https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=DrvikrantkheseBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-17T10:22:35ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sydney&diff=548599Sydney2026-05-15T02:56:52Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: added basic data with sources</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Capital city of New South Wales, Australia}}<br />
{{About|the Australian city|the greater metropolitan area|Greater Sydney|the local government area|City of Sydney|other uses}}<br />
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Australian English|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Australian place<br />
| type = city<br />
| name = Sydney<br />
| state = nsw<br />
| image = {{multiple image<br />
|total_width = 280<br />
|border = infobox<br />
|perrow = 1/2/2/2/1<br />
|caption_align = center<br />
|image1 = Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge Dusk (2) 2019-06-21.jpg<br />
|alt1 = Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge<br />
|caption1 = [[Sydney Opera House]] and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]]<br />
|image2 = Sydney (AU), Queen Victoria Building -- 2019 -- 3580 (cropped) - 2.jpg<br />
|alt2 = Queen Victoria Building<br />
|caption2 = [[Queen Victoria Building]]<br />
|image3 = University of Sydney's Main Quadrangle.jpg<br />
|alt3 = University of Sydney<br />
|caption3 = [[University of Sydney]]<br />
|image4 = Bondi 1.jpg<br />
|alt4 = Bondi Beach<br />
|caption4 = [[Bondi Beach]]<br />
|image5 = Archibald Fountain (cropped).jpg<br />
|alt5 = Archibald Fountain and St Mary's Cathedral<br />
|caption5 = [[Archibald Fountain]] and [[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney|St Mary's Cathedral]]<br />
|image8 = Sydney CBD, northeast view 20230224 1.jpg<br />
|alt8 = Sydney central business district<br />
|caption8 = [[Sydney central business district]]<br />
}}<br />
| local_map = yes<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|33|52|4|S|151|12|36|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| relief = yes<br />
| alternative_location_map = Australia#New South Wales#Oceania<br />
| pop = 5,638,830<br />
| pop_year = 2025<br />
| pop_footnotes = <ref name=ABSGCCSA/><br />
| poprank = 1st<br />
| density = 449.3<br />
| density_footnotes = (2023){{r|ABSGCCSA}}<br />
| established = {{Start date and age|1788|01|26|df=y}}<br />
| area = 12367.7<br />
| area_footnotes = (GCCSA)<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/><br />
| timezone = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]]<br />
| utc = +10<br />
| timezone-dst = [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]]<br />
| utc-dst = +11<br />
|mayor=<!-- Do not add Clover Moore. Whilst Clover Moore takes the title of "Mayor Sydney", the City of Sydney only covers the CBD and Inner City of Sydney, whilst other LGAS are responsible for the rest --><br />
| dist1 = 285<br />
| dir1 = NE<br />
| location1 = Canberra<br />
| dist2 = 877<br />
| dir2 = NE<br />
| location2 = Melbourne<br />
| dist3 = 973<br />
| dir3 = S<br />
| location3 = Brisbane<br />
| dist4 = 1373<br />
| dir4 = E<br />
| location4 = Adelaide<br />
| dist5 = 3845<br />
| dir5 = E<br />
| location5 = Perth<br />
| lga = [[#Government|33 municipalities across Greater Sydney]]<br />
| county = [[Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland]]<ref name=gnbcounty>{{NSW GNR |id=JPYbwptLTR|title=Cumberland County |access-date=20 September 2017 }}</ref><br />
| division = <br />
| stategov = [[Electoral districts of New South Wales|49 electoral districts]]{{Refn|Greater Sydney does not have an official government, but has 49 state electorates that are within the metropolitan area's boundaries}}<br />
| fedgov = [[:File:Sydney divisions overview 2010.png|24 divisions]]{{Refn|Greater Sydney does not have an official government, but has 24 federal divisions that are within the metropolitan area's boundaries}}<br />
| maxtemp = 22.8<br />
| maxtemp_footnotes = <ref name="Bureau-of-Meteorology-Obs-Hill"/><br />
| mintemp = 14.7<br />
| mintemp_footnotes = <ref name="Bureau-of-Meteorology-Obs-Hill"/><br />
| rainfall = 1149.7<br />
| rainfall_footnotes = <ref name="Bureau-of-Meteorology-Obs-Hill"/><br />
}}<br />
'''Sydney'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|d|n|i|audio=En-au-Sydney.ogg}} {{respell|SID|nee}}}} is the [[capital city]] of the [[States and territories of Australia|state]] of [[New South Wales]], and the [[List of cities in Australia by population|most populous city in Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2026 |title=Regional population 2024-25 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref> Located on Australia's [[Eastern states of Australia|east coast]], the metropolis surrounds [[Sydney Harbour]] and extends about {{convert|80|km|mi}} from the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the east to the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] in the west, and about {{convert|80|km|mi}} from [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] and the [[Hawkesbury River]] in the north and north-west, to the [[Royal National Park]] and [[Macarthur, New South Wales|Macarthur]] in the south and south-west.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mason |first=Herbert |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Ships and Shipping |page=266 }}</ref> Greater Sydney consists of 658 suburbs, spread across 33 local government areas. Residents of the city are colloquially known as "Sydneysiders".<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Walk Sydney Streets |date=2014 |url=http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm |title=Complete official list of Sydney suburbs |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=25 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125072035/http://www.walksydneystreets.net/suburbssydneyall.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The estimated population in June 2025 was 5,638,830,<ref name="ABSGCCSA">{{cite web |title=Regional Population – 2023–24 final |date=27 March 2025 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |archive-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330092152/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> which is about 66% of the state's population.<ref name="ABSCapitalPop">{{cite web |title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Main Features |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=24 April 2018 |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013133101/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17 |url-status=live}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</ref> The city's nicknames include the '''Emerald City''' and the '''Harbour City'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/ |website=Culture Trip |title=Why Sydney Is Also Known As 'The Emerald City' |author=Tom Smith |date=4 November 2017 |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911030853/https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/why-sydney-is-also-known-as-the-emerald-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
There is evidence that [[Aboriginal Australians]] inhabited the [[Greater Sydney]] region at least 30,000 years ago, and [[Sydney rock engravings|their engravings]] and cultural sites are common. The [[wiktionary:traditional owner|traditional custodians]] of the land on which modern Sydney stands are the clans of the [[Darug]], [[Dharawal]] and [[Eora]].<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23">{{cite web |date=2013 |title=Aboriginal people and place |url=http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/ |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Sydney Barani |first1=Anita |last1=Heiss |first2=Melodie-Jane |last2=Gibson |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707182950/http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/ |archive-date=7 July 2014 }}</ref> During his [[First voyage of James Cook|first Pacific voyage]] in 1770, [[James Cook]] charted the eastern coast of Australia, making landfall at [[Botany Bay]]. In 1788, the [[First Fleet]] of [[convicts in Australia|convicts]], led by [[Arthur Phillip]], founded Sydney as a British [[penal colony]], the first European settlement in Australia.<ref name="manly.nsw.gov.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/ |title=Manly Heritage & History |website=Manly Council |access-date=10 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512034452/http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/ |archive-date=12 May 2016 }}</ref> After [[World War II in Australia|World War II]], Sydney experienced mass migration and by 2021 over 40 per cent of the population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are mainland China, India, the United Kingdom, Vietnam and the Philippines.<ref name="Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics" /><br />
<br />
Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world,<ref>{{cite news |last=Levy |first=Megan |date=5 March 2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html |title=Sydney, Melbourne more expensive than New York, says Living Index |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701174909/http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/sydney-melbourne-more-expensive-than-new-york-says-living-index-20140305-3466w.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Bowman|first1=Simon J.|title=The Cost of Living with Sjögren's|date=19 May 2022|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197502112.003.0005|work=|pages=26–30|access-date=1 June 2023|publisher=Oxford University Press|last2=Fisher|first2=Benjamin|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197502112.003.0005|isbn=978-0-19-750211-2|archive-date=21 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025112/https://academic.oup.com/book/41892/chapter-abstract/354733312?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sydney frequently ranks in the top ten [[World's most liveable cities|most liveable cities]].<ref name="mercer.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html |title=Sydney retains #10 ranking in Mercer's global quality of living survey |website=Mercer.com.au |date=28 April 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181422/https://www.mercer.com.au/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World's most liveable cities: Vienna's win leaves Sydney and Melbourne in a spin |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=26 September 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925162443/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/04/worlds-most-liveable-cities-viennas-win-leaves-sydney-and-melbourne-in-a-spin |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Mercer |date=2018 |url=https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html |title=2018 Quality of Living Index |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012652/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2018-quality-of-living-survey.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is classified as an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|Alpha+ city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]], indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006165159/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Global Power City Index 2010 |publisher=Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation |location=Tokyo, Japan |date=October 2010 |url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150104/http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2010_English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |date=2012 |url=http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210063130/http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/assets/cities-opp-2012.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2013 |title=Cities of opportunity |access-date=21 July 2014 }}</ref> Sydney has an advanced market economy with strengths in education, finance, manufacturing and [[tourism in Sydney|tourism]].<ref name="Tough week for a Sydney success story">{{cite news |last=Wade|first=Matt|date=2012|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/945597/tough-week-for-a-sydney-success-story/|title=Tough week for a Sydney success story|publisher=[[Canberra Times]]|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Another shot at making city a finance hub">{{cite news |last=Irvine |first=Jessica |date=2008 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html |title=Another shot at making city a finance hub |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201408/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/another-shot-at-making-a-finance-hub/2008/07/31/1217097434132.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[University of Sydney]] and the [[University of New South Wales]] are ranked 18th and 19th in the world respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2024 |title=QS World University Rankings 2025 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Top Universities |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104115634/https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Sydney has hosted major international sporting events such as the [[2000 Summer Olympics]], the [[2003 Rugby World Cup final|2003 Rugby World Cup Final]], and the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup final|2023 FIFA Women's World Cup Final]]. The city is among the top fifteen most-visited cities worldwide,<ref>{{cite news |last=Dennis |first=Anthony |date=2013 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/traveller/inspiration/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-20130704-2pdh4.html |title="Too expensive" Sydney slips from top 10 tourism list |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |quote=In this year's World's Best Awards, announced in New York this week, Sydney came in as the world's number 12 ranked best city. |access-date=21 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020741/http://www.traveller.com.au/too-expensive-sydney-slips-from-top-10-tourism-list-2pdh4 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-dste=2015-09-04}}</ref> with millions of tourists coming each year to see the city's landmarks.<ref name="Our global city">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city |title=Our global city |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114124/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/our-global-city |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has over {{cvt|1,000,000|ha|acre}} of [[Parks in Sydney|nature reserves and parks]],<ref>Benson, D. H. and Howell J. (1990) Taken for Granted: the Bushland of Sydney and Its Suburbs, Sydney</ref> and its [[Ecology of Sydney|notable natural features]] include [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] and [[Royal National Park]]. The [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] and the World Heritage-listed [[Sydney Opera House]] are major tourist attractions. [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central Station]] is the hub of Sydney's suburban train, metro and light rail networks and longer-distance services. The main passenger airport serving the city is [[Sydney Airport|Kingsford Smith Airport]], one of the world's oldest continually operating airports.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Airport |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx |title=Overview |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905042717/http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/corporate/about-us/overview/fact-sheets/overview.aspx |archive-date=5 September 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Toponymy==<br />
In 1788, Captain [[Arthur Phillip]], the first governor of New South Wales, named the cove where the first British settlement was established [[Sydney Cove]] after Home Secretary [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney]].<ref name="Egan-1999">{{Cite book |last=Egan |first=Jack |title=Buried Alive, Sydney 1788–92 |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=1999 |isbn=1865081388 |pages=10 }}</ref> The cove was called ''Warrane'' by the Aboriginal inhabitants.<ref>Attenbrow (2010), p. 11</ref> Phillip considered naming the settlement [[Albion]], but this name was never officially used.<ref name="Egan-1999" /> By 1790 Phillip and other officials were regularly calling the township "Sydney".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up |title=Historical Records of New South Wales |volume=1 part 2 |pages=285, 343, 345, 436, 482, passim |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723112037/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-343658027/view?partId=nla.obj-343661652#page/n4/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney was declared a city in 1842.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Birch |first1=Alan |title=The Sydney Scene, 1788–1960 |last2=Macmillan |first2=David S. |publisher=Hale and Iremonger |year=1982 |isbn=0868060178 |edition=2nd |location=Sydney |pages=105–06 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Cadigal|Gadigal]] (Cadigal) clan, whose territory stretches along the southern shore of [[Port Jackson]] from [[Sydney Heads|South Head]] to [[Darling Harbour]], are the traditional owners of the land on which the British settlement was initially established, and call their territory ''Gadi'' (''Cadi''). Aboriginal clan names within the Sydney region were often formed by adding the suffix "-gal" to a word denoting the name for their territory, a specific place in their territory, a food source, or totem. Greater Sydney covers the traditional lands of 28 known Aboriginal clans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Attenbrow |first=Val |title=Sydney's Aboriginal Past, investigating the archaeological and historical records |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781742231167 |edition=2nd |location=Sydney |pages=22–26 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Main|History of Sydney}}<br />
<br />
{{For timeline|Timeline of Sydney}}<br />
<br />
===First inhabitants of the region===<br />
[[File:AboriginalSite0008.jpg|thumb|[[Charcoal (art)|Charcoal drawing]] of kangaroos in [[Heathcote National Park]]]]The first people to inhabit the area now known as Sydney were [[Aboriginal Australians]] who had migrated from southeast Asia via northern Australia.<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p. 152</ref> Flaked pebbles found in Western Sydney's gravel sediments might indicate human occupation from 45,000 to 50,000 years ago,<ref name="Attenbrow-2010c">{{Cite book |last1=Attenbrow |first1=Val |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152 |title=Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-74223-116-7 |location=Sydney |pages=152–153 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923094622/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152 |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[radiocarbon dating]] has shown evidence of human activity in the region from around 30,000 years ago.<ref name="Settlers' history rewritten2">{{cite news |last=Macey |first=Richard |date=2007 |title=Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180036/https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the arrival of the British, there were 4,000 to 8,000 Aboriginal people in the greater Sydney region.<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p.17</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/><br />
<br />
The inhabitants subsisted on fishing, hunting, and gathering plants and shellfish. The diet of the coastal clans was more reliant on seafood whereas hinterland clans ate more forest animals and plants. The clans had distinctive equipment and weapons mostly made of stone, wood, plant materials, bone and shell. They also differed in their body decorations, hairstyles, songs and dances. Aboriginal clans had a rich ceremonial life, part of a belief system centring on ancestral, totemic and supernatural beings. People from different clans and language groups came together to participate in initiation and other ceremonies. These occasions fostered trade, marriages and clan alliances.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010a">Attenbrow (2010). pp. 28, 158</ref><br />
<br />
The earliest British settlers recorded the word '[[Eora]]' as an Aboriginal term meaning either 'people' or 'from this place'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Keith Vincent |title=Eora People |url=https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/ |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=Eora People |date=June 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328102026/https://www.eorapeople.com.au/uncategorized/eora-people/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/> The clans of the Sydney area occupied land with traditional boundaries. There is debate, however, about which group or nation these clans belonged to, and the extent of differences in language and rites. The major groups were the coastal Eora people, the Dharug (Darug) occupying the inland area from [[Parramatta]] to the Blue Mountains, and the Dharawal people south of Botany Bay.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/> Darginung and Gundungurra languages were spoken on the fringes of the Sydney area.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010b">Attenbrow (2010). pp. 22–29</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br />
|+ class="nowrap" |Aboriginal clans of Sydney area, as recorded by early British settlers<br />
!Clan<br />
!Territory name<br />
!Location<br />
|-<br />
|Bediagal<br />
|Not recorded<br />
|Probably north-west of [[Parramatta]]<br />
|-<br />
|Birrabirragal<br />
|Birrabirra<br />
|Lower Sydney Harbour around Sow and Pigs reef<br />
|-<br />
|Boolbainora<br />
|Boolbainmatta<br />
|Parramatta area<br />
|-<br />
|Borogegal<br />
|Booragy<br />
|Probably [[Bradleys Head]] and surrounding area<br />
|-<br />
|Boromedegal<br />
|Not recorded<br />
|Parramatta<br />
|-<br />
|Buruberongal<br />
|Not recorded<br />
|North-west of Parramatta<br />
|-<br />
|Darramurragal<br />
|Not recorded<br />
|[[Turramurra|Turramarra]] area<br />
|-<br />
|Gadigal<br />
|Cadi (Gadi)<br />
|South side of Port Jackson, from [[Sydney Heads|South Head]] to [[Darling Harbour]]<br />
|-<br />
|Gahbrogal<br />
|Not recorded<br />
|[[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] and [[Cabramatta, New South Wales|Cabramatta]] area<br />
|-<br />
|Gamaragal<br />
|Cammeray<br />
|North shore of Port Jackson<br />
|-<br />
|Gameygal<br />
|Kamay<br />
|[[Botany Bay]]<br />
|-<br />
|Gannemegal<br />
|Warmul<br />
|Parramatta area<br />
|-<br />
|Garigal<br />
|Not recorded<br />
|[[Broken Bay]] area<br />
|-<br />
|Gayamaygal<br />
|Kayeemy<br />
|[[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]] Cove<br />
|-<br />
|Gweagal<br />
|Gwea<br />
|Southern shore of Botany Bay<br />
|-<br />
|Wallumedegal<br />
|Wallumede<br />
|North shore of Port Jackson, opposite Sydney Cove<br />
|-<br />
|Wangal<br />
|Wann<br />
|South side of Port Jackson, from Darling Harbour to Rose Hill<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |Clans of the Sydney region whose territory wasn't reliably recorded are: the Domaragal, Doogagal, Gannalgal, {{Break}}Gomerigal, Gooneeowlgal, Goorunggurregal, Gorualgal, Murrooredial, Noronggerragal, Oryangsoora and Wandeandegal.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |<small>Note:</small> <small>The names and territory boundaries do not always correspond with those used</small> <small>by contemporary Aboriginal groups of the greater Sydney area.<ref name="Attenbrow-2010b" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Troy |first=Jakelin |title=The Sydney Language |publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781925302868 |edition=2nd |location=Canberra |pages=19–25 }}</ref>{{Refn|British settlers each used different spellings for Indigenous words. The clan names in this list use Troy's (2019) orthography.}}</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
The first meeting between Aboriginals and British explorers occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at [[Botany Bay]] (Kamay<ref>Attenbrow (2010). p. 13</ref>) and encountered the [[Gweagal]] clan.<ref>{{cite news |date=2002 |title=Once were warriors |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822083939/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/10/1036308574533.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Two Gweagal men opposed the landing party and one was shot and wounded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blainey |first=Geoffrey |title=Captain Cook's epic voyage |publisher=Viking |year=2020 |isbn=9781760895099 |location=Australia |pages=141–43 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 April 2020 |title=Eight days in Kamay |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603002706/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/eight-days-in-kamay/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cook and his crew stayed at Botany Bay for a week, collecting water, timber, fodder and botanical specimens and exploring the surrounding area. Cook sought to establish relations with the Aboriginal population without success.<ref>Blainey (2020). pp. 146–57</ref><br />
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=== Convict town (1788–1840) ===<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| image1 = The Founding of Australia. By Capt. Arthur Phillip R.N. Sydney Cove, Jan. 26th 1788.jpg<br />
| caption1 = ''The Founding of Australia, 26 January 1788, by Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] R.N., Sydney Cove.'' Painting by [[Algernon Talmage]]<br />
| image2 = Sydney Cove in 1788, An Historical Reminder.webp<br />
| caption2 = ''Sydney Cove in 1788'', by [[John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)|John Hunter]]<br />
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[[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] had been sending convicts to its [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] for most of the eighteenth century, and the loss of these colonies in 1783 was the impetus to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay. Proponents of colonisation also pointed to the strategic importance of a new base in the Asia-Pacific region and its potential to provide much-needed timber and flax for the navy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macintyre |first=Stuart |title=A concise history of Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108728485 |edition=5th |location=Port Melbourne |pages=34–35 }}</ref><br />
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The [[First Fleet]] of 11 ships under the command of Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788. It comprised more than a thousand settlers, including 736 convicts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107011533 |editor-last=Bashford |editor-first=Alison |location=Cambridge |pages=91 |chapter=The early colonial presence, 1788-1822 |editor-last2=MacIntyre |editor-first2=Stuart }}</ref> The fleet soon moved to the more suitable [[Port Jackson]] where a settlement was established at [[Sydney Cove]] on 26 January 1788.<ref>Peter Hill (2008) pp.141–50</ref> The colony of New South Wales was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Philip described as "the finest Harbour in the World ... Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security".<ref>{{cite web |date=9 October 2009 |title=SL/nsw.gov.au |url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203035645/http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=SL/nsw.gov.au }}</ref><br />
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The settlement was planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade and shipbuilding were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated. However, the soil around the settlement proved poor and the first crops failed, leading to several years of hunger and strict rationing. The food crisis was relieved with the arrival of the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]] in mid-1790 and the [[Third Fleet (Australia)|Third Fleet]] in 1791.<ref>Macintyre (2020). pp.34–37</ref> Former convicts received small grants of land, and government and private farms spread to the more fertile lands around [[Parramatta]], [[Windsor, New South Wales|Windsor]] and [[Camden, New South Wales|Camden]] on the [[Cumberland Plain]]. By 1804, the colony was self-sufficient in food.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I, Indigenous and colonial Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107011533 |editor-last=Bashford |editor-first=Alison |location=Cambridge |pages=90–114 |chapter=The early colonial presence, 1788-1822 |editor-last2=MacIntyre |editor-first2=Stuart }}</ref><br />
<br />
A smallpox epidemic in April 1789 killed about half the region's Indigenous population.<ref name="Aboriginal people and place23"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Mear |first=Craig |date=2008 |title=The origin of the smallpox outbreak in Sydney in 1789 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831054140/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-180278188.html |archive-date=31 August 2011 |access-date=5 July 2014 |publisher=Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society }}</ref> In November 1790 [[Bennelong]] led a group of survivors of the Sydney clans into the settlement, establishing a continuous presence of Aboriginal Australians in settled Sydney.<ref>Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788–1822". In ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1.'' pp. 106, 117–19</ref><br />
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Phillip had been given no instructions for urban development, but in July 1788 submitted a plan for the new town at [[Sydney Cove]]. It included a wide central avenue, a permanent Government House, law courts, hospital and other public buildings, but no provision for warehouses, shops, or other commercial buildings. Phillip promptly ignored his own plan, and unplanned development became a feature of Sydney's topography.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karskens |first=Grace |title=The Colony, a history of early Sydney |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=2009 |isbn=9781741756371 |location=Crows Nest, NSW |pages=71–75 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McGillick |first1=Paul |title=Sydney architecture |last2=Bingham-Hall |first2=Patrick |year=2005 |page=14 to 15 }}</ref><br />
[[File:Thomas Watling View of Sydney.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Watling]]'s ''View of the Town of Sydney in the Colony of New South Wales'', 1799]]<br />
After Phillip's departure in December 1792, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods from visiting ships. Former convicts engaged in trade and opened small businesses. Soldiers and former convicts built houses on Crown land, with or without official permission, in what was now commonly called Sydney town. Governor [[William Bligh]] (1806{{En dash}}08) imposed restrictions on commerce and ordered the demolition of buildings erected on Crown land, including some owned by past and serving military officers. The resulting conflict culminated in the [[Rum Rebellion]] of 1808, in which Bligh was deposed by the [[New South Wales Corps]].<ref>Karskens (2009). pp. 185–188</ref><ref>{{cite Q |Q5273962 |chapter=Bligh, William (1754–1817) |mode=cs1 }}</ref><br />
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Governor [[Lachlan Macquarie]] (1810{{En dash}}1821) played a leading role in the development of Sydney and New South Wales, establishing a bank, a currency and a hospital. He employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney and commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches, and public buildings. [[Parramatta Road]], linking Sydney and Parramatta, was opened in 1811,<ref name="broomham3">{{Citation |author1=Broomham, Rosemary |title=Vital connections: a history of NSW roads from 1788 |date=2001 |page=25 |publisher=Hale & Iremonger in association with the [[Roads & Traffic Authority]] |isbn=978-0-86806-703-2 }}</ref> and a road across the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] was completed in 1815, opening the way for large-scale farming and grazing west of the [[Great Dividing Range]].<ref name="Kingston-2006">{{Cite book |last=Kingston |first=Beverley |title=A History of New South Wales |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521833844 |location=Cambridge |pages=118–19 }}</ref><ref>Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 115–17</ref><br />
<br />
Following the departure of Macquarie, official policy encouraged the emigration of free British settlers to New South Wales. Immigration to the colony increased from 900 free settlers in 1826–30 to 29,000 in 1836–40, many of whom settled in Sydney.<ref>Haines, Robin, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "Nineteenth century government-assisted and total immigration from the United Kingdom to Australia: quinquennial estimates by colony." ''Journal of the Australian Population Association'', vol. 8, no. 1, 1991, pp. 50–61. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/41110599. Accessed 20 July 2021.</ref><ref name="Fitzgerald-2011">{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |title=Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924202005/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney#ref-uuid=77be765d-0fa6-addb-7d2d-99c79ef76ff3 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 1840s, Sydney exhibited a geographic divide between poor and working-class residents living west of the [[Tank Stream]] in areas such as [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], and the more affluent residents living to its east.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011"/> Free settlers, free-born residents and former convicts now represented the vast majority of the population of Sydney, leading to increasing public agitation for responsible government and an end to transportation. Transportation to New South Wales ceased in 1840.<ref name="City-of-Sydney-2020">{{Cite web |date=September 2020 |title=History of City of Sydney council |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=City of Sydney |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070716/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/history/history-city-sydney-council |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Castle Hill Rebellion (1804).jpg|thumb|The [[Castle Hill convict rebellion]] of 1804]]<br />
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==== Conflict on the Cumberland Plain ====<br />
In 1804, Irish convicts led around 300 rebels in the [[Castle Hill convict rebellion|Castle Hill Rebellion]], an attempt to march on Sydney, commandeer a ship, and sail to freedom.<ref>Karskens (2009). pp. 29–297</ref> Poorly armed, and with their leader Philip Cunningham captured, the main body of insurgents were routed by about 100 troops and volunteers at [[Rouse Hill, New South Wales|Rouse Hill]]. At least 39 convicts were killed in the uprising and subsequent executions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2021 |title=Castle Hill Rebellion |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=nma.gov.au |language=en-US |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810081550/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="whitaker22">{{cite web |author=Whitaker, Anne-Maree |year=2009 |title=Castle Hill convict rebellion 1804 |url=http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804 |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=[[Dictionary of Sydney]] |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231534/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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As the colony spread to the more fertile lands around the [[Hawkesbury River]], north-west of Sydney, conflict between the settlers and the [[Darug]] people intensified, reaching a peak from 1794 to 1810. Bands of Darug people, led by [[Pemulwuy]] and later by his son [[Tedbury]], burned crops, killed livestock and raided settler stores in a pattern of resistance that was to be repeated as the [[Australian frontier wars|colonial frontier expanded]]. A military garrison was established on the Hawkesbury in 1795. The death toll from 1794 to 1800 was 26 settlers and up to 200 Darug.<ref>Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 66</ref><ref>Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 25–26</ref><br />
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Conflict again erupted from 1814 to 1816 with the expansion of the colony into Dharawal country in the Nepean region south-west of Sydney. Following the deaths of several settlers, Governor Macquarie dispatched three military detachments into Dharawal lands, culminating in the [[Appin Massacre|Appin massacre]] (April 1816) in which at least 14 Aboriginal people were killed.<ref>Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 70</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Banivanua Mar |first1=Tracey |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I |last2=Edmonds |first2=Penelope |year=2013 |pages=344 |chapter=Indigenous and settler relations }}</ref><br />
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=== Colonial city (1841–1900) ===<br />
The New South Wales Legislative Council became a semi-elected body in 1842. Sydney was declared a city the same year, and a governing council established, elected on a restrictive property franchise.<ref name="City-of-Sydney-2020"/>[[File:Sydney 1888.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial illustration of Sydney, 1888]]The discovery of gold in New South Wales and Victoria in 1851 initially caused economic disruption as men moved to the goldfields. Melbourne soon overtook Sydney as Australia's largest city, leading to an enduring rivalry between the two. However, increased immigration from overseas and wealth from gold exports increased demand for housing, consumer goods, services and urban amenities.<ref name="Goodman-2013">Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s". ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I''. pp.&nbsp;180–81.</ref> The New South Wales government also stimulated growth by investing heavily in railways, trams, roads, ports, telegraph, schools and urban services.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingston |first=Beverley |title=A History of New South Wales |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521833844 |pages=74–80 }}</ref> The population of Sydney and its suburbs grew from 95,600 in 1861 to 386,900 in 1891.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coghlan |first=T. A |url=https://archive.org/details/wealth-and-progress-1893/page/310/mode/2up |title=The Wealth and progress of New South Wales |publisher=E. A. Petherick & Co., Sydney |year=1893 |edition=7th |location=Sydney |pages=311–15 }}</ref> The city developed many of its characteristic features. The growing population packed into rows of terrace houses in narrow streets. New public buildings of sandstone abounded, including at the [[University of Sydney]] (1854–61),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radford |first=Neil |date=2016 |title=The University of Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072226/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/university_of_sydney#ref-uuid=6e6dfb0b-dbd1-a0d2-591c-32e5959e0578 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Australian Museum]] (1858–66),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Leila |date= |title=Australian Museum |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |url-status=live }}</ref> the Town Hall (1868–88),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Town Hall |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071732/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/building/sydney_town_hall |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]] (1866–92).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |title=General Post Office |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072224/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/general_post_office#ref-uuid=3941c435-8616-274a-c243-6eacf67fae05 |url-status=live }}</ref> Elaborate [[coffee palace]]s and hotels were erected.<ref name="Noyce-2012">{{cite journal |last1=Noyce |first1=Diana Christine |date=2012 |title=Coffee Palaces in Australia: A Pub with No Beer |journal=M/C Journal |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.5204/mcj.464 |doi-access=free |issn=1441-2616 }}</ref> Daylight bathing at Sydney's beaches was banned, but segregated bathing at designated ocean baths was popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDermott, Marie-Louise |first=Marie-Louise |date=2011 |title=Ocean baths |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849 |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072225/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/ocean_baths#ref-uuid=a5211cd8-d260-5ed4-3c70-fa82884cc849 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Drought, the winding down of public works and a financial crisis led to economic depression in Sydney throughout most of the 1890s. Meanwhile, the Sydney-based premier of New South Wales, [[George Reid]], became a key figure in the process of federation.<ref>Kingston (2006). pp. 88–89, 95–97</ref><br />
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=== State capital (1901–present) ===<br />
[[File:(Looking north along George Street (with tram, T-model Ford and hansom cab) from Union Line Building (incorporating the Bjelke-Petersen School of Physical culture), corner Jamieson Street), n.d. by (5955844045).jpg|thumb|A [[tramcar]] on George Street in 1920. Sydney once had one of the largest [[Trams in Sydney|tram networks]] in the British Empire.]]<br />
When the six colonies federated on 1 January 1901, Sydney became the capital of the State of New South Wales. The spread of [[bubonic plague]] in 1900 prompted the state government to modernise the wharves and demolish inner-city slums. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 saw more Sydney males volunteer for the armed forces than the Commonwealth authorities could process, and helped reduce unemployment. Those returning from the war in 1918 were promised "homes fit for heroes" in new suburbs such as Daceyville and Matraville. "Garden suburbs" and mixed industrial and residential developments also grew along the rail and tram corridors.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011"/> The population reached one million in 1926, after Sydney had regained its position as the most populous city in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019 |title=Australian Historical Population Statistics, 3105.0.65.001, Population distribution |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801140830/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/historical-population/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> The government created jobs with massive public projects such as the electrification of the [[Railways in Sydney|Sydney rail network]] and building the Sydney Harbour Bridge.<ref>Kingston (2006). p. 132</ref><br />
[[File:Sydney 1932.jpg|thumb|right|Sydney Harbour Bridge opening day, 19 March 1932]] [[File:Sydney's Circular Quay at night in 1938.jpg|thumb|right|The Sydney skyline at night in 1938.]]Sydney was more severely affected by the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s than regional New South Wales or Melbourne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spearritt |first=Peter |title=Sydney's century, a history |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2000 |isbn=0868405213 |location=Sydney |pages=57–58 }}</ref> New building almost came to a standstill, and by 1933 the unemployment rate for male workers was 28 per cent, but over 40 per cent in working class areas such as Alexandria and Redfern. Many families were evicted from their homes and shanty towns grew along coastal Sydney and Botany Bay, the largest being "Happy Valley" at [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]].<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 58–59</ref> The Depression also exacerbated political divisions. In March 1932, when populist Labor premier [[Jack Lang (Australian politician)|Jack Lang]] attempted to open the Sydney Harbour Bridge he was upstaged by [[Francis de Groot]] of the far-right [[New Guard]], who slashed the ribbon with a sabre.<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 62</ref><br />
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In January 1938, Sydney celebrated the [[Commonwealth Games|Empire Games]] and the sesquicentenary of European settlement in Australia. One journalist wrote, "Golden beaches. Sun tanned men and maidens...Red-roofed villas terraced above the blue waters of the harbour...Even [[Melbourne]] seems like some grey and stately city of Northern Europe compared with Sydney's sub-tropical splendours.". A congress of the "Aborigines of Australia" declared 26 January "A [[Day of Mourning (Australia)|Day of Mourning]]" for "the whiteman's seizure of our country."<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 72</ref><br />
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With the outbreak of [[World War II|Second World War]] in 1939, Sydney experienced a surge in industrial development. Unemployment virtually disappeared and women moved into jobs previously typically reserved for males. Sydney was attacked by [[Attack on Sydney Harbour|Japanese submarines]] in May and June 1942 with 21 killed. Households built [[airstrike|air raid]] shelters and performed drills.<ref>Kingston (2006). pp. 157–59</ref> [[Military engineering|Military establishments]] in response to [[Military history of Australia during World War II|World War II in Australia]] included the [[Garden Island Tunnel System]], the only [[tunnel warfare]] complex in Sydney, and the heritage-listed military [[fortification]] systems [[Bradleys Head Fortification Complex]] and [[Middle Head Fortifications]], which were part of a total [[Sydney Harbour defences|defence system for Sydney Harbour]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069 |title=Bradleys Head Fortification Complex, Mosman, NSW Profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518073741/http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/nsw/Mosman/BradleysHeadFortificationComplex/3069 |archive-date=18 May 2007 }}</ref><br />
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A post-war immigration and baby boom saw a rapid increase in Sydney's population and the spread of low-density housing in suburbs throughout the Cumberland Plain. Immigrants{{Em dash}}mostly from Britain and continental Europe{{Em dash}}and their children accounted for over three-quarters of Sydney's population growth between 1947 and 1971.<ref>Spearritt (2000). p. 91</ref> The newly created Cumberland County Council oversaw low-density residential developments, the largest at [[Green Valley, New South Wales|Green Valley]] and [[Mount Druitt]]. Older residential centres such as Parramatta, [[Bankstown]] and [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] became suburbs of the metropolis.<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 93–94, 115–16</ref> Manufacturing, protected by high tariffs, employed over a third of the workforce from 1945 to the 1960s. However, as the long post-war economic boom progressed, retail and other service industries became the main source of new jobs.<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 109–11</ref><br />
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An estimated one million onlookers, most of the city's population, watched [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] land in 1954 at Farm Cove where Captain Phillip had raised the Union Jack 165 years earlier, commencing her [[Royal visits to Australia|Australian Royal Tour]]. It was the first time a reigning monarch stepped onto Australian soil.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 January 2018 |title=The 1954 Royal Tour of Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908092035/https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/1954-royal-tour-queen-elizabeth-ii |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Increasing high-rise development in Sydney and the expansion of suburbs beyond the "green belt" envisaged by the planners of the 1950s resulted in community protests. In the early 1970s, trade unions and resident action groups imposed [[green ban]]s on development projects in historic areas such as The Rocks. Federal, State and local governments introduced heritage and environmental legislation.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011" /> The Sydney Opera House was also controversial for its cost and disputes between architect [[Jørn Utzon]] and government officials. However, soon after it opened in 1973 it became a major tourist attraction and symbol of the city.<ref>Kingston (2006). pp. 184–86</ref> The progressive reduction in tariff protection from 1974 began the transformation of Sydney from a manufacturing centre to a "world city".<ref>Spearritt (2000). pp. 109–12, 259–62</ref> From the 1980s, [[Immigration to Australia|overseas immigration]] grew rapidly, with Asia, the Middle East and Africa becoming major sources. By 2021, the population of Sydney was over 5.2 million, with 40% of the population born overseas. China and India overtook England as the largest source countries for overseas-born residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021 |title=2021 Census of Population and Housing, General community profile, Greater Sydney, Table GO9(c) |url=https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628053554/https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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==Geography==<br />
{{Main|Geography of Sydney}}<br />
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===Topography===<br />
[[File:Sydney, Australia by Sentinel-2.jpg|thumb|Sydney lies on a [[submergent coastline]] where the ocean level has risen to flood deep [[ria]]s.]]<br />
Sydney is a coastal basin with the [[Tasman Sea]] to the east, the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] to the west, the Hawkesbury River to the north, and the [[Woronora Plateau]] to the south.<br />
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Sydney spans two geographic regions. The [[Cumberland Plain]] lies to the south and west of the Harbour and is relatively flat. The [[Hornsby Plateau]] is located to the north and is dissected by steep valleys. The flat areas of the south were the first to be developed; it was not until the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge that the northern reaches became more heavily populated. [[Beaches in Sydney|Seventy surf beaches]] can be found along its coastline, with Bondi Beach being the most famous.<br />
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The [[Nepean River]] wraps around the western edge of the city and becomes the Hawkesbury River before reaching [[Broken Bay]]. Most of Sydney's water storages can be found on tributaries of the Nepean River. The [[Parramatta River]] is mostly industrial and drains a large area of Sydney's western suburbs into Port Jackson. The southern parts of the city are drained by the [[Georges River]] and the [[Cooks River]] into Botany Bay.<br />
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There is no single definition of the boundaries of Sydney. The Australian Statistical Geography Standard definition of Greater Sydney covers {{convert|12369|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}, and includes the local government areas of [[Central Coast Council (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] in the north, [[City of Hawkesbury|Hawkesbury]] in the north-west, [[City of Blue Mountains|Blue Mountains]] in the west, [[Sutherland Shire]] in the south, and [[Wollondilly Shire|Wollondilly]] in the south-west.<ref name="AU Stats-2022">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2022 |title=Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) Edition 3 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026 |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127054537/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> The local government area of the [[City of Sydney]] covers about 26 square kilometres from [[Garden Island (New South Wales)|Garden island]] in the east to Bicentennial Park in the west, and south to the suburbs of Alexandria and [[Rosebery, New South Wales|Rosebery]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=Areas of Service |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=City of Sydney |archive-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229102646/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/areas-of-service |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Geology===<br />
{{further|Sydney sandstone|Geography of Sydney#Geology}}<br />
[[File:North Head Cliff Tops.jpg|alt=|thumb|Almost all of the exposed rocks around Sydney are [[Sydney sandstone]].]]<br />
Sydney is made up of mostly [[Triassic]] rock with some recent [[igneous]] dykes and [[volcanic]] necks (typically found in the [[Prospect dolerite intrusion]], west of Sydney).<ref>[https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/ Igneous intrusions] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101091122/https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/shaping-earth/igneous-intrusions/ |date=1 November 2021 }} by the [[Australian Museum]]. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2021.</ref> The [[Sydney Basin]] was formed in the [[early Triassic]] period.<ref name="Sydney Basin"/> The sand that was to become the sandstone of today was laid down between 360 and 200 million years ago. The sandstone has traditionally been interpreted as the product of a large [[braided river]] system, comparable in scale and depositional style to the modern [[Brahmaputra River]] in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/the-hawkesbury-sandstone-and-the-brahmaputra-a-depositional-model/?|title=The hawkesbury sandstone and the brahmaputra: A depositional model for continental sheet sandstones|author= P. J. Conaghan, J. G. Jones|journal=Journal of the Geological Society of Australia |publisher=[[Macquarie University]]|date= 1 January 1975|volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=275–283 |doi=10.1080/00167617508728897 |bibcode=1975AuJES..22..275C |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref> The sandstone has [[shale]] lenses and fossil riverbeds.<ref name="Sydney Basin"/> <br />
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The [[Sydney Basin]] bioregion includes coastal features of cliffs, beaches, and estuaries. Deep river valleys known as [[ria]]s were carved during the Triassic period in the Hawkesbury sandstone of the coastal region. The rising sea level between 18,000 and 6,000 years ago flooded the rias to form estuaries and deep harbours.<ref name="Sydney Basin">{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm |title=Sydney Basin |access-date=12 July 2014 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708125627/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/bioregions/SydneyBasin-Landform.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, is one such [[ria]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Latta |first=David |date=2006 |url=http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918 |title=Showcase destinations Sydney, Australia: the harbour city |access-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409105144/http://qa.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=3918 |archive-date=9 April 2014 }}</ref> Sydney features two major soil types: [[Sand|sandy soil]]s (which originate from the Hawkesbury sandstone) and [[clay]] (which are from shales and [[volcanic rock]]s), though some soils may be a mixture of the two.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=7 November 2019 |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils |title=Soils for nature |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020204913/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/get-involved/sydney-nature/gardens/soils |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Directly overlying the older Hawkesbury sandstone is the [[Wianamatta shale]], a geological feature found in western Sydney that was deposited in connection with a large [[river delta]] during the [[Middle Triassic]]. The Wianamatta shale generally comprises fine grained [[sedimentary rock]]s such as shales, [[mudstone]]s, [[ironstone]]s, [[siltstone]]s and [[laminite]]s, with less common sandstone units.<ref name="basinguide">{{cite book |first1=Chris |last1=Herbert |first2=Robin |last2=Helby |title=A Guide to the Sydney basin |edition=1 |publisher=Geological Survey of New South Wales |location=Maitland |year=1980 |isbn=0-7240-1250-8 |page=582 }}</ref> The Wianamatta Group is made up of [[Bringelly Shale]], [[Minchinbury Sandstone]] and [[Ashfield Shale]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=William |first1=E |last2=Airey |first2=DW |title=A Review of the Engineering Properties of the Wianamatta Group Shales |journal=Proceedings 8th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics: Consolidating Knowledge |location=Barton, ACT |publisher=Australian Geomechanics Society |date=1999 |pages=641–647 |url=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814224742/http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=736896154066797;res=IELENG |archive-date=14 August 2008 |isbn=1864450029 }}</ref> The [[continental shelf]] of [[Australia (continent)|Australia]] is only {{cvt|25.9|km|mi|1|abbr=off}} away from the coast of Sydney, and that is where the [[Tasman Abyssal Plain]] lies.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Exclusive Getaway |title=Game Fishing - Seasonal Guide |url=https://www.sydneyharbourexclusive.com/sydney-game-fishing-scene/ |access-date=29 December 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204122255/https://www.sydneyharbourexclusive.com/sydney-game-fishing-scene/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water]] |title=Seabed habitat mapping of the continental shelf of NSW |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Water/Coasts/Research/seabed-habitat-mapping-continental-shelf-nsw-101057.pdf |author1=Alan Jordan |author2=Peter Davies |author3=Tim Ingleton |author4=Edwina Foulsham |author5=Joe Neilson |author6=Tim Pritchard |access-date=29 December 2024 |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207102905/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Water/Coasts/Research/seabed-habitat-mapping-continental-shelf-nsw-101057.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Ecology===<br />
{{further|Ecology of Sydney}}<br />
[[File:Western Sydney parklands 18.jpg|thumb|Typical [[grassland|grassy]] woodland in the Sydney metropolitan area]]<br />
The most prevalent [[vegetation|plant communities]] in the Sydney region are grassy woodlands (i.e. [[savanna]]s)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C |title=Coastal Valley Grassy Woodlands |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929182846/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegClass.aspx?vegclassname=Coastal+Valley+Grassy+Woodlands&habitat=C |url-status=live }}</ref> and some pockets of dry [[sclerophyll]] forests,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub%2Fgrass+sub-formation) |title=Dry sclerophyll forests (shrub/grass sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018235038/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrub%2Fgrass+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref> which consist of [[eucalyptus]] trees, [[casuarina]]s, [[melaleuca]]s, [[corymbia]]s and [[angophora]]s, with shrubs (typically [[Acacia|wattles]], [[callistemon]]s, [[grevillea]]s and [[banksia]]s), and a semi-continuous grass in the [[understory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation) |title=Dry sclerophyll forests (shrubby sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719022223/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Dry+sclerophyll+forests+(shrubby+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref> The plants in this community tend to have rough, spiky leaves due to low [[soil fertility]]. Sydney also features a few areas of wet sclerophyll forests in the wetter, elevated areas in the [[Hills District, New South Wales|north]] and [[North Shore (Sydney)|northeast]]. These forests are defined by straight, tall tree [[canopy (biology)|canopies]] with a moist understory of soft-leaved shrubs, [[tree ferns]] and herbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation) |title=Wet sclerophyll forests (grassy sub-formation) |publisher=NSW Environment & Heritage |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304072229/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Wet+sclerophyll+forests+(grassy+sub-formation) |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The predominant vegetation community in Sydney is the [[Cumberland Plain Woodland]] in [[Western Sydney]] ([[Cumberland Plain]]),<ref>{{cite book |author=Earth Resource Analysis PL |year=1998 |title=Cumberland Plains Woodland: Trial Aerial Photographic interpretation of remnant woodlands, Sydney |type=Unpublished report for the NSW National Parks and Wildlife, Hurstville }}</ref> followed by the [[Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest]] in the Inner West and [[Northern Sydney]],<ref name = environment>[https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf Recovering bushland on the Cumberland Plain] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912090255/https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/RecoveringCumberlandPlain.pdf |date=12 September 2022 }} Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW). (2005). Recovering Bushland on the Cumberland Plain: Best practice guidelines for the management and restoration of bushland. Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Sydney. Retrieved 12 September 2022.</ref> the [[Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub]] in the coastline and the [[Blue Gum High Forest]] scantily present in the North Shore – all of which are critically endangered.<ref name="Sydney Blue Gum High Forest of the Sydney Basin">{{cite web |title=Sydney Blue Gum High Forest |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf |work=Nationally Threatened Species and Ecological Communities |publisher=Environment.gov.au |access-date=16 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618175310/http://environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/sydney-blue-gum.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub of the Sydney Region |work=[[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]] |url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf |access-date=15 September 2022 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914052316/https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/consultations/890806ae-857e-4034-914c-97791e6f2f36/files/consultation-guide-eastern-suburbs-banksia-scrub.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city also includes the [[Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland]] found in [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] on the [[Hornsby Plateau]] to the north.<ref name=ryde>{{cite web |title=''Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA – Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland'' |work=Ryde Council |url=https://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322021413/http://www.ryde.nsw.gov.au/files/assets/public/environment/urban-bushland-in-the-ryde-lga.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Sydney is home to dozens of [[birds of Australia|bird]] species,<ref>Hindwood, K. A. and McCill, A. R., 1958. ''The Birds of Sydney'' (Cumberland Plain) New South Wales. Royal Zoological Society New South Wales.</ref> which commonly include the [[Australian raven]], [[Australian magpie]], [[crested pigeon]], [[noisy miner]] and the [[pied currawong]]. [[Introduced species|Introduced]] bird species ubiquitously found in Sydney are the [[common myna]], [[common starling]], [[house sparrow]] and the [[spotted dove]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Finding Australian Birds |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm |author1=Dolby, Tim |author2=Clarke, Rohan |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=9780643097667 |access-date=10 July 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112195115/http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6518.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Reptiles of Australia|Reptile]] species are also numerous and predominantly include [[skink]]s.<ref>Cogger, H.G. (2000). ''Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia.'' Reed New Holland.</ref><ref>Green, D., 1973. -Re reptiles of the outer north-western suburbs of Sydney. Herpetofauna 6 (2): 2–5.</ref> Sydney has a few [[mammals of Australia|mammal]] and [[Spiders of Australia|spider]] species, such as the [[grey-headed flying fox]] and the [[Sydney funnel-web]], respectively,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121230091602/http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/sydneys-flying-foxes-now-bundys-problem/2616870.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2012 |title=Sydney's flying foxes now Bundy's problem |publisher=North Queensland Register |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Whyte-2017">{{Cite book |title=A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia |last1=Whyte |first1=Robert |last2=Anderson |first2=Greg |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2017 |location=Clayton VIC }}</ref> and has a huge diversity of [[Marine life|marine species]] inhabiting its harbour and beaches.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Underwater Sydney |last1=Falkner |first1=Inke |last2=Turnbull |first2=John |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=9781486311194 |location=Clayton South, Victoria }}</ref><br />
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===Climate===<br />
{{Main|Climate of Sydney|Severe weather events in Sydney}}<br />
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[[File:Sydney storm clouds.jpg|thumb|A summer storm over Sydney Harbour]]<br />
Under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen–Geiger classification]], Sydney has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Modelling and simulation of seasonal rainfall |publisher=Centre for Computer Assisted Research Mathematics and its Applications (CARMA) |quote=Brisbane and Sydney each have a humid sub-tropical or temperate climate with no pronounced dry season...the classification is Cfa |date=20 May 2014 |url=https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313193032/https://www.carma.newcastle.edu.au/jon/matcom.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> with "warm, sometimes hot" summers and "generally mild",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney |title=Sydney holiday weather |publisher=[[Met Office]] |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114341/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/australasia/australia/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bureau-of-Meteorology-Climate-water">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa/2017/sydney/climateandwater/climateandwater.shtml |title=Sydney: Climate and water |publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |date=April 2017 |access-date=20 April 2024 |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420133827/http://www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa/2017/sydney/climateandwater/climateandwater.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html |title=WEATHER IN SYDNEY |website=Australia.com |date=23 May 2023 |publisher=[[Tourism Australia]] |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114342/https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/weather-in-australia/sydney-weather.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to <!-- Please read the note after "cool" before changing it. -->"cool"<!-- The authoritative source supporting this specifically says "cool", not "mild". Do not change it without providing more sources supporting a change and note that "cool" must be retained. For more information, please see the talk page discussion. --> winters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate and the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games |work=Australian Government |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=24 September 2007 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view= |access-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610031914/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article32000?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2000&num=&view= |archive-date=10 June 2008 }}</ref> The [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]], the [[Indian Ocean Dipole]] and the [[Southern Annular Mode]]<ref name="ABC-News-2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134 |title=Southern Annular Mode: The climate 'influencer' you may not have heard of |website=ABC News |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819004847/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/southern-annular-mode-and-how-it-affects-our-weather/10106134 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf |title=Special Climate Statement 71—severe fire weather conditions in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales in September 2019 |date=24 September 2019 |website=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=5 January 2020 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109060418/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs71.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> play an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: drought and [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfire]] on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite [[Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia|phases of the oscillation in Australia]]. The weather is [[sea breeze|moderated]] by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs because Sydney CBD is more affected by the [[oceanic climate]] drivers than the western suburbs.<ref name= "MDPI">{{Cite journal |title=Impact of Accelerated Climate Change on Maximum Temperature Differences between Western and Coastal Sydney |journal=Climate |date=26 March 2023 |doi=10.3390/cli11040076 |doi-access=free |last1=Bubathi |first1=Varsha |last2=Leslie |first2=Lance |last3=Speer |first3=Milton |last4=Hartigan |first4=Joshua |last5=Wang |first5=Joanna |last6=Gupta |first6=Anjali |volume=11 |issue=4 |page=76 |bibcode=2023Clim...11...76B }}</ref><ref name="Bureau-of-Meteorology-Climate-stats" /><br />
