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Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)

2023-10-07T01:57:55Z

Dsabhishek: Adding T20I debut information

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Shahbaz Ahmed
| image =
| country = India
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|12|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nuh district|Mewat]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = [[Slow left-arm orthodox]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]
| international = true

| odidebutdate = 9 October
| odidebutyear = 2022
| odidebutagainst = South Africa
| odicap = 247
| lastodidate = 4 December
| lastodiyear = 2022
| lastodiagainst = Bangladesh

| club1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| year1 = 2018–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year2 = 2020–present
| clubnumber2 =

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches1 = 3
| runs1 = –
| bat avg1 = –
| 100s/50s1 = –
| top score1 = –
| deliveries1 = 156
| wickets1 = 3
| bowl avg1 = 41.66
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/32
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[First class cricket|FC]]
| matches2 = 23
| runs2 = 1,310
| bat avg2 = 45.17
| 100s/50s2 = 1/9
| top score2 = 116
| deliveries2 = 3,410
| wickets2 = 77
| bowl avg2 = 20.28
| fivefor2 = 4
| tenfor2 = 1
| best bowling2 = 7/57
| catches/stumpings2 = 9/–

| column3 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches3 = 36
| runs3 = 791
| bat avg3 = 43.94
| 100s/50s3 = 2/4
| top score3 = 107
| deliveries3 = 1760
| wickets3 = 38
| bowl avg3 = 35.44
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 4/58
| catches/stumpings3 = 8/–
| column4 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| matches4 = 62
| runs4 = 719
| bat avg4 = 24.79
| 100s/50s4 = 0/2
| top score4 = 60[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 1,002
| wickets4 = 46
| bowl avg4 = 26.00
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 3/7
| catches/stumpings4 = 27/–

| date = 12 January
| year = 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159711.html Cricinfo
|oneT20I=true|T20Idebutdate=06 October|T20Idebutyear=2023|T20Idebutagainst=Bangladesh|T20Icap=110}}
'''Shahbaz Ahmed''' (born 12 December 1994) is an Indian international [[cricket]]er who plays for the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]]. He made his international debut on 9 October, 2022. He plays for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] and [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] in domestic cricket.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159711.html |title=Shahbaz Ahmed |access-date=20 September 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He is a [[Bowling All-rounder|bowling all-rounder]] who bats left-handed.

In August 2022, Shahbaz was named as a replacement for injured [[Washington Sundar]] in India's ODI squad for their [[India cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2022|tour]] against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/zim-vs-ind-2022-shahbaz-ahmed-replaces-injured-washington-sundar-for-zimbabwe-tour-1329330 |title=Shahbaz Ahmed replaces injured Washington Sundar for Zimbabwe tour |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> In October 2022, he was named in India's ODI squad, for their [[South African cricket team in India in 2022–23|series against South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 October 2022 |title=India's squad for ODI series against SA announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555935/india-s-squad-for-odi-series-against-sa-announced |website= Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref> He made his ODI debut on 9 October 2022 against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327510.html |title=2nd ODI (D/N), Ranchi, October 09, 2022, South Africa tour of India |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> He made his T20I debut on 6 October 2023 against Bangladesh.

==Domestic career==
Shahbaz made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] in the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 20 September 2018 against Jammu and Kashmir team at Chennai. He returned with figures of 1/22 in his debut match.<ref name="LA">{{cite web|title=Elite, Group C, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Chennai, Sep 20 2018|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156805.html|access-date=20 September 2018|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> During his maiden first-class cap versus Hyderabad, he scored 27 runs and picked one wicket.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shahbaz Ahmed Cricketer: Stats & Player Profile|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/ahmed-shahbaz|access-date=5 December 2021|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for Bengal in the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 24 February 2019 against Haryana at Cuttack and picked one wicket again besides contributing a vital 12-ball 17 in the lower order that eventually helped his team win the match by three wickets.<ref name="T20">{{cite web|title=Group D, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Cuttack, Feb 24 2019|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157135.html|access-date=24 February 2019|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

So far, Shahbaz has played 13 first-class matches, scoring 559 runs, including four half-centuries, taking 37 first-class wickets at an economy rate of 2.60. In List-A cricket, he has scored 435 runs in 16 innings at an average of 39.54. He has 18 List-A wickets to his name, with his best figures of 3/35. In T20 cricket, he has taken 21 wickets in 23 innings at an economy rate of 6.84 and has recorded one fifty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shahbaz Ahmed Cricketer: Stats & Player Profile|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/ahmed-shahbaz|access-date=5 December 2021|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref>

In January 2021, against Hyderabad, he became the seventh player from Bengal and first since India pacer [[Mohammed Shami]] to claim a Ranji Trophy hat-trick.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 January 2020|title=Ranji Trophy: After Tiwary's triple ton, Ahmed takes a hat-trick as Bengal rout Hyderabad|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ranji-trophy-shahbaz-nadeem-s-hat-trick-help-bengal-rout-hyderbad-in-3-days/story-JbNjUGJEoFhR5Lf5JkOxZP.html|access-date=5 December 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In October 2019, he was named in [[India A cricket team|India A]]'s squad for the [[2019–20 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/deodhar-trophy-2019-squads-india-a-india-b-india-c-parthiv-patel-shubman-gill-anuma-vihari-ranchi/article29788595.ece |title=Deodhar Trophy 2019: Hanuma Vihari, Parthiv, Shubman to lead; Yashasvi earns call-up |work=SportStar |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

===Indian Premier League===
In the [[List of 2020 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2020 IPL auction]], he was bought by the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] ahead of the [[2020 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL auction analysis: Do the eight teams have their best XIs in place? |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-auction-analysis-do-the-eight-teams-have-their-best-xis-in-place-1210632 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2020 - Kamlesh Nagarkoti, Shahbaz Ahmed, Ravi Bishnoi head line-up of exciting uncapped Indian bowlers |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2020-kamlesh-nagarkoti-shahbaz-ahmed-ravi-bishnoi-head-line-up-of-uncapped-indian-bowlers-1231750 |access-date=10 September 2020 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

He made his debut in the IPL against [[Rajasthan Royals]], during the 33rd match of [[2020 Indian Premier League]]. Shahbaz went wicketless and conceded 18 runs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2020-21-1210595/rajasthan-royals-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-33rd-match-1216522/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of Royals vs RCB 33rd Match 2020/21 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Throughout the season, he took a couple of wickets in as many games he played with an economy rate of 7.33.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/royal-challengers-bangalore/squad/13803/shahbaz-ahmed|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website|website=www.iplt20.com}}</ref> In April 2021, Shahbaz took three wickets in one over against the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] during the sixth match of [[2021 Indian Premier League]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-6th-match-1254063/full-scorecard |title=6th Match (N), Chennai, Apr 14 2021, Indian Premier League |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> which was eventually won by his team. His performances earned praise from a section of critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/srh-vs-rcb-ipl-2021-shahbaz-ahmed-creates-his-own-chances-powered-by-self-belief-1259065 |title=Powered by self-belief, Shahbaz Ahmed creates his own chances |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> During the second phase of the tournament, against Rajasthan he took a brace for 10 runs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Royals vs RCB 43rd Match 2021 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/rajasthan-royals-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-43rd-match-1254103/full-scorecard|access-date=10 January 2022|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

In February 2022, he was bought by the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1159711}}

{{Bengal cricket team squad}}
{{Royal Challengers Bangalore squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Shahbaz}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Bengal cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games competitors for India]]

Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)

2023-10-07T01:57:55Z

Dsabhishek: Adding T20I debut information

Yaatris

2023-10-06T07:39:36Z

Dsabhishek:

{{short description|2023 Indian drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yaatris
| image =
| caption =
| director = Harish Vyas
| writer = Aryan Saha
| producer = Kuku Mohanka
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Raghubir Yadav]]
* [[Seema Pahwa]]
* Anuraag Malhan
* [[Jamie Lever]]
* [[Chahat Khanna]]
}}
| cinematography = Farukh Mistry
| editing = Vikas Arora Gaurangi Vyas
| music = Saurabh Kalsi Rohit Sharma
| studio = Akion Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|10|06}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Yaatris''''' ({{translation|''Travellers''}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[comedy film|Comedy]] [[drama]] film directed by Harish Vyas and written by Aryan Saha. It stars [[Raghubir Yadav]], [[Seema Pahwa]], Anuraag Malhan, [[Jamie Lever]] and [[Chahat Khanna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Yaatris' Actor Anuraag Malhan Recalls Crying In A Scene With Raghubir Yadav: Raghubir Sir Comforted Me Like My Own Father|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-yaatris-actor-anuraag-malhan-recalls-crying-in-a-scene-with-raghubir-yadav-raghubir-sir-comforted-me-like-my-own-father-news-320815|access-date=2023-09-30|website=Outlook|date=27 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yaatris Trailer: बीच समंदर मुख्य कलाकारों को छोड़ आए निर्देशक, अनजान लोगों की मदद से फिर ऐसे पहुंचे किनारे|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/yaatris-trailer-seema-pahwa-raghubir-yadav-starrer-film-haris-vyas-directorial-story-based-on-travel-2023-09-26|access-date=2023-09-30|website=Amar Ujala|date=26 September 2023 }}</ref> The film is scheduled to release on 6 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of Raghubir Yadav and Seema Pahwa starrer Yaatris out|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/sep/26/trailer-of-raghubir-yadav-and-seema-pahwa-starrer-yaatris-out-48025.html|access-date=2023-09-30|website=Cinema Express|date=27 September 2023 }}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
A dysfunctional middle-class family from Banaras, the Sharmas, embark on a life-changing adventure as they navigate love, humour, and life lessons in a touching story of community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=रिश्तों की खट्टी मीठी नोक-झोंक है 'YAATRIS', दिल छू लेने वाली कहानी, ट्रेलर देख लोग बोले- रिलीज का इंतजार|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-raghubir-yadav-seema-pahwa-movie-yaatris-based-on-family-bangkok-trip-trailer-out-know-release-date-7669379.html|access-date=2023-09-30 |website=News18 Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghubir Yadav and Seema Pahwa starrer Yaatris is a heart-warming tale of Family, Emotions, and Adventure|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raghubir-yadav-and-seema-pahwa-starrer-yaatris-is-a-heart-warming-tale-of-family-emotions-and-adventure-trailer-out-now/articleshow/103952698.cms|access-date=2023-09-30 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Raghubir Yadav]]
* [[Seema Pahwa]]
* Anuraag Malhan
* [[Jamie Lever]]
* [[Chahat Khanna]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chahatt Khanna Misses Jamming With Raghubir Yadav On 'Yaatris' Sets|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/chahatt-khanna-misses-jamming-with-raghubir-yadav-on-yaatris-sets-news-316727|access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Outlook |language=en}}</ref>

==Production==

{{Empty section|date=September 2023}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt28717574}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yaatris/ ''Yaatris''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

[[Category:2020s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Longjam

2023-10-04T18:03:16Z

Dsabhishek: Created page with ' '''Longjam''' is a Meitei family name. Notable people with the surname are: * Longjam Thambou Singh, Indian politician * Ronald Longjam, Indian cricketer == See also == * {{intitle}} {{Surname}} Category:Meitei surnames'

'''Longjam''' is a [[Meitei family name|Meitei surname]]. Notable people with the surname include:

* [[Longjam Thambou Singh]], Indian politician
* [[Ronald Longjam]] (born 1997), Indian cricketer

== See also ==
* {{intitle}}

{{Surname}}
[[Category:Meitei surnames]]

Wangkhem

2023-10-04T13:08:53Z

Dsabhishek:

'''Wangkhem''' is a [[Meitei family name]].
Notable people with the surname are:
* [[Wangkhem Khogen Singh]], Indian football player and current head coach of I-League club NEROCA
* [[Wangkhem Sandhyarani Devi]], Indian martial art athlete
* [[Wangkhem Linthoingambi Devi]], Indian international footballer
* [[Basant Kumar Wangkhem]], Indian politician
* [[Vivek Raj Wangkhem]], Indian politician
* [[Kishorechandra Wangkhem]], Indian journalist
== See also ==
* [[Wangkhem Assembly constituency]]
* {{intitle}}
{{Surname}}
[[Category:Meitei surnames]]

Yumlembam

2023-10-04T13:04:12Z

Dsabhishek: Created page with ' '''Yumlembam''' is a Meitei family name. Notable people with the surname are: * Yumlembam Gambhini Devi, Indian singer of Nata Sankirtana and dancer of Manipuri Raas * Yumlembam Premi Devi, Indian women's international footballer == See also == * {{intitle}} {{Surname}} Category:Meitei surnames'

'''Yumlembam''' is a [[Meitei family name]].
Notable people with the surname are:
* [[Yumlembam Gambhini Devi]], Indian singer of Nata Sankirtana and dancer of Manipuri Raas
* [[Yumlembam Premi Devi]], Indian women's international footballer
== See also ==
* {{intitle}}
{{Surname}}
[[Category:Meitei surnames]]

Ngangom

2023-10-04T12:46:24Z

Dsabhishek: Created page with ' '''Ngangom''' is a Meitei family name. Notable people with the surname are: * Ngangom Dingko Singh, Indian boxer * Ngangom Bala Devi, Indian professional footballer * Robin Ngangom, Indian poet and translator * Ngangom Rajesh Singh, Indian cricketer * Ngangom Ronald Singh, Indian professional footballer * Ngangom Mohendra, Indian politician == See also == * {{intitle}} {{Surname}} Category:Meitei surnames'

'''Ngangom''' is a [[Meitei family name]].
Notable people with the surname are:
* [[Ngangom Dingko Singh]], Indian boxer
* [[Ngangom Bala Devi]], Indian professional footballer
* [[Robin Ngangom]], Indian poet and translator
* [[Ngangom Rajesh Singh]], Indian cricketer
* [[Ngangom Ronald Singh]], Indian professional footballer
* [[Ngangom Mohendra]], Indian politician
== See also ==
* {{intitle}}
{{Surname}}
[[Category:Meitei surnames]]

Ngangbam

2023-10-04T12:42:30Z

Dsabhishek: Created page with ' '''Ngangbam''' is a Meitei family name. Notable people with the surname are: * Ngangbam Sweety Devi, Indian professional footballer * Ngangbam Soniya Chanu, Indian woman weightlifter * Ngangbam Shantikumar Meetei, Taiwanese-Indian natural bodybuilding athlete as well as a professor == See also == * {{intitle}} {{Surname}} Category:Meitei surnames'

'''Ngangbam''' is a [[Meitei family name]].
Notable people with the surname are:
* [[Ngangbam Sweety Devi]], Indian professional footballer
* [[Ngangbam Soniya Chanu]], Indian woman weightlifter
* [[Ngangbam Shantikumar Meetei]], Taiwanese-Indian natural bodybuilding athlete as well as a professor
== See also ==
* {{intitle}}
{{Surname}}
[[Category:Meitei surnames]]

Sanaleipak Nachom

2023-10-04T06:40:14Z

Dsabhishek: Created blank page

{{Short description|Meitei artists' association}}
{{About|a Meitei artists' association based in [[Manipur]]|the [[Meitei language]] term|Sanaleipak|the other uses|Sanaleipak (disambiguation)}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = Sanaleipak Nachom 
| full_name = Sanaleipak Nachom Artistes Association
| native_name = {{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|Sanaleipak Nachom}}|}} 
| native_name_lang = mni 
| logo =
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| origins = {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}
| region_served = [[Northeast India]] 
| products = 
| services = [[Shumang Kumhei]]
| methods = [[Shumang Kumhei]] 
| fields = [[Shumang Kumhei]] 
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| language = [[Meitei language]] ([[Manipuri language]]) 
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'''Sanaleipak Nachom''', also known as '''Sanaleipak Nachom Artistes' Association''' or simply '''Sanaleibak Nachom''', is a [[Meitei culture|Meitei cultural]] association of artists of [[Shumang Kumhei]] art form of {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleipak Nachom Artistes' Assn observes 24th foundation day |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/11/1/-Sanaleipak-Nachom-Artistes-Assn-observes-24th-foundation-day.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anniversary of Sanaleipak Nachom Artistes Assn celebrated : 09th oct14 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=34..091014.oct14 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleipak Nachom Artistes' Assn observes 24th foundation day : 02nd nov20 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=13..021120.nov20 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=}}</ref>
== Awards and honours ==
In February 2013, in the ''"IX Shumang Leela Ningtham Kumhei"'' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|꯹ꯁꯨꯕ ꯁꯨꯃꯥꯡ ꯂꯤꯂꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯝ ꯀꯨꯝꯍꯩ}}|}}) organised by the Manipur State Shumang Leela Council in the Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen, artists of Sanaleipak Nachom Artistes Association achieved two awards. Artist Nilachandra won the Best Actor Award and Somorjit won the Best Actress Award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |date=2013-02-05 |title=Shuumang Leela awards – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2013/02/shuumang-leela-awards/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the 50th All Manipur Sumang Leela Festival 2021-22, organised by the Manipur State Kala Academy in the Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen, Sanaleipak Nachom Artistes Association won the Best Play Award for their production "Wakhal Eronba" (also spelled as "Wakhal Irolba")({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯏꯔꯣꯜꯕ}}|}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naorem |first=Victor |title=50th All Manipur Sumang Leela Festival released the results of plays for men’s category. |url=https://www.citizenradio.in/2022/09/50th-all-manipur-sumang-leela-festival.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Citizen Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=51st All Manipur Shumang Leela Festival kicks off : 11th feb23 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=9..110223.feb23 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=51st All Manipur Shumang Leela Festival kicks off |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/2/11/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Feb-10-The-51st-All-Manipur-Shumang-Leela-Festival-2022-23-kicked-of.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2023, in the 51st All Manipur Shumang Leela Festival 2022-23, organised by Manipur State Kala Akademi in the Th Iboyaima Shumang Leela Shanglen, the Sanaleipak Nachom Artistes Association achieved the Best Disciplined Team status as well as the Second Best Playback Singer position (K Janeman) for their production "Panthou Mangol Khenjonglang" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯟꯊꯧ ꯃꯥꯡꯒꯣꯜ ꯈꯦꯟꯖꯣꯡꯂꯥꯡ}}|}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shumang Leela Festival : "Panthou Sanggai" by Lamjingba Artistes Assn wins Best Production : 04th mar23 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=40..040323.mar23 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=}}</ref>

== Events organised ==
Sanaleipak Nachom Artistes' Association organised an event named "Dances of India", in which five dances are performed simultaneously in a solo show, spreading the message of national integration and communal harmony through the means of dances. The performed dances are [[Manipuri classical dance]], [[Kathak]], [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Odissi]] and [[Bhangra (dance)]].{{efn|The Punjabi dance [[Bhangra (dance)]] was specifically performed for the Punjabi audiences in the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peace missive through dances - Manipur artiste thrills audience with five solo recitals |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/peace-missive-through-dances-manipur-artiste-thrills-audience-with-five-solo-recitals/cid/836780 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>}} It was performed at the Jawaharlal Nehru Dance Academy in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peace missive through dances - Manipur artiste thrills audience with five solo recitals |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/peace-missive-through-dances-manipur-artiste-thrills-audience-with-five-solo-recitals/cid/836780 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable productions ==
In 2016, the Sanaleipak Nachom Artistes Association performed a play named "Mera Thaomei" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯦꯔꯥ ꯊꯥꯎꯃꯩ}}|}}), directed by O. Praphulochand, as a part of the then annually ongoing [[Sangai Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shumang Leela festival begins |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/shumang-leela-festival-begins/cid/1402003 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Sangai Festival 2016 Shumang Leela |url=https://www.kumhei.com/sangaifestival/655-sangai-festival-2016-shumang-leela |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Kumhei |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, "Ahingda Numit" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯍꯤꯡꯗ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ}}|}}), a play produced by the Sanaleipak Nachom Artistes Association, was selected to be one of the three [[Shumang Kumhei]] plays of the annual session 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AK Bengol to be conferred Iboyaima Award 2019 : 11th apr19 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=21..110419.apr19 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=}}</ref>

== Notable artists ==
[[Meitei cinema]] actor Denny Likmabam ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯗꯦꯟꯅꯤ ꯂꯤꯛꯃꯥꯕꯝ}}|}}) joined Sanaleipak Nachom Artistes Association in 1997. He made his debut in the [[Shumang Kumhei]] play "Sajibugi Leihao" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯖꯤꯕꯨꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯍꯥꯎ}}|}}), playing the role of a police officer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denny Likmabam - Biography |url=https://klmdb.com/name/0000343/biography |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=KLMDb |language=en}}</ref>

Comedian artist [[Shougrakpam Hemanta|Sougrakpam Hemanta]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯧꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯛꯄꯝ ꯍꯦꯃꯟꯇ}}|}}), besides being an actor by his own right, also serves as the founder secretary,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letpao Haokip underscores importance of Shumang Leela as medium of education |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/10/9/IMPHAL-Oct-9TA-Hills-Minister-Letpao-Haokip-has-asserted-that-as-a-medium-of-education-Shuman.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> president as well as the director of the Sanaleipak Nachom Artiste Association.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngangbam |first=Amukhomba |date=2013-07-26 |title=Shumang Leela comedian Sougrakpam Hemanta – People’s Oja Tolhal {{!}} Manipur Times |url=https://manipurtimes.com/shumang-leela-comedian-sougrakpam-hemanta-people-s-oja-tolhal/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UNIT REVISED REFERENCE LIST AS ON 30/04/2019 I N D E X |url=https://www.iccr.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploadfiles/Reference_List-2019.pdf |website=Indian Council for Cultural Relations |quote=Sougrakpam Hemanth Singh - Sanaleipak Nachom Artists Director (August 2005)...}}</ref>

[[Meitei cinema]] artist Yumnam Nilachandra Singh ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯌꯨꯝꯅꯥꯝ ꯅꯤꯂꯆꯟꯗ꯭ꯔ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}|}}) was also a prominent leading actor in the field of [[Shumang Kumhei]], as a member of the Sanaleipak Nachom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yumnam Nilachandra Singh Manipur Kala Akademi Award 2013 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.arts.Yumnam_Nilachandra_Singh_Manipur_Kala_Akademi_Award_2013 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Laihui Ensemble]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==

* {{Cite web |title=Kshetrimayum Ingocha Singh A Dress Designer Profile |url=http://e-pao.org/erang/Fashion/Kshetrimayum_Ingocha_Singh_A_Dress_Designer_Profile.php |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=}}
* {{Cite web |date=2014-10-08 |title=Anniversary of Sanaleipak Nachom Artistes Assn celebrated – Manipur News |url=https://www.manipur.org/news/2014/10/08/anniversary-of-sanaleipak-nachom-artistes-assn-celebrated/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |language=en-US}}

== External links ==
{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|India|Theatre}}

[[Category:Shumang Kumhei]]
[[Category:Sanaleipak]]

Hueiyen Lanpao

2023-10-03T09:25:42Z

Dsabhishek: Created page with '{{Short description|Meitei language newspaper}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} The '''Hueiyen Lanpao''' ({{lang-mni|/hūē-ī-yen lān-pāō/}}) is an Indian Meitei language daily newspaper circulated mainly in the Northeast Indian state of Manipur. == See also == * Poknapham == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links =='

{{Short description|Meitei language newspaper}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Huiyen Lanpao|Huiyen Lanlong}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Hueiyen Lanpao {{small|({{lang-mni|/hūē-ī-yen lān-pāō/}})}}
| logo = Hueiyen Lanpao.jpg
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| motto = messenger to the masses{{efn|name=info|It is mentioned in the official website}}
| type = [[daily newspaper]]
| format =
| school =
| owner = Soubam Niladhaja Singh{{efn|name=info}} 
| founder = 
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| foundation = 1978{{efn|name=info}} 
| political =
| language = [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]]){{efn|They used to use the term "Manipuri" to refer to the [[Meitei language]] (in [[Bengali script]]) and the term "Meetei Mayek" to refer to the same language (in [[Meitei script]]).}}
| ceased publication = 
| relaunched =
| headquarters = Sega Road, Thouda Bhabok Leikai, [[Imphal]] - 795001, [[Manipur]]{{efn|name=info}}
| publishing_city = [[Imphal]]
| publishing_country = {{IND}}
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* India (physical version)
* Global (online version)
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| sister newspapers = Hueiyen Lanpao (English edition)
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| website =
* {{URL|hueiyenlanpao.com/meeteilon/}} ([[Meitei script]] edition)
* {{URL|hueiyenlanpao.com}} ([[Bengali script]] edition)
| free =
}}
The '''Hueiyen Lanpao''' ({{lang-mni|/hūē-ī-yen lān-pāō/}}), often abbreviated as '''HL''', is an Indian [[Meitei language]] [[daily newspaper]] circulated mainly in the [[Northeast India]]n state of [[Manipur]]. As Meitei language is written in both [[Meitei script]] and [[Bengali script]], the Hueiyen Lanpao is printed in the editions of both the writing systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen English & Meetei Mayek celebrate 4th birtbday : 22nd sep12 ~ Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=16..220912.sep12 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Huiyen Lanpao Meetei Mayek and English editions |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..220908.sep08 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>
It is the second most widely read daily newspaper in Meitei language, just after [[The Sangai Express]], as per the reports of the [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)]], having average qualifying sales of more than 21,000-23,000 copies in between January-June to July-December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest Circulated Daily Newspapers (languages wise) |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202019%20Highest%20Circulated%20(language%20wise).pdf |website=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]]}}</ref>

Hueiyen Lanpao has a sub group titled "Hueiyen Lanpao Columnists' Forum" (HLCF), formed in November 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen Lanpao Columnists' Forum |url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp11..211112.nov12 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

== Twin offices ==
Hueiyen Lanpao has twin offices namely, "Hueiyen Lanpao City and Lanpao Advertising" at Mani Tower Building, Thangal market in [[Imphal West district]]. It was established to bring a close connectivity to the general public in information sharing activities. It was inaugurated by Thangjam Dhabali in the presence of Hueiyen Lanpao Group of Publications official members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen Lanpao City, Lanpao Advertising offices inaugurated : 05th may15 ~ Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=2..050515.may15 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

== Rules and regulations ==
As of October 2011, the Hueiyen Lanpao had laid its rules and regulations regarding media publicity as follows:
{{Quote|
1) All those who submit press releases in Hueiyen Lanpao office are requested to submit three copies of the same along with necessary seal and signature.
 
2) Anybody submitting press releases or mails in compliance with the code of conduct of AMWJU are requested to ensure the same reach the office of Hueiyen Lanpao by 8 pm.
 
