}
{{for|the village in Iran|Sobhan, Iran}}
{{Like resume|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sobhan
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|1968}}
| birth_place = Nalgonda, India
| death_date = {{Death-date|6 January 2008}} (age 40)
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = Film director
| years_active = 2002–2004
| children = 2; including [[Santosh Sobhan|Santosh]] and [[Sangeeth Sobhan|Sangeeth]]
| relatives = [[Chittajalu Lakshmipati]] (brother)
}}
'''Chittajalu Sobhan''' (1968 – 6 January 2008) was an Indian film director and screenwriter who worked in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. He was best known for his film ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' (2004).

==Career==
Sobhan went to Chennai in 1989 to join the film industry. He initially worked for a film called ''Rowdyism'', which was stalled after 10 days of shooting. He then joined Tripuraneni Varaprasad alias Chitti Babu as co-director for Raithu Bharatham. He then joined [[Ram Gopal Varma]] as a co-director for ''[[Anaganaga Oka Roju]]''. Later, he started his profession as a writer for [[Krishna Vamsi]]'s film ''[[Sindhooram (1997 film)|Sindhooram]]'' and worked with him for ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'', and also acted in films like ''[[Kshana Kshanam]]'' and ''[[Oka Raju Oka Rani]]''. Later, he directed a few episodes of [[Malayalam]] TV serial ''Navaneetha'' (2000). During the making of Murari, he was in touch with [[Mahesh Babu]], and that led to the film ''[[Bobby (2002 film)|Bobby]]''.<ref>{{cite interview |author=Siobhan |interviewer=Jeeva |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_sobhan.html |title=Interview with Sobhan by Jeevi {{pipe}} Telugu Cinema Etc |website=Idlebrain.com |date=5 October 2002 |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref> Sobhan was known for his able hand in scripting. He helped many directors during the script sessions of many hit films.

==Death==
Sobhan died on 6 January 2008, from [[cardiac arrest]], at the age of 40. He was in the middle of narrating a story to [[Bhumika Chawla]], when he complained of chest pain and collapsed. She and her husband, Bharath Thakur, immediately rushed him to [[Image Hospitals]] in Madhapur. The doctors declared that he was brought dead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/january2008/sobhan.htm |title=News (January 2008) - Director Sobhan Is No More |website=CineGoer.com |date=7 January 2008 |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref> He is survived by his wife, Soujanya, and two sons, [[Santosh Shoban]] and [[Sangeeth Sobhan]] who are also actors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/news/varsham_jan0708.php |title='Varsham' director Shobhan passed away |date=7 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306221620/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/news/varsham_jan0708.php |archive-date=6 March 2012 }}</ref> His elder brother, comedian [[Chittajalu Lakshmipati|Lakshmipati]], died that same year.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Kannada-News_and_Gossips-5,18512.php |title=Sobhan's brother follows him - Sandalwood News & Gossips |website=Bharatstudent.com |date=12 February 2008 |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col"| Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
! Director
! Writer
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Bobby (2002 film)|Bobby]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2004 || ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
|''[[Naani]]'' || {{no}} ||{{partial|Dialogues}} ||
|-
| ''[[Chanti (2004 film)|Chanti]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{no}} ||
|}

;As actor
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Kshana Kshanam]]'' || || Uncredited
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Oka Raju Oka Rani]]'' || Hanumanthu ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=nm1828598|name=Sobhan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Ram Kadam

2026-02-16T09:46:49Z

DwainKilgore21:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Ram Kadam (composer)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = [[File:Ram Kadam.jpg|250px]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = October 2009
| predecessor1 = ''constituency established''
| constituency1 = [[Ghatkopar West Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar West]]
| name = Ram Kadam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|01|24|df=yes}}
|birth_name = Ram Shivaji Kadam
| birth_place = [[Latur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2014{{endash}}present)
| otherparty = [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (till 2014)
| occupation = Politician
| parents = Shivaji Vishwanath Kadam
}}
'''Ram Shivaji Kadam''' (born 24 January 1972) is an Indian former social activist and politician, currently belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He has been elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for the [[Ghatkopar West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatkopar West Vidhan Sabha constituency]] in 2009, 2014, and 2019.

== Political career ==
Little is known about education of Ram Kadam.
Kadam joined MNS in 2009 and was elected as MLA of Ghatkopar West. In 2014,<ref name="Raj Sena: First day,first show">{{cite news |date=10 November 2009 |title=Raj Sena: First day,first show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/raj-sena-first-day-first-show/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227043923/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/raj-sena-first-day-first-show/ |archivedate=27 December 2024 |accessdate=27 December 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> he left MNS and joined Bharatiya Janata Party & fought 2014 Vidhansabha elections of BJP ticket. He secured a handsome victory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Ram-Kadam-quits-MNS-joins-hands-with-BJP/articleshow/42839702.cms|title=Ram Kadam quits MNS, joins hands with BJP |date=September 19, 2014|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/will-help-boys-elope-with-girls-bjp-legislator-sparks-controversy-5340195/|title='Will help boys elope with girls': BJP MLA Ram Kadam sparks controversy|date=2018-09-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref> In June 2019, Kadam said “[[Devendra Fadnavis]] would be the next CM of [[Maharashtra]]” after rumblings from alliance partner. He won the Vidhan Sabha election in October 2019.

When he became MLA for the first time in 2009, as a member of the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]] party, he was suspended for 4 years from the assembly on its opening day. He opposed [[Abu Asim Azmi]] of the [[Samajwadi Party]] taking the oath in [[Hindi]], and assaulted Azmi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Golden-MLA-Wanjale-dies/Article1-708159.aspx |title='Golden MLA' Wanjale dies - Hindustan Times |accessdate=2011-06-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614071212/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Golden-MLA-Wanjale-dies/Article1-708159.aspx |archivedate=14 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Kadam left MNS in 2014 and joined BJP.<ref name="¢">{{cite news |title='Will help boys elope with girls': BJP MLA Ram Kadam sparks controversy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/will-help-boys-elope-with-girls-bjp-legislator-sparks-controversy-5340195/ |accessdate=5 September 2018 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Social service ==
He started free 'odomos' distribution to watchmen, liftmen working night shifts in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/mla-ram-kadam-distributed-odomos-cream-for-damage-control/312778|title=Distribute 'odomos' to watchmen, liftmen working in night shifts in Mumbai: BJP MLA Ram Kadam - Watch Video|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref> He has also organized pilgrimage tour to Tirupati and driving classes for youngsters registering as first time voters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/free-pilgrimage-tour-for-youngsters-registering-as-voters-bjp-mla-ram-kadam/story-sBOgZ5AsvSpLp4lXr6c5XP.html|title=Free pilgrimage tour for youngsters registering as voters: BJP MLA Ram Kadam|date=2018-10-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref>

=== Kashi Pilgrimage ===
He will organize free pilgrimage tour to Kashi for 51,000<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1173858005189685253|user=ramkadam|title=प्रधानमंत्री श्री @narendramodi जी के जन्मदिन पर मैंने 51 हज़ार वृद्ध माता-पिता को काशी यात्रा पर ले जाने का संकल्प… |accessdate=2019-09-18|language=hi|date=2019-09-17}}</ref> elderly people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afternoonvoice.com/ram-kadam-to-send-51000-elders-for-kashi-pilgrimage.html|title=Ram Kadam to send 51,000 elders for Kashi pilgrimage|date=2019-09-17|website=Afternoon Voice|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref> In past also, he has organized pilgrimage tours of approximately 175,000 people to Kashi, Ajmer Sharif, Palitana, Nashik Shirdi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsx.com/national/51962-ghatkopar-mla-ram-kadam-organises-mass-pilgrimage-for-25000-people|title=Ghatkopar MLA Ram Kadam organises mass pilgrimage for 25,000 people|date=2017-01-08|website=NewsX|language=en|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref>

=== Dahi Handis ===
He organizes Dahi Handis with highest prize in Mumbai. His Dahi Handi events are always visited by [[Bollywood]] stars like [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Neha Dhupia]] in the past.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/video-ranveer-singh-arjun-rampal-and-neha-dhupia-at-ram-kadam-dahi-handi-celebration|title=Video: Ranveer Singh, Arjun Rampal and Neha Dhupia at Ram Kadam Dahi Handi celebration|website=Latest Indian news, Top Breaking headlines, Today Headlines, Top Stories {{!}} Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/dahi-handi-in-mumbai-govindas-step-out-rs25-lakh-highest-cash-prize-on-offer/story-83e5SMeuOv9SCbAFDMpwkJ.html|title=Dahi handi in Mumbai: Govindas step out, Rs25 lakh highest cash prize on offer|date=2017-08-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref>

=== Jalyukta Shivir ===
He is instrumental in bringing water trains Jaldoot to Latur during 2015 drought. He undertook several works of Jalyukta Shivir. He is one of the best youth faces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/jaldoot-the-train-that-brought-bjp-to-latur/20170223.htm|title=Jaldoot: The train that brought BJP to Latur|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20111006163208/https://www.manase.org/en/home_vs2009.php
*http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/09/four-mns-mla-suspended-for-assaulting-azmi.htm
*https://web.archive.org/web/20091112093220/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Azmi-attacked-over-Hindi-oath-four-MNS-members-suspended/H1-Article1-474547.aspx
*http://www.ramkadam.in
*[https://twitter.com/ramkadam Twitter Account]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadam, Ram}}
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra Navnirman Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:People from Latur]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]

Biman Bagchi

2026-02-06T06:06:41Z

DwainKilgore21: Made a post - done

{{short description|Indian chemist (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Biman Bagchi
| image = Biman Bagchi (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Biophysical Chemistry]] | [[Theoretical Chemistry]] | [[Statistical Mechanics]]}}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Calcutta]] | [[Brown University]] | [[University of Maryland]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Julian Gibbs]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| awards = [[Alexander von Humboldt Science Research Award ]] Elected Foreign Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) <ref name="AMACAD">{{Cite web |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/biman-bagchi |title=American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow |date=2020 |publisher= American Academy of Arts and Sciences}}</ref> [[Joel Henry Hildebrand Award (ACS)]] [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]
| website = {{URL|https://sites.google.com/view/bimanbagchi/|Group website}}
}}
'''Biman Bagchi''' is an Indian scientist currently serving as a  ''SERB-DST National Science Chair Professor'' and Honorary Professor at the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit of the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="Amrut Mody Professor">{{Cite web |url=http://sscu.iisc.ernet.in/biman_bagchi.html |title=Amrut Mody Professor |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917063759/http://sscu.iisc.ernet.in/biman_bagchi.html |archive-date=17 September 2017 }}</ref> He is a theoretical physical chemist and biophysicist known for his research in the area of [[statistical mechanics]]; particularly in the study of phase transition and nucleation, solvation dynamics, mode-coupling theory of electrolyte transport, dynamics of biological macromolecules (proteins, DNA etc.), protein folding, enzyme kinetics, supercooled liquids and protein hydration layer.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=386 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N95-1169 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305031950/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N95-1169 }}</ref> the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Bagchi,_Prof._Biman |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> [[The World Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="TWAS fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/member/bagchi-biman |title=TWAS fellow |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and an International honorary member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name="AMACAD">{{Cite web |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/biman-bagchi |title=American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow |date=2020 |publisher= American Academy of Arts and Sciences}}</ref> Along with several scientific articles, he has authored three books, (i) ''Molecular Relaxation in Liquids''<ref name="Bagchi2012">{{cite book|author=Biman Bagchi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGiK5FrkSWsC|title=Molecular Relaxation in Liquids|date=17 April 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-986332-7}}</ref>'', (ii) Water in Biological and Chemical Processes: From Structure and Dynamics to Function'',<ref name="Bagchi2013">{{cite book|author=Biman Bagchi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QlaAQAAQBAJ|title=Water in Biological and Chemical Processes: From Structure and Dynamics to Function|date=14 November 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-03729-8}}</ref> and (iii) ''Statistical Mechanics for Chemistry and Materials Science''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagchi |first=Biman |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781315113951/statistical-mechanics-chemistry-materials-science-biman-bagchi |title=Statistical Mechanics for Chemistry and Materials Science |year=2018 |doi=10.1201/9781315113951|isbn=978-1-315-11395-1 |s2cid=106103681 }}</ref>''.''