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At Sydney's primary weather station at [[Sydney Observatory|Observatory Hill]], extreme temperatures have ranged from {{cvt|45.8|C|1}} on 18 [[Angry Summer|January 2013]] to {{cvt|2.1|C|1}} on 22 June 1932.<ref>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_066062_All|site_name=Sydney (Observatory Hill) |access-date=15 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>Bureau of Meteorology. 2006. [http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml Climate summary for Sydney, January 2006] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902015815/http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml |date=2 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Creagh |first=Sunanda |title=Sydney smashes temperature records but heatwave nearly over |url=http://theconversation.edu.au/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689 |work=The Conversation |publisher=The Conversation Media Group |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221025130/https://theconversation.com/sydney-smashes-temperature-records-but-heatwave-nearly-over-11689 |url-status=live }}</ref> An average of 14.9 days a year have temperatures at or above {{cvt|30|C|0}} in the central business district (CBD).<ref name="Bureau-of-Meteorology-Climate-stats">{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524103834/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, the metropolitan area averages between 35 and 65 days, depending on the suburb.<ref>Torok, S. and Nicholls, N. 1996. A historical annual temperature dataset for Australia. Aust. Met. Mag., 45, 251–60.</ref> The hottest day in the metropolitan area occurred in [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]] on 4 January 2020, where a high of {{cvt|48.9|C|F}} was recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc |title=Penrith hits record temperature of 48.9C as heatwave strikes NSW |website=Daily Telegraph |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105001415/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/penrith-press/penrith-hits-record-temperature-of-485c-as-heatwave-strikes-nsw/news-story/dcf054647fa47a6fb4e8195515d835fc |url-status=live }}</ref> The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from {{cvt|18.5|C|F}} in September to {{cvt|23.7|C|F}} in February.<ref>[https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm Sydney Sea Temperature] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705123115/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/sydney.htm |date=5 July 2017 }} – seatemperature.org</ref> Sydney has an average of 7.2 hours of sunshine per day<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations Sydney Airport AMO |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225517/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066037_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and 109.5 clear days annually.<ref name="Bureau-of-Meteorology-Obs-Hill">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |title=Sydney (Observatory Hill) Period 1991–2020 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209095647/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=066062&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |url-status=dead }}</ref> Due to the inland location, [[frost]] is recorded early in the morning in [[Western Sydney]] a few times in winter. Autumn and spring are the transitional seasons, with spring showing a larger temperature variation than autumn.<ref>MacDonnell, Freda. Thomas Nelson (Australia) Limited, 1967. ''Before King's Cross''</ref><br />
<br />
Sydney experiences an [[urban heat island]] effect.<ref name="UrbanHeatIsland">{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html |title=Sydney area an 'urban heat island' vulnerable to extreme temperatures |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 January 2016 |access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114173411/http://www.smh.com.au/environment/sydney-area-an-urban-heat-island-vulnerable-to-extreme-temperatures-20160113-gm4v14.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This makes certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat, including coastal suburbs.<ref name="UrbanHeatIsland" /><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Urban Heat Island and Overheating Characteristics in Sydney, Australia. An Analysis of Multiyear Measurements |journal=Sustainability |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=712 |year=2017 |first1=Mat |last1=Santamouris |first2=Shamila |last2=Haddad |first3=Francesco |last3=Fiorito |first4=Paul |last4=Osmond |first5=Lan |last5=Ding |first6=Deo |last6=Prasad |first7=Xiaoqiang |last7=Zhai |first8=Ruzhu |last8=Wang |doi=10.3390/su9050712 |bibcode=2017Sust....9..712S |doi-access=free }}</ref> In late spring and summer, temperatures over {{cvt|35|C|0}} are not uncommon,<ref>{{cite web |title=Special Climate Statement 43 – extreme heat in January 2013 |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=2 February 2013 |date=1 February 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232139/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs43e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> though hot, dry conditions are usually ended by a [[southerly buster]],<ref>Batt, K, 1995: Sea breezes on the NSW coast, Offshore Yachting, Oct/Nov 1995, Jamieson Publishing.</ref> a powerful southerly that brings [[gale]] winds and a rapid fall in temperature.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18401582 |title="Southerly Buster" Relieves City. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=17 December 1953 |access-date=27 March 2015 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023753/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18401582 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since Sydney is downwind of the [[Great Dividing Range]], it occasionally experiences dry, westerly [[Australian foehn winds|foehn winds]] typically in winter and early spring (which are the reason for its warm maximum temperatures).<ref>Sharples, J.J. Mills, G.A., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O. (2010) ''Elevated fire danger conditions associated with foehn-like winds in southeastern Australia. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology''.</ref><ref>Sharples, J.J., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O., Mills, G.A. (2009) ''Foehn-like winds and fire danger anomalies in southeastern Australia''. Proceedings of the 18th IMACS World Congress and MODSIM09. 13–17 July, Cairns.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536 |title=BOM predicts NSW and ACT temperatures to plummet as cold snap sweeps through |work=ABC News |author=Bellinda Kontominas |date=9 May 2019 |access-date=5 October 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005111322/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-09/sydney-temperatures-to-plummet-in-cold-snap/11097536 |url-status=live }}</ref> Westerly winds are intense when the [[Roaring Forties]] (or the [[Southern Annular Mode]]) shift towards southeastern Australia,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia |title=Roaring Forties' shift south means more droughts for southern Australia |work=The Guardian |author=Helen Davidson |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031230652/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/12/roaring-forties-shift-south-means-more-droughts-for-southern-australia |url-status=live }}</ref> where they may damage homes and [[Flight cancellation and delay|affect flights]], in addition to [[apparent temperature|making the temperature]] seem [[wind chill|colder than it actually is]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/ |title=Cold, damaging winds blast Sydney |work=The Leader |date=9 August 2019 |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809215130/https://www.theleader.com.au/story/6319272/update-dozens-of-flights-grounded-as-wild-winds-lash-sydney-and-melbourne/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816 |title=BOM warns NSW to brace for worse weather as strong winds tear roof off Newcastle nursing home |work=ABC News |date=9 August 2019 |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231007/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-09/bom-weather-warnings-nsw-roof-ripped-off-nursing-home-stockton/11399816 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Rainfall has a moderate to low variability and has historically been fairly uniform throughout the year, although in recent years it has been more summer-dominant and erratic.<ref>[https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate Context statement for the Sydney Basin bioregion – Climate] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151105/https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/11-context-statement-sydney-basin-bioregion/1123-climate |date=10 April 2021 }} by Bioregional Assessments from the [[Australian Government]]. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0 |title=Australia's new seasonal rainfall zones |website=ABC News |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021090953/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-25/australian-rainfall-zones/7200050?nw=0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney future: high temps, erratic rain |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html |publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118051756/https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-future-high-temps-erratic-rain-20081028-5a7x.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Commuters in Sydney and eastern NSW brace for erratic weather |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8 |publisher=[[News.com.au]] |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124034706/https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/commuters-in-sydney-and-eastern-nsw-brace-for-erratic-weather/news-story/5b8e9db5c801b8a93ce86c8ad37fc5f8 |url-status=live }}</ref> Precipitation is usually higher in summer through to autumn,<ref name="Bureau-of-Meteorology-Climate-water"/> and lower in late winter to early spring.<ref name="ABC-News-2018"/><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1196 |title=The latitude of the subtropical ridge over Eastern Australia: TheL index revisited |first=Wasyl |last=Drosdowsky |date=2 August 2005 |journal=International Journal of Climatology |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1291–1299 |access-date=2 July 2022 |doi=10.1002/joc.1196 |bibcode=2005IJCli..25.1291D |s2cid=140198125 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023739/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1196 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Bureau-of-Meteorology-Climate-stats"/><ref>Australian [[Bureau of Meteorology]]. 2005. Ellyard, D. 1994. Droughts and Flooding Rains. Angus & Robertson {{ISBN|0-207-18557-3 }}</ref> In late autumn and winter, [[Australian east coast low|east coast lows]] may bring large amounts of rainfall, especially in the CBD.<ref>{{cite web |title=About East Coast Lows |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=6 April 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402033212/http://www.bom.gov.au/nsw/sevwx/facts/ecl.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In the warm season [[black nor'easter]]s are usually the cause of heavy rain events, though other forms of [[low-pressure area]]s, including remnants of [[Post-tropical cyclone|ex-cyclones]], may also bring heavy deluge and afternoon thunderstorms.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15284763 |title=Black Nor-Easter. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=30 October 1911 |access-date=27 March 2015 |page=7 |publisher=National Library of Australia |archive-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912221536/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15284763 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Power, S., Tseitkin, F., Torok, S., Lavery, B., Dahni, R. and McAvaney, B. 1998. ''Australian temperature, Australian rainfall and the Southern Oscillation, 1910–1992: coherent variability and recent changes.'' Aust. Met. Mag., 47, 85–101</ref> 'Snow' was last alleged in 1836, more than likely a fall of [[graupel]], or soft hail; and in July 2008 the [[North Shore (Sydney)|Upper North Shore]] saw a fall of graupel that was mistaken by many for 'snow'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney winter not snow, just hail |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html |quote=Mr Zmijewski doubted the 1836 snow report, saying weather observers of the era lacked the expertise of today. "We are almost in the sub-tropics in Sydney", he said. |work=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=15 November 2013 |date=27 July 2008 |archive-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723051600/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/it-looked-like-snow-it-felt-like-snow/2008/07/27/1217097051268.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, dry conditions brought a severe [[2009 Australian dust storm|dust storm towards the city]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml |title=Sydney in 2009 |publisher=Bom.gov.au |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320201433/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2009.sydney.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml |title=Sydney in 2010 |publisher=Bom.gov.au |date=4 January 2011 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112162124/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/nsw/archive/2010.sydney.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
{{Sydney weatherbox|width=auto}}<br />
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==Regions==<br />
{{main|Regions of Sydney}}<br />
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[[File:Satellite photo of the Greater Sydney Area at night.jpg|thumb|right|Sydney area at night, facing west. [[Wollongong]] is bottom left, and the [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] is at the far right.]]<br />
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The [[Greater Sydney Commission]] divides Sydney into three "cities" and five "districts" based on the 33 LGAs in the metropolitan area. The "metropolis of three cities" comprises ''Eastern Harbour City'', ''Central River City'' and ''Western Parkland City''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greater Cities Commission Act 2022 No 8 |url=https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1 |access-date=29 June 2023 |date=4 November 2022 |website=legislation.nsw.gov.au |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629222512/https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2022-008#sch.1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Australian Bureau of Statistics also includes City of Central Coast (the former Gosford City and Wyong Shire) as part of Greater Sydney for population counts,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016 |title=Greater Sydney GCCSA |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics Data by Region |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406204609/https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=1GSYD&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> adding 330,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Census QuickStats |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117115246/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/LGA11650?opendocument |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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===Inner suburbs===<br />
[[File:Lord Nelson Hotel and Former Oswald Bond and Free Store on the corner of Kent Street and Argyle Place, Millers Point.jpg|thumb|Historical buildings in [[Millers Point]], an inner suburb north of the CBD]]<br />
[[File:The Strand Arcade interior photographed from the top level, Sydney 02.jpg|thumb|right|Interior of the Victorian [[Strand Arcade]]]]<br />
The [[Sydney central business district|CBD]] extends about {{cvt|3|km|mi|1|abbr=off}} south from [[Sydney Cove]]. It is bordered by [[Farm Cove, New South Wales|Farm Cove]] within the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]] to the east and [[Darling Harbour]] to the west. Suburbs surrounding the CBD include [[Woolloomooloo]] and [[Potts Point]] to the east, [[Surry Hills]] and [[Darlinghurst]] to the south, [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]] and [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]] to the west, and [[Millers Point]] and [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]] to the north. Most of these suburbs measure less than {{cvt|1|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=off}} in area. The Sydney CBD is characterised by narrow streets and thoroughfares, created in its convict beginnings.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney unprepared for terror attack |work=The Australian |date=4 September 2007 |access-date=3 June 2017 |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/sydney-unprepared-for-terror-attack/news-story/d46c70edc3f019be98f37168a2ca3a98 }}</ref><br />
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Several localities, distinct from suburbs, exist throughout Sydney's inner reaches. [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central]] and [[Circular Quay]] are transport hubs with ferry, rail, and bus interchanges. [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]], Darling Harbour, and [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]] are important locations for culture, tourism, and recreation. The [[Strand Arcade]], located between [[Pitt Street Mall]] and [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]], is a historical [[Victorian architecture|Victorian-style]] shopping [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]]. Opened on 1 April 1892, its shop fronts are an exact replica of the original internal shopping facades.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13849322 |title=The Strand |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=16,858 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=2 April 1892 |access-date=27 October 2016 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia }}</ref> [[Westfield Sydney]], located beneath the [[Sydney Tower]], is the largest shopping centre by area in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |title=The largest shopping centres in Australia |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html |work=worldatlas.com |date=6 November 2019 |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807165059/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-shopping-centres-in-australia.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Since the late 20th century, there has been a trend of [[gentrification]] amongst Sydney's inner suburbs. Pyrmont, located on the harbour, was redeveloped from a centre of shipping and international trade to an area of [[high density housing]], tourist accommodation, and gambling.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority]] |date=2004 |url=http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf |title=Ultimo and Pyrmont: a decade of renewal |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613103444/http://www.shfa.nsw.gov.au/content/library/documents/FB43C542-0F79-96FE-68538841A8F3E24A.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Originally located well outside of the city, Darlinghurst is the location of the historic [[Darlinghurst Gaol]], manufacturing, and mixed housing. For a period it was known as an area of prostitution. The terrace-style housing has largely been retained and Darlinghurst has undergone significant gentrification since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/ |title=Business-friendly boost for Oxford St lane way |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018042811/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/business-friendly-boost-for-oxford-st-laneway/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dick |first=Tim |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html |title=At the crossroads |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142438/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/09/17/1095394002499.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Darlinghurst">{{cite web |last=Dunn |first=Mark |date=1970 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst |title=Darlinghurst |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044537/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/darlinghurst |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[Green Square, New South Wales|Green Square]] is a former industrial area of [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]] which is undergoing urban renewal worth $8&nbsp;billion. On the city harbour edge, the historic suburb and wharves of Millers Point are being built up as the new area of [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square |title=Green Square |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703133224/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/major-developments/green-square |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Barangaroo Delivery Authority |date=2013 |url=http://www.barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx |title=Discover Barangaroo |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813184345/http://barangaroo.com/discover-barangaroo/overview.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The suburb of [[Paddington, New South Wales|Paddington]] is known for its restored [[terraced house|terrace houses]], [[Victoria Barracks, Sydney|Victoria Barracks]], and shopping including the weekly Oxford Street markets.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2012 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington |title=Paddington |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044652/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/paddington |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== Inner West ===<br />
[[File:Newtown NSW, Cnr King Street & Enmore Road, 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]] is one of the most complete [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] and [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian era]] commercial precincts in Australia.]]<br />
The [[Inner West]] generally includes the [[Inner West Council]], [[Municipality of Burwood]], [[Municipality of Strathfield]], and [[City of Canada Bay]]. These span up to about 11&nbsp;km west of the CBD. Historically, especially prior to the building of the Harbour Bridge,<ref>Green, A, "[https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra Strathfield By-election – NSW Election 2022] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nsw/2022/guide/stra |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation''</ref> the outer suburbs of the Inner West such as [[Strathfield, New South Wales|Strathfield]] were the location of "country" estates for the colony's elites. By contrast, the inner suburbs in the Inner West, being close to transport and industry, have historically housed working-class industrial workers. These areas have undergone gentrification in the late 20th century, and many parts are now highly valued residential suburbs.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a |title=Sydney's new prestige hotspot |newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Daily Telegraph]] |date=10 June 2016 |last1=McIntyre |first1=Tim |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025175117/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/inner-west/seven-inner-west-suburbs-pass-the-2m-median-mark-for-houses/news-story/e644adbdea6693bea16f4588269e3b6a |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2021, an Inner West suburb (Strathfield) remained one of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price (the others were all in metropolitan Sydney, all in Northern Sydney or the Eastern Suburbs).<ref name="top20">Sweeney, N., "[https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08 Sydney dominates Melbourne for the 20 most expensive postcodes] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629182304/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-dominates-melbourne-for-the-20-most-expensive-postcodes-20211213-p59h08 |date=29 June 2023 }}", ''The Australian Financial Review''</ref> The [[University of Sydney]] is located in this area, as well as the [[University of Technology, Sydney]] and a campus of the [[Australian Catholic University]]. The Anzac Bridge spans Johnstons Bay and connects [[Rozelle]] to [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]] and the city, forming part of the [[Western Distributor (Sydney)|Western Distributor]].<br />
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The Inner West is today well known as the location of village commercial centres with cosmopolitan flavours, such as the "Little Italy" commercial centres of Leichhardt, Five Dock and Haberfield,<ref>Boys, C., "[https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html Where is Sydney's new Little Italy?] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/goodfood/eating-out/where-is-sydneys-new-little-italy-20140419-36x15.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Good Food'', 22 April 2014</ref> "Little Portugal" in Petersham,<ref>"[https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html Tarting up Petersham with an ethnic flavour] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051831/https://www.smh.com.au/national/tarting-up-petersham-with-an-ethnic-flavour-20020906-gdfm08.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 6 September 2002</ref> "Little Korea" in Strathfield<ref>Burke, K, [https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html Little Korea ready to rise from "melting pot] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503051832/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/little-korea-ready-to-rise-from-melting-pot-20120525-1za3z.html |date=3 May 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 26 May 2012</ref> or "Little Shanghai" in Ashfield.<ref>West, A., "[https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html Business booms in 'little Shanghai'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718070506/https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/business-booms-in-little-shanghai-20110620-1gbey.html |date=18 July 2023 }}", ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 18 June 2011</ref> Large-scale shopping centres in the area include [[Westfield Burwood]], [[DFO Homebush]] and [[Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre]]. There is a large cosmopolitan community and nightlife hub on [[King Street, Newtown]].<br />
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The area is serviced by [[Sydney Trains]]' [[North Shore & Western Line|T1]] and [[Leppington & Inner West Line|T2]], including the [[Main Suburban railway line|Main Suburban Line]], which was the first to be constructed in New South Wales. The [[Inner West Light Rail|L1 light rail line]] also runs through the area. [[Strathfield railway station]] is a secondary railway hub within Sydney, and major station on the Suburban and [[Main North railway line|Northern]] lines. It was constructed in 1876.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield |title=Strathfield Station |website=Nswrail.net |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702144642/https://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Strathfield |url-status=live }}</ref> The future [[Sydney Metro West]] will also connect this area with the City and Parramatta. The area is also serviced by the [[Parramatta River ferry services|Parramatta River services]] of [[Sydney Ferries]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/ |title=Rivercat Class – Transdev |access-date=23 May 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207142722/https://www.beyondthewharf.com.au/rivercat-class/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> numerous bus routes and cycleways.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/ |title=Newtown |website=Marrickville.nsw.gov.au |language=en |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506120404/http://marrickville.nsw.gov.au/en/community/business/urban-centres/newtown/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Eastern Suburbs===<br />
[[File:(1)Bellevue Hill from Point Piper.jpg|thumb|Residences in [[Bellevue Hill, New South Wales|Bellevue Hill]]. Sydney's eastern suburbs are made up of some of the most expensive real estate in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State-by-state: Find out if you're living in one of the richest, or poorest, postcodes |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=SBS News |date=9 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905133525/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/richest-and-poorest-postcodes/t41wwpk9o |url-status=live }}</ref>]]<br />
The Eastern Suburbs encompass the [[Municipality of Woollahra]], the [[City of Randwick]], the [[Waverley Municipal Council]], and parts of the [[Bayside Council]]. They include some of the most affluent and advantaged areas in the country, with some streets being amongst the most expensive in the world. As at 2014, [[Wolseley Road]], [[Point Piper]], had a top price of $20,900 per square metre, making it the ninth-most expensive street in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2 |title=The 10 most expensive streets in the world |last=Badkar |first=Mamta |date=2011 |website=Business Insider |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713064446/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/10-most-expensive-streets-in-the-world-2011-3#9-wolseley-road-point-piper-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 75% of neighbourhoods in the [[Division of Wentworth|Electoral District of Wentworth]] fall under the top decile of SEIFA advantage, making it the least disadvantaged area in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250 |title=Labor, Greens, Howard's battlers: Explore the politics of disadvantage |date=6 April 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=21 April 2018 |language=en-AU |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232956/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-06/labor-greens-or-liberal-nationals-explore-disadvantage-politics/9600250 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2021, of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia by median house price, nine were in the Eastern Suburbs.<ref name="top20"/><br />
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Major landmarks include [[Bondi Beach]], which was added to the [[Australian National Heritage List]] in 2008;<ref>''Sydney Morning Herald'', 1 January 2009, p.18</ref> and [[Bondi Junction]], featuring a [[Westfield Bondi Junction|Westfield shopping centre]] and an estimated office workforce of 6,400 by 2035,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf |title=Forecasting the Distribution of Stand-Alone Office Employment across Sydney to 2035 |publisher=NSW Department of Planning and Environment |date=August 2015 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124165518/https://gsc-public-1.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/forecasting_the_distribution_of_stand_alone_office_employment_across_sydney_to_2035_bis_shrapnel_2015_08_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as a [[Bondi Junction railway station|railway station]] on the [[Eastern Suburbs railway line|T4 Eastern Suburbs Line]]. The suburb of [[Randwick]] contains [[Randwick Racecourse]], the [[Royal Hospital for Women]], the [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince of Wales Hospital]], [[Sydney Children's Hospital]], and [[University of New South Wales|University of New South Wales Kensington Campus]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf |title=Our Greater Sydney 2056 Eastern City District Plan – connecting communities |publisher=Greater Sydney Commission |date=March 2018 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301001314/https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/eastern-district-plan-0318.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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Construction of the [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] was completed in April 2020.<ref>[https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford Sydney's new light rail is now open from Circular Quay to Kingsford] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402225521/https://transportnsw.info/news/2020/sydneys-new-light-rail-now-open-from-circular-quay-to-kingsford |date=2 April 2020 }} Transport for NSW 3 April 2020</ref> The project aims to provide reliable and high-capacity tram services to residents in the City and South-East.<br />
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Major shopping centres in the area include [[Westfield Bondi Junction]] and [[Westfield Eastgardens]].<br />
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===Southern Sydney===<br />
[[File:Sydney aerial view - Kurnell, La Perouse, Cronulla and Botany Bay.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Kurnell, New South Wales|Kurnell]], [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]], and [[Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla]], along with various other suburbs, face Botany Bay.]]<br />
The Southern district of Sydney includes the suburbs in the [[Local government in Australia|local government area]]s of the [[Georges River Council]] (collectively known as [[St George, New South Wales|St George]]) and the [[Sutherland Shire]] (colloquially known as 'The Shire'), on the southern banks of the [[Georges River]].<br />
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The [[Cronulla dunes|Kurnell peninsula]], near [[Botany Bay]], is the site of the first landfall on the eastern coastline made by James Cook in 1770. [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]], a historic suburb named after the French navigator [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse]], is notable for its old military outpost at [[Bare Island (New South Wales)|Bare Island]] and the [[Botany Bay National Park]].<br />
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The suburb of [[Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla]] in [[southern Sydney]] is close to Royal National Park, Australia's oldest national park. Hurstville, a large suburb with commercial and high-rise residential buildings dominating the skyline, has become a CBD for the southern suburbs.<ref>''The Book of Sydney Suburbs'', Compiled by Frances Pollon, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia {{ISBN|0-207-14495-8}}, page 149</ref><br />
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===Northern Sydney===<br />
{{further|Northern Sydney}}<br />
[[File:Aerial View Chatswood to Sydney CBD.jpg|thumb|[[Chatswood, New South Wales|Chatswood]] is a major commercial district.]]<br />
'[[Northern Sydney]]' includes the suburbs in the [[Upper North Shore]], [[Lower North Shore (Sydney)|Lower North Shore]] and the [[Northern Beaches]].<br />
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The Northern Suburbs include several landmarks – [[Macquarie University]], [[Gladesville Bridge]], [[Ryde Bridge]], [[Macquarie Centre]] and Curzon Hall in [[Marsfield, New South Wales|Marsfield]]. This area includes suburbs in the [[Local government in Australia|local government areas]] of [[Hornsby Shire]], [[Ku-ring-gai Council]], [[City of Ryde]], the [[Municipality of Hunter's Hill]] and parts of the [[City of Parramatta]].<br />
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The North Shore includes the commercial centres of [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]] and Chatswood. North Sydney itself consists of a large commercial centre, which contains the second largest concentration of high-rise buildings in Sydney after the CBD. North Sydney is dominated by advertising, marketing and associated trades, with many large corporations holding offices.<br />
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The Northern Beaches area includes [[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]], one of Sydney's most popular holiday destinations. The region also features [[Sydney Heads]], a series of [[headlands]] which form the entrance to Sydney Harbour. The Northern Beaches area extends south to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), west to [[Middle Harbour]] and north to the entrance of [[Broken Bay]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php |title=National Regional Profile Northern Beaches Sydney |website=Rodis.com.au |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302151024/https://rodis.com.au/wiki/Northern-Beaches-Sydney.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2021 Australian census found the Northern Beaches to have, in comparison with the rest of Sydney, a large British diaspora and high concentration of people with European ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancestry {{!}} Northern Beaches Council {{!}} Community profile |url=https://profile.id.com.au/northern-beaches/ancestry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113033154/https://profile.id.com.au/northern-beaches/ancestry |archive-date=13 January 2024 |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=profile.id.com.au |language=en-au |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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As of the end of 2021, half of the 20 most expensive postcodes in Australia (by median house price) were in Northern Sydney, including four on the Northern Beaches, two on the Lower North Shore, three on the Upper North Shore, and one straddling [[Hunters Hill]] and [[Woolwich, New South Wales|Woolwich]].<ref name="top20"/><br />
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===Hills district===<br />
The [[Hills District, New South Wales|Hills district]] generally refers to the suburbs in north-western Sydney including the local government areas of [[The Hills Shire]], parts of the [[City of Parramatta Council]] and [[Hornsby Shire]]. Actual suburbs and localities that are considered to be in the Hills District can be somewhat amorphous. For example, the Hills District Historical Society restricts its definition to the Hills Shire local government area, yet its study area extends from Parramatta to the Hawkesbury. The region is so named for its characteristically comparatively hilly topography as the Cumberland Plain lifts up, joining the Hornsby Plateau. [[Windsor Road|Windsor]] and [[Old Windsor Road]]s are the second and third roads, respectively, laid in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor%26windsorroad.htm |title=Ozroads: Old Windsor Road & Windsor Road |website=Ozroads.com.au |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426001422/https://www.ozroads.com.au/NSW/RouteNumbering/State%20Routes/40/oldwindsor%26windsorroad.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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On 26 May 2019, The [[Sydney Metro Northwest]], which went from Chatswood to Tallawong, opened, with a large portion running through the Hills District, which meant the Hills District, for the first time, started having heavy rail.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 January 2019 |title=Major Milestone As Metro Northwest Completes Its First Full Test |url=https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/node/9580 |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=Transport for NSW |language=en-AU }}</ref><br />
Before this, The Hills was served by [[Bus Rapid Transit]].<br />
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===Western suburbs===<br />
{{further|Greater Western Sydney}}<br />
The greater western suburbs encompasses the areas of Parramatta, the sixth largest business district in Australia, settled the same year as the harbour-side colony,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Parramatta Chamber of Commerce |date=2014 |url=http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html |title=Parramatta |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806000352/http://www.parramattachamber.com.au/Chamber/parramatta-capital-of-western-sydney.html |archive-date=6 August 2014 }}</ref> [[Bankstown]], Liverpool, [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]], and [[Fairfield, New South Wales|Fairfield]]. Covering {{cvt|5800|km2}} and having an estimated population as at 2017 of 2,288,554, western Sydney has the most [[minority majority|multicultural suburbs]] in the country – [[Cabramatta]] has earned the nickname "[[Little Saigon]]" due to its [[Vietnamese Australians|Vietnamese]] population, Fairfield has been named "Little [[Assyria]]" for its predominant [[Assyrian Australians|Assyrian]] population and [[Harris Park]] is known as "[[Little India]]" with its plurality of [[Indian Australians|Indian]] and [[Hinduism in Australia|Hindu population]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/harris-park-re-named-little-india/6qs2sc2zj |title=This part of Australia is set to be renamed 'Little India' |author=Jennifer Scherer |publisher=[[SBS Australia]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181939/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/harris-park-re-named-little-india/6qs2sc2zj |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=herald>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/what-to-do-and-see-in-the-secret-of-fairfield/news-story/fb120fa69dd18c128c5cafbe3d70d56a |title=What to do and see in the secret of Fairfield |author=Ben McLellan |publisher=[[Herald Sun]] |access-date=26 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285039670_Enclave_Place_or_Nation_Defining_Little_Saigon_in_the_Midst_of_Incorporation_Transnationalism_and_Long_Distance_Activism Enclave, Place, or Nation? Defining Little Saigon in the Midst of Incorporation, Transnationalism, and Long Distance Activism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826081213/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285039670_Enclave_Place_or_Nation_Defining_Little_Saigon_in_the_Midst_of_Incorporation_Transnationalism_and_Long_Distance_Activism |date=26 August 2025 }} by Christian Collet and Hiroko Furuya from Amerasia Journal 36:3 (2010): 1–27. January 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.bautruong.com.au/editorial/bautruong_press_20090619_wallstreetjournalasia.pdf Sydney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807161556/https://www.bautruong.com.au/editorial/bautruong_press_20090619_wallstreetjournalasia.pdf |date=7 August 2024 }} by Sam Holmes. [[The Wall Street Journal Asia]]. 21 June 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</ref> The population is predominantly of a working class background, with major employment in the [[heavy industries]] and [[vocational]] trade.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population |title=Home – WSROC Region |publisher=Profile.id.com.au |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108025946/https://profile.id.com.au/cws/population |url-status=live }}</ref> Toongabbie is noted for being the third mainland settlement (after Sydney and Parramatta) set up after British colonisation began in 1788, although the site of the settlement is actually in the separate suburb of [[Old Toongabbie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie |title=Old Toongabbie and Toongabbie |last1=McClymont |first1=John |last2=Kass |first2=Terry |date=2010 |work=Dictionary of Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney Trust |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730085650/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/old_toongabbie_and_toongabbie |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The western suburb of [[Prospect, New South Wales|Prospect]], in the [[City of Blacktown]], is home to [[Raging Waters Sydney|Raging Waters]], a [[water park]] operated by [[Parques Reunidos]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Water theme park planned for Sydney |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm |work=ABC News |access-date=11 September 2010 |date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913172339/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/09/11/3009081.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Auburn Botanic Gardens]], a botanical garden in [[Auburn, New South Wales|Auburn]], attracts thousands of visitors each year, including many from outside Australia.<ref name="chahgovau">{{cite web |url=http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html |title=Auburn Botanical Gardens |work=chah.gov.au |access-date=4 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006140058/http://www.chah.gov.au/chabg/bg-dir/auburn-nsw.html |archive-date=6 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The greater west also includes [[Sydney Olympic Park]], a suburb created to host the 2000 Summer Olympics, and [[Sydney Motorsport Park]], a [[Race track|circuit]] in [[Eastern Creek, New South Wales|Eastern Creek]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere |title=Visitor Information – How to Get Here |publisher=Sydney Motorsport Park |access-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410070447/http://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/visitor-information#howToGetHere |archive-date=10 April 2013 }}</ref> [[Prospect Hill (New South Wales)|Prospect Hill]], a historically significant ridge in the west and the only area in Sydney with ancient [[volcanic activity]],<ref>Jones, I., and Verdel, C. (2015). Basalt distribution and volume estimates of Cenozoic volcanism in the Bowen Basin region of eastern Australia: Implications for a waning mantle plume. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 62(2), 255–263.</ref> is also listed on the State Heritage Register.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/ |title=State Heritage Inventory |date=22 October 2019 |newspaper=Heritage NSW |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304000250/https://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/search-for-heritage/state-heritage-inventory/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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To the northwest, [[Featherdale Wildlife Park]], a zoo in [[Doonside, New South Wales|Doonside]], near [[Blacktown]], is a major [[tourist attraction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/ |title=Featherdale beats Opera House to claim major tourism award |date=23 November 2009 |author=O'Maley, Christine |work=Blacktown Advocate |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701155049/http://blacktown-advocate.whereilive.com.au/lifestyle/story/featherdale-beats-opera-house-to-claim-major-tourism-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sydney Zoo]], opened in 2019, is another prominent zoo situated in [[Bungaribee]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519 |author=Boon, Maxim |title=New Sydney Zoo announces long-awaited opening date |work=TimeOut |location=Sydney, Australia |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128010314/https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/new-sydney-zoo-announces-long-awaited-opening-date-112519 |url-status=live }}</ref> Established in 1799, the [[Old Government House, Parramatta|Old Government House]], a [[historic house museum]] and [[tourist spot]] in Parramatta, was included in the [[Australian National Heritage List]] on 1 August 2007 and [[World Heritage List]] in 2010 (as part of the 11 penal sites constituting the [[Australian Convict Sites]]), making it the only site in greater western Sydney to be featured in such lists.<ref name="CourierMail01">{{cite news |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286 |author1=Chalmers, Emma |author2=Martin, Saray |date=1 August 2010 |title=World Heritage Committee approves Australian Convict Sites as places of importance |work=The Courier–Mail |location=Australia |access-date=17 April 2018 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603125525/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/world-heritage-committee-approves-australian-convict-sites-as-places-of-importance/story-e6freon6-1225899640286 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The house is Australia's oldest surviving public building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html |title=National Heritage Places – Old Government House and Government Domain, Parramatta |first=Department of the Environment and |last=Energy |date=17 April 2018 |website=Environment.gov.au |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012072820/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/old-government-house/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Further to the southwest is the region of Macarthur and the city of [[Campbelltown, New South Wales|Campbelltown]], a significant population centre until the 1990s considered a region separate to Sydney proper. [[Macarthur Square]], a shopping complex in Campbelltown, has become one of the largest shopping complexes in Sydney.<ref>{{cite report |first=Peter |last=Degotardi |publisher=Herron Todd White Property Advisors |url=http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf |title=The Month in Review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820135143/http://www.htw.com.au/pages/info_centre/review/MR%20Feb%202004.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2006 |date=1 February 2004 }}</ref> The southwest also features [[Bankstown Reservoir]], the oldest elevated reservoir constructed in [[reinforced concrete]] that is still in use and is listed on the State Heritage Register.<ref>{{cite NSW SHR|01316 |Bankstown Reservoir (Elevated) |access-date=27 March 2018 }}</ref> The southwest is home to one of Sydney's oldest trees, the [[Bland Oak]], which was planted in the 1840s by [[William Bland]] in [[Carramar, New South Wales|Carramar]].<ref name="mobbaymag">{{cite web |last=Boulous |first=Chris |title=Nothing Bland about our Oak tree |work=Fairfield City Champion |publisher=FAIRFAX REGIONAL MEDIA |date=20 April 2018 |url=https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829105943/https://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/story/5354072/nothing-bland-about-our-oak-tree/#slide=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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==Urban structure==<br />
{{wide image|Sydney City Panorama (20155327722).jpg|950|The [[Sydney central business district|Sydney CBD]] with the [[Sydney Opera House|Opera House]] and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]]. Sydney is home to the most high-rise buildings in the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sydney – The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney |access-date=2020-07-16 |website=Skyscrapercenter.com |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101022939/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref>|align-cap=center}}<br />
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===Architecture===<br />
{{See also|Architecture of Sydney|List of heritage houses in Sydney|List of tallest buildings in Sydney}}<br />
The earliest structures in the colony were built to the bare minimum of standards. Governor Macquarie set ambitious targets for the design of new construction projects. The city now has a world heritage listed building, several national heritage listed buildings, and dozens of Commonwealth heritage listed buildings as evidence of the survival of Macquarie's ideals.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list |title=Australia's World Heritage List |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719130334/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world-heritage-list |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list |title=Australia's National Heritage List |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719064152/http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/heritage-places/national-heritage-list |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35 |title=Australian Heritage Database |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914152900/http://environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=search_results;state=NSW;list_code=CHL;legal_status=35 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
[[File:York Street, Sydney.jpg|thumb|[[York Street, Sydney|York Street]] is an example of a city street in Sydney with an array of intact Victorian heritage architecture.]]<br />
In 1814, the Governor called on a convict named [[Francis Greenway]] to design [[Macquarie Lighthouse]].<ref name="Macquarie Lighthouse">{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366 |title=Macquarie Lighthouse |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163630/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105366 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lighthouse's [[Classical architecture|Classical]] design earned Greenway a pardon from Macquarie in 1818 and introduced a culture of refined architecture that remains to this day.<ref name="Macquarie Lightstation">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Harbour Federation Trust |date=2001 |url=http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209012719/http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/topics/sitesmacquarie.html |archive-date=9 February 2006 |title=Macquarie Lightstation |access-date=20 July 2014 }}</ref> Greenway went on to design the [[Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney|Hyde Park Barracks]] in 1819 and the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] style [[St James' Church, Sydney|St James's Church]] in 1824.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |year=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park |title=Hyde Park Barracks |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018065631/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/hyde-park |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Judd |first1=Stephen |last2=Cable |first2=Kenneth |year=2000 |title=Sydney Anglicans – a history of the diocese |page=12 }}</ref> [[Gothic architecture|Gothic-inspired architecture]] became more popular from the 1830s. [[John Verge]]'s [[Elizabeth Bay House]] and [[St Philip's Church, Sydney|St Philip's Church]] of 1856 were built in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style along with [[Edward Blore]]'s [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] of 1845.<ref name="Chronology of styles in Australian architecture">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Architecture |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm |title=Chronology of styles in Australian architecture |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908110249/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/STYLES/search-style.htm |archive-date=8 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Premier and Cabinet |date=2014 |url=http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house/ |title=Government House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124060409/http://www.governor.nsw.gov.au/government-house |url-status=live }}</ref> Kirribilli House, completed in 1858, and St Andrew's Cathedral, Australia's oldest cathedral,<ref>{{cite news |title=Changes not music to purists' ears |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=8 September 2008 |access-date=14 November 2016 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html |archive-date=27 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527105742/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/cathedral-finds-its-organ-grinding/2008/09/07/1220725858498.html |url-status=live }}</ref> are rare examples of [[Gothic Revival architecture|Victorian Gothic]] construction.<ref name="Chronology of styles in Australian architecture"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451 |title=Kirribilli House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426163624/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105451 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
[[File:General Post Office, Sydney.jpg|thumb|[[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]]]]<br />
From the late 1850s there was a shift towards Classical architecture. [[Mortimer Lewis]] designed the [[Australian Museum]] in 1857.<ref>{{cite web |title=A short history of the Australian Museum |url=https://australian.museum/about/history/ |website=[[Australian Museum]] |publisher=Australia Museum |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822022326/https://australian.museum/about/history/ |archive-date=22 August 2020 |date=20 July 2014 |url-status=live}} [http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum Alt URL] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718224809/http://australianmuseum.net.au/A-short-history-of-the-Australian-Museum |date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> The [[General Post Office, Sydney|General Post Office]], completed in 1891 in [[Victorian architecture|Victorian Free Classical]] style, was designed by [[James Barnet]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509 |title=General Post Office |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105509 |url-status=live }}</ref> Barnet also oversaw the 1883 reconstruction of Greenway's Macquarie Lighthouse.<ref name="Macquarie Lighthouse"/><ref name="Macquarie Lightstation"/> [[Customs House, Sydney|Customs House]] was built in 1844.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436 |title=Sydney Customs House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105436 |url-status=live }}</ref> The neo-Classical and [[Second Empire architecture|French Second Empire]] style [[Sydney Town Hall|Town Hall]] was completed in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Town Hall |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/ |title=Construction of Sydney Town Hall |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024240/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/coonstruction/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Town Hall |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/ |title=Features of Sydney Town Hall |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024245/http://www.sydneytownhall.com.au/discover-learn/building-history/features/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] designs gained favour from the early 1890s. [[Sydney Technical College]] was completed in 1893 using both Romanesque Revival and [[Queen Anne style architecture|Queen Anne]] approaches.<ref name="Sydney Technical College">{{cite web |last=Freyne |first=Catherine |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college |title=Sydney Technical College |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426114930/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_technical_college |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Queen Victoria Building]] was designed in Romanesque Revival fashion by [[George McRae]]; completed in 1898,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Queen Victoria Building |date=2014 |url=http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb |title=History of Queen Victoria Building |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819141915/http://www.qvb.com.au/about-qvb/history-of-qvb |url-status=live }}</ref> it accommodates 200 shops across its three storeys.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building |title=Queen Victoria Building |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729112404/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/queen_victoria_building |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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As the wealth of the settlement increased and Sydney developed into a metropolis after Federation in 1901, its buildings became taller. Sydney's first tower was Culwulla Chambers which topped out at {{cvt|50|m|ft|abbr=off}} making 12 floors. The Commercial Traveller's Club, built in 1908, was of similar height at 10 floors. It was built in a brick stone veneer and demolished in 1972.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm |work=Sydney Architecture Images |title=Commercial Travellers Club |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023182833/http://sydneyarchitecture.com/GON/GON125.htm |archive-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This heralded a change in Sydney's cityscape and with the lifting of height restrictions in the 1960s there came a surge of high-rise construction.<ref name="Sydney architecture">{{cite book |title=Sydney architecture |last2=Bingham-Hall |first2=Patrick |year=2005 |page=14 to 15 |last1=McGillick |first1=Paul }}</ref><br />
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The Great Depression had a tangible influence on Sydney's architecture. New structures became more restrained with far less ornamentation. The most notable architectural feat of this period is the Harbour Bridge. Its steel arch was designed by [[John Bradfield (engineer)|John Bradfield]] and completed in 1932. A total of 39,000 tonnes of structural steel span the {{cvt|503|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} between Milsons Point and [[Dawes Point, New South Wales|Dawes Point]].<ref name="Sydney Harbour Bridge">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Sydney Harbour Bridge |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054556/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/sydney-harbour-bridge |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=6 July 2014 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888 |title=Sydney Harbour Bridge |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=25 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825100313/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105888 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
[[File:Dr Chau Chak Wing Building.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Frank Gehry]]'s [[Dr Chau Chak Wing Building]]]]<br />
[[Modern architecture|Modern]] and [[International architecture]] came to Sydney from the 1940s. Since its completion in 1973 the city's Opera House has become a World Heritage Site and one of the world's most renowned pieces of Modern design. [[Jørn Utzon]] was awarded the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize|Pritzker Prize]] in 2003 for his work on the Opera House.<ref name="Sydney Opera House">{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738 |title=Sydney Opera House |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=13 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213204033/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105738 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney is home to Australia's first building by renowned Canadian-American architect [[Frank Gehry]], the [[Dr Chau Chak Wing Building]] (2015). An entrance from [[The Goods Line]]–a pedestrian pathway and former railway line–is located on the eastern border of the site.<br />
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Contemporary buildings in the CBD include [[Citigroup Centre, Sydney|Citigroup Centre]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107184211/http://www.emporis.com/building/citigroupcentre-sydney-australia |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=Citigroup Centre |access-date=20 July 2014 }}</ref> [[Aurora Place]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910062454/http://www.emporis.com/building/auroraplace-sydney-australia |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 September 2012 |title=Aurora Place |access-date=20 July 2014 }}</ref> [[Chifley Tower]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107185132/http://www.emporis.com/building/chifleytower-sydney-australia |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=Chifley Tower |access-date=20 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower |title=Chifley Tower |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051251/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chifley_tower |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Reserve Bank of Australia|Reserve Bank]] building,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456 |title=Reserve Bank |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020740/http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105456 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deutsche Bank Place]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105210049/http://www.emporis.com/building/deutschebankplace-sydney-australia |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Deutsche Bank Place |access-date=20 July 2004 }}</ref> [[MLC Centre]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107192858/http://www.emporis.com/building/mlccentre-sydney-australia |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 November 2012 |title=MLC Centre |access-date=20 July 2014 }}</ref> and [[Capita Centre]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |date=2014 |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011142800/http://www.emporis.com/building/castlereagh-centre-sydney-australia |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 October 2012 |title=Castlereagh Centre |access-date=20 July 2014 }}</ref> The tallest structure is [[Sydney Tower]], designed by Donald Crone and completed in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dunn |first=Mark |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower |title=Centrepoint Tower |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051249/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/centrepoint_tower |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the proximity of [[Sydney Airport]], a maximum height restriction was imposed, now sitting at 330 metres (1083 feet).<ref>{{Cite web |title='It's held Sydney back': Council reveals plan to raise CBD skyline by 100 metres |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462 |date=25 February 2020 |website=Abc.net.au |language=en-AU |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820152935/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/sydney-planning-controls-could-see-city-skyline-rise-by-100m/11997462 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Green ban]]s and [[heritage overlay]]s have been in place since at least 1977 to protect Sydney's heritage after controversial demolitions in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unlocked: Demolished Sydney |url=https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney |work=SydneyLivingMuseums.com.au |date=16 January 2017 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413133421/https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/unlocked-demolished-sydney |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Housing===<br />
[[File:Kirribilli housing.jpg|thumb|[[Terrace houses in Australia|Terraces]] in [[Kirribilli]]]]<br />
Sydney surpasses both New York City and Paris real estate prices, having some of the most expensive in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney houses are so 'severely unaffordable', it's cheaper to buy in New York |work=[[Business Insider]] (Australia) |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1 |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125071309/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/sydney-houses-are-so-severely-unaffordable-its-cheaper-to-buy-in-new-york-2017-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/ |title=How Sydney house prices compare with other global cities |work=[[Domain Group]] |date=25 July 2015 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023659/https://www.domain.com.au/news/how-sydney-house-prices-compare-with-other-global-cities-20150723-gihntf/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city remains Australia's most expensive housing market, with the median house price at $1,751,728 as of October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Housing market changes gear |url=https://www.commbank.com.au/articles/newsroom/2025/10/housing-market-changes-gear.html |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=www.commbank.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref><br />
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There were 1.83&nbsp;million dwellings in Sydney in 2021 including 900,000 (54%) detached houses, 218,000 (13%) semi-detached terrace houses and 550,000 (33%) units and apartments.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats">{{Cite web |title=2021 Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031 |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=www.abs.gov.au |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527140855/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1031 |url-status=live }}</ref> Whilst terrace houses are common in the inner city areas, detached houses dominate the landscape in the outer suburbs. Due to environmental and economic pressures, there has been a noted trend towards denser housing, with a 30% increase in the number of apartments between 1996 and 2006.<ref name="Housing Sydney">{{cite web |last=Darcy |first=Michael |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney |title=Housing Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051320/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/housing_sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> Public housing in Sydney is managed by the [[Government of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Housing New South Wales |date=2012 |url=http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm |title=Services offered |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062237/http://www.housing.nsw.gov.au/About+Us/What+We+Do.htm |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Suburbs with large concentrations of public housing include [[Claymore, New South Wales|Claymore]], [[Macquarie Fields]], [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]], and [[Mount Druitt]].<br />
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A range of heritage housing styles can be found throughout Sydney. Terrace houses are found in the inner suburbs such as [[Paddington, New South Wales|Paddington]], [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], [[Potts Point]] and [[Balmain, New South Wales|Balmain]], many of which have been the subject of [[gentrification]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Terry |last1=Irving |first2=Terrence H. |last2=Irving |first3=Rowan J. |last3=Cahill |title=Radical Sydney: Places, Portraits and Unruly Episodes |year=2010 |publisher=UNSW Press |isbn=9781742230931 |page=306 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A public housing terrace in Sydney sold for a staggering $2.2 million above reserve |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=10 December 2016 |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024440/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/a-former-public-housing-terrace-in-sydney-has-sold-for-a-staggering-2-2-million-above-reserve-2015-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These terraces, particularly those in suburbs such as The Rocks, were historically home to Sydney's miners and labourers. In the present day, terrace houses now make up some of the most valuable real estate in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=This $13 million Sydney property is the most expensive terrace in Australia |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=15 April 2016 |first=Sarah |last=Kimmorley |url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024920/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/this-13-million-sydney-property-is-the-most-expensive-terrace-in-australia-2016-4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Surviving large mansions from the Victorian era are mostly found in the oldest suburbs, such as [[Double Bay]], [[Darling Point]], [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]] and [[Strathfield]].<ref>H.J. Samuell, ''How to Know Sydney'', 1895</ref><br />