3) Programme organizers are requested to ensure the invitations reach the office of Hueiyen Lanpao at least a day in advance of the programme date.
 
4) If any of the press notes, mails or news of the programmes do not conform to the above stated norms, we request individuals and organizations not to mind if the same is not published or the programme not covered.
 
Moreover, whether a news report or coverage should be carried or not would depend on the situation/circumstances.
 
5) No one should give any money or gift to any news staff of Hueiyen Lanpao when they come to cover news and individual or organizations concern are requested not to bear no ill-feeling if such paid news is not carried.
 
Huieyen Lanpao, once again, reaffirms its stand not to entertain any paid news.
 
6) News items would be carried in consideration of their worth even without gifts or money, and the notion that a news item would not be published without being paid should be given up.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen Lanpao Notification : 17th oct11 ~ Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=26..171011.oct11 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>}}

== Awards and Honours ==
=== Sahitya Akademi Award ===
{{See|List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Meitei}}
In 2013, upon the achievement of the prestigious [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] 2012, for authoring a novel ''"Mathou Kanba DNA"'' by Jodhachandra Sharma, a columnist writer of Hueiyen Lanpao English edition, the Hueiyen Lanpao Group of Publications honoured him through felicitation, presenting a shawl and a memento to the writer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen fetes Prof Jodha |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=19..130113.jan13 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

=== State Journalist Awards ===
==== 2015 ====
In 2015, journalists of Hueiyen Lanpao won four out of the eight Manipur State Journalist Awards, in different categories, instituted by the Directorate of Information and Public Relation (DIPR) of [[Manipur Government]].
The winners are Gyanand Naorem, awarded for best reporting on rural reporting, Mutum Rameshchandra, awarded for best reporting on Public Health & Hygiene, Ashem Babycha, awarded for best reporting on women and child, and Wangkhem Rishikesh, awarded for best reporting on sports.
They were later honoured on National Press Day held on November 16 of the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen Lanpao journos bag 4 out of 8 State awards |url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..101115.nov15 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>
==== 2013 ====
In 2013, Satyajit Usham, the editor of Hueiyen Lanpao (English edition) achieved the prestigious award for "Best Editor" on account of his writings on national integration and communal harmony. At the same time, Ratneshwori Goswami and Maisnam Karnajit of Hueiyen Lanpao also achieved the State Journalists' Awards for the best reporting in sports and health & hygiene respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HL brings home largest share of scribes' awards |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=13..171113.nov13 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State scribes awarded on National Press Day |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1..171113.nov13 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

==== 2011 ====
In 2011, Amukhomba Ngangbam and Ningthoukhongjam Sanajaoba Meetei, two media staff reporters of Hueiyen Lanpao, achieved the prestigious State Journalist Award on the National Press Day.
Amukhomba was awarded for best reporting in science and technology and Sanajaoba Meetei for best reporting in rural topics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two reporters of Hueiyen Lanpao among 8 feted with State Journalist Award |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..171111.nov11 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

=== Eco Journalist Award ===
In 2015, Nomita Khongbantabam, a senior staff member of Hueiyen Lanpao was bestowed with the prestigious ''Eco Journalist Award 2015'' on [[World Environment Day]], by the Manipur Pollution Control Board (MPCB), [[Lamphelpat]], [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen Lanpao reporter bags 'Eco Journalist Award 2015' : 06th jun15 ~ Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=19..060615.jun15 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>
=== Chingsubam Akaba Memorial Journalist Award ===
In 2015, Meisnam Karnajit, a journalist of Hueiyen Lanpao, was bestowed with the prestigious Chingsubam Akaba Memorial Journalist Awards 2014-15, on the 71st birth anniversary of the late leader Chingsubam Akaba at Thawai village under [[Phungyar Assembly constituency]] of [[Ukhrul district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen Lanpao's Meisnam Karnajit to receive Chingsubam Akaba Memorial Journalist Award |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..071115.nov15 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

=== RK Sanatomba Journalist Award ===
In 2011, Amukhomba Ngangbam, a media staff reporter of Hueiyen Lanpao achieved the prestigious RK Sanatomba Journalist Award 2011, which is given by the family of Late RK Sanatomba, an editor of Kangla Lanpao, under the organisation of the RK Sanatomba Memorial Trust, Imphal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RK Sanatomba Journalist Award for Ng Amukhomba of Hueiyen Lanpao |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=15..010711.jul11 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

=== Best female reporter ===
In 2010, Salam Kamala, a media staff reporter of Hueiyen Lanpao was honoured as the "Best female reporter of 2009" on the 28th foundation day of the evening daily Kangleipaki Meira, for her works on journalism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangleipakki Meira honours scribes and others |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..030110.jan10 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

=== Other honours ===
In September 2011, the publisher, editor and staff members of Hueiyen Lanpao were honoured with facilitation by Major General Binoy Poonnen, VSM, GOC of Red Shield Division on the 3rd anniversary event, for their ''"courage in honest and truthful reporting without fear or favour in both its English and vernacular editions."''<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOC, 59 greets Hueiyen Lanpao : 22nd sep11 ~ Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=27..220911.sep11 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

In September, 2012, on the 4th foundation day, Hueiyen Lanpao was honoured by [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]], the Maharaja (King) of [[Manipur]], Moirangthem Okendro, the then Minister of
Education and Consumer Affairs Food and Public Distribution, [[Government of Manipur]], RV Mingthing, former minister of [[Government of Manipur]], Satyajit Singh, the then President of the North American Bangladesh Manipuri Society, Hamom Promud, the then President of THE MANIPURI (Manipuri Cultural Development, Promotion & Study Centre), Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Messages on 4th foundation day of Hueiyen Lanpao (English and Meetei Mayek edition) : 21st sep12 ~ Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..210912.sep12 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

== Hacking of official website incident ==
On 28th September 2010, a webserver {{URL|bharat.serverforhost.com}} was [[Hack (computer security)|hacked]] around 12:30 IST, replacing the {{URL|index.php}} of all websites hosted under that server, including the official website of Hueiyen Lanpao.
Later, Hueiyen Lanpao's official website was restored back to normalcy on 29th September 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen Lanpao website : 30th sep10 ~ Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp10..300910.sep10 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

== Contributions to art and culture ==
=== Hueiyen Rendezvous ===
Hueiyen Lanpao organises a cultural event titled "Hueiyen Rendezvous",
at the Literary Hall of Hueiyen Lanpao office building, where [[Pena (musical instrument)|Pena]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯦꯅꯥ}}|}}) and Khongjom Parva ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯣꯝ ꯄꯔꯕ}}|}}) art form is practised by artists. It is a part of the steps to preserve and promote the endangered indigenous and traditional musical and performing art forms of [[Meitei culture]] of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen Rendezvous-I: For the cause of promoting Pena, a dying art form |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..130113.jan13 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen Rendezvous-3:: An evening of Khongjom Parva recital |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..290413.apr13 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hueiyen Rendezvous - IV:: Balladeer Tomba still vigourous to bring up Khongjom Parva |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..220713.jul13 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

Hueiyen Rendezvous also gives social platforms for the performance of the endangered art form of [[Moirang Sai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen keeps its 6th rendezvous with Moirang-shai |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=19..100314.mar14 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

=== Memorandum ===
In February 2013, Hueiyen Lanpao Columnists' Forum urged the Commissioner of Art & Culture, Government of Manipur, through the submission of memorandum, to
give recognition of [[Pena (musical instrument)]] and 'Khongjom Parva', two highly underrated traditional musical elements of [[Meitei culture]] of [[Manipur]], in the curriculum and syllabus of the ''Government Music College'' as well as to introduce a legal policy to preserve other endangered traditional art and cultural elements of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HLCF (Hueiyen Lanpao Columnists' Forum) for promotion of indigenous art forms |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=24..010313.mar13 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>
=== Hueiyen Lanpao Literary Award ===
Hueiyen Lanpao annually gives the Hueiyen Lanpao Literary Award to notable writers of [[Meitei literature]].
The recipient of the first Hueiyen Lanpao Literary Award-2013 is Longjam Joychandra ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯣꯡꯖꯝ ꯖꯣꯌꯆꯟꯗ꯭ꯔ}}|}}), awarded for his work on 2009 [[Meitei language]] literary criticism named "Manipuri Sahitya" ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ꯭ꯌ}}|}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen Literary Award to be conferred to Joychandra |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..250114.jan14 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

In 2014, Irungbam Deven achieved the prestigious Hueiyen Lanpao Literary Award 2014 for authoring a book of poems, named ''"Numit Ama, Punsi Ama"'' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃ, ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯃ}}|}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Irungbam Deven honored with 2nd HL Literature Award 2014 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=19..120115.jan15 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

=== Opinion survey and documentation of underrated Meitei royalties ===
In 2013, Hueiyen Lanpao organised a public opinion survey in relation to the decision of the Manipur State Cabinet regarding the confiscation of the {{langnf|mni|[[Sana Konung]]|Royal Palace}} to convert it into a historical monument.
On the very occasion, Hueiyen Lanpao proceeded to interview the five queen consorts of the late king [[Bodhchandra Singh|Bodhachandra]] of [[Manipur Kingdom]] to know more about the very Sana Konung ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯅꯥ ꯀꯣꯅꯨꯡ}}|}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Different voices against Palace take over |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=22..240613.jun13 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

== Essay competitions ==
Marking the 4th Foundation Day of English and [[Meetei Mayek]] edition of Hueiyen Lanpao, in 2012, the Hueiyen Lanpao Group of Publications organised an essay writing competition for students, on the theme {{langnf|mni|"Meeteilon Eikhoina Yokhatkadabani, Leingakpasingtana Chaokhathanba Ngamloi"|No Government Agency alone can develop [[Meeteilon]], we ourselves have to take the onus}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen English & Meetei Mayek celebrate 4th birtbday : 22nd sep12 ~ Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=16..220912.sep12 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen Lanpao's essay competition |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp12..130912.sep12 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

== Painting competitions ==
In October-November 2012, Hueiyen Lanpao Group of Publications organised a painting competition for young students in the Literary Hall of Hueiyen Lanpao, in which more than 200 students of classes, III to V in two categories, from different educational institutions across Manipur got participation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prizes of Hueiyen Painting Competition given away |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=14..021112.nov12 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

== Monetary helps ==
=== Help to groups ===
In October 2014, the Hueiyen Lanpao Group of Publications, in collaboration with the Far East India Solidarity Forum, received donations from the people of [[Manipur]] for the ''"Assam & Meghalaya Flood Relief Fund"'' to give monetary help to the flood victims of Assam and Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam & Meghalaya Flood Relief Fund |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=22..021014.oct14 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

=== Help to individuals ===
In 2015, Hueiyen Lanpao Group of Publications gave monetary help to the family of a 7 years old child named Sapam Sanamatum, son of late Sapam Sanatomba of Sapam Laibung Leikai in [[Thoubal district]], who was diagnosed with an unknown health complication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen Lanpao Impact: Monetary help extended to Sapam Sanamatum : 29th nov15 ~ Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..291115.nov15 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen Lanpao Impact: Nonagenarian extends help to minor Sanamatum : 01st dec15 ~ Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=26..011215.dec15 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

In 2015 itself again, the Hueiyen Lanpao Group of Publications gave another monetary help to a 34 years old newspaper hawker named Konsam Johnson, who was suffering from an injury after a road accident where a vehicle had hit him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hueiyen Lanpao gives monetary aid to Johnson : 29th nov15 ~ Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp18..291115.nov15 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

== Rescue of a barking deer ==
In May 2013, members of Hueiyen Lanpao, in collaboration with those of People for Animal (PFA), [[Thoubal]], rescued a [[barking deer]] from [[Moirang]] Kokibon Leikai.
The deer was found with a broken left hind limb due to fall in a water reservoir, after being spotted around a pig sty inside a village.
After bringing the deer out of water, the volunteers informed the authorities of [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]] as well as [[Manipur Zoological Garden]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PFA rescues barking deer with HL help |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..040513.may13 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

== Assault and battery ==
=== Assault on office ===
In July 2007, there were assault and battery in the offices of Hueiyen Lanpao, [[The Sangai Express]] and [[Naharolgi Thoudang]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-01 |title=Media Black-out in Response to Attempted Bombing of Indian Newspaper / IFJ |url=https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/article/media-black-out-in-response-to-attempted-bombing-of-indian-newspaper |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.ifj.org |language=en}}</ref>
=== Assault on staff members ===
In August 2015, Willar Leimapokpam, a staff member of Hueiyen Lanpao (English Edition) was physically assaulted by five police commandos, who were later enquired by the authorities concerned, after ''"All Manipur Working Journalists Union"'' (AMWJU) had set a deadline of 48 hours to take required actions against the policemen involved in the crime.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inquiry into assault on Hueiyen Lanpao staff begins: Deputy CM Gaikhangam : 21st aug15 ~ Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=22..210815.aug15 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Media freedom and attack HL |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.editorial.editorial_2015.Media_freedom_and_attack_HL_20150819 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Naharolgi Thoudang]]
* [[Poknapham]]
* [[The Sangai Express]]
* [[List of Meitei-language newspapers]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==

* [http://hueiyenlanpao.com/meeteilon/ Official website (Meitei script edition)]
* [http://hueiyenlanpao.com/ Official website (Bengali script edition)]

[[Category:1978 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Meitei-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Meitei-language websites]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1978]]
[[Category:Imphal]]
[[Category:Indian news websites]]

Sanaleibak (newspaper)

2023-10-03T06:33:36Z

Dsabhishek: Created blank page

{{Short description|Meitei language newspaper}}
{{About|a [[Meitei language]] newspaper|the prosaic Meitei name of [[Manipur]]|Sanaleibak|the state official song of the [[Government of Manipur]]|Sanaleibak Manipur}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = {{lang|mni|{{Script|Latn|Sanaleibak}}|}} {{small|{{lang|en|{{Script|Latn|Sanaleibak Daily}}|}}}}
| logo = SANALEIBAK.jpg
| logo_size =
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| type = [[daily newspaper]]
| format = paper and e-paper{{efn|online webpages are availed.}}
| school =
| owner = 
| founder = 
| publisher =
| president =
| generalmanager =
| chiefeditor =
| editor = Hemanta Kumar Ningomba<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-04 |title=Attack on press freedom: Manipur government at it again; Police team picks up editor - The Frontier Manipur |url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/attack-on-press-freedom-manipur-government-at-it-again-police-team-picks-up-editor/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-04 |title=Manipur Journalist Bodies Condemn Detaining Of Editor Hemantakumar Ningomba {{!}} Ukhrul Times |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipur-journalist-bodies-condemn-detaining-of-editor-hemantakumar-ningomba/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| depeditor =
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| language = [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]])
| ceased publication = 
| relaunched =
| headquarters =
| publishing_city = [[Imphal]]
| publishing_country = {{IND}}
| circulation =
* {{IND}} (physical copy)
* global (e-copy)
| circulation_date =
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| readership =
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| website = {{URL|sanaleibak.in}}
| free =
}}
The '''Sanaleibak''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|/sa-nā-lei-bāk/}}||[[Sanaleibak|the golden land]]}}), also known as the '''Sanaleibak Daily''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Manipur police quiz editor after he raises questions on govt’s anti-drug drive on TV |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-police-quiz-editor-after-he-raises-questions-on-govts-anti-drug-drive-on-tv-8365623/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[Meitei language]] [[daily newspaper]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2023-01-04 |title=Manipur: Editor of local newspaper detained, journalists’ bodies condemn police action |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-editor-local-newspaper-detained-journalists-bodies-condemn-police-action.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref> circulated mainly in the [[Northeast India]]n state of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Gyan Prakash |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DWO0sCFW4OwC&q=sanaleibak+newspaper&dq=sanaleibak+newspaper&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzk5WoyNWBAxXhSmwGHX7JClEQ6AF6BAgMEAM#sanaleibak%20newspaper |title=Press in the North-east |date=2013 |publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] |isbn=978-81-230-1840-9 |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WsusgA3docgC&q=sanaleibak+newspaper&dq=sanaleibak+newspaper&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzk5WoyNWBAxXhSmwGHX7JClEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#sanaleibak |title=Mass Media in India |date=2000 |publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] |isbn=978-81-230-0814-1 |pages=445 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur Newspaper Editor Detained Over Statement On TV Debate |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/manipur-newspaper-editor-detained-over-statement-on-tv-debate-3664977 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== In the Manipur State Journalists Award 2022 ==
In the Manipur State Journalists Award 2022, out of the 8 award categories given by the Department of Information & Public Relations, [[Government of Manipur]] on the [[National Press Day]], Sanaleibak daily won 7 awards simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-11-16 |title=Manipur confers award to 8 journalists on National Press Day |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/11/16/manipur-confers-award-to-8-journalists-on-national-press-day/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
The winners of the awards are as follows:
# Ningombam Hemantakumar was awarded for the best editor on '''National Integration & Communal Harmony'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-11-16 |title=Manipur confers award to 8 journalists on National Press Day |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/11/16/manipur-confers-award-to-8-journalists-on-national-press-day/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
# Moirangthem Khagemba Meetei was awarded for the best reporting on '''Public Health & Hygiene'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-11-16 |title=Manipur confers award to 8 journalists on National Press Day |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/11/16/manipur-confers-award-to-8-journalists-on-national-press-day/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
# Moirangthem Khagemba Meetei was again awarded for the best reporting on '''rural topics'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-11-16 |title=Manipur confers award to 8 journalists on National Press Day |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/11/16/manipur-confers-award-to-8-journalists-on-national-press-day/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
# Robinson Wahengbam was awarded for the best reporting on '''Art & Culture'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-11-16 |title=Manipur confers award to 8 journalists on National Press Day |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/11/16/manipur-confers-award-to-8-journalists-on-national-press-day/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
# Taorem Bishwajit Singh was awarded for the best reporting on '''parliamentary topics'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-11-16 |title=Manipur confers award to 8 journalists on National Press Day |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/11/16/manipur-confers-award-to-8-journalists-on-national-press-day/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
# Maibam Kenedy Singh was awarded for the best reporting on '''Science & Technology'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-11-16 |title=Manipur confers award to 8 journalists on National Press Day |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/11/16/manipur-confers-award-to-8-journalists-on-national-press-day/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
# Rabi Takhellambam was awarded for the best reporting on '''Women and Children'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-11-16 |title=Manipur confers award to 8 journalists on National Press Day |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/11/16/manipur-confers-award-to-8-journalists-on-national-press-day/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak sweeps Manipur State Journalist Award |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-sweeps-manipur-state-journalist-award |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
== In the Manipur State Journalists Award 2020 ==
In the Manipur State Journalists Award 2020, out of the 8 award categories given by the Department of Information & Public Relations, [[Government of Manipur]] on the [[National Press Day]], Sanaleibak daily won 5 awards simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2020-11-16 |title=National Press Day: State journalist award, 2020 conferred to eight journalists {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2020/11/national-press-day-state-journalist-award-2020-conferred-to-eight-journalists/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>
The winners of the awards are as follows:
# Ningombam Hemantakumar was awarded for being the '''Best Editor'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2020-11-16 |title=National Press Day: State journalist award, 2020 conferred to eight journalists {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2020/11/national-press-day-state-journalist-award-2020-conferred-to-eight-journalists/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>
# Khagembam Shanker Singh was awarded for the best reporting on '''Science & Technology'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2020-11-16 |title=National Press Day: State journalist award, 2020 conferred to eight journalists {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2020/11/national-press-day-state-journalist-award-2020-conferred-to-eight-journalists/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>
# Ngangom Suraj Kumar Singh was awarded for the best reporting with special Reference to '''Women and Children'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2020-11-16 |title=National Press Day: State journalist award, 2020 conferred to eight journalists {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2020/11/national-press-day-state-journalist-award-2020-conferred-to-eight-journalists/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>
# Maibam Kenedy Singh was awarded for the best reporting on '''Art and Culture'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2020-11-16 |title=National Press Day: State journalist award, 2020 conferred to eight journalists {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2020/11/national-press-day-state-journalist-award-2020-conferred-to-eight-journalists/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>
# Khagembam Rabikumar Meitei was awarded for the best reporting on '''Sports'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2020-11-16 |title=National Press Day: State journalist award, 2020 conferred to eight journalists {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2020/11/national-press-day-state-journalist-award-2020-conferred-to-eight-journalists/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hueiyen Lanpao]]
* [[Naharolgi Thoudang]]
* [[Poknapham]]
* [[Sangai Express]]
* [[Imphal Free Press]]
* [[List of Meitei-language newspapers]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://sanaleibak.in/ Official website]

{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|Books|Geography|History|India|Language|Law|Media|News|Politics|Writing}}

[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Meitei-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Meitei-language websites]]
[[Category:Imphal]]
[[Category:Indian news websites]]
[[Category:Sanaleipak]]

Nongmaithem

2023-10-02T18:43:22Z

Dsabhishek: Created page with ' '''Nongmaithem''' is a Meitei family name. Notable people with this surname are: * Nongmaithem Ratanbala Devi, Indian women's professional footballer * Nongmaithem Pahari, Indian singer, composer, lyricist, revolutionist == See also == * {{intitle}} {{Surname}} Category:Meitei surnames'

'''Nongmaithem''' is a [[Meitei family name]].
Notable people with this surname are:
* [[Nongmaithem Ratanbala Devi]], Indian women's professional footballer
* [[Nongmaithem Pahari]], Indian singer, composer, lyricist, revolutionist
== See also ==
* {{intitle}}
{{Surname}}
[[Category:Meitei surnames]]

Okram

2023-10-02T18:31:04Z

Dsabhishek: Created page with ' '''Okram''' is a Meitei family name. Notable people with this surname are: * Okram Ibobi Singh, Indian politician and former chief minister of Manipur * Okram Bikram Singh, Indian male track cyclist * Okram Henry Singh, Indian politician * Okram Roshini Devi, Indian women footballer == See also == * {{intitle}} {{Surname}} Category:Meitei surnames'

'''Okram''' is a [[Meitei family name]].
Notable people with this surname are:
* [[Okram Ibobi Singh]], Indian politician and former chief minister of Manipur
* [[Okram Bikram Singh]], Indian male track cyclist
* [[Okram Henry Singh]], Indian politician
* [[Okram Roshini Devi]], Indian women footballer
== See also ==
* {{intitle}}
{{Surname}}
[[Category:Meitei surnames]]

Ningthoujam

2023-10-02T18:26:27Z

Dsabhishek: Created page with ' '''Ningthoujam''' is a Meitei family name. Notable people with this surname are: * Ningthoujam Pritam Singh, Indian professional footballer * Bidyananda Singh Ningthoujam, Indian professional footballer * Ningthoujam Samananda, Indian footballer == See also == * {{intitle}} {{Surname}} Category:Meitei surnames'

'''Ningthoujam''' is a [[Meitei family name]].
Notable people with this surname are:
* [[Ningthoujam Pritam Singh]], Indian professional footballer
* [[Bidyananda Singh Ningthoujam]], Indian professional footballer
* [[Ningthoujam Samananda]], Indian footballer
== See also ==
* {{intitle}}
{{Surname}}
[[Category:Meitei surnames]]

Marup (newspaper)

2023-10-02T14:44:55Z

Dsabhishek:

{{Short description|Meitei language newspaper}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Marup {{small|({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|/ma-rūp/}}|}})}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_border =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_size =
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| type = daily<ref>{{Cite web |title=1.Media Coverage: Marup, Manipuri daily, Agartala, Tripura - 26 August 2022 - #SahityaAkademi announces its #BalSahityaPuraskar-2022 & #YuvaPuraskar-2022. {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/1media-coverage-marup-manipuri-daily-agartala-tripura-26-august-2022-sahityaakademi-announces-its |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=indiaculture.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xmw5AAAAIAAJ&q=marup+newspaper&dq=marup+newspaper&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwihvbfWudeBAxWxcWwGHfkDCSMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#marup |title=P.C.I. Review |date=1985 |publisher=Press Council of India |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref> & weekly<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devi |first=R. K. Lilapati |date=2016-12-08 |title=Marup, an Ethnic Minority Newspaper of Tripura: A Journey to Ethnic Society Revivalism |url=http://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/jneic/article/view/241 |journal=Journal of Northeast Indian Cultures |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=2022-12-03 |title=Newspapers, the last holdouts of Bengali script in Manipur, given ultimatum to switch to Meetei Mayek next month |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/newspapers-the-last-holdouts-of-bengali-script-in-manipur-given-ultimatum-to-switch-to-meetei-mayek-next-month/article66214312.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| format =
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| owner = 
| founder = 
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| depeditor =
| assoceditor =
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| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| dirinteractive =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| metroeditor =
| metrochief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| custom_label =
| custom =
| foundation = 1969<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xmw5AAAAIAAJ&q=marup+newspaper&dq=marup+newspaper&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwihvbfWudeBAxWxcWwGHfkDCSMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#marup |title=P.C.I. Review |date=1985 |publisher=Press Council of India |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref> 
| political =
| language = [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]])
| ceased publication = 
| relaunched =
| headquarters = [[Agartala]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UA4bAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA729&dq=marup+newspaper&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA8-zmuteBAxXuSWwGHRKUBmc4HhDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q=marup%20newspaper&f=false |title=Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1984 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers |pages=729 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devi |first=R. K. Lilapati |date=2016-12-08 |title=Marup, an Ethnic Minority Newspaper of Tripura: A Journey to Ethnic Society Revivalism |url=http://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/jneic/article/view/241 |journal=Journal of Northeast Indian Cultures |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1}}</ref>
| publishing_city = [[Agartala]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UA4bAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA729&dq=marup+newspaper&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA8-zmuteBAxXuSWwGHRKUBmc4HhDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q=marup%20newspaper&f=false |title=Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1984 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers |pages=729 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devi |first=R. K. Lilapati |date=2016-12-08 |title=Marup, an Ethnic Minority Newspaper of Tripura: A Journey to Ethnic Society Revivalism |url=http://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/jneic/article/view/241 |journal=Journal of Northeast Indian Cultures |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1}}</ref>
| publishing_country = {{IND}}
| circulation = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=2022-12-03 |title=Newspapers, the last holdouts of Bengali script in Manipur, given ultimatum to switch to Meetei Mayek next month |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/newspapers-the-last-holdouts-of-bengali-script-in-manipur-given-ultimatum-to-switch-to-meetei-mayek-next-month/article66214312.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| circulation_date =
| circulation_ref =
| readership =
| sister newspapers = Marup (Bengali edition)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RRdXAAAAMAAJ&q=marup+newspaper&dq=marup+newspaper&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA8-zmuteBAxXuSWwGHRKUBmc4HhDoAXoECAgQAw#marup%20newspaper |title=Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1992 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. |pages=1165 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=India Office of the Registrar of Newspapers for |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=CoIBK9AUa8IC&q=marup+newspaper&dq=marup+newspaper&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8rvLEu9eBAxV4a2wGHdFVDSA4MhDoAXoECAcQAw#marup%20newspaper |title=Press in India: Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1985 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=863 |language=en}}</ref>
| ISSN =
| eISSN =
| oclc =
| RNI =
| website =
| free =
}}
{{langnf|mni|'''Marup'''|friend}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=PUBLIC |date=2014-06-27 |title=Commemorating long-forgotten battles and those who gave their lives |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2014/06/28/commemorating-long-forgotten-battles-and-those-who-gave-their-lives/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Meaning of "Marup") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9E&searchhws=yes |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |language=en, mni}}</ref> is an Indian [[Meitei language]] newspaper,{{efn|also published in Bengali}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=1.Media Coverage: Marup, Manipuri daily, Agartala, Tripura - 26 August 2022 - #SahityaAkademi announces its #BalSahityaPuraskar-2022 & #YuvaPuraskar-2022. {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/1media-coverage-marup-manipuri-daily-agartala-tripura-26-august-2022-sahityaakademi-announces-its |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=indiaculture.gov.in}}</ref> circulated mainly in the [[Northeast India]]n state of [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hogan-Brun |first=Gabrielle |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=16V-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA307&dq=marup+newspaper&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXvqXbudeBAxUGS2wGHcmCC9Y4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q=marup&f=false |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities |last2=O’Rourke |first2=Bernadette |date=2018-12-11 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-54066-9 |pages=307 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RRdXAAAAMAAJ&q=marup+newspaper&dq=marup+newspaper&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA8-zmuteBAxXuSWwGHRKUBmc4HhDoAXoECAgQAw#marup%20newspaper |title=Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1992 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. |pages=1165 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=India Office of the Registrar of Newspapers for |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=CoIBK9AUa8IC&q=marup+newspaper&dq=marup+newspaper&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8rvLEu9eBAxV4a2wGHdFVDSA4MhDoAXoECAcQAw#marup%20newspaper |title=Press in India: Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1985 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=863 |language=en}}</ref> It started its publication works in the year 1969.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xmw5AAAAIAAJ&q=marup+newspaper&dq=marup+newspaper&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwihvbfWudeBAxWxcWwGHfkDCSMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#marup |title=P.C.I. Review |date=1985 |publisher=Press Council of India |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref> It is published in [[Agartala]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UA4bAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA729&dq=marup+newspaper&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA8-zmuteBAxXuSWwGHRKUBmc4HhDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q=marup%20newspaper&f=false |title=Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=1984 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers |pages=729 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devi |first=R. K. Lilapati |date=2016-12-08 |title=Marup, an Ethnic Minority Newspaper of Tripura: A Journey to Ethnic Society Revivalism |url=http://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/jneic/article/view/241 |journal=Journal of Northeast Indian Cultures |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1}}</ref>
It is recognised by the Information and Cultural Department of the [[Government of Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of all Enlisted Newspapers under ICA |url=https://ica.tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/List_of_Enlisted_newspapers_03072020.pdf |website=[[Government of Tripura]]}}</ref>

== Circulation and writing system ==
Besides its circulation in [[India]], it is also circulated in the Manipuri populated areas of [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]]. It uses the [[Bengali script]] for writing the Meitei language. However, it doesn't have any faculties for printing in [[Meitei script]] as of 2022. R.K. Kalyanjit ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯔꯥꯖꯀꯨꯃꯥꯔ ꯀꯜꯌꯥꯟꯖꯤꯠ}}|}}), the editor of Marup, while giving an interview, told that the reason for not printing in Meitei script is because there is no scope for teaching the script to [[Meitei language]] speakers in Bangladesh and Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=2022-12-03 |title=Newspapers, the last holdouts of Bengali script in Manipur, given ultimatum to switch to Meetei Mayek next month |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/newspapers-the-last-holdouts-of-bengali-script-in-manipur-given-ultimatum-to-switch-to-meetei-mayek-next-month/article66214312.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Contents ==
In the [[2023 Manipur violence]], the Marup ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯔꯨꯞ}}|}}) raised its voice regarding the sufferings of the people in the state of [[Manipur]] and highlighted the past related incidents happened in the [[history of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women take centre stage in violence-hit Manipur |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1087446 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2022-01-06 |title=Manipur aims to boost economy, curb drugs menace - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/manipur/manipur-aims-to-boost-economy-curb-drugs-menace-571745 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=N. H. |date=2023-06-07 |title=Women take centrestage in violence-hit Manipur |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/women-take-centrestage-in-violence-hit-manipur |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=New |first=IANS |date=2023-06-07 |title=Women take centre stage in violence-hit Manipur |url=https://bhaskarlive.in/women-take-centre-stage-in-violence-hit-manipur/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Bhaskar Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Events ==
The Marup also celebrated the Patriots' Day ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯊꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ}}|}}), organized by the Manipuri Literary and Cultural Forum, Tripura and [[Meira Paibi]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯔꯥ ꯄꯥꯏꯕꯤ}}|}}), held at the Paona Brajabasi Park, Khowai Meitei village, Gouranagar, Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patriots' Day observed in Tripura : 14th aug21 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=35..140821.aug21 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hueiyen Lanpao]]
* [[Imphal Free Press]]
* [[Naharolgi Thoudang]]
* [[Poknapham]]
* [[Sanaleibak (newspaper)]]
* [[The Sangai Express]]
* [[List of Meitei-language newspapers]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==

* {{Cite web |last= |title=Women in India's Northeast are frontrunners in every sphere {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/life-details/L/7017/women-in-india-s-northeast-are-frontrunners-in-every-sphere.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website= |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=IANS |title=Women outnumber male voters in Manipur, but hard to find them among candidates in the fray |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/manipur/women-outnumber-male-voters-in-manipur-but-hard-to-find-them-among-candidates-in-the-fray-1083312.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Riggins |first=Stephen Harold |date=1992 |title=The Media Imperative: Ethnic Minority Survival in the Age of Mass Communication |url=https://sk.sagepub.com/books/ethnic-minority-media/n1.xml |journal= |location=California |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |pages=1–20 |doi=10.4135/9781483325309.n1 |isbn=978-0-8039-4724-5}}

== External links ==
{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|India|Journal|Language|News|Writing}}

[[Category:1969 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Meitei-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Meitei-language websites]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1969]]
[[Category:Agartala]]
[[Category:Indian news websites]]

Baháʼu'lláh

2023-10-02T13:53:56Z

Dsabhishek: Founder

{{short description|Founder of the Baháʼí Faith (1817–1892)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Baháʼu'lláh
|image = Bahá'u'lláh (Mírzá Ḥusayn-`Alí Núrí) in 1868.jpg 
|alt =
|caption = Baháʼu'lláh in 1868
|birth_name = [[Mirza (noble)|Mírzá]] Ḥusayn-ʻAlí Núrí
|birth_date = {{Birth-date|12 November 1817}}
|birth_place = [[Tehran]], [[Qajar Iran|Persia]]
|death_date = {{Death-date and age|29 May 1892|12 November 1817}}
|death_place = [[Acre, Israel|‘Akká]], [[Ottoman Empire]] {{small|(present-day Acre, [[Israel]])}}
|resting_place = [[Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh]]
|resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|32|56|36|N|35|05|32|E|source:hewiki_region:IL_type:landmark|display=inline}}
|burial_place =
|spouse = {{unbulleted list|[[Ásíyih Khánum|Ásíyih]]|Fatimih|Gawhar}}
|children = {{unbulleted list|[[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]]|[[Bahíyyih Khánum|Bahíyyih]]|[[Mírzá Mihdí|Mihdí]]|Kázim|ʻAlí Muhammad|Samadiyyih|[[Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí|Muhammad ʻAlí]]|Ḍíyáʼu'lláh|Badiʻu'llah|Sádhijíyyih|Furughiyyih}}
|nationality = Persian
|known_for = Founder of the [[Baháʼí Faith]]
|occupation =
|successor = [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]]
}}
{{Baháʼí sidebar}}
{{Contains special characters|Arabic}}

'''Baháʼu'lláh''' (born '''Ḥusayn-ʻAlí'''; 12 November 1817 – 29 May 1892) was the founder of the [[Baháʼí Faith]]. He was born to an aristocratic family in [[Qajar Iran|Persia]] and was exiled due to his adherence to the messianic [[Bábism|Bábí Faith]]. In 1863, in [[Iraq]], he first announced his claim to a revelation from [[God in the Baháʼí Faith|God]] and spent the rest of his life in further imprisonment in the [[Ottoman Empire]]. His teachings revolved around the principles of unity and religious renewal, ranging from moral and spiritual progress to world governance.{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=xiv–xv, 69–70}}

Baháʼu'lláh was raised with no formal education but was well-read and devoutly religious. His family was considerably wealthy, and at the age of 22 he turned down a position in the government, instead managing family properties and donating time and money to charities.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=38}} At the age of 27 he accepted the claim of the [[Báb]] and became among the most outspoken supporters of the new religious movement that advocated, among other things, abrogation of Islamic law, which attracted heavy opposition.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|pp=131–132, 143}} At the age of 33, during a governmental attempt to exterminate the movement, Baháʼu'lláh narrowly escaped death, his properties were confiscated, and he was banished from Iran. Just before leaving, while imprisoned in the [[Síyáh-Chál]] dungeon, Baháʼu'lláh claimed to receive revelations from God marking the beginning of his divine mission.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=323}} After settling in Iraq, Baháʼu'lláh again attracted the ire of Iranian authorities, and they requested that the Ottoman government move him farther away. He spent months in Istanbul where the authorities became hostile to his religious claims and put him under house arrest in [[Edirne]] for four years, followed by two years of harsh confinement in the prison-city of [[Acre Prison|‘Akká]]. His restrictions were gradually eased until his final years were spent in relative freedom in the area surrounding ‘Akká.

Baháʼu'lláh wrote at least 1,500 letters, some book-length, that have been translated into at least 802 languages.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=56}} Some notable examples include ''[[The Hidden Words]]'', the ''[[Kitáb-i-Íqán|Book of Certitude]]'', and the ''[[Kitáb-i-Aqdas]]''. Some teachings are mystical and address the [[nature of God]] and the progress of the soul, while others address the needs of society, religious obligations of his followers, or the structure of Bahá’í institutions that would propagate the religion.{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=2}} He viewed humans as fundamentally spiritual beings and called upon individuals to develop divine virtues and further the material and spiritual advancement of society.{{sfn|Stockman|2022a|pp=219–220}}

Baháʼu'lláh died in 1892 near ‘Akká. His burial place is a destination for [[Baháʼí pilgrimage|pilgrimage]] by his followers, known as Bahá’ís, who now reside in 236 countries and territories and number between 5 and 8 million.{{efn|In 2001, an independent researcher confirmed that there were reliably over 5 million enrolled Bahá’ís in the world.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=225}} In 2020 the [[Baháʼí World Centre]] estimated "about eight million" Baháʼís reside in "well over 100,000 localities" worldwide.{{sfn|Smith|2022|pp=509–510}}}} Baháʼís regard Baháʼu'lláh as a messenger or [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|manifestation of God]] in succession to [[Buddha]], Jesus, or Muhammad.{{sfn|Dehghani|2022|pp=188–189}}

==Name, title, and photographs==
Baháʼu'lláh ({{IPAc-en|b|ə|ˈ|h|ɑː|ʔ|ʊ|l|ɑː}}, {{lang-ar |بَهاءُالله}}) is a title referencing God's attribute of "Glory". His given name was '''Ḥusayn-ʻAlí''', and as the son of a nobleman in the province of Núr, he was known as '''[[Mirza (noble)|Mírzá]] Ḥusayn-ʻAlí Núrí''' ([[Persians|Persian]]: میرزا حسین‌علی نوری‎). In 1848, at the [[Conference of Badasht]], he took the title Baháʼ (بهاء), Arabic for "glory" or "splendour".{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=73}}

Many symbols and phrases of the Baháʼí Faith derive their significance from the word Baháʼ. For example, a nine-pointed star or nine-sided temples are references to the numerical value of Baháʼ according to a system of [[Abjad numerals|numerology]] (b=2, h=5, á=1, ʼ=1), the word Baháʼí indicates a follower of Baháʼ, and his son ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (Servant of Baháʼ) chose his title to demonstrate servitude toward Baháʼu'lláh.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

In the 1930s, Baháʼís adopted a standardized [[Baháʼí orthography|system of transliterating Arabic]] that renders Arabic faithfully into [[Latin script|Roman script]]. The vowels without [[Diacritic|diacritical marks]] are short, and those with diacritical marks are long. His name is pronounced in four syllables: '''Ba''', as in '''ba'''t; '''há''', as in '''ha'''rd; the apostrophe-like mark after "Bahá" is for the Arabic letter [[hamza]] which represents the [[glottal stop]]; '''u'l''' as in '''ol'''d (the apostrophe represents a contraction and is not pronounced); and '''láh''' as in '''la'''w.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Common transliterations of the name, with or without diacritical marks, include Baha'u'llah, Bahaullah, and Baháʼ Alláh.

There are two known photographs of Baháʼu'lláh, both taken in Adrianople. Bahá’ís avoid displaying photographs or imagery of Baháʼu'lláh in public or in their homes, and prefer that others also avoid displaying them in books and websites.{{sfn|Universal House of Justice|1980}} One picture is shown to Bahá’ís during visits to the [[Baháʼí World Centre buildings#International Archives|International Archives]] building as part of an organized Bahá’í pilgrimage;{{sfn|Bahá'í International Community|2019}} it may also be displayed on certain other highly significant special occasions. The other image was reproduced by William Miller in his 1974 polemic against the Baháʼí Faith.{{sfn|Elwell-Sutton|1976|pp=157–158}}

==Early life in Iran==
[[File:Mirza Buzurg.jpg|thumb|left|upright|{{center|A depiction of [[Mírzá Buzurg]], the father of Baháʼu'lláh}}]]

Baháʼu'lláh was born in Tehran, Iran on 12 November 1817. Baháʼí authors trace his ancestry to [[Abraham]] through both his wives [[Keturah]]{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=127n}} and Sarah,{{efn|Through her descendant Jesse, the father of King David.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1976|p=305}}}} to the prophet [[Zoroaster]],{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=73, 369}} to King David's father [[Jesse (biblical figure)|Jesse]],{{sfn|Adamson|2007|p=50}} and to [[Yazdgerd III|Yazdigird III]], the last king of the [[Sasanian dynasty|Sassanian Empire]].{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=13}} His mother was Khadíjih Khánum,{{sfn|Adamson|2007|p=267}}{{efn|A widow with three children, she became the second wife of Baháʼu'lláh's father.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=217}}}} his father Mírzá ʻAbbás-i-Núrí, known as [[Mírzá ʻAbbás Núrí|Mírzá Buzurg]],{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=13}} served as [[vizier]] to Imám-Virdi Mírzá, the twelfth son of [[Fath-ʻAli Shah Qajar]].

Baháʼu'lláh married [[Ásíyih Khánum]], the daughter of a nobleman, in Tehran in 1835 when he was 18 and she was 15.{{sfn|Momen|2022|p=41}}{{efn|Ásíyih Khánum and her children [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]], [[Bahíyyih Khánum]] and [[Mírzá Mihdí]] are the "holy family" of the Baháʼí Faith.{{sfn|Ma'ani|2008|p=87}} For details on Bahá’u’lláh’s two other wives and his children from those marriages, see [[Baháʼu'lláh's family]].}} In his early twenties Baháʼu'lláh declined the life of privilege offered by his aristocratic lineage, instead devoting his time and resources to a range of charitable works that earned him renown as "the Father of the Poor".{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=38}}

===Acknowledgment of the Báb===
{{Main|Bábism|l1=Bábí Faith}}

In May 1844, a 24-year-old merchant from [[Shiraz]], [[Siyyid Mirza 'Ali-Muhammad|Siyyid Mírzá ʻAlí-Muḥammad]], stirred Persia with his claim to not only be the promised redeemer of [[Islam]] (the [[Al-Qāʾim Āl Muḥammad|Qa’im]] or [[Mahdi]] [Mihdi]), but a new [[Prophet#Baháʼí Faith|prophet]] of God similar to Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad.{{sfn|Dehghani|2022|pp=188–189}}{{sfn|Saiedi|2000|p=2}} He assumed the title "the [[Báb]]" (Arabic for "the gate"), indicating his position as a spiritual "gate to divine knowledge", and to a still greater God-sent educator whose imminent appearance he was preparing the way for.{{sfn|Saiedi|2000|p=2}}{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=58–59}}

{{multiple image
|align=right
|direction=vertical
|caption_align=center
|image1=Bahai Terraces.jpg
|caption1=The Shrine of the Báb, set amidst 19 terraces on Mt. Carmel in [[Haifa|Haifa, Israel]]
|image2=The Bahai Temple in Haifa Israel 1.jpg
|caption2=Evening view of the Shrine of the Báb, an important [[Baháʼí pilgrimage|pilgrimage]] site for all Bahá’ís
|total_width=280
}}
Soon after declaring his spiritual mission to [[Mullá Husayn]],{{efn|A Muslim cleric who was the first person to believe in the Báb.{{sfn|BBC|2009b}}}} the Báb sent him to Tehran to deliver a special tablet{{efn|Term for a letter on a religious topic}} to one whom God would guide him to. After learning about Baháʼu'lláh through an acquaintance, Mullá Husayn felt compelled to arrange for Baháʼu'lláh to receive the tablet—this news brought great joy to the Báb when Mullá Husayn wrote him about it.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1992|pp=34–38}} Bahá’u’lláh received the tablet when he was 27, he immediately acknowledged the truth of the Báb’s message and arose to share it with others.{{sfn|Momen|2022|p=41}} In his native province of [[Noor, Iran|Núr]] Bahá’u’lláh’s notability as a prominent local provided numerous opportunities to teach the Bábí Faith, and his trips attracted many to the new religion, including Muslim clerics.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2000|pp=35–37}} His Tehran home became a center for activities, and he generously gave financial support for the religion.{{sfn|Momen|2019a}} In the summer of 1848, Bahá’u’lláh attended and hosted{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=64–65}} a gathering at [[Conference of Badasht|Badasht]] in the province of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], where 84{{sfn|Saiedi|2008|p=24, note #39}} Bábí disciples met for 22 days. At that conference historic discussions took place between those who wanted to maintain Islamic law (the religious heritage of most early Bábís{{efn|Though most Baháʼís in Iran are of Muslim heritage, subsequent 19th-century conversions of sizeable numbers of individuals from [[Judaism]] and [[Zoroastrianism]] in the country are well documented.{{sfn|Maneck|1984}}{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=369}}{{sfn|Maneck|1990}}{{sfn|Sharon|2011}}{{sfn|Amanat|2011|p=256}}}}) and those who believed the Báb had inaugurated a new religious dispensation. Baháʼu'lláh influenced agreement around the latter point of view.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|pp=133–134}} It was at Badasht that Mírzá Ḥusayn-ʻAlí Núrí assumed the name ''Bahá’''{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=73}} and also gave new spiritual names to all other attendees; thereafter the Báb addressed tablets to them by those names.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=41}}{{efn|For insight into the giving of spiritual names, see {{cite web |title=''Personal Names and Titles in Islamic and Baha'i Usage''|url=https://bahai-library.com/walbridge_personal_names}} In {{cite web |last=Walbridge|first=John|title=Essays and Notes on Babi and Baha'i History |date=2002 |url=https://bahai-library.com/walbridge_babi_bahai_history}}}} When [[Táhirih]], the most prominent female disciple of the Báb, was arrested after the conference, Baháʼu'lláh intervened to protect her. Subsequently he himself was temporarily confined and punished with [[bastinado]].{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=30}}

The Bábí Faith quickly spread across Persia, attracting large numbers of adherents. This provoked widespread opposition from both Islamic clerics fearful of losing congregants and associated benefits, and from civil authorities afraid of the growing influence of the Bábí community,{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|pp=9–18}} resulting in thousands of Bábís being killed in relentless campaigns of persecution. In July 1850 the Báb himself was executed by firing squad in [[Tabriz]] at the age of 30.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=57}}

In his teachings the Báb identifies himself as the first of two [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestations of God]] whom the Creator was sending to usher in the enduring peace that is to signify humanity’s attainment of maturity—when all people will live in unity as one human family.{{sfn|Mahmoudi|2022|pp=384–387}} Baháʼís hold that the Báb's teachings lay the groundwork "for the eventual establishment of a society characterized by the unity of nations, fellowship of religions, equal rights of all people, and a compassionate, consultative, tolerant, democratic, moral world order".{{sfn|Saiedi|2008|p=343}} Woven throughout the Báb's teachings are references to "[[He whom God shall make manifest|Him whom God shall make manifest]]",{{sfn|Saiedi|2008|p=344}} the great Promised One for whom he was preparing the way. In numerous prophesies the Báb stated that the next divine educator would appear shortly after his own expected martyrdom.{{sfn|Effendi|1944|p=23}} In one of his major works, the Báb stated: ''"Well is it with him who fixeth his gaze upon the Order of Baháʼu'lláh, and rendereth thanks unto his Lord."''{{sfn|Saiedi|2000|p=295}}

===Arrest and imprisonment===
Events leading up to and after the execution of the Báb were tumultuous for Bábís. As Muslim leaders incited fanatic mobs to violence against them, many Bábís—while refusing to take offensive steps against attackers—did take actions to defend themselves,{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=32}} but commonly ended-up being slaughtered. On 15 August 1852, two Bábí youth—in deep despair over the killings of the Báb and his leading disciples—made an ill-conceived attempt to assassinate the Iranian king whom they blamed for these tragedies. As [[Nasser-al-Din Shah|Nasiri'd-Din Shah]] passed along a public road the two blocked the monarch to fire birdshot at him. The king escaped serious injury, but the incident led to an outburst of persecution against Bábís far exceeding past events.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|pp=20–21}}

Though investigations found the offending pair acted alone, a "reign of terror"{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=20}} was unleashed, killing at least 10,000 Bábís that same year{{sfn|Saiedi|2000|p=4}} as government ministers vied with one another to [[Collective punishment|collectively punish]] known or suspected Bábís, including Bahá’u’lláh. Well known for his support of the Bábí cause, Baháʼu'lláh was arrested and incarcerated in the subterranean [[Síyáh-Chál]] of Tehran, where he was bound in heavy chains that left life-long scars. Baháʼu'lláh was confined to that dungeon for four months, as the mother of the Shah and authorities seeking to curry favor with the king sought ways to justify executing him.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2000|pp=99–101}}

===Revelation===
Bahá’u’lláh relates that during imprisonment in the Síyáh-Chál he had several mystical experiences, in which he received his mission as a manifestation of God, the Promised One heralded by the Báb.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=323}} Bahá’ís view this dawning of Bahá’u'lláh’s spiritual mission as the beginning of fulfillment of the Báb’s prophecies regarding "Him whom God shall make manifest".{{sfn|BBC|2009}} The "inseparable" nature and unity of the twin revelations of the Báb and Bahá’u’lláh{{sfn|Saiedi|2008|p=344}}{{sfn|Buck|2019}} are why Bahá’ís consider both faiths as forming one complete religious entity, and the reason the 1844 declaration of the Báb is considered the starting date of the Bahá’í Faith.

===Banishment from Persia===
[[File:Bahaullah-passport.jpg|right|thumb|{{center|Baháʼu'lláh's passport, dated January 1853}}]]
When it was proven beyond any doubt that Baháʼu'lláh was innocent of involvement with the attempt against the Shah’s life,{{sfn|Saiedi|2000|p=4}} the Shah finally agreed to free him but decreed that Baháʼu'lláh would be permanently banished from Persia.{{sfn|Adamson|2007|p=lxxiv}} Dispossessed of his extensive properties and wealth, in the exceptionally severe winter of January 1853 Baháʼu'lláh with family members undertook a three-month journey to [[Baghdad]], thus beginning what became exile for the rest of his life in territories of the [[Ottoman Empire]].{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=7}}

==Life in exile==

===Baghdad===
Upon settling in Baghdad, Baháʼu'lláh began dispatching communications and teachers to encourage and revive flagging spirits of persecuted followers of the Báb in Persia. Over time, a number of Bábís moved to Baghdad to be close to Bahá’u’lláh. One of these was [[Subh-i-Azal|Mirza Yahya]], later known as Subh-i-Azal, a half-brother 13 years younger than Bahá’u’lláh, who followed him into the Bábí Faith and even accompanied him on some early journeys on its behalf. After their father's death, Yahya’s education and care were largely overseen by Bahá’u’lláh.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=53}} During Baha’u’llah’s imprisonment in the Síyáh-Chál Yahya went into hiding,{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=74}} but after Bahá’u’lláh’s exile to Iraq Yahya left Iran in disguise and made his way to Baghdad.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=34}}

For a time, Yahya served as Bahá’u’lláh’s secretary in Baghdad, but envy for the growing admiration Bábís showed Bahá’u’lláh led Yahya to seek leadership of the Bábí religion.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|pp=34–46}}{{sfn|Balyuzi|2000|pp=113–114}} Attempting to elevate himself among Bábís, Yahya and a few supporters referenced a letter the Báb had written a few years earlier when Yahya was still a teenager,{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=53}}{{sfn|Taherzadeh|2000|pp=92–93}} naming Yahya to nominal leadership pending the appearance of "Him whom God shall make manifest". Yahya claimed the letter meant he was actually appointed the successor or vicegerent of the Báb. Knowledgeable Bábís promptly rejected Yahya’s bold claim, because the referenced letter indicated no such status, and due to the fact that other writings of the Báb specifically "eliminated the institution of successorship, or vicegerency"{{sfn|Saiedi|2008|pp=344–345}} from his religion. The Báb also decreed no one’s words would be binding upon believers until the advent of the Promised One.{{sfn|Saiedi|2008|pp=344–345}} Others questioned Yahya’s motives, considering he had never done anything to protect the Bábí Faith or the lives of Bábís over which he was now claiming a high position.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2000|p=113}}{{sfn|Schaefer|Towfigh|Gollmer|2000|pp=534–535}} To bolster his effort, Yahya simultaneously sought to discredit Bahá’u’lláh by spreading false rumors and accusations about him, which stirred up feelings among Bábís in the Baghdad community.