== Biography ==
Bagchi was born in 1954 to Binay K. Bagchi, a school principal and his homemaker/part-time teacher wife, Abha, in [[Kolkata]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Autobiography of Biman Bagchi">{{Cite journal |last=Bagchi |first=Biman |title=Autobiography of Biman Bagchi |journal=J. Phys. Chem. B |volume=119 |issue=34 |pages=10813–10816 |doi=10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06114|pmid=26310133 |year=2015 |doi-access=free }}</ref> He graduated in chemistry from [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] (present-day [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]) in 1974 and obtained a master's degree from [[Rajabazar Science College]], [[Calcutta University]] in 1976. He earned a PhD at [[Brown University]] in 1980, working with [[Julian Gibbs]] and did his post-doctoral studies at [[James Franck Institute]] of the [[University of Chicago]] as a research associate. There he worked with renowned chemists such as [[David W. Oxtoby]], [[Graham Fleming]] and [[Stuart Rice]] till 1983 when he shifted to the laboratory of [[Robert Zwanzig]] of the [[University of Maryland]] for a one-year stint.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Bagchi returned to India in 1984 and joined [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) at their [https://sscu.iisc.ac.in/ Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit] as a lecturer and established his research group.<ref name="Biman Bagchi Group">{{Cite web |url=http://bimanbagchi.com/ |title=Bagchi Group official website |date=2016 |publisher=Bagchi Group |work=Laboratory profile |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023035902/http://www.bimanbagchi.com/ |archive-date=23 October 2019 }}</ref>

== Research ==
{{technical|date=March 2022}}
In an academic career spanning over more than three decades in which Bagchi has travelled over a wide landscape of [[physical chemistry]], [[chemical physics]], and [[biophysical chemistry]] where his contributions often helped build up an area from its foundations. This was done by maintaining a close collaboration with experimental research groups both in India and abroad. He often developed theories that combined sophisticated theoretical approaches (such as mode coupling theory) to extend traditional and established theories and methods (like Kramers' theory of barrier crossing dynamics, [[Förster resonance energy transfer|FRET]], and [[electrochemistry]]) to explain emerging experimental and simulation results.

Professor Bagchi has published more than 480 articles and received more than 24000 citations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biman Bagchi|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=90DF24UAAAAJ&hl=en|access-date=2021-08-14|website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> His work has been published in reputed journals such as [[Nature (journal)|Nature]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hu|first1=Dehong|last2=Yu|first2=Ji|last3=Wong|first3=Kim|last4=Bagchi|first4=Biman|last5=Rossky|first5=Peter J.|last6=Barbara|first6=Paul F.|date=June 2000|title=Collapse of stiff conjugated polymers with chemical defects into ordered, cylindrical conformations|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35016520|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=405|issue=6790|pages=1030–1033|doi=10.1038/35016520|pmid=10890438|bibcode=2000Natur.405.1030H|s2cid=4322254|issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|PNAS]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zwanzig|first1=R.|last2=Szabo|first2=A.|last3=Bagchi|first3=B.|date=1992-01-01|title=Levinthal's paradox|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=89|issue=1|pages=20–22|doi=10.1073/pnas.89.1.20|pmid=1729690|pmc=48166|bibcode=1992PNAS...89...20Z|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bagchi|first=Biman|date=2016-07-26|title=Untangling complex dynamics of biological water at protein–water interface|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=113|issue=30|pages=8355–8357|doi=10.1073/pnas.1609312113|pmid=27436905|pmc=4968762|bibcode=2016PNAS..113.8355B |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhattacharyya|first1=Sarika Maitra|last2=Bagchi|first2=Biman|last3=Wolynes|first3=Peter G.|date=2008-10-15|title=Facilitation, complexity growth, mode coupling, and activated dynamics in supercooled liquids|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=105|issue=42|pages=16077–16082|language=en|doi=10.1073/pnas.0808375105|issn=0027-8424|pmid=18927234|pmc=2570993|bibcode=2008PNAS..10516077B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Banerjee|first1=Puja|last2=Bagchi|first2=Biman|date=2020-02-04|title=Dynamical control by water at a molecular level in protein dimer association and dissociation|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=117|issue=5|pages=2302–2308|doi=10.1073/pnas.1908379117|pmid=31969453|pmc=7007538|bibcode=2020PNAS..117.2302B |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Physical Review Letters|PRL]],<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.115505|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.115505|title = Hydrogen-Bond Dynamics near a Micellar Surface: Origin of the Universal Slow Relaxation at Complex Aqueous Interfaces|year = 2002|last1 = Balasubramanian|first1 = Sundaram|last2 = Pal|first2 = Subrata|last3 = Bagchi|first3 = Biman|journal = Physical Review Letters|volume = 89|issue = 11|article-number = 115505|pmid = 12225151|arxiv = cond-mat/0208270|bibcode = 2002PhRvL..89k5505B|s2cid = 13047773}}</ref> [[Journal of the American Chemical Society|JACS]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bagchi|first1=Biman|last2=Fleming|first2=Graham R.|last3=Oxtoby|first3=David W.|date=1983-06-15|title=Theory of electronic relaxation in solution in the absence of an activation barrier|url=https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.444729|journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics|volume=78|issue=12|pages=7375–7385|doi=10.1063/1.444729|bibcode=1983JChPh..78.7375B|issn=0021-9606|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Journal of Physical Chemistry|JPC]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pal|first1=Samir Kumar|last2=Peon|first2=Jorge|last3=Bagchi|first3=Biman|last4=Zewail|first4=Ahmed H.|date=2002-12-01|title=Biological Water: Femtosecond Dynamics of Macromolecular Hydration|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry B|volume=106|issue=48|pages=12376–12395|doi=10.1021/jp0213506|issn=1520-6106|doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[Chemical Reviews]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nandi|first1=Nilashis|last2=Bhattacharyya|first2=Kankan|last3=Bagchi|first3=Biman|date=June 2000|title=Dielectric Relaxation and Solvation Dynamics of Water in Complex Chemical and Biological Systems|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/cr980127v|journal=Chemical Reviews|volume=100|issue=6|pages=2013–2046|doi=10.1021/cr980127v|pmid=11749282|issn=0009-2665|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bagchi|first=Biman|date=September 2005|title=Water Dynamics in the Hydration Layer around Proteins and Micelles|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/cr020661+|journal=Chemical Reviews|volume=105|issue=9|pages=3197–3219|doi=10.1021/cr020661+|pmid=16159150|issn=0009-2665|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''He has also authored two well-known monographs published by the Oxford University Press (NY)'' [Molecular Relaxation in Liquids]''<ref name="Bagchi2012" /> and Cambridge University Press (UK)'' [Water in Biological and Chemical Processes: From Structure and Dynamics to Function]''.<ref name="Bagchi2013" /> And a third major text on Statistical Mechanics published by Francis-Taylor & CRC Press.'' Bagchi has conducted lectures at national and international levels.{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Lectures'' section}} He is also associated with a number of science journals as a member of their editorial boards.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> ''He has authored 22 major review articles that are partly pedagogical and influenced generations of physical and theoretical chemists.''

Some representative examples of his seminal contributions are discussed below:

(i) In the 1970s and 1980s, it was realized that a large number of ultrafast processes could show the usual dynamical characteristics of an activated reaction but occur in the '''absence of any activation barrier''' to their reactive motion. Prof. Bagchi developed the first and till to date the most successful theory of '''barrierless chemical reactions'''. This theory explained how we can speak of a reaction rate even in the absence of a barrier.

(ii) '''Solvation dynamics''' of polar solutes in dipolar liquids (like water, ethanol) was a topic of huge contemporary interest from mid-eighties to late nineties. A continuum model of the solvent with a frequency dependent dielectric function was developed by Bagchi that predicted a relaxation time, later called the '''longitudinal relaxation time''', which was faster than the dielectric relaxation time of the solvent, thus providing a first-time explanation of the experimentally observed fast relaxation of the time dependent solvation energy. However, the continuum model could not explain the ultrafast sub-100 fs solvation observed by Fleming ''et al.'' Bagchi explained this by developing a '''microscopic theory''' which included intermolecular correlations and also the contribution of translational contributions of solvent molecules.

(iii) The '''dielectric relaxation''' theories prior to mid-eighties considered primarily rotational modes. Bagchi and co-workers came up with a microscopic theory of '''frequency and wave vector dependent dielectric function''' which included both rotational and translational degrees of freedom. Translational modes were shown to play a hidden role in dielectric relaxation. Due to the presence of orientational correlations, the longitudinal and transverse dielectric functions exhibit vastly different relaxation times at finite wave vectors. This was indeed an important result because, in many dynamical processes, it is the finite wave vector response of the solvent that matters the most. A self-consistent theory was developed for the dielectric friction and dielectric relaxation. It was shown that the presence of translational contributions can make dielectric relaxation more Debye-like for cases where only rotational contributions give rise to a highly non-Debye form of dielectric relaxation.