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[[Federation architecture|Federation]] homes, constructed around the time of Federation in 1901, are located in a large number of suburbs that developed thanks to the arrival of railways in the late 19th century, such as [[Penshurst, New South Wales|Penshurst]] and [[Turramurra]], and in large-scale planned "garden suburbs" such as [[Haberfield, New South Wales|Haberfield]]. Workers cottages are found in [[Surry Hills]], [[Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern]], and Balmain. [[California bungalow]]s are common in [[Ashfield, New South Wales|Ashfield]], [[Concord, New South Wales|Concord]], and [[Beecroft, New South Wales|Beecroft]]. Larger modern homes are predominantly found in the outer suburbs, such as [[Stanhope Gardens]], [[Kellyville Ridge]], [[Bella Vista, New South Wales|Bella Vista]] to the northwest, [[Bossley Park]], [[Abbotsbury, New South Wales|Abbotsbury]], and [[Cecil Hills]] to the west, and [[Hoxton Park]], [[Harrington Park, New South Wales|Harrington Park]], and [[Oran Park, New South Wales|Oran Park]] to the southwest.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Charles Sturt University |date=2014 |url=http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm |title=Sydney's culture of place |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025075259/http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/urban/urban/4370/sydney_culture.htm |archive-date=25 October 2014 }}</ref><br />
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===Parks and open spaces===<br />
{{Main|Parks in Sydney}}<br />
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The [[Anzac War Memorial]] in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] is a public memorial dedicated to the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] of [[World War I]].<br />
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The [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Garden]] is the most iconic green space in the region, hosting both scientific and leisure activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ |title=Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney |website=Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201075627/https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are 15 separate parks under the City administration.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks |title=Major parks |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623194514/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks |url-status=live }}</ref> Parks within the city centre include [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]], [[The Domain, Sydney|The Domain]] and Prince Alfred Park.<br />
[[File:Centennial_Park_NSW_2021,_Australia_-_panoramio_(7).jpg|alt=|right|thumb|The [[Centennial Parklands]] is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising {{cvt|189|ha|acre}}.<ref name="CPMPT cp">{{cite web |title=Centennial Park |url=http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218074857/http://www.centennialparklands.com.au/places_to_visit/centennial_park |archive-date=18 February 2017 |access-date=18 February 2017 |work=Centennial Parklands |publisher=Centennial Park and Moore Park Trust }}</ref>]]<br />
The [[Centennial Parklands]] is the largest park in the City of Sydney, comprising {{cvt|189|ha|acre}}.<br />
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The inner suburbs include [[Centennial Park, New South Wales|Centennial Park]] and [[Moore Park, New South Wales|Moore Park]] in the east (both within the City of Sydney local government area), while the outer suburbs contain [[Sydney Park]] and Royal National Park in the south, [[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] in the north, and [[Western Sydney Parklands]] in the west, which is [[List of urban parks by size|one of the largest urban parks]] in the world. The Royal National Park was proclaimed in 1879 and with {{cvt|13200|ha|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} is the second oldest national park in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030 |title=Royal National Park |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414214842/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0030 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
[[File:Sídney_08.jpg|thumb|The [[Anzac War Memorial]] in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] is a public memorial dedicated to the achievement of the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] of [[World War I]].<ref>"[http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html ANZAC Memorial, Sydney] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509035601/http://www.anzacday.org.au/education/tff/memorials/nsw.html|date=9 May 2015}}", ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee (Qld) Incorporated, 1998.</ref>]]<br />
Hyde Park is the oldest parkland in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyde Park: Plan of Management and Masterplan |volume=1 |date=October 2006 |publisher=Sydney City Council |access-date=7 September 2012 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |pages=7–11 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110417/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest park in the Sydney metropolitan area is Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, established in 1894 with an area of {{cvt|15400|ha|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park history |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008012351/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHistory.aspx?id=N0019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is regarded for its well-preserved records of indigenous habitation – more than 800 rock engravings, cave drawings and middens.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park heritage |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=19 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319072905/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The area now known as The Domain was set aside by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788 as his private reserve.<ref name="Royal Botanic Gardens history">{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history |title=Royal Botanic Gardens history |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708201747/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/history |archive-date=8 July 2014 }}</ref> Under the orders of Macquarie the land to the immediate north of The Domain became the Royal Botanic Garden in 1816. This makes them the oldest botanic garden in Australia.<ref name="Royal Botanic Gardens history" /> The Gardens host scientific research with herbarium collections, a library and laboratories.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens |title=Royal Botanic Gardens |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019051841/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_botanic_gardens |url-status=live }}</ref> The two parks have a total area of {{cvt|64|ha|sqmi|1|abbr=off}} with 8,900 individual plant species and receive over 3.5&nbsp;million annual visits.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage |date=2014 |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts |title=Royal Botanic Gardens fast facts |access-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708170735/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/welcome/royal_botanic_garden/fast_facts |archive-date=8 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
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To the south of The Domain is Hyde Park, the oldest public parkland in Australia which measures {{cvt|16.2|ha|sqmi|1|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2006 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |title=Hyde Park plan of management and masterplan |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622110417/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/138761/Vol1_HydePark_PoMAndMasterplan_Oct2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Its location was used for both relaxation and [[grazing]] of animals from the earliest days of the colony.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park |title=Hyde Park |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622125424/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/sydneys-history/people-and-places/park-histories/hyde-park |url-status=live }}</ref> Macquarie dedicated it in 1810 for the "recreation and amusement of the inhabitants of the town" and named it in honour of [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] in London.<br />
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==Economy==<br />
{{Main|Economy of Sydney}}<br />
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[[File:Sydney CBD on a sunny day.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Sydney central business district|central business district]]. Sydney is the financial and economic centre of Australia, having the largest economy and contributing a quarter of Australia's total [[Gross domestic product|GDP.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Centres of the World: Sydney, Australia |url=http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=Ecdconference.org |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221001502/http://www.ecdconference.org/sydney.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>]]<br />
Researchers from [[Loughborough University]] have ranked Sydney amongst the top ten world cities that are highly integrated into the global economy.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Loughborough University |date=2012 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html |title=The world according to GaWC 2012 |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015239/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2097720_2097718_2097716,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global Economic Power Index ranks Sydney eleventh in the world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Florida |first=Richard |date=2014 |url=http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/ |title=The 25 most economically powerful cities in the world |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=CityLab |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203195432/http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global Cities Index recognises it as fourteenth in the world based on global engagement.<ref name="2014 Global Cities Index">{{cite web |publisher=AT Kearney |date=2014 |url=http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf |title=2014 Global Cities Index |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016172215/http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/4461492/Global+Cities+Present+and+Future-GCI+2014.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as Australia's financial capital and one of the [[Asia–Pacific]]'s leading financial hubs.<ref name="Economic powerhouse">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse |title=Economic powerhouse |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622114017/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/research-and-statistics/the-city-at-a-glance/global-sydney/economic-powerhouse |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Economic profile">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://economy.id.com.au/sydney |title=Economic profile |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623211419/http://economy.id.com.au/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The prevailing economic theory during early colonial days was [[mercantilism]], as it was throughout most of Western Europe.<ref name="Economy">{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy |title=Economy |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019060911/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy |url-status=live }}</ref> The economy struggled at first due to difficulties in cultivating the land and the lack of a stable monetary system. Governor Macquarie created [[holey dollar|two coins]] from every [[Spanish dollar|Spanish silver dollar]] in circulation.<ref name="Economy"/> The economy was [[capitalism|capitalist]] in nature by the 1840s as the proportion of free settlers increased, the maritime and wool industries flourished, and the powers of the [[East India Company]] were curtailed.<ref name="Economy"/><br />
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Wheat, gold, and other minerals became export industries towards the end of the 1800s.<ref name="Economy"/> Significant capital began to flow into the city from the 1870s to finance roads, railways, bridges, docks, courthouses, schools and hospitals. [[Protectionism|Protectionist]] policies after [[federation of Australia|federation]] allowed for the creation of a manufacturing industry which became the city's largest employer by the 1920s.<ref name="Economy"/> These same policies helped to relieve the effects of the Great Depression during which the unemployment rate in New South Wales reached as high as 32%.<ref name="Economy"/> From the 1960s onwards Parramatta gained recognition as the city's second CBD and finance and tourism became major industries and sources of employment.<ref name="Economy"/><br />
<br />
Sydney's nominal gross domestic product was AU${{FXConvert|AUS|490|b|lk=on}} in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/guides/city-at-a-glance |title=The city at a glance|website=cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au}}</ref> The financial and insurance services industry accounts for 18.1% of gross product, ahead of professional services with 9% and manufacturing with 7.2%. The creative and technology sectors are also focus industries for the City of Sydney and represented 9% and 11% of its economic output in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital |title=Creative and digital |access-date=22 July 2014 |archive-date=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820035711/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/creative-and-digital |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html |title=NSW dominates creative industries: report |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828135556/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/nsw-dominates-creative-industries-report-20140629-zspzy.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Businesses===<br />
There were 451,000 businesses based in Sydney in 2011, including 48% of the top 500 companies in Australia and two-thirds of the regional headquarters of multinational corporations.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Regional Development Australia |date=2010 |url=http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/ |title=Economic profile |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016221054/http://www.rdasydney.org.au/the-sydney-region/economic-profile/ |archive-date=16 October 2014 }}</ref> Global companies are attracted to the city in part because its time zone spans the closing of business in North America and the opening of business in Europe. Most foreign companies in Sydney maintain significant sales and service functions but comparably less production, research, and development capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Business Foundation |date=2009 |url=http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf |title=Global connections: a study of multinational companies in Sydney |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826061145/http://www.nswbusinesschamber.com.au/NSWBC/media/Misc/Ask%20Us%20How/Global-Connections-a-study-of-multinational-companies-in-Sydney.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2014 }}</ref> There are 283 multinational companies with regional offices in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Parliament of New South Wales |date=2000 |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5 |title=Multinational companies regional headquarters |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019002708/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/la/qala.nsf/0/ca25708400173f67ca25706c0022f5a5 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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===Domestic economics===<br />
[[File:Pitt Street Mall, 2014.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Pitt Street]], a major street in the [[Sydney central business district|CBD]], runs from [[Circular Quay]] in the north to [[Waterloo, New South Wales|Waterloo]] in the south, and is home to many large high-end retailers.<ref>City of Sydney, [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp Street Names] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112195451/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/aboutsydney/historyandarchives/SydneyHistory/StreetNames.asp |date=12 January 2013 }} 22 May 2009</ref>]]<br />
Sydney has been ranked between the fifteenth and the fifth most expensive city in the world and is the most expensive city in Australia.<ref name="Prices and earnings">{{cite web |publisher=UBS |date=2012 |url=http://www.ubs.com/pricesandearnings |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140925110920/http://www.ubs.com/pricesandearnings |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2014 |title=Prices and earnings |access-date=20 July 2014 }}</ref> Of the 15 categories only measured by UBS in 2012, workers receive the seventh highest wage levels of 77 cities in the world.<ref name="Prices and earnings"/> Working residents of Sydney work an average of 1,846 hours per annum with 15 days of leave.<ref name="Prices and earnings"/><br />
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The labour force of Greater Sydney Region in 2016 was 2,272,722 with a participation rate of 61.6%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250 |title=Employment status, Greater Sydney |work=ID: The Population Experts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118100544/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/employment-status?WebID=250 |archive-date=18 November 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=30 March 2018 }}</ref> It comprised 61.2% full-time workers, 30.9% part-time workers, and 6.0% unemployed individuals.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status |title=Employment status |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206105606/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/employment-status |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest reported occupations are professionals, clerical and administrative workers, managers, technicians and trades workers, and community and personal service workers.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> The largest industries by employment across Greater Sydney are Health Care and Social Assistance (11.6%), Professional Services (9.8%), Retail Trade (9.3%), Construction (8.2%), Education and Training (8.0%), Accommodation and Food Services (6.7%), and Financial and Insurance Services (6.6%).<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/$File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |title=Greater Sydney: Basic Community Profile |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |work=2011 Census Community Profiles |date=28 March 2013 |format=xls |access-date=9 April 2014 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107230439/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Professional Services and Financial and Insurance Services industries account for 25.4% of employment within the City of Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries |title=Industry sector of employment |date=2016 |publisher=City of Sydney |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103143546/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/industries |archive-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 March 2018 }}</ref><br />
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In 2016, 57.6% of working-age residents had a weekly income of less than $1,000 and 14.4% had a weekly income of $1,750 or more.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250 |title=Individual income {{!}} Greater Sydney {{!}} profile.id |website=profile.id.com.au |language=en |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=15 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515024755/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/individual-income?WebID=250 |url-status=live }}</ref> The median weekly income for the same period was $719 for individuals, $1,988 for families, and $1,750 for households.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Greater Sydney |website=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |language=en |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320091948/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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Unemployment in the City of Sydney averaged 4.6% for the decade to 2013, much lower than the current rate of unemployment in Western Sydney of 7.3%.<ref name="Economic profile"/><ref name="The daily exodus from western Sydney">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html |title=The daily exodus from western Sydney |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717043059/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/the-daily-exodus-from-western-sydney-20140404-363zz.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Western Sydney continues to struggle to create jobs to meet its population growth despite the development of commercial centres like Parramatta. Each day about 200,000 commuters travel from Western Sydney to the CBD and suburbs in the east and north of the city.<ref name="The daily exodus from western Sydney"/><br />
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Home ownership in Sydney was less common than renting prior to the Second World War but this trend has since reversed.<ref name="Housing Sydney"/> Median house prices have increased by an average of 8.6% per annum since 1970.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abelson |first1=Peter |last2=Chung |first2=Demi |date=2004 |url=http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |title=Housing prices in Australia: 1970 to 2003 |publisher=Macquarie University |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228091902/http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/Econ_docs/research_papers2/2004_research_papers/Abelson_9_04.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2014 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument |title=Residential property price indexes: eight capital cities |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718081354/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6416.0Main+Features1Mar%202014?OpenDocument |url-status=live }}</ref> The median house price in March 2014 was $630,000.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=RP Data |date=2014 |url=http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf |title=Home value index results |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415214139/http://www.rpdata.com/images/stories/content/pressreleases/2014-04-01--rpdata-rismark-home-value-index.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2014 }}</ref> The primary cause of rising prices is the increasing cost of land and scarcity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rebecca |first=Thistleton |url=https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49 |title=Housing land: so scarce so expensive |work=Australian Financial Review |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407004824/https://www.afr.com/property/residential/housing-land-so-scarce-so-expensive-20140325-ixb49 |url-status=live }}</ref> 31.6% of dwellings in Sydney are rented, 30.4% are owned outright and 34.8% are owned with a mortgage.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 11.8% of mortgagees in 2011 had monthly loan repayments of less than $1,000 and 82.9% had monthly repayments of $1,000 or more.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/> 44.9% of renters for the same period had weekly rent of less than $350 whilst 51.7% had weekly rent of $350 or more. The median weekly rent in Sydney in 2011 was $450.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/><br />
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===Financial services===<br />
[[File:(1)Commonwealth Bank Martin Place.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[State Savings Bank building|State Savings Bank]]]]<br />
Macquarie gave a charter in 1817 to form the first bank in Australia, the [[Bank of New South Wales]].<ref name="Australia's banking history">{{cite web |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=1998 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm |title=Australia's banking history |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730142737/http://www.abc.net.au/money/currency/features/feat3.htm |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> New private banks opened throughout the 1800s but the financial system was unstable. Bank collapses were frequent and a crisis point was reached in 1893 when 12 banks failed.<ref name="Australia's banking history"/><br />
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The Bank of New South Wales exists to this day as [[Westpac]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales |title=Bank of New South Wales |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019064205/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bank_of_new_south_wales |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Commonwealth Bank|Commonwealth Bank of Australia]] was formed in Sydney in 1911 and began to issue notes backed by the resources of the nation. It was replaced in this role in 1959 by the [[Reserve Bank of Australia]], also based in Sydney.<ref name="Australia's banking history" /> The [[Australian Securities Exchange]] began operating in 1987 and with a market capitalisation of $1.6&nbsp;trillion is now one of the ten largest exchanges in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=ASX |date=2014 |url=http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm |title=History |access-date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=2 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902024549/http://www.asx.com.au/about/history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The Financial and Insurance Services industry now constitutes 43% of the economic product of the City of Sydney.<ref name="Economic powerhouse"/> Sydney makes up half of Australia's finance sector and has been promoted by consecutive Commonwealth Governments as the [[Asia–Pacific]]'s leading financial centre.<ref name="Tough week for a Sydney success story"/><ref name="Another shot at making city a finance hub"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Murray |first=Lisa |date=2005 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html |title=Sydney's niche in global finance |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924193743/http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Sydneys-niche-in-global-finance/2005/04/26/1114462041806.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2017 [[Global Financial Centres Index]], Sydney was ranked as having the eighth most competitive financial centre in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2017 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 21 |date=March 2017 |publisher=Long Finance }}</ref><br />
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In 1985 the Federal Government granted 16 banking licences to foreign banks and now 40 of the 43 foreign banks operating in Australia are based in Sydney, including the [[People's Bank of China]], [[Bank of America]], [[Citigroup]], [[UBS]], [[Mizuho Bank]], [[Bank of China]], [[Banco Santander]], [[Credit Suisse]], [[Standard Chartered]], [[State Street Corporation|State Street]], [[HSBC]], [[Deutsche Bank]], [[Barclays]], [[Royal Bank of Canada]], [[Société Générale]], [[Royal Bank of Scotland]], [[Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation|Sumitomo Mitsui]], [[ING Group]], [[BNP Paribas]], and [[Investec]].<ref name="Economic powerhouse"/><ref name="Australia's banking history"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Trade and Investment |date=2014 |url=http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services |title=Financial services |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621101231/http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/doing-business-in-nsw/industry-sectors/finance-and-banking/financial-services |archive-date=21 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Prudential Regulation Authority |date=2014 |url=http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/pages/adilist.aspx |title=List of authorised deposit-taking institutions |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730182132/http://www.apra.gov.au/adi/Pages/adilist.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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===Manufacturing===<br />
{{Main|Manufacturing in Australia}}<br />
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Sydney has been a manufacturing city since the 1920s. By 1961 the industry accounted for 39% of all employment and by 1970 over 30% of all Australian manufacturing jobs were in Sydney.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011a">{{cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |title=Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062156/http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |url-status=live }}</ref> Its status has declined in recent decades, making up 12.6% of employment in 2001 and 8.5% in 2011.<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS/><ref name="Fitzgerald-2011a"/> Between 1970 and 1985 there was a loss of 180,000 manufacturing jobs.<ref name="Fitzgerald-2011a"/> Despite this, Sydney still overtook Melbourne as the largest manufacturing centre in Australia in the 2010s,<ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=8 February 2014 |access-date=4 April 2020 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with a manufacturing output of $21.7&nbsp;billion in 2013.<ref name="Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Matt |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Observers have credited Sydney's focus on the domestic market and high-tech manufacturing for its resilience against the high Australian dollar of the early 2010s.<ref name="Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne"/> The ''Smithfield-Wetherill Park Industrial Estate'' in [[Greater Western Sydney|Western Sydney]] is the largest [[industrial estate]] in the Southern Hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in the region.<ref>[https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/south-west/dont-forget-the-southern-hemispheres-largest-industrial-zone/news-story/479f600dcc096d0325ad60fab0372f99 Don't forget the Southern Hemisphere's Largest Industrial Zone] by Marie Hogg and Simon Benson, The Daily Telegraph, 13 November 2015</ref><br />
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===Tourism and international education===<br />
{{Main|Tourism in Sydney}}<br />
<br />
[[File:2021-04-30 Darling Harbour panorama (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Darling Harbour]] is a major entertainment and tourism precinct. ]]<br />
Sydney is a gateway to Australia for many international visitors and ranks among the top sixty most visited cities in the world.{{cn|date=February 2026}} It has hosted over 2.8&nbsp;million international visitors in 2013, or nearly half of all international visits to Australia. These visitors spent 59&nbsp;million nights in the city and a total of $5.9&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Our global city"/> The countries of origin in descending order were China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, and India.<ref name="Travel to Sydney">{{cite web |publisher=Destination New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf |title=Travel to Sydney |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814164520/http://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Sydney-YE-Dec-13.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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The city also received 8.3&nbsp;million domestic overnight visitors in 2013 who spent a total of $6&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Travel to Sydney" /> 26,700 workers in the City of Sydney were directly employed by tourism in 2011.<ref name="Tourism">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2013 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/tourism |title=Tourism |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622142752/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/tourism |url-status=dead }}</ref> There were 480,000 visitors and 27,500 people staying overnight each day in 2012.<ref name="Tourism" /> On average, the tourism industry contributes $36&nbsp;million to the city's economy per day.<ref name="Tourism" /><br />
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Popular destinations include the Sydney Opera House, the Sydney Harbour Bridge, [[Watsons Bay]], [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], Sydney Tower, [[Darling Harbour]], the Royal Botanic Garden, the [[Australian Museum]], the [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]], the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], the [[Queen Victoria Building]], [[Sea Life Sydney Aquarium]], [[Taronga Zoo]], [[Bondi Beach]], [[Luna Park Sydney|Luna Park]] and [[Sydney Olympic Park]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenwood |first1=Justine |last2=White |first2=Richard |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/tourism |title=Tourism |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014 }}</ref><br />
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Major developmental projects designed to increase Sydney's tourism sector include a [[Crown Sydney|casino and hotel]] at Barangaroo and the redevelopment of [[Darling Harbour#Redevelopment|East Darling Harbour]], which involves a new [[International Convention Centre Sydney|exhibition and convention centre]], now Australia's largest.<ref>{{cite news |title=For the good of Sydney, back this plan |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/for-the-good-of-sydney-back-this-plan-20121102-28p9t.html#ixzz2BFtdMao9 |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Barangaroo timeline |url=http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx |publisher=Barangaroo Delivery Authority |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215072208/http://barangaroo.com.au/discover-barangaroo/timeline.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="beabeats.com.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/ |title=BEA – Business Events Australia Newsletter – March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203820/http://www.beabeats.com.au/business-events-australia-newsletter-march-2015/ |archive-date=10 June 2015 }}</ref><br />
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Sydney is the highest-ranking city in the world for international students. More than 50,000 international students study at the city's universities and a further 50,000 study at its [[TAFE NSW|vocational]] and English language schools.<ref name="2014 Global Cities Index"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Alexandra |date=2014 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/sydney-named-top-destination-in-the-world-for-international-students-20140427-zqz2a.html |title=Sydney named top destination in the world for international students |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref> International education contributes $1.6&nbsp;billion to the local economy and creates demand for 4,000 local jobs each year.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/international-education |title=International education |access-date=23 July 2014 |archive-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622182455/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/business/business-support/business-in-your-sector/key-industries/international-education |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Housing affordability===<br />
In 2023, Sydney was ranked the least affordable city to buy a house in Australia and the second least affordable city in the world, after Hong Kong,<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf |title=Demographia International Housing Affordability - 2024 Edition |last=Cox |first=Wendell }}</ref> with the average Sydney house price in late 2023 costing A$1.59 million, and the average unit price costing A$795,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.afr.com/property/residential/sydney-median-house-price-hits-record-1-6m-unit-values-fall-behind-20240122-p5ez7v#:~:text=Sydney%20house%20prices%20increased%20by,peak%20recorded%20in%20March%202022 |title=Sydney median house price hits record |date=23 January 2024 }}</ref> As of early 2024, Sydney is often described in the media as having a housing shortage, or suffering a housing crisis.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/homelessness-tsunami-housing-shortage-crisis-facing-sydney/news-story/d0b425b3fda8cf66c948e12ac6702e3e |title='Homelessness tsunami': Housing shortage crisis facing Sydney |last=Wang |first=Jessica |date=12 February 2024 |publisher=NCA NewsWire }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/the-shocking-statistic-that-illustrates-sydney-s-housing-crisis-20231229-p5eu87.html |title=The shocking statistic that illustrates Sydney's housing crisis |date=January 2024 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{Main|Demographics of Sydney}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Chinese New Year Parade in Chinatown Sydney.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chinese New Year]] celebrations in [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]]. Sydney is home to the nation's largest population of [[Chinese Australians]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |title=2011 Census of Population and Housing: Basic Community Profile |website=www.censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620142956/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~1GSYD/%24File/BCP_1GSYD.zip?OpenElement |archive-date=20 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]<br />
The population of Sydney in 1788 was less than 1,000.<ref name="Immigration">{{cite web |last=Jupp |first=James |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/immigration |title=Immigration |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 }}</ref> With convict transportation it almost tripled in ten years to 2,953.<ref name="Australian historical population statistics">{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2006 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3105.0.65.001Main+Features12006 |title=Australian historical population statistics, 2006 |access-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref> For each decade since 1961 the population has increased by more than 250,000.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2008 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/3105.0.65.001 |title=Australian historical population statistics, 2008 |access-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref> The 2021 census recorded the population of Greater Sydney as 5,231,150.{{r|ABSGCCSA}} The Australian Treasury expects the population will grow to 6.5 million in 2033–34.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2024 |title=Australians to vote with feet for crowded city life, Treasury predicts |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-12-20/treasury-predicts-capital-city-population-growth-outpace-regions/104750974 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU }}</ref> The four most densely populated suburbs in Australia are located in Sydney with each having more than 13,000 residents per square kilometre (33,700 residents per square mile).<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/3218.0Media%20Release12011-12 |title=Regional population growth, Australia, 2011 to 2012 |access-date=18 October 2014 }}</ref> Between 1971 and 2018, Sydney experienced a net loss of 716,832 people to the rest of Australia, but its population grew due to overseas arrivals and a healthy birth rate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanna |first=Conal |title=The world loves Sydney. Australians aren't that fussed |url=https://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2018/the-world-loves-sydney-australians-arent-that-fussed/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en }}</ref><br />
<br />
The median age of Sydney residents is 37 and 14.8% of people are 65 or older.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 48.6% of Sydney's population is married whilst 36.7% have never been married.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> 49.0% of families are couples with children, 34.4% are couples without children, and 14.8% are single-parent families.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/><br />
<br />
===Ancestry and immigration===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"<br />
|+ Country of birth (2021)<ref name="Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/1GSYD |title=2021 Greater Sydney, Census Community Profiles |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=2 July 2022 }}</ref><br />
! Birthplace{{refn|group="N"|In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, [[Mainland China]] and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and [[Macau]] are listed separately.}}!! Population<br />
|-<br />
| Australia ||2,970,737<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mainland China]] ||238,316 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine --><br />
|-<br />
| India||187,810<br />
|-<br />
| England ||153,052<!-- England and Scotland are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine --><br />
|-<br />
| Vietnam||93,778<br />
|-<br />
| Philippines||91,339<br />
|-<br />
| New Zealand ||85,493<br />
|-<br />
| Lebanon ||61,620<br />
|-<br />
| Nepal ||59,055<br />
|-<br />
| Iraq ||52,604<br />
|-<br />
| South Korea ||50,702<br />
|-<br />
| Hong Kong SAR ||46,182 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine --><br />
|-<br />
| South Africa ||39,564<br />
|-<br />
| Italy ||38,762<br />
|-<br />
| Indonesia ||35,413<br />
|-<br />
| Malaysia ||35,002<br />
|-<br />
| Fiji ||34,197<br />
|-<br />
| Pakistan ||31,025<br />
|}<br />
At the 2021 census, the most common ancestries were:<ref name="Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics"/> <!-- Only ancestries with >1% are listed. --><br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=12em|<br />
* [[English Australians|English]] (21.8%)<br />
* Australian (20.4%){{refn|group="N"|The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] group.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument |title=Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article) |author=Dr James Jupp |website=www.abs.gov.au |date=January 1995 }}</ref>}}<br />
* [[Chinese Australians|Chinese]] (11.6%)<br />
* [[Irish Australians|Irish]] (7.2%)<br />
* [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] (5.6%)<br />
* [[Indian Australians|Indian]] (4.9%)<br />
* [[Italian Australians|Italian]] (4.3%)<br />
* [[Lebanese Australians|Lebanese]] (3.5%)<br />
* [[Filipino Australians|Filipino]] (2.7%)<br />
* [[Greek Australians|Greek]] (2.6%)<br />
* [[Vietnamese Australians|Vietnamese]] (2.5%)<br />
* [[German Australians|German]] (2.2%)<br />
* [[Korean Australians|Korean]] (1.4%)<br />
* [[Nepalese Australians|Nepalese]] (1.4%)<br />
* [[Aboriginal Australians|Australian Aboriginal]] (1.4%){{refn|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<br />
* [[Maltese Australians|Maltese]] (1.1%)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the 2021 census, 40.5%<!-- This is correct. Australian born minus total persons doesn't equal overseas born, as 5% didn't state their place of birth. --> of Sydney's population was born overseas. Foreign countries of birth with the greatest representation are mainland China, India, England, Vietnam, Philippines and New Zealand.<ref name="Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics" /><br />
<br />
At the 2021 census, 1.7% of Sydney's population identified as being [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] — [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]].{{refn|group="N"|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<ref name="Abs.gov.au">{{Cite web |title=2021 Greater Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats &#124; Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/1GSYD |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Abs.gov.au }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Language===<br />
42% of households in Sydney use a language other than English, with the most common being Mandarin (5%), Arabic (4.2%), Cantonese (2.8%), Vietnamese (2.2%) and [[Hindi]] (1.5%).<ref name="Abs.gov.au"/><br />
<br />
===Religion===<br />
[[File:St Mary's Cathedral - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney|St Mary's Cathedral]] is the cathedral church of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney]].]]<br />
In 2021, Christianity was the largest religious affiliation at 46%, the largest denominations of which were [[Catholic Church in Australia|Catholicism]] at 23.1% and [[Anglicanism in Australia|Anglicanism]] at 9.2%. 30.3% of Sydney residents identified as having no religion. The most common non-Christian religious affiliations were [[Islam]] (6.3%), [[Hinduism]] (4.8%), [[Buddhism]] (3.8%), [[Sikhism]] (0.7%), and Judaism (0.7%). About 500 people identified with traditional Aboriginal religions.<ref name="Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics"/><br />
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The [[Church of England]] was the only recognised church before Governor Macquarie appointed official Catholic chaplains in 1820.<ref name="O'Brien-2013">O'Brien, Anne (2013). "Religion". ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I''. pp. 419–20</ref> Macquarie also ordered the construction of churches such as St Matthew's, St Luke's, St James's, and St Andrew's. Religious groups, alongside secular institutions, have played a significant role in education, health and charitable services throughout Sydney's history.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |last=Carey |first=Hilary |date=2008 |title=Religion |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/religion |access-date=9 August 2014 |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Crime===<br />
{{Main|Crime in Sydney}}<br />
<br />
Crime in Sydney is low, with ''[[The Independent]]'' ranking Sydney as the fifth safest city in the world in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tokyo ranks as the world's safest city for the third time |work=The Independent |date=30 August 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tokyo-safest-cities-world-singapore-osaka-amsterdam-economist-intelligence-unit-safe-cities-index-a9083236.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> However, drug use is a significant problem. Methamphetamine is heavily consumed compared to other countries, while heroin is less common.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Australia is high on ice, eclipsing 24 other countries |url=https://unisa.edu.au/media-centre/Releases/2022/australia-is-high-on-ice-eclipsing-24-other-countries/ |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=UniSA |language=en }}</ref> One of the biggest crime-related issues in recent times was the introduction of [[Sydney lockout laws|lockout laws]] in February 2014,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx |first=Barry |last=O'Farrell |author-link=Barry O'Farrell |date=5 February 2014 |title=Lockout to commence from 24 February |publisher=NSW Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615154959/http://www.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/media-news/media-releases/2014/lockouts-to-commence-feb.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2016 }}</ref> in an attempt to curb alcohol-fuelled violence. Patrons could not enter clubs or bars in the inner-city after 1:30am, and last drinks were called at 3am. The lockout laws were removed in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-14/nsw-police-increase-patrols-after-sydney-lockout-laws-scrapped/11863296 |title=Bars, clubs celebrate as Sydney's lockout laws get lifted |date=14 January 2020 |website=ABC News |language=en-AU |access-date=6 March 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
{{Main|Culture of Sydney}}<br />
<br />
===Science, art, and history===<br />
[[File:Art Gallery of New South Wales at night.jpg|thumb|The [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], located in [[The Domain, Sydney|The Domain]], is the fourth largest public gallery in Australia.]]<br />
[[Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park]] is rich in [[Indigenous Australian]] heritage, containing around 1,500 pieces of [[Aboriginal rock art]] – the largest cluster of Indigenous sites in Australia. The park's indigenous sites include [[petroglyph]]s, art sites, [[burial site]]s, caves, marriage areas, birthing areas, [[midden]] sites, and tool manufacturing locations, which are dated to be around 5,000 years old. The inhabitants of the area were the [[Kuringgai|Garigal]] people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019 |title=Aboriginal heritage |work=Office of Environment and Heritage |publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]] |access-date=7 May 2011 }}</ref><ref name="discover">{{Cite book |title=Discover Australia's National Parks |last=Hema Maps |year=1997 |publisher=[[Random House]] Australia |location=Milsons Point, New South Wales |isbn=1-875992-47-2 |pages=116{{endash}}7 }}</ref> Other [[Sydney Rock Art|rock art sites]] exist in the Sydney region, such as in [[Terrey Hills]] and [[Bondi, New South Wales|Bondi]], although the locations of most are not publicised to prevent damage by vandalism, and to retain their quality, as they are still regarded as sacred sites by Indigenous Australians.<ref>Basedow, H. 1914. "Aboriginal rock carvings of great antiquity in S.A." ''J. R. Anthropol. Inst.'', 44, 195–211.</ref><br />
[[File:Public Library of New South Wales (30670032690).jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[State Library of New South Wales]] holds the oldest library collections in Australia.]]<br />
The [[Australian Museum]] opened in Sydney in 1827 with the purpose of collecting and displaying the natural wealth of the colony.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/australian_museum |title=Australian Museum |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=8 August 2014 }}</ref> It remains Australia's oldest natural history museum. In 1995 the [[Museum of Sydney]] opened on the site of the first [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]]. It recounts the story of the city's development.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ellmoos |first1=Laila |last2=Walden |first2=Inara |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_sydney |title=Museum of Sydney |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 }}</ref> Other museums include the [[Powerhouse Museum]] and the [[Australian National Maritime Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Powerhouse Museum |date=2014 |url=http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php |title=About the Powerhouse Museum |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003062038/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/about/about-museum.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |date=2014 |url=http://www.anmm.gov.au/about-us/who-we-are/our-museum |title=Our Museum: history and vision |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011090848/http://www.anmm.gov.au/about-us/who-we-are/our-museum |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[State Library of New South Wales]] holds the oldest library collections in Australia, being established as the [[Australian Subscription Library]] in 1826.<ref name="History1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/about/history/index.html |title=History of the Library <nowiki>|</nowiki> State Library of New South Wales |access-date=7 February 2011 |publisher=State Library of New South Wales }}</ref> The [[Royal Society of New South Wales]], formed in 1866, encourages "studies and investigations in science, art, literature, and philosophy". It is based in a terrace house in [[Darlington, New South Wales|Darlington]] owned by the [[University of Sydney]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Tyler |first=Peter |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/royal_society_of_new_south_wales |title=Royal Society of New South Wales |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 }}</ref> The [[Sydney Observatory]] building was constructed in 1859 and used for astronomy and meteorology research until 1982 before being converted into a museum.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_observatory_building |title=Sydney Observatory building |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014 }}</ref><br />
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The [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]] was opened in 1991 and occupies an [[Art Deco]] building in [[Circular Quay]]. Its collection was founded in the 1940s by artist and art collector John Power and has been maintained by the University of Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/museum_of_contemporary_art |title=Museum of Contemporary Art |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 }}</ref> Sydney's other significant art institution is the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]] which coordinates the [[Archibald Prize]] for portraiture.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/about-us/ |title=About us |access-date=11 October 2014 }}</ref> Sydney is also home to contemporary art gallery [[Artspace Visual Arts Centre|Artspace]], housed in the historic [[The Gunnery, Woolloomooloo|Gunnery Building]] in [[Woolloomooloo]], fronting [[Sydney Harbour]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NSW Department of Customer Service |first=Transport for NSW |date=28 April 2023 |title=Artspace Sydney {{!}} NSW Government |url=https://www.nsw.gov.au/visiting-and-exploring-nsw/locations-and-attractions/artspace-sydney |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=www.nsw.gov.au |language=en-AU }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Entertainment===<br />
[[File:Atrium of State Theatre IMG 4687a.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[State Theatre (Sydney)|State Theatre]] on [[Market Street, Sydney|Market Street]] was opened in 1929.]]<br />
<br />
Sydney's first commercial theatre opened in 1832 and nine more had commenced performances by the late 1920s. The live medium lost much of its popularity to the cinema during the Great Depression before experiencing a revival after World War II.<ref>{{cite web |last=McPherson |first=Ailsa |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/theatre |title=Theatre |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014 }}</ref> Prominent theatres in the city today include [[State Theatre (Sydney)|State Theatre]], [[Theatre Royal, Sydney|Theatre Royal]], [[Sydney Theatre]], [[The Wharf Theatre]], and [[Capitol Theatre, Sydney|Capitol Theatre]]. [[Sydney Theatre Company]] maintains a roster of local, classical, and international plays. It occasionally features Australian theatre icons such as [[David Williamson]], [[Hugo Weaving]], and [[Geoffrey Rush]]. The city's other prominent theatre companies are [[New Theatre (Newtown)|New Theatre]], [[Belvoir (theatre company)|Belvoir]], and [[Griffin Theatre Company]]. Sydney is also home to [[Event Cinemas]]' first theatre, which opened on [[George St, Sydney|George St]] in 1913, under its former Greater Union brand; the theatre currently operates, and is regarded as one of Australia's busiest cinema locations.<br />
<br />
The Sydney Opera House is the home of [[Opera Australia]] and [[Sydney Symphony]]. It has staged over 100,000 performances and received 100&nbsp;million visitors since opening in 1973.<ref name="Sydney Opera House"/> Two other important performance venues in Sydney are [[Sydney Town Hall|Town Hall]] and the [[City Recital Hall]]. The [[Sydney Conservatorium of Music]] is located adjacent to the Royal Botanic Garden and serves the Australian music community through education and its biannual Australian Music Examinations Board exams.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |url=http://music.sydney.edu.au/about/history/ |title=History |work=Sydney Conservatorium of Music |access-date=11 October 2014 }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Interior of Sydney Opera House Concert Hall during performance.jpg|thumb|A concert at the [[Sydney Opera House]]]]<br />
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Many writers have originated in and set their work in Sydney. Others have visited the city and commented on it. Some of them are commemorated in the [[Sydney Writers Walk]] at Circular Quay. The city was the headquarters for Australia's first published newspaper, the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Isaacs |first=Victor |title=Two hundred years of Sydney newspapers: a short history |year=2003 |publisher=Rural Press |location=North Richmond |pages=3–5 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:11092/sydnews.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=24 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722021118/http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:11092/sydnews.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Watkin Tench's ''A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay'' (1789) and ''A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson in New South Wales'' (1793) have remained the best-known accounts of life in early Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/literature |title=The Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=3 March 2018 }}</ref> Since the infancy of the establishment, much of the literature set in Sydney were concerned with life in the city's slums and working-class communities, notably [[William Lane]]'s ''The Working Man's Paradise'' (1892), [[Christina Stead]]'s ''[[Seven Poor Men of Sydney]]'' (1934) and [[Ruth Park]]'s ''[[The Harp in the South]]'' (1948).<ref name="RuthPark">{{Cite news |last=Maunder |first=Patricia |title=Novelist shone a light on slums |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |date=17 December 2010 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/obituaries/novelist-shone-a-light-on-slums-20101216-18zid.html |access-date=6 March 2018 }}</ref> The first Australian-born female novelist, [[Louisa Atkinson]], set several novels in Sydney.<ref>Maguire, M., 'Atkinson, (Caroline) Louisa Waring', in R. Aitken and M. Looker (eds), ''Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens'', South Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 35.</ref> Contemporary writers, such as [[Elizabeth Harrower (writer)|Elizabeth Harrower]], were born in the city and set most of their work there–Harrower's debut novel ''[[Down in the City]]'' (1957) was mostly set in a [[King's Cross, New South Wales|King's Cross]] apartment.<ref name="Harrower">{{cite magazine |title=Rediscovering Elizabeth Harrower |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=20 October 2014 |access-date=6 March 2018 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/20/time-lies }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Text Publishing – Down in the City |url=https://www.textpublishing.com.au/books/down-in-the-city |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=22 March 2018 |isbn=9781922147042 |last1=Harrower |first1=Elizabeth |publisher=Text Publishing Company }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Down in the City by Elizabeth Harrower |work=Readings.com.au |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=22 March 2018 |url=https://www.readings.com.au/review/down-in-the-city-by-elizabeth-harrower }}</ref> Well known contemporary novels set in the city include [[Melina Marchetta]]'s ''[[Looking for Alibrandi (novel)|Looking for Alibrandi]]'' (1992), [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]]'s ''30 Days in Sydney: A Wildly Distorted Account'' (1999), [[J. M. Coetzee]]'s ''[[Diary of a Bad Year]]'' (2007) and [[Kate Grenville]]'s ''[[The Secret River]]'' (2010). The [[Sydney Writers' Festival]] is held annually between April and May.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.swf.org.au/about-us/ |work=Sydney Writers' Festival (SWF) Official Site |access-date=25 March 2018 }}</ref><br />
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Filmmaking in Sydney was prolific until the 1920s when spoken films were introduced and American productions gained dominance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balint |first1=Ruth |last2=Dolgopolov |first2=Greg |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/film |title=Film |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 }}</ref> The [[Australian New Wave]] saw a resurgence in film production, with many notable features shot in the city between the 1970s and 80s, helmed by directors such as [[Bruce Beresford]], [[Peter Weir]] and [[Gillian Armstrong]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Australian pride is its 'new wave' of films |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1981 |access-date=25 March 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/15/movies/australia-s-pride-is-it-s-new-wave-of-films.html }}</ref> [[Fox Studios Australia]] commenced production in Sydney in 1998. Successful films shot in Sydney since then include ''[[The Matrix]]'', ''[[Lantana (film)|Lantana]]'', ''[[Mission: Impossible 2]]'', ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'', ''[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones]]'', ''[[Australia (2008 film)|Australia]]'', ''[[Superman Returns]]'', ''[[The Great Gatsby (2013 film)|The Great Gatsby]]'' and ''[[Anyone but You]]''. The [[National Institute of Dramatic Art]] is based in Sydney and has several famous alumni such as [[Mel Gibson]], [[Judy Davis]], [[Baz Luhrmann]], [[Cate Blanchett]], [[Hugo Weaving]] and [[Jacqueline McKenzie|Jacqueline Mckenzie]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Institute of Dramatic Art |date=2014 |url=http://www.nida.edu.au/about-nida/history |title=History |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017134650/http://www.nida.edu.au/about-nida/history |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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Sydney hosts several festivals throughout the year. The city's [[Sydney New Year's Eve|New Year's Eve]] celebrations are the largest in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Jaskiran |date=2013 |url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm |title=Where to party in Australia on New Year's Eve |website=International Business Times |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708231528/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/531947/20131227/party-new-year-s-eve-australia-sydney.htm |archive-date=8 July 2014 }}</ref> The [[Sydney Royal Easter Show|Royal Easter Show]] is held every year at Sydney Olympic Park. [[Sydney Festival]] is Australia's largest arts festival.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Festival |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/ |title=About us |access-date=11 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927103437/http://www.sydneyfestival.org.au/About/About-Us/ |archive-date=27 September 2014 }}</ref> The travelling rock music festival [[Big Day Out]] originated in Sydney. The city's two largest film festivals are [[Sydney Film Festival]] and [[Tropfest]]. [[Vivid Sydney]] is an annual outdoor exhibition of art installations, light projections, and music. In 2015, Sydney was ranked the 13th top [[fashion capital]] in the world.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151026005716/http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/paris-towers-over-world-of-fashion-as-top-global-fashion-capital-for-2015/ The Top Global Fashion Capitals for 2016]}} – The [[Global Language Monitor]], 2016</ref> It hosts the [[Australian Fashion Week]] in autumn. [[Sydney Mardi Gras]] has commenced each February since 1979.<br />
<br />
Sydney's [[Chinatown, Sydney|Chinatown]] has had numerous locations since the 1850s. It moved from [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]] to Campbell Street to its current setting in Dixon Street in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown |title=Chinatown |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 }}</ref> Little Italy is located in Stanley Street.<ref name="Economy"/><br />
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Restaurants, bars and nightclubs can be found in the entertainment hubs in the Sydney CBD ([[Darling Harbour]], [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]], [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]] and [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]]), [[Oxford Street, Sydney|Oxford Street]], [[Surry Hills]], [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]] and [[Parramatta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nightlife Archives |url=https://concreteplayground.com/melbourne/category/food-drink/nightlife |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Concrete Playground |language=en-US }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The best clubs in Sydney |url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/nightlife/the-best-clubs-in-sydney |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Time Out Sydney |language=en }}</ref> [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]] was previously considered the red-light district. [[The Star, Sydney|The Star]] is the city's casino and is situated next to [[Darling Harbour]] while the new [[Crown Sydney]] resort is in nearby [[Barangaroo, New South Wales|Barangaroo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover the best of Crown Sydney |url=http://www.crownsydney.com.au/home |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Crown Sydney |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025131306/https://www.crownsydney.com.au/home |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Media===<br />
{{Main|Media in Sydney}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Ultimo ABC - cropped.jpg|alt=|thumb|Australia's national broadcaster, the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]], is headquartered in [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]].]]<br />
The ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' is Australia's oldest newspaper still in print; it has been published continuously since 1831.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lagan |first=Bernard |date=2012 |url=http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/ |title=Breaking: news and hearts at the Herald |work=[[The Global Mail]] |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623194413/http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/breaking-news-and-hearts-at-the-herald/277/ |archive-date=23 June 2012 }}</ref> Its competitor is ''[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]'', in print since 1879.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Clancy |first=Laurie |date=2004 |title=The media and cinema |journal=Culture and Customs of Australia |page=126 }}</ref> Both papers have Sunday tabloid editions called ''[[The Sun-Herald]]'' and ''[[Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Sunday Telegraph]]'' respectively. ''[[The Bulletin (Australian periodical)|The Bulletin]]'' was founded in Sydney in 1880 and became Australia's longest running magazine. It closed after 128 years of continuous publication.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_bulletin |title=The Bulletin |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref> Sydney heralded Australia's first newspaper, the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]'', published until 1842.<br />