===Departure for Kurdistan===
Declining to dispute with Yahya or do anything to "endanger the unity and survival of the already demoralized Bábí community",{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=36}} Bahá’u’lláh entrusted his family to the care of his brother [[Mírzá Músá|Mirza Musa]] and without notice left Baghdad on 10 April 1854 for mountains in the north near [[Sulaymaniyah|Sulaymaniyyih]] in [[Iraqi Kurdistan|Kurdistan]]. He later wrote that he withdrew to avoid becoming a source of disagreement within the Bábí community.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=17}}{{sfn|Saiedi|2000|p=117}}

Initially living as a hermit in those mountains, Bahá’u’lláh dressed as a [[dervish]] and used the name Darvish Muhammad-i-Irani.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=17}}{{sfn|Balyuzi|2000|p=116}} In Sulaymaniyyih the head of a noted theological seminary happened to meet Bahá’u’lláh and invited him to visit.{{sfn|Momen|2022|p=44}} There a student noticed Bahá’u’lláh’s exquisite penmanship, which raised the curiosity of leading instructors. As he responded to their queries on complex religious themes, Bahá’u’lláh quickly gained admiration for his learning and wisdom.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=74}} Shaykh ʻUthmán, Shaykh ʻAbdu'r-Rahmán, and Shaykh Ismáʼíl, leaders of the [[Naqshbandi|Naqshbandíyyih]], [[Qadiriyyah|Qádiríyyih]], and Khálidíyyih Orders respectively, began to seek his advice.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2000|p=118}} It was to the second of these that Bahá’u’lláh’s book the [[Four Valleys (Baháʼí)|''Four Valleys'']] was written.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=159}}

During Bahá’u’lláh’s absence from the Baghdad Bábí community, Mirza Yahya’s true nature became increasingly clear. The public respect and morale of Bábís soon disintegrated as Yahya failed to give spiritual guidance or to demonstrate in daily living the lofty standards taught by the Báb. His actions to discredit Bahá’u’lláh, and any who admired him, grew. At the same time Yahya used the Bábí Faith to benefit himself materially and to try to augment his delusory standing, employing means towards those ends which shamefully contradicted statements by the Báb.{{sfn|Saiedi|2000|p=206}} He also engaged in criminal activities, including persuading several followers to murder other Bábís whom Yahya viewed as potential adversaries, or as supporters of such imagined rivals.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=53}} Yahya even took steps to initiate another attempt to assassinate the Shah of Persia.{{sfn|Smith|1987|p=60}}{{sfn|Effendi|1944|pp=124–125}} Yahya’s utter failings as a religious leader led most Bábís to reject his claims.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=36}}

When rumors of a ‘saint’ living in Sulaymaniyyih reached Bábí friends in Baghdad they suspected it was Bahá’u’lláh and asked one of his relatives to locate and beg him to return to help the community.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|pp=36–37}} Acceding to their urgent requests, to which Yahya even added an appeal,{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|pp=36–37}} Bahá’u’lláh returned to Baghdad on 19 March 1856.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=17}}

===Return to Baghdad===
Over the next 7 years, Bahá’u’lláh undertook to transform the Bábí community. Through personal example, as well as encouragement and constant interaction with Bábís, Bahá’u’lláh "restored the community to the moral and spiritual level it had attained during the Báb’s lifetime".{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=37}} Growing numbers were drawn to join the reinvigorated Bábí movement.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=17}} As Bahá’u’lláh’s renown as a spiritual guide and Bábí leader grew, Mirza Yahya remained withdrawn.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=37}} The spread of Bahá’u’lláh’s reputation in Baghdad and surrounding areas, along with increased dissemination of his writings, attracted "[p]rinces, scholars, mystics, and government officials" to meet him, many "prominent in Persian public life."{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=37}}{{sfn|Momen|2022|p=44}} This development unnerved antithetical elements among Iran’s Islamic clergy, and again raised the "intense fear and suspicion" of the Iranian monarch and his advisors.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=37}}

===Invitation to Constantinople===
The Persian government asked the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman government]] to extradite Baháʼu'lláh back to Persia, but the latter refused.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=17}} The Persians then pressed the Ottomans to remove Baháʼu'lláh from Baghdad which was near Iran’s border. The result was an invitation in April 1863 from [[Sultan ʻAbdu'l-ʻAzíz of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan ʻAbdu'l-ʻAzíz]] himself inviting Baháʼu'lláh to reside in the Ottoman capital [[Constantinople]] (now [[Istanbul]]).{{sfn|Taherzadeh|2000|pp=68–69}}

===First announcement===
On 22 April 1863, Baháʼu'lláh left his house in Baghdad for the banks of the Tigris River and crossed to enter the verdant Najibiyyih garden-park on the other side, which a Baghdad admirer{{who|date=January 2023}} had offered for his use.{{efn|Ever since it has been referred to as the [[Garden of Ridván, Baghdad|Garden of Ridván]] (Paradise) by Bahá’ís.{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=296–297}}}} There Baháʼu'lláh stayed for twelve days with family members and a few close followers chosen to accompany him. Upon arrival in the garden Bahá’u’lláh declared to his companions that he was "[[He whom God shall make manifest|Him whom God shall make manifest]]", the one promised by the Báb,{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|pp=37–38}} and announced that his mission as God’s latest manifestation in this world had commenced.{{sfn|Momen|2022|p=44}}{{sfn|Adamson|2007|pp=409–410}}{{efn|Baháʼís worldwide celebrate the twelve-day [[Ridván]] period as a festival associated with Bahá’u’lláh’s formal declaration of his spiritual mission.{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=296–297}} }}

===Sojourn in Constantinople===
Bahá’u’lláh left the Riḍván garden on 3 May 1863 and proceeded with his family to Constantinople as guests of the Ottoman government,{{sfn|Momen|2022|pp=44–45}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=23}} accompanied by a mounted government escort arranged for their protection by 'Ali Pasha, the Sultan’s prime minister.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|2000|p=69}} Other travelers included at least two dozen companions who requested Bahá’u’lláh’s permission to accompany him. Though not included in the Sultan’s invitation, Mirza Yahya joined the group en route.{{sfn|Momen|2022|pp=44–45}}{{sfn|Taherzadeh|2000|pp=112–115}} After fifteen weeks Bahá’u’lláh arrived in the Ottoman capital on 16 August 1863.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=212}} He was welcomed by various government ministers of the Sultan, and by prominent personalities who paid their respects. The Persian ambassador also sent emissaries to greet him the day after his arrival.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|2000|pp=75–76}}

At the time, it was customary for prominent government guests such as Bahá’u’lláh to "call on the prime minister and other high-ranking officials", during which the guests would seek favors, broker deals, and secure various forms of official support for themselves. When Bahá’u’lláh did not return any visits, Kamal Pasha, a former Ottoman prime minister, even reminded him of the custom. Bahá’u’lláh’s response was that he knew of the practice "but had no demands to make of anyone nor did he require favors from them; therefore there was no reason" for him to call upon anyone.{{sfn|Momen|2022|pp=44–45}}{{sfn|Taherzadeh|2000|p=76}}

Bahá’u’lláh’s independence and detachment from the situation was used by the Persian ambassador to maliciously misrepresent Bahá’u’lláh before the Ottoman court,{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1977|p=1}} and to press for his banishment from the capital.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=47}} As a consequence, less than four months after arriving in Constantinople, the prime minister suggested the Sultan banish Baháʼu'lláh and his companions to Adrianople (now [[Edirne]]), which the ruler promptly approved.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1977|p=57}}

===Expulsion to Edirne===

On 12 December 1863, Baháʼu'lláh arrived in Adrianople with his family and other companions. His presence there, which lasted four and a half years, became a significant period for the further unfoldment of his mission among Bábís, and for the general proclamation of his cause.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|pp=141–142}} Over the next two years, writings which flowed from Bahá’u’lláh were broadly shared with Bábís in Iran. Bahá’u’lláh dispatched several trusted followers to Iran, and most of the Bábís came to recognize him as the leader of their faith.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1977|pp=75–77}}{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|pp=38–39}}

[[File:House-Bahaullah-Edirne.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|The house where Baháʼu'lláh stayed in [[Edirne|Adrianople]]}}]]
Emboldened by lack of persecution against Bábís, Mirza Yahya "decided to emerge from his self-imposed seclusion" to again pursue leadership ambitions which his envy of Bahá’u’lláh had kept burning.{{efn|History records past faith communities being tested in similar ways when a few family members of prophets challenged their divine authority out of egoistic envy. Examples include [[Devadatta]], a cousin who tried to kill Buddha; [[Cain]] slaying his brother Abel; [[Joseph (Genesis)#Plot against Joseph|Joseph’s brothers]] selling him into captivity; and Muhammad’s uncle [[Abū Lahab|Abu Lahab]] becoming his enemy.{{sfn|Schaefer|Towfigh|Gollmer|2000|pp=49–50, note #98}} }} Convinced that Bahá’u’lláh’s death was necessary for his own advancement, Yahya’s first effort towards that end involved personally poisoning Bahá’u’lláh when he invited him for tea.{{sfn|Momen|2022|pp=44–45}} His doing so caused a severe month-long illness that left Bahá’u’lláh with a tremor in his hand for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=24}}{{sfn|Balyuzi|2000|p=225}} Though Bahá’u’lláh advised those who knew not to speak of what had happened, awareness of the incident grew, giving rise to strong agitation among Bábís. However, it was Yahya’s subsequent attempt on Bahá’u’lláh’s life that brought about "an unprecedented commotion in the community".{{sfn|Taherzadeh|2000|p=117}} It involved Ustad Muhammad-‘Aliy-i-Salmani, a traditional barber who served as Bahá’u’lláh’s bath attendant.{{sfn|Momen|2022|pp=44–45}}{{efn|Public bath houses were common in the 1800s both in Iran and among Turks because baths were not built into houses of the time. Public baths were places where acquaintances often gathered to socialize and share news. Most clients were provided with attendants, though some arranged their own.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|2000|p=118}} }} Salmani reported that Yahya suddenly began to show kindness to him, then one day insinuated it would be "a great service" to their religion if he assassinated Bahá’u’lláh while attending to him in the bath. Salmani was so outraged he said his immediate thought was to kill Yahya—he hesitated only because he knew doing that would displease Bahá’u’lláh. Agitated, he informed Bahá’u’lláh’s faithful brother Mirza Musa of the incident, who advised him to ignore it, saying Yahya had thought of this for years.{{sfn|Balyuzi|2000|p=229}} Still upset, Salmani told ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Bahá’u’lláh’s eldest son, about the matter, who told him not to speak of it to others. Salmani finally informed Bahá’u’lláh, who likewise said he should not mention it to anyone. Until this incident, because Yahya was a half-brother whom Bahá’u’lláh always treated with kindness and care, most in the Bábí community also showed Yahya respect, even if they did not accept his claims to a special religious status. However, when Salmani was unable to keep silent and openly related to others what Yahya had asked of him,{{sfn|Salmání|1982|pp=51–52}} Yahya’s actions and intentions—so contrary to the Báb’s teachings—incited great turmoil amidst the Bábís.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|2000|pp=117–120}}

Having given his younger sibling ample guidance and opportunities to live as a Bábí should, and having repeatedly forgiven him for things he had done in the past,{{sfn|Hatcher|1997|pp=357–358}} Bahá’u’lláh decided the time had come to formally declare to Mirza Yahya{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=24}} that he was God’s latest manifestation, the Promised One of the Báb, "Him whom God shall make manifest"{{sfn|Momen|2022|pp=44–45}}—because doing so would require him to obey Bahá’u’lláh if Yahya were to remain faithful to the Báb.{{efn|Yahya already knew of Bahá’u’lláh’s declaration of spiritual station made in the Riḍván garden but had never referenced or acknowledged it.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|2000|pp=83–84}} }} Bahá’u’lláh made that declaration to Yahya in early March 1866{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=24}} through a tablet penned in Bahá’u’lláh’s own handwriting and read aloud to Yahya by Bahá’u’lláh’s amanuensis.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1992|p=84}} Besides unequivocally proclaiming his spiritual station, Bahá’u’lláh called upon Yahya "to recognize and support him as the Báb had explicitly instructed him to do."{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=39}} Mirza Yahya’s response was to counter that he, not Bahá’u’lláh, was the promised manifestation mentioned by the Báb. This step by Yahya promptly resulted in almost all Bábís in Adrianople, who were already devoted to Bahá’u’lláh, deciding to have nothing further to do with Yahya or his few supporters. As news of this development reached Bábís in Persia and Iraq, and surviving Bábí members of the Báb’s family, their response in support of Bahá’u’lláh was the same.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=39}} Mirza Yahya’s effort to claim a divine station thus effectively cleaved him from most Bábís, for it was against the Báb’s covenant with his followers which decreed that whensoever "Him whom God shall make manifest" announced himself all Bábís were required to accept him.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1977|pp=166, 179}} From this time onwards those who understood the Báb’s teachings about the Promised One began to call themselves "Bahá’ís" (meaning ''the people of Bahá’'', followers of Bahá’u’lláh).{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=39}}{{efn|Mirza Haydar-‘Ali, who lived at the time, recorded in his book "Bihjatu’s-Sudur" that an estimated 99% of Bábís recognized Bahá’u’lláh as their Promised One.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|2000|p=124}} }}

===Final exile and imprisonment in ‘Akká===
[[File:Map iran ottoman empire banishment.png|thumb|left|{{center|Map tracing Baháʼu'lláh's banishments}}]]

Having lost all respect or influence among Bábís who had become Bahá’ís, Mirza Yahya again sought to discredit Baháʼu’lláh with Ottoman authorities, accusing him of agitating against the Turkish government.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=26}}{{sfn|Hartz|2009|pp=49–50}} Yahya’s actions provoked a government investigation, which cleared Baháʼu’lláh—but fearing religious issues might stir up future disorder, the Ottomans decided to imprison both Baháʼu'lláh and Mirza Yahya in far-flung outposts of their empire.{{sfn|Adamson|2007|pp=326–327}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=26}} In July 1868 a royal decree condemned Bahá’u’lláh and his family to perpetual imprisonment in the pestilential penal colony of ʻAkká; banished with them were most Bahá’ís in Adrianople, and a handful of Azalis.{{efn|Yahya's followers became known by this term; "Azal" was a designation given to Yahya by the Báb.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=39}} }}{{sfn|Alkan|2022|p=76}} Mirza Yahya’s intrigue also resulted in his own captivity—because Turkish authorities suspected he was involved in some conspiracy, he was sent to prison in [[Famagusta]], [[Cyprus]] with his family, some Azalis, and four Bahá’ís.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=42}}{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=177}}{{sfn|Nakhjavani|1983|p=vii+}}{{efn|For further details of what transpired between Bahá’u’lláh and Mirza Yahya, as well as references giving Bahá’í and Azali views on their differences, see the article [[Baháʼí–Azali split]].}}
[[File:AkkaPrison.jpg|thumb|{{center|Prison in [[Acre, Israel|‘Akká]] in which Bahá'u’lláh was incarcerated}}]]

Leaving Adrianople on 12 August 1868, Bahá’u’lláh and his companions arrived in ‘Akká on 31 August where they were incarcerated in the city's prison citadel.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=26}} Inhabitants of ‘Akká were told the new prisoners were enemies of the state, of God, and his religion, and association with them was strictly forbidden. The first years in ‘Akká were under very harsh conditions with many Bahá’ís becoming sick (three eventually died).{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=26}} June 1870 witnessed the tragic death of Baháʼu'lláh’s 22-year-old son [[Mirzá Mihdí]] who fell through an unguarded skylight as he paced on the roof of the prison one evening while engrossed in prayer and [[Meditation#Baháʼí Faith|meditation]].{{sfn|Momen|2022|p=47}}{{sfn|Adamson|2007|p=322}} After a while, relations between Bahá’í prisoners, officials, and the local community improved, so conditions of their imprisonment were eased. When visiting 'Akká in April 1871, Dr. Thomas Chaplin (director of a British-run hospital in Jerusalem) met with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, on behalf of Baháʼu'lláh, in a home the family was living in after being moved out of the citadel. Afterward, the physician sent a letter regarding Baháʼu'lláh to the editor of ''[[The Times]]'', which was printed on 5 October 1871.{{sfn|Momen|1981|pp=209–212}}<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21161/the_times/ "The Babs of Persia"], ''The Times'', London, 5 October 1871, p. 8, 3rd column down from top</ref>{{efn|This seems to be the first substantial commentary on Baháʼu'lláh in a Western newspaper.{{sfn|Momen|1981|p=210}} }} Eventually, after the Sultan's death, Baháʼu'lláh was allowed to leave the city to visit nearby places, and to then reside in areas outside ‘Akká. From 1877–1879 Baháʼu'lláh lived in [[Baháʼí World Centre buildings#Mazra'ih|Mazra'ih]], a house a few miles north of the prison city.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=26–27}}

{{multiple image
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|caption1 = Mansion of Bahjí near [[Acre, Israel|‘Akká]]
|image2 = Bahai gardens in Acre.JPG
|caption2 = Aerial view of gardens around the shrine of Bahá'u'lláh
|image3 = PikiWiki Israel 14856 BAHAI garden ACCO.jpg
|caption3 = Approach to the Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh, with Mansion of Bahjí to the left
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|caption4 = Entrance to the Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh
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Though formally still a prisoner of the Ottoman Empire, the final years of Baháʼu'lláh's life (1879–1892) were spent in the [[Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh#Mansion of Bahjí|Mansion of Bahjí]], just outside ‘Akká. Baháʼu'lláh devoted his time to writing numerous volumes detailing his teachings, including his vision for a [[New world order (Baháʼí)|united world]], the need for ethical actions, and many [[Prayer in the Baháʼí Faith|prayers]].{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=28}}

In 1890, Cambridge [[Orientalism|orientalist]] [[Edward Granville Browne]] was able to interview Baháʼu'lláh in Bahji. After this meeting he wrote his famous pen-portrait of Baháʼu'lláh: <blockquote>In the corner where the divan met the wall sat a wondrous and venerable figure... The face of him on whom I gazed I can never forget, though I cannot describe it. Those piercing eyes seemed to read one's very soul; power and authority sat on that ample brow... No need to ask in whose presence I stood, as I bowed myself before one who is the object of a devotion and love which kings might envy and emperors sigh for in vain! A mild dignified voice bade me be seated, and then continued:— "''Praise be to God that thou hast attained!... Thou hast come to see a prisoner and an exile... We desire but the good of the world and the happiness of the nations; yet they deem us a stirrer up of strife and sedition worthy of bondage and banishment... That all nations should become one in faith and all men as brothers; that the bonds of affection and unity between the sons of men should be strengthened; that diversity of religion should cease, and differences of race be annulled—what harm is there in this?... Yet so it shall be; these fruitless strifes, these ruinous wars shall pass away, and the 'Most great Peace' shall come.... Is not this that which Christ foretold?... Yet do We see your kings and rulers lavishing their treasures more freely on means for the destruction of the human race than on that which would conduce to the happiness of mankind... These strifes and this bloodshed and discord must cease, and all men be as one kindred and one family... Let not a man glory in this, that he loves his country; let him rather glory in this, that he loves his kind''."{{sfn|Momen|1981|pp=229–230}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=27}} </blockquote>

After a short illness, Baháʼu'lláh died on 29 May 1892 in Bahji. He was buried adjacent to the mansion in an existing building which now serves as his [[Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh|shrine]].{{sfn|Adamson|2007|p=59}} It is a place of pilgrimage for Bahá’ís from all over the world,{{sfn|Warburg|2006|pp=450–454}} and is the [[Qiblih]] they face for [[Obligatory Baháʼí prayers|daily obligatory prayers]].{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=162}} In 2008 the shrine of Bahá’u’lláh, along with other [[Baháʼí World Centre buildings|Baháʼí holy places]] in ‘Akká and Haifa, were added to [[UNESCO|UNESCO's]] list of [[World Heritage Site]]s.{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2008}}

==Teachings==
{{Main|Baháʼí teachings}}

===God===
{{Main|God in the Baháʼí Faith}}

The Baháʼí concept of [[God#Baháʼí Faith|God]] is [[Monotheism|monotheistic]]. God is a single uncreated imperishable entity that is the absolute and ultimate source of all existence.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=74}}{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=12}} Baháʼu'lláh unequivocally teaches "''the existence and oneness of a personal God,''{{efn|While Bahá’ís believe God has "a Mind, a Will, a Purpose" and the capacity to reason and love, their conception of the Divine Being "is not anthropomorphic, for it transcends all human limitations and forms, and does by no means attempt to define the essence of Divinity which is obviously beyond any human comprehension. To say that God is a personal Reality does not mean that He has a physical form, or does in any way resemble a human being. To entertain such belief would be sheer blasphemy."{{sfn|Hornby|1988|p=477, ref. #1574 (citing Shoghi Effendi)}} }} ''unknowable, inaccessible,'' ''the source of all [[Revelation#Bahá'í Faith|Revelation]], [[Eternity|eternal]], [[Omniscience|omniscient]], [[Omnipresence|omnipresent]] and [[Omnipotence|almighty]]''".{{sfn|Matthews|2005|p=19}} Bahá’u’lláh asserted that the Creator cannot be grasped by creation—for anything made can never comprehend its maker.{{sfn|Bolodo-Taefi|2022|pp=176–178}} Nevertheless, Baháʼu'lláh said that the Creator bestowed upon humans' capacity to recognize the maker's existence, and the ability to develop spiritually through awareness of God’s infinite superlative attributes and by striving to emulate those qualities as best as one can in life{{sfn|Kluge|2022|pp=230–231}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=117–118}}—virtues such as love, mercy, kindness, generosity, justice, ''et al''.

===Manifestations of God===
{{Main|Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)}}

Bahá’u’lláh explains human knowledge of God's existence and awareness of the Creator’s attributes have been—and will forever be—only possible to the extent that these are shared by special Beings he and the Báb describe as [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestations of God]].{{sfn|Bolodo-Taefi|2022|pp=182–184}}{{sfn|Adamson|2007|pp=186–188}} Rather than simply being great thinkers with a better perspective on life than others, manifestations are spiritual entities specially created by God with capacities infinitely superior to ordinary humans. Existing in spiritual realms prior to birth in this physical life, each manifestation is sent by God to a particular period and place as an instrument of divine intervention to help the human race gradually develop its inherent capacities to realize God’s plan for humanity.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=120}}

Bahá’ís believe manifestations reflect the light of God's Will and Purpose in this world. Bahá’í writings liken manifestations to perfect mirrors reflecting one sun—though every mirror is distinct, yet the reflection cast by each is of the same sun, varying only due to differences relating to time and position.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|pp=116–118}} Bahá’u’lláh says the guidance of manifestations necessarily differ due to the particular situations and requirements of those they deal with:<blockquote>''"The Prophets of God should be regarded as physicians whose task is to foster the well-being of the world and its peoples… Little wonder, then, if the treatment prescribed by the physician in this day should not be found to be identical with that which he prescribed before. How could it be otherwise when the ills affecting the sufferer necessitate at every stage of his sickness a special remedy? In like manner, every time the Prophets of God have illumined the world with the resplendent radiance of the Day Star of Divine knowledge, they have invariably summoned its peoples to embrace the light of God through such means as best befitted the exigencies of the age in which they appeared''.''"''{{sfn|Baháʼu'lláh|1976|p=80, §XXXIV}}{{sfn|Dehghani|2022|p=190}}</blockquote> Bahá’ís perceive each major world religion as part of one [[Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion|God-ordained holistic educational process]]{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=246–247}} which has spiritually and socially enabled human civilization itself to progress—as people have learned to embrace ever-widening circles of unity which have successively involved ever more diverse families, tribes, city-states, and then nations.{{sfn|Mount|2022|p=240}} Inevitably, the human race must, and will, embrace its final circle of unity, that of the planet itself.{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=323–324}}

Bahá’u’lláh links this "''process of [[Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)|progressive Revelation]]''"{{sfn|Dehghani|2022|pp=188–189}}{{sfn|Bolodo-Taefi|2022|p=185}}{{sfn|Adamson|2007|pp=385–387}} to God’s [[Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh#Greater covenant|eternal covenant]]—the promise that every divine teacher makes with his followers regarding the next manifestation whom the Creator will send to guide them.{{sfn|Heller|2022|pp=409–410}} Prophecies pertaining to this great covenant are found in scriptures of all religions, with every manifestation prophesying about the next one, and even others, to come. As for their responsibility in this covenant, the followers of each religion have the duty to carefully investigate, with an open mind, whether a person claiming to be the promised new messenger of their faith does, or does not, spiritually fulfill relevant prophecies.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|pp=127–128}}

===Claims of prophetic fulfillment===
In announcing his claim to be the promised manifestation heralded by the Báb, Baháʼu'lláh also declared his station as the Promised One prophesied in every major religion of the past—the divine teacher God vowed to send to usher in humanity's Golden Age.{{sfn|Adamson|2007|pp=387–388}} Bahá’u’lláh’s claim to being several '[[messiah]]s' converging in one person is understood by Bahá’ís as being a spiritual symbolic fulfillment rather than a literal fulfilment of messianic and [[eschatological]] prophecies of past faiths.{{sfn|Buck|2004|pp=143–178}} This understanding is based upon Bahá’u’lláh’s teachings regarding the ''oneness'' of God's manifestations,{{sfn|Bolodo-Taefi|2022|p=184}} and the essential ''oneness'' of religion.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|pp=81–84}}{{sfn|Warburg|2006|pp=170–172}} Thus, Bahá’ís see Bahá’u’lláh as fulfilling prophecies for Jews as the incarnation of the "Everlasting Father", the "Lord of Hosts", and the "Prince of Peace"; for Christendom he is the "Spirit of Truth", the "Comforter" spoken of by [[Jesus in Baháʼí Faith|Jesus]], as well as Christ returned "in the glory of the Father"; for [[Shia Islam|Shí'ah Islam]] he is the return of the Imam Husayn; for [[Sunni Islam]] the descent of the "Spirit of God" (Jesus); for Zoroastrians the promised [[Baháʼí Faith and Zoroastrianism#Prophecies|Shah-Bahram]]; for Hindus the reincarnation of [[Krishna]]; and for [[Buddhist]]s he is [[Maitreya]], the fifth [[Buddhahood|Buddha]].{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=78–79}}