== Awards and honors ==
The Indian National Science Academy awarded Bagchi the INSA Medal for Young Scientists in 1986;<ref name="INSA Medal for Young Scientists">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |title=INSA Medal for Young Scientists |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php }}</ref> the Academy would honor him again in 1990 with A. K. Bose Memorial Medal and with an elected fellowship in 1995.<ref name="A. K. Bose Memorial Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php#anil |title=A. K. Bose Memorial Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php#anil }}</ref> He received the Homi Bhabha fellowship in 1989 before the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1991.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> The same year, the Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as their fellow<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and he became an elected fellow of The World Academy of Sciences in 2004.<ref name="TWAS fellow" /> In between, he received the G. D. Birla Award in 1997, [[TWAS Prize]] in 1998,<ref name="Prizes and Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/opportunities/prizes-and-awards |title=Prizes and Awards |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref> the Alumni Excellence Award in Research of the Indian Institute of Science in 2002 and Goyal Prize in Chemistry in 2003. He was selected as J. C. Bose National Fellow in 2006<ref name="J. C. Bose National Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://www.serb.gov.in/pdfs/research/Prof_Biman_Bagchi.pdf |title=J. C. Bose National Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Science and Engineering Research Biard}}</ref> and the several award orations he has delivered include B. C. Laha Memorial Lecture of 2001, conducted by [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] and Mizushima-Raman Lecture of 2006, jointly organized by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and [[Japan Society for the Promotion of Science]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> The [[Journal of Physical Chemistry]] published a [[festschrift]] on Bagchi by way of their August 2015 issue.<ref name="Biman Bagchi Festschrift">{{Cite journal |editor-last=Chandra |editor-first=Amalendu |editor2-last=Biswas |editor2-first=Ranjit |editor3-last=Fleming |editor3-first=Graham R. |title=Biman Bagchi Festschrift |url=http://pubs.acs.org/toc/jpcbfk/119/34 |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry |date=August 2015 |volume=119 |issue=34 |pages=10809–11442 |doi=10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06606|pmid=26310132 |last1=Chandra |first1=A. |last2=Biswas |first2=R. |last3=Fleming |first3=G. R. |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="A Tribute to Biman Bagchi">{{Cite journal |last=Amalendu Chandra, Ranjit Biswas, Graham R. Fleming (editors) |title=A Tribute to Biman Bagchi |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry |date=August 2015 |volume=119 |issue=34 |pages=10809–11442 |doi=10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06606|pmid=26310132 }}</ref> He has been selected as the 2021 recipient of the [[Joel Henry Hildebrand]] Award in the Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry of Liquids, by the [[American Chemical Society]] (ACS). He was also selected for the prestigious [[Alexander von Humboldt]] Foundation's Humboldt Science Research Award (2019) in recognition of his work in chemical sciences. In 2021, Biman Bagchi was a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.

== Selected bibliography ==

=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author=Biman Bagchi|title=Molecular Relaxation in Liquids|date=17 April 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-986332-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Biman Bagchi|title=Water in Biological and Chemical Processes: From Structure and Dynamics to Function|date=14 November 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-03729-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Biman Bagchi|title=Statistical Mechanics for Chemistry and Materials Science|date=17 July 2018|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-9986-1}}

=== Chapters ===
* {{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETs_py4MpJQC&pg=PA165 |title=Energy Transfer Dynamics in Biomaterial Systems |author1=Arnab Mukherji |author2=Richard Lavery |author3=Biman Bagchi |author4=James T Hynes |isbn=978-3-642-02306-4 |editor=Irene Burghardt |editor2=V. May |editor3=David A. Micha |editor4=E. R. Bittner |date=2009 |page=165 |chapter=Simulation Study of the Molecular Mechanism of Intercalation of the Anti-cancer Drug Daugnomycin into DNA|publisher=Springer }}
* {{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1eQZXa51oMC&pg=PA266 |title=Advances in Chemical Physics |last=Dwaipayan Chakarabarti, Biman Bagchi |isbn=978-0-470-43190-0 |editor=Stuart A. Rice |date=2009 |page=266 |chapter=Dynamics of Thermotropic Liquid Crystals|publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}
* {{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9Z7ogSxwLgC&pg=PA279 |title=Structural Glasses and Supercooled Liquids: Theory, Experiment, and Applications |last=Biman Bagchi |isbn=978-0-470-45223-3 |editor=Peter G. Wolynes |editor2=Vassiliy Lubchenko |date=2012 |page=279 |chapter=Dynamics in the Crossover Region of Supercooled Liquids|publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}
* {{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDfSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Concepts and Methods in Modern Theoretical Chemistry: Statistical Mechanics |author1=Rakesh S Singh |author2=Mantu Santra |author3=Biman Bagchi |isbn=978-1-4665-0621-3 |editor=Swapan Kumar Ghosh |editor2=Pratim Kumar Chattaraj |date=2016 |page=1 |chapter=Theoretical Studies of Nucleation and Growth|publisher=CRC Press }}


== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{scholia}}
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://bimanbagchi.com/bbcv.html |title=Bagchi Group official website |date=2016 |publisher=Bagchi Group |work=Leader profile |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023125506/http://www.bimanbagchi.com/bbcv.html |archive-date=23 October 2019 }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.iiserpune.ac.in/~arnabm/publication.html |title=Publications from Ph. D. and Postdoctoral Studies |date=2016 |publisher=IISER Pune}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |editor-last=Chandra |editor-first=Amalendu |editor2-last=Biswas |editor2-first=Ranjit |editor3-last=Fleming |editor3-first=Graham R. |title=A Tribute to Biman Bagchi |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry |date=August 2015 |volume=119 |issue=34 |pages=10809–11442 |doi=10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06606|pmid=26310132 |last1=Chandra |first1=A. |last2=Biswas |first2=R. |last3=Fleming |first3=G. R. }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagchi, Biman}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Brown University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:Homi Bhabha Fellows]]

Singanallur

2026-02-01T10:22:11Z

DwainKilgore21: done

{{Short description|Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Singanallur
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Singanallur bus.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Coimbatore#India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Coimbatote##Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11.004230|N|77.024323|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Coimbatore
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Coimbatore
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_name4 = Coimbatore East
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 25
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 411
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 641005,641015
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91–422
| registration_plate = TN-37
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Singanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Singanallur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Singanallur''' is a major residential locality of the city of [[Coimbatore]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is located on the banks of [[Noyyal]] river, which runs to the southern boundary of the locality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/district-administration-urged-to-repair-causeway-across-river-noyyal/article32424121.ece|title=District administration urged to repair causeway across River Noyyal|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=14 April 2021}}</ref> It is situated in the eastern part of the city, and is a major hub for the inter-city bus services towards Southern and Central districts of [[Tamilnadu]] from the city. It is one of the well developed neighborhoods in the city and has been part of [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation|Coimbatore Corporation]] since 1981. The East Zone Office of [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation|Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation]] is located at Singanallur.

==Etymology==
According to the Chola poorva pattayam, the name "Singanallur" is derived from the name of a [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] queen "Singarammal", mother of [[Karikala Chola]] in 2nd century AD and the village being donated as "Chadurvedi Mangalam" by the emperor to the priestly class.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://simplicity.in/coimbatore/english/article/1092/Kingamprsquos-Dream-Made-Coimbatore-Great-Town-|title=Singanallur with a historical past|publisher=Simplicity|accessdate=23 Feb 2020}}</ref>

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
[[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation|Singanallur Municipality]] was merged with [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation|Coimbatore Municipality]] to form the [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation]] in 1982. Singanallur Municipality covered the localities such as Singanallur, SIHS Colony, Neelikonampalayam, [[Peelamedu]], Uppilipalayam, Kallimadai and [[Ondipudur]] until the merger with [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation|Coimbatore Municipality]] in 1982 with a population of over 2.75 lakhs (as per 1981 census).Singanallur is one of the main happening hubs in Coimbatore.

==Geography==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
Singanallur is located at a distance of 9 km from the centre of the city, [[Town Hall, Coimbatore|Townhall]].The nerve centre of Singanallur is [[Trichy Road, Coimbatore|Trichy Road]]. This road passes through the centre point of Singanallur. Other major roads include [[Kamarajar Road, Coimbatore|Kamarajar Road]], Neelikonampalayam Road, Vellalore Road and Masakalipalayam Road. It is located about 9.5 km from [[Town Hall, Coimbatore|Townhall]], the centre of the city, 7 km from the [[Coimbatore International Airport]] and about 8 km from [[Coimbatore Junction|City railway station]], 9 km from [[Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus]] and 10 km from Podanur railway station and is well connected to local bus services to various parts of the city. Singanallur shares its border with [[Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore|Ramanathapuram]], [[Ondipudur]], [[Vellalore]], Uppilipalayam, Masakalipalayam, Varadharajapuram, [[Neelikonampalayam]], Kallimadai, [[Nanjundapuram]] and SIHS Colony.

==Infrastructure==

===Trichy Road Flyover===
The [[Trichy Road Flyover]] is opened in 2022 between Kallimadai to Sungam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/trichy-road-flyover-work-on-fast-track/articleshow/78609282.cms|title=Trichy Road flyover work on fast track|publisher=The Times of India |accessdate=14 April 2021}}</ref>

===Singanallur Flyover===
A four-lane flyover is proposed in Singanallur to avoid traffic congestion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/four-new-flyovers-to-come-up-in-most-congested-areas/articleshow/71976412.cms|title=Four new flyovers to come up in most congested areas|publisher=The Times of India |accessdate=14 April 2021}}</ref>

===Singanallur-Vellalore Road Flyover===
A two-lane flyover was opened in 2015 to avoid traffic congestion, caused by railway line between [[Irugur Junction railway station|Irugur Junction]] and [[Podanur Junction railway station|Podanur Junction]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/scheme-road-plan-in-final-stages/article3810727.ece|title=Scheme road plan in final stages|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=14 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/rs-1-cr-to-complete-subway-work-on-singanallur-vellalore-road/articleshow/77600136.cms|title=Vellalore Road Flyover|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=14 April 2021}}</ref>

==Locality==
Singanallur is one of the well connected and well developed localities in Coimbatore.

===Major religious spots===
*[[Ulagalandha Perumal Temple, Singanallur|Ulagalandha Perumal Temple]] built by [[Karikala Chola|Karikala]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Ullagalandha Perumal Temple, Singanallur, Coimbatore - 641005, Coimbatore District [TM010002].,ulagalanthaperumal,ulagalanthaperumal |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=10002 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Temple : Temple Details > Tamilnadu Temple > உலகளந்த பெருமாள் |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=2348 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref>
*Pudu Raja Temple
*Singanallur Masjid
*Mariamman Temple
*Aravan Temple
*Plague Mariamman Temple
*Csi Immanuel Church Singanallur
*Old ERS Church
*Muthumariamman Temple
*Badrakaliamman Temple
*Bhajanai temple
*Chellandi Amman Temple

===Landmarks===
*[[Singanallur Bus Terminus]]
*[[ESIC Medical College, Coimbatore]]
*Farmers Market
*[[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation|Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation]] East Zone Office
*Coimbatore City Boat House
*[[Singanallur railway station|Singanallur Railway Station]]
*Shanthi Social Services
*Singanallur Urban Health Care Centre

===Schools===
*Perks Matriculation School
*Venkatalaxmi Matriculation School
*SSVM World School
* Sri Jayendra Saraswathy Vidyalaya Senior Secondary School
* St Joseph's School
*Annai Velankanni Matriculation Higher Secondary School
*Thiyagi.N.G.Ramaswamy Memorial Higher Secondary School

===Hospitals===
*[[ESIC Medical College, Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/esi-hospital-coimbatore-gets-wide-praise-for-covid-19-management/article31457094.ece|title=ESI Hospital|publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=14 April 2021}}</ref>
*NG Hospital
*Muthus Hospital
*Child Care Hospital
*Coimbatore Corporation Homeopathy Hospital
*VGM Hospital
*Ortho One Hospital
*Shanthi Social Service Hospital