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Each of Australia's three commercial television networks and two public broadcasters is headquartered in Sydney. [[Nine Network|Nine's]] offices and news studios are in [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]], [[Network 10|Ten]] is based in [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]], and [[Seven Network|Seven]] is based in [[South Eveleigh]] in [[Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Channel 9 to move into North Sydney skyscraper |date=6 March 2017 |last=Wilmot |first=Ben |url=https://www.realcommercial.com.au/news/channel-9-to-move-into-north-sydney-skyscraper |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=www.realcommercial.com.au |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Network 10]] |url=http://tenplay.com.au/contact-us |title=Contact us |access-date=24 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title=7NEWS Sydney to broadcast from new home after 19 years at Martin Place |url=https://7news.com.au/business/media/7news-sydney-to-broadcast-from-new-home-after-19-years-at-martin-place-c-11091970 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=7NEWS |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mediaweek |date=27 June 2023 |title=In Pictures: 7NEWS Sydney's new newsroom and studios at South Eveleigh |url=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/in-pictures-7news-sydneys-new-newsroom-and-studios-at-south-eveleigh/ |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Mediaweek |language=en-AU }}</ref> The [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] is located in [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=2014 |url=http://about.abc.net.au/where-to-find-us/abc-offices/ |title=ABC offices |access-date=24 August 2014 }}</ref> and the [[Special Broadcasting Service]] is based in [[Artarmon]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |date=2014 |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details |title=Contact |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718023845/http://www.sbs.com.au/aboutus/contact/index/id/141/h/Contact-Details |url-status=dead }}</ref> Multiple digital channels have been provided by all five networks since 2000. [[Foxtel]] is based in [[North Ryde]] and sells subscription cable television to most of the urban area.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Foxtel]] |date=2014 |url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/contact/default.htm |title=Contact Foxtel |access-date=24 August 2014 }}</ref> Sydney's first [[List of Sydney radio stations|radio stations]] commenced broadcasting in the 1920s. Radio has managed to survive despite the introduction of television and the Internet.<ref name="Commercial radio">{{cite web |last=Griffen-Foley |first=Bridget |author-link=Bridget Griffen-Foley |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/commercial_radio |title=Commercial radio |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref> [[2UE]] was founded in 1925 and under the ownership of Nine Entertainment is the oldest station still broadcasting.<ref name="Commercial radio"/> Competing stations include the more popular [[2GB]], [[ABC Radio Sydney]], [[KIIS 106.5]], [[Triple M Sydney|Triple M]], [[Nova 96.9]] and [[2Day FM]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bodey |first=Michael |date=2010 |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/major-players-maintain-leading-shares-in-second-radio-ratings-survey-of-2010/story-e6frg996-1225847441946 |title=Major players maintain leading shares in second radio ratings survey of 2010 |work=The Australian |access-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
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==Sport and outdoor activities==<br />
{{Main|Sport in Sydney}}<br />
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Sydney's earliest migrants brought with them a passion for sport but were restricted by the lack of facilities and equipment. The first organised sports were [[boxing]], [[wrestling]], and horse racing from 1810 in [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]].<ref name="Sport">{{cite web |last=Cashman |first=Richard |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sport |title=Sport |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref> Horse racing remains popular and events such as the [[Golden Slipper Stakes]] attract widespread attention. The first cricket club was formed in 1826 and matches were played within Hyde Park throughout the 1830s and 1840s.<ref name="Sport"/> Cricket is a favoured sport in summer and big matches have been held at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] since 1878. The [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales Blues]] compete in the [[Sheffield Shield]] league and the [[Sydney Sixers]] and [[Sydney Thunder]] contest the national [[Big Bash League|Big Bash]] Twenty20 competition.<br />
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First played in Sydney in 1865, rugby grew to be the city's most popular football code by the 1880s. One-tenth of the state's population attended a New South Wales versus New Zealand rugby match in 1907.<ref name="Sport"/> Rugby league separated from rugby union in 1908. The [[New South Wales Waratahs]] contest the [[Super Rugby]] competition, while the [[Sydney Rays]] represent the city in the [[National Rugby Championship]]. The national [[Wallabies (rugby union)|Wallabies]] rugby union team competes in Sydney in international matches such as the [[Bledisloe Cup]], [[The Rugby Championship|Rugby Championship]], and [[Rugby World Cup|World Cup]]. Sydney is home to nine of the seventeen teams in the [[National Rugby League]] competition: [[Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs]], [[Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks]], [[Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles]], [[Penrith Panthers]], [[Parramatta Eels]], [[South Sydney Rabbitohs]], [[St George Illawarra Dragons]], [[Sydney Roosters]], and [[Wests Tigers]]. [[New South Wales rugby league team|New South Wales]] contests the annual [[State of Origin series]] against [[Queensland rugby league team|Queensland]].<br />
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[[Sydney FC]] and the [[Western Sydney Wanderers FC|Western Sydney Wanderers]] compete in the [[A-League Men]] and [[A-League Women]] competitions. The [[Sydney Swans]] and [[Greater Western Sydney Giants]] are local [[Australian rules football]] clubs that play in the [[Australian Football League]] and the [[AFL Women's]]. The [[Sydney Kings]] compete in the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]]. The [[Sydney Uni Flames]] play in the [[Women's National Basketball League]]. The [[Sydney Blue Sox]] contest the [[Australian Baseball League]]. The [[NSW Pride]] are a member of the [[Hockey One|Hockey One League]]. The [[Sydney Bears]] and [[Sydney Ice Dogs]] play in the [[Australian Ice Hockey League]]. The [[New South Wales Swifts|Swifts]] are competitors in the national women's netball league.<br />
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=== Major sporting venues ===<br />
<gallery widths="200"><br />
File:State of Origin Game II 2018 (cropped).jpg|[[Stadium Australia]]<br />
File:Sydney Cricket Ground (24509044622).jpg|[[Sydney Cricket Ground]]<br />
File:View Inside Western Sydney Stadium on Opening Day (cropped).jpg|[[Western Sydney Stadium]]<br />
File:SydneyFootballStadium Aug2022 Pre-open.jpg|[[Sydney Football Stadium (2022)|Sydney Football Stadium]]<br />
</gallery>[[File:Sydney Harbour welcomes Jessica Watson.jpg|alt=|thumb|Sailing on [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]]]]<br />
Women were first allowed to participate in recreational swimming when separate baths were opened at [[Woolloomooloo|Woolloomooloo Bay]] in the 1830s. From being illegal at the beginning of the century, sea bathing gained immense popularity during the early 1900s and the first [[surf lifesaving]] club was established at [[Bondi Beach]].<ref name="Sport"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fenner |first=Peter |date=2005 |title=Surf Life Saving Australia |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |pages=33–43 }}</ref> [[1907 Sydney bathing costume protests|Disputes about appropriate clothing]] for surf bathing surfaced occasionally and concerned men as well as women. The [[City2Surf (Sydney)|City2Surf]] is an annual {{cvt|14|km|mi|1|abbr=off|adj=on}} running race from the CBD to Bondi Beach and has been held since 1971. In 2010, 80,000 runners participated which made it the largest run of its kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City2Surf |date=2014 |url=http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222180620/http://www.city2surf.com.au/timeline/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2014 |title=Timeline |access-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Sailing races have been held on [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] since 1827.<ref>{{cite web |last=de Montfort |first=Carlin |date=2010 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sailing |title=Sailing |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 }}</ref> Yachting has been popular amongst wealthier residents since the 1840s and the [[Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron]] was founded in 1862. The [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race]] is a {{cvt|1170|km|mi|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} event that starts from Sydney Harbour on Boxing Day.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=About.com |date=2014 |url=http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm |title=Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712074730/http://goaustralia.about.com/od/eventsandfestivals/a/sydhob.htm |archive-date=12 July 2014 }}</ref> Since its inception in 1945 it has been recognised as one of the most difficult yacht races in the world.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2001 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/sailing/1721104.stm |title=Tough legacy of a Sydney classic |access-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref> Six sailors died and 71 vessels of 115 failed to finish in the 1998 edition.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney_to_hobart_yacht_race |title=Sydney to Hobart yacht race |access-date=10 August 2014 }}</ref><br />
[[File:Sydney Olympic Park, NSW.jpg|thumb|[[Sydney Olympic Park]] was built for the [[Sydney Olympics|2000 Olympics]] and has become a major sporting and recreational precinct.]]<br />
The [[Royal Sydney Golf Club]] is based in [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]] and since its opening in 1893 has hosted the [[Australian Open (golf)|Australian Open]] on 13 occasions.<ref name="Sport"/> [[Royal Randwick Racecourse]] opened in 1833 and holds several major cups throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Royal Randwick Racecourse |date=2014 |url=http://www.randwickracecourse.com.au |title=Randwick Race Course |access-date=30 August 2014 }}</ref><br />
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Sydney benefitted from the construction of significant sporting infrastructure in preparation for its hosting of the 2000 Summer Olympics. The Sydney Olympic Park accommodates athletics, aquatics, tennis, hockey, archery, baseball, cycling, equestrian, and rowing facilities. It also includes the high capacity [[Stadium Australia]] used for rugby, soccer, and Australian rules football. The [[Sydney Football Stadium (1988)|Sydney Football Stadium]] was completed in 1988 and was used for rugby and soccer matches. Sydney Cricket Ground was opened in 1878 and is used for both cricket and Australian rules football fixtures.<ref name="Sport"/><br />
<br />
Sydney was one of the host cities during the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]]. Sydney Football Stadium and Stadium Australia were selected as venues, with the later hosting the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup final|final]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Football Australia celebrates hosting the most successful FIFA Women's World Cup ever |url=https://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news/football-australia-celebrates-hosting-most-successful-fifa-womens-world-cup-ever |work=Football Australia |access-date=2 June 2024 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Sydney International]] tennis tournament is held here at the beginning of each year as the warm-up for [[Australian Open|the Grand Slam in Melbourne]]. Two of the most successful tennis players in history ([[Ken Rosewall]] and [[Todd Woodbridge]]) were born in and live in the city.<br />
<br />
Sydney co-hosted the [[FIBA Oceania Championship]] in 1979, 1985, 1989, 1995, 2007, 2009 and 2011.<br />
<br />
==Government==<br />
{{See also|Local government areas of New South Wales}}<br />
<br />
===Historical governance===<br />
[[File:Parliament of New South Wales.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Parliament of New South Wales|New South Wales parliament]] sits at [[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]], Sydney, which is the oldest public building in Australia.]]<br />
The first five governors had near autocratic power in the colony of New South Wales, subject only to the laws of England and the supervision of the Colonial Office in London. Sydney was the seat of government for the colony which encompassed over half the Australian continent.<ref name="Kingston-2006b">Kingston (2006). pp. 1–2, 27–28</ref> The first Legislative Council met in 1826,<ref name="Kingston-2006c">Kingston (2006). p. 28</ref> and in 1842, the imperial parliament expanded and reformed the council, making it partly elected.<ref name="Hirst-2014">Hirst, John (2014), pp. 51–54</ref> In the same year, the town of Sydney officially became a city and an elected municipal council was established.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Sydney City Council |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055655/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf?download=true |archive-date=17 June 2021 |access-date=17 June 2021 |publisher=City of Sydney |format=PDF }}</ref><ref name="Golder-1995">{{cite book |author=Hilary Golder |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true |title=A Short Electoral History of the Sydney City Council 1842–1992 |publisher=City of Sydney |year=1995 |isbn=0-909368-93-7 |format=PDF |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617055958/https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-city-council/hs_chos_electoral_history.pdf?download=true |archive-date=17 June 2021 }}</ref> The council had limited powers, mostly relating to services such as street lighting and drainage.<ref>{{cite conference |author=Kelly, A. H. |date=4–8 July 2011 |title=The Development of Local Government in Australia, Focusing on NSW: From Road Builder to Planning Agency to Servant of the State Government and Developmentalism |url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1542&context=lawpapers |format=Paper |location=Perth |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |access-date=1 January 2017 |event=World Planning Schools Congress 2011 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011225005/http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1542&context=lawpapers |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its boundaries were restricted to an area of 11.6 square kilometres, taking in the city centre and the modern suburbs of [[Woolloomooloo]], [[Surry Hills]], [[Chippendale, New South Wales|Chippendale]], and [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]].<ref name="City-of-Sydney-2020"/> As Sydney grew, other municipal councils were formed to provide local administration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Shirley |date=2011 |title=Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/sydney |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=The Dictionary of Sydney, State Library of New South Wales }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1856, New South Wales achieved responsible government with the introduction of a bicameral parliament, based in Sydney, comprising a directly elected [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and a nominated [[New South Wales Legislative Council|Legislative Council]].<ref name="Kingston-2006a">Kingston, Beverley (2006). pp. 36, 55–57, 61–62</ref> With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Sydney became the capital of the state of New South Wales and its administration was divided between the Commonwealth, State and constituent local governments.<ref name="Kingston-2006a" /><br />
<br />
===Government in the present===<br />
[[File:Sydney Town Hall, 2022, 06.jpg|thumb|The [[Sydney Town Hall]] is the seat of the [[City of Sydney]]; the oldest [[Local government areas of New South Wales|local government]] in the city]]<br />
In common with other Australian capital cities, Sydney has no single local government covering its whole area. [[Local government areas of New South Wales|Local government areas]] have responsibilities such as local roads, libraries, child care, community services and waste collection, whereas the state government retains responsibility for main roads, traffic control, public transport, policing, education, and major infrastructure project.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Three levels of government |url=http://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/Publications/Fact_Sheets/three_lvls.htm |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission }}</ref> There are 34 local government areas which are wholly or mostly within Greater Sydney as defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.<ref name="AU Stats-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABS maps |url=https://maps.abs.gov.au/ |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics }}</ref> Greater Sydney's boundaries encompass [[Electoral districts of New South Wales|49 state electoral districts]] and [[Electorates of the Australian House of Representatives|24 federal electoral districts]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electoral boundaries |url=https://elections.nsw.gov.au/elections/how-voting-works/electoral-boundaries |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=elections.nsw.gov.au |language=en-au}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}<br />
* [[Bayside Council|Bayside]]<br />
* [[City of Canterbury-Bankstown|Canterbury-Bankstown]]<br />
* [[City of Blacktown|Blacktown]]<br />
* [[City of Blue Mountains|Blue Mountains]]<br />
* [[Municipality of Burwood|Burwood]]<br />
* [[Camden Council (New South Wales)|Camden]]<br />
* [[City of Campbelltown (New South Wales)|Campbelltown]]<br />
* [[City of Canada Bay|Canada Bay]]<br />
* [[Central Coast Council (New South Wales)|Central Coast]]<br />
* [[Cumberland Council (New South Wales)|Cumberland]]<br />
* [[City of Fairfield|Fairfield]]<br />
* [[Georges River Council|Georges River]]<br />
* [[City of Hawkesbury|Hawkesbury]]<br />
* [[The Hills Shire|The Hills]]<br />
* [[Hornsby Shire|Hornsby]]<br />
* [[Municipality of Hunter's Hill|Hunter's Hill]]<br />
* [[Inner West Council|Inner West]]<br />
* [[Ku-ring-gai Council|Ku-ring-gai]]<br />
* [[Municipality of Lane Cove|Lane Cove]]<br />
* [[City of Liverpool (New South Wales)|Liverpool]]<br />
* [[Municipality of Mosman|Mosman]]<br />
* [[North Sydney Council|North Sydney]]<br />
* [[Northern Beaches Council|Northern Beaches]]<br />
* [[City of Parramatta Council|Parramatta]]<br />
* [[City of Penrith|Penrith]]<br />
* [[City of Randwick|Randwick]]<br />
* [[City of Ryde|Ryde]]<br />
* [[Municipality of Strathfield|Strathfield]]<br />
* [[Sutherland Shire|Sutherland]]<br />
* [[City of Sydney|Sydney]]<br />
* [[Waverley Council|Waverley]]<br />
* [[City of Willoughby|Willoughby]]<br />
* [[Wollondilly Shire Council|Wollondilly]]<br />
* [[Municipality of Woollahra|Woollahra]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
[[File:Government House, Sydney, Australia.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] is the official residence of the [[Governor of New South Wales]]]]<br />
Sydney is the location of the secondary official residences of the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] and [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] – [[Admiralty House, Sydney|Admiralty House]] and [[Kirribilli House]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences |title=Official Residences |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia]] |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530161014/http://www.gg.gov.au/about-governor-general/official-residences |archive-date=30 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Parliament of New South Wales]] sits in [[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] on [[Macquarie Street, Sydney|Macquarie Street]]. This building was completed in 1816 and first served as a hospital. The Legislative Council moved into its northern wing in 1829 and by 1852 had entirely supplanted the surgeons from their quarters.<ref name="Governor Lachlan Macquarie">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Governor Lachlan Macquarie |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912191250/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryGovernorLachlanMacquarie |archive-date=12 September 2014 |access-date=17 August 2014 |publisher=Parliament of New South Wales }}</ref> Several additions have been made as the Parliament has expanded, but it retains its original [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] façade.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellmoos |first=Laila |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/parliament_house |title=Parliament House |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 }}</ref> [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]] was completed in 1845 and has served as the home of 25 Governors and 5 Governors-General.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Living Museums |date=2014 |url=http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace |title=Behold a palace |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701172133/http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/behold-palace |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Cabinet of Australia]] also [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|meets]] in Sydney when needed.<br />
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The highest court in the state is the Supreme Court of New South Wales, located in Queen's Square.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Supreme Court of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html |title=Court locations |access-date=17 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125221814/http://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/supremecourt/SCO2_court_locations.html |archive-date=25 November 2014 }}</ref> The city is also the home of numerous branches of the intermediate [[District Court of New South Wales]] and the lower [[Local Court of New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=New South Wales Courts |date=2014 |url=http://nswcourts.com.au/courts/ |title=Find a court |access-date=17 August 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the past, the state has tended to resist amalgamating Sydney's more populated local government areas as merged councils could pose a threat to its governmental power.<ref>{{cite book |last=Golder |first=Hilary |year=2004 |title=Sacked: removing and remaking the Sydney City Council }}</ref> Established in 1842, the City of Sydney is one such local government area and includes the CBD and some adjoining inner suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2005 |url=http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050709222141/http://cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/documents/history/hs_chos_history_of_council_1001.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2005 |title=History of Sydney City Council |access-date=13 July 2014 }}</ref> It is responsible for fostering development in the local area, providing local services (waste collection and recycling, libraries, parks, sporting facilities), promoting the interests of residents, supporting organisations that target the local community, and attracting and providing infrastructure for commerce, tourism, and industry.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=2014 |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/council/about-council |title=About Council |access-date=17 August 2014 |archive-date=23 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923114819/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/council/about-council |url-status=dead }}</ref> The City of Sydney is led by an elected Council and [[Lord Mayor of Sydney|Lord Mayor]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=State Records |date=2014 |url=http://investigator.records.nsw.gov.au/Entity.aspx?Path=%5COrganisation%5C21 |title=Organisation detail |access-date=12 October 2014 }}</ref><br />
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In federal politics, Sydney was initially considered as a [[History of the Australian Capital Territory#Search for a capital city location|possibility for Australia's capital city]]; the newly created city of [[Canberra]] ultimately filled this role.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Australian History |editor1-last=Davison |editor1-first=Graeme |editor2-last=Hirst |editor2-first=John |editor3-last=Macintyre |editor3-first=Stuart |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=464–465, 662–663 |isbn=9780195535976 }}</ref> Seven Australian [[List of Australian Prime Ministers by state#Birth places|Prime Ministers have been born in]] Sydney, more than any other city, including first Prime Minister [[Edmund Barton]] and current Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]].<br />
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Essential public emergency services are provided and managed by the State Government. Greater Sydney is served by:<br />
* [[New South Wales Police Force]]<br />
* [[New South Wales Ambulance]]<br />
* [[Fire and Rescue NSW]]<br />
<br />
==Infrastructure==<br />
<br />
===Education===<br />
{{Main|Education in Sydney}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Usydcampuspicture.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[University of Sydney]]]]<br />
Education became a focus for the colony from the 1870s when public schools began to form and schooling became compulsory.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Craig |last2=Sherington |first2=Geoffrey |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/education |title=Education |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 }}</ref> By 2011, 90% of working age residents had completed some schooling and 57% had completed the highest level of school.<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /> 1,390,703 people were enrolled in an educational institution in 2011 with 45.1% of these attending school and 16.5% studying at a university.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats" /> Undergraduate or postgraduate qualifications are held by 22.5% of working age Sydney residents and 40.2% of working age residents of the City of Sydney.<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /><ref>{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/qualifications |title=Educational qualifications |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223221803/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/qualifications |url-status=dead }}</ref> The most common fields of tertiary qualification are commerce (22.8%), engineering (13.4%), society and culture (10.8%), health (7.8%), and education (6.6%).<ref name="ABSGCCSAXLS" /><br />
[[File:112 N7A8606 UTS Central Andy Roberts hr.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The [[University of Technology Sydney]]]]<br />
There are six public universities based in Sydney: The [[University of Sydney]], [[University of New South Wales]], [[University of Technology, Sydney|University of Technology Sydney]], [[Macquarie University]], [[Western Sydney University]], and [[Australian Catholic University]]. Five public universities maintain secondary campuses in the city: the [[University of Notre Dame Australia]], [[Central Queensland University]], [[Victoria University, Melbourne|Victoria University]], [[University of Wollongong]], and [[University of Newcastle (Australia)|University of Newcastle]]. [[Charles Sturt University]] and [[Southern Cross University]] operate secondary campuses only designated for international students. In addition, four public universities offer programs in Sydney through third-party providers: [[University of the Sunshine Coast]], [[La Trobe University]], [[Federation University Australia]] and [[Charles Darwin University]]. 5.2% of residents of Sydney are attending a university.<ref name="Education institution attending">{{cite web |publisher=.id |date=2014 |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/education |title=Education institution attending |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226220401/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/education |url-status=dead }}</ref> The University of New South Wales and the University of Sydney are ranked equal 19th in the world,<ref name="UNSW-Sites">{{Cite web |title=UNSW Sydney rockets into the global top 20 in latest QS Rankings |url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/newsroom/news/2023/06/unsw-sydney-rockets-into-the-global-top-20-in-latest-qs-rankings |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=UNSW Sites |language=en }}</ref> the University of Technology Sydney is ranked in the top 100,<ref name="UNSW-Sites" /> while Macquarie University is ranked 237, and Western Sydney University is ranked 474.<ref>{{cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2021 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2021 |website=Top Universities |access-date=2 January 2020 |language=en |date=5 June 2019 }}</ref><br />
Sydney has public, denominational, and independent schools. 7.8% of Sydney residents are attending primary school and 6.4% are enrolled in secondary school.<ref name="Education institution attending"/> There are 935 public preschool, primary, and secondary schools in Sydney that are administered by the [[Department of Education and Communities (New South Wales)|New South Wales Department of Education]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Education and Communities |date=2014 |url=http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/? |title=School locator |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709210937/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/locator/ |archive-date=9 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 14 of the 17 selective secondary schools in New South Wales are based in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Education and Communities |date=2014 |url=http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php |title=List of selective and agricultural high schools |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613233227/http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/gotoschool/types/shs_ahs_details.php |archive-date=13 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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Public vocational education and training in Sydney are run by [[TAFE NSW|TAFE New South Wales]] and began with the opening of the [[Sydney Technical College]] in 1878.<ref name="Sydney Technical College"/> The college became the [[Sydney Institute of TAFE|Sydney Institute]] in 1992 and now operates alongside its sister TAFE facilities across the Sydney metropolitan area, namely the [[Northern Sydney Institute of TAFE|Northern Sydney Institute]], the [[Western Sydney Institute of TAFE|Western Sydney Institute]], and the [[South Western Sydney Institute of TAFE|South Western Sydney Institute]]. At the 2011 census, 2.4% of Sydney residents are enrolled in a TAFE course.<ref name="Education institution attending"/><br />
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===Health===<br />
[[File:Sydney Hospital. - panoramio.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Sydney Hospital]], completed in 1816]]<br />
The first hospital in the new colony was a collection of tents at [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]]. Many of the convicts that survived the trip suffered from [[dysentery]], smallpox, [[scurvy]], and [[typhoid]]. Healthcare facilities remained inadequate despite the arrival of a prefabricated hospital with the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]] and the construction of new hospitals at Parramatta, [[Windsor, New South Wales|Windsor]], and [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] in the 1790s.<ref name="Hospitals">{{cite web |last=Godden |first=Judith |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/hospitals |title=Hospitals |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=9 August 2014 }}</ref><br />
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Governor Macquarie arranged for the construction of [[Sydney Hospital]], completed in 1816.<ref name="Hospitals"/> Parts of the facility have been repurposed for use as [[Parliament House, Sydney|Parliament House]] but the hospital itself still operates. The city's first emergency department was established at Sydney Hospital in 1870. Demand for emergency medical care increased from 1895 with the introduction of an ambulance service.<ref name="Hospitals"/> The Sydney Hospital also housed Australia's first teaching facility for nurses, the Nightingale Wing, established with the input of [[Florence Nightingale]] in 1868.<ref name="ALadyDisplaced">Judith Godden, ''Lucy Osburn, A Lady Displaced'', Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2006</ref><br />
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Healthcare was recognised as a right in the early 1900s and Sydney's public hospitals came under the oversight of the Government of New South Wales.<ref name="Hospitals"/> The administration of healthcare across Sydney is handled by eight local health districts: Central Coast, Illawarra Shoalhaven, Sydney, Nepean Blue Mountains, Northern Sydney, South Eastern Sydney, South Western Sydney, and Western Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Government of New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/lhd/Pages/default.aspx |title=Local health districts |access-date=23 August 2014 }}</ref> The [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince of Wales Hospital]] was established in 1852 and became the first of several major hospitals to be opened.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp |title=Prince of Wales Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082609/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/powhistory.asp |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney|St Vincent's Hospital]] was founded in 1857,<ref name="Darlinghurst"/> followed by [[Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children]] in 1880,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The Children's Hospital at Westmead |date=2014 |url=http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/ |title=Our history |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621081851/http://bandagedbear.org.au/about-us/our-history/ |archive-date=21 June 2014 }}</ref> the [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Sydney)|Prince Henry Hospital]] in 1881,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp |title=Prince Henry Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019082311/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/POWH/history/henryhistory.asp |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]] in 1882,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html |title=Royal Prince Alfred Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218045210/http://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/about_us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[Royal North Shore Hospital]] in 1885,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Northern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Hospitals/RNSH/Pages/Aboutus.aspx |title=About us |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=1 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001160347/http://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Hospitals/RNSH/Pages/Aboutus.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[St George Hospital (Sydney)|St George Hospital]] in 1894,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp |title=About us |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816045336/http://www.seslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/SGH/about_us.asp |archive-date=16 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Nepean Hospital]] in 1895.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.nbmlhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Nepean-Hospital/About-Us |title=About Nepean Hospital |access-date=23 August 2014 }}</ref> [[Westmead Hospital]] in 1978 was the last major facility to open.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Western Sydney Local Health District |date=2014 |url=http://www.wslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Westmead-Hospital/About-us/Our-History |title=Our history |access-date=23 August 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Transport===<br />
{{Main|Transport in Sydney}}<br />
<br />
====Roads====<br />
[[File:Light Horse Interchange (aerial view).jpg|thumb|[[Light Horse Interchange]], the largest of its kind in Australia]]<br />
<br />
The motor vehicle, more than any other factor, has determined the pattern of Sydney's urban development since [[World War II]].<ref name="Transport">{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/transport |title=Transport |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014 }}</ref> The growth of low-density housing in the city's outer suburbs has made car ownership necessary for hundreds of thousands of households. The percentage of trips taken by car has increased from 13% in 1947 to 50% in 1960 and 70% in 1971.<ref name="Transport"/> The most important roads in Sydney were the nine [[Metroad]]s, including the {{cvt|110|km|mi|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} [[Sydney Orbital Network]]. Sydney's reliance on motor vehicles and its sprawling road network has been criticised by proponents of mass public transport and high-density housing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Social Trends, July 2013 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features40July+2013 |work=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=21 August 2016 |date=5 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sydney is Australia's most valuable location, but public transport is its weakness |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=4 April 2015 |first=Matt |last=Wade |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/sydney-is-australias-most-valuable-location-but-public-transport-is-its-weakness-20150402-1mdv7i.html |access-date=21 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140411-zqtpy.html |title=Sydney not yet a true global city |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=21 August 2016 }}</ref> The [[Light Horse Interchange]] in western Sydney is the largest in the southern hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf |title=Fact Sheet – Light Horse Interchange |publisher=Westlink Motorway Limited |date=May 2006 |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233919/http://www.westlinkm7.com.au/cmsAdmin/uploads/Fact_Sheet_Light_Horse_Interchange.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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There can be up to 350,000 cars using Sydney's roads simultaneously during peak hour, leading to significant traffic congestion.<ref name="Transport"/> 84.9% of Sydney households own a motor vehicle and 46.5% own two or more.<ref name="Greater Sydney QuickStats"/> With a rate of 26.3% in 2014, Sydney has the highest utilisation of public transport for travel to work of any Australian capital.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=2008 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Chapter10102008 |title=Australian social trends |access-date=10 August 2014 }}</ref> In contrast, in 2014 only 25.2% of working residents in the City of Sydney use a car, whilst 15.8% take a train, 13.3% use a bus, and 25.3% walk.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Method of travel to work |url=http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/travel-to-work |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=.id |archive-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223224108/http://profile.id.com.au/sydney/travel-to-work |url-status=dead }}</ref> Several significant infrastructure projects have been completed since. The CBD features a [[Lanes and alleyways of Sydney|series of alleyways and lanes]] that provide [[alley|off-street]] vehicular access to city buildings and as well as pedestrian routes through city buildings.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sydney |date=1 January 1993 |url=https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/1750473 |title=Policy for the management of laneways in Central Sydney/ Sydney City Council |access-date=18 November 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Suburban trains====<br />
{{Main|Sydney Trains}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Central Station Concourse Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] is the busiest railway station in Australia, and the city's main public transport hub.]]<br />
Sydney has the largest public transport network in Australia, with 67% of residents having access to adequate public transport services.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Australia's biggest cities rank for public transport access |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/how-australias-biggest-cities-rank-for-public-transport-access/iy0wrwm4k |website=SBS News |date=8 July 2024 |access-date=20 May 2025 }}</ref> Sydney's rail network began with the construction of a rail line to present-day Granville in 1855. Afterwards, the network grew with European settlement in the 19th century.<ref name="TfNSW Trains History">{{cite web |title=History of the NSW Railways |url=https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/projects/community-engagement/sydney-trains-community/culture-and-heritage/history-of-nsw-railways |website=Transport for NSW |date=5 June 2017 |access-date=20 May 2025 }}</ref> In the 1850s and 1860s, the rail network reached areas that are now outer suburbs of Sydney.<ref name="Transport" /> The first electric trains were introduced in 1926, by which point electric trams were also running. By 1991, all lines within Sydney were electrified.<ref name="Dictionary of Sydney Electrification">{{cite web |last1=Dunn |first1=Mark |title=Electrification of the Sydney Suburban Train Network |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/electrification_of_the_sydney_suburban_train_network |website=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=20 May 2025 }}</ref> The rail network, as well as all public transport within Sydney, is ticketed through [[Opal card|Opal cards]], reusable and contactless cards that are used to automatically calculate and collect transport fares.<br />
<br />
Established in 1906, [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] is the largest and busiest railway station in the state and is the main hub of the city's [[Railways in Sydney|rail network]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Trains |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm |title=Central Station |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625093221/http://sydneytrains.info/about/history/central_station.htm |archive-date=25 June 2014 }}</ref> [[Sydney Trains]] is the [[suburban rail]] service. Its tracks form part of the New South Wales railway network. It serves 168 stations across the city and had an annual ridership of 302&nbsp;million passenger journeys in 2023–24.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2024 |title=Sydney Trains Annual Report |url=https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/system/files/media/documents/2024/sydney-trains-annual-report-2023-24-volume-1.pdf |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=Transport for NSW }}</ref> Sydney's railway was first constructed in 1854 with progressive extension to the network to serve both freight and passengers. The main station is the [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central railway station]] in the southern part of the CBD.<br />
<br />
==== Metro ====<br />
{{main|Sydney Metro}}<br />
<br />
[[File:20250326 Martin Place Station - Platform 4.jpg|thumb|[[Sydney Metro City & Southwest|Martin Place metro station]]]]<br />
The [[Sydney Metro]] is a [[Automatic train operation|driverless]] [[rapid transit]] network separate from the suburban rail network, with connections at major interchange stations. Currently, the network consists of a single line extending from [[Tallawong]] in the north-west to the city and [[Sydenham, New South Wales|Sydenham]]. This line, designated as the M1, will be extended to Bankstown in 2025 with suburbs previously on the [[Bankstown railway line]] currently closed for conversion to the metro. A new line through the inner west to Parramatta is planned to be built by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/transport-minister-andrew-constance-says-new-sydney-metro-train-line-a-massive-city-shaping-project-20150616-ghoy0v.html |title=Transport minister Andrew Constance says new Sydney Metro train line a 'massive city shaping project' |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=16 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150921142445/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/north-shore/new-metro-train-stations-in-sydney-could-be-built-in-crows-nest-or-st-leonards-and-artarmon-by-2024/story-fngr8h9d-1227392848894 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2015 |title=New metro train stations in Sydney could be built in Crows Nest or St Leonards and Artarmon by 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=11 June 2015 |access-date=20 June 2015 }}</ref> It currently serves 21 stations. A line to serve the greater west is planned for 2026 and will include a station for the [[Western Sydney Airport|second international airport]]. Sydney metro operates with much higher frequency than the suburban rail network, with service intervals of 3-4 minutes compared to Sydney Trains' 10-15 minutes. The scheme is intended to increase Sydney's public transport capacity by 60%.<ref name="ANZIP Metro">{{cite web |title=Sydney Metro |url=https://infrastructurepipeline.org/project/sydney-metro |website=Australia New Zealand Infrastructure Pipeline |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818222942/https://infrastructurepipeline.org/project/sydney-metro |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ICE Metro">{{cite web |title=Sydney Metro |url=https://www.ice.org.uk/what-is-civil-engineering/infrastructure-projects/sydney-metro |website=ICE |access-date=20 May 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Light rail====<br />
{{Main|Light rail in Sydney}}<br />
<br />
[[File:SLR 002, George Street, 2022 (02).jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] connects Sydney's CBD with the Eastern Suburbs.]]<br />
Sydney once had one of the [[Trams in Sydney|largest tram networks]] in the British Empire after London.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 May 2014 |title=Shooting Through: Sydney by Tram |url=https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/shooting-through-sydney-tram |access-date=31 May 2019 |work=Sydney Living Museums |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403104748/https://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/stories/shooting-through-sydney-tram |url-status=dead }}</ref> It served routes covering {{cvt|291|km|mi|0|abbr=off}}. The internal combustion engine made buses more flexible than trams and consequently more popular, leading to the progressive closure of the network with the final tram operating in 1961.<ref name="Transport" /> From 1930 there were 612 buses across Sydney carrying 90&nbsp;million passengers per annum.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wotherspoon |first=Garry |date=2008 |title=Buses |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buses |access-date=8 August 2014 |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney }}</ref><br />
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In 1997, the [[Inner West Light Rail]] opened between Central station and [[Wentworth Park]]. It ran on a [[Sydney Freight Network|freight line]] extending from the city to [[Darling Harbour]] and the [[Fish Markets]], part of the Metropolitan Goods Lines.<ref name="Heritage NSW Metropolitan Goods Lines">{{cite web |title=Sydney's Metropolitan Goods Lines |url=https://www.thnsw.com.au/post/sydney-s-metropolitan-goods-lines |website=Transport Heritage NSW |date=23 July 2019 |access-date=20 May 2025 }}</ref> The line was extended to [[Lilyfield]] in 2000 and then [[Dulwich Hill]] in 2014. It links the [[Inner West]] and Darling Harbour with [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] and facilitated 9.1&nbsp;million journeys in the 2016–17 financial year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2017 |title=Light Rail Patronage – Monthly Comparison |url=https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/performance-and-analytics/passenger-travel/light-rail-patronage/light-rail-patronage-monthly |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=[[Transport for NSW]] |language=en-AU }}</ref> A second, the [[CBD and South East Light Rail]] {{cvt|12|km|1}} line serving the CBD and Eastern Suburbs opened in 2019–2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=CBD and South East Light Rail contract awarded with earlier delivery date |url=http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513081808/http://www.sydneylightrail.transport.nsw.gov.au/latest/media-releases/2013-(1)/transforming-sydney-cbd-and-south-east-light-rail |archive-date=13 May 2015 |website=Sydney Light Rail |publisher=Transport for NSW }}</ref> A [[Parramatta Light Rail|light rail line]] serving the western hub of [[Parramatta, New South Wales|Parramatta]] opened in 2024.<ref name="ABC Parramatta LR">{{cite web |last1=Tregenza |first1=Holly |title=Parramatta light rail celebrates opening day with commuters aboard first tram |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-12-20/parramatta-light-rail-open-day-route-map-westmead-carlingford/104747540 |website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=19 December 2024 |access-date=20 May 2025 }}</ref> The project is divided into two stages, with the first (the L4) replacing the [[Carlingford railway line]] that closed in 2020. The second stage of the project, the L5, servicing the [[Sydney Olympic Park|Olympic park]], is currently under construction.<br />
<br />
====Buses====<br />
{{Main|Buses in Sydney}}<br />
<br />
Bus services are conducted by private operators under contract to [[Transport for NSW]]. [[Opal card]]s are used on bus routes as they are with all public transport in Sydney. In total, nearly 225&nbsp;million boardings were recorded across the bus network.<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf |title=TfNSW 2013–2014 Annual Report |author=Transport for NSW |date=2014 |pages=35, 36 |author-link=Transport for NSW |access-date=29 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174646/http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/publications/annual_reports/tfnsw-annual-report-2013-2014.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[NightRide (bus service)|NightRide]] is a nightly bus service that operates between midnight and 5am.<br />
<br />
====Ferries====<br />
{{Main|Sydney Ferries|List of Sydney Harbour ferries|Timeline of Sydney Harbour ferries}}<br />
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[[File:Freshwater class ferry Queenscliff on its way to Manly at Circular Quay.jpg|thumb|A [[Freshwater-class ferry|''Freshwater''-class ferry]] Departing [[Circular Quay]] to Manly]]<br />
At the time the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened in 1932, the city's [[Sydney Ferries Limited|ferry service]] was the largest in the world.<ref name="Sydney Ferries">{{cite web |publisher=Transport for New South Wales |date=2014 |url=http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/content/sydney-ferries |title=Sydney Ferries |access-date=10 August 2014 }}</ref> Patronage declined from 37&nbsp;million passengers in 1945 to 11&nbsp;million in 1963 but has recovered somewhat in recent years.<ref name="Transport" /> From its hub at [[Circular Quay ferry wharf|Circular Quay]], the [[Sydney Ferries|ferry network]] extends from [[Manly ferry wharf|Manly]] to [[Parramatta ferry wharf|Parramatta]].<ref name="Sydney Ferries" /> Ferries in sydney are operated by [[Transdev Sydney Ferries]] and operate on 10 routes across the [[Sydney Harbour|harbour]] and [[Parramatta River]].<br />
<br />
====Airports====<br />
[[Sydney Airport|Sydney Kingsford Smith Airport]] is located in [[Mascot, New South Wales|Mascot]]. It services 46 international and 23 domestic destinations.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview"/> As the busiest airport in Australia, it handled 37.9&nbsp;million passengers in 2013 and 530,000 tonnes of freight in 2011.<ref name="Sydney Airport overview"/><br />
A second airport, [[Western Sydney International Airport]], is under construction at [[Badgerys Creek, New South Wales|Badgerys Creek]] and will open in late 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to WSI – Sydney's new airport {{!}} Western Sydney International Airport |url=https://wsiairport.com.au/ |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=wsiairport.com.au }}</ref> at a cost of $2.5 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Lisa |last2=Massola |first2=James |date=2014 |url=http://www.theage.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/tony-abbott-confirms-badgerys-creek-as-site-of-second-sydney-airport-20140415-zqv0d.html |title=Tony Abbott confirms Badgerys Creek as site of second Sydney airport |newspaper=The Age |access-date=24 August 2014 }}</ref> Notably, it will not feature a [[Night flying restrictions|curfew]], unlike Sydney Kingsford-Smith Airport, which imposes a suspension of all aircraft operations between 11{{nbsp}}pm and 6{{nbsp}}am. [[Bankstown Airport]] is Sydney's second busiest airport, and serves general aviation, charter and some scheduled cargo flights. Bankstown is also the fourth busiest airport in Australia by number of aircraft movements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf |title=Movements at Australian Airports |date=17 February 2012 |website=Airservices Australia |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-date=30 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530202523/http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/wp-content/uploads/Airport_Movement_Calendar_Year_2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other airports include [[Camden Airport (New South Wales)|Camden Airport]], [[The Oaks Airfield]], and Menangle Airfield, which are mostly used for [[general aviation]], flight training<ref name="Camden Airport">{{cite web |title=Sydney Camden Airport |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airports/sydney-camden-airport-cdu |website=Centre for Aviation |access-date=20 May 2025 }}</ref> and by private operators. Seaplane terminals are located at [[Rose Bay Water Airport|Rose Bay]] and [[Palm Beach Water Airport|Palm Beach]], and military airports at [[Holsworthy Barracks|Holsworthy]] and [[RAAF Base Richmond|Richmond]]. [[Port Botany (seaport)|Port Botany]] has surpassed Port Jackson as the city's major shipping port. Cruise ship terminals are located at [[Overseas Passenger Terminal|Sydney Cove]] and [[White Bay Cruise Terminal|White Bay]].<br />
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===Utilities===<br />
[[File:Warragamba Dam (January 2014).jpg|thumb|[[Warragamba Dam]] is Sydney's largest water supply dam.]]<br />
Obtaining sufficient fresh water was difficult during early colonial times. A catchment called the [[Tank Stream]] sourced water from what is now the CBD but was little more than an open sewer by the end of the 1700s.<ref name="Water">{{cite web |last=North |first=MacLaren |date=2011 |url=http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/water |title=Water |publisher=Dictionary of Sydney |access-date=10 August 2014 }}</ref> The Botany Swamps Scheme was one of several ventures during the mid-1800s that saw the construction of wells, tunnels, steam pumping stations, and small dams to service Sydney's growing population.<ref name="Water"/><br />
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The [[Upper Nepean Scheme]] came into operation in 1886. It transports water {{cvt|100|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} from the [[Nepean River|Nepean]], [[Cataract River (Wollondilly)|Cataract]], and [[Cordeaux River|Cordeaux]] rivers and continues to service about 15% of Sydney's water needs.<ref name="Water"/> Dams were built on these three rivers between 1907 and 1935.<ref name="Water"/> In 1977 the [[Shoalhaven Scheme]] brought several more dams into service.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Water |date=2014 |url=http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm |title=Sydney Water timeline |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630004351/http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SW/teachers-students/facts-about-water/secondary-students/history-of-water-in-sydney/sydney-water-timeline/index.htm |archive-date=30 June 2014 }}</ref><br />
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The state-owned corporation [[WaterNSW]] now manages eleven major dams: [[Warragamba Dam|Warragamba]], one of the largest domestic water supply dams in the world,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney's Largest Water Supply Dam |url=http://www.waternsw.com.au/supply/visit/warragamba-dam |website=Water NSW |access-date=15 February 2016 }}</ref> [[Woronora Dam|Woronora]], [[Cataract Dam|Cataract]], [[Cordeaux Dam|Cordeaux]], [[Nepean Dam|Nepean]], [[Avon Dam|Avon]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Wingecarribee Reservoir]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Fitzroy Falls Reservoir]], [[Shoalhaven Scheme|Tallowa]], the [[Blue Mountains Dams]], and [[Prospect Reservoir]].<ref name="Dams and reservoirs">{{cite web |publisher=Sydney Catchment Authority |date=2014 |url=http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams |title=Dams and reservoirs |access-date=10 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926021711/http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/water/supply/dams |archive-date=26 September 2014 }}</ref> Water is collected from five catchment areas covering {{cvt|16000|km2|mi2|0|abbr=off}} and total storage amounts to {{cvt|2.6|TL|mi3|1|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Dams and reservoirs"/> The [[Sydney Desalination Plant]] came into operation in 2010.<ref name="Water"/> WaterNSW supplies bulk water to [[Sydney Water]], a state-owned corporation that operates water distribution, sewerage and storm water management services.<br />
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Sydney's electricity infrastructure is maintained by [[Ausgrid]] and [[Endeavour Energy]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Ausgrid |year=2014 |url=http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx |title=About Ausgrid |access-date=12 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019073329/http://www.ausgrid.com.au/Common/About-us/Contact-us/About-Ausgrid.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Endeavour Energy |year=2014 |url=http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav |title=About us |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013005639/http://www.endeavourenergy.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/EE/NSW/NSW+Homepage/aboutUsNav |url-status=dead }}</ref> Their combined networks include over 815,000 poles and {{cvt|83000|km|mi|abbr=off}} of cables. [[Submarine communications cable]] systems in Sydney include the [[Australia–Japan Cable]], [[Telstra Endeavour]] and the [[Southern Cross Cable]], which link Australia and countries in the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.southerncrosscables.com/home/company/faq |title=FAQ |website=www.southerncrosscables.com |access-date=30 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ajcable.com/ajc-network/cable-system-facts/ |title=Cable System Facts |website=Australia-Japan Cable |access-date=30 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/media/media-releases/telstra-hits-100g-on-key-asia-pac-submarine-cables |title=Telstra hits 100G on key Asia-Pac submarine cables |website=[[Telstra]] |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721131200/https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/media/media-releases/telstra-hits-100g-on-key-asia-pac-submarine-cables |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Environmental issues and pollution reduction==<br />
{{Main|Environmental issues in Australia}}<br />
<br />
{{Further|Climate change in Australia|Renewable energy in Australia}}<br />
<br />
===Air quality===<br />
[[File:Sydney_bushfire_smoke_on_George_St_(49197319478).jpg|thumb|[[George Street, Sydney|George Street]] and bushfire smoke in December 2019]]<br />
As [[Climate change in Australia|climate change]], [[Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia|greenhouse gas emissions]] and pollution have become a major issue for Australia, Sydney has in the past been criticised for its lack of focus on reducing pollution and emissions and maintaining [[water quality]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/water-issues/look-whos-polluting-sydney-waters-shame-20111022-1mdjr.html |title=Look who's polluting: Sydney Water's shame |date=23 October 2011 |access-date=3 February 2015 }}</ref> The release of the Metropolitan Air Quality Scheme (MAQS) led to a broader understanding of the causation of pollution in Sydney, allowing the government to form appropriate responses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf |title=Air Pollution in Sydney: An Update Briefing Paper |date=August 1998 |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623064945/http://parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/5CBB690F207683B5CA256ECF000843DE/$File/11-98.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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The [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season]] significantly impacted outer Sydney and dramatically reduced air quality, leading to a smoky haze that lingered for days. The [[air quality]] was 11 times the [[hazard]]ous level in some days,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/sydney-smoke-haze-reaches-11-times-the-hazardous-level/video/1d45b28f8c2459ee9ecfb9fee65fbbfe |title=Sydney smoke haze reaches 11 times the hazardous level |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/gallery/2019/dec/10/sydneys-top-landmarks-smothered-in-smoke-in-pictures |title=Sydney smoke: bushfires haze smothers landmarks – in pictures |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020 |last1=Hromas |first1=Jessica }}</ref> worse than New Delhi's;<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/temperature-inversion-traps-smoke-in-sydney/news-story/b6d804cc21eaaaf9b88ec6a448285be8 |title=Bushfire smoke makes Sydney air quality worse than Delhi |date=3 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020 }}</ref> it was compared to "smoking 32 cigarettes" by Brian Oliver, a respiratory diseases scientist at the [[University of Technology Sydney]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/sydney-fire-haze-equal-to-smoking-32-cigarettes/news-story/7ab680a39edd6d87ae76e35894f949f6 |title=Sydney fire haze equal to 'smoking 32 cigarettes' |newspaper=News |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020 }}</ref> Since Sydney is surrounded by bushland and forest,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/lessons-learnt-and-perhaps-forgotten-from-australia-s-worst-fires-20190108-p50qol.html |title=Lessons learnt (and perhaps forgotten) from Australia's 'worst fires' |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=11 January 2019 }}</ref> bushfires can ring the region in a [[natural phenomena]] that is labelled "ring of fire".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-bushfires-idUSKBN1YM2KN |title=Ring of fire: Australian state declares emergency as wildfires approach Sydney |work=[[Reuters]] |date=19 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/ring-of-fire-australian-declares-state-emergency-as-wildfires-approach-sydney-269117/#three-blazes-ringing-sydney-269110 |title=Ring of fire: Australian state declares emergency as wildfires approach Sydney |work=[[WION]] |date=19 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-20191221-p53m53.html |title=Ring of fire surrounds Sydney |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=21 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/teenagers-arrested-as-ring-of-fire-surrounds-sydney-1.408598 |title=Teenagers arrested as ring of fire surrounds Sydney |work=[[Irish Times]] |date=28 December 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mashable.com/article/sydney-blade-runner-smoke-photos-australia-bushfires |title=Blade Runner 2019: Smoke from terrifying 'ring of fire' turns Sydney's skies apocalypse red |work=[[Mashable]] |date=9 December 2019 }}</ref><br />
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The City of Sydney became the first council in Australia to achieve formal certification as [[carbon-neutral]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Sydney-Water-to-become-carbon-neutral/2007/07/19/1184559926917.html |title=Sydney Water to become carbon neutral |work=[[The Age]] |date=19 July 2007 |access-date=3 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/sydney-becomes-australias-first-carbon-neutral-government-body.html |title=Sydney Becomes Australia's First Carbon-Neutral Government Body |work=treehugger.com |date=5 September 2008 |access-date=3 February 2015 }}</ref> The city has reduced its 2007 carbon emissions by 6% and since 2006 has reduced carbon emissions from city buildings by up to 20%.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/sustainable-sydney-2030/achievements |title=Achievements: City of Sydney |work=cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=22 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122233602/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/sustainable-sydney-2030/achievements |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/ |title=It's official, Sydney is first carbon neutral council |date=9 November 2011 |publisher=City of Sydney |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203061048/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/4772-its-official-sydney-is-first-carbon-neutral-council/ |archive-date=3 February 2015 }}</ref> The ''Sustainable Sydney 2030'' program presented a guide to reducing energy in homes and offices by 30%.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climatecontrolnews.com.au/news/building-owners-applaud-city-s-ambitious-master-plan |title=Building owners applaud city's ambitious master plan |date=25 February 2015 |website=climatecontrolnews.com.au |access-date=18 March 2015 }}</ref> Reductions in energy consumption have slashed energy bills by $30&nbsp;million a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/18/sydney-businesses-cotton-on-climate-change-action-is-good-for-the-bottom-line |title=Sydney businesses cotton on: climate change action is good for the bottom line |work=The Guardian (UK) |date=18 March 2015 |access-date=19 March 2015 }}</ref> [[Solar panels]] have been established on many CBD buildings to minimise carbon pollution by around 3,000 tonnes a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reneweconomy.com.au/2014/city-sydney-extends-solar-roll-historic-rocks-88330 |title=City of Sydney extends solar roll out to historic Rocks |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=3 February 2015 |work=RenewEconomy.com }}</ref><br />
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The city also has an "[[urban forest]] growth strategy", in which it aims to regularly increase the [[shade tree|tree coverage]] in the city by frequently planting trees with strong leaf density and vegetation to provide cleaner air and create moisture during hot weather, thus lowering city temperatures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/132249/Urban-Forest-Strategy-Adopted-Feb-2013.pdf |title=Urban Forest Strategy |date=February 2013 |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404084414/http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/132249/Urban-Forest-Strategy-Adopted-Feb-2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sydney has also become a leader in the development of [[green building|green office buildings]] and enforcing the requirement of all building proposals to be energy-efficient. The [[Central Park, Sydney|One Central Park]] development, completed in 2013, is an example of this implementation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/greenest-sydney-building-using-rainforest-timber-20110727-1hz71.html |title='Greenest' Sydney building using rainforest timber |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=27 July 2011 |access-date=3 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/ |title=One Central Park Gardens |publisher=Frasers Property |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923041440/http://www.centralparksydney.com/gardens/ |archive-date=23 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture/ |title=Central Park Sydney – Architecture |publisher=Frasers Property |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005163802/http://www.centralparksydney.com/architecture |archive-date=5 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.afr.com/p/202020_vision/sydney_central_park_project_shows_IFwlwOc7VqwlXPkqUD85GN |title=Sydney Central Park project shows sustainable living |work=[[The Australian Financial Review|Financial Review]] |date=28 November 2013 |access-date=3 February 2015 |last1=Gliddon |first1=Josh }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Car-dependency===<br />
[[File:Warringah Freeway2.jpg|thumb|[[Traffic congestion]] on the [[Warringah Freeway]], [[Milsons Point]]]]<br />
Australian cities are some of the most [[car dependency|car-dependent]] cities in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf |title=Car dependence in Australian cities: a discussion of causes, environmental impact and possible solutions |work=[[Flinders University]] study |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301005900/http://www.socsci.flinders.edu.au/geog/geos/PDF%20Papers/Amphlett.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2011 }}</ref> especially by world city standards, although Sydney's is the lowest of Australia's major cities at 66%.<ref name="Charting Transport-2023">[https://chartingtransport.com/#mode Charting Transport], retrieved 27 October 2017</ref> Sydney also has the [[Modal share|highest usage of public transport]] in an Australian city, at 27%–comparable with New York City, Shanghai and Berlin. Despite its high ranking for an Australian city, Sydney has a low level of public transport services, with a historically low-density layout and significant [[urban sprawl]], thus increasing the likelihood of car dependency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/sydney-not-yet-a-true-global-city-20140412-zqtpy.html |title=Sydney not yet a true global city |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=12 April 2014 |access-date=3 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/cbds-turning-into-no-car-zones-as-the-great-divide-grows/story-e6frg9jx-1226493122243 |title=CBDs turning into no-car zones as the great divide grows |work=[[The Australian]] |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=3 February 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Strategies have been implemented to reduce private [[car pollution|vehicle pollution]] by encouraging public transport,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment |title=Buses and the Environment |work=statetransit.info |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203054323/http://www.statetransit.info/bus-fleet/buses-and-the-environment |url-status=dead }}</ref> initiating the development of high density housing and introducing a fleet of 10 new [[electric cars]], the largest order of the pollution-free vehicle in Australia.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/ |title=City clears the way on pollution-free car fleet |publisher=City of Sydney |date=15 February 2013 |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504082128/http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/city-clears-the-way-on-pollution-free-car-fleet/ |archive-date=4 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Electric cars do not produce carbon monoxide and [[nitrous oxide]], which contribute to climate change.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/causes.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121213043159/http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/causes.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 December 2012 |title=Causes of Climate Change |work=epa.gov |date=12 August 2013 |access-date=10 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="ipcc">{{cite book |date=2021 |author=IPCC |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |chapter=Global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_05.pdf |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1 }}</ref> [[Cycling|Cycling trips]] increased by 113% across Sydney's inner-city from 2010 to 2015, at which point about 2,000 bikes were passing through top peak-hour intersections on an average weekday.<ref name="SustainableSydney2030" /> Transport developments in the [[Sydney Metro Northwest|north-west]] and east of the city have been designed to encourage use of the expanding public transportation system.<br />