===Prescriptions for right living===
Baháʼu'lláh calls upon every Bahá’í to live a righteous, healthy, productive life,{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=90}} characterized by good manners and moral virtues such as truthfulness, integrity, trustworthiness, patience, courtesy, hospitality, fidelity, purity, chastity, moderation,{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=90}} forbearance, justice and fairness.{{sfn|Bausani|2011|p=191-192}} He encourages believers to associate with those of all faiths in a friendly and loving manner,{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=33}} condemns and forbids all forms of religious violence, including jihad.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=33}} Baháʼu'lláh describes in detail the role of true religion as a deterrent to crime, as a force for the maintenance of social order, and as a catalyst for ongoing personal spiritual development, daily communion with God,{{sfn|Adamson|2007|pp=381–382}} and needed self-transformation.{{sfn|White|2022|p=282}}{{sfn|Mahmoudi|2022|p=387}} Baháʼu'lláh forbids asceticism, mendicancy, monasticism, and penance, while affirming the importance of working in some trade or profession to benefit oneself and others.{{sfn|Bausani|2011|p=191-192}} Bahá’ís are urged to be exemplary, honest, loyal and conscientious citizens wherever they may reside, and to eschew pride, strife, slander and backbiting in all circumstances.{{sfn|Bausani|2011|p=191-192}} Baháʼu'lláh’s core message to his followers is to make every effort to serve humanity, and to collaborate with like-minded individuals in all efforts to advance the process of unifying the world in ways pleasing to God.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=33}}{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=17}}

===Social principles===
Bahá'u’lláh repeatedly states his message is for all peoples, and that the purpose of his teachings is to build a new world in which humanity advances as a whole. He clearly proclaims the principle of the oneness of mankind,{{sfn|Stockman|2022a|pp=219–220}} urging heads of state to join together in resolving existing disputes to achieve peace and to safeguard it through collective security.{{sfn|Mahmoudi|2022|pp=390–391}} To promote the development of a united world community, Baha’u’llah emphasizes the importance of eliminating religious and racial prejudices and avoiding extreme nationalism.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=53, 139}} Further, he stipulates the rights of all minorities must be safeguarded and their development nurtured.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|pp=111–112}} A condition described as absolutely necessary for the realization of global peace is complete equality between women and men worldwide.{{sfn|Pearson|2022|pp=250–251}} Bahá’u’lláh states that in God’s sight the sexes are equal; neither is superior to the other.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=143–144}} To realize such equality, Baháʼí teachings envisage the implementation of far-reaching societal changes everywhere{{sfn|Pearson|2022|pp=251–252}} — including mandates to end discriminatory practices against females{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=203}} and greater emphasis on education for girls{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=131}} to ensure women fulfill their potential in all fields of human endeavor.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=41}}

===Succession and the Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh===
{{Main|Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh}}
[[File:Abdulbaha.jpg|thumb|{{center|ʻAbbás Effendi, known as ʻAbdu'l-Bahá after Baháʼu'lláh's death}}]]

Baháʼu'lláh created an explicit Covenant with Bahá’ís in his will and testament which was written entirely in his own hand and is known as the "[[Kitáb-i-ʻAhd|Book of My Covenant]]". It was unsealed and read before witnesses and members of his family on the ninth day after his death in 1892.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=114}} To provide a single focal point of continued guidance, who could clarify and interpret his writings as needed,{{sfn|Saiedi|2000|pp=247–250}} in his will Baháʼu'lláh entrusted leadership of the Bahá’í Faith to his eldest son [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] by naming him his successor, the sole authorized interpreter of his writings, the perfect exemplar of his teachings, and the [[Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh|Centre of his Covenant]] with all Baháʼís.{{sfn|Alkan|2022|p=72}}{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=50}}{{sfn|Momen|2004|pp=97–98}}{{sfn|Bausani|MacEoin|2011}} The unambiguous appointment of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá{{efn|The given name of Bahá’u’lláh’s eldest son was ʻAbbás, but upon his appointment as the head of the Bahá’í Faith after Bahá’u’lláh’s death, he adopted the unassuming title ''‘Abdu’l-Bahá'' which means "the Servant of Bahá’u’lláh" as a way to emphasize he had no desire but to be of service to Bahá’u’lláh’s cause. Thereafter, he requested all Bahá’ís refer to him as ''‘Abdu’l-Bahá'' rather than by any of the exalted designations like the "Most Great Branch", the "Mystery of God" and the "Master" which Bahá’u’lláh had conferred upon him.
{{sfn|Adamson|2007|p=2}}{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=14}}}} was readily accepted by most Baháʼís as a natural development, since for decades prior to Baháʼu'lláh’s death ‘Abdu’l-Bahá was known for the extremely capable and devoted ways in which he carried out responsibilities entrusted to him by Baháʼu'lláh,{{sfn|Alkan|2022|pp=78–79}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=43}} and for the unrestrained praise his father showered upon him for his services.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|pp=50–51}}

The Covenant of Bahá’u’lláh explicitly conveyed "authority for the establishment of an institutional system designed to guide, protect, and enlarge the emerging Bahá’í community."{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=50}} Bahá’ís believe Bahá’u’lláh’s Covenant is the distinguishing feature of his Faith that preserves its unity and protects it from breaking into sects,{{sfn|Heller|2022|pp=411–413}}{{sfn|Smith|2022a|pp=134–135}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=110}}{{efn|Since the establishment of Baháʼu'lláh's Covenant, a few individuals have rejected the appointment and authority of the head of the Baháʼí Faith, and sought to promote their own leadership; all have failed.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|pp=73, 95}} Some describe those involved in such attempts (known as covenant-breakers by Baháʼís) as "sects" of the Baháʼí Faith. However, a distinguished legal scholar explains they cannot be correctly described as Bahá’í "sects" or "schisms" since none have ever successfully established a genuine "rival community". [[Udo Schaefer]] points out, "One cannot speak of a 'schism' when a division is of merely ephemeral significance since it did not result in the formation of a rival community. (Just as one does not speak of an ecclesiastical schism every time an individual member of a church performs an action constituting the ecclesiastical offence of 'schism'.)"{{sfn|Schaefer|Towfigh|Gollmer|2000|p=51 + note #108}} For further consideration of these and related points, see {{harvtxt|Heller|2022|pp=414–421}}.}} as happened in older world religions after the deaths of their founders. To this day the Bahá’í Faith remains undivided.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=73}}

===Bahá’í administration===
{{Main|Baháʼí administration}}

{{multiple image
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Affairs of Bahá’í communities are administered, in most countries,{{efn|A notable exception is the [[Baháʼí Faith in Iran|Bahá’í Faith in Iran]], where Bahá’ís are severely persecuted by the Islamic regime and the Baháʼí administration is banned.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|pp=125–127}}{{sfn|Britannica|2022b}}}} using Bahá’í principles of consultation{{sfn|Smith|Ghaemmaghami|2022b|pp=454–460}} and collective decision-making.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=196}} As there is no clergy in the Bahá’í Faith,{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=86}}{{efn|Bahá’u’lláh forbade any priesthood or professional clergy, since in his view they had historically been the primary source of animosity within and between religions after the deaths of their founders.{{sfn|Adamson|2007|p=98}}}} no individual Bahá’í has the authority to tell another how to think or what to do.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=113}} Bahá’u’lláh strongly encouraged personal initiative among Bahá’ís in sharing his teachings but forbade proselytizing.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|pp=118–121}} Working in groups and community engagement are also considered important aspects of Bahá’í life.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|pp=101–102, 113}} When requested or needed, individual and group efforts, and Bahá’í community activities in general are coordinated, guided, and supported by nine-member councils (elected annually by secret ballot) operating at local, regional, and national levels.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=178–180}} Additional encouragement and spiritual guidance is provided by appointed individuals who do not have executive powers.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=276}}{{sfn|Warburg|2006|pp=209–210}} Bahá’í projects are wholly supported by funds voluntarily given by Bahá’ís, as the Bahá’í Faith does not accept contributions from those who are not declared{{sfn|Warburg|2006|pp=306–308}}{{sfn|Adamson|2007|p=136}} members.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=22}} Bahá’í council members, as well as anyone appointed by them to assist with various community's activities (such as for moral education classes for children and junior youth), serve voluntarily.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=22}} The Bahá’í administrative order is headed by the [[Universal House of Justice]],{{sfn|Smith|2022a|pp=137–143}} the institution ordained and given authority for this purpose by Bahá’u’lláh in his Book of Laws; this world governing council is elected by Bahá’ís from around the world every five years at an international gathering held at the [[Baháʼí World Centre]].{{sfn|Adamson|2007|pp=479–48}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=176–178}}{{sfn|Hartz|2009|pp=106–108}}{{sfn|Warburg|2006|pp=424–426}}

==Writings==
{{Main|Baháʼí literature|List of writings of Baháʼu'lláh}}

===Origins, form, and volume===
[[File:Revelation-writing.jpg|thumb|upright|{{center|'[[Baháʼí literature#Revelation|Revelation writing]]': A shorthand script developed by an amanuensis to record first drafts as revelation flowed rapidly from Baháʼu'lláh}}]]
Bahá’ís consider all Bahá’u’lláh’s writings as divinely revealed, including those composed before he announced his prophetic mission.{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=79–80}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=18–20}} When [[Baháʼí literature#Revelation|revelation]] was said to come to Bahá’u’lláh, he occasionally wrote it down himself but typically spoke the words aloud to an amanuensis. At times he spoke so quickly that it presented challenges for those recording his words.{{efn|Any draft of revelation recorded by an amanuensis would later be re-transcribed,{{sfn|Phelps|2022|p=52}} with Bahá’u’lláh himself overseeing and approving the final version.}}{{sfn|Momen|2019b}} The majority of Bahá’u’lláh’s writings take the form of short letters, or tablets, addressed to an individual or several persons.{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=79–80}} Among his larger works are the ''[[Hidden Words]]'', the ''[[Seven Valleys]]'', the [[Kitáb-i-Íqán|''Book of Certitude'']] (''Kitáb-i-Íqán''), the ''[[Kitáb-i-Aqdas]]'' (''Most Holy Book''), and the ''[[Epistle to the Son of the Wolf]]''. The originals of Baháʼu'lláh's writings are in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]]. His body of work is equivalent to more than 100 volumes{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=54}}—some 15,000 items have been identified and authenticated.{{sfn|Universal House of Justice|2013}}

===Content===
Topics in his works are extensive and cover material, social, moral, and spiritual principles relevant to human life, both for individuals and groups.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|pp=56–63}} Categories include commentary on scriptures, prophecies, and beliefs of former religions;{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=21–22}} abrogation of past laws, and enunciation of laws and ordinances for this new dispensation;{{sfn|Warburg|2006|pp=144–145, 178}}{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=43–44}} mystical writings;{{sfn|Bolodo-Taefi|2022a|pp=258–267}} claimed proofs and explanations about God; statements relating to God’s creation of human [[Soul#Baháʼí Faith|souls]] as noble entities capable of knowing the Creator exists and able to reflect all Its virtues;{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=86}} claimed proofs of [[Baháʼí Faith on life after death|life after death]] and descriptions of how souls progress for eternity in endless divine realms;{{sfn|Sergeev|2022|pp=270–272, 274–276, 277–279}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=22, 121–122}}{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=13}} exaltation of work performed in a spirit of service to the status of worship; explications on just governance and on creating unity and world order; expositions on knowledge, philosophy, alchemy, medicine and healthy living; spiritual principles underlying social teachings; calls for universal education; and living virtuously and in harmony with God’s Will.{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1976|pp=42–43}} Bahá’u’lláh also explores theodicy, and reasons for difficulties in this life;{{sfn|Saiedi|2000|p=98}} and he wrote numerous prayers and meditations.{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=79–80}}

====Missives to world leaders====
Bahá’u’lláh wrote a series of letters addressed individually and collectively to monarchs, political rulers, and clerical leaders, in which he claimed to be the Promised One of the [[Torah]], the [[Gospel]]s, and the [[Quran|Qur’an]]. He asked them to accept his revelation, renounce their material possessions, rule with justice, protect the rights of the downtrodden, reduce their armaments, reconcile their differences, and collectively strive for the betterment of the world and the unification of its peoples. He warned that the world of that period was ending and that a global civilization was being born. Bahá’u’lláh further asserted that inexorable historical forces were in motion and that rulers should use the powers entrusted to them by God to serve humanity and bring about justice, peace, and unity.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=25–26}}{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=40}}
[[File:Queen Victoria by JJE Mayall, 1860.png|left|thumb|upright|{{center|Queen Victoria in 1860, shown here a few years prior to receiving Baháʼu'lláh's Tablet addressed to her}}]]
In these letters Bahá’u’lláh also prescribed ways to develop a sense of community for the planet’s peoples through collaborative endeavors such as creating an international auxiliary language, universal compulsory public education, and a common global currency and system of measurement;{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=133–134}} even as he urged rulers to dramatically curtail military spending, create an international tribunal to adjudicate disputes between nations, use taxes for social benefits, and adhere to principles of democracy in their internal affairs.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|p=44}} To religious leaders, Bahá’u’lláh counseled them to seriously examine his cause without prejudice, forswear secular leadership, renounce dogma, embrace ecumenical outreach, and eliminate meaningless rituals; while advising monks to avoid cloistering, to mingle with people and engage in beneficial community services, and to marry.{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|pp=44–45}}{{sfn|Smith|2000|p=276}}

The first of these missives was written in 1863 in Constantinople to Sultan ʻAbdu’l-ʻAzíz, upon receipt of his order banishing Bahá’u’lláh to Adrianople;{{sfn|Effendi|1944|pp=158–159}} others were written in Adrianople, and in ‘Akká.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=28–29}} In all, the following were addressed: [[Czar Alexander II]] of Russia; [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Francis Joseph I]] of Austria-Hungary; [[Napoleon III]] of [[Second French Empire|France]]; [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar|Nasiri’d-Din Shah]] of [[Qajar Persia|Persia]]; [[Pope Pius IX]]; and [[Queen Victoria]] of [[British Empire|Great Britain and Ireland]]; [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Sultan ʻAbdu’l-ʻAzíz; [[William I, German Emperor|Wilhelm I]] of [[Prussia]]; the rulers and presidents of the republics of [[Americas|America]]; elected representatives of peoples in every land; and leaders of religion.{{sfn|Adamson|2007|pp=384–385}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=28–31}} While little meaningful response was received from those written to, afterwards Bahá’u’lláh’s letters did attract considerable attention (and even notable converts to his cause) for "the startling fulfillment of the individual prophecies they contained" warning Napoleon, the Pope, Kaiser Wilhelm, the Czar, Emperor Francis Joseph, the Shah, the Sultan, and the latter's prime minister and foreign minister, of their downfalls, loss of territories, or other divine chastisement for failure to heed his advice or for wrongs they had committed.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=28–31}}{{sfn|Hatcher|Martin|1984|pp=45–46}}

Author Christopher de Bellaigue wrote of the letters:
{{blockquote|Bahaullah had little joy co-opting the temporal leaders of the age, to whom he addressed letters, or 'tablets', calling on them to throw their kingdoms at his feet. Queen Victoria replied equivocally; the tsar promised to investigate further. Napoleon III tore up his tablet and said that if Bahaullah was God, he was too. Nasser al-Din Shah had Bahaullah's messenger executed.{{sfn|de Bellaigue|2018|p=144}}}}

===Voice===
Bahá’u'lláh describes each manifestation as having a twofold nature, one relating to God, the other to this material world. Moreover, each has a ''"double station"''—the first relates to his ''"innermost reality"'' in which he speaks with ''"the voice of God"'', while the second station is his human side. He says all manifestations, as ''"channels of God’s all-pervasive grace"'', are unfailingly guided by the Creator to use ''"the inspiration of Their words"'' to affect human hearts and souls, so that open-minded individuals will grasp the truths being given.{{sfn|Adamson|2007|pp=lxxxvi, 502}}{{sfn|Sours|1991|p=87}}{{sfn|Baháʼu'lláh|1976|pp=66–67, §XXVII}}
[[File:Mishkin-Qalam-23.JPG|left|thumb|upright|{{center|Text from a Tablet of Baháʼu'lláh, rendered calligraphically by [[Mishkín-Qalam]]}}]]

The "voice" in Bahá’u’lláh’s writings varies depending upon the themes or topics covered, the specific backgrounds of their intended recipients, or particular questions which individuals asked of him.{{sfn|Phelps|2022|p=53}} In many writings Bahá’u’lláh speaks as a caring counselor or friend sharing with another; in others it is someone conveying what the manifestation asked him to pass on; in some it is as if God is speaking in the first person; and in still others it is a lowly one speaking with profound humility before God—in absolute servitude and self-effacement.{{sfn|Adamson|2007|pp=Ixxxvi, 136}}{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=28}}

In Bahá’u’lláh’s writings, ''voice'' may change from one form to another within a single text, or take the form of a conversation—as seen in the dialogue between Bahá’u’lláh and God guiding him as His manifestation in the [[Fire Tablet]],{{sfn|Phelps|2022|p=67}}{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1984|pp=226–230}} or in the [[Tablets of Baháʼu'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas#Lawḥ-i-Karmil (Tablet of Carmel)|Tablet of Carmel]] in which Mt. Carmel and Bahá’u’lláh as God’s manifestation converse.{{sfn|Phelps|2022|p=71}}{{sfn|Taherzadeh|1987|pp=352–357}} In whatever style or voice a manifestation expresses himself, the aim is always to share spiritual truths.{{efn|Skeptical criticism has suggested Bahá’u’lláh’s uses of the ‘Divine Voice’ were radical claims to being Divinity incarnated, rather than simply a writing style{{sfn|Stockman|2013|p=28}} also seen in scriptures of other faiths.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=56}} [[Denis MacEoin]] has argued that the contemporary Baháʼí view of Baháʼu'lláh's station as a [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestation of God]] may be different from how Baháʼu'lláh viewed himself.{{sfn|MacEoin|2009|p=500}} Specifically, he contrasts the "official modern Bahāʾī doctrine reject[ing] any notion of incarnationism and stress[ing] instead his status as a locus of divine manifestation [...] comparable to a mirror with respect to the sun," to statements from some of Baháʼu'lláh's later writings, which MacEoin believes suggest a more radical view.{{sfn|MacEoin|2009|p=500}} For instance, he notes Baháʼu'lláh's statement that "He who speaks in the most great prison (i.e. Acre) is the Creator of all things and the one who brought all names into being."{{sfn|MacEoin|2009|p=500}} However, the understanding among Baháʼís is that writing in the voice of God is a literary style and represents a message coming through Baháʼu'lláh.{{sfn|Cole|1982}}}} [[Shoghi Effendi]], who was later appointed as the interpreter of Baháʼu'lláh’s writings,{{sfn|Hollinger|2022|pp=106–107}} gives the following statement of Bahá’í belief on this matter: <blockquote>The human temple that has been made the vehicle of so overpowering a Revelation must, if we be faithful to the tenets of our Faith, ever remain entirely distinguished from that "''innermost Spirit of Spirits''" and "''eternal Essence of Essences''"—that invisible yet rational God Who, however much we extol the divinity of His Manifestations on earth, can in no wise incarnate His infinite, His unknowable, His incorruptible and all-embracing Reality in the concrete and limited frame of a mortal being. Indeed, the God Who could so incarnate His own reality would, in the light of the teachings of Baháʼu'lláh, cease immediately to be God. ...
That Baháʼu'lláh should, notwithstanding the overwhelming intensity of His Revelation, be regarded as essentially one of these Manifestations of God, never to be identified with that invisible Reality, the Essence of Divinity itself, is one of the major beliefs of our Faith—a belief which should never be obscured and the integrity of which no one of its followers should allow to be compromised.{{sfn|Adamson|2007|pp=188, 189}} </blockquote>

===Preservation and translation===
The Bahá'í World Centre has ongoing efforts to ensure that Bahá’u’lláh’s original writings are collected, authenticated, catalogued, and preserved.{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=100–101, 307}}{{sfn|Universal House of Justice|1993}} Through an ongoing global program of translation Bahá’u’lláh’s writings currently are available in more than 800 languages.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=56}}{{efn|Though a small percentage of Bahá’u’lláh’s original writings have been translated into English, those completed include many of his most important works.{{sfn|Smith|2000|pp=79–86}} }}

==See also==
* [[History of religion]]
* [[History of the Baháʼí Faith]]
* [[Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh]]
* [[List of Baháʼís]]
* [[Baháʼí Faith by country]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|25em}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==References==

===Baha'i source material===
{{refbegin|25em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite web |author=Bahá'í International Community |date=2019 |title=Photograph of Bahá'u'lláh |url=https://www.bahaullah.org/relics/photograph-of-bahaullah |website=The Life of Baháʼu'lláh – A Photographic Narrative |access-date=2022-12-23 }}
*{{cite book |author=Baháʼu'lláh |author-link=Baháʼu'lláh |date=1976 |title=Gleanings from the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, IL |isbn=0-87743-187-6 |url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/gleanings-writings-bahaullah/ }}
*{{cite book |last=Effendi |first=Shoghi |author-link=Shoghi Effendi |date=1944 |title=God Passes By |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, IL |isbn=0-87743-020-9 |url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/god-passes-by/ }}
*{{cite book |last=Taherzadeh |first=Adib |author-link=Adib Taherzadeh |date=1976 |title=The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, v. 1: Baghdad 1853–63 |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=0-85398-270-8 |url=http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha'i/Others/ROB/V1/Cover.html }}
*{{cite book |last=Taherzadeh |first=Adib |author-link=Adib Taherzadeh |date=1977 |title=The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, v. 2: Adrianople 1863–68 |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=0-85398-071-3 |url=https://d9263461.github.io/cl/Baha'i/Others/ROB/V2/Cover.html}}
*{{cite book |last=Taherzadeh |first=Adib |author-link=Adib Taherzadeh |date=1984 |title=The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, v. 3: 'Akká, The Early Years 1868–77 |publisher=George Ronald |place=Oxford, UK |isbn=0-85398-144-2 |url=https://d9263461.github.io/cl/Baha'i/Others/ROB/V3/Cover.html }}
*{{cite book |last=Taherzadeh |first=Adib |author-link=Adib Taherzadeh |date=1987 |title=The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, v. 4: Mazra'ih and Bahji 1877–92 |publisher=George Ronald |place=Oxford, UK |isbn=0-85398-270-8 |url=http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha'i/Others/ROB/V4/Cover.html }}
*{{cite book |last=Taherzadeh |first=Adib |author-link=Adib Taherzadeh |date=1992 |title=The Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=0-85398-344-5 }}
*{{cite book |last=Taherzadeh |first=Adib |author-link=Adib Taherzadeh |date=2000 |title=The Child of the Covenant |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=0-85398-439-5 }}
*{{cite web |author=Universal House of Justice |author-link=Universal House of Justice |date=1980 |title=Photographs of Baháʼu'lláh; William Miller |url=http://bahai-library.com/uhj_photographs_bahaullah_miller |access-date=2022-12-23 }}
*{{cite journal |author=Universal House of Justice |author-link=Universal House of Justice |date=1993 |title=Baháʼí Archives: Preserving and Safeguarding the Sacred Texts |url=https://bahai-library.com/uhj_bahai_archives_texts |access-date=2022-12-23 |journal=Andalib |volume=12 }}
*{{cite web |author=Universal House of Justice |author-link=Universal House of Justice |date=1999 |title=Photograph of Baha'u'llah on Website |url=http://bahai-library.com/uhj_website_photo_bahaullah |access-date=2022-12-23 }}
*{{cite journal |author=Universal House of Justice |author-link=Universal House of Justice |date=2013 |title=Numbers and Classifications of Texts and Sacred Writings |url=http://bahai-library.com/uhj_numbers_sacred_writings |journal=Lights of Irfan |volume=10 |publisher=Irfan Colloquia |location=Wilmette, IL |access-date=2022-12-23 }}
{{refend}}

===Encyclopedias===
{{refbegin|25em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bausani |first=A. |date=2011 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |article=AQDAS |volume=II/2 |pages=191–192 |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aqdas-more-fullv-al-ketah-al-aqdas-pers }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Bausani |first1=A. |last2=MacEoin |first2=D. |date=2011 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |article=ʿAbd-Al-Bahāʾ |volume=I/1 |pages=102–104 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abd-al-baha }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=13 December 2022 |title=Bahāʾī Faith |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bahai-Faith |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=2022-01-01 |ref={{sfnref|Britannica|2022b}} }}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Hornby |editor-first=Helen |date=1988 |edition=Second revised and enlarged |title=Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-85091-46-3}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Smith |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Smith (historian) |date=2000 |title=A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=1-85168-184-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yhy9DwAAQBAJ}}
{{refend}}