==Singanallur Lake==
[[Singanallur Lake]] is a lake in Singanallur, [[Coimbatore]], [[South India]] and is recognised as a biodiversity conservation zone in 2013 by the city corporation.<ref name="Singanallur">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/nov/25/coimbatores-singanallur-lake-is-a-cosy-nesting-ground-for-butterflies-2387748.html|title=Coimbatore's Singanallur lake is a cosy nesting ground for butterflies|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> It is spread over an area of {{convert|1.153|km2|abbr=on}} and has an average depth of {{convert|4.25|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coimbatorecity.com/coimbatore-district-lakes/system-lakes/singanallur-lake.html|title=Coimbatore Singanallur lake|publisher=coimbatorecity.com|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> It is one of the 9 large lakes in the city. A new variety of butterfly was named after Singanallur as Singanallurensis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/NewspeciesofflynamedafterSinganallurTank_19190.aspx|title=New species of fly named after Singanallur Tank|publisher=C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre, Chennai|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Singanallur Mofussil Bus Terminus===
[[Singanallur Bus Terminus]], one of the major bus terminus in the city is located here. It handles buses towards:
* Moffussil buses towards [[Dharapuram]], [[Madurai]], [[Theni]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Kumbakonam]], and [[Rameswaram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/tnstc-to-ply-special-buses-to-handle-pongal-rush/articleshow/73103713.cms/articleshow/81179584.cms|title=TNSTC to ply special buses to handle Pongal rush|accessdate=14 April 2021}}</ref>

Singanallur has easy access to :
* [[Gandhipuram, Coimbatore|Gandhipuram]] : Via [[Kamarajar Road, Coimbatore|Kamarajar Road]] and [[Avinashi Road, Coimbatore|Avinashi Road]]
* [[Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus]] : Via Vellalore Road
* [[Ukkadam]] : Via Western [[Trichy Road, Coimbatore|Trichy Road]] and Sungam Bypass Road
* [[Coimbatore Junction|Railway Station]] : Via Western [[Trichy Road, Coimbatore|Trichy Road]]
* [[Coimbatore International Airport]] : Via Singanallur - Aerodrome Road

===Coimbatore Metro===
[[Coimbatore Metro]] feasibility study is completed and one of the route planned from [[Karanampettai]] to Thaneerpandal via Singanallur covering 42 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/rs-6683cr-allocated-for-city-metro-rail-project/articleshow/81179584.cms|title=Rs 6,683cr allocated for city metro rail project|publisher=The Times of India |accessdate=14 April 2021}}</ref>

== Politics ==
The locality of Singanallur is a part of [[Singanallur Assembly constituency]] and [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/crorepatis-to-clash-in-singanallur/article34144638.ece|title=Singanallur Legislative Assembly Constituency|publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=14 April 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coimbatore}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Coimbatore]]

Sarvesh Shashi

2026-01-31T15:36:05Z

DwainKilgore21: article

{{Short description|Indian Yogi & Entrepreneur }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sarvesh Shashi
| image = Sarvesh Yoga Class.jpg
| caption = Sarvesh in 2024
| birth_name = Sarvesh Shashi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|04|15}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur|Thrissur, Kerala]]
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]], [[Yogi]]
| years_active = 2013 - present
| known_for = Yogi
| website = {{URL|sarveshshashi.com}}
}}

'''Sarvesh Shashi''' (born, 15 April 1992), known as "Modern Yogi", is an Indian [[Yogi|yoga practitioner]] and [[author]]. He is the founder of "SARVA", a Yoga studio chain and Health platform in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarvesh Shashi |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/sarvesh-shashi/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sarvesh was born in [[Thrissur|Thrissur, Kerala]] to his father, Shashi Kumar is the chairman of the [[Chennai]]-based conglomerate, Sabari Group.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Lazarus |first=Susanna Myrtle |date=2019-05-10 |title=At 27, Sarvesh Shashi has got the likes of Jennifer Lopez and Malaika Arora to invest in his dream. Find out what makes this thrill-seeking CEO tick |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/meet-27-year-old-sarvesh-shashi-indias-new-millionaire-yogi/article27094190.ece |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was introduced to yoga by his parents at age six, Sarvesh later attended Loyola College in [[Chennai]] before leaving to join the family business.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=Sarvesh Shashi: The Coolest Yogi |url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/lifestyle/people/sarvesh-shashi-coolest-yogi |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Man's World India |language=en}}</ref> He was in the Tamil Nadu junior cricket team. Sarvesh later served as a net bowler for [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] in 2011 and for [[Rajasthan Royals]] in 2012 & 2013 during the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet this IPL dropout, who built Rs 100 crore business empire, backed by Bollywood's top celebrities |url=https://www.india.com/sports/meet-this-ipl-dropout-who-built-rs-100-crore-business-empire-backed-by-bollywoods-top-celebrities-7268165/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Meet ex-cricketer who quit IPL dream to build Rs 100 crore company backed by Malaika Arora, Shahid and Mira Kapoor |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-ex-cricketer-quit-ipl-dream-rs-100-crore-company-backed-malaika-arora-shahid-mira-kapoor-sarvesh-shashi-3069326 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2013, at the age of 23, he founded ''Zorba'', a yoga studio, in a vacant warehouse owned by his father. Three years later, [[Talwalkars]], a fitness chain, acquired a 50% stake in Zorba for $2 million, leading to a partnership that introduced yoga classes into their gyms nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarvesh Shashi: The Yogi Entrepreneur |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/startups/sarvesh-shashi-the-yogi-entrepreneur/50121/1 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, Zorba was rebranded as "SARVA", with over 80 studios over India and International.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-21 |title=Sarvesh Shashi on inspiring youth at finding own path through yoga |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/Sarvesh-Shashi-on-inspiring-youth-at-finding-their-own-path-through-mindfulness-21195199 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> That same year, he co-founded "Diva Yoga" with [[Malaika Arora]], a consumer health platform and a yoga program with dedicated space exclusively for women.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paitandy |first=Priyadarshini |date=2019-09-12 |title=Malaika Arora's Diva Yoga comes to Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/malaika-aroras-diva-yoga-comes-to-chennai/article29399536.ece |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=Experience The Power of Yoga With Sarvesh Shashi & Malaika Arora - Society Achievers |url=https://societyachievers.com/experience-the-power-of-yoga-with-sarvesh-shashi-malaika-arora/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, Diva Yoga launched in Chennai. It is currently located in Mumbai and Chennai.<ref name=":1" />

In 2019, He received funding from investors including [[Jennifer Lopez]], Zumba Fitness, [[Alex Rodriguez|Alexx Rodriguez]], [[Malaika Arora]], [[Bill Roedy]] for his yoga studio "SARVA".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalal |first=Avanti |date=2019-05-02 |title=Jennifer Lopez and Malaika Arora have invested in a yoga startup |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/malaika-arora-jennifer-lopez-have-invested-in-a-yoga-startup |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shenoy |first=Sonali |date=2019-05-10 |title=How 27-year-old Sarvesh Shashi from Chennai got both Jennifer Lopez and Malaika Arora to invest in his startup |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2019/May/10/how-27-year-old-sarvesh-shashi-from-chennai-got-both-jennifer-lopez-and-malaika-arora-to-invest-in-h-14791.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> The same year, He was featured in [[Fortune India|Fortune]] 40 Under 40 in India and in [[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]] as Most Influential Young Indians in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Shikha |date=2019-12-12 |title=Here's the full list of GQ's 50 most influential young Indians of 2019 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/influence-list/content/the-gq-50-most-influential-young-indians-of-2019#:~:text=Sarvesh%20Shashi,%2027&text=With%20investments%20from%20the%20likes,instructors%20in%20its%20four%20years. |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarvesh Shashi - India's Young & Brightest Entrepreneurs in 40 Under 40 2019 - Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/40under40/sarvesh-shashi?year=2019#:~:text=Sarvesh%20Shashi%20-%20India's%20Young%20&%20Brightest,Under%2040%202019%20-%20Fortune%20India |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, Shashi was featured in [[Forbes]] [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] Asia for Healthcare & Science.<ref>{{Cite web |title=30 Under 30 Asia 2020: Healthcare & Science |url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2020/asia/healthcare-science/#da45337685b2 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> He was also featured in [[Entrepreneur India|Entrepreneur]] 30 Under 30.<ref name=":0" />

In 2024, Shashi wrote and published the book ''How To Fall In Love with Yoga: Move. Breathe. Connect.'' with a foreword by [[Malaika Arora]]. The book explores various yoga poses and flows, and emphasizes the integration of mindfulness and yoga principles into everyday life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shashi |first=Sarvesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-I_xEAAAQBAJ |title=How to Fall in Love with Yoga: Move. Breathe. Connect. |date=2024-05-28 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-7440-9939-3 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, he founded "ABCStudios", a talent management company across entertainment, music, and sports with a focus on the South Indian market. They also produce content for ads and films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|title=Sarvesh Shashi launches ABC Studios to bridge gap between entertainment industries of North and South|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/mediainfo/advertising/sarvesh-shashi-launches-abc-studios-to-bridge-gap-between-entertainment-industries-of-north-and-south-7370601|access-date=2024-11-12|website=bestmediainfo.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29|title=Sarvesh Shashi's ABC Studios: A New Era in Indian Entertainment|url=https://medianoise.in/sarvesh-shashis-abc-studios-a-new-era-in-indian-entertainment/|access-date=2024-11-12|website=Media Noise Bureau|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Organization
!Title
!Ref
|-
|2020
|[[Forbes]]
|[[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] Asia for Healthcare & Science
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=30 Under 30 Asia 2020: Healthcare & Science |url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2020/asia/healthcare-science/#23e19b7b685b |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Fortune
|[[40 Under 40]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarvesh Shashi - India's Young & Brightest Entrepreneurs in 40 Under 40 2019 - Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/40under40/sarvesh-shashi?year=2019#:~:text=Sarvesh%20Shashi%20-%20India's%20Young%20&%20Brightest,Under%2040%202019%20-%20Fortune%20India |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]]
|Most Influential Young Indians
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Shikha |date=2019-12-12 |title=Here's the full list of GQ's 50 most influential young Indians of 2019 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/influence-list/content/the-gq-50-most-influential-young-indians-of-2019#:~:text=Sarvesh%20Shashi,%2027&text=With%20investments%20from%20the%20likes,instructors%20in%20its%20four%20years. |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|
|Bloomberg
|Youngest CEO in the Health and Wellness Sector
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet this IPL dropout, who built Rs 100 crore business empire, backed by Bollywood's top celebrities |url=https://www.india.com/sports/meet-this-ipl-dropout-who-built-rs-100-crore-business-empire-backed-by-bollywoods-top-celebrities-7268165/#:~:text=In%20fact,%20Sarvesh%20was%20also,India%20to%20watch%20out%20for. |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[Entrepreneur India]]
|30 Under 30
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=35under35 - Our Speakers |url=https://www.entrepreneurindia.com/35under35/2020/sarvesh.php |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.entrepreneurindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Businessworld]]
|30 Under 30
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=We Are Making Yoga Cooler: Sarvesh Shashi, Founder Of Sarva |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/we-are-making-yoga-cooler-sarvesh-shashi-founder-of-sarva-178057 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=November 2024}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shashi, Sarvesh}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian yoga teachers]]

Prajesh Sen

2026-01-23T15:12:48Z

DwainKilgore21: put up the post with sources

{{short description|Indian filmmaker and writer }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = G. Prajesh Sen
| image = Prajesh Sen G.jpg
| caption = 2019
| birth_date = May 29
| birth_place = [[Kilimanoor, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Filmmaker]]|[[screenwriter]]|[[journalist]]}}
| years_active =
| alma_mater =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Sabeena S. K.|2013}}
| children = 1
}}

'''G. Prajesh Sen''' (also spelt '''G. Prajeshsen'''; born 29th May at Kilimanoor) is an Indian filmmaker and writer. In 2017, He has made his directorial debut with ''[[Captain (2018 film)|Captain]]'', the first sports biopic in malayalam starring [[Jayasurya]] and [[Anu Sithara]].