<br />
== Sister cities ==<br />
[[Sister city|Sister cities]] of Sydney include<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister cities |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/networks-partners/sister-cities |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=City of Sydney |language=en}}</ref>:<br />
<br />
* [[San Francisco]], United States of America<br />
* [[Wellington]], New Zealand<br />
* [[Florence]], Italy<br />
* [[Nagoya]], Japan<br />
* [[Portsmouth]], United Kingdom<br />
* [[Guangzhou]], China<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|New South Wales}}<br />
* [[List of museums in Sydney]]<br />
* [[List of people from Sydney]]<br />
* [[List of public art in the City of Sydney]]<br />
* [[List of songs about Sydney]]<br />
* [[Outline of Sydney]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
{{reflist|group=N}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/ Official Sydney, NSW government site]<br />
* [http://www.sydney.com/ Official Sydney tourism site]<br />
* [http://aso.gov.au/titles/tags/Sydney/ Historical film clips of Sydney] on the [[National Film and Sound Archive]] of Australia's [http://aso.gov.au/ ''australianscreen online'']<br />
* {{OSM relation|5750005}}<br />
* [http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/ Dictionary of Sydney – the history of Sydney] ({{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324110321/http://home.dictionaryofsydney.org/ |date=24 March 2019 }})<br />
* [http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/learn/history/archives Sydney Official History Archives]<br />
* [http://www.records.nsw.gov.au/ State Records New South Wales]<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
{{Sydney}}<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
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{{Sydney regions}}<br />
{{Sydney landmarks}}<br />
{{Theatres in Sydney}}<br />
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{{New South Wales}}<br />
{{Capital cities of Australia}}<br />
{{Cities of Australia}}<br />
{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}<br />
{{Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities}}<br />
{{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Subject bar<br />
|portal1 = New South Wales<br />
|portal2 = Australia<br />
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}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Sydney| ]]<br />
[[Category:1788 establishments in Australia]]<br />
[[Category:Australian capital cities]]<br />
[[Category:Former colonial capitals]]<br />
[[Category:Port cities and towns in New South Wales]]<br />
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Australia|Sydney]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places established in 1788]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koduku&diff=510224Koduku2026-05-07T19:54:25Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: Starting Basic Details W/ Infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Telugu film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Koduku<br />
| image = Koduku poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = [[M. S. Narayana]]<br />
| writer = M. S. Narayana<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Thadi Tatharao<br />
| starring = Vikram<br />Aditi Agarwal<br />[[Monica (actress)|Mounika]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = AN Raja<br />
| editing = K Ram Gopal Reddy<br />
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]<br />
| studio = Sri Maruthi Films<br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|2004|6|25}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Koduku''''' ({{translation|Son}}) is a 2004 Indian Telugu-language action drama film directed by [[M. S. Narayana]] in his directorial debut. The film stars his son, Vikram (in his film debut), Aditi Agarwal and [[Monica (actress)|Mounika]].<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=August 2022}}<br />
Vikram's father, Parandhamayya, is banished from a village from ten years after losing a wrestling match. How Vikram seeks revenge forms the rest of the story.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Colbegin}}<br />
*Vikram as Vikram<br />
*Aditi Agarwal<br />
*[[Monica (actress)|Mounika]]<br />
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Parandhamayya<br />
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Yalamanda<br />
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Basava Punnayya<br />
*[[Prakash Raj]] as a [[non-resident Indian|NRI]]<br />
*[[Ahuti Prasad]]<br />
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]<br />
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]<br />
*[[L. B. Sriram]]<br />
*[[Brahmanandam]]<br />
*[[M. S. Narayana]]<br />
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]<br />
*[[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]]<br />
*[[Raghu Babu]]<br />
*[[Subbaraya Sarma]]<br />
*[[Aarthi Agarwal]] (special appearance)<br />
{{Colend}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film is produced by Tadi Tata Rao, who produced ''Joruga Husharuga'' (2002). It was launched at Annapoorna Studios on 16 November 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2003 |title=Muhurat&nbsp;– Koduku |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-koduku.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603042507/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-koduku.html |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The music for the film was composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Koduku 2004 Telugu Movie Songs, Koduku Music Director Lyrics Videos Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/koduku-4412/songs |website=MovieGQ |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704135139/https://moviegq.com/movie/koduku-4412/songs |archive-date=4 July 2023 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| title1 = Parimalame<br />
| extra1 = Snehavanth, [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br />
| lyrics1 = Aangoth Bheems<br />
| length1 = 5:16<br />
| title2 = Studentante Rockettu<br />
| extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]<br />
| lyrics2 = [[M. S. Narayana]]<br />
| length2 = 5:01<br />
| title3 = Milamila Merise<br />
| extra3 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br />
| lyrics3 = Guru Charan<br />
| length3 = 4:13<br />
| title4 = Sindhuram<br />
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]<br />
| length4 = 3:58<br />
| title5 = Navvu Navvu<br />
| extra5 = [[Udit Narayan]], Snehavanth<br />
| lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br />
| length5 = 5:14<br />
| title6 = Kosindhi Koyakura<br />
| extra6 = [[Usha (Telugu singer)|Usha]], Shankar Mahadevan, [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]<br />
| lyrics6 = [[Goreti Venkanna]]<br />
| length6 = 5:27<br />
| total_length = 29:09<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that "Comedian M.S.Narayana has launched his son Vikram in this film that has nothing new, supported by an inane story and screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2004 |title=Koduku |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/koduku-review-telugu-pclv4gjjefacb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603042458/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ew-t_pC5rJ0J:https://www.sify.com/movies/koduku-review-telugu-pclv4gjjefacb.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film one out of five and wrote that "By launching his own son as hero, MS Narayana did more harm to Vikram than any help".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=25 June 2004 |title=Movie review&nbsp;– Koduku |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-koduku.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215094003/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-koduku.html |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote "M.S.Narayana who failed to become a writer this time tries to become a director and handled story, screenplay, dialogues and direction and he failed miserably in all the departments. He better stick to the routine comedy on the screen. The film is torture to watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/kodukureview.shtml|title=Koduku|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=23 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040805071708/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/kodukureview.shtml|archive-date=5 August 2004}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Box office ==<br />
The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2004 |title=Idlebrain.com's verdict on Telugu cinema 2004 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2004retrospect-movielist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224221928/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2004retrospect-movielist.html |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> M. S. Narayana cited that the reason for the film's failure was that the audience expected him to make a comedy film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2007 |title=Muhurat&nbsp;– Bhajantrilu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-bhajantrilu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050410/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-bhajantrilu.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> After the film's failure, M. S. Narayana went on to direct a comedy film ''[[Bhajantrilu]]'' (2007) also starring his son Vikram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2007 |title=VVK and Bhajantrilu on 1st November |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news280.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126072206/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news280.html |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|1579789}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saryu_Doshi&diff=533332Saryu Doshi2026-05-07T10:24:10Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: starting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian art historian}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Saryu Doshi<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| othername = <br />
| occupation = Art scholar<br>Art historian<br>Curator<br />
| yearsactive = <br />
| known for = [[Miniature art]]<br>[[Jain art]]<br />
| spouse = Vinod Doshi<br />
| domesticpartner = <br />
| children = One son<br />
| parents = <br />
| website = <br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br>Women Achiever Award<br>[[Art Society of India|ASI]] Lifetime Achievement Award<br />
}}<br />
'''Saryu Vinod Doshi''' is an Indian art scholar, art historian, academic and [[curator]], known for her erudition in [[Indian miniature painting]]s and [[Jain art]].<ref name="Dr. Saryu Doshi">{{cite web | url=http://baajaagaajaa.com/speakers-2011/dr-saryu-doshi/ | title=Dr. Saryu Doshi | publisher=Baajaa Gaajaa | date=2015 | access-date=28 October 2015}}</ref> She is the founder director of the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], [[Mumbai]] and a former [[Pro tempore|pro-tem]] chairman of the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], New Delhi.<ref name="Paradise as a garden">{{cite web | url=http://www.europalia.eu/archives/india/en/article/dr-saryu-doshi-_342.html | title=Paradise as a garden | publisher=Europalia India | date=2015 | access-date=28 October 2015}}</ref> She is the author of several books<ref name="Amazon profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.com/s?rh=n%3A283155%2Cp_27%3ASaryu+Doshi | title=Amazon profile | publisher=Amazon | date=2015 | access-date=28 October 2015}}</ref> including ''Masterpieces of Jain Painting'', a monograph on selected Jain art pieces.<ref name="Masterpieces of Jain Painting">{{cite book | title=Masterpieces of Jain Painting | publisher=Marg Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1995 | pages=150 | asin=B0012GXJ8G}}</ref> The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]], in 1999.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
Saryu Doshi was born in [[Mumbai]], in the western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] and did her schooling at [[Queen Mary School, Mumbai]].<ref name="Saryu Doshi - high priestess of the art world">{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-saryu-doshi-high-priestess-of-the-art-world-4089 | title=Saryu Doshi - high priestess of the art world | publisher=DNA Syndicate | date=1 October 2005 | access-date=28 October 2015}}</ref> Later, she graduated from the [[Elphinstone College]] and secured a diploma in Arts from the [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art]] before marrying Vinod Doshi,<ref name="Roots - Dr Saryu Doshi">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Roots-Dr-Saryu-Doshi/articleshow/23479532.cms | title=Roots - Dr Saryu Doshi | newspaper=Times of India | date=27 September 2002 | access-date=28 October 2015}}</ref> an industrialist from the Walchand Industrial Group and the son of [[Lalchand Hirachand]],<ref name="Industrialist Vinod Doshi passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/oct/07doshi.htm | title=Industrialist Vinod Doshi passes away | publisher=Rediff | date=7 October 2008 | access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref> who founded the [[Hindustan Aeronautics]].<ref name="Hindustan Aeronatuics">{{cite web | url=https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1954/1954%20-%202391.PDF | title=Hindustan Aeronatuics | publisher=Flight Global | date=2015 | access-date=28 October 2015}}</ref> Though she stayed in [[Satara (city)|Satara]] after the marriage, she visited Mumbai on a regular basis to keep in touch with the art circle of Mumbai. In 1972, she received the fellowship from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and pursued research on [[Indian miniature painting|Indian miniature art]] and [[Jain art]], for which she received a doctoral degree (PhD).<ref name="Saryu Doshi - high priestess of the art world" /> She served as a visiting professor of Art History and Culture at [[University of Michigan]] from January to April 1976 and returned to India and worked at the [[University of Pune]] for the first six months of 1978. She also had a stint at [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1979, from March to June, as a visiting faculty.<ref name="Dr. Saryu Doshi" /> Her researches have also helped in the discovery of many Jain manuscripts from the fifteenth century.<ref name="Myth, Cult and Symbols of Śākta Hinduism: A Study of the Indian Mother Goddess">{{cite journal | url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7101824 | title=Myth, Cult and Symbols of Śākta Hinduism: A Study of the Indian Mother Goddess | author=Wendell Charles Beane. Leiden: E. J. Brill | journal=The Journal of Asian Studies | year=1979 | volume=38 | issue=3 | pages=597–599 | doi=10.2307/2053812| jstor=2053812 | s2cid=162091311 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1996, Doshi was among the art enthusiasts who founded the [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai]] and served as the founder director of the institution.<ref name="Dr. Saryu Doshi" /> She took over the [[Pro tempore|pro-tem]] chairmanship of the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] in 1996 and held the post till 2002.<ref name="Dr. Saryu Doshi" /> She has curated several art exhibitions in India<ref name="India Art Festival">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaartfestival.com/aboutus.htm | title=India Art Festival | publisher=India Art Festival | date=2015 | access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref> and is a former editor of non-profit publishing house of [[Marg (magazine)|Marg]], which published several of her books.<ref name="Past Editors">{{cite web | url=http://www.marg-art.org/AboutMarg | title=Past Editors | publisher=Marg | date=2015 | access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref> Besides ''Masterpieces of Jain Painting'', she has also published three other monographs, namely, ''Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition'', on [[Manipuri dance]],<ref name="Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition">{{cite book | title=Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition | publisher=Gaudiya Vedanta Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1989 | pages=128 | isbn=978-8185026091}}</ref> ''Dharna Vihara, Ranakpur'', about the ancient [[Jain temples]] of [[Rajasthan]]<ref name="Dharna Vihara, Ranakpur">{{cite book | title=Dharna Vihara, Ranakpur | publisher=Axel Menges | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1996 | pages=63 | isbn=978-3930698172}}</ref> and ''Homage to Shravana Belgola'', about the ancient Jain [[Shravana Belgola|pilgrim centre]].<ref name="Homage to Shravana Belgola">{{cite book | title=Homage to Shravana Belgola | publisher=Marg Publications | editor=Saryu Doshi | year=1981 | pages=176 | isbn=978-0391025189}}</ref> ''Goa Cultural Patterns'',<ref name="Goa Cultural Patterns">{{cite book | title=Goa Cultural Patterns | publisher=Marg Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1983 | pages=152 | asin=B000BTNLNI}}</ref> ''Shivaji and Facets of Maratha Culture'',<ref name="Shivaji and Facets of Maratha Culture">{{cite book | title=Shivaji and Facets of Maratha Culture | publisher=Marg Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1982 | asin=B0022TPFMK}}</ref> ''A Collector's Dream : Indian Art in the Collections of Basant Kumar and Saraladevi Birla and the Birla Academy of Art and Culture'',<ref name="A Collector's Dream : Indian Art in the Collections of Basant Kumar and Saraladevi Birla and the Birla Academy of Art and Culture">{{cite book | title=A Collector's Dream : Indian Art in the Collections of Basant Kumar and Saraladevi Birla and the Birla Academy of Art and Culture | publisher=Marg Publications | editor=Khandlavala, Karl | editor2=Doshi, Saryu | year=1987 | asin=B0022TIJIM}}</ref> ''The Indian Woman'',<ref name="The Indian Woman">{{cite book | title=The Indian Woman | publisher=The Department of Women and Child Development | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1987 | asin=B0007C6MNK}}</ref> ''Homage to Karnataka'',<ref name="Homage to Karnataka">{{cite book | title=Homage to Karnataka | publisher=Marg Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1982 | asin=B001JATAQ0}}</ref> ''Symbols and Manifestations of Indian Art'',<ref name="Symbols and Manifestations of Indian Art">{{cite book | title=Symbols and Manifestations of Indian Art | publisher=Marg Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1984 | asin=B0017PR4XI}}</ref> ''Continuity and Change: Festival of India in Great Britain'',<ref name="Continuity and Change: Festival of India in Great Britain">{{cite book | title=Continuity and Change: Festival of India in Great Britain | publisher=Marg Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1983 | pages=113 | asin=B0000CQD33}}</ref> ''An age of splendour: Islamic art in India'',<ref name="An age of splendour: Islamic art in India">{{cite book | title=An age of splendour: Islamic art in India | publisher=Marg Publications | editor=Saryu Doshi | editor2=Karl Khandalavala | year=1983 | pages=149 | asin=B0000CQD3O}}</ref> ''India and Greece, connections and parallels'',<ref name="India and Greece, connections and parallels">{{cite book | title=India and Greece, connections and parallels | publisher=Marg Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1985 | asin=B001RBZI2Q}}</ref> ''India and Egypt: Influences and Interactions'',<ref name="India and Egypt: Influences and Interactions">{{cite book | title=India and Egypt: Influences and Interactions | publisher=South Asia Books | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1993 | pages=35 | isbn=978-8185026237}}</ref> ''Tribal India: Ancestors, Gods, and Spirits'',<ref name="Tribal India: Ancestors, Gods, and Spirits">{{cite book | title=Tribal India: Ancestors, Gods, and Spirits | publisher=South Asia Books | editor=Saryu Doshi | year=1992 | pages=136 | isbn=978-8185026183}}</ref> ''India: Week by Week (Kerala),''<ref name="India: Week by Week (Kerala)">{{cite book | title=India: Week by Week (Kerala) | publisher=Media Transasia |author1=Saryu Doshi |author2=Maureen Liebl | year=1988 | asin=B00123QN6Y}}</ref> ''Images and Tradition - Festival of India in Great Britain'' (Volume XXXVI)<ref name="Images and Tradition - Festival of India in Great Britain">{{cite book | title=Images and Tradition - Festival of India in Great Britain | publisher=Marg Publications | editor=Saryu Doshi | year=1984 | pages=100 | asin=B000KKLFCM}}</ref> and ''Pageant of Indian Art: Festival of India in Great Britain''<ref name="Pageant of Indian Art: Festival of India in Great Britain">{{cite book | title=Pageant of Indian Art: Festival of India in Great Britain | publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press | editor=Saryu Doshi | year=1984 | isbn=978-9994253449}}</ref> are her other publications. She is a member of the advisory council of the India chapter of the [[Asia Society]]<ref name="Advisory council">{{cite web | url=http://asiasociety.org/india/our-board | title=Advisory council | publisher=Asia Society India | date=2015 | access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref> and has travelled extensively to deliver keynote addresses at several seminars in Europe, US, Africa and Asia. She has also given talks on [[BBC]] and [[All India Radio]].<ref name="Dr. Saryu Doshi" /><br />
<br />
The Government of India awarded her the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1999.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> She received the ''Woman Achiever Award'' from the Bombay West Ladies' Circle in 2001 and the Art Society of India honoured her with Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006.<ref name="Dr. Saryu Doshi" /><br />
Vinod Doshi, her husband, died on 6 October 2008, leaving their son, Maitreya, with her.<ref name="Industrialist Vinod Doshi passes away" /> She lives along [[Carmichael Road]] (later renamed as M. L. Dahanukar Marg), in South Mumbai.<ref name="Roots - Dr Saryu Doshi" /><br />
<br />
As trustee of the Vinod and Saryu Doshi Foundation, Doshi oversees the annual Vinod Doshi Theatre Festival, which showcases experimental theater productions from young and independent theater artists in the city of Pune, Maharashtra, India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/multilingual-theatre-festival-to-kick-off-on-february-22/|title=Multilingual theatre festival to kick off on February 22|date=2016-02-11|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-03-27|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Homage to Shravana Belgola | publisher=Marg Publications | editor=Saryu Doshi | year=1981 | pages=176 | isbn=978-0391025189}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Homage to Karnataka | publisher=Marg Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1982 | asin=B001JATAQ0}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Shivaji and Facets of Maratha Culture | publisher=Marg Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1982 | asin=B0022TPFMK}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Goa Cultural Patterns | publisher=Marg Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1983 | pages=152 | asin=B000BTNLNI}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Continuity and Change: Festival of India in Great Britain | publisher=Marg Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1983 | pages=113 | asin=B0000CQD33}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=An age of splendour: Islamic art in India | publisher=Marg Publications | editor=Saryu Doshi | editor2=Karl Khandalavala | year=1983 | pages=149 | asin=B0000CQD3O}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Images and Tradition - Festival of India in Great Britain | publisher=Marg Publications | editor=Saryu Doshi | year=1984 | pages=100 | asin=B000KKLFCM}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Pageant of Indian Art: Festival of India in Great Britain | publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press | editor=Saryu Doshi | year=1984 | isbn=978-9994253449}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Symbols and Manifestations of Indian Art | publisher=Marg Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1984 | asin=B0017PR4XI}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=India and Greece, connections and parallels | publisher=Marg Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1985 | asin=B001RBZI2Q}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=A Collector's Dream : Indian Art in the Collections of Basant Kumar and Saraladevi Birla and the Birla Academy of Art and Culture | publisher=Marg Publications | editor=Khandlavala, Karl | editor2=Doshi, Saryu | year=1987 | asin=B0022TIJIM}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=The Indian Woman | publisher=The Department of Women and Child Development | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1987 | asin=B0007C6MNK}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=India: Week by Week (Kerala) | publisher=Media Transasia |author1=Saryu Doshi |author2=Maureen Liebl | year=1988 | asin=B00123QN6Y}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition | publisher=Gaudiya Vedanta Publications | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1989 | pages=128 | isbn=978-8185026091}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Tribal India: Ancestors, Gods, and Spirits | publisher=South Asia Books | editor=Saryu Doshi | year=1992 | pages=136 | isbn=978-8185026183}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=India and Egypt: Influences and Interactions | publisher=South Asia Books | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1993 | pages=35 | isbn=978-8185026237}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Dharna Vihara, Ranakpur | publisher=Axel Menges | author=Saryu Doshi | year=1996 | pages=63 | isbn=978-3930698172}}<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
{{portal|India|Arts}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itvS31EvyAc "In Conversation with Saryu Doshi"], Sahapedia, YouTube.<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thondaradippodi_Alvar&diff=541115Thondaradippodi Alvar2026-05-04T18:56:06Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: Redirect page</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Poet-saint of the Tamil Vaishnava tradition}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu leader<br />
| name = Thondaradippodi Alwar<br />
| image = Thondaradipodi Azhwar.jpg<br />
| caption = Image of the granite and festival image of Thondaradipodi in [[Alwarthirunagari Temple]]<br />
| religion = [[Hinduism]]<br />
| birth_date = 8th Century AD<br />
| birth_place = [[Thirumandangudi|Mandangudi]]<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| guru = <br />
| philosophy = [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] [[Bhakti]]<br />
| honors = [[Alwar]] saint<br />
| literary_works = [[Tirumālai]] and [[Tirupalliyeḻuchi]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Vaishnavism}}<br />
<br />
'''Thondaradippodi Alwar''' or '''Vipra Narayana''' was one of the twelve ''[[azhwars|Alwar]]'' saints of South [[India]], who are known for their affiliation to [[Vaishnava]] tradition of [[Hinduism]]. The verses of ''[[azhwars|Alwars]]'' are compiled as ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'' and the 108 temples revered are classified as ''[[Divya desam]]''. Thondaripodi is considered the tenth in the line of the twelve Alwars.<br />
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As per Hindu legend, he was born as Vipra Narayana and got devoted to [[Ranganatha]] of the [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]]. Since he worshipped even the dust from the devotees of Ranganatha, he attained the name Thondaradipodi.<br />
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His works are the ''[[Tirupalliyeḻuchi|Tiruppallieluchi]]'' having ten verses, and [[Tirumālai]] having forty verses, both of which are counted among the 4000 stanzas in the ''Naalayira Divya Prabandam''. The works of Thondaradipodi and other Alwars contributed to the philosophical and theological ideas of Vaishnavism. Along with the three Saiva [[nayanmars]], they influenced the ruling [[Pallava]] kings of the South Indian region, resulting in changing the religious geography from [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] to the two sects of [[Hinduism]].<br />
<br />
In South-Indian Vishnu temples, Thondaradipodi Alwar has images and festivals associated with him. The Vasantha Utsavam festival is celebrated in [[Srirangam]] and for nine days in the garden believed to have been maintained by him. The verses of Thondaripodi and other Alwars are recited as a part of daily prayers and during festive occasions in most [[Vishnu]] temples in South India.<br />
<br />
==Alwars==<br />
{{Main|Alwars}}<br />
<br />
The word ''Alwar'' means the one who dives deep into the ocean of the countless attributes of God. ''[[Azhwars|Alwars]]'' are considered the twelve supreme devotees of [[Vishnu]], who were instrumental in popularising [[Vaishnavism]] during the 5th to 8th centuries CE. The religious works of these saints in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], songs of love and devotion, are compiled as ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'' containing 4000 verses and the 108 temples revered in their songs are classified as ''[[Divya desam]]''.<ref name="Rao"/><ref name="Dalal21">[[#Dalal|Dalal]] 2011, pp. 20-21</ref> The saints had different origins and belonged to different castes. As per tradition, the first three ''Alvars'', [[Poigai Azhwar|Poigai]], [[Bhoothathalvar|Bhutha]] and [[Peyalvar|Pei]] were born miraculously. [[Thirumazhisai|Bhaktisara]] was the son of a sage, Thondaradi, [[Madhurakavi Alvar|Mathurakavi]], [[Periyalvar|Vishuchitta]] and [[Andal]] were from the [[Brahmin]] community, [[Kulashekhara Alwar|Kulasekhara]] from ''[[Kshatria|Kshatriya]]'' community, [[Nammalvar]] was from a [[Vellalar]] family, [[Thiruppaan Alvar|Tirupanar]] from the musical [[Panar]] community and [[Thirumangai Alvar|Tirumangaialvar]] from ''kalvar'' community of warriors. ''Divya Suri Carita'' by Garuda-Vahana Pandita (11th century CE), ''Guruparamparaprabavam'' by Pinbaragiya Perumal Jiyar, ''Periya tiru mudi adaivu'' by Kovil Kandadai Appan, ''Yatindra Pranava Prabavam'' by Pillai Lokam Jeeyar, commentaries on ''Divya Prabandam'', Guru Parampara (lineage of Gurus) texts, temple records and inscriptions give a detailed account of the ''Alvars'' and their works. According to these texts, the saints were considered incarnations of some form of Vishnu. Poigai is considered an incarnation of ''Panchajanya'' (Krishna's [[Shankha|conch]]), Bhootham of ''[[Kaumodaki|Kaumodakee]]'' (Vishnu's [[Kaumodaki|Mace]]/Club), Pey of ''[[Nandaka]]'' (Vishnu's sword), Bhaktisara of ''[[Sudarshan Chakra|Sudarshana]]'' (Vishnu's discus), Nammalvar of ''[[Vishvaksena]]'' (Vishnu's commander), Madhurakavi of ''Vainatheya'' (Vishnu's eagle, [[Garuda]]), Kulasekhara of ''Kaustubha'' (Vishnu's necklace), Periy of Garuda (Vishnu's eagle), Andal of Bhudevi (Vishnu's wife, [[Lakshmi]], in her form as [[Bhudevi]]), Thondaradippodi of ''Vanamaalai'' (Vishnu's garland), Thiruppaanaazhvar of ''[[Srivatsa]]'' (An auspicious mark on Vishnu's chest) and Thirumangai of ''[https://makingindiaonline.in/online-news-in-hindi/2016/12/06/poem-on-shaurya-diwas-ayodhya-ram-janmbhumi-babri-masjid/ Saranga]'' (Rama's bow). The songs of ''Prabandam'' are regularly sung in all the Vishnu temples of South India daily and also during festivals.<ref name="Dalal21"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&dq=poygai&pg=PA14|page=211|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2007|isbn=9780810864450}}</ref><br />
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According to traditional account by [[Manavala Mamunigal]], the first three ''Alvars'' namely Poigai, Bhoothath and Pey belong to ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' (before 4200 BC). It is widely accepted by tradition and historians that the trio are the earliest among the twelve ''Alvars''.<ref name="Rao">{{Cite book |last=Rao|first=P.V.L. Narasimha |title=Kanchipuram – Land of Legends, Saints & Temples|year=2008|publisher=Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5018-104-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTMTQLuCNSMC&dq=poigai+azhwar&pg=PA27|page=27}}</ref><ref name="Dalal21"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Early history of Vaishnavism in south India|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryvai00aiyagoog|quote=poigai azhwar.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryvai00aiyagoog/page/n35 17]–18|last=Aiyangar|first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1920}}</ref><ref name="James">{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|quote=poygai.|last=Lochtefeld|first=James|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/515 515]|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=9780823931804}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Book Of Vishnu|last=Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC&dq=poygai&pg=PA136|page=136|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2009|isbn=9780143067627}}</ref> Along with the three Saiva [[nayanmars]], they influenced the ruling [[Pallava]] kings, creating a Bhakti movement that resulted in changing the religious geography from [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] to these two sects of [[Hinduism]] in the region. The ''Alvars'' were also instrumental in promoting the Bhagavatha cult and the two epics of India, namely, ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabaratha]]''.<ref>[[#B.S.|B.S.]] 2011, p. 42</ref> The ''Alvars'' were instrumental in spreading ''[[Vaishnavism]]'' throughout the region.<ref>[[#B.S.|B.S.]] 2011, p. 47-48</ref> The verses of the various ''Alvars'' were compiled by [[Nathamuni]] (824-924 CE), a 10th-century Vaishnavite theologian, who called it the "Tamil Veda".<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literatures: Beginnings-1850 Volume 1 of A Dictionary of Indian Literature, A Dictionary of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=poygai&pg=PA15|page=15|last=Mukherjee|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1999|isbn=9788125014539}}</ref><ref name="Garg">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: Ak-Aq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjDcd0cTFxQC&dq=poygai&pg=PA352|pages=352–354|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|last=Garg|first=Gaṅgā Rām|year=1992|isbn=9788170223757}}</ref><br />
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==Birth and early life ==<br />
Thondaradippodi Alvar was born in a small village by name [[Thirumandangudi]] [[Chola Nadu|Chola region]] in [[Prabhava]] year, [[Margazhi]] month, Krishna chaturthi, Tuesday in Kettai (Jyestha) [[Nakshatram]] (star). His father ‘Veda Visaradhar’ belonged to "Kudumi Soliyap Brahmanar" community also called as "Vipra" people, whose routine work is to praise about Sri Vishnu. On the 12th day after his birth, he was named as "Vipra Narayanan".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|title=Master-Slave Ambivalence in the hagiography of the Āḻvārs|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society |url=https://www.academia.edu/27087316|language=en}}</ref> From an early age, [[bhakti]] towards Sri [[Vishnu]] was taught to him. He grew up with a well rounded personality. It is said that in spite of being good and beautiful and dedicated to Sri Vishnu bhakti, he had no conceit and treated all the aged persons and persons who are younger to him in the same way and gave proper respect to them.<br />
<br />
As per Hindu legend, he was under the influence of a prostitute, whose mother stole all the money of Vipra Narayanan. <ref>[[#B.S.|B.S.]] 2011, p. 45</ref>.When he was need of money, Vishnu came to his rescue and showered gold on him. He became a staunch devotee of Ranganatha of Sriranganathaswamy temple. He constructed a big Nandhavanam (flower park) in [[Srirangam]], where various beautiful and fragrance flower plants are grown. He worshipped all the bhaktas of Sri Vishnu and sang songs in praise of [[Ranganatha|Sri Ranganathar]]. From then, he was called as "Thondaradipodi Alwar".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|year=2016|title=Master-Slave Ambivalence in the hagiography of the Āḻvārs|url=https://www.academia.edu/27087316|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|volume=107|issue=1|pages=44–60}}</ref><br />
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==Literary works==<br />
He composed ''Tirumalai,'' comprising 45 verses and ''Tirupalliyeḻuchi'' comprising 10 verses. The verses of ''Tirupallieluchi'' are sung for waking up Rangantha, with the verses beginning with "votary bearing the dust of the god's feet".<ref>{{cite book|title=A catalogue raisonné of oriental manuscripts in the Government Library, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCVOAAAAcAAJ&dq=tondaradi&pg=PA517|page=517|last=Taylor|first=William |publisher=United Scottish Press|year=1857}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Catalogue raisonnee[!] of oriental manuscripts in the library of the (late) college, Fort Saint George, Volume 1|url=https://archive.org/details/acatalogueraiso00taylgoog|quote=tondaradi.|page=[https://archive.org/details/acatalogueraiso00taylgoog/page/n589 517]|publisher=H.Smith|year=1857|last=Taylor|first=William Cooke}}</ref> All his verses are in praise of Ranganatha, the presiding deity of the [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]]. Thondaradipodi vehemently opposes the caste system prevalent during his times and mentions that the ultimate way to reach Vishnu is through service to him and his devotees. He believed that Ranganatha is none other than [[Krishna]] himself and he has captured his soul.<ref>{{Cite book |last=T. |first=Padmaja |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamilnāḍu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-_eR1isesMC&dq=tondaradi&pg=PA57|page=57 |year=2002|publisher=Shakti Malik |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7017-398-1}}</ref> He uses the phrase "Prospering indolents" in his 38th verse meaning the devotees of Vishnu who left their corporal body in earth, but merged their soul to god.<ref>[[#Govindāchārya|Govindāchārya]] 1902, p. 77</ref> His verse starting with "Pachaimamalai pol meni" is the most popular verse and commonly chanted in all Vishnu temples during day-to-day worship and during festivals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vocalist wins appreciation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/vocalist-wins-appreciation/article2677900.ece|work=The Hindu|date=1 December 2011|access-date=2013-07-07}}</ref> The verses of ''Tirupalliyeḻuchi'' was first sung in the Srirangam temple and the Alvar gives Ranganatha a wake-up call describing how the inmates of earth come here to watch Ranganatha rise at dawn.<ref>{{cite news|title=Where Kamban released his Ramayana|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/where-kamban-released-his-ramayana/article4233370.ece|last=Nandakumar|first=Prema|work=The Hindu|date=24 December 2012|access-date=2013-07-07}}</ref><br />
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==Culture==<br />
[[File:Srirangam1362010 009.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Image of Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple in Srirangam|alt=Image of Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple in Srirangam showing the pyramidal temple towers]]<br />
The birthday of the Alvar is celebrated twice in a year in the Srirangam temple during the birth star in the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Margazhi''. The Vasantha utsavam is a nine-day festival celebrated during the Tamil month of ''Vaikasi'' (May–June) when Ranganatha, the presiding deity of the temple enjoys the ambience of the garden created by the Alvar. As per a Hindu legend, [[Thirumangai Alvar]], who built the surrounding walls of the Srirangam temple, left the garden untouched, though it blocked the path of the wall. Spring signifies a period that brings cool breeze in the evenings and new flowers blossom. As per Hindu legend, when Jothista Homam, a penance, when done during the period, helps devotees attain ''[[moksha]]''. It is believed that one devotees are liberated from his curse if they drink the [[Sacred waters|sacred water]] of Vishnu during the festival. During the mid of 15th century during the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara rule]], the Vasantha Mandapam was built inside the garden for the festive image to spend the evenings during the festival. Every evening during the festival, the festival image of Ranganatha is brought to the garden. In earlier centuries, the [[Devadasi]] Community in Srirangam, offered dance performance in front of the festive images of the temple in the Vasantha Mandapam during the festival. The practise is discontinued in the temple, but a practise is still continued at the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri Jagannath temple]]. Vasanthotsavam is one of the three festivals of the temple when Ranganathar goes back to his sanctum led by the a set of men singing ''Divya Prabhandam'' and also makes a pass by through the [[Ranganayaki|Ranganayagi]] shrine. During the festival, the festival image of Ranganatha is taken in a procession on a horse mount around the four Chitirai streets of Srirangam. A special ablution performed for the festive image at the Vasantha Mandapam concludes the festival.<ref>{{cite web|title=Temple calendar of Srirangam temple -2011|url=http://www.srirangam.org/images/Srirangam_Festivals-2011.pdf|publisher=Srirangam Ranganthaswamy temple administration|year=2011|access-date=2013-07-07}}</ref><ref name="Thondar">{{cite news|title=Devotion in romantic setting|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/06/11/stories/2010061151370300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617073449/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/06/11/stories/2010061151370300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 June 2010 |last=S.|first=Prabhu|date=11 June 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2013-07-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
==[[Mangalasasanam by Divyadesam|Mangalasasanam]]==<br />
There are 58 of his paasurams in the 4000 [[Divya Prabhandham]]. He has sung in praise of six temples.<ref>{{cite book | title=A Primer of Tamil Literature| last=Pillai| first=M. S. Purnalingam | year=1904| publisher=Ananda Press|location=Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&dq=tirumalisai&pg=PA183|pages=182–83| isbn=9788120609556}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="background:#FFC569"<br />
! scope="col" | S.No.<br />
! scope="col" | '''Name of the temple'''<br />
! scope="col" | '''Location'''<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | '''Photo'''<br />
! scope="col" | '''Number of Pasurams'''<br />
! scope="col" | '''Presiding deity'''<br />
! scope="col" | '''Notes/Beliefs'''<br />
|- align ="center"<br />
|- style="background:#ffe;"<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
| [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam]].<br />
|[[Srirangam]], [[Trichy district]]<br>[[Tamil Nadu]]<br>{{coord|10.8625| 78.689722}} <br />
|[[File:Srirangam14.jpg|130px|center]]<br />
|55<br />
|Ranganayagi <br>Ranganathar (Periya Perumal)<br />
|Srirangam temple is often listed as the largest functioning [[Hindu temple]] in the world, the still larger [[Angkor Wat]] being the largest existing temple. The temple occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m<sup>2</sup>) with a perimeter of 4,116m (10,710 feet) making it the largest temple in India and one of the largest religious complexes in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Sushil|first2=G.R.|last2=Thursby|page=456|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz6KBkgEacAC&dq=The+Hindu+World+%2B+srirangam&pg=PA456 |title=The Hindu World|year=2005 |publisher=Routelge |location=New York |isbn=0-203-67414-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vater |first=Tom |title=Moon Spotlight Angkor Wat|year=2010 |publisher=Perseus Books Group |location=USA |isbn=9781598805611|page=40}}</ref> The annual 21-day festival conducted during the Tamil month of ''Margazhi'' (December–January) attracts 1 million visitors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Victoria|page=4 |title=Wonders of the World Dot-to-Dot|year=2004 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. |location=New York |isbn=1-4027-1028-3}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| [[Ocean of milk|Thiruparkadal]]<br />
| Heavenly<br />
| [[File:Kurma, the tortoise incarnation of Vishnu.jpg|right|[[Kurma]]|130px]]<br />
| 1<br />
| Lakshmi<br>Vishnu<br />
| In [[Hindu cosmology]], Thiruparkadal (Ocean of milk) is the fifth from the center of the seven oceans. It surrounds the continent known as Krauncha.<ref>{{cite book|first=D. Dennis |last=Hudson|title= The body of God: an emperor's palace for Krishna in eighth-century Kanchipuram|publisher= Oxford University Press US|year= 2008 |isbn=978-0-19-536922-9| pages=164–168}}</ref> According to Hindu mythology, the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] (gods) and [[asuras]] (demons) worked together for a millennium to churn the ocean and release [[Amrita]] the nectar of immortal life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Churning the Ocean of Milk by Michael Buckley|url=http://www.veloasia.com/library/buckley/churning_milk.html}}</ref> It is spoken of in the [[Samudra manthan|''Samudra manthana'']] chapter of the [[Puranas]], a body of ancient Hindu legends. It is also the place where [[Vishnu]] reclines over [[Shesha|Shesha Naga]], along with his consort [[Lakshmi]].<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| [[Ram Janmabhoomi]]<br />
| {{coord|26.7956|82.1943}}<br />
| <br />
| 1<br />
| Seetha<br>Ram<br />
| Ram Janmabhoomi is the site in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, held across the Hindu tradition to be the birthplace of Rama, seventh avatar of Vishnu. The ''Valmiki Ramayana'' (Bala Kanda, Sarga 5) locates this birthplace in Ayodhya on the banks of the Sarayu — a belief that has sustained continuous pilgrimage to the city for centuries.<br />
The Babri Masjid, built in 1528 CE by Mir Baqi under Babur, stood at this site until its demolition in 1992. Hindu veneration of the spot predates common assumptions: British merchant William Finch documented pilgrimages to "Ramchandra's castle" in Ayodhya as early as 1608–11,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Sushil |title=The disputed mosque: a historical inquiry |date=1991 |publisher=Vistaar Publications |isbn=978-81-7036-212-8 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> and the Mughal chronicle ''Ain-i-Akbari'' (c. 1590) already described the city's sacred character in relation to Rama.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harret |first=H S |url=https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1891%20Ain%20i%20Akbari%20by%20Abul%20Fazl%20Vol%202%20trans%20Jarrett%20s.pdf |title=Abul Fazl, Ain-i-Akbari, trans. H.S. Jarrett |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |year=1891 |location=Calcutta |pages=171 |trans-title=The Ain-I-Akbari by Abul Fazl Allami}}</ref> Court-ordered excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India in 2003 found beneath the mosque's foundations the structural remains of a large pre-existing Hindu temple, including fifty pillar bases and temple-specific architectural elements. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Braj B. |title=Rāma, his historicity, mandir and setu: evidence of literature, archaeology and other sciences |date=2008 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-346-7 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>In 2019, a unanimous five-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India held that Hindu faith in the site "has continued over centuries," confirmed the ASI's finding of a pre-existing non-Islamic structure, and awarded the land for temple construction. <ref>{{Cite web |title=M Siddiq (D) Thr Lrs vs Mahant Suresh Das & Ors on 9 November, 2019 |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2010/36350/36350_2010_1_1502_18205_Judgement_09-Nov-2019.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| [[Kesava Deo Temple|Govardana]]<br />
| {{coord|27.504748| 77.669754}}<br />
| [[File:Mathura Temple-Mathura-India0002.JPG|right|[[Kurma]]|130px]]<br />
| 1<br />
| Radha<br>Krishna<br />
| The temple in [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], is among the most sacred of [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India|Hindu sites]], and is revered as the birthplace of [[Krishna]].<ref name="Jafri2009">{{cite book|author=Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri|title=Transformations in Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2c9312fKPqgC&pg=PA299|access-date=7 July 2012|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7975-261-6|pages=299–}}</ref> [[Krishna|Kehsav Dev]] (Krishna) is the deity of this temple. According to traditions, the original deity was installed by ''Bajranabh'', who was great-grandson of Krishna.<ref name="Anand1992">{{cite book|author=D. Anand|title=Krishna: The Living God of Braj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC&pg=PA29|access-date=7 July 2012|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-280-2|pages=29–}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|20em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{refbegin|20em}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=History of People and Their Environs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&dq=poygai&pg=PA47|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2011|last1=B. S.|first1=Chandrababu|last2=S.|first2=Ganeshram|last3=C.|first3=Bhavani|isbn=9789380325910|ref=B.S.}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs|first= S. M. Srinivasa|last= Chari|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1997|isbn=9788120813427|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC&dq=poygai&pg=PA16|ref=Chari}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&dq=poigai&pg=PA308|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|ref=Dalal|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2011|isbn=9780143414216}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=A history of Indian literature, 500-1399: from courtly to the popular| last=Das| first=Sisir Kumar|author2=Sāhitya Akādemī | year=2005| publisher=Sāhitya Akādemī|location=chennai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&dq=madhurakavi+azhwar&pg=PA29|isbn = 81-260-2171-3|ref=Das}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=The Holy Lives of the Azhvârs: Or, the Drâvida Saints|last=Govindāchārya|first=Aḷkoṇḍavilli |url=https://archive.org/details/holylivesazhvrs00govigoog|quote=periyazhvar.|publisher=G. T. A. Press|year=1902|location=Mysore|ref=Govindāchārya}}<br />
* {{cite book|first=Attipat Krishnaswami |last=Ramanujan|title=Hymns for the Drowning: Poems for Vishnu|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2005|isbn=9780144000104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9pa7-h0jhB0C&q=nammalvar|ref=Ramanujan}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.divyadesamonline.com/alwars/thondaradippodi-alwar.asp About Thondaradi Podi Alvar]<br />
*[http://www.musicindiaonline.com/music/carnatic_vocal/m/composer.38/ Pasurams by Thondaradi Podi Alvar]<br />
<br />
{{Azhwars}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Alvars]]<br />
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Hindu saints]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ahmed_Perwez&diff=500444Ghulam Ahmed Perwez2026-04-29T07:04:14Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: Added Stub...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Pakistani Islamic scholar (1903–1985)}}<br />
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{npov|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ghulam Ahmad Parwez<br>{{Nastaliq|غلام احمد پرویز}}<br />
| image = Ghulam_Ahmad_Parwez.png<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Ghulam Ahmad Parwez<br />
| birth_date = 9 July 1903<br />
| birth_place = [[Batala]], [[British Punjab|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] <br> {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])}}<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1985|02|24|1903|07|09|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tolueislam.org/g-a-parwez/|title=G A Parwez &#124; Bazme Tolue Islam Toronto|date=18 January 2021 }}</ref><br />
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan<br />
| other_names = <br />
| known_for = ''Islam: A Challenge to Religion''; ''Exposition of the Holy Qur'an''; ''The Quranic System of Sustenance''; ''What Is Islam''<br />
| occupation = Senior Civil Servant, Department of Interior Ministry, Government of India and later, Department of Home and Interior Affairs, Karachi, Pakistan<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ghulam Ahmad Parwez'''{{efn|{{langx|pnb|{{nq|غلام احمد پرویز}}}}}} (9 July 1903 – 24 February 1985) was a Pakistani Islamic scholar and ''[[Qāriʾ|qāriʾ]]'' (teacher of the [[Quran]]).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2yvoujPJCYC&q=Ghulam+Ahmed+Pervez&pg=PA238|title=Religious Heritage of India: Islam|last1=Sharma|last2=Sharma|first2=Usha|year=2004|isbn=9788170999607|page=238|first1=Suresh K.|publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref> He posed a challenge to the established Sunni doctrine by interpreting Quranic themes with a logical approach.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jawed|first1=Nasim A.|title=Islam's Political Culture: Religion and Politics in pre-divided Pakistan|page=107}}</ref><ref name="da">{{cite news|title=The volatile fusion: Origins, rise & demise of the 'Islamic Left'|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1195863/the-volatile-fusion-origins-rise-demise-of-the-islamic-left|date=23 July 2015|access-date=24 July 2015|agency=Dawn News}}</ref> The work 'Islam: A Challenge to Religion' is widely acknowledged as one of the most significant works in the history of Pakistan, according to Nadeem F. Paracha.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shaping histories: The most influential books in Pakistan|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1200253/shaping-histories-the-most-influential-books-in-pakistan|access-date=24 August 2015|agency=DAWN News}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early and personal life==<br />
<br />
Parwez was born on 9 July 1903 in Batala, Punjab, in [[British India]]. He migrated to Pakistan in 1947. He delved into the holy book of Islam and other religious texts. In 1934, he obtained a master's degree from the Punjab University.<ref name="da-1">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1132974|title=The rise and fall of a spiritual rebel|newspaper=Daily Dawn.com|date=21 September 2014|access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction – Biography of G.A.P, taken from "The Life in the Hereafter (Translation of Jahan e Farda by Ejaz Rasool)"|url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/The-Life-in-the-Hereafter-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf|website=Tolue-Islam-Trust|access-date=5 July 2015|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221423/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/The-Life-in-the-Hereafter-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> His ideas, based on modern science, helped people better understand Islam. He was introduced to Muhammad Ali Jinnah by Muhammad Iqbal. He was appointed to edit the magazine Tolu-e-Islam, which was established to counteract the propaganda emanating from certain religious circles that favour Congress. He died aged 81.<ref name="da-1"/><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Parwez was appointed to the Central Secretariat of the Government of India in 1927, and became an important figure in the Home Department. When Pakistan became independent, he stayed in the same job in the government and retired early as an Assistant Secretary (Class I gazetted officer) in 1955. He spent all his time doing his job.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://islamicdawn.com/g-a-parwez/|title=G A Parwez {{!}} Tolu e Islam Trust|website=islamicdawn.com|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref> Parwez argued that his insights from the Quran were in stark contrast to both capitalist and Marxist political ideologies.<ref>{{cite book|author1=G. A. Parwez|title=The Quranic System of Sustenance|pages=12, 30, 72, 127, 170|url=http://tolueislam.org/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105004026/http://tolueislam.org/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=August 2015}} Before the creation of Pakistan, Parwez was recruited by Muhammad Ali Jinnah to help popularise the need for a separate homeland for Muslims in South Asia.<ref name="dawn.com">{{cite news|title=The volatile fusion: Origins, rise & demise of the 'Islamic Left'|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1195863/the-volatile-fusion-origins-rise-demise-of-the-islamic-left|access-date=24 August 2015|agency=DAWN News}}</ref> He emphasised the importance of the government's structure in adhering to Islamic ideals. The principles of Islam, as enumerated in the Quran, require that individuals reside in a nation that upholds God's commands, rather than their own.<ref>{{cite book|author1=G.A. Parwez|title=Islam: A Challenge to Religion|pages=230–247|url=http://tolueislam.org/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/|chapter=Political System Part II: Quranic System|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105004026/http://tolueislam.org/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=G. A. Parwez|title=The Quranic System of Sustenance|page=57|url=http://tolueislam.org/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105004026/http://tolueislam.org/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=August 2015}}<br />
<br />
== Ideas and contributions ==<br />
[[File:Exposition_of_the_Quran_by_Ghulam_Ahmad_Parwez.jpg|thumb|The cover for Parwez's [[Exposition of the Holy Quran]]]]<br />
Even though this right almost always came before any form of authority, Parwez believed in individual freedom.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kurzman|first1=Charles|title=Liberal Islam: A Source Book|year=1998|page=24|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195116229|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4n8HSe9SfXMC&q=%22Ghulam+Ahmad+Parwez%22&pg=PA24}}</ref> Parwez, in line with this, strongly opposed slavery, arguing that it lacked any legal justification according to the Quran. Further, he said that Islam challenged the truth, validity, and very idea of religion.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh Sevea|first1=Iqbal|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India|date=29 June 2012|page=125|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139536394|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Ghulam+Ahmad+Parwez%22&pg=PA125}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jafrī|first1=Maqsood|title=The gleams of wisdom|date=2003|publisher=Sigma Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsQLAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Ghulam+Ahmed+Pervez%22}}</ref><br />
<br />
Parwez assessed the supporting evidence for the suppositions contained in the Quran passages that are often associated with awe-inspiring happenings, celestial beings, and jinns, weighing it all objectively, without attempting to invoke the supernatural.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guessoum|first1=Nidhal|title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science|date=30 October 2010|publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9780857730756|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaL3AgAAQBAJ&q=pervez&pg=PT3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fOv6h9c3gwC&q=Ghulam+Ahmed+Pervez&pg=PT240|title=SENSE AND SENSIBILITY IN ISLAM: Linguistics, Context and Rationality|isbn=9781469148328|last1=Nazer|first1=Abdul Elah|date=28 April 2012|publisher=Xlibris Corporation }}</ref> Parwez also pushed for the adoption of [[Islamic socialism]], a political philosophy that seeks to reorganise society in line with Islamic ideals.<br />
<ref>{{cite book|last1=Daechsel|first1=Markus|title=Islamabad and the Politics of International Development in Pakistan|date=19 March 2015|page=198|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107057173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grDGBgAAQBAJ&q=Islamabad+and+the+Politics+of+International+Development+in+Pakistan&pg=PA303}}</ref> <br />
He argued that socialism is the most efficient means to uphold the principles of property, justice, and the distribution of wealth, as outlined in the Qur'an. In addition, he said that the Prophet was a prophet who wanted to stop capitalists and the corrupt bureaucracy of Byzantium and Persia from exploiting Quraish merchants although Quraish merchants had little contact with the traders from the then two supreme powers. He advocated the implementation of scientific and [[agrarian reform|agricultural reforms]] to improve economic development.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/787645/islamic-socialism-a-history-from-left-to-right |title=Islamic Socialism: A history from left to right |last=Paracha |first=Nadeem F. |author-link=Nadeem F. Paracha |date=21 February 2013 |website=[[dawn.com]]|access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref> Parwez has been called a "[[Quranism|Quranist]]" by [[Nadeem F. Paracha]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Paracha|first1=Nadeem|title=The volatile fusion: Origins, rise & demise of the 'Islamic Left'|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1195863/the-volatile-fusion-origins-rise-demise-of-the-islamic-left|website=Dawn.com|date=23 July 2015|publisher=Dawn News|access-date=27 August 2015|quote=Parvez was a prominent ‘Quranist’, or an Islamic scholar who insisted that for the Muslims to make progress in the modern world, Islamic thought and laws should be entirely based on modern interpretations of the Qu’ran.}}</ref> as Parwez rejected most hadiths.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guessoum|first1=Nidhal|title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science.|date=30 October 2010|publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9780857730756|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaL3AgAAQBAJ&q=pervez&pg=PT3}}</ref> In essence, the rejection of one well known hadeeth means the rejection of Sunnah. Further, Paracha claimed that Parwez approved praying Namaz in Urdu.<ref name="da-1" /> Even while Parwez was alive, his opponents spread these claims. In 1960 more than 600 Islamic Scholars issued a [[fatwa]] declaring Ghulam Ahmad Perwez [[Kafir]] due to his views on Quran and Hadith. Ghulam Ahmed Perwez was also criticised due to wrong interpretation of Quran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parwez.tv/Khan_Adeeb/SURA-17/B1794-e.mp3 |title=Khan Adeeb |publisher=www.parwez.tv |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ghulam Ahmed Perwez's ideas focused on systematically interpreting Quranic themes, and [[Muhammad Iqbal|Muhammad Iqbal’s]] writings in the light of Islamic Reform with an aim to reorganise society on a Quranic basis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Shuresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2yvoujPJCYC&dq=Ghulam+Ahmed+Pervez&pg=PA238 |title=Religious Heritage of India: Islam |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2004 |isbn=9788170999607 |page=238}}</ref> According to Parwez, the original purpose of [[Islam]], is to free humanity from the oppressive rule of man-made systems of control.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Parwez |first1=G. A. |url=http://islamicdawn.com/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |title=Islam: A Challenge to Religion |pages=6, 8, 212, 217, 240–241 |access-date=2015-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823041910/http://islamicdawn.com/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |archive-date=2015-08-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> These man-made systems include Theocracy and Secular Democracy, both of which, are in contradiction to Quranic principles. A Quranic model of government will give the final authority to God Himself. Such a government allows only those laws which are within the bounds of Quran, and actively promotes Quranic principles. He elaborated on the definition of many Quranic principles, such as that of Zakat, which he defined as universal welfare. He also emphasised the importance of unity for Muslims: "''The Qur’an is naturally opposed to sectarianism in deen and factionalism in politics. Sects and factions breed strife and dissension in the Ummah. According to the Qur'an, sectarianism is a form of shirk.''"<br />
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While Parwez did not reject [[Hadith]] completely, he gave primary importance to the Quran.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Parwez |first1=G. A. |url=http://islamicdawn.com/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |title=The Quranic System of Sustenance |pages=147–149 |access-date=2015-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823041910/http://islamicdawn.com/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |archive-date=2015-08-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He often cited examples in which disagreements and divisions between Muslims were caused by over-reliance on the Hadith, and determined that the only way for Muslims to come to an agreement, and be unified in Islam, will be to give primary importance to the Quran, and reject any Hadith which clearly contradicts the Quranic principles. He also blamed the mainstream scholars for allowing exploitative socioeconomic practices by deriving their authority from the Hadith, even in contradiction to the Quran. He also blamed the over-reliance on Hadith for introducing false historical narratives of the early period of Islam, also as a means of exploitation.<br />
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''"Parwez upholds the view that Hadith and Sunna, as he defines them, do not constitute sources of legal authority in Islam (or what he calls al-Din). Instead, he forms the view that the Quran is fully self-sufficient in terms of its own interpretation and that Hadith and Sunna have in many instances eclipsed and distorted the actual Quranic teachings, including those that have legal import."''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duderija |first=Adis |title=The Sunna and its Status in Islamic Law |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2015 |isbn=9781137376459 |pages=224–225}}</ref><br />
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=== Support for Pakistan's independence ===<br />
Before the creation of Pakistan, Iqbal introduced Parwez to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], who recruited him to help popularise the need for a separate homeland for Muslims. Jinnah appointed Parwez to edit the magazine, Tolu-e-Islam for the purpose of countering propaganda that was coming from some of the religious corners in support of Congress.<ref name="da-12">{{cite news |title=The volatile fusion: Origins, rise & demise of the 'Islamic Left' |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1195863/the-volatile-fusion-origins-rise-demise-of-the-islamic-left |access-date=24 August 2015 |agency=DAWN News}}</ref> Parwez's thesis was that the organisational model of the state is the basic engine which drives the implementation of the Quran, and like [[Muhammad in Medina]], those wishing to practice Islam, as it is defined in the Quran, are required to live in a state which submits to the laws of God and not the laws of man.<ref>{{cite book |author1=G.A. Parwez |url=http://tolueislam.org/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |title=Islam: A Challenge to Religion |pages=230–247 |chapter=Political System Part II: Quranic System |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105004026/http://tolueislam.org/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |archive-date=2015-11-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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During the struggle for independence, [[Abul Kalam Azad]], a prominent Indian Nationalist, opposed Pakistan by arguing for the universalism of all religions; whereas, Parwez, countered Azad's arguments in support of Iqbal, Jinnah and the concept of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shourie |first1=Arun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OASNAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Ghulam+Ahmed+Parwez%22&pg=PT33 |title=The World of Fatwas |date=27 July 2012 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=9789350295403}}</ref> Parwez stated that the consequences of universalism would be the formation of another sect, further dividing humanity. He cited the history of other such enterprises that attempted to fuse incompatible ideas into a singular ideology. He also pointed to the basic requirements for Muslims i.e. belief in one God and the prophet as His final messenger, precluded the possibility of any fusion. Moreover, Parwez highlighted contradictions between Azad’s earlier position in 1912, with the one he took to argue against the Muslim League.<br />