===Other resources===
{{refbegin|25em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |last=Adamson |first=Hugh |date=2007 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Baháʼí Faith |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-8108-3353-1 }}
*{{cite book |last=Alkan |first=Necati |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 6: ‘Abdu’l-Bahá ‘Abbás |pages=72–87 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite book |last=Amanat |first=Mehrdad |date=2011 |title=Jewish Identities in Iran: Resistance and Conversion to Islam and the Baha'i Faith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ykelPf5GY0C |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978 1845118914}}
*{{cite book |last=Balyuzi |first=Hassan |author-link=Hasan M. Balyuzi |date=2000 |title=Baháʼu'lláh: King of Glory |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=0-85398-328-3 }}
*{{cite web |author=BBC |date=28 September 2009 |title=Religions – Baháʼí: Baháʼu'lláh |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/bahai/history/bahaullah_1.shtml |access-date=2022-12-23 }}
*{{cite web |author=BBC |date=28 September 2009b |title=Religions – Baháʼí: The Báb |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/bahai/history/bab_1.shtml |access-date=2022-12-23 }}
*{{cite book |last=de Bellaigue |first=Christopher |date=2018 |title=The Islamic Enlightenment: The Modern Struggle Between Faith and Reason |publisher=Vintage |location=London |isbn=978-0-099-57870-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Bolodo-Taefi |first=Vargha |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 14: God, Revelation, and Manifestation |pages=175–187 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite book |last=Bolodo-Taefi |first=Vargha |date=2022a |chapter=Ch. 22: Mysticism |pages=258–268 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite book |last=Buck |first=Christopher |date=2004 |title=Studies in Modern Religions, Religious Movements and the Bābī-Bahā'ī Faiths |editor=Sharon, Moshe |chapter=The eschatology of Globalization: The multiple-messiahship of Bahā'u'llāh revisited |isbn=90-04-13904-4 |pages=143–178 |location=Boston |publisher=Brill |chapter-url=http://bahai-library.com/buck_eschatology_globalization}}
*{{cite web |last=Buck|first=Christopher|date=24 October 2019|title=Bahá'í Social Principles First Proclaimed by the Báb|url=https://bahaiteachings.org/bahai-social-principles-first-proclaimed-by-the-bab/|url-status=live|access-date=9 December 2021|website=BahaiTeachings.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414111753/https://bahaiteachings.org/bahai-social-principles-first-proclaimed-by-the-bab/ |archive-date=14 April 2021 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Cole |first=Juan |author-link=Juan Cole |date=1982 |title=The Concept of Manifestation in the Baháʼí Writings |journal=Baháʼí Studies |volume=monograph 9 |pages=1–38 |url=http://bahai-library.com/cole_concept_manifestation }}
*{{cite book |last=Dehghani |first=Sasha |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 15: Progressive Revelation |pages=188–200 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite journal |last=Elwell-Sutton |first=L.P. |date=1976 |title=Review of "The Baha'i Faith" Its History and Teaching by William McElwee Miller |url=https://bahai-library.com/elwell-sutton_miller_bahai_faith |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |pages=157–158 |volume=108 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00133416 |jstor=25203713 |number=2 |s2cid=162531277 }}
*{{cite book |last=Hartz |first=Paula |date=2009 |url=https://bahai-library.com/hartz_bahai_faith |title=World Religions: Baha'i Faith |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |isbn=978-1-60413-104-8 |edition=3rd |location=New York}}
*{{cite book |last=Hatcher |first=John |date=1997 |title=The Ocean Of His Words: A Reader's Guide to the Art of Bahá'u'lláh |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |place=Wilmette, IL |isbn=0-87743-259-7}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hatcher |first1=William |last2=Martin |first2=Douglas |date=1984 |title=The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper and Row]] |location=San Francisco, CA |isbn=0-06-065441-4 }}
*{{cite book |last=Heller |first=Wendy M. |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 34: The Covenant and Covenant-Breaking |pages=409–425 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite book |last=Hollinger |first=Richard |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 8: Shoghi Effendi Rabbani |pages=105–116 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite book |last=Ma'ani |first=Baharieh Rouhani |date=2008|title=Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-85398-533-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Kluge |first=Ian |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 19: The Physical and Spiritual Dimensions of Human Nature |pages=230–239 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite book |last=MacEoin |first=Denis |author-link=Denis MacEoin |date=2009 |title=The Messiah of Shiraz: Studies in Early and Middle Babism |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-17035-3 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004170353.i-740}}
*{{cite book |last=Mahmoudi |first=Hoda |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 32: Peace |pages=384–393 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite journal |last=Maneck |first=Susan |date=1990 |title=Conversion of Religious Minorities to the Baha'i Faith in Iran: Some Preliminary Observations |url=http://bahai-library.com/maneck_conversion_minorities_iran |journal=Journal of Bahá'í Studies |volume=3 |issue=3 |access-date=2012-03-28}}
*{{cite book |last=Maneck |first=Susan |date=1984 |title=Studies in Bábí and Bahá'í history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xbzoJ5wFG4C |publisher=Kalimat Press |isbn=978-0933770409 |editor-last=Cole |editor-first=Juan Ricardo |editor2-last=Momen |editor2-first=Moojan |edition=illustrated |volume=2 of Studies in Babi and Baha'i History: From Iran East and West |pages=67–93 |chapter=Early Zoroastrian Conversions to the Bahá'í Faith in Yazd, Iran |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xbzoJ5wFG4C}}
*{{cite book |last=Matthews |first=Gary |date=2005 |title=The Challenge of Baháʼu'lláh: Does God Still Speak to Humanity Today? |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing |isbn=1-931847-16-9 |location=Wilmette, IL}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Momen |editor-first=Moojan |editor-link=Moojan Momen |date=1981 |title=The Bábí and Baháʼí Religions, 1844–1944: Some Contemporary Western Accounts |url=https://bahai-library.com/momen_babi_bahai_religions |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=0-85398-102-7 }}
*{{cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |author-link=Moojan Momen |date=2004 |title=Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia, volume 3 |editor-first=Phyllis G. |editor-last=Jestice |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=1-57607-355-6 |chapter=Baha'i Faith and Holy People |location=Santa Barbara, CA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC }}
*{{cite web |last=Momen |first=Moojan |author-link=Moojan Momen |date=23 September 2019a |title=Central Figures of the Bahaʼi Faith |url=https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/central-figures-of-the-bahai-faith |url-status=live |website=British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023090707/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/central-figures-of-the-bahai-faith |archive-date=23 October 2020 }}
*{{cite web |last=Momen |first=Moojan |author-link=Moojan Momen |date=23 September 2019b |title=Bahaʼi Sacred Texts |url=https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/bahai-sacred-texts |url-status=live |website=British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223140807/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/bahai-sacred-texts |archive-date=23 December 2019 }}
*{{cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |author-link=Moojan Momen |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 4: Baháʼuʼlláh |pages=40–50 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite book |last=Mount |first=Guy Emerson |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 20: Unity in Diversity |pages=240–246 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite book |last=Nakhjavani |first=Bahiyyih |date=1983 |title=Four on an Island |publisher=George Ronald |isbn=0-85398-174-4 |location=Oxford, UK}}
*{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Anne M. |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 21: The Equality of the Sexes |pages=247–257 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite book |last=Phelps |first=Steven |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 5: The Writings of Baháʼuʼlláh |pages=51–71 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite book |last=Saiedi |first=Nader |date=2008 |title=Gate of the Heart: Understanding the Writings of the Báb |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |place=Waterloo, ON |isbn=978-1-55458-035-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Saiedi |first=Nader |date=2000 |title=Logos and Civilization: Spirit, History and Order in the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh |publisher=University Press of Maryland |place=Bethesda, MD |isbn=1-88305-363-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Salmání |first=Ustád Muhammad-ʻAlíy-i |date=1982 |title=My Memories of Baháʼu'lláh |publisher=Kalimát Press |location=Los Angeles, CA |url=http://bahai-library.com/salmani_memories_bahaullah }}
*{{cite book |last1=Schaefer |first1=U. |last2=Towfigh |first2=N. |last3=Gollmer |first3=U. |date=2000 |title=Making the Crooked Straight: A Contribution to Baháʼí Apologetics |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=0-85398-443-3 |url=https://openlibrary.org/b/OL11609763M/Making_the_Crooked_Straight}}
*{{cite book |last=Sergeev |first=Mikhail |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 23: Progress of the Soul: Life After Death |pages=269–281 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite web |last=Sharon |first=Moshe |date=2011-01-13 |title=Jewish Conversion to the Baha?i faith |url=http://www.hum.huji.ac.il/english/units.php?cat=3666&incat=3479 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020213127/http://www.hum.huji.ac.il/english/units.php?cat=3666&incat=3479 |archive-date=2013-10-20 |access-date=2012-03-28 |work=Chair in Baha'i Studies Publications |publisher=The Hebrew University of Jerusalem}}
*{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Smith (historian) |date=1987 |title=The Bábí & Baháʼí Religions: From Messianic Shí'ism to a World Religion |location=Cambridge |publisher=The University Press |isbn=0-521-30128-9 }}
*{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Smith (historian) |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 41: The History of the Bábí and Bahá’í Faiths |pages=501–512 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Smith (historian) |date=2008 |title=An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-68107-0 |location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C }}
*{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Todd |date=2022a |chapter=Ch. 11: The Universal House of Justice |pages=134–144 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Todd |last2=Ghaemmaghami |first2=Omid |date=2022b |chapter=Ch. 37: Consultation |pages=450–462 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite book |last=Sours |first=Michael |date=1991 |title=Understanding Christian Beliefs |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=1-85168-032-2 |location=Oxford, UK}}
*{{cite book |last=Stockman |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Stockman |date=2013 |title=Baháʼí Faith: A Guide For The Perplexed |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |location=New York|isbn=978-1-4411-8781-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Stockman |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Stockman |date=2022a |chapter=Ch. 18: Oneness and Unity |pages=219–229 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
*{{cite web |author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |date=8 July 2008 |title=Baháʼí Holy Places in Haifa and the Western Galilee |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1220 |access-date=9 December 2021 }}
*{{cite book |last=Warburg |first=Margit |author-link=Margit Warburg |date=2006 |title=Citizens of the World: A History and Sociology of the Baha'is from a Globalisation Perspective |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-14373-9 |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |oclc=234309958}}
*{{cite book |last=White |first=Christopher |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 24: Bahá’í Spirituality and Spiritual Practices |pages=282–288 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Bahai-Faith/Stockman/p/book/9781138367722# |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=8 November 2022 |title=Bahāʾ Allāh |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Baha-Allah |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=2022-12-20 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=MacEoin |first=Denis |author-link=Denis MacEoin |date=15 December 1988 |orig-date=updated 18 August 2011 |title=BĀB, ʿAli Moḥammad Širāzi |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bab-ali-mohammad-sirazi |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |access-date=2022-12-14 }}
*{{cite book |last=Howard |first=Casey |date=2018 |title=World Religions |publisher=Edtech Press |location=London, U.K. |isbn=978-1-83947-364-7 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1147847707 |oclc=1147847707}}
*{{cite web |author=Pluralism Project |date=2020 |title=The Báb and Baha'u'llah |url=https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/pluralism/files/the_bab_and_bahaullah_1.pdf |publisher=Harvard University }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Peter|author-link1=Peter Smith (historian) |last2=Momen |first2=Moojan |author-link2=Moojan Momen |date=1989 |title=The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments |url=http://bahai-library.com/momen_smith_developments_1957-1988 |volume=19 |journal=Religion |pages=63–91 |doi=10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8}}
*{{cite book |date=2022 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1273731963 |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman |oclc=1273731963}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q101054|c=Category:Baháʼu'lláh|s=Author:Baháʼu'lláh|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|m=no|mw=no}}
* [https://bicentenary.bahai.org/bahaullah/life-bahaullah/ The Life of Baháʼu'lláh – Baháʼí World Centre overview.]
* [http://www.bahaullah.org The Life of Baháʼu'lláh – A Photographic Narrative.]
* [http://www.bahai.org/light-to-the-world ''Light to the World''], a film about the life of Baháʼu'lláh and the impact of his teachings.
* [https://www.bahai.org/library/ Reference Library: Writings of Baháʼu'lláh & the Báb in English, Persian and Arabic.]
*[http://www.bahaiebooks.org Baháʼí eBooks Publications] Baháʼu'lláh's writings as free eBooks for electronic devices. Sponsored privately.
*[http://www.bahaiprayers.org Baháʼí Prayers] Online index of, and links to, prayers of Baháʼu'lláh, the Báb, and 'Abdu'l-Bahá by topic. Sponsored privately.

{{Baháʼí}}
{{Baháʼí texts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahaullah}}
[[Category:Baháʼu'lláh|Baháʼu'lláh]]
[[Category:Bahá'í central figures]]
[[Category:Bahá'í Faith by country]]
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1892 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nur, Iran]]
[[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]
[[Category:19th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:Iranian prophets]]
[[Category:Burials in Israel]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:People of Qajar Iran]]

Sanaleipak (disambiguation)

2023-10-02T00:00:54Z

Dsabhishek:

'''Sanaleipak''' (or '''Sanaleibak''' or '''Sana Leibak''') may refer to:
* [[Sanaleipak]], a Meitei language term and a concept in [[Meitei philosophy]] about perfectionism
* [[Sana Leibak Manipur]], a Meitei language song, which serves as the official state song of Manipur
* [[Sanaleipak Nachom]], a Meitei cultural association of artists of [[Shumang Kumhei]] art form
* [[Sanaleibak (newspaper)]], a Meitei language daily newspaper

{{Disambig}}
[[Category:Sanaleipak]]

Sanaleipak

2023-10-01T20:17:54Z

Dsabhishek:

{{Short description|Meitei language term for Manipur}}
{{About|a [[Meitei language]] term|the Meitei language daily newspaper|Sanaleipak (newspaper)}}
{{Distinguish|Sanamahi|Sana Konung|Kangla Sanathong{{!}}Sanathong}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{Infobox name
| name = Sanaleipak
| image = SANALEIBAK.jpg
| caption =
| romanisation = Sanaleipak
| pronunciation = /sa-nā-lei-pāk/
| gender =
| masculine = no
| feminine = yes
| meaning = golden land, golden country, land of gold
| motto =
| region = [[Manipur]]
| language = [[Meitei language]] ([[Manipuri language]])
| languageorigin = [[Meitei language]] ([[Manipuri language]])
| origin =
| alternative spelling = Sanaaleipaak
| nickname =
| shortform =
| petname =
| variant forms = Sanaleibak, Sanaaleibaak, Sana Leipak, Sanaa Leipaak, Sana Leibak, Sanaa Leibaak
| related names =
| cognate =
| anglicisation =
| name day =
| derived =
| derivative =
| derivation =
| seealso =
| popularity = used in state official song [[Sana Leibak Manipur]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sanaleipak''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|/sa-nā-lei-pāk/}}|}}), also spelled as '''Sanaleibak''' ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Latn|/sa-nā-lei-bāk/}}|}}), is a [[Meitei language]] name of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA105&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref> Its literal meaning is rendered as "the golden land",<ref>—{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=181 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA110&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=110 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Noni |first=Arambam |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA234&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQuwV6BAgKEAY#v=onepage&q=Sanaleibak&f=false |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |last2=Sanatomba |first2=Kangujam |date=2015-10-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |pages=234 |language=en}} —{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA99&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=99 |language=en}}</ref> "the golden country",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muthukumaraswamy |first=M. D. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&pg=PA73&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref> "the land of jewels",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanaleibak Manipur - Give Peace a Chance |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/sanaleibak-manipur-give-peace-a-chance |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref> "the land of gold", etc. in Meitei.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Nalini |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-AtBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT105&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQuwV6BAgHEAc#v=onepage&q=sanaleibak&f=false |title=Gods, Giants and the Geography of India |date=2021-09-03 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-91028-27-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Chandan Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uXznDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT52&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Fixed Borders, Fluid Boundaries: Identity, Resources and Mobility in Northeast India |last2=Banerjee |first2=Reshmi |date=2020-05-25 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-08055-1 |pages=52 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Time |first=Pratidin |date=2022-11-24 |title=TASTE OF MANIPUR: Ethnic Delicacies In Guwahati |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/standpoint/taste-of-manipur-ethnic-delicacies-guwahati |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Pratidin Time |language=en}}</ref>

It is synonymous with {{langnf|mni|Lai Leibak|land of god}},<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=T. S. P. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kMNiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Apology |date=2018-05-31 |publisher=[[Partridge Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-5437-0188-3 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> {{langnf|mni|[[Meeteileibak]]|land of [[Meeteis]]}}, {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|land of [[Kangla]]}},<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noni |first=Arambam |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA234&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQuwV6BAgKEAY#v=onepage&q=Sanaleibak&f=false |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |last2=Sanatomba |first2=Kangujam |date=2015-10-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |pages=234 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Doon |first=Vikas |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uviTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=North East |last2= |first2= |publisher= |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> Poireipak, Meitrabak,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shimray |first=U. A. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eBPRzDO-9KEC&pg=PA56&dq=sanaleipak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjymIiqm9OBAxWwyTgGHbZaAA4Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Naga Population and Integration Movement: Documentation |date=2007 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-181-6 |pages=56 |language=en}}</ref> Tillikoktong, KonnaChak, etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajkumar |first=Falguni |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VR-pEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT21&dq=sanaleipak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjymIiqm9OBAxWwyTgGHbZaAA4Q6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Breaking Barriers in Post-independence India: A Journey out of the Northeast |date=2023-03-24 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-85962-1 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview of meanings ==
The term "Sanaleipak" has strong relationship with the notion of development and welfare of people of the realm, having blessings to lead to the golden way of life. It has reference to the overall growth, fulfilment of desires and enactment of proper justice.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muthukumaraswamy |first=M. D. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&pg=PA73&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref>

Like the gold is precious and symbolises prosperity, strength, brightness, weightage, pride and satisfaction, according to the knowledge of enlightened [[Meitei people]], sanaleipak is a land of {{langnf|mni|asee ana leitaba|no death and disease}}, {{langnf|mni|shaathong lanthong thingba|the doors were closed to beasts and battles}}, {{langnf|mni|ahong achao thokpa|existence of happiness, prosperity and abundance of food}} and {{langnf|mni|nupee nupa pukning loushing thokpa|the minds of women and men freed from care and tension}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muthukumaraswamy |first=M. D. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&pg=PA73&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref>

According the concept of sanaleipak, the state is dwelled by people who are social and collective, rather than individualistic, either in case of their personalities or their interests.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muthukumaraswamy |first=M. D. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&pg=PA73&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref>

The name "Sanaleipak", which means "the land of gold" or "land of gold", is given to [[Manipur]], not because it has a lot of the gold mines, but because it is a place well known for its happiness, richness, and widespread availability of foods, including but not limited to fishes and vegetables.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>

Other than the rendering of the meaning of Sanaleipak into those of welfare and physical well being, it has other meanings too.
It may also have strong references to the sound strength of any body actively having connection with the mankind and cosmic forces, starting from the coronation rites and rituals of a king upto the fertility of a man.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muthukumaraswamy |first=M. D. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&pg=PA75&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Time |first=Pratidin |date=2022-11-24 |title=TASTE OF MANIPUR: Ethnic Delicacies In Guwahati |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/standpoint/taste-of-manipur-ethnic-delicacies-guwahati |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Pratidin Time |language=en}}</ref>

== Mentions in ancient texts ==
{{See|Ancient Meitei literature}}
The term "Sanaleibak" was mentioned in an 11th-12th century [[ancient Meitei language]] written constitution named [[Loiyumba Shinyen]] as ''"Poyrei Kanglei Meitei Sanaleibak"'', a prosaic name of the [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]), regarding administration of justice.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&pg=PA10&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOgPjfiNOBAxUOdPUHHY54BbMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-399-5 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref>

== In state official song ==
{{Main|Sana Leibak Manipur}}

== In literature ==
{{See|Ancient Meitei literature|Meitei mythology|Meitei folklore}}
"Sanaleibak" finds its mention in the popular sayings and songs of [[Meitei literature]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>
It was also mentioned in the works of numerous versifiers and minstrels, while paying tributes to and chanting glories of the land of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>

One such instance is the following:
{{Quote|
"Chingna Koina Pansaaba 
Chingmina Koina Pan ngaakpa 
Sanaleibak Manipur"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
Its English translation is:
{{Quote|
"Fortified by the hills 
Defended by the hill inhabitants 
A golden land of Manipur"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
The above passage describes the [[geography of Manipur]] in an accurate manner. In Manipur, the central [[Imphal Valley]], the dwelling place of the [[Meiteis]], is surrounded from all sides, by multiple ranges of hills and mountains, occupied by multiple [[hill tribes of Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref>

== In politics ==
{{See|Politics in Manipur}}

In 2021, [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Sapam Nishikant of [[Keishamthong Assembly constituency]], asserted that Manipur will become a ''Sanaleipak'' only when politicians began working having a proper vision, without any corruption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two ex-IMC Councillors join Team Nishikant Nishikant Sapam advocates honesty, corruption-free politics |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/12/7/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Dec-6-Nishikant-Singh-Sapam-has-said-that-the-most-important-element.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2022, during an election campaign for [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], politician [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]], asserted<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will give Sanaleibak in return, claims CM |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/2/14/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Feb-13-If-the-people-of-the-State-give-absolute-majority-to-BJP-in.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Will give Sanaleibak in return, claims CM : 14th feb22 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..140222.feb22 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=}}</ref>
{{Quote|
"If the people of the State give absolute majority to BJP in the upcoming [[12th Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], the saffron party will strive to realise the vision of a 'Sanaleibak Manipur' (Land of Gold)."
|[[Nongthombam Biren Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will give Sanaleibak in return, claims CM |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/2/14/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Feb-13-If-the-people-of-the-State-give-absolute-majority-to-BJP-in.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Will give Sanaleibak in return, claims CM : 14th feb22 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..140222.feb22 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=}}</ref>}}

[[Manipur People's Party]] (MPP) has strong political association with the daily newspaper named "Sanaleibak".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=A. Prafullokumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=b3TwS0WRn5kC&pg=PA175&dq=sanaleibak&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPqvKcj9OBAxUIz2EKHeamDho4ChDoAXoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Elections and political dynamics |date=2009 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-279-0 |pages=175 |language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Sana Leibak Manipur]], the state official song of Manipur, was showcased by the Rhythms of Manipur, in the 9th North East Festival organized in [[Guwahati]] from to 10th January of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhythms of Manipur showcase 'Sana Leibak Manipur' at NE Fest |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/1/12/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Jan-11-Rhythms-of-Manipur-presented-the-State-song-of-Manipur-penne.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kangla]]
* [[Kanglasha]]
* [[Nongshaba]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* [https://imphalreviews.in/conduct-civilization-and-law-on-decorum-liberty-and-the-rule-of-law-in-sanaleipak-2/ Conduct, Civilization and Law: On Decorum, Liberty and the Rule of Law in Sanaleipak]
== External links ==
{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|Books|Geography|History|India|Language|Law|Linguistics|Literature|Philosophy|Poetry|Politics|Writing}}

[[Category:Manipur]]
[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Sanaleipak]]

Naharolgi Thoudang

2023-09-28T20:51:34Z

Dsabhishek:

{{Short description|Meitei language newspaper}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Naharolgi Thoudang
| logo = NAHAROLGI THOUDANG.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_border =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_border =
| image_alt =
| caption =
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| type = [[daily newspaper]]
| format = both [[paper]] and [[e-paper]]
| school =
| owner = 
| founder = 
| publisher =
| president =
| generalmanager =
| chiefeditor =
| editor = Khoirom Loyalakpa<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEDIA LIST @ DIPR |url=http://dipr.mn.gov.in/infoApp.aspx?par=list%20of%20media%20at%20dipr |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=dipr.mn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIA: Senior journalist in Manipur facing death threats for speaking out against corruption |url=http://www.humanrights.asia/news/urgent-appeals/AHRC-UAC-016-2015/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Asian Human Rights Commission |language=en-US}}</ref>
| depeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor = 
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| dirinteractive =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| metroeditor =
| metrochief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| custom_label =
| custom =
| foundation = 
| political =
| language = [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]])<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sIEOy8SRLv8C&pg=RA1-PA174&dq=Naharolgi+Thoudang&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnwNLLhs6BAxXDxDgGHTcWBLEQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Naharolgi%20Thoudang&f=false |title=Women's Role in the 20th Century Manipur: A Historical Study |date=2010 |publisher= |isbn=978-81-7835-803-1 |pages=174 |language=en}}</ref>
| ceased publication = 
| relaunched =
| headquarters = Keishampat Airport Road, Imphal 795 001<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dharmarajan |first=Geeta |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_4yIAwApUD0C&pg=PA244&dq=Naharolgi+Thoudang&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnwNLLhs6BAxXDxDgGHTcWBLEQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Naharolgi%20Thoudang&f=false |title=Katha Prize Stories: 13 |date=2004 |publisher=Katha |isbn=978-81-87649-81-6 |pages=244 |language=en}}</ref>
| publishing_city = [[Imphal]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sIEOy8SRLv8C&pg=RA1-PA174&dq=Naharolgi+Thoudang&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnwNLLhs6BAxXDxDgGHTcWBLEQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Naharolgi%20Thoudang&f=false |title=Women's Role in the 20th Century Manipur: A Historical Study |date=2010 |publisher= |isbn=978-81-7835-803-1 |pages=174 |language=en}}</ref>
| publishing_country = {{IND}}
| circulation =
* {{IND}} (physical copy)
* Global (e-copy)
| circulation_date =
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| readership =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN =
| eISSN =
| oclc =
| RNI =
| website = {{URL|naharolgithoudang.co.in}}
| free =
}}
The {{langnf|mni|'''Naharolgi Thoudang'''|Duty of the youths}} is an Indian [[Meitei language]] [[daily newspaper]], circulated mainly in the [[Northeast India]]n state of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dharmarajan |first=Geeta |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_4yIAwApUD0C&pg=PA238&dq=Naharolgi+Thoudang&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnwNLLhs6BAxXDxDgGHTcWBLEQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Naharolgi%20Thoudang&f=false |title=Katha Prize Stories: 13 |date=2004 |publisher=Katha |isbn=978-81-87649-81-6 |pages=238 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=DIVISION |first=PUBLICATIONS |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=XtuSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT110&dq=Naharolgi+Thoudang&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnwNLLhs6BAxXDxDgGHTcWBLEQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=Naharolgi%20Thoudang&f=false |title=MASS MEDIA 2001 |publisher=Publications Division [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information & Broadcasting]] |isbn=978-81-230-3014-2 |language=en}}</ref> Since Meitei language is written predominantly in both [[Meitei script]] and [[Bengali script]], Naharolgi Thoudang is printed in different editions of the two writing systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |title=Manipuri Newspapers and News Portal |url=https://akhbarurdu.com/e/manipuri-newspapers-india-mnp.php |access-date=2023-09-28 |website= |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1992, Naharolgi Thoudang ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯍꯥꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ}}|}}) was founded by [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet N Biren Singh - the first BJP CM to win successive term in Manipur: A look at his profile |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/meet-n-biren-singh-the-first-bjp-cm-to-win-successive-term-in-manipur-a-look-at-his-profile-2446684.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=N Biren Singh takes oath as Manipur chief minister for second consecutive term |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/n-biren-singh-takes-oath-as-manipur-chief-minister-for-second-consecutive-term-101647860164524.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> the present [[Chief Minister of Manipur]], after resigning from the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking News: N Biren Singh To Be Manipur Chief Minister For The Second Time |url=https://pragnews.com/Breaking-News:-N-Biren-Singh-To-Be-Manipur-Chief-Minister-For-The-Second-Time |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=pragnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KanglaOnline |date=2017-03-14 |title=First footballer set to become Chief Minister – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2017/03/first-footballer-set-to-become-chief-minister/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur polls: CM N Biren Singh retains Heingang constituency for the fifth time in a row |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/manipur-polls-biren-singh-retains-heingang/na20220310154729174 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> He worked as the editor of the newspaper publishing house till 2001 before entering into political career.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Talukdar |first=Sushanta |date=2023-06-27 |title=N. Biren Singh: Manipur violence presents his toughest test yet |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/profile-n-biren-singh-manipur-violence-presents-his-toughest-test-yet/article67006092.ece |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Footballer to second-time CM: A look at Nongthombam Biren Singh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/manipur/footballer-to-second-time-cm-a-look-at-nongthombam-biren-singh-1093220.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |title=As Manipur heads to polls, BJP bets on Biren Singh again |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/as-manipur-heads-to-polls-bjp-bets-on-biren-singh-again-1071510.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website= |language=en}}</ref>
In April 2000, Biren Singh once spent 20 days in jail, after being caught for publishing articles written by a human rights activist which was a criticism of the then ruling government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=C. P. J. |date=2000-04-20 |title=Editor, writer jailed for "exciting disaffection" |url=https://cpj.org/2000/04/editor-writer-jailed-for-exciting-disaffection/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-02-21 |title=How Manipur’s chief minister, a former journalist, is hounding a newspaper for reporting on him |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/02/21/how-manipurs-chief-minister-a-former-journalist-is-hounding-a-newspaper-for-reporting-on-him |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CM Biren Singh: Footballer caught in ethnic whirlpool |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2023/jun/25/cm-biren-singh-footballer-caught-inethnic-whirlpool-2588244.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) had been advocating for the journalists' freedom of expression, thereby supporting Biren Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=C. P. J. |date=2000-04-20 |title=Editor, writer jailed for "exciting disaffection" |url=https://cpj.org/2000/04/editor-writer-jailed-for-exciting-disaffection/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
In September 2015, Kshetri Meghajit ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯦꯇ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯃꯦꯘꯖꯤꯠ}}|}}), a journalist of Naharolgi Thoudang, was one of the 6 people, who achieved the annual Media Fellowship Award, instituted by the Manipur Tourism Forum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Tourism Day observed |url=https://manenvis.nic.in/ViewGeneralLatestNews.aspx?Id=3370&Year=2015 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=manenvis.nic.in}}</ref>