==Career==
Prajesh Sen started his career as a journalist and media person. He worked in ''[[All India Radio|All India Radio Trivandrum]]'' and ''[[Madhyamam]]'' newspaper. He started his film career as an assistant director with [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]].

He is the author of the biography ''[[Ormakalude Bhramanapadham]]'' based on the former [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] scientist [[Nambi Narayanan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/isro-espionage-former-space-scientist-seeks-fresh-probe-in-autobiography-to-find-out-role-of-foreign-spy-agencies-4177689.html/ |title=Nambi Narayanan Autobiography | date=26 October 2017|website=Firstpost Web}}</ref> He also made a documentary based on Nambi Narayanan, named ''Nambi The Scientist''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonfolks.in/books/g-prajesh-sen |title= Prajesh Sen Books | website=Commonfolks Web}}</ref>

Prajesh worked with a Dutch director [[:nl:Jacco Groen|Jacco Groen]] in his street kids documentary series. He worked as an associate producer on Jacco Groen's ''The Road to Moscow'', documenting the lives of nine girls chosen by Karunalaya Social Service Society to represent India at the [[Street Child World Cup]] 2018 in [[Moscow]], Russia.

Sen worked as a co-director on ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]'', based on Nambi Narayanan's life. The movie has [[R. Madhavan]] playing the title role. His second movie, ''[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]'' with [[Jayasurya]] in the lead role, was released on 22 January 2021. It was the first Malayalam movie released in theaters after the COVID-19 lockdown.Jayasurya bagged the 51st Kerala state best actor award for his stunning performance in Vellam and Shahbaz Aman was selected as the best male singer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/specials/kerala-state-film-awards-2020/kerala-state-film-awards-2020-best-movie-actor-actress-nominations-director-1.6091992 |title=ഗ്രേറ്റ് ഇന്ത്യന്‍ കിച്ചണ്‍ മികച്ച ചിത്രം, നടന്‍ ജയസൂര്യ,നടി അന്ന ബെന്‍ | Kerala State Film Awards 2020 Best Movie actor actress nominations director |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016211504/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/specials/kerala-state-film-awards-2020/kerala-state-film-awards-2020-best-movie-actor-actress-nominations-director-1.6091992 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sen announced his third movie titled, ''The Secret of Women''<ref>{{cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/captain-director-prajesh-sens-next-is-an-emotional-thriller-titled-the-secret-of-women/articleshow/79970456.cms | title= Captain director Prajesh Sen's next is an emotional thriller, titled The Secret of Women | date = 26 December 2020 | publisher = TOI}}</ref> on 24 December 2020 with [[Niranjana Anoop]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/the-secret-of-women-poster-niranjana-anoop-gets-roped-in-play-the-lead-in-prajesh-sens-next/articleshow/79967113.cms | title= 'The Secret of Women' poster: Niranjana Anoop gets roped in play the lead in Prajesh Sen's next | date = 26 December 2020 | publisher = TOI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/the-secret-of-women-first-look-poster-released-624778 | title= 'ദി സീക്രട്ട് ഓഫ് വിമെന്‍'; നിരഞ്ജനയെ നായികയാക്കി പ്രജേഷ് സെന്‍ | date = 24 December 2020 | publisher = Madhyamam}}</ref> Prajesh announced his fourth movie ''[[Meri Awas Suno]]'' starring [[Jayasurya]] and [[Manju Warrier]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meri-awaaz-suno-is-the-title-of-manju-jayasurya-film-by-prajesh-sen/articleshow/80900177.cms/ |title= 'Meri Awas Suno' is the title of Manju – Jayasurya film by Prajesh Sen | date=13 Feb 2021|website=[[The Times of India|TOI]]}}</ref>
Prajesh is also associated with the renowned magician Prof. [[Gopinath Muthukad]] in his DAC activities. DAC - different art centre is established to focus on the emotional and intellectual growth of differently abled children.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.differentartcentre.com/ |title=Home |website=differentartcentre.com}}</ref> On 2 October 2021, they gave a visual treat to the world and the program entitled Sahayathra was directed by Prajesh. DAC conducted their second visual treat to the world on 3 December 2021 and the program is entitled Veendum Sahayathra.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/children/kidz-club/2021/09/28/sahayathra-an-entertainment-show-by-gopinath-muthukad-and-children-of-dac.html | title=ഭിന്നശേഷി കുട്ടികളുടെ പ്രതിഭ ലോകമറിയട്ടെ; ഡിജിറ്റൽ കലാവിരുന്നുമായി മുതുകാട് }}</ref> During an interview with RJ Sneha of Dubai Club FM, on 23 March 2022, Sen announced his next biopic, that is based on the life of Ashraf Thamarassery who has dedicated his life to helping the UAE's deceased on their final journey home. The more details of the film are yet to be revealed.

In 2022 September, Sen conducted a 2-day certified acting workshop in Dubai in association with Club FM. The Emirati film director Nahla Hamad BinFahad Almuhairi was the chief guest during the workshop and has shared her professional experiences with the participants.

==Personal life==
Prajesh Sen was born to Gopi N., and T. K. Lathika.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/captain-fame-prajesh-sen-heads-to-bollywood/articleshow/67298389.cms | title= Prajesh Sen heads to bollywood | date=29 December 2018| publisher=Times of india}}</ref> He married Sabeena S. K. in 2013. They have a son named Alan P. Sen.

==Bibliography==
*''Cradles for Hire'' (2008)<ref>{{cite web |title=Vadakakkoru thotil |url=https://www.udumalai.com/vadakaith-thottil.htm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402032946/https://www.udumalai.com/vadakaith-thottil.htm |archive-date=2023-04-02 |publisher=udumalai web}}</ref>
*''Manji: Story of a Test tube Orphan'' (2008)<ref>{{cite web |title=Manji – Prajesh Sen Book |url=http://www.indulekha.com/manji-enna-test-tube-sisuvinte-athmakatha-lifesketch-g-prajesh-sen?author_id= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501125545/http://www.indulekha.com/manji-enna-test-tube-sisuvinte-athmakatha-lifesketch-g-prajesh-sen?author_id= |archive-date=2015-05-01 |publisher=Indulekha Web}}</ref>
*''Finger of Ekalavya'' (2009)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-17 |title=Ekalavyante Viral (Old Edition) @ indulekha.com |url=http://www.indulekha.com/ekalavyante-viral-autobiography-mallikarjunan-kani |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517070530/http://www.indulekha.com/ekalavyante-viral-autobiography-mallikarjunan-kani |archive-date=2019-05-17 |access-date=2023-09-11 }}</ref>
*''Molecules'' (2009)<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.indulekha.com/thanmatrakal-essays-g-prajesh-sen?author_id= | title= Thanmatrakal – Prajesh Sen Book | publisher=Indulekha Web}}</ref>
*''[[Ormakalude bhramanapadham|Ormakalude Bhramanapadham]]'' (written with [[Nambi Narayanan]]) (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.madhyamam.com/movies/movies-news/malayalam/making-movie-captain-movie-news/2018/feb/27/437014 | title= ക്യാപ്റ്റൻ ചിത്രീകരിച്ചതിങ്ങനെ | date=27 February 2018 | publisher=Madhayamam Daily}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/oct/27/unmask-the-real-players-in-isro-spy-case-says-nambi-narayanan-1684226.html/| title= Nambi Narayanan Biography written by Prajesh Sen in Malayalam | date=27 October 2017 | publisher=New Indian Express }}</ref>
*''Captain-Story of an unsung hero'' (2021)
*''Athmabhashanangal'' (2021)
*''Oduvilathe koottu'' (2021) - A book based on the life of Ashraf Thamarassery, who has dedicated his life to helping the UAE's deceased on their final journey home.
*''Vellam'' (2022) - Screenplay of the movie Vellam - the essential drink ([[Vellam_(2021_film)|Vellam]])
*''The last Friend'' (2022)

==Filmography and television==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Notes !!Role

|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Captain (2018 film)|Captain]]'' || Biopic of Indian football Captain VP Sathyan ||Writer and Director

|-
|''Nambi The Scientist''<ref>{{cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/documentary-on-nambi-to-be-released-on-november-20/articleshow/66585791.cms | title= Nambi the scientist documentary by Prajesh Sen |date=12 November 2018 | publisher=Times of India Web}}</ref> ||Documentary on [[Nambi Narayanan]]||Writer and Director

|-
|2019
|''Streetkids United 3 – The Road to Moscow''<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqmLyOGfdL0 | title= Streetkids United 3 – The Road To Moscow |date=11 Mar 2019 | publisher=Jaja Productions Web}}</ref> ||Documentary film based on the life of Indian children selected in the Street Child World Cup
||Associate Producer

|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]''<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url = https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/jayasurya-prajesh-sen-new-movie-vellam-the-essential-drink-real-life-story-jayasurya-new-movie-1.3576063 | title= യഥാർഥ ജീവിതകഥയുമായി വീണ്ടും ജയസൂര്യയും പ്രജേഷും |date=16 February 2019 | publisher=Mathrubhumi Web}}</ref>
||Film based on a true story
||Writer and Director
|-
|''Sahayathra''<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.differentartcentre.com/ | title= Sahayathra |date=10 October 2021 | publisher=DAC}}</ref>
||A program by the DAC nurtured students || Program Director
|-
|''Veendum Sahayathra''<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.differentartcentre.com/ | title= Veendum Sahayathra |date=3 December 2021 | publisher=DAC}}</ref>
||Visual treat{{Clarify|date=May 2022}} by DAC nurtured children ||Program Director
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Meri Awas Suno]]''<ref>{{cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meri-awaaz-suno-is-the-title-of-manju-jayasurya-film-by-prajesh-sen/articleshow/80900177.cms | title= 'Meri Awaaz Suno' is the title of Manju – Jayasurya film by Prajesh Sen |date=13 Feb 2021 | publisher=ASianet News}}</ref>
||Official remake of 2019 Bengali film [[Konttho]]. || Writer, Director <ref>{{cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warrier-and-jayasuryas-meri-awaaz-suno-to-release-on-this-day/articleshow/90496730.cms | title = Manju Warrier and Jayasurya's 'Meri Awaaz Suno' to release on THIS day! | date = 28 March 2022 | publisher = TOI }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''|| Film based on the life of Scientist Nambi Narayan|| Co-director

|-
|2025
|''[[The secret of women]]''<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.asianetnews.com/topic/the-secret-of-women | title= 'ദി സീക്രട്ട് ഓഫ് വിമെന്‍'; നിരഞ്ജനയെ നായികയാക്കി പ്രജേഷ് സെന്‍ |date=24 December 2020 | publisher=ASianet News}}</ref>
||Released 2025 January || Writer, Director
|-
|2025
|''[[Houdini The King of magic ]]''
||Post Production || Writer, Director,Producer
|}