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After independence, Parwez disagreed with those claiming that Pakistan was supposed to be a secular state, as well as those claiming it was to be a theocracy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parwez |first1=G. A. |url=http://islamicdawn.com/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |title=Did Quaid-e-Azam Want to Make Pakistan a Secular State? |pages=5, 30, 36 |access-date=2015-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823041910/http://islamicdawn.com/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |archive-date=2015-08-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He claimed that both concepts are against Islam and Jinnah was opposed to both systems, following his [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah#Iqbal's influence on Jinnah|"conversion" by Iqbal]]. Parwez cited speeches of Jinnah, before and after independence, in which Jinnah clarified that the form of democracy he was seeking was that of Medinah under the prophet.<br />
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=== Islam and individual liberty ===<br />
Parwez argued that the Quran places such strong emphasis on individual freedom that it almost overrides all forms of authority, to the point where no person has the right to compel another person to obey them, citing the verse 3:79 in support of this view.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kurzman |first1=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4n8HSe9SfXMC&dq=%22Ghulam+Ahmad+Parwez%22&pg=PA24 |title=Liberal Islam: A Source Book |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780195116229 |page=24}}</ref> Consistent with this, Parwez "adamantly opposed" slavery. He claimed that it had no justifiable basis according to the Quran and that the practice had been banned since the dawn of Islam, contrary to the opinions of his opponents who officially called for slavery to be legalised in the newly created Pakistan. Parwez argued that the words used in the Quran to refer to slavery should be correctly read in the past-tense, thereby giving a completely different meaning to the verses used by his opponents to justify slavery. He stated: ''"Whatever happened in subsequent history was the responsibility of Muslims, and not of the Quran."''<ref name="Islam and the Abolition of Slavery">{{cite book |last1=Clarence-Smith |first1=W. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQbylEdqJKkC&dq=%22Ghulam+Ahmad+Parwez%22&pg=PA198 |title=Islam and the Abolition of Slavery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780195221510 |page=198}}</ref> W.G. Clarence-Smith includes Parwez among the "''South Asian Shock Troops of Abolition''," a line of rationalist thinkers who took the position that slavery is forbidden by the Quran. This position was first taken by [[Syed Ahmad Khan]]. According to Clarence-Smith, Parwez was "''the most significant figure to carry the radical torch after independence in 1947''."<br />
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Regarding the practical methods for the abolition of slavery, Parwez clarified that because the local economy was based on slave labor, society had to be weaned off of slavery gradually.<ref name=":0" /> He pointed out that the main source of slaves was war, as prisoners of war were usually enslaved. So when the Quran banned the enslavement of prisoners of war, it effectively closed the door on the future of slavery. Furthermore, by highly encouraging the emancipation of slaves, the existing slaves in society were gradually freed.<br />
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Parwez also called for monogamy and rejected polygamy under normal demographic circumstances.<ref name="Islam and the Abolition of Slavery" /> He argued that due to various forms of discrimination suffered by women, their gender has developed an "inferiority complex", which is enforced and exploited by men.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parwez |first1=G. A. |url=http://islamicdawn.com/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |title=Islam: A Challenge to Religion |chapter=18 |access-date=2015-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823041910/http://islamicdawn.com/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |archive-date=2015-08-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He claimed that the Quran liberates women from their historical "bondage" by affirming their independent existence and equality in all aspects of society that matter, leaving only a few biological differences between the genders. Parwez cited Quranic verses to show that although women have certain responsibilities emphasised, such as the upbringing of children, they are free to earn their own living just like men, and unlike men, anything they earn is for them alone, while the man's earnings are to be shared by the household.<br />
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=== Religion vs. "Deen" ===<br />
Parwez argued that Islam challenged the validity, as well as the very conception of ‘religion’.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh Sevea |first1=Iqbal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Ghulam+Ahmad+Parwez%22&pg=PA125 |title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India |date=29 June 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139536394 |page=125}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jafrī |first1=Maqsood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsQLAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Ghulam+Ahmed+Pervez%22 |title=The Gleams of Wisdom |date=2003 |publisher=Sigma Press}}</ref> This idea is considered a classical claim which had more recently been popularised by [[Muhammad Iqbal]], when Parwez undertook its systematic defense in his work 'Islam: A Challenge to Religion,' where he argues that Islam is a "''protest against all religions in the old sense of the term''".<ref>{{cite journal |last=R. Fārūqī |first=Ismaʿīl |date=April 2005 |title=Reviewed Work: Islam: A Challenge to Religion by Ghulām Aḥmad Parwez |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=95 |issue=1 (Jan. - Mar., 1975) |pages=129 |doi=10.2307/599238 |jstor=599238}}</ref> [[Ismail al-Faruqi]] welcomed it as "representative statement of Muslim modernist thought."<br />
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Parwez distinguished between “deen” (a complete code of life) versus "madhab", which he equated with "priestcraft," or cumulative tradition. He argued that while "religion" focuses on rules and rituals, "deen" focuses on actions and permanent values. Moreover, while religion induces a "''complete resignation to authority; however oppressive and unjust it may be''", "deen" urges efforts to improve society and the human condition, by encouraging humanity to conquer the forces of nature, while at the same time eradicating social injustice. Parwez stated that: ''"Deen is not an opiate, as the Marxists contend, but a stimulant and spur to action."''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parwez |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Islam-A-Challenge-to-Religion-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |title=Islam: A Challenge to Religion |pages=50, 67 |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054333/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Islam-A-Challenge-to-Religion-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> For example, according to Parwez, the concept of "Nizaam as-Salaat" (System of Salat) in Islam is much more than simple ritualistic prayer.<ref name=":1" /> The application of the word "Salaat" in the Quran (Parwez cites verses like 11:87) indicate a wide-ranging socioeconomic system, of which ritual prayer, is only a small part. The Quranic requirement of "Salaat," therefore, is a community based system for implementing the laws of the Quran, which is why it is usually accompanied by the command for implementing "Zakaat" (universal welfare) which is a state-based system.<br />
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Parwez argued for a revolutionary understanding of the Quran, re-interpreting the roles of prophets. He argued that the correct view of Jesus, which fits with Islam, was that he was a revolutionary liberator, whose mission was to free the [[Israelites]] from the domination of the Romans, while at the same time to build a society on ethical principles, the same as former prophets.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Roland E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjC7K1j_AT8C&dq=%22Ghulam+Ahmad+Parwez%22&pg=PA123 |title=Muslims and the Gospel: Bridging the Gap |date=February 2006 |publisher=Kirk House Publishers |isbn=9781932688078 |page=123}}</ref> Parwez further argued that the image of Jesus as a purely spiritual character uninterested in socio-political struggles, was invented afterwards.<br />
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Parwez also emphasised a need to re-examine the role of [[Hadith]] in order to modernise Islam.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2007 |title=Civil Society: Democratic Transformation in the Arab World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11AdAQAAMAAJ&q=pervez |journal=Ibn Khaldoun Center for Development Studies |issue=s 145–156 |page=52}}</ref> In his view, the authenticity of any Hadith should be based solely on the principle of contradiction: "''any Hadith which goes against the teachings/commands of the Quran''" should not be accepted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parwez |first1=G. A. |url=http://islamicdawn.com/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |title=The Eclipse of Islam – What Happened to Islam after Umar |pages=72, 76–78 |access-date=2015-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823041910/http://islamicdawn.com/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |archive-date=2015-08-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Parwez therefore rejected the principle of "abrogation", part of which is based on the concept that certain hadith can supersede commands of the Quran. His position was that the Quran is the true source of Islam, since it is the only authoritative source containing the divine message.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Long |first=Roger |date=Feb 1989 |title=Reviewed Work: The Concept of an Islamic State: An Analysis of the Ideological Controversy in Pakistan by Ishtiaq Ahmed |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=193–194 |doi=10.2307/2057727 |jstor=2057727 |s2cid=144381662}}</ref><br />
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=== Rational interpretation of the Quran ===<br />
Parwez's writings are associated with modernism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jawed |first1=Nasim A. |title=Islam's Political Culture: Religion and Politics in Pre-Divided Pakistan |page=55}}</ref> He supported Iqbal's enterprise of harmonising the Quran with the natural sciences,<ref>{{cite journal |year=1995 |title=Iqbal Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zd_XAAAAMAAJ&q=pervez |volume=36 |issue=3–4}}</ref> and translated those verses in the Quran which are generally associated with "miracles", "angels" and "jinn" rationally as metaphors, without appealing to the supernatural.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guessoum |first1=Nidhal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaL3AgAAQBAJ&dq=pervez&pg=PT3 |title=Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science |date=30 October 2010 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9780857730756}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nazer |first1=Abdul Elah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fOv6h9c3gwC&dq=Ghulam+Ahmed+Pervez&pg=PT240 |title=SENSE AND SENSIBILITY IN ISLAM: Linguistics, Context and Rationality |date=28 April 2012 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=9781469148328}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Parwez |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Islam-A-Challenge-to-Religion-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |title=Islam: A Challenge to Religion |pages=121 |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054333/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Islam-A-Challenge-to-Religion-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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He also questions the [[virgin birth of Jesus]] and the miraculous interpretations of that event, arguing that the wording used to describe the communication received by [[Zechariah (priest)]] with regards to the birth of [[John the Baptist]] are identical to the that received by Mary concerning the birth of Jesus. He questions why one would be accepted as having been conceived via virgin-birth while the other isn't when there is no difference in the language used describing their births. He also suggests that the Quran not naming Jesus’ father doesn't support the interpretation of virgin birth, as the Quran also omits such details regarding the history of other prophets.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stowasser |first1=Barbara Freyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3YhpAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Ghulam+Ahmed+Parwez%22&pg=PA79 |title=Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation |date=22 August 1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199761838 |page=79}}</ref><br />
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While Parwez admitted the limitations of human rational faculties, which can not grasp the source and nature of the Divine, he stressed that the content of revelation can be understood rationally. He argued that unlike traditional dogmas which justify their authority using blind faith, "iman" as outlined in the Quran, forbids blind faith and requires intellectual certainty, expecting the reader to think critically and use their powers of understanding.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parwez |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Islam-A-Challenge-to-Religion-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |title=Islam: A Challenge to Religion |pages=68,109,113 |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054333/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Islam-A-Challenge-to-Religion-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Quran, verse 17:36 |url=http://quran.com/17/36 |access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref><br />
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=== Economic re-organisation ===<br />
Parwez held the view that the Quran is the only binding force of Pakistani society;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reiter |first1=Erich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIhHBAAAQBAJ&dq=Ghulam+Ahmed+Pervez&pg=PT71 |title=The Impact of Asian Powers on Global Developments |date=9 March 2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783662131725}}</ref> and thus, its community should be in perfect alignment with the commandments of Islam in all aspects.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daechsel |first1=Markus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grDGBgAAQBAJ&dq=Islamabad+and+the+Politics+of+International+Development+in+Pakistan&pg=PA303 |title=Islamabad and the Politics of International Development in Pakistan |date=19 March 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107057173 |page=198}}</ref> Regarding the issue of [[Riba]], Khaled Ahmed mentions that the works of Parwez "are currently banned or under attack."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laird |first1=Kathleen Fenner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmzSotsxnmsC&dq=%22Ghulam+Ahmad+Parwez%22&pg=PA345 |title=Whose Islam? Pakistani women's political action groups speak out. |date=2007 |publisher=<!--Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of -->Washington University |isbn=9780549465560 |location=St. Louis, Missouri, US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Parwez argued that the correct definition of this term, according to the Quran, is any excess return on a loan above the amount that was lent.<ref name=":1" /> According to Parwez, the Quran allows a return on actual contributions and efforts, and not on pure capital investments. Even charging for a product above its actual worth Parwez saw as Ribba, claiming that the "fair price" should be decided by society, and not arbitrarily by the sellers. He also disagreed with the orthodox emphasis on the concept of "risk" in interest based lending, arguing that if risk was an important factor in making such financial transactions allowable, then gambling would be allowed by the Quran, when it is not. Parwez summarised his views on riba as follows:<br />
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: ''"To reiterate, riba means more than simply ‘interest’. It is the singular factor that makes all human systems exploitative and thus contrary to the Qur’an. In the Divine system every citizen works to full capacity and happily keeps a minimum for him/herself whilst giving most of it to society. In a human system every individual seeks to do as little as possible and simultaneously maximise his profits through the work of others. The two system-types are so fundamentally different that the Qur’an even terms human systems as a ‘revolt against God and His Messenger’ (2:279)."''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parwez |first1=G. A. |url=http://islamicdawn.com/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |title=The Quranic System of Sustenance |page=250 |access-date=2015-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823041910/http://islamicdawn.com/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |archive-date=2015-08-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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Dr. [[Fazlur Rahman Malik]] and Parwez candidly recommended that for a temporary period, the state assume total direction of capital and labor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jawed |first1=Nasim A. |title=Islam's Political Culture: Religion and Politics in Pre-Divided Pakistan |pages=123–126}}</ref> Parwez's position is contrasted with the traditionalists like [[Abul A'la Maududi|Mawdudi]], who were criticised by Parwez on the grounds that their system is essentially the same as capitalism. Parwez's views were linked to the Quranic definition of [[Zakat]], which he argued was a "universal development" tax collected and administered by a Quranic State.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parwez |first1=G. A. |url=http://islamicdawn.com/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |title=The Quranic System of Sustenance |pages=252–259 |access-date=2015-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823041910/http://islamicdawn.com/urdu-books/english-books-pdf/ |archive-date=2015-08-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Instead of a fixed rate (e.g. 2.5% as accepted by the orthodox views), the rate would be a variable, depending on the needs of the time, as determined by the state.<br />
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N. A. Jawed states that according to thinkers like Parwez, "hell" and "heaven" are not only concepts relating to the next life, but also represent socioeconomic systems in this world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jawed |first1=Nasim A. |title=Islam's Political Culture: Religion and Politics in Pre-Divided Pakistan |page=107}}</ref> "Hell", according to Parwez, is a system where humans struggle to accumulate wealth. In such societies competition and enmity drives men to consume themselves, resulting in social conflict and class wars. Parwez contrasted this with "heaven", an ideal society devoid of class distinctions, characterised by justice, peace and cooperation. He also redefined the concept of "Satan" allegorically; as the human impulse which drives people to use their mental faculties to oppose divine laws. Parwez found support for this view in the Quranic story of the fall of man, which he interpreted metaphorically, where the "forbidden tree" stands for the quest for acquisition and ownership.<br />
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==Translated works==<br />
* Exposition of the Holy Quran<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/ExpositionOfHollyQuran.pdf |title=Exposition |publisher=resurgentislam.com |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* Human Fundamental Rights<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/HumanFundamentalRights.pdf |title=Human fundamental rights |publisher=resurgentislam.com |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* Dictionary of the Holy Quran Vol. 1-4<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qes.no/Lughat/LughatVolum-I.pdf |title=Vol I |publisher=qes.no |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://qes.no/Lughat/VII.pdf |title=VII |publisher=qes.no |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://qes.no/Lughat/VIII.pdf |title=VIII |publisher=qes.no |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://qes.no/Lughat/VIV.pdf |title=VIV |publisher=qes.no |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* What Is Islam<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/What-is-Islam-By-G.A-Parwez.pdf |title=What is Islam |publisher=resurgentislam.com |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* The Quranic System of Sustenance<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Quranic-System-of-Sustenance-by-G-A-Parwez.pdf |title=Quranic system of sustenance |publisher=resurgentislam.com |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* Islam: A Challenge To Religion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/Islam-A-Challenge-to-Religion-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |title=Islam a challenge |publisher=resurgentislam.com |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* The Life in the Hereafter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Life-in-the-Hereafter-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |title=Life in the Hereafter |publisher=resurgentislam.com |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* Islamic Way of Living<ref>[http://resurgentislam.com/home/islamic-way-of-living/f]{{dead link|date=April 2020}}</ref><br />
* Letter to Tahira<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/Letters-to-Tahira-Tahira-ke-Naam-Khatoot-By-Parwez.pdf |title=Letters to Tahira |publisher=resurgentislam.com |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* Quranic Laws<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/quranic-laws-by-ga-parwez.pdf |title=Quranic Laws |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* Jihad Is Not Terrorism<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/Jihad-is-not-Terrorism-by-Perwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |title=Jihad is not terrorism |publisher=resurgentislam.com |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* Glossary of Quranic Words<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/Glossary-of-Quranic-words-By-Parwez.pdf |title=GLOSSARY: Terms starting with letters A-D |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* Human and Satan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Ibleeso-Aadam-English-Translation.pdf |title=Ibleeso Aadam Book |access-date=2020-04-17 |archive-date=24 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124175418/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Ibleeso-Aadam-English-Translation.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* Constitution of Islamic State<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/ConstitutionOfIslamicState.pdf |title=Constitution of the Islamic state |publisher=resurgentislam.com |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
The books written by Syed Abdul Wadud, a close friend of Parwez, are based on his ideas.<br />
* Conspiracies Against the Quran<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/Conspiracies-against-the-Quran-By-Sayed-Abdul-Wadud.pdf |title=Conspiracies against the Quran |publisher=resurgentislam.com |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* Phenomena of Nature<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/Phenomena-Of-Nature-By-Dr-Syed-Abdul-Wadud.pdf |title=Phenomena of nature |publisher=resurgentislam.com |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* Quranocracy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/Quranocracy-by-Dr-Syed-Abdul-Wadud-Tolue-Islam-Trust-1.pdf |title=Quranocracy |publisher=resurgentislam.com |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* The Heavens the Earth and the Quran<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Heavens-The-Earth-and-The-Quran-By-Dr-Syed-Abdul-Wadud.pdf |title=The Heavens The Earth |publisher=resurgentislam.com |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
* Gateway to the Quran<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resurgentislam.com/wp-content/uploads/Gateway-To-The-Quran-By-Dr-Syed-Abdul-Wadud.pdf |title=Gateway to the Quran |publisher=resurgentislam.com |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Publications==<br />
* ''Matalibul Furqaan'' (7 vols.)<ref>{{cite web|url = http://toluislam.com/category/matalibul-furqan-complete-set-by-g-a-parwez/|title = Mutalib-ul-Furqaan: Volume I|publisher = Tolue Islam Trust - www.islamicdawn.com|access-date = 2015-05-26|archive-date = 26 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150526152706/http://toluislam.com/category/matalibul-furqan-complete-set-by-g-a-parwez/|url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
* ''Lughat-ul-Quran'' (4 vols.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/lq.pdf |title=Lugat'ul Quran |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527030001/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/lq.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Mafhoom-ul-Quran'' (3 vols.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/mq.pdf |title=Mafhoom'ul Quran |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225101530/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/mq.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Tabweeb-ul-Quran'' (3 vols.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tolueislam.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Tabveebul-Quran-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |title=Tabweeb'ul Quran |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701144944/http://tolueislam.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Tabveebul-Quran-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Nizam-e-Rabubiyyat''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tolueislam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Nizame-Rabubiyyat-New-Edition-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |title=Nizam-e-Rabobi'at |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701150907/http://tolueislam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Nizame-Rabubiyyat-New-Edition-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Islam: A Challenge to Religion'' (English version)<ref>{{cite web|url = http://tolueislam.org/category/islam-a-challenge-to-religion/|title = ISLAM: A Challenge To Religion|publisher = Tolue Islam Trust - islamicdawn.com|access-date = 2015-05-26|archive-date = 26 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150526131151/http://tolueislam.org/category/islam-a-challenge-to-religion/|url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
* ''Insaan Ne Kiya Socha'' (What Man Thought, A History of Human Thought)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/flipbook/84/book.html |title=Insaan Nay Kya Socha |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527015701/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/flipbook/84/book.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Islam Kia He''<br />
* ''Tasawwaf Ki Haqiqat'' (The Reality of Islamic Mysticism)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/tkh.pdf |title=Tasawaaf ki Haqeeqat: Sufism and Islam |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527112034/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/tkh.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Saleem Ke Naam'' (3 vols.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/skn1.pdf |title=Saleem Kay Naam Khatoot: Part 1 |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527025915/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/skn1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Tahira Ke Naam''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/tknk.pdf |title=Tahira Kay Naam Khatoot |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527112325/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/tknk.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Qurani Faislay'' (5 vols.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/qf1.pdf |title=Qurani Faislay: Part 1 |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527112246/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/qf1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Meraj-e-Insaaniat'' (about Muhammad)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/mei.jpg |title=Miraj-e-Insaniyaat: Life of Muhammad |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526172728/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/mei.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Barke Toor'' (about Musa)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tolueislam.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/mei.pdf |title=Parwez on Moses, Torah, Suliman, Solomon, David, Daoud, Yunus, Jonah, Ayub, Psalms and other Prophets |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701152228/http://tolueislam.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/mei.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Joe Noor'' (about Ibrahim)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/jn.pdf |title=Parwez on Noah, Ad, Luqman, Salih, Ibraheem, Abraham, Ismael, Lut, Yusuf, Joseoph, and Shoaib |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527015805/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/jn.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Shola-e-Mastoor'' (about Esa)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/sm.pdf |title=Shola-e-Mastoor: Life of Zakriya, Yahya, Isa (Jesus), People of Kahf |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527025903/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/sm.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Man o Yazdan'' (Me and God, about Allah in light of the Quran)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/moy.pdf |title=Mon-o-Yazdaun: Concept of God in Quran |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527112010/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/moy.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Shahkar-e-Risalat'' (a biography of Caliph Omar)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tolueislam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Shahkare-Risalat-New-Edition-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |title=Shahkar-e-Risalat |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701155558/http://tolueislam.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Shahkare-Risalat-New-Edition-G-A-Parwez-Tolue-Islam-Trust.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Iblis o Adam'' (Satan and Man)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ioa1.pdf |title=Iblis wa Adam: Parwez on Adam, Insaan, Malika, Iblis, Satan |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527040050/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ioa1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Jahane Farda''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/flipbook/82/book.html |title=Parwez on Heaven, Hell, Life after death, Judgement Day, Punishment |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527015757/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/flipbook/82/book.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Mazahebe Alam Ke Asmani Kitaben''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/flipbook/71/book.html |title=Mazahibe Alam Ki Aasmani Kitabein by G A Parwez - Tolue Islam Trust |publisher=Islamicdawn.com |access-date=2020-04-17 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705000306/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/flipbook/71/book.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* ''Asbab-e-Zwal-e-Ummat''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/flipbook/40/book.html |title=Asbabe Zawale Ummat by G A Parwez Tolue Islam Trust |publisher=Islamicdawn.com |access-date=2020-04-17 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527015725/http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/flipbook/40/book.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Tolu-e-Islam (organization)|Tolu-e-Islam]]<br />
* [[Liberal movements within Islam]]<br />
* [[Ideas of Ghulam Ahmed Perwez]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://resurgentislam.com/ Books of G.A. Parwez in English] (PDF format)<br />
<br />
{{Pakistan Movement}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Perwez, Ghulam Ahmed}}<br />
[[Category:1903 births]]<br />
[[Category:1985 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]<br />
[[Category:People from Gurdaspur]]<br />
[[Category:Translators of the Quran into English]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Lahore]]<br />
[[Category:Translators of the Quran into Urdu]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century translators]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani Muslim activists]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim reformers]]<br />
[[Category:Theistic evolutionists]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim socialists]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani activists]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missing_Boy&diff=517915Missing Boy2026-04-26T22:01:44Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Kannada-language adventure drama film}}<br />
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Missing Boy<br />
| image = Missing Boy film poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Raghuram<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Kolla Praveen<br /> Kolla Mahesh<br /> R K Hemanth Kumar<br />
| starring = [[Gurunandan]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]<br />
| studio = Kolla Entertainments<br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|3|22}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Missing Boy''''' is a 2019 Indian Kannada-language adventure drama film starring [[Gurunandan]] in the titular role. The film follows a missing boy from [[Hubbali]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-was-destined-to-tell-the-story-of-missing-boy-gurunandan/articleshow/68451254.cms | title=I was destined to tell the story of Missing Boy: Gurunandan | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Joy | first1=Prathibha }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Gurunandan]] as Nishchay Jagadish <br />
*[[Rangayana Raghu]] as Lavakumar<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rangayana-raghu-gets-into-cop-mode/articleshow/68481330.cms | title=Rangayana Raghu gets into cop mode | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Joy | first1=Prathibha }}</ref><br />
*Archana Jayakrishnan <br />
*[[Ravishankar Gowda]]<br />
*[[Shobaraj|Shobhraj]]<br />
*[[Jai Jagadish]]<br />
*[[Vijayalakshmi Singh]]<br />
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]<br />
* Yamuna Srinidhi <br />
*Bhagirathi Kadam<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Since the film begins in Europe, the first twenty minutes of the film are in English.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/missing-boy-is-not-a-remake-of-lion/articleshow/68137967.cms | title='Missing Boy is not a remake of Lion' | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Ps | first1=Tanvi }}</ref> Archana Jayakrishnan made her debut with this film.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/when-i-came-across-the-script-of-missing-boy-i-knew-i-had-to-do-it/articleshow/68440452.cms | title='When I came across the script of Missing Boy, I knew I had to do it' | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Ps | first1=Tanvi }}</ref> The film was shot in New Zealand and Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/relive-the-true-story-of-hubballis-missing-boy/articleshow/68510989.cms | title=Relive the true story of Hubballi's missing boy | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Joy | first1=Prathibha }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The songs are composed by [[V. Harikrishna]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/jopana-is-all-about-a-mothers-love-for-her-child/articleshow/68562325.cms | title=Jopana is all about a mother's love for her child | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><br />
*"Jopana" - Vaani Harikrishna, [[Vijay Prakash]]<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "''Missing Boy'' is a film for those who love their family dramas replete with emotions".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/missing-boy/movie-review/68520076.cms | title=Missing Boy Movie Review | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> A critic from ''Cinema Express'' wrote that "Overall, ''Missing Boy'' paints a realistic, poignant picture of a real-life story and is a film that will surely touch your heart".<ref>[https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2019/mar/22/missing-boy-review-a-poignant-realistic-portrayal-of-a-real-life-story-10680.html Missing Boy review] cinemaexpress.com 22 March 2019 {{dead link|date=February 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "Missing Boy is a step in the right direction for Sandalwood".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/missing-boy-movie-review-director-raghurams-flick-is-a-heartwarming-tale/articleshow/68523961.cms | title=Missing Boy movie review: Director Raghuram's flick is a heartwarming tale }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "It stands out for its values which is the driving force than the only intent to find out about the missing parents".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/230319/missing-boy-movie-review-in-search-of-hope.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517201711/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/230319/missing-boy-movie-review-in-search-of-hope.html | archive-date=2019-05-17 | url-status=live | title=Missing Boy movie review: In search of hope | date=23 March 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|id=tt6882898}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piran_Kaliyar_Assembly_constituency&diff=525620Piran Kaliyar Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:33:06Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: added initial bio from scratch.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Piran Kaliyar<br />
| mla = [[Furqan Ahmad]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = 2022<br />
| state = Uttarakhand<br />
| district = [[Haridwar]]<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| electors = 127,118 (2022)<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| constituency_no = 30<br />
| map_image = Piran Kaliyar Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
}}<br />
'''Piran Kaliyar Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|format=PDF|title=The Election Commission of India|page=509|website=Eci.nic.in|accessdate=10 December 2018}}</ref> It includes Piran Kaliyar area of [[Haridwar]] District.<br />
<br />
Piran Kaliyar Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619064401/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2009|title=ac_pc|date=19 June 2009|accessdate=10 December 2018}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201021552/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2010|title=Assembly Constituencies|date=1 December 2010|accessdate=10 December 2018}}</ref> The constituency also covers 11 wards of the [[Roorkee Municipal Corporation]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=3 | [[Furqan Ahmad]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2022 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Piran Kaliyar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Furqan Ahmad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,539 |percentage=44.16% |change={{increase}}11.89 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Munish Kumar Saini |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,796 |percentage=28.19% |change={{decrease}}2.59 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=11,716 |percentage=11.88% |change={{increase}}5.05 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Wahid |party=Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) |votes=11,441 |percentage=11.60% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadab Alam |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=2,423 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md Shahjad |party=Independent politician |votes=520 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=470 |percentage=0.48% |change={{increase}}0.09 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,743 |percentage=15.97% |change= {{increase}}14.48 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,594 |percentage=77.47% |change= {{decrease}}4.13 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,27,274 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.60 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.89 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2017 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Piran Kaliyar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Furqan Ahmad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,243 |percentage=32.27% |change={{decrease}}2.75 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaibhagwan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,894 |percentage=30.78% |change={{increase}}1.47 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muhammad Shahzad (politician)|Shazad]] |party=Independent politician |votes=23,843 |percentage=26.31% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rao Sajid |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,188 |percentage=6.83% |change={{decrease}}25.56 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Netra Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,367 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moti Lal Maurya |party=Independent politician |votes=519 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=350 |percentage=0.39% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,349 |percentage=1.49% |change= {{decrease}}1.14 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,619 |percentage=81.60% |change= {{increase}}1.25 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,058 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.80 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.75 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2012 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Piran Kaliyar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Furqan Ahmad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,870 |percentage=35.02% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muhammad Shahzad (politician)|Shahzad]]|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=23,926 |percentage=32.39% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyambeer |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,648 |percentage=29.31% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rao Irshad |party=Independent politician |votes=442 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,944 |percentage=2.63% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,867 |percentage=80.35% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,933 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kaliyar Sharif]]<br />
* [[Iqbalpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}<br />
{{coord|29.92|77.94|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Haridwar]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Haridwar district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayushi_Bhandari&diff=488545Ayushi Bhandari2026-04-05T06:09:26Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian volleyball player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
'''Ayushi Bhandari''' (born 27 February 1998) is an Indian volleyball player from [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhandari Ayushi - AVC Women’s Nations Cup 2025 - Players |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/avc-women-nations-cup/players/173724 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=volleyballworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-02 |title=Bulletin No. 1 |url=https://volleyballindia.com/NewContent/NATIONAL%20EVENTS/2022/70th/Bulletin%20No%201.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260317153221/https://volleyballindia.com/NewContent/NATIONAL%20EVENTS/2022/70th/Bulletin%20No%201.pdf |archive-date=2026-03-17 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=volleyballindia.com}}</ref> She plays for [[India women's national volleyball team]] as a middle blocker, and for Himachal Pradesh in the domestic tournaments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-03 |title=Rajasthan's Ayushi Bhandari named vice-captain of Indian women's volleyball team for National Cup in Vietnam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthans-ayushi-bhandari-named-vice-captain-of-indian-womens-volleyball-team-for-national-cup-in-vietnam/articleshow/121601810.cms |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2016 |title=Player's List |url=https://volleyballindia.com/NewContent/NATIONAL%20EVENTS/2015-16/1617yth/05%20lw.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260317153946/https://volleyballindia.com/NewContent/NATIONAL%20EVENTS/2015-16/1617yth/05%20lw.pdf |archive-date=2026-03-17 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=volleyballindia.com}}</ref> She is developing as a universal player.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hub |first=India Sports |date=2025-06-05 |title=India Gears Up For Women’s Volleyball AVC Nations Cup 2025 In Vietnam. All You Need To Know {{!}} IndiaSportsHub |url=https://indiasportshub.com/india-gears-up-for-womens-volleyball-avc-nations-cup-2025-in-vietnam-all-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2025, she was the vice-captain of the Indian team that played the AVC Nations Cup, formerly known as AVC Women's Challenge Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-19 |title=Madras High Court dismisses Volleyball Federation of India's plea in dispute with Baseline Ventures |url=https://thebridge.in/volleyball/madras-high-court-dismisses-vfis-plea-55975 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhandari, Ayushi}}<br />
[[Category:1998 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women's volleyball players]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br />
[[Category:Middle blockers]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Himachal Pradesh]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapid_transit&diff=469182Rapid transit2026-03-27T02:08:46Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|High-capacity public transport}}<br />
{{About|metro rail, a type of rapid, high-capacity public transport system|other uses|Metrorail (disambiguation){{!}}Metrorail}}<br />
{{Redirect2|Mass rapid transit|Metropolitan train|other uses|Mass rapid transit (disambiguation)|and|Rapid transit (disambiguation)|the German train service|Metropolitan Express Train}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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| image1 = Seoul-metro-2009-20180916-103548.jpg<br />
| image2 = R211 A train approaching 80th Street August 2025.jpg<br />
| image3 = London Underground 2009 Stock front.jpg<br />
| image4 = Toronto Rocket.JPG<br />
| image5 = Armênia metro station 2017 7.jpg<br />
| footer = From top, left to right: an [[Seoul Metro]] Class 2000 series 10-car EMU set 2x09 leaving [[Hanyang University Station]] on the Seoul Metro Line 2 in Seongdong-gu, Seoul; a [[R211 (New York City Subway car)|R211]] [[A (New York City Subway service)|A]] train at [[80th Street station (IND Fulton Street Line)|80th Street station]] of the [[New York City Subway]]; train at [[Green Park tube station]] on the [[Victoria line]] of the [[London Underground]]; a train at [[Rosedale station (Toronto)|Rosedale station]] on [[Line 1 Yonge–University|Line 1]] of the [[Toronto subway]]; a southbound [[Line 1 (São Paulo Metro)|Line 1]] train on the [[São Paulo Metro]]}}<br />
<br />
'''Rapid transit''', '''mass rapid transit''' ('''MRT''') or '''rail rapid transit''' ('''RRT'''){{efn|to distinguish it from "bus rapid transit"}}<ref name="BRRT2018">{{cite book |last1=Ingvardson |first1=Jesper Bláfoss |last2=Nielsen |first2=Otto Anker |title=Effects of new bus and rail rapid transit systems – an international review |date=2018 |volume=38 |pages=96–116 |doi=10.1080/01441647.2017.1301594 |url=https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/effects-of-new-bus-and-rail-rapid-transit-systems-an-internationa |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="ATC1976">{{cite book |title=Automatic Train Control in Rail Rapid Transit |date=1976 |publisher=U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rMAAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> and commonly referred to as '''metro''', is a type of high-capacity [[public transport]] that is generally built in [[urban area]]s. A [[grade separation|grade separated]] rapid transit line below ground surface through a [[tunnel]] can be regionally called a '''subway''', '''tube''', '''metro''' or '''underground'''.<ref name="miriamwebster">{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rapid%20transit|title=Rapid transit|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|access-date=2013-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720025558/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rapid%20transit|archive-date=2013-07-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IUTPMetro">{{cite web|url=http://ftp.uitfp.org/ftproot/euroteam/YVA/URP_Fundamental_Requirements_EN.pdf|title=Recommended basic reference for developing a minimum set of standards for voluntary use in the field of urban rail, according to mandate M/486|author=UITP|year=2011|access-date=2014-02-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140222133945/http://ftp.uitp.org/ftproot/euroteam/YVA/URP_Fundamental_Requirements_EN.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-22|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name=aptaglossary>{{cite web|url=http://www.apta.com/resources/reportsandpublications/Documents/Transit_Glossary_1994.pdf|title=Glossary of Transit Terminology|publisher=[[American Public Transportation Association]]|access-date=2013-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512230056/http://www.apta.com/resources/reportsandpublications/Documents/Transit_Glossary_1994.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mrt">{{cite journal |title=Mass rapid transit systems for cities in the developing world |year=2003 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0144164032000083095 |publisher=Taylor & Francis Online |doi=10.1080/0144164032000083095 |access-date=2 April 2023 |last1=Fouracre |first1=Phil |last2=Dunkerley |first2=Christian |last3=Gardner |first3=Geoff |journal=Transport Reviews |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=299–310 |s2cid=154931412 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> They are sometimes grade-separated on [[elevated railway]]s, in which case some are referred to as '''elevated''', '''el''' or '''L trains''' – short for "elevated" – or '''skytrains'''. A common alternative term for rapid transit in North America is '''heavy rail'''.{{efn|"Heavy rail" term in North America refers to mass rapid transit (subway/metro) systems while "heavy rail" term refers globally to both main line/branch line freight rail and passenger rail (commuter, regional, intercity and high-speed) other than large-capacity metro and nationally/internationally operated but still a subject of debate.}}<ref name="EnBr">{{cite web |title=Mass transit - Urban Mobility, Efficiency, Environment |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mass-transit/The-benefits-of-urban-mass-transit |website=Britannica |access-date=29 September 2024 |language=en |date=4 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="APTA">{{cite web |title=Fact Book Glossary |url=https://www.apta.com/research-technical-resources/transit-statistics/public-transportation-fact-book/fact-book-glossary/ |website=American Public Transportation Association |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref> Rapid transit systems are usually [[electric railway]]s that, unlike [[bus]]es or [[tram]]s, operate on an exclusive [[right-of-way (transportation)|right-of-way]], which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/491506/rapid-transit|title=Rapid Transit|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=2014-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017033402/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/491506/rapid-transit|archive-date=2014-10-17|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between [[metro station|stations]] typically using [[electric multiple unit]]s on [[railway track]]s. Some systems use [[rubber-tyred metro|guided rubber tires]], magnetic levitation (''[[maglev]]''), or [[monorail]]. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to minimize gaps between train and platform. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same [[transit authority|public transport authorities]]. Some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines.<ref name="UrbanRail.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/am/chic/chicago.htm|title=Chicago|access-date=2015-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416074705/http://www.urbanrail.net/am/chic/chicago.htm|archive-date=2015-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground [[Metropolitan Railway]] which opened in 1863 using [[steam locomotive]]s, and now forms part of the [[London Underground]].<ref name=150Anniv>{{Cite book |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1604.aspx |title=London Underground: History|author=Transport for London |isbn=978-0-904711-30-1 |access-date=2013-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116190701/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1604.aspx |archive-date=2013-01-16 |url-status=dead|year=1981|publisher=Capital Transport }}</ref> In 1868, New York opened the elevated [[IRT Ninth Avenue Line|West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway]], initially a cable-hauled line using [[stationary steam engine]]s.<br />
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==Terminology==<br />
{{Main|Passenger rail terminology}}<br />
{{Train topics}}<br />
The term ''Metro'' is the most commonly used term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers.<ref>Fjellstrom&Wright, 2002: p. 2</ref> Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy [[central business district]]s; the use of [[tunnel]]s inspires names such as ''subway'',<ref>{{cite book|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|edition=Fourth|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|isbn=978-0-618-08230-8|author=Executive ed.: Joseph P. Pickert...|year=2000}}</ref> ''underground'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of "Underground"|publisher=Chambers Reference Online|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=Underground&title=21st|access-date=2006-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015654/http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=Underground&title=21st|archive-date=2007-09-30|url-status=live}}</ref> ''{{Lang|de|Untergrundbahn}} ([[Rapid-transit in Germany#U-Bahn|U-Bahn]])'' in German,<ref name=white63>White, 2002: 63</ref> or ''{{Lang|sv|Tunnelbana}}'' ''(T-bana)'' in Swedish.<ref name=ovenden93>Ovenden, 2007: 93</ref> The use of [[viaduct]]s inspires names such as ''elevated'' (''L'' or ''el''), ''skytrain'',<ref name=ovenden16>[[Mark Ovenden|Ovenden]], 2007: 16</ref> ''overhead'', ''overground'' or ''{{Lang|de|Hochbahn}}'' in German. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if a large part of the network, for example, in outer suburbs, runs at ground level.<br />
<br />
=== Europe ===<br />
{{See also|List of metro systems in Europe}}<br />
==== Britain and Ireland ====<br />
In most of [[England, Wales and Scotland|Britain]], a ''subway'' is a [[pedestrian underpass]]. The terms ''Underground'' and ''Tube'' are used for the [[London Underground]]. The North East England [[Tyne and Wear Metro]], mostly overground, is known as the ''Metro''. In [[Scotland]], the [[Glasgow Subway]] underground rapid transit system is known as the ''Subway''. In [[Ireland]], the [[Dublin Area Rapid Transit]] is despite the name considered a [[commuter rail]] due to usage of mainline railways.<br />
<br />
==== Mainland ====<br />
[[File:MF01 STIF RATP Ligne 9.jpg|thumb|[[Nation station]], on [[Paris Métro Line 9|Line 9]] of the [[Paris Métro]]]]<br />
In France, large cities, such as [[Paris Metro|Paris]], [[Marseille Metro|Marseille]], [[Toulouse Metro|Toulouse]] and [[Lyon Metro|Lyon]], use the term {{lang|fr|métro}}. Also the smaller cities of [[Lille Metro|Lille]] and [[Rennes Metro|Rennes]] have a light metro. Furthermore, [[Brussels Metro|Brussels]] in Belgium, and [[Amsterdam Metro|Amsterdam]] and [[Rotterdam Metro|Rotterdam]] in the Netherlands also use ''métro'' or ''metro'' for their systems.<br />
<br />
Several [[Southern Europe]]an countries also use the term ''metro'' ([[Iberian Peninsula]]) or {{lang|it|metropolitana}} (Italy) for rapid transit. In Spain, such systems are present in [[Madrid Metro|Madrid]], [[Barcelona Metro|Barcelona]], [[Bilbao metro|Bilbao]] and [[Metrovalencia|Valencia]]. In Portugal, [[Lisbon Metro|Lisbon]], [[Porto]] and [[Almada]] (which is part of the Lisbon metropolitan area but has a separate light-rail system) have a metro, while [[Coimbra]] has a Bus Rapid Transit system branded as a metro. The Italian cities of [[Catania Metro|Catania]], [[Genoa Metro|Genoa]], [[Milan Metro|Milan]], [[Naples Metro|Naples]], [[Rome Metro|Rome]], [[Brescia Metro|Brescia]] and [[Turin Metro|Turin]] also have rapid transit systems.<br />
<br />
In Germany and Austria their rapid transit is known as ''[[U-Bahn]]'', which are often supported by ''[[S-Bahn]]'' systems. In Germany, ''U-Bahn'' systems exist in [[Berlin U-Bahn|Berlin]], [[Hamburg U-Bahn|Hamburg]], [[Munich U-Bahn|Munich]], [[Nuremberg U-Bahn|Nuremberg]] and [[Fürth]], while in Austria such a system exists in [[Vienna U-Bahn|Vienna]]. In addition, the small, car-free town of [[Serfaus]] in the Austrian state of [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]] also features a short ''[[U-Bahn Serfaus|U-Bahn]]'' line. There are no ''U-Bahn'' systems in the [[German language|German-speaking]] part of Switzerland, but the city of [[Lausanne]] has its own, small [[Lausanne Métro|métro]] system. In Zurich, Switzerland's largest city, a project for a ''[[Zurich Underground Railway|U-Bahn]]'' network was stopped by a referendum in the 1970s and instead its ''[[Zurich S-Bahn|S-Bahn]]'' system was developed further. Other [[Central Europe]]an countries also have metro lines, for example in the cities of [[Budapest Metro|Budapest]] (Hungary), where it is called {{lang|hu|metró}}, [[Prague Metro|Prague]] (Czech Republic) and [[Warsaw Metro|Warsaw]] (Poland) – the latter two systems also use the term ''metro''.<br />
<br />
In [[Eastern Europe]], metro systems are in operation in [[Minsk Metro|Minsk]] (Belarus, called {{lang|be|mietrapaliten}}), [[Kyiv Metro|Kyiv]] (Ukraine, called {{lang|uk|metropoliten}}), [[Moscow Metro|Moscow]] (Russia, called {{lang|ru|metropoliten}}), [[Saint Petersburg Metro|Saint Petersburg]] (Russia), [[Kazan Metro|Kazan]] (Russia), [[Nizhny Novgorod Metro|Nizhny Novgorod]] (Russia), [[Samara Metro|Samara]] (Russia), [[Yekaterinburg Metro|Yekaterinburg]] (Russia), [[Novosibirsk Metro|Novosibirsk]] (Russia). <br />
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In [[Southeastern Europe]]an countries, the term ''metro'' is common for rapid transit systems, which exist in [[Athens Metro|Athens]] and [[Thessaloniki Metro|Thessaloniki]] (Greece), [[Belgrade Metro|Belgrade]] (Serbia, currently under construction), [[Sofia Metro|Sofia]] (Bulgaria), [[Istanbul Metro|Istanbul]] (Turkey, called {{lang|tr|metro}}) and [[Baku Metro|Baku]] (Azerbaijan).<br />
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In [[Northern Europe]], rapid transit systems are called ''metro'' in [[Copenhagen Metro|Copenhagen]] (Denmark) and [[Helsinki Metro|Helsinki]] (Finland), while they are referred to as {{lang|no|T-bane (tunnelbane)}} in [[Oslo Metro|Oslo]] (Norway) and {{lang|sv|tunnelbana}} in [[Stockholm Metro|Stockholm]] (Sweden).<br />
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=== North America ===<br />
Various terms are used for rapid transit systems around [[North America]]. The term ''metro'' is primarily used to describe non-English systems, such as the [[Mexico City Metro]] and the [[Montreal Metro]], although the term is often used in English as well, as is the case for [[Los Angeles Metro Rail]] and the [[Washington Metro]], among others. The term "subway" is more commonly used to describe rail rapid transit in English, despite few systems being known by the term. Systems known for their elevated character are often referred to as "the El", "the L", or as a "skytrain," with examples including the [[Chicago "L"]] and [[Vancouver SkyTrain]]. Metro is also used as a shortened reference to a [[metropolitan area]], with some systems referencing this in their names, with the REM (Réseau express métropolitain) and [[Metra]] (Metropolitan Rail) suburban rail in Chicago (despite the latter not being rapid transit at all). [[MBTA subway|Boston's subway system]] is known locally as "The T". In [[Atlanta]], the [[Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority]] goes by the acronym "MARTA." In the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], residents refer to [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] by its acronym "BART".<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-11-03 |title=DC Metro System Fast Facts |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/03/us/dc-metro-system-fast-facts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124122948/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/03/us/dc-metro-system-fast-facts/ |archive-date=2016-01-24 |access-date=2015-07-20 |publisher=[[CNN.com|CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transportation Basics: How to Use BART |url=https://www.sftravel.com/article/transportation-basics-how-use-bart |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=San Francisco Travel |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The [[New York City Subway]] is referred to simply as "the subway", despite 40% of the system running above ground. The term "L" or "El" is not used for elevated lines in general as the lines in the system are already designated with letters and numbers. The "L" train or [[L (New York City Subway service)]] refers specifically to the 14th Street–Canarsie Local line, and not other elevated trains. Similarly, the Toronto Subway is referred to as "the subway", with some of its system also running above ground. These are the only two [[North America]]n systems that are primarily called "subways".<br />
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[[File:Victorino de la Plaza Inaugura Subte 1913.JPG|thumb|Inauguration of the [[Buenos Aires Underground]] in 1913.]]<br />
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=== Latin America ===<br />
In [[Buenos Aires Underground|Buenos Aires]] the first stretch of underground urban railway opened in 1913, as part of Line A. Vice president [[Victorino de la Plaza]] attended the inauguration.<br />
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=== Asia ===<br />
[[File:Putrajaya Line Train Set 216.jpg|thumb|[[Putrajaya Line]] in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia]]<br />
In most of [[Southeast Asia]] and in [[Taiwan]], rapid transit systems are primarily known by the [[acronym]] ''MRT''. The meaning varies from one country to another. In [[Indonesia]], the acronym stands for ''[[Jakarta MRT|Moda Raya Terpadu]]'' or ''Integrated Mass [Transit] Mode'' in English.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.merdeka.com/jakarta/tarif-belum-diketok-warga-masih-bisa-nikmati-mrt-cuma-cuma-sampai-akhir-maret.html|title=Tarif Belum Diketok, Warga Masih Bisa Nikmati MRT Cuma-cuma Sampai Akhir Maret|newspaper=Merdeka.com|access-date=2017-12-22|language=id}}</ref> In the [[Philippines]], it stands for ''[[Manila Metro Rail Transit System|Metro Rail Transit]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dotcmrt3.gov.ph/about.php?route=7 |title=About Us – MRT3 Stations |publisher=Metro Rail Transit |access-date=2014-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122003116/http://dotcmrt3.gov.ph/about.php?route=7 |archive-date=2013-01-22}}</ref> [[Makati Intra-city Subway|Two]] underground [[Metro Manila Subway|lines]] use the term ''subway''. In [[Thailand]], it stands for ''[[MRT (Bangkok)|Metropolitan Rapid Transit]]'', previously using the ''Mass Rapid Transit'' name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bem.listedcompany.com/misc/presentation/20190311-bem-presentation-march-2019-02.pdf|title=BEM Investor presentation}}</ref> Outside of Southeast Asia, [[Taichung]], [[Kaohsiung]] and [[Taoyuan, Taiwan]], have their own ''MRT'' systems which stands for ''Mass Rapid Transit'', as with [[Singapore]] and [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.dorts.gov.tw/news/newsletter/ns245/rp245_03.htm|script-title=zh:桃園都會區大眾捷運系統|publisher=Department of Rapid Transit Systems|language=zh|date=2008-07-01|access-date=2010-06-19|archive-date=2011-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405183548/http://www2.dorts.gov.tw/news/newsletter/ns245/rp245_03.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kcg.gov.tw/~mtbu/html/promote/history.php KMRT History – Kaohsiung City Mass Rapid Transit Bureau official site (Traditional Chinese)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082322/http://www.kcg.gov.tw/~mtbu/html/promote/history.php |date=2014-08-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Seah C. M.|url=http://eservice.nlb.gov.sg/item_holding_s.aspx?bid=4183690|title=Southeast Asian Affairs.|date=1981 |location=Singapore |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|page=293}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillay |first=Suzanna |date=2017-07-16 |title=MRT line a game-changer {{!}} New Straits Times |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/exclusive/2017/07/257695/mrt-line-game-changer |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=NST Online |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Broader definition ===<br />
In general rapid transit is a synonym for "metro" type transit, though sometimes rapid transit is defined to include "metro", commuter trains and grade-separated [[light rail]].<ref name="CT77">{{cite book |last1=Weigelt |first1=Horst |last2=Weiss |first2=Helmut H. |last3=Götz |first3=Rainer E. |title=City Traffic: A Systems Digest |date=1977 |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |isbn=978-0-442-29259-1 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPskAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Also high-capacity bus-based transit systems can have features similar to "metro" systems.<ref>[https://itdp.org/library/standards-and-guides/the-bus-rapid-transit-standard/what-is-brt/ What is BRT?], ''Institute for Transportation & Development Policy''</ref><br />
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==History==<br />
[[File:Constructing the Metropolitan Railway.jpg|thumb|Construction of London's [[Metropolitan Railway]] at [[King's Cross St Pancras tube station|King's Cross St Pancras]] in 1861]]<br />
{{Main|History of rapid transit}}<br />
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The opening of London's steam-hauled [[Metropolitan Railway]] in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with [[pneumatic railway]]s failed in their extended adoption by cities.<br />
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In 1890, the [[City & South London Railway]] was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground.<ref name=Ovenden7>Ovenden, 2007: 7</ref> Prior to opening, the line was to be called the "City and South London Subway", thus introducing the term Subway into railway terminology.<ref>Emmerson, Andrew (2010). ''The London Underground''. London: Shire Publications Ltd. p. 13. {{ISBN|978-0-74780-790-2}}.</ref> Both railways, alongside others, were eventually merged into [[London Underground]]. The 1893 [[Liverpool Overhead Railway]] was designed to use electric traction from the outset.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bolger |first=Paul |title=Site Name: Liverpool Overhead Railway & Dingle Station |publisher=Subterranea Britannica |date=2004-11-22 |url=http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/l/liverpool_overhead_railway/index.shtml |access-date=2007-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122042759/http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/l/liverpool_overhead_railway/index.shtml |archive-date=2012-11-22 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The technology quickly spread to other [[List of metro systems in Europe|cities in Europe]], the [[United States]], [[Argentina]], and [[Canada]], with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from the outset. [[Budapest]], [[Chicago]], [[Glasgow]], [[Boston]], [[Buenos Aires]] and [[New York City]] all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070117/subway|title=Subway|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica online|access-date=2006-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061220144312/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070117/subway|archive-date=2006-12-20|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:The Home Front in Britain during the Second World War HU44272.jpg|thumb|[[Aldwych tube station]] in London being used as a bomb shelter in 1940]]<br />
Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as [[tram-train]] and [[premetro]], which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems.<ref name="Ovenden7" /> <br />