Herojit Nongmaithem ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯦꯔꯣꯖꯤꯠ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯊꯦꯝ}}|}}), a columnist of Naharolgi Thoudang, achieved the prestigious RK Maipaksana Journalist Fellowship, 2016, instituted by the RK Maipaksana Memorial Trust.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KanglaOnline |date=2016-10-05 |title=Naharolgi Thoudang columnist selected for fellowship – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2016/10/naharolgi-thoudang-columnist-selected-for-fellowship/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Kshetri Meghajit ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯦꯇ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯃꯦꯘꯖꯤꯠ}}|}}), the Sub-Editor of Naharolgi Thoudang was given the Manipur State Journalist Award, 2020 for best Parliamentary reporting, by the Department of Information and Public Relations, [[Government of Manipur]], on the National Press Day, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pothashang |date=2020-11-16 |title=National Press Day: State journalist award, 2020 conferred to eight journalists {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://pothashang.in/2020/11/national-press-day-state-journalist-award-2020-conferred-to-eight-journalists/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Pothashang |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Help from others ==
The head machine man of Naharolgi Thoudang was financially helped by the All Manipur Newspaper and Electronic Media Employees Association (AMNEMEA), as the daily newspaper temporarily stopped working since 7th June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMNEMEA extends aid |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/7/24/IMPHAL-Jul-23The-All-Manipur-Newspaper-and-Electronic-Media-Employees-Association-AMNEMEA-has-handed-over.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AMNEMEA extends financial aid |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/amnemea-extends-financial-aid |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Assault and battery ==
In July 2007, there were assault and battery in the offices of [[Hueiyen Lanpao]], [[The Sangai Express]] and Naharolgi Thoudang.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-01 |title=Media Black-out in Response to Attempted Bombing of Indian Newspaper / IFJ |url=https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/article/media-black-out-in-response-to-attempted-bombing-of-indian-newspaper |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.ifj.org |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2011, there were grenade attacks on the offices of [[The Sangai Express]] and Naharolgi Thoudang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoenig |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8dOmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT102&dq=Naharolgi+Thoudang&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHx-jpiM6BAxVg3TgGHYSWDQ84ChDoAXoECAcQAw#v=onepage&q=Naharolgi%20Thoudang&f=false |title=Landscapes of Fear: Understanding Impunity in India |last2=Singh |first2=Navsharan |date=2014-07-04 |publisher=Zubaan |isbn=978-93-83074-95-2 |pages=102 |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2021, Elangbam Rameshwor, a [[Thoubal]] correspondent of Naharolgi Thoudang and vice president of the Thoubal District Working Journalist Union, was allegedly physically assaulted by some workers of [[Indian National Congress]] party at his own home in [[Heirok]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-24 |title=Scribe assaulted by alleged Congress workers in Manipur’s Thoubal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/scribe-assaulted-congress-workers-manipur-thoubal-7588581/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2021-10-25 |title=Manipur : Journalist Assaulted By Alleged Congress Workers In Thoubal |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/10/25/manipur-journalist-assaulted-by-alleged-congress-workers-in-thoubal/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Afterwards, the incident was strongly condemned by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) members of [[Thoubal district]]. It was also condemned by the Indian Journalist Union (IJU),<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-10-27 |title=Manipur scribe assaulted, IJU demands punishment to culprits |url=https://www.mysoorunews.com/manipur-scribe-assaulted-iju-demands-punishment-to-culprits/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur scribe assaulted; IJU demands punishment to culprits |url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/manipur-scribe-assaulted-iju-demands-punishment-to-culprits/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Meghalaya Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=Manipur scribe assaulted, IJU demands punishment to culprits |url=https://assamtimes.org/content/manipur-scribe-assaulted-iju-demands-punishment-culprits |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Assam Times |language=en}}</ref> Manipur Hills Journalists’ Union (MHJU),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Many more condemn assault on scribe, protest staged |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/27/Our-CorrespondentTHOUBAL-Oct-26-The-BJP-Thoubal-District-has-strongly-condemned-the-alleged-assa.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> as well as Ukhrul District Working Journalists’ Association (UDWJA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-25 |title=UDWJA decries attack on Naharolgi Thoudang scribe - The Frontier Manipur |url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/udwja-decries-attack-on-naharolgi-thoudang-scribe/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In September 2022, Wayenbam Johnson, a journalist of Naharolgi Thoudang, was physically assaulted by a group of people, even after showing his identity card, while trying to take news reports of a violence that happened in Hatta, Imphal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-10 |title=BJYM and YADA members attacked in Imphal {{!}} Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/bjym-and-yada-members-attacked-in-imphal/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hueiyen Lanpao]]
* [[Poknapham]]
* [[The Sangai Express]]
* [[Imphal Free Press]]
* [[List of Meitei-language newspapers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* [https://www.cmmanipur.gov.in/chief-minister/ Chief Minister, Manipur]
* [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/210322/bjp-ends-suspense-names-biren-singh-as-manipur-cm.html BJP ends Manipur suspense; Biren Singh will be CM again]

== External links ==
* [http://naharolgithoudang.co.in/ Official website]

[[Category:1992 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Meitei-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Meitei-language websites]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1992]]
[[Category:Imphal]]
[[Category:Indian news websites]]

Javagal Srinath

2023-09-16T07:58:28Z

Dsabhishek: - Incomp.

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{hatnote|For the [[Kannada]] actor, see [[Srinath]]}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Javagal Srinath
| image=
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|08|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Javagal]], [[Hassan district]], [[Karnataka]], India.
| height = 6 ft 2 in<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/sports/cricket/sachin-of-five-feet-five-inches-had-changed-srinath-trouser-of-six-feet-two-inches-148444.html |title=पांच फुट पांच इंच के सचिन ने बदल लिया था छह फुट दो इंच के श्रीनाथ का ट्राउजर [Five feet five inches Sachin changed the trousers of six feet two inches Srinath]|date=2 July 2020|access-date=9 December 2022 |work=[[News Nation]]}}</ref>
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm fast
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| international = true
| country = India
| internationalspan = 1991–2003
| testdebutdate = 29 November
| testdebutyear = 1991
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 193
| lasttestdate = 30 October
| lasttestyear = 2002
| lasttestagainst = West Indies
| odidebutdate = 18 October
| odidebutyear = 1991
| odidebutagainst = Pakistan
| odicap = 81
| lastodidate = 23 March
| lastodiyear = 2003
| lastodiagainst = Australia
| odishirt = 7
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches1 = 67
| matches2 = 229
| matches3 = 147
| matches4 = 290
| runs1 = 1,009
| runs2 = 883
| runs3 = 2,276
| runs4 = 1,153
| bat avg1 = 14.21
| bat avg2 = 10.63
| bat avg3 = 14.49
| bat avg4 = 10.48
| 100s/50s1 = 0/4
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1
| 100s/50s3 = 0/7
| 100s/50s4 = 0/1
| top score1 = 76
| top score2 = 53
| top score3 = 76
| top score4 = 53
| deliveries1 = 15,104
| deliveries2 = 11,935
| deliveries3 = 28,618
| deliveries4 = 14,981
| wickets1 = 236
| wickets2 = 315
| wickets3 = 533
| wickets4 = 407
| bowl avg1 = 30.49
| bowl avg2 = 28.08
| bowl avg3 = 26.61
| bowl avg4 = 26.25
| fivefor1 = 10
| fivefor2 = 3
| fivefor3 = 23
| fivefor4 = 4
| tenfor1 = 1
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 3
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling1 = 8/86
| best bowling2 = 5/23
| best bowling3 = 9/76
| best bowling4 = 5/23
| catches/stumpings1 = 22/0
| catches/stumpings2 = 32/0
| catches/stumpings3 = 62/0
| catches/stumpings4 = 49/0
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34105.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 29 December
| year = 2022
}}

'''Javagal Srinath,''' ({{Audio|Javagal-Srinath.ogg|pronunciation}}, born 31 August 1969) is a former Indian [[cricket]]er and currently an [[Elite Panel of ICC Referees|ICC match referee]]. He is considered among India's finest fast bowlers, and was the first Indian fast bowler to take more than 300 wickets in [[One Day International]]s.<ref name="odiwicketpace">{{cite web|title=Cricket Records-India-ODI-Most Wickets |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=2;id=6;type=team |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=5 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228043651/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=2%3Bid%3D6%3Btype%3Dteam |archive-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> With India, Srinath was a member of the Indian team that was the joint-winners of the [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy]], a title they shared with Sri Lanka, and was a member of the team that were runners-up in the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]].

Srinath was a frontline [[fast bowling|fast bowler]] for the [[Indian cricket team]] until his retirement, and the second Indian pace bowler after [[Kapil Dev]] to take 200 [[Test cricket|Test match]] wickets. After Kapil Dev retired, Srinath led the Indian fast-bowling attack for over nine years. He remains India's second-highest ''One Day International'' wicket-taker with 315, second to Anil Kumble. In the four World Cup's he played in: 1992, 1996, 1999 and 2003, he took 44 wickets<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/1996/2311b.htm|title = Rediff on the NeT: Srinath strikes, India pull off sensational victory in first Test}}</ref> and is the joint highest wicket-taker for India in World Cups with [[Zaheer Khan]].<ref name="wcwickets1">{{cite web|title= Cricket Records – World Cup – Most Wickets|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12;type=trophy|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=5 May 2014}}</ref>

Srinath retired from international cricket after the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa.

==Personal life==
Srinath was born in August 1969 at [[Javagal]] village, [[Arsikere]] taluk of [[Hassan district]] in [[Karnataka]]. He played cricket from an early age.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Giridhar|first1=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIJoDwAAQBAJ&q=srinath+kannada&pg=PA167|title=From Mumbai to Durban: IndiaÕs Greatest Tests|last2=Raghunath|first2=V. J.|date=2016|publisher=Juggernaut Books|isbn=978-93-86228-07-9|language=en}}</ref> He attended [[Marimallappa High School]] and has a [[Bachelor of Engineering]] degree in [[instrumentation]] from [[JSS Science and Technology University|Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering]] (SJCE) in [[Mysore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sjcealumni.org/page/distinguished-alumni.dz|title=Distinguished Alumni|publisher=Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering|website=sjcealumni.org}}</ref> He married his first wife, Jyothsna, in 1999. After their divorce, he married journalist Madhavi Patravali in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 10, 2020|title=5 famous Indian cricketers who married twice|url=https://crickettimes.com/2020/07/5-famous-indian-cricketers-who-married-twice/|author=Anirudh Singh
|access-date=2023-08-21|website=Cricket Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Srinath caught the eye of former Indian Test batsman [[Gundappa Viswanath]], a selector for the state team, during a club match.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} He made his first-class debut for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] against [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] in 1989–90, taking a [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] in the first innings in which he bowled and taking wickets from successive balls in the second. He finished the season with 25 wickets in six matches, and took another 20 the following season. His second season involved a display of [[reverse swing]] against [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] at [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru Stadium]] in [[Pune]], taking 7/93 to dismiss the home team for 311 in response to a Karnataka total of 638 on a good batting pitch.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Srinath took over 500 first-class wickets, incluiding 96 at an [[bowling average|average]] of 24.06 runs per wicket for Karnataka. He played in English [[county cricket]] for [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]] in 1995 and took 87 wickets that season, including 9/76 against [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]]. Srinath also played county cricket for [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]] and [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian County Chart|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2003/jun/county.htm|work=rediff.com}}</ref>

==International career==
Srinath made his [[One Day International]] debut at Sharjah in 1991. He played 11 ODIs and two [[Test cricket|Test matches]] in his debut year, taking 14 ODI wickets at an average of 30.00. He was selected for the Indian team for its 1991–92 tour of Australia, making his test debut against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] at [[Brisbane Cricket Ground|Brisbane]]. He took 3/59 as the third fast bowler during the match and finished the tour with ten wickets at 55.30. With an opportunity to take the new ball against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] in [[Cape Town]], he took an economical 4/33 in 27 overs and ended the tour with 12 wickets at 26.08. Because the wickets in India were conducive to spin, however, Srinath spent seven consecutive home Test matches watching from the sidelines as India fielded only two fast bowlers.

Following the retirement of Kapil Dev in late 1994, Srinath played his first home Test match, playing against the [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]]. He took five wickets and scored 60 in the second innings to be named Player of the Match. His increased opportunities coincided with an improvement in his batting, and he scored two half-centuries during the series.

Srinath was considered a very fast bowler in his early years. In the 1997–98 series against Australia, one of Srinath's deliveries was measured at {{convert|159.6|km/h}}<ref name="bowling speed">{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/111878.html|title= Javagal Srinath|work=One in a Billion|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> and [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] captain [[Alistair Campbell (cricketer)|Alistair Campbell]] considered him faster than [[Lance Klusener]] and [[Allan Donald]] at their peak. He and [[Grant Flower]] had also faced [[Waqar Younis]] and [[Wasim Akram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63672.html|title=Zimbabwe-Pakistan results|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> His fastest recorded ball was {{convert|157|km/h}}. Srinath was India's only regular fast bowler for many years, and his workload is believed to have caused his injuries; he underwent surgery on his right shoulder in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=Srinath scheduled for shoulder surgery|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/jun/09d.htm|work=rediff.com}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Injury concerns}}Injuries===
Srinath's rotator-cuff injury, diagnosed in March 1997, kept him away from cricket until November of that year and affected his speed. The injury was caused by overuse. At the time, he had 92 test wickets in 27 tests—46 in his first 18, and 46 in his last nine matches.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite magazine|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/javagal-srinath-patiently-waits-to-play-again-as-he-slowly-recovers-from-his-shoulder-injury/1/277009.html|title=Javagal Srinath patiently waits to play again as he slowly recovers from his shoulder injury|access-date=20 July 2018|magazine=India Today|author=Rohit Brijnath|date=8 September 1997|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720135814/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19970908-javagal-srinath-patiently-waits-to-play-again-as-he-slowly-recovers-from-his-shoulder-injury-832433-1997-09-08|archive-date=20 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> There were some doubts about whether he would be able to play again and when he announced his retirement in November 2003, Srinath said that he thought his career was over when he was recovering from the rotator-cuff injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031112/asp/sports/story_2562723.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031119063303/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031112/asp/sports/story_2562723.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2003|title=It's over and out for Srinath - Second innings as Team India's bowling consultant a possibility|access-date=20 July 2018|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in"/>

He returned from injury in 1998 and took 17 wickets in Test matches and 37 wickets in 19 ODIs at an average of 22.00—the best year of his career.

===Late career===
With a change of Indian captain in 2000, Srinath was given fewer overs than [[Anil Kumble]] in Test matches. He was primarily used in ODIs and Test matches played outside of India, taking 21 Test and 15 ODI wickets in 2000. He took nine wickets against Zimbabwe in Delhi, and received his last Test Player of the Match award that year.

Inactive for much of 2001 due to emerging bowlers such as [[Zaheer Khan]] and [[Ajit Agarkar]], he played eight Test matches and 15 ODIs. His Test career ended in 2002. Although Srinath wanted to retire from ODI, at the request of Indian captain [[Sourav Ganguly]] he agreed to play until the World Cup. He participated in India's tour of New Zealand in January a few weeks before the World Cup, taking 18 wickets in seven matches.

===Bowling===
Srinath was the second Indian bowler (after Kapil Dev) to take 200 wickets in Test cricket, with 236. Although some critics said that Srinath's average and strike rate suffered as a result of bowling to India's predominantly dry, spin-friendly wickets, his average at home was superior to his average abroad since he knew could [[swing bowling|reverse-swing]] the ball.<ref name="India today">{{cite book|title=India today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jRWAAAAYAAJ|access-date=31 May 2012|year=2009|publisher=Thomson Living Media India Ltd.}}</ref>

=={{anchor|After Retirement}}Retirement==
Srinath toured England with the [[Lashings World XI]] team in summer 2005, and was a commentator for the India-England test series in 2006.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} In an interview, 1992 World Cup-winning Pakistan captain [[Imran Khan]] said that after watching Srinath bowl {{convert|150|km/h}} on Indian pitches he considered him the most underrated bowler in the world.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} [[Courtney Walsh]] recommended Srinath for county cricket when he was injured. Srinath is a familiar face to cricket viewers around the world as a commentator and [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] match referee.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} In 2010, he and former teammate Anil Kumble contested the [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] elections. They won and Srinath, as secretary of the association, promotes young cricketers in Karnataka.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

=={{anchor|Match Referee}}Referee==
In April 2006, Srinath was selected as a [[match referee]] by the [[International Cricket Council]] and served during the [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007 World Cup]].<ref name="India today"/> He has refereed in 35 test matches, 194 ODIs and 60 [[Twenty20 International|T20Is]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Javagal Srinath|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34105.html|publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Berry |first1=Scyld |title=Ashes captains face fortnight of destiny for their place in history - ICC match referee Javagal Srinath will oversee the two blazered captains |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2019/09/03/ashes-captains-face-fortnight-destiny-place-history/ |agency=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=September 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Long |first1=Jon |title=Javagal Srinath joins Emirates Elite Panel of ICC Referees |url=https://www.espn.com/cricket/story/_/id/23009632/javagal-srinath-joins-emirates-elite-panel-icc-referees |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=April 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Elite Panel of ICC Match Referees |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/match-officials/referees |website=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref>

==Honours==
* [[Arjuna Award]] – 1999

==See also==
* [[Elite Panel of ICC Referees]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=34105}}

{{300 ODI wickets club}}
{{Navboxes
|title= India squads
|bg= #0077FF
|fg= white
|bordercolor=#ff8800
|list1=
{{India Squad 1992 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 1995 Asia Cup}}
{{India Squad 1996 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 1999 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2002 ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{India Squad 2003 Cricket World Cup}}
}}

{{ICC Match Referees}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinath, Javagal}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricket match referees]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mysore]]
[[Category:Durham cricketers]]
[[Category:Gloucestershire cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Karnataka cricketers]]
[[Category:Leicestershire cricketers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]

Yubaraj Khatri

2023-07-17T23:57:22Z

Dsabhishek: Created a captivating write-up.

{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = Self-promotional, created by the article subject.
|timestamp = 20230717053530
|nom = Liz
|help = off
}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Autobiography|date=July 2023}}
{{Orphan}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yubaraj Khatri
| native_name = युबराज खत्री
| image = Yubaraj.khatri.png
| caption = Yubaraj Khatri in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|09|24}}
| birth_place = [[Sindhupalchok District|Sindhupalchok]], [[Nepal]]
| nationality = Nepali
| occupation = Actor, Director, Editor, Cinematographer
| years active = 2009{{ndash}}present
| height =
| mother = Sabitri Kumari Khatri
| father = Bhakta Bahadur Khatri
| awards = Sagarmatha Music Award 2018
| website = {{URL|http://www.actionfilms.com.np}}
}}

'''Yubaraj Khatri''' ([[Nepali language|Nepali]]:युबराज खत्री, born 24 September 1986) is a Nepalese actor, director, editor, and cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अमेरिकामा छायाँकन गरेको भिडियो 'दृष्टि' सार्वजनिक |url=https://celebritynepal.com/archives/29047 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Celebrity Nepal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सुरेश लामाको 'म तिम्रो परदेशी' मा युवराज र उषा (भिडियो) |url=https://celebritynepal.com/archives/33197 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Celebrity Nepal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=युवराज खत्रीको निर्देशनमा 'हुन्न कसैको' सार्वजनिक(भिडियो सहित) |url=https://lalbihani.com/entertainment-2/17734/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=लाल बिहानी |language=en-US}}</ref>

Khatri has been representing the Nepali movie industry in broader Nepali communities living abroad by participating in many cultural programs and being a chief jury member and sponsor for many different shows. He has been contributing his skills, effort, innovation, and colossal shift in contemporary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=खत्रीको निर्देशनमा बन्यो "यहाँ यस्तै हो" |url=https://nponlinetv.com/खत्रीको-निर्देशनमा-बन्यो/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Np Online TV |language=en-US}}</ref>

Khatri has been honored with many prestigious from national and international organizations. Best Editor (Sagarmatha Music Ward 2018) etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सगरमाथा म्युजिक अवार्ड २०७५ भब्य रुपमा सम्पन्न, क–कसले पाए उत्कृष्ट अवार्ड ? |url=https://suryakhabar.com/2018/11/90284/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Surya Khabar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=पाण्डेय |first=विशाल |title=सर्वोत्कृस्ट सम्पादन २०७५ को पपुलर अवार्ड युबराज खत्रीलाई ! |url=https://www.himalpost.com/papulor-award-khatri-lai/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Himal Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=सेतोपाटी संवाददाता |title=गायक टेक अधिकारी र सिर्जना खत्रीको 'ओइ माया' सार्वजनिक (भिडियो) |url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/223176/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Setopati |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=हाउडेमायाको मौलिकता झल्किएको ''छड्के तिलहरी'' |url=https://www.pnpkhabar.com/2020/08/135017/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Pnpkhabar.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Yubaraj Khatri was born in [[Tripurasundari Rural Municipality, Sindhupalchok|Tripurasundari]]-3, Dhuskun in the [[Sindhupalchowk District|Sindhupalchok]] district of Northeast [[Nepal]]. Born in an ordinary family, Khatri's childhood was spent in [[Dhuskun]]. He completed SLC (Mahendra Pratap Secondary School) and higher studies at (Araniko College). He moved to [[Kathmandu]] after higher studies.

Khatri, who has been interested in art since a very young age, entered the Nepali film industry in 2009 by making a film in the [[Thami]] cultural language for the first time in Nepali history. He had a strong desire to be an actor and director and continued to participate in various programs.

He had got the opportunity to work as a co-director in many movies like my school. Khatri adheres to [[Hinduism]].[https://www.nepalraibar.com/entertainment/36469/]

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Year'''
|'''Film'''
|'''Role'''
|-
|2009
|[[Thami|Ni Thangmi Pali]]
|
|-
|2010
|[[Cinema of Nepal|Mero School]]
|
|-
|2011
|[[Tamang people|Dokhang]]
|
|-
|2012
|Hamro Gau
|
|-
|2013
|[[Cinema of Nepal|Tender]]
|
|-
|2014
|[[Cinema of Nepal|Network]]
|
|-
|2018
|Hyula Dusman
|
|-
|2019
|[[Cinema of Nepal|The Cross Road]]
|
|-
|2023
|Ukhan
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm14960396/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk Yubaraj Khatri] at [[IMDb|IMDB]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatri, Yubaraj}}
{{Draft categories|
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Nepalese film editors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nepalese film directors]]
[[Category:Nepalese male actors]]
[[Category:Nepalese film producers]]
[[Category:People from Kathmandu]]
}}

Female suicide bomber

2023-05-04T19:08:59Z

Dsabhishek: Created a captivating write-up.