==Awards, nominations and recognitions==
===Film Awards===
*2022 : Gurupriya TV Award for the best Director for ''[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]''
*2022 : India Darshan National Integration Awards<ref>{{cite web | url=https://malanadunews.com/?cat=1879 | title=Ina Awards - Malanadu News }}</ref>
*2022 : Prem Nazir award for the best direction for ''Vellam''<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-01-09 |title=Prem Nazir award for Aleppey Ashraf |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/prem-nazir-award-for-aleppey-ashraf/article38209639.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*2021 : [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] as the best second director for ''Vellam''.<ref>https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/kerala-film-critics-awards-ptithviraj-biju-menon-share-best-actor-award-movie--1.5998393 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
*2019 : [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] - Best Debutant Director (Nominated)
*2019 : Kerala state Television Award – Special Mention award for "Nambi the Scientist" in Biographical documentary category<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/serials-telefilms-in-award-glory/article27279635.ece/ | title= Kerala state Television Award -Special Jury Mention Prajesh Sen | date=29 May 2019 | work=The Hindu}}</ref>
*2018 : [[Flowers (TV channel)]] – Best Debutant director for [[Captain (2018 film)]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2018/05/flowers-indian-film-awards-2018-winners.html/ | title= Flowers TV Directorial Debut Prajesh Sen | publisher=Vindoadarshan Web}}</ref>

===Film festival===

*Official Selection on IDSFFK'2019 – "Nambi the Scientist"
*Lakeside Film Festival'2019: "Nambi the scientist" selected as the inaugural movie

===Media awards===
*[[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|Ramnath Goenka award for excellence in journalism]] (2013)
*G. Venu Gopal award from [[Press Club, Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvananthapuram Press Club]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.news18.com/news/india/reema-bags-k-madhavankutty-award-469384.html | title= Prajesh Sen G Venu Gopal Award |date=28 April 2012 | publisher=News18 web}}</ref>
*K.C.Madhava Kurup Award (2010) by Calicut Press Club for Investigative Journalism.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.madhyamam.com/movies/movies-news/malayalam/prajesh-sen-new-movie-movies/593295 | title= പ്രജേഷ് സെന്നിൻെ പുതിയചിത്രത്തിൽ ജയസൂര്യ നായകൻ |date=16 February 2019| publisher=Madhayamam Daily}}</ref>
*[[State Bank of Travancore|SBT]] Media Awards 2009 for Humanitarian Writing.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.deccanherald.com/content/639781/ex-scientist-scalded-isro-scandal.html/ | title=Ex-scientist, scalded by Isro scandal, asks for probe – Book written by Prajesh Sen| date=27 October 2017| publisher=Deccan Herald web}}</ref>
*Rajeevan Kavumbai Award (2009) by [[Kerala Press Academy]] for Best Feature.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://m.madhyamam.com/en/node/14852 | title=Kerala's Guinea Pigs by Prajesh Sen | date=7 August 2013 | publisher=Madhyamam Web}}</ref>
*[[Theruvath Raman]] Award (2009) by Calicut Press Club for Investigative Journalism<ref name="auto"/>
*Fr.Columbiar Memorial Award (2009) for Investigative Reporting.<ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/100218/legend-of-captain.html/ | title= Legend of Captain | date=10 February 2018| publisher=Deccanchronicle Web}}</ref>
*R.Krishna Swami Award (2009) Jointly constituted by Kollam Press Club and Kerala Shabdam Weekly for Investigative Reporting.<ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.eastcoastdaily.in/2019/01/05/captain-director-prajesh-sen-heads-to-bollywood.html/ | title= Prajesh Sen Heads to Bollywood | date=5 January 2019| publisher=Eastcoast Web}}</ref>
*Keraleeyam [[V. K. Madhavan Kutty]] 2008 for Best Report on issues related to social integration.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/2018/02/17/mollywood-late-pick-up-politics-of-biopics-director-prajesh-sen.html/ | title= Biopic Director Prajesh Sen | date=17 February 2018 | publisher=English Manoramaonline Web}}</ref>
*Vigilant Award (2008) for Human Rights Reporting.<ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/captain-malayalam/299855 | title= Prajesh Sen's Captain Movie | date=22 February 2018 | publisher=Outlook India Web}}</ref>
*V.Karunakaran Nambiar Award 2008 by [[Kerala Press Academy]] for Best Report on health topics.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/captain-movie-review-everything-in-this-jayasurya-starrer-is-too-perfect-to-be-true/story-7TONlrAEhMc9o3e1iTbBII.html | title= Captain – The biopic by Prajesh Sen |date=16 February 2019|publisher=Hindustantimes Web}}</ref>
*Solidarity Media Award 2006 for Best Rural Reporting.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://iphkerala.com/store/index.php?route=product/product&manufacturer_id=9&product_id=675&page=2 | title=Book By Prajesh Sen – Cradles for Hire | publisher=iphkerala Web}}</ref>
*Vocational Award 2005 from [[Rotary International]] for Rural Reporting.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/prajesh-sen-scores-a-goal-with-captain-1.2180434 | title= Prajesh Sen scores a goal with 'Captain' |date=28 February 2018 | publisher=Gulfnews Web}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm8904180}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Prajesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Danava dynasty

2026-01-10T05:40:31Z

DwainKilgore21: minor edit

{{Short description|Legendary dynasty of Pragjyotisha (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Danava dynasty
|common_name = Danava dynasty
|era =
|status = Legendary
|s1 = Bhauma dynasty
|government_type =
|leader1 = Mahiranga
}}
{{Pragjyotisha}}
{{Assam History}}

The '''Danava dynasty''' was the first legendary line of rulers in [[Pragjyotisha Kingdom|Pragjyotisha]], established by Mahiranga Danava.<ref>{{harv|Gait|1906|p=11}}</ref> The dynasty was of [[Kirata]] origin. These rulers are mentioned in the [[Kalika Purana]] but there are no archaeological evidence to support this.

The Danava dynasty consisted of Kirata chiefs; the last of whom, Ghatakasura, was killed and replaced by [[Narakasura|Naraka]].<ref>{{harv|Gait|1906|p=12}}</ref>

== Chronology ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:25%;" align="center"
|-
!Nu.!! Name of Known rulers
|-
| 1|| Mahiranga
|-
| 2|| Hatakasura
|-
| 3|| Sambarasura
|-
| 4|| Ratnasura
|-
| 5|| Ghatakasura
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Gait
|first=Edward A
|year=1906
|title=A History of Assam
|isbn=978-0-404-16819-3
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-6kr1IyHJkC
|place=Calcutta
}}
*{{Cite book| last = Sircar| first = D C| contribution = Epico-Puranic Myths and Allied Legends| year = 1990| title = The Comprehensive History of Assam| editor-last = Barpujari| editor-first = H K| volume = I| pages = 79–93| place = Guwahati| publisher = Publication Board, Assam}}
{{Refend}}

{{Assam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Danava Dynasty}}
[[Category:Kingdoms of Assam]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Assam]]
[[Category:Mythological kingdoms, empires, and countries]]

{{Hindu-myth-stub}}

[[ja:ダーナヴァ]]

P. J. Narayanan

2026-01-05T06:28:17Z

DwainKilgore21: put up first details needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{BLP no footnotes|date=August 2018}}
{{short description|Indian computer scientist and academic}}
'''P. J. Narayanan''' (born 1963 in [[Alwaye]], [[Kerala]]) is a Professor at the [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]], and the former director of institute from April 2013 till August 2025. He is known for his work in [[computer vision]] (3D reconstruction, structure-from-motion, computational displays), [[computer graphics]] (ray-tracing of implicit surfaces, dynamic scenes), and parallel computing on the GPU (graph algorithms, string sorting, ML techniques like graph cuts, ANN and clustering, as well as several computer vision tasks).

== Early life ==

Narayanan obtained his B.Tech. degree in [[computer science]] and engineering from [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]], in 1984. Narayanan graduated with a master's degree from [[University of Maryland, College Park]], US, in 1989 and obtained his Ph.D. in computer science from University of Maryland, College Park, US, in 1991 where he worked with Prof. Larry Davis.

== Career ==

Narayanan started his career in the Lipi group of the R&D group of CMC Ltd and helped design the second generation hardware for their Indian language word processor. He moved to University of Maryland for graduate studies in 1986. He worked as a research faculty member at the [[Robotics Institute]] of [[Carnegie Mellon University]] from 1992 till 1996. He was instrumental in building the virtualized reality system <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanade |first=Takeo |last2=Rander |first2=Peter |last3=Narayanan |first3=P. J. |date=1997-01-01 |title=Virtualized Reality: Constructing Virtual Worlds from Real Scenes |url=https://doi.org/10.1109/93.580394 |journal=IEEE MultiMedia |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=34–47 |doi=10.1109/93.580394 |issn=1070-986X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> that for the first time captured dynamic events in 3D from multiple points of view. The events so captured could be integrated into a virtual reality environment for visualization and manipulation.

He joined the [[Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics]] (CAIR), a DRDO lab, in 1996. He headed the Computer Vision and Virtual Reality groups of CAIR and was instrumental in initiating several VR applications for DRDO and the defence. He moved to [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad|IIIT Hyderabad]] in 2000 and established the Centre for Visual Information Technology (CVIT), which has grown into the largest research group in India in the areas of computer vision, graphics, and medical image processing.

Prof. Narayanan has played crucial roles in several editions of the Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing (ICVGIP). He was also instrumental in bringing the Asian Conference on Computer Vision (ACCV) to Hyderabad in 2006. He has been an Area Chair for ICCV, CVPR, ACCV, IJCAI, etc.

He was appointed the Co-Chair of the ACM India Council when it was formed. He became the first President of ACM India in 2012 and Chaired the ACM India Research Board from 2014. He has played several roles in the Association for Computing Machinery including being in the Nominations Committee and the committee to decide on the Outstanding Contributions to ACM award.