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[[File:Metro in the World.svg|upright=1.3|thumb|Rapid transit systems in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=urbanrail.net > metro - subway - light rail |url=http://www.urbanrail.net |website=urbanrail.net}}</ref>]]<br />
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Since the 1960s, many new systems have been introduced in [[Europe]], [[Asia]] and [[Latin America]].<ref name=white63 /> In the 21st century, most new expansions and systems are located in Asia, with China becoming the world's leader in metro expansion, operating some of the largest and busiest systems while possessing almost 60 cities that are operating, constructing or planning a [[Urban rail transit in China|rapid transit system]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.itdp.org/2017/02/17/rapid-transit-trends/|title=Rapid Transit Trends Show Record Growth in 2016, with Huge Increases in China, Brazil – Institute for Transportation and Development Policy|date=2017-02-17|work=Institute for Transportation and Development Policy|access-date=2018-09-01|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805112927/https://www.itdp.org/2017/02/17/rapid-transit-trends/|archive-date=2018-08-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2018/01/17/in-response-to-growth-chinese-cities-choose-metros/|title=In response to growth, Chinese cities choose metros|date=2018-01-17|work=The Transport Politic|access-date=2018-09-01|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907234018/https://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2018/01/17/in-response-to-growth-chinese-cities-choose-metros/|archive-date=2018-09-07|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==Operation==<br />
Rapid transit is used for local transport in [[city|cities]], [[urban agglomeration|agglomerations]], and [[metropolitan area]]s to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high [[frequency]].<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="EU2010">{{cite journal |title=Illustrated Glossary for Transport Statistics - 4th edition |journal=Methodologies and Working Papers |date=1 January 2010 |page=10 |url=https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/48820 |access-date=13 January 2025 |publisher=eurostat |issn=1977-0375}}</ref> The extent of the rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies.<ref name="mrt"/><br />
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Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of [[suburb]]s with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate [[commuter rail]] network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear.<ref name="aptaglossary" /><br />
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Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as [[trolleybus]]es, regular [[bus]]es, [[tram]]s, or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops.<ref>Cervero, 1998: 13</ref><br />
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===Records===<br />
{{As of|2021}}, [[China]] (including [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]) has the largest number of [[List of metro systems|rapid transit systems in the world]]{{Mdash}}40 in number,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-29|title=Luoyang and Ji'nan open metro lines|url=https://www.railjournal.com/regions/asia/luoyang-and-jinan-open-metro-lines/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=International Railway Journal|language=en}}</ref> running on over {{convert|4,500|km|abbr=in}} of track{{Mdash}}and was responsible for most of the world's rapid-transit expansion in the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.itdp.org/2018/07/30/china-drives-rapid-transit-growth/|title=China's Metro Boom Continues to Drive Rapid Transit Growth – Institute for Transportation and Development Policy|date=2018-07-30|work=Institute for Transportation and Development Policy|access-date=2018-11-20|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095357/https://www.itdp.org/2018/07/30/china-drives-rapid-transit-growth/|archive-date=2018-11-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Metro Data|url = http://metro-data.info/|website = metro-data.info|access-date = 2018-09-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000328/http://metro-data.info/|archive-date = 2018-09-29|url-status = usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.itdp.org/2017/02/17/rapid-transit-trends/|title=Rapid Transit Trends Show Record Growth in 2016, with Huge Increases in China, Brazil – Institute for Transportation and Development Policy|date=2017-02-17|work=Institute for Transportation and Development Policy|access-date=2018-11-20|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023020236/https://www.itdp.org/2017/02/17/rapid-transit-trends/|archive-date=2018-10-23|url-status=live}}</ref> The world's longest single-operator rapid transit system by [[Network length (transport)|route length]] is the [[Shanghai Metro]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html|title=Shanghai now the world's longest metro|magazine=[[Railway Gazette International]]|date=4 May 2010|access-date=2010-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515130655/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html|archive-date=15 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Stephen J. |url=http://nextcity.org/daily/entry/new-starts-shanghai-metro-worlds-longest-panama-canal-drama-japans-maglev |title=New Starts: Shanghai Metro World's Longest, Panama Canal Drama, Japan's Maglev |newspaper=Next City |date=6 January 2014 |access-date=2014-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925160200/http://nextcity.org/daily/entry/new-starts-shanghai-metro-worlds-longest-panama-canal-drama-japans-maglev |archive-date=25 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The world's largest single rapid transit service provider by number of stations (472 stations in total)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ridership/ |title=Facts – Subway and Bus Ridership |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority|Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)]] |access-date=2014-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912073839/http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ridership/ |archive-date=2014-09-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> is the [[New York City Subway]]. The [[List of metro systems|busiest rapid transit systems in the world]] by annual ridership are the Shanghai Metro, [[Tokyo subway|Tokyo subway system]], [[Seoul Metro]] and the [[Moscow Metro]].<br />
<gallery widths="210" heights="180"><br />
File:Riyadh Metro - innoTrans 2016.jpg|[[Riyadh Metro]] spans 176 kilometers across six lines and includes 85 stations, the longest fully automated system globally.<br />
File:Lauttasaaren metroasema 2.jpg|[[Helsinki Metro]] is the northernmost metro system in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ennelin |first1=Esa |url=https://discoverhelsinki.fi/gettingaround/helsinki-metro/ |title=Helsinki Metro – Discover Helsinki |work=Discover Helsinki |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=2020-07-04 |archive-date=2020-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706060219/https://discoverhelsinki.fi/gettingaround/helsinki-metro/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://transportationhistory.org/2017/08/02/today-in-transportation-history-1982-the-northernmost-public-transportation-system/ |title=Today in Transportation History – 1982: The Northernmost Public Transportation System |date=2 August 2017 |access-date=2020-07-04 |archive-date=2020-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705215547/https://transportationhistory.org/2017/08/02/today-in-transportation-history-1982-the-northernmost-public-transportation-system/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myhelsinki.fi/en/see-and-do/neighbourhoods/8-charming-pictures-from-helsinkis-metro |title=8 charming pictures from Helsinki's metro |access-date=2020-07-04 |archive-date=2020-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704212905/https://www.myhelsinki.fi/en/see-and-do/neighbourhoods/8-charming-pictures-from-helsinkis-metro |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
File:DelhiMetroBlueLineBombardier.jpg|[[Delhi Metro]] is the longest metro system in India and South Asia, and the 8th longest metro system in the world, with 390+ km of metro track.{{cn|date=October 2025}}<br />
File:M4 San Babila appena inaugurata.jpg|[[Milan Metro]] is the largest rapid transit system in Italy and the 8th longest in [[Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.milanocittastato.it/trasporti/effetto-m4-la-metro-di-milano-entra-nella-top-europea/?fbclid=IwY2xjawF3U1dleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHXSpIbaPnyiu6v7H7zI_mDyWgUrPadrCjN6GDzfUhPP2dI-Mfj4jLYBecw_aem__7hUFLg35ygwuZipXbL1Vg#goog_rewarded|title=Effetto M4: la metro di Milano entra nella top europea|date=11 October 2024 |access-date=12 October 2024|language=it}}</ref> <br />
</gallery><br />
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===Lines===<br />
[[File:Ana rosa, São Paulo Metro, Line blue, Brazil.jpg|thumb|[[Ana Rosa (São Paulo Metro)|Ana Rosa station]] platform, [[Line 2 (São Paulo Metro)|line 2]] in [[São Paulo Metro]]]]<br />
[[File:Delhi Metro - Magenta Line.jpg|thumb|The coaches of the [[Delhi Metro]] are color-coded to indicate different service lines.]]<br />
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Each rapid transit system consists of one or more ''lines'', or circuits. Each line is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof. Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in the suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the [[Copenhagen Metro]],<ref>Ovenden, 2007: 84</ref> the [[Milan Metro]], the [[Oslo Metro]], the [[Istanbul Metro]] and the [[New York City Subway]].<ref>Ovenden, 2007: 32–35</ref><br />
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Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city center, for instance in the [[Prague Metro]].<ref>Ovenden, 2007: 95</ref> The [[London Underground]]<ref>Ovenden, 2007: 28–31</ref> and [[Paris Métro]]<ref>Ovenden, 2007: 36–39</ref> are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The [[Chicago 'L']] has most of its lines converging on [[downtown Chicago|The Loop]], the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the [[Moscow Metro]]'s [[Koltsevaya Line]] and [[Beijing Subway]]'s [[Line 10, Beijing Subway|Line 10]].<br />
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The capacity of a line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the [[headway|service frequency]]. Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the [[seated to standing ratio]]{{snd}}more standing gives higher capacity. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to the use of [[communications-based train control]]: the minimum headway can reach 90 seconds, but many systems typically use 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 [[passengers per hour per direction]]. However, much higher capacities are attained in [[East Asia]] with ranges of 75,000 to 85,000 people per hour achieved by [[MTR Corporation]]'s urban lines in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MTR > A Service of World-class Quality|url=https://www.mtr.com.hk/en/corporate/operations/detail_worldclass.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=www.mtr.com.hk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Runnacles|first=Timothy V.|title=Land-use/Transport Planning in Hong Kong: A Review of Principles and Practices|publisher=Routledge|year=2020|isbn=978-1138361959|editor-last=Dimitriou|editor-first=Harry T.|pages=107|editor-last2=Cook|editor-first2=Alison H.S}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=White|first=Peter|title=Public Transport: Its Planning, Management, and Operation|publisher=Spon Press|year=2002|pages=65–66}}</ref><br />
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====Network topologies====<br />
{{Main|List of metro systems}}<br />
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Rapid transit [[topology|topologies]] are determined by a large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to serve an ''area'' of land with a set of ''lines'', which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "L", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross a body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines.<ref name=Walker/><br />
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Ring lines provide good coverage, connect between the radial lines and serve tangential trips that would otherwise need to cross the typically congested core of the network. A rough grid pattern can offer a wide variety of routes while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service.<ref name=Walker>{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=Jarret|title=Human transit : how clearer thinking about public transit can enrich our communities and our lives|date=2012|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington|isbn=978-1-59726-972-8}}</ref> A study of the 15 world largest subway systems suggested a universal shape composed of a dense core with branches radiating from it.<ref name="Roth">{{cite journal |last1=Roth |first1=C |last2=Kang |first2=SM |last3=Batty |first3=M |last4=Barthelemy |first4=M |title=A long-time limit for world subway networks |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |date=16 May 2012 |volume=9 |issue=75 |pages=2540–2550 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2012.0259 |pmid=22593096 |pmc=3427522 }}</ref><br />
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<gallery heights="200" mode="packed"><br />
Diameter-line.png|[[Line (geometry)|Line]], e.g. [[Almaty Metro|Almaty]], [[CapMetro Rail|Austin]], [[Baltimore Metro Subway|Baltimore]], [[Red Line (Cleveland)|Cleveland]], [[Dhaka Metro|Dhaka]], [[Gwangju Metro|Gwangju]], [[Hanoi Metro|Hanoi]], [[Astram Line|Hiroshima]], [[Skyline (Honolulu)|Honolulu]], [[Izmir Metro|Izmir]], [[Jakarta MRT|Jakarta]], [[Kazan Metro|Kazan]], [[Lima Metro|Lima]], [[Maracaibo Metro|Maracaibo]], [[Navi Mumbai Metro|Navi Mumbai]], [[Quito Metro|Quito]], [[Sydney Metro|Sydney]], [[Thessaloniki Metro|Thessaloniki]], [[Valencia Metro (Venezuela)|Valencia (Venezuela)]], [[Yekaterinburg Metro|Yekaterinburg]]<br />
Cross-system.png|Cross, e.g. [[Ahmedabad Metro|Ahmedabad]], [[Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority|Atlanta]], [[Namma Metro|Bangalore]], [[Hohhot Metro|Hohhot]], [[Incheon Metro|Incheon]], [[Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit|Kaohsiung]], [[Kyoto Municipal Subway|Kyoto]], [[Luoyang Metro|Luoyang]], [[Nagpur Metro|Nagpur]], [[Panama Metro|Panama City]], [[SEPTA Metro|Philadelphia (SEPTA)]], [[Pune Metro|Pune]], [[Pyongyang Metro|Pyongyang]], [[Rotterdam Metro|Rotterdam]], [[Santo Domingo Metro|Santo Domingo]], [[Sendai Subway|Sendai]], [[Warsaw Metro|Warsaw]].<br />
X-system.png|X-shaped, e.g. [[Algiers Metro|Algiers]], [[Amsterdam Metro|Amsterdam]], [[Bilbao Metro|Bilbao]], [[Brasilia Metro|Brasilia]], [[Brussels Metro|Brussels]], [[Helsinki Metro|Helsinki]], [[Metrorail (Miami-Dade County)|Miami]], [[Nizhny Novgorod Metro|Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Recife Metro|Recife]], [[Rio de Janeiro Metro|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Bay Area Rapid Transit|San Francisco Bay Area]], [[Stockholm Metro|Stockholm]], [[Thessaloniki Metro|Thessaloniki]], [[Yokohama Municipal Subway|Yokohama]]<br />
Air-bladder-system.png|Two crossing paths (air bladder), e.g. [[Chennai Metro|Chennai]], [[Dubai Metro|Dubai]], [[Kobe Municipal Subway|Kobe]], [[Lille Metro|Lille]], [[Marseille Metro|Marseille]], [[Metrorrey|Monterrey]], [[Montreal Metro|Montreal]], [[Nanchang Metro|Nanchang]], [[Nuremberg U-Bahn|Nuremberg]], [[Rotterdam Metro|Rotterdam]], [[Toronto subway|Toronto]]<br />
Secant-system.png|[[Secant line|Secant]], e.g. [[Athens Metro|Athens]], [[Budapest Metro|Budapest]], [[Busan Metro|Busan]], [[Cairo Metro|Cairo]], [[Guadalajara light rail system|Guadalajara]], [[Kharkiv Metro|Kharkiv]], [[Kyiv Metro|Kyiv]], [[Hyderabad Metro|Hyderabad]], [[Lisbon Metro|Lisbon]], [[Milan Metro|Milan]], [[Munich U-Bahn|Munich]], [[SEPTA Metro|Philadelphia]] (including [[PATCO Speedline|PATCO]]), [[Prague Metro|Prague]], [[Rome Metro|Rome]], [[São Paulo Metro|São Paulo]], [[Tashkent Metro|Tashkent]]<br />
Radial-system.png|Radial, e.g. [[MBTA subway|Boston]], [[Budapest Metro|Budapest]], [[Buenos Aires Underground|Buenos Aires]], [[Chicago "L"|Chicago]], [[Daegu Metro|Daegu]], [[Doha Metro|Doha]], [[Los Angeles Metro Rail|Los Angeles]], [[Sapporo Municipal Subway|Sapporo]], [[Sydney Metro|Sydney]], [[Vancouver Sky Train|Vancouver]], [[Washington Metro|Washington, D.C.]]<br />
Circle-system.png|Circle, e.g. [[Detroit People Mover|Detroit]], [[Glasgow Subway|Glasgow]]<br />
Circle-radial-system.png|Circle-radial, e.g. [[Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region|Bangkok]], [[Beijing Subway|Beijing]], [[Bucharest Metro|Bucharest]], [[Chengdu Metro|Chengdu]], [[Chongqing Rail Transit|Chongqing]], [[Copenhagen Metro|Copenhagen]], [[Delhi Metro|Delhi]], [[Guangzhou Metro|Guangzhou]], [[Hamburg U-Bahn|Hamburg]], [[London Underground|London]], [[Madrid Metro|Madrid]], [[Moscow Metro|Moscow]], [[Nagoya Municipal Subway|Nagoya]], [[Paris Métro|Paris]], [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway|Seoul]], [[Shanghai Metro|Shanghai]], [[Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)|Singapore]], [[Tokyo subway|Tokyo]], [[Zhengzhou Metro|Zhengzhou]]<br />
Intermeshed-system.png|Complex grid, e.g. [[Barcelona Metro|Barcelona]], [[Berlin U-Bahn|Berlin]], [[Hangzhou Metro|Hangzhou]], [[MTR|Hong Kong]], [[Mexico City Metro|Mexico City]], [[Milan Metro|Milan]], [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai]], [[Kolkata Metro|Kolkata]], [[Nanjing Metro|Nanjing]], [[New York City Subway|New York]], [[Osaka Metro|Osaka]], [[Santiago Metro|Santiago]], [[Shenzhen Metro|Shenzhen]], [[Taipei Metro|Taipei]], [[Tehran Metro|Tehran]], [[Tianjin Metro|Tianjin]], [[Vienna U-Bahn|Vienna]], [[Wuhan Metro|Wuhan]]<br />
Loop extended.png|Extended loop, e.g. [[Changchun Rail Transit|Changchun]], [[Naples Metro|Naples]], [[Tyne and Wear Metro|Newcastle]], [[Sofia Metro|Sofia]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Passenger information===<br />
[[File:Tokyo metro 1000 series lcd display 01.png|thumb|The [[Tokyo Metro]] uses LCD screens to show the current location, upcoming stops, and advertisements in several languages ([[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[English language|English]], [[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified Chinese]], [[Korean language|Korean]]).]]<br />
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Rapid transit operators have often built up strong [[brand]]s, often focused on easy recognition{{snd}}to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities{{snd}}combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority.<ref>Ovenden, 2007: 107</ref> In many cities, there is a single [[corporate image]] for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile.<br />
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[[File:深圳地铁11号线中车长客车第二代报站显示.jpg|thumb|The [[Shenzhen Metro]] uses LCD screens to show the current location, upcoming stops and diagrams of the next station.]]<br />
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A [[transit map]] is a [[topological map]] or [[schematic|schematic diagram]] used to show the routes and stations in a [[public transport]] system. The main components are [[Color-coding|color-coded]] lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport.<ref name=ovenden9>Ovenden, 2007: 9</ref> Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on [[railway platform|platforms]], elsewhere in stations, and in printed [[public transport timetable|timetables]]. Maps help users understand the interconnections between different parts of the system; for example, they show the [[Interchange station|interchange]] stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the [[topology|topological]] connections among the different stations. The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify the display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center.<ref name=ovenden9 /><br />
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Some systems assign unique [[alphanumeric code]]s to each of their stations to help commuters identify them, which briefly encodes information about the line it is on, and its position on the line.<ref name=strom58>Ström, 1998: 58</ref> For example, on the [[Singapore MRT]], [[Changi Airport MRT station]] has the alphanumeric code CG2, indicating its position as the 2nd station on the Changi Airport branch of the East West Line. Interchange stations have at least two codes, for example, [[Raffles Place MRT station]] has two codes, NS26 and EW14, the 26th station on the North South Line and the 14th station on the East West Line.<br />
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The Seoul Metro is another example that utilizes a code for its stations. Unlike that of Singapore's MRT, it is mostly numbers. Based on the line number, for example Sinyongsan station, is coded as station 429. Being on Line 4, the first number of the station code is 4. The last two numbers are the station number on that line. Interchange stations can have multiple codes. Like City Hall station in Seoul which is served by Line 1 and Line 2. It has a code of 132 and 201 respectively. The Line 2 is a circle line and the first stop is City Hall, therefore, City Hall has the station code of 201. For lines without a number like Bundang line it will have an alphanumeric code. Lines without a number that are operated by KORAIL will start with the letter 'K'.<br />
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With widespread use of the [[Internet]] and [[cell phone]]s globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when the next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized [[General Transit Feed Specification|GTFS]] data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest.<br />
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[[Mexico City Metro]] uses a unique [[pictogram]] for each station. Originally intended to help make the network map "readable" by illiterate people, this system has since become an "icon" of the system.<br />
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===Safety and security===<br />
{{see also|Classification of railway accidents}}<br />
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Compared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good [[safety]] record, with few accidents. Rail transport is subject to strict [[safety|safety regulations]], with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. [[Head-on collision]]s are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce the occurrence and severity of [[rear-end collision]]s and [[derailment]]s. [[Fire]] is more of a danger underground, such as the [[King's Cross fire]] in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://hazmat.dot.gov/riskmgmt/riskcompare.htm| title=A Comparison of Risk: Accidental Deaths – United States – 1999–2003| author=Office of Hazardous Materials Safety| publisher=US Department of Transportation| access-date=2007-09-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070907235322/http://hazmat.dot.gov/riskmgmt/riskcompare.htm |archive-date = 7 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/| title=Office of Rail Regulation| publisher=UK Health & Safety Executive| access-date=2007-09-10| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127201437/http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/| archive-date=2014-01-27| url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[railway platform height|High platforms]], usually over {{convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. [[Platform screen doors]] are used on some systems to eliminate this danger.<br />
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Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from [[security]] problems: [[petty crime]]s, such as [[pickpocketing]] and baggage theft, and more serious [[violent crime]]s, as well as sexual assaults on tightly packed trains and platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2017/04/30/sexual-assault-on-public-transport-is-an-increasing-problem-heres-why-we-need-to-speak-out-6593306/|title=Why we need to talk about sexual assault on public transport|date=30 April 2017|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106174449/http://metro.co.uk/2017/04/30/sexual-assault-on-public-transport-is-an-increasing-problem-heres-why-we-need-to-speak-out-6593306/|archive-date=6 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/06/22/sex-crimes-subway/|title=Sexual Harassment on the New York Subway Has Increased More Than 50% This Year|access-date=2018-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106174334/http://fortune.com/2016/06/22/sex-crimes-subway/|archive-date=2018-01-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Security measures include [[video surveillance]], [[security guard]]s, and [[conductor (transportation)|conductors]]. In some countries a specialized [[transit police]] may be established. These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying.<ref>Needle et al., 1997: 10–13</ref><br />
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Some subway systems, such as the [[Beijing Subway]], which is ranked by Worldwide Rapid Transit Data as the "World's Safest Rapid Transit Network" in 2015, incorporates airport-style security checkpoints at every station. Rapid transit systems have been subject to [[terrorism]] with many casualties, such as the 1995 [[Tokyo subway sarin gas attack]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elmundo.es/documentos/2006/04/11/auto_11m.html |title=El auto de procesamiento por el 11-M |newspaper=El Mundo |language=es |access-date=2008-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220195300/http://www.elmundo.es/documentos/2006/04/11/auto_11m.html |archive-date=2008-12-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the 2005 "[[7/7]]" terrorist bombings on the London Underground.<br />
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<gallery widths="200" heights="160"><br />
File:2000년대 초반 서울소방 소방공무원(소방관) 활동 사진 부활절 안전근무-1.jpg|[[Seoul Metropolitan Fire and Disaster Management Headquarters|Seoul Fire Services]] personnel participating in a firefighting exercise on [[Seoul Subway Line 6]] in March 2001<br />
File:Xinyi Line Platform 2, Daan Station 20131124a.jpg|[[Platform-edge doors]] are used for safety at [[Daan Station]] on [[Tamsui-Xinyi Line|the Red Line (Tamsui-Xinyi Line)]], [[Taipei Metro]], [[Taiwan]].<br />
File:Chennai Underground metrostation with India's first Platform Screen Doors.jpg|Full-height enclosed [[platform screen doors]] installed in an underground station of the [[Chennai Metro]]<br />
</gallery><br />
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=== Added features ===<br />
[[File:Wi-Fi and mobile phone antenna inside New York City subway.jpg|thumb|[[Distributed antenna system|DAS antennas]], such as this one installed by [[Transit Wireless]] in a [[New York City Subway|NYC Subway]] station, are commonly used to provide cellular reception in metro stations.]]<br />
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Some rapid transit trains have extra features such as wall sockets, cellular reception, typically using a [[leaky feeder]] in tunnels and [[Distributed antenna system|DAS antennas]] in stations, as well as [[Wi-Fi]] connectivity. The first metro system in the world to enable full mobile phone reception in underground stations and tunnels was Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, which launched its first underground mobile phone network using [[Advanced Mobile Phone System|AMPS]] in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://graphics.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/Interactives/2015/10/35-years-of-ict/supercharging-singapore/the-1980s.html|title=Supercharging Singapore|website=The Straits Times|date=10 October 2015 }}</ref> Many metro systems, such as the Hong Kong [[Mass Transit Railway]] (MTR) and the Berlin U-Bahn, provide mobile data connections in their tunnels for various network operators.<br />
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==Infrastructure==<br />
[[File:Metro Turin Italy Tunnel.JPG|thumb|Inside a tunnel on the [[Turin Metro]], the interlocking tunnel lining segments placed by a [[tunnel boring machine]] can be clearly seen.]]<br />
[[File:Hamburg Hochbahn - Bruecke am Stintfang.jpg|thumb|[[Landungsbrücken station]] in Hamburg is an example where the [[Hamburg U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] is on the surface while the [[S-Bahn]] station is on a lower level.]]<br />
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The [[technology]] used for public, mass rapid transit has undergone significant changes in the years since the [[Metropolitan Railway]] opened publicly in London in 1863.<ref name="IUTPMetro"/><ref name=aptaglossary/><br />
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High capacity [[monorail]]s with larger and longer trains can be classified as rapid transit systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=http://ftp.uitp.org/ftproot/euroteam/YVA/URP_Fundamental_Requirements_EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222133945/http://ftp.uitp.org/ftproot/euroteam/YVA/URP_Fundamental_Requirements_EN.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-22 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=ftp.uitp.org}}</ref> Such monorail systems recently started operating in [[Chongqing Rail Transit|Chongqing]] and [[São Paulo Metro|São Paulo]]. [[Light metro]] is a subclass of rapid transit that has the speed and grade separation of a "full metro" but is designed for smaller passenger numbers. It often has smaller loading gauges, has lighter and smaller train cars, and typically consists of two to four cars. Light metros are typically used as [[Feeder line (network)|feeder lines]] into the main rapid transit system.<ref>White, 2002: 64–65</ref> For instance, the [[Wenhu Line]] of the [[Taipei Metro]] serves many relatively sparse neighbourhoods and feeds into and complements the high capacity metro lines.<br />
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Some systems have been built from scratch, others are reclaimed from former commuter rail or suburban tramway systems that have been upgraded, and often supplemented with an underground or elevated downtown section.<ref name="ovenden93" /> Ground-level alignments with a dedicated [[Right-of-way (transportation)|right-of-way]] are typically used only outside dense areas, since they create a physical barrier in the urban fabric that hinders the flow of people and vehicles across their path and have a larger physical footprint. This method of construction is the cheapest as long as land values are low. It is often used for new systems in areas that are planned to fill up with buildings after the line is built.<ref name="kjenstad46" /><br />
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===Trains===<br />
{{See also|Loading gauge}}<br />
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Most rapid transit trains are [[electric multiple units]] with lengths from three to over ten cars.<ref name="White, 2002: 64">White, 2002: 64</ref> Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/toulouse/ |title=Toulouse Metro, France |author=Railway Technology |access-date=2008-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926060841/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/toulouse/ |archive-date=2008-09-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other trains continue to have drivers, even if their only role in normal operation is to open and close the doors of the trains at stations. Power is commonly delivered by a [[third rail]] or by [[overhead wires]]. The whole London Underground network uses [[fourth rail]] and others use the [[linear motor]] for propulsion.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Review on rail corrugation studies |author1=Sato, Yoshihiko |author2=Matsumoto, Akira |author3=Knothe, Klaus |name-list-style=amp |journal=[[Wear (journal)|Wear]] |issue=1–2 |volume=253 |year=2002 |doi=10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00092-3 |pages=130–139}}</ref><br />
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Some urban rail lines are built to a [[loading gauge]] as large as that of [[heavy rail|main-line railways]]; others are built to a smaller one and have [[tunnel]]s that restrict the size and sometimes the shape of the train compartments. One example is most of the [[London Underground]], which has acquired the informal term "tube train" due to the cylindrical shape of the trains used on the [[London Underground infrastructure#Subsurface versus deep-level tube lines|deep tube lines]].<br />
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Historically, rapid transit trains used [[ceiling fan]]s and openable windows to provide fresh air and [[Piston effect|piston-effect]] wind cooling to riders. From the 1950s to the 1990s (and in most of Europe until the 2000s), many rapid transit trains from that era were also fitted with forced-air ventilation systems in carriage ceiling units for passenger comfort. Early rapid transit rolling stock fitted with [[air conditioning]], such as the [[PATH (rail system)|Hudson and Manhattan Railroad]] K-series cars<ref>{{cite periodical | url=https://hoboken.pastperfectonline.com/archive/45CDC2F1-59A0-4758-8193-365369441079 | title=Hudson and Manhattan Railroad |periodical = Electric Railroads |issue=27 |date= Aug 1959 |publisher=Electric Railroaders Assn., N.Y., N.Y. |via= Hoboken Historical Museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318223037/https://hoboken.pastperfectonline.com/archive/45CDC2F1-59A0-4758-8193-365369441079 |archive-date= 2023-03-18 }}</ref> from 1958, the [[New York City Subway]] [[R38 (New York City Subway car)|R38]] and [[R42 (New York City Subway car)|R42]] cars from the late-1960s, and the [[Nagoya Municipal Subway 3000 series]], [[Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsuchiya |first=Takeyuki |date=7 July 2022 |title=昔の地下鉄は暑かった？車両「冷房化」の意外な歴史 |trans-title=Was it hot in the old subway? Surprising history of vehicle "cooling" |url=https://mainichi.jp/premier/business/articles/20220706/biz/00m/020/014000c |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706195540/https://mainichi.jp/premier/business/articles/20220706/biz/00m/020/014000c |archive-date=6 July 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=Mainichi Shimbun |language=ja}}</ref> and [[MTR Metro Cammell EMU (DC)|MTR M-Train EMU]]s from the 1970s, were generally only made possible largely due to the relatively generous loading gauges of these systems and also adequate open-air sections to dissipate hot air from these air conditioning units. Especially in some rapid transit systems such as the [[Montreal Metro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ruefrontenac.com/nouvelles-generales/92-transport/27088-stm-metro-nouvelles|title=Métro et autobus: chaud débat sur la climatisation|date=January 27, 2009|publisher=Ruefrontenac.com|language=fr|access-date=March 10, 2011}}</ref> (opened 1966) and [[Sapporo Municipal Subway]] (opened 1971), their entirely enclosed nature due to their use of rubber-tyred technology to cope with heavy snowfall experienced by both cities in winter precludes any air-conditioning retrofits of rolling stock due to the risk of heating the tunnels to temperatures that would be too hot for passengers and for train operations.<br />
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In many cities, metro networks consist of lines operating different sizes and types of vehicles. Although these sub-networks may not often be connected by track, in cases when it is necessary, rolling stock with a smaller [[loading gauge]] from one sub network may be transported along other lines that use larger trains. On some networks such operations are part of normal services.<br />
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===Tracks===<br />
{{See also|Railway gauge}}<br />
[[File:Catania - stazione metropolitana Giovanni XXIII - elettrotreno CT1-001.jpg|thumb|[[Catania Metro]] train at Giovanni XXIII Station]]<br />
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Most rapid transit systems use conventional [[standard gauge]] [[railway track]]. Since tracks in subway tunnels are not exposed to [[rain]], [[snow]], or other forms of [[precipitation]], they are often fixed directly to the floor rather than resting on [[track ballast|ballast]], such as normal railway tracks.<br />
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An alternate technology, using [[rubber-tired metro|rubber tires]] on narrow [[concrete]] or steel [[roll way]]s, was pioneered on certain lines of the [[Paris Métro]] and [[Mexico City Metro]], and the first completely new system to use it was in [[Montreal Metro|Montreal]], Canada. On most of these networks, additional horizontal wheels are required for guidance, and a conventional track is often provided in case of [[flat tire]]s and for [[railroad switch|switching]]. There are also some rubber-tired systems that use a central [[guide rail]], such as the [[Sapporo Municipal Subway]] and the [[NeoVal]] system in [[Rennes Metro|Rennes]], France. Advocates of this system note that it is much quieter than conventional steel-wheeled trains, and allows for greater [[slope|inclines]] given the increased [[Traction (engineering)|traction]] of the rubber tires. However, they have higher maintenance costs and are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or icy, preventing above-ground use of the Montréal Metro and limiting it on the Sapporo Municipal Subway, but not rubber-tired systems in other cities.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.stm.info/English/en-bref/a-notrefierte.pdf |title=The Montreal Métro, a source of pride |author=Société de transport de Montréal |isbn=978-2-921969-08-6 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211539/http://www.stm.info/English/en-bref/a-notrefierte.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |year=2002 |publisher=Société de transport de Montréal }}</ref><br />
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Some cities with steep hills incorporate [[mountain railway]] technologies in their metros. One of the lines of the [[Lyon Metro Line C|Lyon Metro]] includes a section of [[Rack railway|rack (cog) railway]], while the [[Carmelit]], in Haifa, is an underground [[funicular]].<br />
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For elevated lines, another alternative is the [[monorail]], which can be built either as [[straddle beam monorail|straddle-beam monorails]] or as a [[suspended monorail]]. While monorails have never gained wide acceptance outside Japan, there are some such as [[Chongqing Rail Transit]]'s monorail lines which are widely used in a rapid transit setting.<br />
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===Motive power===<br />
{{See also|Railway electrification system}}<br />
[[File:Inaugurazione metro B1.jpg|thumb|[[Rome Metro]]]]<br />
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Although trains on very early rapid transit systems like the [[Metropolitan Railway]] were powered using [[steam engine]]s, either via cable haulage or [[steam locomotive]]s, nowadays virtually all metro trains use [[electric motor|electric power]] and are built to run as [[multiple unit]]s. Power for the trains, referred to as [[Traction power network|traction power]], is usually supplied via one of two forms: an [[overhead line]], suspended from poles or towers along the track or from structure or tunnel ceilings, or a [[third rail]] mounted at track level and contacted by a sliding "[[pickup shoe]]". The practice of sending power through rails on the ground is mainly due to the limited overhead clearance of tunnels, which physically prevents the use of [[overhead lines|overhead wires]].<br />
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The use of overhead wires allows higher power supply [[voltage]]s to be used. Overhead wires are more likely to be used on metro systems without many tunnels, for example, the [[Shanghai Metro]]. Overhead wires are employed on some systems that are predominantly underground, as in [[Barcelona metro|Barcelona]], [[Fukuoka Subway|Fukuoka]], [[MTR|Hong Kong]], [[Madrid Metro|Madrid]], and [[Shijiazhuang Metro|Shijiazhuang]]. Both overhead wire and third-rail systems usually use the running rails as the return conductor. Some systems use a separate fourth rail for this purpose. There are transit lines that make use of both rail and overhead power, with vehicles able to switch between the two such as [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]] in [[Boston]].<br />
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Most rapid transit systems use [[direct current]] but some systems in India, mainly [[Delhi Metro]], use [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV 50 Hz]] supplied by [[overhead wire]]s.<br />
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===Tunnels===<br />
[[File:Metro Prague Construction Works Prosek.jpg|thumb|Constructing a subway station [[Prosek (Prague Metro)|''Prosek'']] in [[Prague]]]]<br />
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At subterranean levels, [[tunnel]]s move traffic away from street level, avoiding delays caused by [[traffic congestion]] and leaving more land available for buildings and other uses. In areas of high land prices and dense land use, tunnels may be the only economic route for mass transportation. [[Cut-and-cover]] tunnels are constructed by digging up city streets, which are then rebuilt over the tunnel. Alternatively, [[tunnel-boring machine]]s can be used to dig deep-bore tunnels that lie further down in [[bedrock]].<ref name="Ovenden7" /><br />
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The construction of an underground metro is an expensive [[project]] and is often carried out over a number of years. There are several different methods of building underground lines.<br />
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In one common method, known as [[cut-and-cover]] the city [[street]]s are excavated and a tunnel structure strong enough to support the road above is built in the trench, which is then filled in and the roadway rebuilt. This method often involves extensive relocation of [[utilities]] commonly buried not far below street level&nbsp;– particularly [[electric power|power]] and [[telephone]] wiring, [[drinking water|water]] and [[natural gas|gas]] mains, and [[sanitary sewer|sewers]]. This relocation must be done carefully, as according to documentaries from the National Geographic Society, one of the causes of the April 1992 [[1992 explosion in Guadalajara|explosions in Guadalajara]] was a mislocated water pipeline. The structures are typically made of [[concrete]], perhaps with structural columns of [[steel]]. In the oldest systems, [[brick]], and [[cast iron]] were used. Cut-and-cover construction can take so long that it is often necessary to build a temporary roadbed while construction is going on underneath, in order to avoid closing main streets for long periods of time.<br />
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Another tunneling method is called [[bored tunnel]]ing. Here, construction starts with a [[Shaft (civil engineering)|vertical shaft]] from which tunnels are horizontally dug, often with a [[tunnelling shield|tunneling shield]], thus avoiding almost any disturbance to existing streets, buildings, and utilities. But problems with [[ground water]] are more likely, and tunneling through native [[bedrock]] may require [[Rock blasting|blasting]]. The first city to extensively use deep tunneling was [[London]], where a thick [[sedimentary]] layer of [[clay]] largely avoids both problems. The confined space in the tunnel also limits the machinery that can be used, but specialized [[tunnel-boring machine]]s are now available to overcome this challenge.<br />
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A disadvantage with this, is that the cost of tunneling is much higher than building cut-and-cover systems, at-grade or elevated. Early tunneling machines could not make tunnels large enough for conventional railway equipment, necessitating special low, round trains, such as are still used by most of the London Underground. It cannot install [[air conditioning]] on most of its lines because the amount of empty space between the trains and tunnel walls is so small. Other lines were built with cut-and-cover and have since been equipped with [[London Underground S7 and S8 Stock|air-conditioned trains]].<br />
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The deepest metro system in the world was built in [[Saint Petersburg Metro|St. Petersburg]], Russia where in the [[marshland]], stable soil starts more than {{cvt|50|m|ft}} deep. Above that level, the soil mostly consists of water-bearing finely dispersed sand. Because of this, only three stations out of nearly 60 are built near ground level and three more above the ground. Some stations and tunnels lie as deep as {{cvt|100|-|120|m|ft}} below the surface. Usually, the vertical distance between the ground level and the rail is used to represent the depth. Among the possible candidates are:<br />
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[[File:Metro SPB Line5 Sportivnaya Upper Hall.jpg|right|thumb|The ''[[Sportivnaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)|Sportivnaya]]'' station of the [[Saint Petersburg Metro]] has two levels.]]<br />
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Deepest stations:<br />
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* ''[[Hongyancun station]]'' in [[Chongqing Rail Transit|Chongqing Metro]], China ({{cvt|116|m|ft}}, opened in 2022)<br />
* ''[[Arsenalna]]'' station in [[Kyiv Metro]], Ukraine ({{cvt|105.5|m|ft}}, opened 1960, built under a hill)<br />
* [[Sofia metro station|''Sofia'']] station in [[Stockholm Metro]], Sweden (c. 100 m (c. 328 ft), opening in 2030)<br />
* ''[[Hongtudi station]]'' in [[Chongqing Rail Transit|Chongqing Metro]], China ({{cvt|94|m|ft}}, opened in 2016)<br />
* ''[[Admiralteyskaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)|Admiralteyskaya (The Admiralty)]]'' in [[Saint Petersburg Metro]], Russia ({{cvt|86|m|ft}}, opened 2011)<br />
* ''[[Liyuchi station]]'' in [[Chongqing Rail Transit|Chongqing Metro]], China ({{cvt|76|m|ft}}, opened in 2017)<br />
* ''[[Park Pobedy (Moscow Metro)|Park Pobedy]]'' station in [[Moscow Metro|Moscow]] (c. {{cvt|80|m|ft}}, opened 2005, built under a hill)<br />
* ''[[Puhung station]]'' in [[Pyongyang Metro]], North Korea (which doubles as a [[Nuclear fallout shelter|nuclear shelter]])<br />
* ''[[Washington Park MAX Station|Washington Park]]'' [[MAX Light Rail]] station in Portland, Oregon, US (built under a hill), {{cvt|80|m|ft}}<br />
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An advantage of deep tunnels is that they can dip in a basin-like profile between stations, without incurring the significant extra costs associated with digging near ground level. This technique, also referred to as putting stations "on humps", allows gravity to assist the trains as they accelerate from one station and brake at the next. It was used as early as 1890 on parts of the [[City and South London Railway]] and has been used many times since, for example in Montreal and Nuremberg.<br />
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The [[Extension of Island line to Western District|West Island line]], an extension of the [[Island line (MTR)|MTR Island line]] serving western Hong Kong Island, opened in 2015, has two stations ([[Sai Ying Pun station|Sai Ying Pun]] and [[HKU station|HKU]]) situated over {{cvt|100|m|ft}} below ground level, to serve passengers on the [[Mid-Levels]]. They have several entrances/exits equipped with high-speed lifts, instead of [[escalator]]s. These kinds of exits have existed in many London Underground stations and stations in former Soviet Union nations.<br />
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===Elevated railways===<br />
[[Elevated railway]]s are a cheaper and easier way to build an exclusive right-of-way without digging expensive tunnels or creating barriers. In addition to street level railways they may also be the only other feasible alternative due to considerations such as a high water table close to the city surface that raises the cost of, or even precludes underground railways (e.g. [[Miami]]). Elevated guideways were popular around the beginning of the 20th century, but fell out of favor. They came back into fashion in the last quarter of the century{{snd}}often in combination with driverless systems, for instance Vancouver's [[Vancouver SkyTrain|SkyTrain]], London's [[Docklands Light Railway]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/dlr/about/facts.shtml |title= Docklands Light Railway – About DLR |access-date=2006-12-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061027170620/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/dlr/about/facts.shtml |archive-date = 27 October 2006}}</ref> the [[Miami Metrorail]], [[Bangkok Skytrain]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bts.co.th/en/btstrain.asp |title= Bangkok Mass Transit System Company Limited – BTS SkyTrain|access-date=2006-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119024422/http://www.bts.co.th/en/btstrain.asp <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=2006-11-19 }}</ref> and [[Skyline (Honolulu)|Skyline Honolulu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.honolulu.gov/transportation/divisions/mobility/rail-operations.html |title=Skyline Rail Operations |date=9 January 2024 |publisher=City and County of Honolulu |access-date=17 January 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
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===Stations===<br />
{{Main|Metro station}}<br />
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[[File:Toledo (Metropolitana di Napoli L1).jpg|thumb|[[Toledo (Naples Metro)|Toledo station]] on [[Line 1 (Naples Metro)|Line 1]] of the [[Naples Metro]]. On 30 November 2012, the Toledo station was elected by ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' as the most beautiful subway station in Europe and the world,<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2016 |title=The most impressive underground railway stations in Europe |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/rail-journeys/The-most-impressive-underground-railway-stations-in-Europe/ |access-date=25 August 2016 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tortora |first=Francesco |date=30 November 2012 |title=La stazione del metrò più bella d'Europa si trova a Napoli |url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/12_novembre_30/stazioni-metropolitana-belle-materdei-napoli-metro_7204d56c-3afb-11e2-b4fa-74f27e512bd0.shtml |access-date=16 January 2013 |website=[[Corriere della Sera]] |language=it |quote=Il sito del Daily Telegraph di Londra dedica un reportage fotografico alle stazioni della metro più affascinanti d'Europa. Tra le ventidue segnalate, la palma della più bella è assegnata alla fermata Toledo di Napoli, inaugurata lo scorso 12 aprile. |trans-quote=The website of [[The Daily Telegraph]] in London features a photographic report on the most captivating metro stations in Europe. Among the twenty-two highlighted, the title of the most beautiful is awarded to the Toledo station in Naples, inaugurated on April 12.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=Europe's Most Beautiful Metro Art Installation Is 130 Feet Underground; All About Toledo Art Station In Naples |url=https://curlytales.com/europes-most-beautiful-metro-art-installation-is-130-feet-underground-all-about-toledo-art-station-in-naples/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Europe's Most Beautiful Metro Station |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/toledo-art-metro-station-underground |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref> a recognition echoed by [[CNN]]’s rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-17 |title=Le stazioni del metr&ograve; pi&ugrave; imponenti d'Europa, Napoli in testa |url=https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2014/02/17/foto/le_stazioni_metropolitane_pi_imponenti_deuropa_per_la_cnn_toledo_sempre_prima-78844123/1/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref>]]<br />
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Stations function as [[transport hub|hubs]] to allow passengers to board and disembark from trains. They are also payment checkpoints and allow passengers to transfer between modes of transport, for instance to buses or other trains. Access is provided via either [[island platform|island-]] or [[side platform]]s.<ref>Uslan et al., 1990: 71</ref> Underground stations, especially deep-level ones, increase the overall transport time: long [[escalator]] rides to the platforms mean that the stations can become bottlenecks if not adequately built. Some underground and elevated stations are integrated into vast [[Underground city|underground]] or [[skyway]] networks respectively, that connect to nearby commercial buildings.<ref>Cervero, 1998: 8</ref> In suburbs, there may be a "[[park and ride]]" connected to the station.<ref>Cervero, 1998: 226</ref><br />
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To allow easy access to the trains, the [[railway platform height|platform height]] allows step-free access between platform and train. If the station complies with [[accessibility]] standards, it allows both disabled people and those with wheeled baggage easy access to the trains,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Dual-Mode Traction Power Distribution for Light Rail Transit: A Design Option |author= Boorse, Jack W. |journal=Transportation Research Record |volume=1677 |year=1999 |pages=67–72 |doi=10.3141/1677-09 |s2cid= 110192749 }}</ref> though if the track is curved there can be a [[Platform gap|gap between the train and platform]]. Some stations use [[platform screen doors]] to increase safety by preventing people falling onto the tracks, as well as reducing ventilation costs.<br />
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[[File:Nautilus_dobrininskaya.jpg|thumb|A giant [[Nautilus (genus)|nautilus]] in red [[marble]] on the wall on Moscow Metro]]<br />
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Particularly in the former [[Soviet Union]] and other Eastern European countries, but to an increasing extent elsewhere, the stations were built with splendid decorations such as [[marble]] walls, polished [[granite]] floors and mosaics—thus exposing the public to art in their everyday life, outside galleries and museums. Moscow Metro's wall cladding [[:ru:Окаменелости в Московском метрополитене|contains many fossils]], from [[coral]]s to [[Ammonoidea|ammonoids]] and [[nautilus]]es. The systems in [[Moscow Metro|Moscow]], [[Saint Petersburg Metro|St. Petersburg]], [[Tashkent Metro|Tashkent]] and [[Kyiv Metro|Kyiv]] are widely regarded as some of the most beautiful in the world.<ref name="mb art">{{cite web |url=http://mic-ro.com/metro/metroart.html |title=Metro Arts and Architecture |publisher=Metro Bits |access-date=2006-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202064053/http://mic-ro.com/metro/metroart.html |archive-date=2006-12-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several other cities such as London,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://art.tfl.gov.uk|title=Art on the Underground}}</ref> [[Stockholm Metro|Stockholm]], [[Montreal Metro|Montreal]], [[Lisbon Metro|Lisbon]], [[Namma Metro|Bangalore]], [[Naples Metro|Naples]] and [[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority|Los Angeles]] have also focused on art, which may range from decorative wall claddings, to large, flamboyant artistic schemes integrated with station architecture, to displays of ancient artifacts recovered during station construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sl.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=1669 |author=Storstockholms Lokaltrafik |author-link=Storstockholms Lokaltrafik |title=Konståkning i världens längsta konstutställning |access-date=2008-08-20 |language=sv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013204448/http://sl.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=1669 |archive-date=October 13, 2007 }}</ref> It may be possible to profit by attracting more passengers by spending relatively small amounts on grand [[architecture]], art, [[cleanliness]], [[accessibility]], [[lighting]] and a feeling of [[safety]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apta.com/research/info/online/documents/10ways.pdf |title=10 Ways to Enhance Your Community: Unleash the Power of Public Transportation |access-date=2006-12-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061017031905/http://www.apta.com/research/info/online/documents/10ways.pdf |archive-date = 17 October 2006}}</ref><br />
<gallery widths="200" heights="180"><br />
Montreal Metro MPM-10 trains at Plamondon Station dllu.jpg|Two [[Montreal Metro]] trains stopped at a station.<br />
Sun Yat-sen University Station platform at old Line 2 in Guangzhou Metro.jpg|A station of the [[Guangzhou Metro]] in 2005<br />
</gallery><br />
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==Crew size and automation==<br />
In the early days of underground railways, at least two staff members were needed to operate each train: one or more attendants (also called "[[Conductor (rail)|conductor]]" or "guard") to operate the doors or gates, as well as a driver (also called the "[[railroad engineer|engineer]]" or "motorman"). The introduction of powered doors around 1920 permitted crew sizes to be reduced, and trains in many cities are now operated by [[One Person Train Operation|a single person]]. Where the operator would not be able to see the whole side of the train to tell whether the doors can be safely closed, [[mirror]]s or [[Closed-circuit television|closed-circuit TV]] monitors are often provided for that purpose.<br />
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A replacement system for human drivers became available in the 1960s, with the advancement of [[computer]]ized technologies for [[automatic train control]] and, later, [[automatic train operation]] (ATO). ATO could start a train, accelerate to the correct speed, and stop automatically in the correct position at the [[railway platform]] at the next station, while taking into account the information that a human driver would obtain from [[railway signal|lineside]] or [[cab signaling|cab signals]]. The first metro line to use this technology in its entirety was London's [[Victoria line]], opened in 1968.<br />
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In normal operation, a crew member sits in the driver's position at the front, but is only responsible for closing the doors at each station. By pressing two "start" buttons the train would then move automatically to the next station. This style of "semi-automatic train operation" (STO), known technically as "[[Grade of Automation]] (GoA) 2", has become widespread, especially on newly built lines like the San Francisco Bay Area's [[Bay Area Rapid Transit|BART]] network.<br />
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A variant of ATO, "driverless train operation" (DTO) or technically "GoA 3", is seen on some systems, as in London's [[Docklands Light Railway]], which opened in 1987. Here, a "passenger service agent" (formerly called "train captain") would ride with the passengers rather than sit at the front as a driver would, but would have the same responsibilities as a driver in a GoA 2 system. This technology could allow trains to operate completely automatically with no crew, just as most [[elevator]]s do. When the initially increasing costs for [[automation]] began to decrease, this became a financially attractive option for the operators.<br />
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At the same time, countervailing arguments stated that in an [[emergency]] situation, a crew member on board the train would have possibly been able to prevent the emergency in the first place, drive a partially failed train to the next station, assist with an [[emergency evacuation|evacuation]] if needed, or call for the correct [[emergency services]] and help direct them to the location where the emergency occurred. In some cities, the same reasons are used to justify a crew of two rather than one; one person drives from the front of the train, while the other operates the doors from a position farther back, and is more conveniently able to assist passengers in the rear cars. An example of the presence of a driver purely due to union opposition is the [[Scarborough RT]] line in Toronto.<br />
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Completely unstaffed trains, or "unattended train operation" (UTO) or technically "GoA 4", are more accepted on newer systems where there are no existing crews to be displaced, and especially on [[light metro]] lines. One of the first such systems was the [[Véhicule Automatique Léger|VAL]] (''véhicule automatique léger'' or "automated light vehicle"), first used in 1983 on the [[Lille Metro]] in France. Additional VAL lines have been built in other cities such as [[Toulouse Metro|Toulouse]], France, and [[Turin Metro|Turin]], Italy. Another system that uses unstaffed trains is [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier's]] [[Bombardier Innovia Metro|Innovia Metro]], originally developed by the [[Urban Transportation Development Corporation]] as the [[Bombardier Innovia Metro|Intermediate Capacity Transit System]] (ICTS). It was later used on the [[Vancouver SkyTrain|SkyTrain]] in Vancouver and the [[Kelana Jaya Line]] in Kuala Lumpur, both of which carry no crew members.<br />
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Another obstacle to conversion of existing lines to fully automated operation is that the conversion may necessitate a shutdown of operations. Furthermore, where several lines share the same infrastructure, it may be necessary to share tracks between automated and human-operated trains at least for a transitory period. The Nuremberg U-Bahn converted the existing [[U2 (Nuremberg U-Bahn)|U2]] to fully automated (GoA4) in early 2010 without a single day of service disruption. Before that it had run in mixed operation with the newly opened fully driverless [[U3 (Nuremberg U-Bahn)|U3]] from 2008. Nuremberg U-Bahn was the first system in the world to undertake such a transition with mixed operation and without service disruption. While this demonstrates that those technological hurdles can be overcome, the project was severely delayed, missing the target of being in operation in time for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] and the hoped for international orders for the system of automation employed in Nuremberg never materialized.<br />
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Systems that use automatic trains also commonly employ full-height [[platform screen doors]] or half-height [[automatic platform gate]]s in order to improve safety and ensure passenger confidence, but this is not universal, as networks like [[Nuremberg U-Bahn|Nuremberg]] do not, using [[infrared sensors]] instead to detect obstacles on the track. Conversely, some lines which retain drivers or manual train operation nevertheless use PSDs, notably London's [[Jubilee Line Extension]]. The first network to install PSDs on an already operational system was [[MTR|Hong Kong's MTR]], followed by the Singapore MRT.<br />
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As for larger trains, the [[Paris Métro]] has human drivers on most lines but runs automated trains on its newest line, [[Paris Métro Line 14|Line 14]], which opened in 1998. The older [[Paris Métro Line 1|Line 1]] was subsequently converted to unattended operation by 2012, and [[Paris Métro Line 4|Line 4]] in 2023. The [[North East Line|North East MRT line]] in Singapore, which opened in 2003, is the world's first fully automated underground urban heavy-rail line. The MTR [[Disneyland Resort line]] is also automated, along with trains on the [[South Island line]].<br />
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<gallery widths="200" heights="180"><br />
File:C751A, Unrefurbished.jpg|[[Alstom Metropolis C751A|Trains]] on the [[North East Line|North East MRT line]] in [[Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)|Singapore]] are fully automated and are not operated by any driver.<br />
Image:Praha metro novy vlak kabina.jpg|[[Prague Metro]], [[Metro M1 (Prague)|M1]] driver panel<br />
File:CastleHillMetroStation.jpg|Platform screen doors at Castle Hill Station on the [[Sydney Metro]]<br />
</gallery><br />
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==Modal tradeoffs and interconnections==<br />
{{Main|Urban rail transit}}<br />
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[[File:Stratford x pltfm.jpg|thumb|[[Stratford station|Stratford Station]] in London is shared by [[London Underground]] trains (left) and main line rail services (right), as well as the [[Docklands Light Railway]] (not shown).]]<br />
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Since the 1980s, [[tram]]s have incorporated several features of rapid transit: [[light rail]] systems (trams) run on their own [[Right-of-way (transportation)|rights-of-way]], thus avoiding [[Traffic congestion|congestion]]; they remain on the same level as buses and cars. Some light rail systems have elevated or underground sections. Both new and upgraded tram systems allow faster speed and higher capacity, and are a cheap alternative to construction of rapid transit, especially in smaller cities.<ref name="pulling">{{cite web |author=Pulling, Niel |date=2008-05-22 |title=Light Rail – the Solution to Inner-City Chaos? |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature1953/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229165634/http://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature1953/ |archive-date=2012-02-29 |access-date=2008-08-18 |publisher=Railway Technology}}</ref><br />
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A [[premetro]] design means that an underground rapid transit system is built in the city center, but only a light rail or tram system in the suburbs. Conversely, other cities have opted to build a full metro in the suburbs, but run trams in city streets to save the cost of expensive tunnels. In North America, [[interurban]]s were constructed as [[street-running]] suburban trams, without the grade-separation of rapid transit. Premetros also allow a gradual upgrade of existing tramways to rapid transit, thus spreading the investment costs over time. They are most common in Germany with the name [[Stadtbahn]].<ref name="White, 2002: 64"/><br />
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Suburban [[commuter rail]] is a heavy rail system that operates at a lower frequency than urban rapid transit, with higher average speeds, often only serving one station in each village and town. Commuter rail systems of some cities (such as German [[S-Bahn]]s, Jakarta's [[KRL Commuterline]], [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], [[Commuter rail in Australia|Australian suburban networks]], Danish [[S-train|S-tog]] etc.) can be seen as the substitute for the city's rapid transit system providing frequent mass transit within city. In contrast, the mainly urban rapid transit systems in some cities (such as the [[Dubai Metro]], [[Shanghai Metro]], [[MetroSur]] of the [[Madrid Metro]], [[Taipei Metro]], [[Rapid Rail|Kuala Lumpur Rapid Transit]] etc.) have lines that fan out to reach the outer suburbs. With some other urban or "near urban" rapid transit systems ([[Guangfo Metro]], [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]], [[Los Teques Metro]] and [[Seoul Subway Line 7]], etc.) serving bi- and multi-nucleus [[urban agglomeration|agglomerations]].<br />
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Some cities have opted for two tiers of urban railways: an urban rapid transit system (such as the [[Paris Métro]], [[Berlin U-Bahn]], [[London Underground]], [[Sydney Metro]], [[Tokyo subway]], [[Jakarta MRT]] and [[SEPTA#Rapid transit|Philadelphia Subway]]) and a suburban system (such as their counterparts [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]], [[Berlin S-Bahn|S-Bahn]], [[Crossrail]] & [[London Overground]], [[Sydney Trains]], [[East Japan Railway Company|JR Urban Lines]], [[KRL Commuterline]] and [[SEPTA Regional Rail|Regional Rail]] respectively). Such systems are known variously as [[S-train]]s, suburban service, or (sometimes) regional rail. The suburban systems may have their own purpose built trackage, run at similar "rapid transit-like" frequencies, and (in many countries) are operated by the national railway company. In some cities these suburban services run through tunnels in the city center and have direct transfers to the rapid transit system, on the same or adjoining platforms.<ref name="white6364">White, 2002: 63–64</ref><ref>Cervero, 1998: 21</ref><br />
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In some cases, such as the [[London Underground]] and the [[London Overground]], suburban and rapid transit systems even run on the exact same track along some sections. [[California]]'s [[BART]], [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]]'s [[Federal District Metro (Brazil)|Metrô-DF]] and [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]'s [[Washington Metro|Metrorail]] system is an example of a hybrid of the two: in the suburbs the lines function like a commuter rail line, with longer intervals and longer distance between stations; in the downtown areas, the stations become closer together and many lines [[Through train|interline]] with intervals dropping to typical rapid transit headways.<br />
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==Costs, benefits, and impacts==<br />
{{Main|Transport planning}}<br />
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[[File:Docklands Light Railway 121 (6175977501).jpg|thumb|The [[Docklands Light Railway]] in London allows for dense land use, while retaining a high capacity.]]<br />
[[File:Manila Line 2 train towards Araneta Center - Cubao station.jpg|thumb|Elevated lines are generally cheaper to build than underground lines. ([[LRT Line 2 (Metro Manila)|Manila Line 2]])]]<br />