{{Short description|Woman who carries out a suicide attack}}
[[File:US Navy 090813-N-7498L-032 Master-at-Arms 1st Class Larry Hardison assists Gas Turbine System Mechanic 3rd Class Alahnna Taylor in removing a simulated suicide vest.jpg|thumb|A U.S. Navy servicewoman poses as a captured female suicide bomber during the [[OPFOR]] exercise in [[Pearl Harbor, Hawaii]]]]
'''Female suicide bombers''' are women who carry out a [[suicide attack]], wherein the bomber kills herself while simultaneously killing targeted people. Suicide bombers are normally viewed as male political radicals but since the 1960s female suicide attacks have been on the rise. Through 1985–2006, 15% of all suicide attacks were conducted by female suicide bombers.<ref name=":0">Davis, Jessica. "Evolution of The Global Jihad: Female Suicide Bombers in Iraq." ''Studies in Conflict & Terrorism'' 36.4 (2013): 279-291. Academic Search Complete. Web November 16, 2015.</ref> There are many organizations, such as [[Boko Haram]] (which is the first group to use females in a majority of their suicide bombings and surpassed the [[Tamil Tigers]] in using more female suicide-bombers than any other terrorist group in history),<ref name="veconomist">{{cite news|author=R.S.|title=Why Boko Haram uses female suicide-bombers|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/10/economist-explains-19|newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}</ref> [[ISIS]], and the [[Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade]], that recently started using women as tools in their attacks, since they are normally viewed as less of a threat than their male counterparts. This includes women having the element of surprise, a hesitancy to search females, increased publicity for female suicide bombing attacks, and the female stereotype as non-violent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB408.pdf |title=Female Suicide Bombers |access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>

==Background==
Women have an extensive and complex history in political violence. While the typical terrorist of the 1960s tended to be an educated male from an upper-middle-class background, many left-wing terrorist groups in the 1960s and 1970s had prominent women active within these groups. [[Ulrike Meinhof]], a German left-wing terrorist and journalist, co-founded the [[Red Army Faction]] and participated in a range of bombings and bank robberies. The [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP)'s [[Leila Khaled]] is considered to be the first women to hijack an airplane, drawing international attention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/leila-khaled-first-female-hijacker-profile|title='I Had to Be the Voice of Women': The First Female Hijacker Shares Her Story {{!}} Broadly|work=Broadly|access-date=2017-05-08|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fusako Shigenobu]] founded and led the [[Japanese Red Army]], a communist militant group that conducted hijackings and massacres. A number of Italian women were active in Italian terrorist organizations between 1970–1984.<ref name="Weinberg 241–262">{{Cite journal|last1=Weinberg|first1=Leonard|last2=Eubank|first2=William Lee|title=Italian women terrorists|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|volume=9|issue=3|pages=241–262|doi=10.1080/10576108708435630|year=1987}}</ref> Females played fundamental roles in Puerto Rican nationalist movements such as the [[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña|Puerto Rican Armed Forces of National Liberation]] (FLAN) and the [[Boricua Popular Army|Boricua Popular Army (Los Macheteros)]], two groups designated as terrorist organizations. Women served visible roles in American groups, such as the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]]. Women also served as mobilizing agents for [[Weather Underground]], recruiting people into the organization.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Outlaw woman: a memoir of the war years, 1960-1975|url=https://archive.org/details/outlawwomanmemoi00dunb|url-access=registration|last=Ortiz|first=Roxanne Dunbar|publisher=City Lights|year=2001|location=San Francisco, CA|page=[https://archive.org/details/outlawwomanmemoi00dunb/page/154 154]|isbn=9780872863903 }}</ref> Women have been more active in left-wing groups as these groups' ideologies tend to be more conducive to women's participation in combatant and other non-traditional roles.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Women and Crime|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00nico|url-access=registration|last=Hahn Rafter|first=Nicole|publisher=Onyx Press|year=2000|location=Phoenix, AZ|isbn=9781573562140 }}</ref>

Female bombers have emerged as an area of particular study, with the circumstances of female involvement garnering a great deal of research. The number of female suicide bombers has been steadily increasing. Existing models of terrorism emphasize that these acts begin with a group promoting, supporting, or praising acts such as martyrdom. Their decisions to engage in suicide bombings contradict theories that dictate that women prefer peaceful conflict resolution mechanisms compared to men.

Organizations have differing stances on female suicide bombers. For example, in 2002, the spiritual leader of Hamas "categorically renounced the use of women as suicide bombers." In fact, in early 2002, he reported that "Hamas was far from enthusiastic about the inclusion of women in warfare, for reasons of modesty." This stance shifted in 2004, when the first female suicide bomber was used. Officials exclaimed that the act was a "significant evolution in our fight. The male fighters face many obstacles... women are like the reserve army―when there is a necessity, we use them."<ref name=":5"/> The [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] attracted thousands of women and their militarization shaped women's identity from the "traditional ideal of the auspicious, fecund wife to the androgynous Armed Virgin."<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Erin|first=Alexander|title=Women of War: The Female Fighters of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|url=http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1186/women-of-war-the-female-fighters-of-the-liberation-tigers-of-tamil-eelam|journal=Cornell International Affairs Review|language=en|volume=7|issue=2}}</ref> [[Rajani Thiranagama|Rajini Thiranagama]] stated , "One cannot but be inspired when one sees the women of the LTTE in the night with their AKs slung over the shoulder. ... One cannot but admire the dedication and toughness of their training. … One could see the nationalist fervor and the romantic vision of women in arms defending the nation."<ref name=":7" />

=== Characteristics of female suicide bombers ===
There is much variation among female suicide bombers. A number of studies have attempted to compare suicide attackers across different suicide groups. It was found that groups that used women the least were Islamist fundamentalist groups.<ref name=":4" /> When dealing with age, female suicide bombers followed the same age trend as males, typically falling within the early to mid 20s.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Zedalis|first=Debra|title=Female suicide bombers|url=https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pdffiles/PUB408.pdf}}</ref> They also tend to have more secular ties than presumed. Some are married while others are widows. Socioeconomic status also varies among female attackers.

Women's involvement is mediated differently than men's; they are more likely to be involved through personal contacts or family members, while men's process of involvement is more likely to stem from movement affiliation and disenchantment with nonviolent forms of political activism.<ref name="Weinberg 241–262"/> Differences in men and women's need for revenge (and subsequent use of suicide attacks) has been studied, with inconsistent findings reported. Some argue men are more vengeful than women, while others find no such claims.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mullins|first1=Christopher W.|last2=Wright|first2=Richard|last3=Jacobs|first3=Bruce A.|title=Gender, Streetlife and Criminal Retaliation*|journal=Criminology|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=911–940|doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00540.x|issn=1745-9125}}</ref>

===Examples===
* [[Sana'a Mehaidli|Sana’a Mehaidli]], a 17-year-old member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP/PPS), a pro-Syrian Lebanese organization, is believed to have been the first female suicide bomber. On 9 April 1985, she blew up herself and a truck of explosives next to an Israeli convoy in Lebanon during the [[South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)|Israeli occupation of South Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbiic.gov/public/2008/sept/NCTC%20Did%20you%20know%20the%20first%20suicide%20bombing%20may%20have%20occurred%20in%201881.pdf|title=A Fact Sheet form the Worldwide Incidents Team. Retrieved 2017-14-04}}</ref> She worked at a video store where she recorded her will, saying "I am very comfortable with carrying out this operation. I choose to do this because I am fulfilling my duty towards my land and my people...Now I am loving my country, sacrificing my life and respecting the people of the south."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/general/2010/04/2010413115916795784.html|title=Lebanon's women warriors|last=Khrais|first=Bilal|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref>
* [[Thenmozhi Rajaratnam]], also known as Dhanu, is thought to have been a member of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (Tamil Tigers), and involved in the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]], the ex-Prime minister of India, and sixteen other bystanders in 1991.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/11416837/Some-of-the-deadliest-and-most-notable-suicide-attacks-carried-out-by-women.html|title=Revealed: world's deadliest female terrorists|access-date=2016-09-06|last1=Blair|first1=David}}</ref> She allegedly had been raped by [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] soldiers and her four brothers were killed.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Dying to Win|url=https://archive.org/details/dyingtowinstrate0000pape|url-access=registration|last=Pape|first=Robert A.|publisher=Random House Trade Paperback|year=2005|isbn=978-0812973389|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/dyingtowinstrate0000pape/page/226 226]}}</ref> Sri Lanka's political group, [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam]] (LTTE) includes the [[Black Tigers]], and the Black Tigers are known for suicide bombing attacks, and also for the fact that mostly women execute them.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ransirini|first=Shamara|title=Becoming Militant: Narrative of (Dis?) embodiment in Visakesa Chandrasekaram's Tigers Don't Confess|url=http://www.outskirts.arts.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/2814413/Outskirts-Ransirini.pdf|journal=Outskirts|volume=33|access-date=September 6, 2016}}</ref> A female suicide bomber attempted to kill Sri Lanka's Army Commander [[Sarath Fonseka]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Suicide attack on Sri Lanka's top military commander leaves 8 dead |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/25/world/asia/suicide-attack-on-sri-lankas-top-military-commander-leaves-8-dead.html |access-date=2022-02-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Fonseka survived, but seven others were killed in the attack. Sri Lanka's Fisheries Minister and former militant [[Douglas Devananda]] was the target of a female suicide bomber in 2007. She detonated the bomb during a body check.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Lanka: At least 17 dead, over 43 injured in two blasts in Colombo - Sri Lanka |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-least-17-dead-over-43-injured-two-blasts-colombo |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wafa Idris]] detonated a 22-pound bomb in the center of [[Jerusalem]] outside a shoe store on [[Jaffa Road]], killing her and Pinhas Tokatli (81), and injuring more than 100 others.<ref name="DT0128">Inigo Gilmore: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071209133105/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/01/28/wmid28.xml Woman suicide bomber shakes Israelis], ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'', 28 January 2002</ref> The attack took place on 27 January 2002 but the identity of the bomber wasn't confirmed until 30 January 2002.<ref name="bbc2002-01-30">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1791800.stm|title=Female bomber's mother speaks out|publisher=BBC|access-date=15 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="DT0128"/> Idris carried the bomb in a backpack, rather than strapped to her body. Since, prior to this attack, women had only helped plant bombs, the use of a backpack and the lack of the usual note or video led to confusion regarding her suicide motives and speculation that she did not intend to detonate the bomb, but that the explosion was accidental. However, after investigation of the explosion, Israel declared Idris a suicide bomber around 9 February 2002.<ref>James Bennet: [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20810FA39580C7A8CDDAB0894DA404482 Israelis Declare Arab Woman Was in Fact a Suicide Bomber], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 9 February 2002 (req. subscr.)</ref> Prior to this Idris called for an "Army of Roses." Wafa became an icon and served under [[Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade]]. Wafa was born in a refugee camp, and her father died in when she was a child. During the [[First Intifada]], she served on the refugee camp's women's committee, helping prisoners' families and distributing food. When she delivered a stillborn and was told she would never be able to carry a baby to full-term, her husband divorced her.<ref>{{Cite book|title=From freedom fighters to terrorists : women and political violence|author=Eager, Paige Whaley|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780754672258|oclc=950471809}}</ref>
* [[Muriel Degauque]] was a Belgian convert to Islam who performed a suicide car bomb attack on 9 November 2005 against a U.S. military convoy in Iraq. She originally worked at a bakery and after marrying a Muslim man, she moved to Iraq and became radicalized.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Craig S.|title=Raised as Catholic in Belgium, She Died as a Muslim Bomber|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/06/world/europe/raised-as-catholic-in-belgium-she-died-as-a-muslim-bomber.html|access-date=2021-12-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* [[Zeynep Kınacı]] was a Kurdish member of the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) and known for having committed its [[1996 Tunceli bombing]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=SUICIDE BOMBER KILLS 9 SOLDIERS IN TURKEY |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-07-01-9607010160-story.html}}</ref>
* In [[Dagestan]], Russia in 2010 a 17-year-old widow of a Caucasus militant wearing a suicide bomb vest approached a Ministry of the Interior office in the village of [[Gubden]]. She was apparently stopped at a security post outside the office where she detonated her explosives, killing one police officer and injuring four others. The attack was claimed by the [[Caucasus Emirate]] militant jihadist group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8596084.stm|title=Twelve die in Dagestan bombings|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2016-09-06}}</ref>
* Blasts from two female suicide bombers at a crowded fish market in Nigeria's northeastern city of [[Maiduguri]] killed at least 20 people on 22 June 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33232146|title=Nigeria violence: Bomb at fish market kills at least 20 |language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-06|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
* On 23 December 2016, the first female suicide bomber in [[Bangladesh]] detonated her explosive during a police raid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/12/24/bangladesh-sees-first-female-suicide-bomber/ |title=Bangladesh's female jihadists |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=2016-12-27}}</ref>
* In 2018, Puji Kuswati became Indonesia's first female suicide bomber when she and her daughters, Fadila Sari and Pamela Rizkita, (twelve and nine years old respectively, and thus not counted as choosing to be bombers) [[2018 Surabaya churches bombings|bombed the GKI Diponegoro church]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Kate Lamb |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/13/deaths-bomb-attacks-churches-indonesia-surabaya |title=Indonesia church bombings: police say one family and their children behind attacks |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesias-first-female-suicide-bomber-a-mum-of-4-0 |title=Indonesia's first female suicide bomber a mum of 4, SE Asia News & Top Stories |newspaper=The Straits Times |access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>
*On 26 April 2022, [[University of Karachi bombing|Shari Baloch]], a 30-year old science teacher and mother of two, detonated her explosives in the [[University of Karachi]] in Pakistan, killing three Chinese teachers. The separatist militant group [[Balochistan Liberation Army]] (BLA) claimed responsibility for the incident, claiming her as the organisation's first female suicide bomber.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Female graduate student behind Pakistan university attack: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/27/female-graduate-student-behind-pakistan-university-attack-report |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistan attack: Chinese killed in blast in Karachi |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-61229589 |access-date=2022-04-26}}</ref>

==Causes and reasons==
There are a number of reasons as to why female suicide bombers are used by groups. Terrorists use bombers as they are cheaper than purchasing arms. They are considered a low risk weapon and require low technology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Nolen|first=Elizabeth|title=Female Suicide Bombers: Coerced or Committed?|journal=Global Security Studies|volume=7}}</ref> They do not require much training, do not leave much of a trace behind, have the element of surprise, have easier access to targeted populations as well as soft targets, and tend to frighten the general population.<ref name=":1" /> As female combatants are seen as less likely to engage in lethal actions and can thus avoid suspicion, they are regarded as ideal combatants.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Wood|first1=Reed M|last2=Thomas|first2=Jakana L|title=Women on the frontline|journal=Journal of Peace Research|language=en|volume=54|issue=1|pages=31–46|doi=10.1177/0022343316675025|s2cid=152263427|url=http://repository.essex.ac.uk/27099/1/wood_thomas_final.pdf}}</ref> Dress and gender stereotypes are often utilized by women to bypass security defenses. For example, women who appear pregnant appropriate related expectations and stereotypes to their benefit, discouraging invasive body searchers.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Bloom|first=Mia|title=Bombshells: Women and Terror|journal=Gender Issues|language=en|volume=28|issue=1–2|pages=1–21|doi=10.1007/s12147-011-9098-z|s2cid=143682884|issn=1098-092X}}</ref> Women may also "westernize" their appearance in an attempt at covering their actions and avoiding detection. Women are also deployed as suicide bombers as they tend to "elicit greater public sympathy and publicity for an organization."<ref name=":2" /> By some research, female bombers receive eight times more press coverage than their male counterparts.<ref name=":6" />

Insurgent groups also face pressure when it comes to recruiting members, causing the group to expand their bases to sustain the group's position. It has been argued that the introduction of women and girls into combat "generally came about in response to logistical demands: the mounting number of casualties, the intensified crackdowns by government, and the ability to escape detection more easily than men."<ref name="Ness 353–373">{{Cite journal|last=Ness|first=Cindy D.|title=In the Name of the Cause: Women's Work in Secular and Religious Terrorism|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|volume=28|issue=5|pages=353–373|doi=10.1080/10576100500180337|s2cid=143769756|issn=1057-610X}}</ref> An example of this was in January 2002 when [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]], the spiritual leader of Hamas, renounced the use of female bombers. Later on in the same year, Hamas wasn't enthusiastic about adding women into their ranks. Then in January 2004, Hamas used their first female suicide bomber. Hamas defense to this was evolution of their fight. Citing easier access to reach targets, Hamas stated that women are the reserve army. When there is a need they will use them.<ref name=":5" /> On average, it is calculated that terrorist groups that use suicide bombing as a tactic wait around 13.5 years before employing women.<ref name=":0" /> However, women are reported to have higher kill rates than men, on average killing four times as many people as men do.<ref name=":3" />

Terrorist and insurgent groups may also appropriate media coverage to benefit from the portrayal of female suicide bombers. Women's media portrayal may help various organizations recruit and motivate men, and coverage of women in the media allows groups to differentiate themselves from one another.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Women-and-Jihad-The-motivation-of-female-suicide-bombers-480666|title=Women and Jihad: The motivation of female suicide bombers|work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=2017-05-12}}</ref> It also may help deliver group-based messages. For example, media coverage may highlight that the group, by using women, had been driven to extreme measures. Media attention on female suicide bombers tends to examine emotional explanations for women's involvement, as opposed to ideological justifications.

==Individual motivations==
There are different causes and reasons why female suicide bombers perform these deadly actions. For one, many cite personal feelings of sacrifice in conducting such missions. The missions become more esteemed to the public when they are framed as forms of sacrifice. Society would be "hard pressed to accept, that a female who offers her life in this context is seen as engaging in the most profound form of selflessness."<ref name="Ness 353–373"/> Other research suggests that women resort to terrorism to "redeem their fallen reputations, such as being barren, divorced, defiled, unchaste, and so on."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salem|first=Edmar|title=Attitudes towards female suicide bombers in Palestine and Tamil Sri Lanka|journal=Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression|volume=7|issue=3|pages=200–209|doi=10.1080/19434472.2015.1009482|s2cid=143979032|issn=1943-4472}}</ref> Struggling for the pursuit of freedom through the LTTE can be seen as a way in which women can redeem themselves. Tamil rape victims tend to be prohibited from marriage and childbearing. Conceptualizing female bombers as mothers allows suicide bombings to serve as offerings for women who cannot become mothers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=CUNNINGHAM|first=KARLA J.|title=Cross-Regional Trends in Female Terrorism|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|volume=26|issue=3|pages=171–195|doi=10.1080/10576100390211419|s2cid=110362253|issn=1057-610X}}</ref>

In the literature on female suicide bombers, exploitation of women is a distinctive factor that separates them from male suicide bombers. Research has examined cases of women's exploitation by their own families, often for monetary compensation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/deadly-secret-of-the-black-widows-7fsd3fqgfz0|title=Deadly secret of the black widows|last=Vinogradova|first=Luba|access-date=2017-05-08|language=en}}</ref>

Women can also be motivated by political/and or historical contexts to take action against their enemy. For example, in the context of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], it has been noted that Palestinian female suicide bombers are often motivated by anti-Zionism and the Israeli occupation of their homeland to take action. According to Palestinian legal scholar [[Noura Erakat]], the "Israeli military occupation [is] a significant, if not the most significant, factor contributing to the subjugation of Palestinian women's rights."<ref name="Erakat, Noura 2011">Erakat, Noura. "Arabiya Made Invisible: Between Marginalization of Agency and Silencing of Dissent" in ''Arab & Arab American Feminisms: Gender, Violence, & Belonging''. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. November 18, 2015</ref> They are often motivated by the politics of their environment to take action in this situation. Western feminist critic Amal Amireh notes examples of how the women exercise their political agency in the conflict, including the fact that the bomber often declares in public her political group and nationalism, as well as the fact that they commit the act in public as a spectacle to be observed.<ref name="auto1">Amireh, Amal. "Palestinian Women's Disappearing Act: The Suicide Bomber Through Western Feminist Eyes" in ''Arab & Arab American Feminisms: Gender, Violence, & Belonging''. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. November 18, 2015</ref> There is also a case to be made toward religion/political indoctrination. Some recruiters, like the LTTE, would concentrate on recruiting orphans due to their young age, making it much easier to indoctrinate and condition.<ref name=":5" />

Individual motivations to become suicide bombers vary. Motives include "to avenge a personal loss, to redeem the family name, to escape a life of sheltered monotony and achieve fame, or to equalize the patriarchal societies in which they live."<ref name=":3" /> The death of a relative triggers the decision to commit a suicide attack. Some women join to seek revenge. For example, studies have shown that some women join the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam seeking revenge against crimes the government has committed against the group, from disappearances to torture. Government oppression has only emboldened the LTTE, and women have increasingly become more publicly involved.

In Chechnya, female bombers originally became involved for more personal reasons, avenging the deaths of Chechen male relatives killed by Russian forces. They are referred to as "Black Widows" because many were the wives, mothers, sisters, or female relatives of men killed in battle. The activities of the Black Widows are regarded to support the theory that suicide bombings may alter societal gender norms. With militant involvement usually seen as being performed by men, engaging in violent actions counters notions of women's traditional roles, such as raising children. Clara Beyler, a counter-terrorism analyst writes that "There is a difference between men and women suicide attackers: women consider combat as a way to escape the predestined life that is expected of them. When women become human bombs, their intent is to make a statement not only in the name of a country, a religion, a leader, but also in the name of their gender."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ict.org.il/Article.aspx?ID=854|title=Messengers of Death - Female Suicide Bombers|website=www.ict.org.il|language=en|access-date=2017-05-08}}</ref> Some argue that violence serves to empower women. In this sense, some argue that understanding women's motivations should be understood through cultural contexts.

==Effects==

===Deadliness===
According to a 2021 study, female suicide attacks "are more deadly in countries where women are largely absent from the workforce, civil society, and protest organizations." However, "female attack lethality is declining with time, suggesting that security forces eventually adapt to women's participation in terrorism."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Jakana L.|title=Wolves in Sheep's Clothing: Assessing the Effect of Gender Norms on the Lethality of Female Suicide Terrorism|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/wolves-in-sheeps-clothing-assessing-the-effect-of-gender-norms-on-the-lethality-of-female-suicide-terrorism/D9BFE04ECEDC0DC9E96818C0FBA6DE8B|journal=International Organization|volume=75|issue=3|pages=769–802|language=en|doi=10.1017/S0020818321000035|s2cid=233710309|issn=0020-8183}}</ref>

===Organizations of female suicide bombers===

The [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]] is a known terrorist organization that has trained many female suicide bombers since their uprising as political weapons. In January 2002, the group claimed responsibility for the first female suicide bombing attack inside of Israel, in efforts to push Israel settlers out of West Bank and to form an entirely Palestinian state. The group is known to be most active in the Gaza Strip, but also attacks inside of Israel and the West Bank.{{Citation needed}}

===Chechnya===
The [[Shahidka]], commonly referred to as the [[Black Widow (Chechnya)|"Black Widows"]] are a group of [[Islamist]] [[Chechnya|Chechen]] separatist suicide bombers. Khava Barayeva blew herself up at a Russian Army outpost on June 7, 2000. In 2001,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-glyn-williams/the-brides-of-allah-the-t_b_4761027.html|title=The Brides of Allah: The Terror Threat of Black-Widow Suicide Bombers to the Winter Olympics. Web Retrieved 2017-14-04|website=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref> [[Aiza Gazuyeva]] killed Russian general [[Gaidar Gadzhiyev]] in a suicide bombing, the first female suicide bombing of the Chechen insurgency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.24sata.hr/news/zene-ljudske-bombe-tjeraju-u-smrt-i-curice-stare-10-godina-448041|title=Women - 'human bombs': They make the death and girls aged 10 years. web Retrieved 2017-14-04}}</ref> The group carried out the [[Moscow theater hostage crisis]] and a number of them were involved in the [[Beslan school siege]]. A bombing that killed 10 people at [[Rizhskaya (Moscow Metro)|Rizhskaya metro station in Moscow]] was thought to be carried out by a woman who was identified as a Beslan school captor. The [[2004 Russian aircraft bombings]] are believed to be carried out by female bombers. Two of the perpetrators of the [[2010 Moscow Metro bombings]] were women; Dzhanet Abdullayeva, who was married to a militant, and Maryam Sharipova.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> The [[October 2013 Volgograd bus bombing]] was carried out by a woman.

===Palestinian bombers===
{{Expand section}}
On the same day [[Darine Abu Aisha]] committed a suicide bombing, [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]], the religious leader of [[Islamist]] militant group [[Hamas]], issued a fatwa, or religious rule, that gave permission to women to participate in suicide attacks as well as listing the rewards in "paradise" that these female martyrs would receive upon their deaths. He also promised Hamas would send many female suicide bombers in order to strike Israelis.

Reactions to this in the Islamic world were mixed. While many hailed the female suicide bomber and urged full involvement of all in ''[[Jihad]]'', some criticized the cruelty of tearing mothers from their children and sending them to explode themselves.

Notable female Palestinian suicide bombers include:
*[[Wafa Idris]] – first suicide bomber (bombing date: January 27, 2002)
*[[Darine Abu Aisha]] – second suicide bomber (bombing date: February 27, 2002)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3HCBQAAQBAJ|title=Rationality, Democracy, and Justice: The Legacy of Jon Elster|last1=López-Guerra|first1=Claudio|last2=Maskivker|first2=Julia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-12373-7|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Ayat al-Akhras]] – third suicide bomber ([[Kiryat HaYovel supermarket bombing|bombing date: March 29, 2002]])
*[[Andalib Suleiman]] – fourth suicide bomber (bombing date: April 12, 2002)
*[[Hanadi Jaradat]] – sixth suicide bomber (bombing date: October 4, 2003)
*[[Reem Riyashi|Reem Al-Reyashi]] – eighth suicide bomber (bombing date: January 15, 2004). Al-Reyashi, a 22-year-old mother of two, detonated an explosive pack at the [[Erez]] crossing point on the frontier of the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jan/15/israel|title=Human-bomb mother kills four Israelis at Gaza checkpoint|last=McGreal|first=Chris|access-date=2016-09-06|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* Berko, Anat, and Elizabeth Yuval. ''The smarter bomb: women and children as suicide bombers''. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012. {{ISBN|9781442219526}}
* Rajan, V. G. Julie. ''Women Suicide Bombers: Narratives of Violence''. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011. {{ISBN|9780415552257}}
* Skaine, Rosemarie. ''Female Suicide Bombers''. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2006. {{ISBN|0786426152}}
* Victor, Barbara. ''Army of Roses: Inside the World of Palestinian Women Suicide Bombers''. [Emmaus, Pa.?]: Rodale, 2003. {{ISBN|157954830X}}
* Naber, Nadine Christine, Evelyn Alsutany, and [[Rabab Abdulhadi]]. ''Arab & Arab American Feminisms: Gender, Violence, & Belonging''. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. November 18, 2015
* {{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/07/suicide-bomber-strikes-cameroon-night-spot-150726024720051.html|title='Female' suicide bomber strikes Cameroon night spot}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/10/five-female-suicide-bombers-strike-in-nigeria.php|title=5 female suicide bombers strike in Nigeria|work=The Long War Journal}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/08/06/female-suicide-bombers-are-not-a-new-phenomenon/|title=Female suicide bombers are not a new phenomenon|author=Mia Bloom|newspaper=Washington Post|author-link=Mia Bloom}}
* Bircu Pinar Alacok (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_IcZUMS_Y2kC&dq=Darine%20Abu%20Aisha&pg=PP1 "The Motivations of Female Suicide Bombers from a Communication Perspective"] Proquest.
* {{cite book |first=Paige Whaley |last=Eager |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_IFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |title=From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists: Women and Political Violence |location=New York, NY |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=9781317132288}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/female_suicide_bombers|title=Watch "Female Suicide Bombers" Full Documentary Online - Snagfilms|author=Snagfilms|work=Snagfilms|access-date=2015-12-08|archive-date=2017-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609032015/http://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/female_suicide_bombers|url-status=dead}}
[[Category:Female suicide bombers| ]]
[[Category:Suicide bombers]]

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Sohan Singh

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2006 Indian Rajya Sabha elections

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