== Awards and recognitions ==

* Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] (INAE) in 2016
* CUDA Fellow in recognition of contributions to GPGPU by Nvidia Corporation in 2008
* Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Presidential Award,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awards.acm.org/president/award-winners|title = ACM Presidential award}}</ref> 2013
* Best paper. ACM Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics & Image Processing (ICVGIP). 2022
* Best paper. ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games (I3D). 2022
* Best Industry Paper Honourable Mention Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bmvc2018.org/awards.html|title = Awards - BMVC Newcastle 2018}}</ref> in the British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC), 2018
* Best GPU paper in the High Performance Computing (HiPC), 2013
* Best paper in Eurographics Symposium on Parallel Graphics and Visualization (EGPGV), 2010
* Best applications paper International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration (MFI), 1996

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Major professional contributions ==

Narayanan has contributed to the areas of computer vision, computer graphics and [[Parallel computing|parallel processing]]. In computer vision his early work on 3D recovery of dynamic scenes through virtualized reality has resulted in tremendous growth in 3D capture to be available to end users. Capture of 3D has now become common place through the [[Microsoft Kinect]] and other commodity sensors. He pioneered the use of innovative platforms like the GPU for common computer vision applications such as graph cuts, neural networks, clustering etc. Use of the GPU in computer vision has culminated in the GPUs making Deep Learning practical for several applications. His work on general parallel computing involving CPUs and GPUs has also been recognized worldwide.

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* [http://academic.research.microsoft.com/ Microsoft Academic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803221848/http://academic.research.microsoft.com/ |date=3 August 2014 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanan, P. J.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:University of Maryland, College Park alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Carnegie Mellon University faculty]]

Abhimanyu Acharya

2025-12-31T07:56:55Z

DwainKilgore21: put up a pg

{{Short description|Indian short story writer and playwright}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Abhimanyu Acharya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1994|9|24}}
| birth_place = [[Surendranagar Dudhrej|Surendranagar]], [[Gujarat]], India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Short story writer
* playwright
}}
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad]]
| notableworks = ''Padchhayao Vacche'' (2018)
| awards = [[Yuva Puraskar]] (2020)
}}
'''Abhimanyu Acharya''' (born 24 September 1994) is an Indian short story writer and playwright from [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. He received the 2020 [[Yuva Puraskar]] for his short story collection ''Padchhayao Vacche'' ("''Between the Shadows''").

==Biography==
Abhimanyu Acharya was born on 24 September 1994 in [[Surendranagar Dudhrej|Surendranagar]], Gujarat, India. In 2010, he moved to [[Ahmedabad]] where he completed his schooling from [[St. Xavier's High School, Loyola Hall, Ahmedabad|St. Xavier's High School]], and graduated from [[St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad|St. Xavier's College]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Gujarati Navlekhan Vartao (Anthology of Gujarati short stories)|editor-last=Joshi|editor-first=Yogesh|editor-link=Yogesh Joshi (poet)|publisher=National Book Trust of India|year=2016|isbn=978-81-237-7790-0|location=New Delhi|page=135|language=gu}}</ref> At present, he is pursuing his Ph.D. at the [[University of Western Ontario]], Canada in Comparative literature.<ref name="The Theatre Times 2022">{{cite web |title=Abhimanyu Acharya, Author at The Theatre Times|website=The Theatre Times|url=https://thetheatretimes.com/author/a-acharya/|access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Kothari 2021">{{cite book |last=Kothari|first=Rita|author-link=Rita Kothari|title=The Greatest Gujarati Stories Ever Told|year=2022|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi|page=226|isbn=978-93-91047-48-1}}</ref>

==Works==
Acharya's first short story was published in the Gujarati magazine ''[[Navneet Samarpan]]'' in 2009. His short story collection, ''Padchhayao Vacche'' ("''Between the Shadows''"), was published by Rangdwar Publication in 2018.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Chitralekha (weekly)|Chitralekha]]|date=27 September 2021|title=Gujarat Diary|page=24}}</ref>
His stories deal with themes of love and sexuality, and often combines traditional storytelling with formal experimentation and lyricism.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Naik|first=Ila|editor1-last=Vora|editor1-first=Kamal|editor1-link=Kamal Vora|editor2-last=Mehta|editor2-first=Naushil|date=July–September 2014|title=Rachanakala No Jadu|script-title=gu:રચનાકલાનો જાદુ|trans-title=The Magic of Narrative Art|magazine=Etad|location=Mumbai|publisher=Kshitij Sanshodhan Prakashan Kendra|pages=72–74|issn=2350-0689}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|editor-last=Chauhan|editor-first=Ajaysinh|editor-link=Ajaysinh Chauhan|last=Purohit|first=Vipul|title=Book Review: Padchhayao Vacche|magazine=[[Shabdasrishti]]|date=September 2019|pages=89–93|issn=2319-3220|language=gu}}</ref> In 2022, his short story "''Chunni''" appeared in ''The Greatest Gujarati Stories Ever Told'', edited by [[Rita Kothari]].<ref name="Hindustan Times 2022">{{cite news|title=HT Picks; New Reads|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=29 January 2022|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/ht-picks-new-reads-101643450049119.html|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Kothari 2021"/>

His play ''Roundabout'' was staged in Gujarat and Karnataka. He directed [[Madhu Rye]]'s ''[[Koi Pan Ek Phool Nu Naam Bolo To|Tell Me The Name Of A Flower]]'' in 2018.<ref name="The Theatre Times 2022"/>

==Awards==
Acharya received the 2020 [[Yuva Puraskar]] for his short story collection ''Padchhayao Vacche''<ref name="Yuva Puraskar">{{cite web |title=Yuva Puraskar (2011-2020)|website=Sahitya Akademi|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp|access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> for which, he also received [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]]'s Best Book Prize (2020).<ref name="કચ્છમિત્ર સમાચાર 2022">{{cite news| title=કચ્છમિત્રમાં પ્રસિદ્ધ થયેલી નવલકથા 'સોન ટેકરી'ને અકાદમીનું ત્રીજું ઇનામ | newspaper=Kutchmitra | date=14 Feb 2022 | url=https://www.kutchmitradaily.com/news/342027 | access-date=14 Feb 2022}}</ref> He received the Sanhita Manch playwriting award for his [[Hindi]] play ''Bhes''. He was twice longlisted for TOTO Funds the Arts Award for his English writing.<ref name="Kothari 2021"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://outofprintmagazine.co.in/archive/september_2021-issue/abhimanyu-acharya_inertia.html Inertia], short story by Abhimanyu Acharya
* [https://www.hakara.in/abhimanyu-acharya/ Boundaries], play by Abhimanyu Acharya

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, Abhimanyu}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:People from Surendranagar district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]

Naari (film)

2025-12-29T03:49:16Z

DwainKilgore21: starting new stub

{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naari
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Narendra Kumar Mitra]] & [[B. Trilochan]]
| writer =
| starring =
| producer = [[Narendra Kumar Mitra]]
| cinematography =
| released = {{Film date|1963}}
| country = India
| runtime = 122 min
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| music = [[Kali Charan Pattanayak]]
}}

'''''Naari''''' is an [[Oriya cinema|Oriya film]] directed by [[Narendra Kumar Mitra]] and [[B. Trilochan]] and released on 25 January 1963.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naari Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/oriya/movie-details/naari/movieshow/67654491.cms |website=Bombay Times |accessdate=15 October 2020}}</ref> Film won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Odia]].<ref name="11thaward">{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/103_11thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=11th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=}}</ref>

==Plot==
Jayanta is in love with Manashi and prepares to marry her. But before the wedding, he loses his sight. Then Manashi breaks off the engagement, leaving Jayantha disappointed.

During the treatment, Jayant is noticed by the kind nurse Malati. Trying to help him, she tries to return Manashi to him, but fails. She then pretends to be Manashi herself. And even donates one of his eyes to him.

Having regained his sight, Jayanta first tries to find Manashi. However, after learning the truth from the servant, he goes to Malati to save her from suicide at the last moment.

==Cast==
*[[Aneema]]
*[[Ashok (Oriya actor)|Ashok]]
*[[Durlabh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:1963 drama films]]
[[Category:1960s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{Odia-film-stub}}

Elephant football

2025-12-12T04:20:41Z

DwainKilgore21:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Elephant soccer
| image = File:Elephant soccer chiang mai.JPG
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Elephant football in [[Chiang Mai|Chiangmai, Thailand]]
| union =
| nickname = 
| first =
| firstlabel =
| registered =
| clubs =
| contact =
| team =
| mgender =
| type =
| equipment = elephants
| venue =
| glossary =
| countries involved =
| region = Thailand, Nepal and India
| olympic =
| world =
| paralympic =
| obsolete =
| IWGA =
}}
'''Elephant football''' or '''elephant soccer''' is an [[animal show]] from [[Thailand]], [[Nepal]] and [[India]], taking the form of an [[association football]] variant played on [[elephant]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elephant Soccer |url=https://www.topendsports.com/sport/unusual/elephant-soccer.htm |website=Top End Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Elephant football, Nepal - picture of the day| work = the Guardian| access-date = 2024-11-20| date = 2014-08-25| url = http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/picture/2012/dec/28/elephant-festival-nepal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = Elephant football draws crowds in Nepal| access-date = 2024-11-20| date = 2009-12-30| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8435112.stm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last = 由荟圆| title = Players participate in elephant football game in Nepal - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn| access-date = 2024-11-20| url = http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/27/c_1125394315.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Elephants play football in Nepal| work = Metro| access-date = 2024-11-20| date = 2012-12-29| url = https://metro.co.uk/2012/12/29/elephants-play-football-in-nepal-3332646/}}</ref><ref name="s593">{{cite web | last=Lemon | first=Jason | title=Elephants Play Soccer in Thailand Ahead of World Cup | website=Newsweek | date=2018-06-12 | url=https://www.newsweek.com/elephants-play-soccer-thailand-world-cup-anti-gambling-campaign-972481 | access-date=2024-11-22}}</ref><ref name="s571">{{cite web | title=Thai elephants kick off anti-gambling campaign ahead of World Cup | website=Reuters | date=2018-06-12 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/sports/thai-elephants-kick-off-anti-gambling-campaign-ahead-of-world-cup-idUSKBN1J817Z/ | access-date=2024-11-22}}</ref><ref name="x293">{{cite web | last=Dearden | first=Lizzie | title=World Cup 2014: Elephants show off ball skills in Thailand football | website=The Independent | date=2014-06-09 | url=https://www.the-independent.com/sport/football/international/world-cup-2014-elephants-show-off-ball-skills-in-thailand-football-match-9512381.html | access-date=2024-11-22}}</ref><ref name="q468">{{cite web | title=Elephants kick-off World Cup fever in Thailand | website=AS USA | date=2018-06-13 | url=https://en.as.com/en/2018/06/13/soccer/1528924610_814610.html | access-date=2024-11-22}}</ref><ref name="n758">{{cite web | last=Media | first=Griffin | title=Elephants In Thailand Play Soccer | website=Breaking News in Oklahoma City, OK | date=2022-12-14 | url=https://www.news9.com/story/639a18eb01681e072526fd06/elephants-in-thailand-play-soccer | access-date=2024-11-22}}</ref>

==Rules==
Elephant football is played with similar rules to association football, but all players must be riding elephants. The elephants will attempt to kick the ball into the opposition's net to score a [[Goal (sports)|goal]]. Elephant football is played on a smaller [[Football pitch|pitch]] to association football, and is played with a large inflatable ball, rather than a standard [[Ball (association football)|football]].

==See also==
* [[Elephant Polo]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Association football variants]]
[[Category:Elephants and humans]]
[[Category:Animals in sport]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thailand]]

{{Elephants}}

Chana Lukhoi

2025-12-10T12:31:09Z

DwainKilgore21: Made new pg

{{Short description|Indian playwright, folk narrator and cultural activist}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{About|an Indian artist|other uses|Oinam Lukhoi (disambiguation){{!}}Oinam Lukhoi}}

'''Oinam Lukhoi''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥꯝ ꯂꯨꯈꯣꯏ}}),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Renowned writer Chana Lukhoi no more : 30th dec24 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=9..301224.dec24|access-date=2025-11-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Chana Lukhoi condoled : 06th jan25 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=16..060125.jan25|access-date=2025-11-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=IACAM award adorns Chana Lukhoi : 27th oct06 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..271006.oct06|access-date=2025-11-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> also known as '''Oinamcha Tunan''', popularly known as '''Chana Lukhoi''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯈꯣꯏ}}, 10 April 1950<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=HYNews|title=Chana Lukhoi to be Honoured with Dr. Thiyam Suresh Literary Award 2023|url=https://hynews.in/article/state/chana-lukhoi-to-be-honoured-with-dr-thiyam-suresh-literary-award-2023/https%3A%2F%2Fhynews.in%2Farticle%2Fstate%2Fchana-lukhoi-to-be-honoured-with-dr-thiyam-suresh-literary-award-2023%2F4467|access-date=2025-11-06|website=hynews.in|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Iboyaima Award 2023 presented to Chana Lukhoi : 13th apr23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=32..130423.apr23|access-date=2025-11-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> – 29 December 2024), was an Indian [[playwright]], folk narrator, and cultural activist from [[Manipur]]. He was a leading figure in [[Shumang Leela]], a traditional Manipuri courtyard theatre form. Over his long career, he wrote more than 200 plays and received many awards for his contribution to [[Meitei culture|Meitei art]], [[Meitei literature|literature]], and [[Meitei culture|culture]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Admin|first=IT Web|date=2024-12-29|title=Renowned writer Chana Lukhoi passes away at 74|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/renowned-writer-chana-lukhoi-passes-away-at-74/|access-date=2025-11-06|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Chana Lukhoi The man from the East|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Chana_Lukhoi_The_man_from_the_East|access-date=2025-11-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Chana Lukhoi was born on 10 April 1950 in Oinam Tunan, a locality in [[Imphal East district]], Manipur. He was the son of Oinam Mani and Irungbam Ningol Amu Leima. His grandfather, Oinam Sanghai, was also known for narrating [[Meitei folktales]]. Lukhoi studied at Lamlai High School in Pungdongbam, where he was popular for his public speaking and leadership skills. During his school years, he was elected as the general secretary of the school and was admired for his [[Eloquence|oratory]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" />

He began learning traditional Meitei storytelling under Ch. Hera, and later studied [[Meitei folklore|Meitei folk traditions]] from Pandit Kh. Deva Singh of Thongjao, P. Mohan of Yairipok Poirou Khongjil, and Madhov Pandit of Toubungkhok. By the age of twelve, he had already become known as a folk narrator and began performing traditional Meitei stories (Puya Wari) across [[Manipur]], [[Meitei people in Assam|Assam]], [[Meitei people in Tripura|Tripura]], and even in [[Meitei people in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]].<ref name=":2" />

Chana Lukhoi married Kaidem Ningol Lembi (Nungthilchaibi). They had two sons and two daughters. From a previous marriage, he had three sons—Okensana (Punshi), Lamjing, and [[OC Meira]]—and two daughters, Mangalleima and Linthoinganbi. He also had a stepdaughter named Langlen from his second marriage to Kala, daughter of Kantajit.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" />

He lived with his family at Chana Mayai Leikai, Imphal East district. Outside his writing, his hobbies included reading, gardening, and spending time with children in his neighborhood.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" />

== Career ==

=== Beginnings as folk narrator ===

Lukhoi started as a folk tale narrator in the [[Wari Leeba]] tradition, which draws from epics like the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]] in the [[Meitei Vaishnavism|Vaishnav religion]]. His storytelling talent brought him wide recognition across [[Meitei diaspora|Manipuri-speaking regions]].<ref name=":2" />

In 2003, he received the Anji Cultural Award from Anji Cultural Academy, [[Imphal]], and the Khumanthem Kaomacha Memorial Gold Medal from the [[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]] for his contributions to [[Meitei folklore|Meitei folk culture]].<ref name=":2" />

=== Playwriting and Shumang Leela ===

From around 1980, Chana Lukhoi began writing scripts for [[Shumang Leela]] and [[stage play]]s. His first play, Eegi Nong, was controversial and was once banned by the [[Government of Manipur]] for allegedly promoting armed movements. He was briefly imprisoned, during which he wrote another play titled Nongankhidraba Ahing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2024-12-29|title=Manipur's renowned writer Chana Lukhoi passes away at 74|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipurs-renowned-writer-chana-lukhoi-passes-away-at-74-1145829-2024-12-29|access-date=2025-11-06|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref>

Over the years, Lukhoi became one of the most respected Shumang Leela playwrights. His works often focused on social issues, Manipuri traditions, and human emotions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> His major plays include:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Renowned writer Chana Lukhoi no more|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/12/29/IMPHAL-Dec-29-Manipur-s-eminent-writer-Oinam-Lukhoi-popularly-known-as-Chana-Lukhoi-passed-away-on-Decembe.html|access-date=2025-11-06|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

* Sana-patki Thariktha

* Chaina-pung

* Hingnabagi Dabi

* Leishabigi Machado

* Eegi Nong

* Keishamthong Thoibi

* Love 2000

* Shabi Shanou Express

* Nongankhidraba Ahing

* Kangleipakta 1709<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Many condole Chana Lukhoi : 30th dec24 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=14..301224.dec24|access-date=2025-11-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

In total, he wrote more than 200 plays, many of which were staged across Manipur. His scripts won 18 Best Script Awards and 9 Second Best Script Awards from the Manipur State Kala Academy and the Manipur State Shumang Leela Council (MSSLC).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />

Lukhoi also wrote for [[All India Radio]] (AIR) Imphal and [[Doordarshan Kendra]] (DDK) Imphal,<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Chana Lukhoi named for Iboyaima Award|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/4/11/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Apr-10-The-Manipur-State-Shumang-Leela-Council-MSSLC-has-informed.html|access-date=2025-11-06|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> producing several radio plays and serials. He contributed scripts for government departments such as [[family welfare]], [[science and technology]], and MACS.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

== Literary contributions==

Apart from playwriting, Lukhoi wrote for newspapers and magazines. He was a regular columnist in the [[Meitei language]] edition of [[The Sangai Express]],<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> under the column Chentharakliba Eechel, which appeared every Friday. His essays and prose focused on [[Meitei culture]], moral values, and literature.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

His literary works include:<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Chana Lukhoi listed for award : 27th apr23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=45..270423.apr23|access-date=2025-11-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

* Charei Huimadon Leima (Drama)

* Eegi Nong (Shumang Leela)

* Sanapatki Thariktha (Shumang Leela)

* Changing Lairembi (Laichatlon)

* Hotel Boy (Radio Play)

* Nupi Landa Thouna Phabising (Essay)

* Shaknaiba 12 (Biography)<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

He also wrote film scripts for Meitei movies such as Keishamthong Thoibi, Sekmai Turel, Bora Uchi, Pacha, and Nungshibi.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards and recognition ==

Chana Lukhoi received numerous awards for his contributions to Meitei art and culture. Among them are:

* IACAM Award (2006): Presented by the Indigenous Art and Culture Association, Manipur, in memory of Shijagurumayum Nilbir Sharma Shastri. He was the first recipient.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" />

* Nongthombam Birendrajit Award (Manipur State Shumang Leela Council)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

* Iboyaima Shumang Leela Award<ref name=":7" />

* Peeba Chingmi Tammi Nungshi Khudol Award (Meetei National Front, Kangleipak)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

* IKAM Award (Manipuri Development Trust, Bangladesh)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

* Khumanthem Kaomacha Ningshing Sanagi Takaman (Manipuri Sahitya Parishad)<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

* Anji Cultural Award (2003)<ref name=":2" />

* Thokchom Iboyaima Award (2023): Given by the Manipur State Shumang Leela Council, with a cash prize of ₹50,000, citation, and shawl.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=MSSLC awards Chana Lukhoi|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/4/13/By-Our-Staff-ReporterImphal-Apr-12-The-Manipur-State-Shumang-Leela-Council-MSSLC-observed-the.html|access-date=2025-11-06|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10" />

* Dr. Thiyam Suresh Literary Award (2023): Conferred by the Patriotic Writers’ Forum (PAWF), Manipur, in recognition of his literary work.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

He also received numerous state honors and recognition for his role in promoting Manipuri theatre.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":10" />

== Affiliations and teaching ==

Lukhoi was a member of the Kangla Religious Committee, [[Kangla Fort]] Board, and the Academic Council of Manipur University of Culture (MUC). He served as a Visiting Guru in the Dance Department of the university, mentoring many young artists.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" />

He participated in cultural exchange programs in [[Meitei people in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] and [[Meitei people in Myanmar|Myanmar]], where he promoted [[Meitei tradition]]s and the art of Shumang Leela.<ref name=":2" />

== Later activities ==

In May 2022, he participated in the Manipuri Cultural Festival 2022, held at Chana Pukhri Mapal, [[Imphal East]]. The event was organized by the Chana Lukhoi Art Centre (CLAC) and the Patriotic Writers’ Forum (PAWF). During the event, Lukhoi emphasized the importance of safeguarding traditional art forms for future generations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri Cultural Festival-2022 kicks off|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/5/11/IMPHAL-May-11A-3-day-Manipuri-Cultural-Festival-2022-kicked-off-today-at-Chana-Pukhri-Mapal-in-Im.html|access-date=2025-11-06|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==

Chana Lukhoi passed away on 29 December 2024 at his residence in Chana village, [[Imphal East]], after a long illness. He was 74 years old.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

His death was widely mourned in Manipur. Tributes were offered by organizations such as the Communist Party of India (Manipur State Council), Uttra Shanglen Sana Konung, Manipur Students’ Federation (MSF), Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Sanamahi Laining Inat Chaokhat Lup (SALAI-LUP), and International Salai Punsikol (ISP). Memorial meetings were held across the state, including at Cheingak-Cheisu and Manipur Sahitya Parishad, Imphal, where members observed moments of silence in his honor.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Demise of Chana Lukhoi condoled : 31st dec24 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp9..311224.dec24|access-date=2025-11-06|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Oinam family]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lukhoi, Chana}}
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]