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{{As of|2018|March}}, 212 cities have built rapid transit systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mic-ro.com/metro/table.html |title=World Metro Database |publisher=Metro Bits |access-date=2013-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923072945/http://mic-ro.com/metro/table.html |archive-date=2010-09-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[capital cost]] is high, as is the risk of [[cost overrun]] and benefit shortfall; [[public financing]] is normally required. Rapid transit is sometimes seen as an alternative to an extensive [[road transport]] system with many [[motorway]]s;<ref name=bb258>Banister and Berechman, 2000: 258</ref> the rapid transit system allows higher capacity with less land use, less environmental impact, and a lower cost.<ref>Cervero, 1998: 26</ref><ref name="mrt"/> A 2023 study found that rapid transit systems lead to a massive reduction in {{CO2}} emissions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Susmita |last2=Lall |first2=Somik |last3=Wheeler |first3=David |date=2023 |title=Subways and {{CO2}} emissions: A global analysis with satellite data |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723023124 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=883 |article-number=163691 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163691 |pmid=37100143 |bibcode= |s2cid=258327571 |issn=0048-9697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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Elevated or underground systems in city centers allow the transport of people without occupying expensive land, and permit the city to develop compactly without physical barriers. [[Motorway]]s often depress nearby residential [[land value]]s, but proximity to a rapid transit station often triggers commercial and residential growth, with large [[transit oriented development]] office and housing blocks being constructed.<ref name=bb258 /><ref>European Conference of Ministers of Transport, 2003: 187</ref> Also, an efficient transit system can decrease the economic welfare loss caused by the increase of [[population density]] in a metropolis.<ref name="Rémy Prud'homme">{{cite journal |last=Prud'homme|first=Rémy |title=Public transport congestion costs: The case of the Paris subway |journal=Transport Policy |doi=10.1016/j.tranpol.2011.11.002 |volume=21 |pages=101–109|year=2012 }}</ref><br />
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Rapid transit systems have high [[fixed cost]]s. Most systems are publicly owned, by either local governments, [[transit authority|transit authorities]] or national governments. Capital investments are often partially or completely financed by taxation, rather than by passenger fares, but must often compete with funding for [[road]]s. The transit systems may be operated by the owner or by a private company through a [[public service obligation]]. The owners of the systems often also own the connecting bus or rail systems, or are members of the local [[transport association]], allowing for [[Free transfer (public transit)|free transfers]] between modes. Almost all transit systems operate at a deficit, requiring [[transit fare|fare revenue]], [[advertising]] and [[subsidy|government funding]] to cover costs.<br />
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The [[farebox recovery ratio]], a ratio of ticket income to operating costs, is often used to assess operational profitability, with some systems including Hong Kong's [[MTR Corporation]],<ref name=mtrresult>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/corporate/file_rep/PR-08-075-E.pdf |title=Announcement of Unaudited Results for the Six Months Ended 30 June 2008 |author=MTR Corporation |author-link=MTR Corporation |date=2008-08-05 |access-date=2008-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909221821/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/corporate/file_rep/PR-08-075-E.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Taipei Rapid Transit System|Taipei]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation '08 Annual Report|url=http://english.trtc.com.tw/public/Attachment/9112716543575.pdf|publisher=Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation|page=96|access-date=2010-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225183011/http://english.trtc.com.tw/public/Attachment/9112716543575.pdf|archive-date=2011-12-25|url-status=live}}</ref> achieving recovery ratios of well over 100%. This ignores both heavy capital costs incurred in building the system, which are often funded with [[soft loan]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cfusrug.org/articles/financing_strat.php |title=:: Center for Urban Studies and Research |access-date=2010-11-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725153952/http://cfusrug.org/articles/financing_strat.php |archive-date=2011-07-25 }}</ref> and whose [[loan servicing|servicing]] is excluded from calculations of profitability, as well as ancillary revenue such as income from [[real estate]] portfolios.<ref name=mtrresult /> Some systems, particularly Hong Kong's, extensions are partly financed by the sale of land whose value has appreciated by the new access the extension has brought to the area,<ref name=kjenstad46>Kjenstad, 1994: 46</ref> a process known as [[value capture]].<br />
<br />
Urban [[land-use planning]] policies are essential for the success of rapid transit systems, particularly as mass transit is not feasible in low-density communities. Transportation planners estimate that to support rapid rail services, there must be a residential housing density of twelve dwelling units per acre.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Booth |first1=Geoffrey |last2=Leonard |first2=Bruce |last3=Pawlukiewicz |first3=Michael |title=Ten Principles for Reinventing America's Suburban Business Districts |url=https://americas.uli.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/TP_BusinessDistricts.ashx_.pdf |website=ULI Americas |publisher=Urban Land Institute |access-date=2021-07-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Transport|Rail|Buses}}<br />
* [[Bus rapid transit]]<br />
* [[List of metro systems]]<br />
* [[Light rail|Light rail transit]]<br />
* [[Megaproject]]<br />
* [[Personal rapid transit]]<br />
* [[Regional rail]]<br />
* [[Rapid transit track gauge]]<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Transport Investment and Economic Development |author1=Banister, David |author2=Berechman, Joseph |name-list-style=amp |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1UClQCOdE4C |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-419-25590-1 }}<br />
* Bobrick, Benson (1981). ''Labyrinths of Iron'': ''A''[''n''] ''History of the World's Subways''. New York: Newsweek Books. {{ISBN|0-88225-299-2}}.<br />
* {{cite book |title=The Transit Metropolis |last=Cervero |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Cervero |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLs3H_IWr3wC |year=1998 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-55963-591-2 }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Safe & Sustainable Transport |author=European Conference of Ministers of Transport |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-Ny0W7XN6QC |year=2003 |publisher=OECD Publishing |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-821-1303-5 }}<br />
* {{cite web |url=https://3gozaa3xxbpb499ejp30lxc8-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Sustainable-Transport-Mass-Transit-Options.pdf |title=Mass Transit Options |work=Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-Makers in Developing Cities |author1=Fjellstrom, K. |author2=Wright, L. |publisher=[[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit]] |year=2002 |access-date=2009-07-09 |archive-date=2018-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807032833/https://3gozaa3xxbpb499ejp30lxc8-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Sustainable-Transport-Mass-Transit-Options.pdf |url-status=dead }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Kjenstad, Rune |year=1994 |title = På skinner i Bymarka |publisher=Baneforlaget |location=Oslo |language=no |isbn=978-82-91448-01-5 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author1=Needle, Jerome A. |author2=Transportation Security Board |author3=Cobb, Renée M. |name-list-style=amp |year=1997 |title=Improving Transit Security |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfBt0kzz524C |publisher=Transportation Security Board |isbn=978-0-309-06013-4 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Ovenden, Mark |year=2007 |title = Transit Maps of the World |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-311265-5 |author-link=Mark Ovenden }}<br />
* {{cite book|editor=Joseph P. Pickert |display-editors=etal |year=2000|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|edition=4th|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|isbn=978-0-618-08230-8}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Ström, Marianne |year=1998 |title=Metro Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOkxz36ITdoC |publisher=ACR Edition |isbn=978-2-86770-068-2 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Uslan, Mark |author2=American Foundation for the Blind |author2-link=American Foundation for the Blind |author3=Peck, Alec |author4=Wiener, William |author5=Stern, Arlene |name-list-style=amp |year=1990 |title = Access to Mass Transit for Blind and Visually Impaired Travelers |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind |isbn=978-0-89128-166-5 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=White, Peter |year=2002 |title=Public Transport: Its Planning, Management, and Operation |publisher=Taylor & Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1oZxyjPDF4C |isbn=978-0-415-25772-5 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Rapid transit}}<br />
* [http://urbanrail.net/ UrbanRail]<br />
<br />
=== Databases ===<br />
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000328/http://metro-data.info/ Metro-Data.info]}} ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000328/http://metro-data.info/ |date=2018-09-29 }}) – database of metro systems around the world<br />
<br />
{{Public transport |state = collapsed }}<br />
{{Man-made and man-related Subterranea}}<br />
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{{North America in topic|Rapid transit in}}<br />
{{South America in topic|Rapid transit in}} --><br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Rapid transit| ]]<br />
[[Category:1863 introductions]]<br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
[[Category:Commuting]]<br />
[[Category:Passenger rail transport]]<br />
[[Category:Turkish inventions]]<br />
[[Category:American inventions]]<br />
[[Category:English inventions]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literature&diff=471862Literature2026-03-26T21:49:14Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: adjusted citations after review</p>
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<div>{{short description|Written work of art}}<br />
{{distinguish|Literature (card game)}}<br />
{{pp-move}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}<br />
[[File:Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée Nationale (Lunon).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Palais Bourbon#Library|Library of the Palais Bourbon]] in Paris]]<br />
{{Literature}}<br />
<br />
'''Literature''' is any collection of [[Writing|written]] work. The term is also used more narrowly for writings considered an [[art]] form, especially [[novel]]s, [[Play (theatre)|plays]], and [[poetry|poems]].<ref name="OD">{{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/literature |title=Literature: definition |publisher=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries |access-date=24 July 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210610161527/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/literature |url-status=live }}</ref> It includes both print and [[Electronic literature|digital writing]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rettberg |first=Scott |title=Electronic literature |date=2019 |publisher=Polity press |isbn= 978-1-5095-1677-3 |location=Cambridge, UK Medford, MA}}</ref> In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include [[oral literature]], much of which has been transcribed.{{sfn|Goody|1987|p=}} Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting [[knowledge]] and [[entertainment]]. It can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role.<br />
<br />
[[Literary criticism]] is one of the oldest [[Academy|academic]] disciplines, and is concerned with the [[literary merit]] or intellectual significance of specific texts. The study of books and other texts as artifacts or traditions is instead encompassed by [[textual criticism]] or the [[history of the book]]. "Literature", as an art form, is sometimes used synonymously with [[literary fiction]], [[fiction]] written with the goal of [[artistic merit]],<ref>[https://nybookeditors.com/2018/07/what-is-literary-fiction/ A Beginner's Guide to Literary Fiction" | NY Book Editors].</ref><ref>Girolimon, Mars. [https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/liberal-arts/types-of-genres "Types of Genres: A Literary Guide"], [[Southern New Hampshire University]], 11 December 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2024.</ref> but can also include works in various [[non-fiction]] genres, such as [[biography]], [[Diary|diaries]], [[memoir|memoirs]], [[Letter (message)|letters]], and [[essay]]s. Within this broader definition, literature includes non-fictional [[books]], articles, or other written information on a particular subject.<ref name="EB">{{Cite web |last=Rexroth |first=Kenneth |title=literature &#124; Definition, Characteristics, Genres, Types, & Facts |url= https://www.britannica.com/art/literature |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729030437/https://www.britannica.com/art/literature |archive-date=29 July 2020 |access-date=27 July 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=literature (noun) |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/literature_n |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[History of printing|Developments in print technology]] have allowed an ever-growing distribution and proliferation of written works, while the digital era has blurred the lines between online [[electronic literature]] and other forms of modern media.<br />
<br />
== Definitions ==<br />
{{further|Literary work}}<br />
Definitions of literature have varied over time.<ref name="Leitch ''et al.'', ''The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism'', 28">Leitch ''et al.'', ''The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism'', 28</ref> In Western Europe, prior to the 18th century, literature denoted all books and writing. It can be seen as returning to older, more inclusive notions, so that [[cultural studies]], for instance, include, in addition to [[Western canon|canonical works]], [[Genre fiction|popular and minority genres]]. The word is also used in reference to non-written works: to "[[oral literature]]" and "the literature of [[preliterate]] culture".{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}<br />
<br />
[[Etymology|Etymologically]], the term derives from [[Latin language|Latin]] ''{{Lang|la|literatura/litteratura}}'', "learning, writing, grammar," originally "writing formed with letters," from ''{{Lang|la|litera/littera}}'', "letter."<ref name=oetyd>{{cite web|title=literature (n.)|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=literature&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=9 February 2014|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222162614/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=literature&allowed_in_frame=0|url-status=live}}</ref> In spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or sung texts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Jim |date=2018-09-11 |title=What is Literature? A Definition Based on Prototypes |url=https://commons.und.edu/sil-work-papers/vol41/iss1/3 |journal=Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.31356/silwp.vol41.03 |issn=0361-4700}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth|title=How Oral Is Oral Literature?|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|year=1974|volume=37|issue=1|pages=52–64|jstor=614104|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00094842 |s2cid=190730645}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Literature is often referred to [[Synecdoche|synecdochically]] as "writing," especially [[creative writing]], and poetically as "the craft of writing" (or simply "the craft"). [[Syd Field]] described his discipline, [[screenwriting]], as "a craft that occasionally rises to the level of art."<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Field|author-first=Syd|title=Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting|section=Introduction|publisher=Delta|date= 2005|isbn=978-0440582731}}</ref><br />
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A [[value judgment]] definition of literature considers it as consisting solely of high quality writing that forms part of the ''[[belles-lettres]]'' ("fine writing") tradition.{{sfn|Eagleton|2008|p=9}} An example of this is in the [[Encyclopedia Britannica Eleventh Edition|1910–1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']], which classified literature as "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing".<ref name="Biswas, ''Critique of Poetics'', 538">{{cite book |surname=Biswas |given=A.R. |title=Critique of Poetics |volume=2 |year=2005 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0377-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dpqORJYizkC&q=%22the%20best%20expression%20of%20the%20best%20thought%20reduced%20to%20writing%22&pg=PP1|archive-date=2021-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414114731/https://books.google.com/books?id=9dpqORJYizkC&q=%22the%20best%20expression%20of%20the%20best%20thought%20reduced%20to%20writing%22&pg=PP1|url-status=live|page= 538}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{main|History of literature}}<br />
<br />
=== Oral literature ===<br />
{{main article|Oral literature}}<br />
<br />
{{see also|African literature#Oral literature}}<br />
[[File:Kyrgyz Manaschi, Karakol.jpg|thumb|A traditional [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] [[manaschi]] performing part of the [[Epic of Manas]] at a [[yurt]] camp in [[Karakol]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]]]The use of the term "literature" here poses some issues due to its origins in the Latin ''littera'', "letter," essentially writing. Alternatives such as "oral forms" and "oral genres" have been suggested, but the word literature is widely used.<ref name="archive">{{cite web |last=Goody |first=Jack |title=Oral literature |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/oral-literature |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214104037/https://www.britannica.com/art/oral-literature |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=2020-07-27 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]}}; see also [[Homer]].</ref><br />
<br />
[[Australian Aboriginal culture]] has thrived on oral traditions and oral histories passed down through tens of thousands of years.<br />
In a study published in February 2020, new evidence showed that both [[Budj Bim]] and [[Tower Hill (volcano)|Tower Hill]] volcanoes erupted between 34,000 and 40,000 years ago.<ref name="earlier">{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Sian |date=26 February 2020 |title=Study dates Victorian volcano that buried a human-made axe |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-26/study-dates-victorian-volcano-that-buried-a-human-made-axe/11991290 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908041638/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-26/study-dates-victorian-volcano-that-buried-a-human-made-axe/11991290 |archive-date=8 September 2020 |access-date=9 March 2020 |website=ABC News}}</ref> Significantly, this is a "minimum age constraint for human presence in [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]", and also could be interpreted as evidence for the oral histories of the [[Gunditjmara]] people, an [[Aboriginal Australian]] people of south-western Victoria, which tell of volcanic eruptions being some of the oldest oral traditions in existence.<ref name="MatchanPhillips2020">{{cite journal |last1=Matchan |first1=Erin L. |last2=Phillips |first2=David |last3=Jourdan |first3=Fred |last4=Oostingh |first4=Korien |year=2020 |title=Early human occupation of southeastern Australia: New insights from 40Ar/39Ar dating of young volcanoes |journal=Geology |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=390–394 |bibcode=2020Geo....48..390M |doi=10.1130/G47166.1 |issn=0091-7613 |s2cid=214357121}}</ref> An axe found underneath [[volcanic ash]] in 1947 had already proven that humans inhabited the region before the eruption of Tower Hill.<ref name="earlier" /><br />
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[[Oral literature]] is an [[Oral tradition|ancient human tradition]] found in "all corners of the world."<ref name="MacKay1999p1"/> Modern archaeology has been unveiling evidence of the human efforts to preserve and transmit arts and knowledge that depended completely or partially on an oral tradition, across various cultures:<br />
{{Blockquote|<br />
The Judeo-Christian Bible reveals its oral traditional roots; medieval European manuscripts are penned by performing scribes; geometric vases from archaic Greece mirror Homer's oral style. (...) Indeed, if these final decades of the millennium have taught us anything, it must be that oral tradition never was the other we accused it of being; it never was the primitive, preliminary technology of communication we thought it to be. Rather, if the whole truth is told, oral tradition stands out as the single most dominant communicative technology of our species as both a historical fact and, in many areas still, a contemporary reality.<ref name="MacKay1999p1">{{cite book|author=John Miles Foley. ''"What's in a Sign"''|editor=E. Anne MacKay|title=Signs of Orality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkfRvkgDTOsC |year=1999|publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-9004112735|pages=1–2}}</ref>}}<br />
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The earliest poetry is believed to have been recited or sung, employed as a way of remembering [[oral history|history]], [[genealogy]], and law.<ref>{{cite book|last=Francis|first= Norbert |date=2017|title=Bilingual and Multicultural Perspectives on Poetry, Music, and Narrative: The science of art|location= Lanham, MD|publisher= Rowman and Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4985-5183-0}}</ref><br />
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In Asia, the transmission of folklore, mythologies as well as scriptures in ancient India, in different Indian religions, was by oral tradition, preserved with precision with the help of elaborate [[Vedic chant|mnemonic techniques]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Donald S. Lopez Jr. |year=1995 |title=Authority and Orality in the Mahāyāna |journal=Numen |volume=42 |number=1 |pages=21–47 |publisher=Brill Academic |jstor=3270278 |doi=10.1163/1568527952598800 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43799/1/11076_1995_Article_1568527952598800.pdf |hdl=2027.42/43799 |hdl-access=free |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=1 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101012117/http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43799/1/11076_1995_Article_1568527952598800.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The early Buddhist texts are also generally believed to be of oral tradition, with the first by comparing inconsistencies in the transmitted versions of literature from various oral societies such as the Greek, Serbia and other cultures, then noting that the Vedic literature is too consistent and vast to have been composed and transmitted orally across generations, without being written down.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhism - The Pali canon (Tipitaka) {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/The-Pali-canon-Tipitaka |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317054833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/The-Pali-canon-Tipitaka |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- Empty reference <ref name="Goody1987p82"/--> According to Goody, the Vedic texts likely involved both a written and oral tradition, calling it a "parallel products of a literate society".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ong |first=Walter J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37Ikbo9P4M8C |title=Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word |date=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-28128-7 |language=en |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=37Ikbo9P4M8C |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- Empty references <ref name="Goody1987p82"/><ref name="lopez1995p21"/--><br />
<br />
All ancient Greek literature was to some degree oral in nature, and the earliest literature was completely so.<ref>Reece, Steve. "Orality and Literacy: Ancient Greek Literature as Oral Literature", in David Schenker and Martin Hose (eds.), Companion to Greek Literature (Oxford: Blackwell, 2015) 43–57. [https://www.academia.edu/30640456/Orality_and_Literacy_Ancient_Greek_Literature_as_Oral_Literature Ancient_Greek_Literature_as_Oral_Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101220823/https://www.academia.edu/30640456/Orality_and_Literacy_Ancient_Greek_Literature_as_Oral_Literature |date=1 January 2020 }}</ref> [[Homer]]'s epic poetry, states Michael Gagarin, was largely composed, performed and transmitted orally.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Gagarin |editor=E. Anne MacKay| title=Signs of Orality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkfRvkgDTOsC |year=1999|publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-9004112735|pages=163–164}}</ref> As folklores and legends were performed in front of distant audiences, the singers would substitute the names in the stories with local characters or rulers to give the stories a local flavor and thus connect with the audience by making the historicity embedded in the oral tradition as unreliable.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wolfgang Kullmann |editor=E. Anne MacKay| title=Signs of Orality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkfRvkgDTOsC |year=1999|publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-9004112735|pages=108–109}}</ref> The lack of surviving texts about the Greek and Roman religious traditions have led scholars to presume that these were ritualistic and transmitted as oral traditions, but some scholars disagree that the complex rituals in the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations were an exclusive product of an oral tradition.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Scheid|editor=Clifford Ando and Jörg Rüpke|title=Religion and Law in Classical and Christian Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZ5JP8gZgJEC&pg=PA17|date=2006|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|isbn=978-3-515-08854-1|pages=17–28|author-link=John Scheid|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820001803/https://books.google.com/books?id=uZ5JP8gZgJEC&pg=PA17|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Writing systems are not known to have existed among [[Native North Americans]] (north of Mesoamerica) before contact with Europeans. Oral storytelling traditions flourished in a context without the use of writing to record and preserve history, scientific knowledge, and social practices.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Native American Storytelling: A Reader of Myths and Legends|url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanst00kroe|url-access=limited|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4051-1541-4|editor-last=Kroeber|editor-first=Karl|location=Malden, MA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanst00kroe/page/n11 1]}}</ref> While some stories were told for amusement and leisure, most functioned as practical lessons from tribal experience applied to immediate moral, social, psychological, and environmental issues.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Native American Storytelling: A Reader of Myths and Legends|url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanst00kroe|url-access=limited|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4051-1541-4|editor-last=Kroeber|editor-first=Karl|location=Malden, MA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanst00kroe/page/n13 3]}}</ref> Stories fuse fictional, supernatural, or otherwise exaggerated characters and circumstances with real emotions and morals as a means of teaching. Plots often reflect real life situations and may be aimed at particular people known by the story's audience. In this way, social pressure could be exerted without directly causing embarrassment or [[social exclusion]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Native American Storytelling: A Reader of Myths and Legends|url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanst00kroe|url-access=limited|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4051-1541-4|editor-last=Kroeber|editor-first=Karl|location=Malden, MA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanst00kroe/page/n12 2]}}</ref> For example, rather than yelling, [[Inuit culture|Inuit]] parents might deter their children from wandering too close to the water's edge by telling a story about a sea monster with a pouch for children within its reach.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/03/13/685533353/a-playful-way-to-teach-kids-to-control-their-anger|title=How Inuit Parents Teach Kids To Control Their Anger|newspaper=NPR|date=13 March 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-04-29|last1=Doucleff|first1=Michaeleen|last2=Greenhalgh|first2=Jane|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026061927/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/03/13/685533353/a-playful-way-to-teach-kids-to-control-their-anger|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==== Oratory ====<br />
[[Rhetoric|Oratory]] or the art of [[public speaking]] was considered a literary art for a significant period of time.<ref name="EB"/> From [[ancient Greece]] to the late 19th century, [[rhetoric]] played a central role in Western education in training orators, lawyers, counselors, historians, statesmen, and poets.<ref>See, e.g., Thomas Conley, Rhetoric in the European Tradition ([[University of Chicago]], 1991).</ref>{{NoteTag|The definition of rhetoric is a controversial subject within the field and has given rise to philological battles over its meaning in ancient Greece.<ref>See, for instance {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/07350199609389075 |volume=14 |title=On schiappa versus poulakos |year=1996 |journal=Rhetoric Review |pages=438–440 |last1=Parlor |first1=Burkean |last2=Johnstone |first2=Henry W. |issue=2}}</ref>}}<br />
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=== Writing ===<br />
{{Further|History of writing}}<br />
[[File:Tableta con trillo.png|thumb|240px|Limestone [[Kish tablet]] from [[Sumer]] with pictographic writing; may be the earliest known writing, 3500 BC. [[Ashmolean Museum]]]]<br />
Around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration in [[Mesopotamia]] outgrew human memory, and writing became a more dependable method of recording and presenting transactions in a permanent form.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=M.W.|date=1981|title=The Construction and Implementation of the Cuneiform Writing System.|journal=Visible Language|volume=15|issue=4|pages=345–372}}</ref> Though in both [[ancient Egypt]] and [[Mesoamerica]], writing may have already emerged because of the need to record historical and environmental events. Subsequent innovations included more uniform, predictable [[List of national legal systems|legal systems]], [[Religious text|sacred texts]], and the origins of modern practices of [[Models of scientific inquiry|scientific inquiry]] and [[Knowledge management|knowledge-consolidation]], all largely reliant on portable and easily reproducible forms of writing.<br />
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=== Early written literature ===<br />
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{{Main|History of literature|Ancient literature|History of books}}<br />
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[[Ancient Egyptian literature]],{{sfn|Foster|2001|p=19}} along with [[Sumerian literature]], are considered the world's [[Ancient literature|oldest literatures]].<ref name="Black et al. ''The Literature of Ancient Sumer'', xix">{{cite book|title=The literature of ancient Sumer |editor-surname1=Black |editor-given1=Jeremy |editor-surname2=Cunningham |editor-given2=Graham |editor-surname3=Robson |editor-given3=Eleanor |year=2006 |publisher=OUP |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-929633-0|page= xix}}</ref> The primary genres of the literature of [[ancient Egypt]]—[[Didacticism|didactic]] texts, hymns and prayers, and tales—were written almost entirely in verse;{{sfn|Foster|2001|p=7}} By the [[Old Kingdom]] (26th century BC to 22nd century BC), literary works included [[Ancient Egyptian funerary texts|funerary texts]], [[epistle]]s and letters, [[hymns]] and poems, and commemorative [[autobiographical]] texts recounting the careers of prominent administrative officials. It was not until the early [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] (21st century BC to 17th century BC) that a narrative Egyptian literature was created.<ref>[[Miriam Lichtheim|Lichtheim, Miriam]] (1975). ''Ancient Egyptian Literature'', vol 1. London: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-02899-6}}.</ref><br />
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Many works of early periods, even in narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit ''[[Panchatantra]] (''200 BC – 300 AD), based on older oral tradition.<!-- Empty reference <ref name="Olivelle1999xii"/--><ref>{{Harvnb|Jacobs|1888}}, Introduction, page xv; {{Harvnb|Ryder|1925}}, Translator's introduction, quoting Hertel: "the original work was composed in Kashmir, about 200 B.C. At this date, however, many of the individual stories were already ancient."</ref><ref name=niti>{{Harvnb|Ryder|1925}} Translator's introduction: "The ''Panchatantra'' is a ''niti-shastra'', or textbook of ''niti''. The word ''niti'' means roughly "the wise conduct of life." Western civilization must endure a certain shame in realizing that no precise equivalent of the term is found in English, French, Latin, or Greek. Many words are therefore necessary to explain what ''niti'' is, though the idea, once grasped, is clear, important, and satisfying."</ref> Drama and satire also developed as urban cultures, which provided a larger public audience, and later readership for literary production. [[Lyric poetry]] (as opposed to epic poetry) was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where songs were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the ''Shijing'' or ''[[Book of Songs (Chinese)|Book of Songs]]'' (1046–{{circa|600 BC}}).{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|p=356}}{{sfnp|Allan|1991|p=39}}<ref>Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 (AD 127–200), ''Shipu xu'' 詩譜序.</ref><br />
[[File:LuxorTemple03.jpg|thumb|alt=Inscribed hieroglyphics cover an obelisk in foreground. A stone statue is in background.|[[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] with [[cartouche]]s for the name "[[Ramesses II]]", from the [[Luxor Temple]], [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]]]]<br />
In [[Chinese classics|ancient China]], early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, [[historiography]], [[military science]], agriculture, and [[Chinese poetry|poetry]]. China, the origin of modern [[paper making]] and [[woodblock printing]], produced the world's first [[print culture]]s.<ref>A Hyatt Mayor, Prints and People, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, nos 1–4. {{ISBN|0-691-00326-2}}</ref> Much of Chinese literature originates with the [[Hundred Schools of Thought]] period that occurred during the Eastern [[Zhou dynasty]] (769‒269 BC).<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-philosophy#ref171469 "Chinese philosophy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502233005/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/112694/Chinese-philosophy#ref171469 |date=2 May 2015 }}, Encyclopædia Britannica, online</ref> The most important of these include the Classics of [[Confucianism]], of [[Taoism|Daoism]], of [[Mohism]], of [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalism]], as well as works of military science (e.g. [[Sun Tzu]]'s ''[[The Art of War]]'', {{circa|5th century BC}}) and [[History of China|Chinese history]] (e.g. [[Sima Qian]]'s ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'', {{circa|94 BC}}). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of [[narrative history]] of ancient China was the ''[[Zuo Zhuan]]'', which was compiled no later than 389 BC, and attributed to the blind 5th-century BC historian [[Zuo Qiuming]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Liang-Hung|last2=Ho|first2=Yu-Ling|date=2009|title=Confucian dynamism, culture and ethical changes in Chinese societies – a comparative study of China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09585190903239757|journal=The International Journal of Human Resource Management|language=en|volume=20|issue=11|pages=2402–2417|doi=10.1080/09585190903239757|s2cid=153789769|issn=0958-5192|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421071814/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09585190903239757|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
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In [[Indian literature#In archaic Indian languages|ancient India]], literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included [[Sanskrit drama|drama]], [[Panchatantra|fables]], [[Sūtra|sutras]] and [[Indian epic poetry|epic poetry]]. [[Sanskrit literature]] begins with the [[Vedas]], dating back to 1500–1000 BC, and continues with the [[Sanskrit Epics]] of [[Iron Age India]].<ref>see e.g. {{Harvnb|Radhakrishnan|Moore|1957|p=3}}; Witzel, Michael, "Vedas and {{IAST|Upaniṣads}}", in: {{Harvnb|Flood|2003|p=68}}; {{Harvnb|MacDonell|2004|pp=29–39}}; ''Sanskrit literature'' (2003) in Philip's Encyclopedia. Accessed 2007-08-09</ref><ref>Sanujit Ghose (2011). "[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/230/ Religious Developments in Ancient India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730065808/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/230/religious-developments-in-ancient-india/ |date=30 July 2022 }}" in ''Ancient History Encyclopedia''.</ref> The Vedas are among the [[Ancient literature|oldest sacred texts]]. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 1500–1000 BC, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the [[shakha|redaction]] of the Samhitas, date to {{circa|1000}}‒500 BC, resulting in a [[Vedic period]], spanning the mid-2nd to mid-1st millennium BC, or the [[Bronze Age|Late Bronze Age]] and the [[Iron Age India|Iron Age]].<ref name="Flood">[[Gavin Flood]] sums up mainstream estimates, according to which the Rigveda was compiled from as early as 1500 BC over a period of several centuries. {{Harvnb|Flood|1996|p=37}}</ref> The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the ''[[Mahabharata]]''<ref name="Lochtefeld2002">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA399|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=399|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019135909/https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA399|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SharmaGaur2000">{{cite book|author1=T. R. S. Sharma|author2=June Gaur|author3=Sahitya Akademi (New Delhi, Inde).|title=Ancient Indian Literature: An Anthology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRp1PKX0BXoC&pg=PA137|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0794-3|page=137|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019124522/https://books.google.com/books?id=IRp1PKX0BXoC&pg=PA137|url-status=live}}</ref> and the ''[[Ramayana]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic|title=Ramayana {{!}} Summary, Characters, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412065621/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic|url-status=live}}</ref> with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD such as [[Ramcharitmanas]].<ref name="Lutgendorf 1991, p. 1">Lutgendorf, Philip (1991). The Life of a Text. University of California Press. p. 1.</ref><br />
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The earliest known Greek writings are [[Mycenaean language|Mycenaean]] ({{circa|1600}}–1100 BC), written in the [[Linear B]] syllabary on clay tablets. These documents contain prosaic records largely concerned with trade (lists, inventories, receipts, etc.); no real literature has been discovered.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chadwick|first1=John|title=The Decipherment of Linear B|date=1967|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1-107-69176-6|page=101|edition=Second}} "The glimpse we have suddenly been given of the account books of a long-forgotten people..."</ref><ref name="VentrisChadwick">{{cite book|last1=Ventris|first1=Michael|last2=Chadwick|first2=John|title=Documents in Mycenaean Greek|date=1956|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1-107-50341-0|page=xxix|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkgPCAAAQBAJ&q=Why+have+no+works+of+Linear+B+literature+survived%3F&pg=PR29|access-date=15 November 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414115310/https://books.google.com/books?id=AkgPCAAAQBAJ&q=Why+have+no+works+of+Linear+B+literature+survived%3F&pg=PR29|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Michael Ventris]] and [[John Chadwick]], the original decipherers of Linear B, state that literature almost certainly existed in [[Mycenaean Greece]],<ref name="VentrisChadwick"/> but it was either not written down or, if it was, it was on parchment or wooden tablets, which did not survive the [[Late Bronze Age collapse#Greece|destruction of the Mycenaean palaces in the twelfth century BC]].<ref name="VentrisChadwick"/> [[Homer]]'s [[epic poems]], the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', are central works of [[ancient Greek literature]]. It is generally accepted that the poems were composed at some point around the late eighth or early seventh century BC.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Croally|first1=Neil|last2=Hyde|first2=Roy|title=Classical Literature: An Introduction|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136736629|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-arAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|access-date=23 November 2016|language=en|year=2011|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810024216/https://books.google.com/books?id=g-arAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|url-status=live}}</ref> Modern scholars consider these accounts [[legend]]ary.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Nigel|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136788000|pages=366|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pXhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA366|access-date=22 November 2016|language=en|year=2013|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810024215/https://books.google.com/books?id=8pXhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA366|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Romilly|first1=Jacqueline de|author-link=Jacqueline de Romilly |title=A Short History of Greek Literature|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226143125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_DTllltXBQC&pg=PA1|pages=1|access-date=22 November 2016|language=en|year=1985|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810024216/https://books.google.com/books?id=y_DTllltXBQC&pg=PA1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bgr">{{cite book|last1=Graziosi|first1=Barbara|author-link=Barbara Graziosi |title=Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521809665|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCHsh9QWzLYC&pg=PA15|pages=15|access-date=22 November 2016|language=en|year=2002|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810024216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vCHsh9QWzLYC&pg=PA15|url-status=live}}</ref> Most researchers believe that the poems were originally [[Oral tradition|transmitted orally]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahl|first1=Frederick|last2=Roisman|first2=Hanna|title=The Odyssey Re-formed|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801483356|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dB27oJJb_NYC&pg=PA7|access-date=23 November 2016|language=en|year=1996|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810024215/https://books.google.com/books?id=dB27oJJb_NYC&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref> From [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]] until the present day, the influence of Homeric epic on [[Western culture|Western civilization]] has been significant, inspiring many of its most famous works of literature, music, art and film.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Latacz|first1=Joachim|title=Homer, His Art and His World|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0472083534|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzRhA7q7ZuMC&pg=PA2|access-date=22 November 2016|language=en|year=1996|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810024216/https://books.google.com/books?id=JzRhA7q7ZuMC&pg=PA2|url-status=live}}</ref> The Homeric epics were the greatest influence on ancient Greek culture and education; to [[Plato]], Homer was simply the one who "has taught Greece" – ''ten Hellada pepaideuken''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Too|first1=Yun Lee|title=The Idea of the Library in the Ancient World|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0199577804|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fGsVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|access-date=22 November 2016|language=en|year=2010|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805075340/https://books.google.com/books?id=fGsVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=MacDonald|first1=Dennis R.|author-link=Dennis R. MacDonald|title=Christianizing Homer: The Odyssey, Plato, and the Acts of Andrew|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195358629|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17xEDe6_Jt4C&pg=PA17|access-date=22 November 2016|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630083720/https://books.google.com/books?id=17xEDe6_Jt4C&pg=PA17|archive-date=30 June 2017|year=1994}}</ref> [[Hesiod]]'s [[Works and Days]] (c.700 BC) and [[Theogony]] are some of the earliest and most influential works of ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. [[Plato]] (428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) and [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BC) authored philosophical texts that are regarded as the foundation of [[Western philosophy]], [[Sappho]] ({{circa|630|570 BC}}) and [[Pindar]] were influential [[lyric poetry|lyric poets]], and [[Herodotus]] ({{circa|484|425 BC}}) and [[Thucydides]] were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in ancient Greece, of the hundreds of [[tragedy|tragedies]] written and performed during the [[classical age]], only a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: [[Aeschylus]], [[Sophocles]], and [[Euripides]]. The plays of [[Aristophanes]] ({{circa|446|386 BC}}) provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as [[Ancient Greek comedy|Old Comedy]], the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre.<ref>''Aristophanes: Butts'' K.J.Dover (ed), Oxford University Press 1970, Intro. p. x.</ref><br />
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The [[Hebrew]] religious text, the [[Torah]], is widely seen as a product of the [[Persian period]] (539–333 BC, probably 450–350 BC).{{Sfn|Frei|2001|p=6}} This consensus echoes a traditional Jewish view which gives [[Ezra]], the leader of the Jewish community on its return from Babylon, a pivotal role in its promulgation.{{sfn|Romer|2008|p=2 and fn.3}} This represents a major source of Christianity's Bible, which has had a major influence on Western literature.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Bible: A Very Short Introduction|last= Riches|first= John|year= 2000|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford|isbn= 978-0-19-285343-1|page= 134}}</ref><br />
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The beginning of [[Roman literature]] dates to 240 BC, when a Roman audience saw a Latin version of a Greek play.<ref>Duckworth, George Eckel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLEo5U9sb0C&pg=PA3 ''The nature of Roman comedy: a study in popular entertainment.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804104234/https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLEo5U9sb0C&pg=PA3&dq |date=4 August 2020 }} University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. p. 3. Web. 15 October 2011.</ref> Literature in [[Latin]] would flourish for the next six centuries, and includes essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings.<br />
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The [[Qur'an]] (610 AD to 632 AD),<ref>{{cite book|last=Donner|first=Fred|title=Muhammad and the Believers: at the Origins of Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadbeliever00donn|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-674-05097-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadbeliever00donn/page/n173 153]–154}}</ref> the main [[Religious text|holy book]] of [[Islam]], had a significant influence on the Arab language, and marked the beginning of [[Islamic literature]]. Muslims believe it was transcribed in the Arabic dialect of the [[Quraysh]], the tribe of [[Muhammad]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |date=2019-09-08 |title=الوثائقية تفتح ملف "اللغة العربية" |url=https://doc.aljazeera.net/followup/الوثائقية-تفتح-ملف-اللغة-العربية/ |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=الجزيرة الوثائقية |language=ar |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616052303/https://doc.aljazeera.net/followup/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As Islam spread, the Quran had the effect of unifying and standardizing Arabic.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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Theological works in Latin were the dominant form of [[Mediaeval literature#Types of writing|literature]] in Europe typically found in libraries during the [[Middle Ages]]. [[Western culture|Western]] [[Vernacular literature]] includes the [[Poetic Edda]] and the [[sagas]], or heroic epics, of Iceland, the Anglo-Saxon ''[[Beowulf]]'', and the German ''[[Song of Hildebrandt]]''. A later form of [[Mediaeval literature|medieval fiction]] was the [[Romance (heroic literature)|romance]], an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Western-literature|title=Western literature - Medieval literature|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429055915/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343624/Western-literature/15348/Christianity-and-the-church|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the European [[Renaissance]] as a result of the [[Johannes Gutenberg]]'s invention of the [[printing press]]<ref>Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, ''The Printing Press as an Agent of Change''. Cambridge University Press, 1980</ref> around 1440, while the [[Medieval romance]] developed into the novel.<ref name="The True Story of the Novel">Margaret Anne Doody, [https://archive.org/details/truestoryofnovel0000dood/page/1 ''The True Story of the Novel'']. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996, rept. 1997, p.&nbsp;1. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Publishing ===<br />
[[File:Jingangjing.jpg|thumb|The intricate frontispiece of the [[Diamond Sutra]] from [[Tang dynasty]] China, the world's earliest dated printed book, AD 868 ([[British Library]])]]<br />
Publishing became possible with the [[history of writing|invention of writing]] but became more practical with the [[History of printing|invention of printing]]. Prior to printing, distributed works were copied manually, by [[scribe]]s.<br />
<br />
The Chinese inventor [[Bi Sheng]] made [[movable type]] of earthenware {{circa|1045}} and was spread to Korea later. Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing. East metal movable type was spread to Europe between the late 14th century and early 15th century.<ref>{{cite book |author = Polenz, Peter von. |title = Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: I. Einführung, Grundbegriffe, Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit. |publisher = New York/Berlin: Gruyter, Walter de GmbH |year = 1991 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.rightreading.com/printing/gutenberg.asia/gutenberg-asia-1-introduction.htm|title = Did East Asian Printing Traditions Influence the European Renaissance?|author = Thomas Christensen|access-date = 2006-10-18|year = 2007|publisher = Arts of Asia Magazine (to appear)}}</ref><ref>[[Thomas Franklin Carter]], ''The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward'', The Ronald Press, NY 2nd ed. 1955, pp. 176–178</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=L. S. Stavrianos|author-link=L. S. Stavrianos|title=A Global History: From Prehistory to the 21st Century |edition=7th |year=1998 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-13-923897-0 }}</ref> In {{circa|1450}}, [[Johannes Gutenberg]] invented movable type in Europe. This invention made books less expensive to produce and therefore more widely available.<ref>Eisenstein, Elizabeth L., ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe'', Cambridge University Press, 1983</ref><br />
<br />
Early printed books, single sheets, and images created before 1501 in Europe are known as [[incunable]]s or ''incunabula''. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in A.D. 330."<ref>[[Michael Clapham (industrialist)|Clapham, Michael]], "Printing" in ''A History of Technology'', Vol 2. ''From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution'', edd. Charles Singer ''et al.'' (Oxford 1957), p. 377. Cited from [[Elizabeth L. Eisenstein]], ''The Printing Press as an Agent of Change'' (Cambridge University, 1980).</ref><br />
<br />
Eventually, printing enabled other forms of publishing besides books. The [[history of newspaper publishing]] began in Germany in 1609, with the [[magazine#History|publishing of magazines]] following in 1663.<br />
<br />
=== University discipline ===<br />
==== In England ====<br />
{{main|English studies}}<br />
<br />
In late 1820s England, growing political and social awareness, "particularly among the [[utilitarians]] and [[Jeremy Bentham|Bentham]]ites, promoted the possibility of including courses in English literary study in the newly formed [[London University]]". This further developed into the idea of the study of literature being "the ideal carrier for the propagation of the humanist cultural myth of a well educated, culturally harmonious nation".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oldsite.english.ucsb.edu/faculty/rraley/research/english/court.html|title=Court: Institutionalizing English Literature|website=oldsite.english.ucsb.edu|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021083037/http://oldsite.english.ucsb.edu/faculty/rraley/research/english/court.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== America ====<br />
{{Main|American literature (academic discipline)}}<br />
<br />
=== Women and literature ===<br />
{{Further|French literature|German literature|Russian literature|5=English poetry#Women poets in the 18th century}}<br />
<br />
The widespread education of women was not common until the nineteenth century, and because of this, literature until recently was mostly [[Western canon#Historical exclusion of women|male dominated]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/cheryb/women/wlit.html|title=Women and Literature|website=www.ibiblio.org|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024035024/http://www.ibiblio.org/cheryb/women/wlit.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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There were few English-language women poets whose names are remembered until the twentieth century. In the [[English poetry#Victorian poetry|nineteenth century]] some notable individuals include [[Emily Brontë]], [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]], and [[Emily Dickinson]] (see [[American poetry]]). But while generally women are absent from the European canon of [[Romantic poetry|Romantic literature]], there is one notable exception, the French novelist and memoirist Amantine Dupin (1804 – 1876) best known by her [[pen name]] [[George Sand]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hart |first1=Kathleen |title=Revolution and Women's Autobiography in Nineteenth-century France |date=2004 |publisher=Rodopi |page=91}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Linda M. |title=Germaine de Staël, George Sand, and the Victorian Woman Artist |date=2003 |publisher=University of Missouri Press |page=48}}</ref> One of the more popular writers in Europe in her lifetime,<ref name="Eisler 2018">{{cite news |last1=Eisler |first1=Benita |title='George Sand' Review: Monstre Sacré |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/george-sand-review-monstre-sacre-1528489494 |access-date=2018-11-06 |work=WSJ |date=8 June 2018 |archive-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923104833/https://www.wsj.com/articles/george-sand-review-monstre-sacre-1528489494 |url-status=live }}</ref> being more renowned than both [[Victor Hugo]] and [[Honoré de Balzac]] in England in the 1830s and 1840s,<ref name="Thomson 1972">{{cite journal |last1= Thomson |first1= Patricia |date= July 1972 |title= George Sand and English Reviewers: The First Twenty Years |journal=[[Modern Language Review]]|volume= 67 |issue= 3 |pages= 501–516 |doi= 10.2307/3726119 |jstor= 3726119 }}</ref> Sand is recognised as one of the most notable writers of the European Romantic era. [[Jane Austen]] (1775 – 1817) is the first major English woman novelist, while [[Aphra Behn]] is an early female dramatist.<br />
<br />
[[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prizes in Literature]] have been awarded between 1901 and 2020 to 117 individuals: 101 men and 16 women. [[Selma Lagerlöf]] (1858 – 1940) was the first woman to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], which she was awarded in 1909. Additionally, she was the first woman to be granted a membership in The [[Swedish Academy]] in 1914.<ref name=":0j">{{Cite book|title=Swedish Women's Writing 1850-1995|last=Forsas-Scott|first=Helena|publisher=The Athlone Press|year=1997|isbn=0485910039|location=London|pages=63}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Feminism|Feminist scholars]] have since the twentieth century sought to [[Women's writing (literary category)#Rediscovering ignored works from the past|expand the literary canon]] to include more women writers.<br />
<br />
=== Children's literature ===<br />
[[File:Pinocchio.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio]]'' (1883) is a canonical piece of children's literature and [[List of best-selling books|one of the best-selling books]] ever published.<ref>...remains the most translated Italian book and, after the Bible, the most widely read... by Francelia Butler, ''Children's Literature'', Yale University Press, 1972.</ref>]]<br />
A separate genre of children's literature only began to emerge in the eighteenth century, with the development of the concept of [[childhood]].<ref name=nikola>{{cite book |editor-last=Nikolajeva |editor-first=María |editor-link=Maria Nikolajeva |title=Aspects and Issues in the History of Children's Literature |year=1995 |publisher=Greenwood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubZL9V1L9fEC&pg=PR9 |isbn=978-0-313-29614-7 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727215518/https://books.google.com/books?id=ubZL9V1L9fEC&pg=PR9 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|x-xi}} The earliest of these books were educational books, books on conduct, and simple ABCs—often decorated with animals, plants, and anthropomorphic letters.<ref>Lyons, Martyn. 2011. Books: a living history. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.</ref><br />
<br />
==Study and criticism==<br />
{{Main|Literary criticism}}<br />
<br />
=== Literary theory ===<br />
{{Further|Literary theory|Philosophy and literature#The philosophy of literature}}<br />
A fundamental question of [[literary theory]] is "what is literature?" – although many contemporary theorists and literary scholars believe either that "literature" cannot be defined or that it can refer to any use of language.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sullivan|first=Patrick|date=2002-01-01|title="Reception Moments," Modern Literary Theory, and the Teaching of Literature|jstor=40012241|journal=Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy|volume=45|issue=7|pages=568–577}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Literary fiction===<br />
{{Further|Western canon#Literary canon}}<br />
[[File:Parnaso 09.jpg|thumb|[[Dante]], [[Homer]] and [[Virgil]] in [[Raphael Sanzio|Raphael]]'s ''[[The Parnassus|Parnassus]]'' fresco (1511), key figures in the Western canon]]<br />
[[Literary fiction]] is a term used to describe fiction that explores any facet of the [[human condition]], and may involve [[social commentary]]. It is often regarded as having more artistic merit than [[genre fiction]], especially the most commercially oriented types, but this has been contested in recent years, with the serious study of genre fiction within universities.<ref>Matthew Schneider-Mayerson, "Popular Fiction Studies: The Advantages of a New Field". ''Studies in Popular Culture'', Vol. 33, No. 1 (Fall 2010), pp. 21-3</ref><br />
<br />
The following, by the British author [[William Boyd (writer)|William Boyd]] on the short story, might be applied to all prose fiction:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>[short stories] seem to answer something very deep in our nature as if, for the duration of its telling, something special has been created, some essence of our experience extrapolated, some temporary sense has been made of our common, turbulent journey towards the grave and oblivion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/william-boyd-short-history-of-the-short-story|title=A short history of the short story|last=Boyd|first=William|access-date=2018-04-17|language=en-US|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621042829/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/william-boyd-short-history-of-the-short-story|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
The very best in literature is annually recognized by the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], which is awarded to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist [[Alfred Nobel]], produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction" (original Swedish: ''den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning'').<ref name='nobelorglit'>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature |access-date= |work=nobelprize.org |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713233725/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name='swedishref'>{{cite news |author=John Sutherland |title=Ink and Spit |publisher=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/oct/13/featuresreviews.guardianreview31 |work=Guardian Unlimited Books |date=13 October 2007 |access-date=13 October 2007 |archive-date=11 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111074241/http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2189673,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===The value of imaginative literature===<br />
<br />
Some researchers suggest that literary fiction can play a role in an individual's psychological development.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBcsaEQmwBEC&q=literature+importance+in+psychology+reading&pg=PT10 |title=So-called "Alternative FLL-Approaches" |last=Oebel |first=Guido |publisher=GRIN Verlag |year=2001 |isbn=9783640187799 |location=Norderstedt |language=en |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414114736/https://books.google.com/books?id=vBcsaEQmwBEC&q=literature+importance+in+psychology+reading&pg=PT10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Psychologists have also been using literature as a therapeutic tool.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Discontinuous Discourses in Modern Russian Literature |last1=Makin |first1=Michael |last2=Kelly |first2=Catriona |last3=Shepher |first3=David |last4=de Rambures |first4=Dominique |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1989 |isbn=978-1349198511 |location=New York |pages=122}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Children's Literature and its Effects |last=Cullingford |first=Cedric |publisher=A&C Black |year=1998 |isbn=0304700924 |location=London |pages=5}}</ref> Psychologist Hogan argues for the value of the time and emotion that a person devotes to understanding a character's situation in literature;{{sfn|Hogan|2011|p=10}} that it can unite a large community by provoking universal emotions, as well as allowing readers access to different cultures, and new emotional experiences.{{sfn|Hogan|2011|p=11}} One study, for example, suggested that the presence of familiar cultural values in literary texts played an important impact on the performance of minority students.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook of Child Psychology, Child Psychology in Practice |last1=Damon |first1=William |last2=Lerner |first2=Richard |last3=Renninger |first3=Ann |last4=Sigel |first4=Irving |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2006| isbn=0471272876 |location=Hoboken, NJ |pages=90}}</ref><br />
<br />
Psychologist [[Abraham Maslow|Maslow's]] ideas help literary critics understand how characters in literature reflect their personal culture and the history.{{sfn|Paris|1986|p=61}} The theory suggests that literature helps an individual's struggle for self-fulfillment.{{sfn|Paris|1986|p=25}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raihan |first=S. |last2=Nezami |first2=A. |date=2012 |title=The Use of Figures of Speech as a Literary Device - A Specific Mode of Expression in English Literature |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Use-of-Figures-of-Speech-as-a-Literary-Device-A-Raihan-Nezami/7f8c1206555ca7ec0df99a768013feca66e40c7a |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=www.semanticscholar.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Aesthetic value ===<br />
{{Further|Aesthetic judgment|Value judgment}}<br />
<br />
== The influence of religious texts ==<br />
{{Further|Islamic literature|King James Version#Influence}}<br />
<br />
Religion has had a major influence on literature, through works like the [[Vedas]], the [[Torah]], the Bible,<ref>{{cite book<br />
|last1 = Riches<br />
|first1 = John<br />
|orig-date = 2000<br />
|chapter = The Bible in high and popular culture<br />
|title = The Bible: a Very Short Introduction<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=07dFEAAAQBAJ<br />
|series = Volume 14 in Very Short Introductions Series<br />
|date = 2022<br />
|edition = 2<br />
|location = Oxford<br />
|publisher = Oxford University Press<br />
|publication-date = 2021<br />
|page = 115<br />
|isbn = 978-0198863335<br />
|access-date = 23 February 2022<br />
|quote = In its various translations, [the Bible] has had a formative influence on the language, the literature, the art, the music of all the major European and North American cultures. It continues to influence popular culture in films, novels, and music.<br />
|archive-date = 23 February 2022<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220223053100/https://books.google.com/books?id=07dFEAAAQBAJ<br />
|url-status = live<br />
}}</ref> and the [[Quran]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts|title=Islamic arts - Islamic literatures|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=22 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622144153/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Bible: A Very Short Introduction|last=Riches |first= John |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-285343-1 |page=134}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism|title=Hinduism - Vernacular literatures|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=11 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311180325/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[King James Version]] of the Bible has been called "the most influential version of the most influential book in the world, in what is now its most influential language", "the most important book in English religion and culture", and "arguably the most celebrated book in the [[English-speaking world]],"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rsc.byu.edu/new-testament-history-culture-society/king-james-translation-new-testament#:~:text=The%20King%20James%20Version%20of,1 | title=The King James Translation of the New Testament &#124; Religious Studies Center }}</ref> principally because of its literary style and widespread distribution. Prominent [[Atheism|atheist]] figures such as the late [[Christopher Hitchens]] and [[Richard Dawkins]] have praised the King James Version as being "a giant step in the maturing of English literature" and "a great work of literature", respectively, with Dawkins adding: "A native speaker of English who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian".<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2011/05/hitchens-201105?currentPage=all|title= When the King Saved God|year= 2011|magazine= [[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|access-date= 10 August 2017|archive-date= 24 December 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201224153506/https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2011/05/hitchens-201105?currentPage=all|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/may/19/richard-dawkins-king-james-bible|title= Why I want all our children to read the King James Bible|date= 20 May 2012|newspaper= [[The Guardian]]|access-date= 10 August 2017|archive-date= 29 November 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201129234923/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/may/19/richard-dawkins-king-james-bible|url-status= live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Societies in which [[preaching]] has great importance, and those in which religious structures and [[clergy|authorities]] have a near-monopoly of [[literacy|reading and writing]] and/or a censorship role (as, for example, in the European [[Middle Ages]]), may impart a religious gloss{{clarify|date=May 2024}} to much of the literature those societies produce or retain. The traditions of [[textual criticism|close study]] of religious texts has furthered the development of techniques and theories in [[literary studies]].{{cn|date=May 2024}}<br />
<br />
==Types==<br />
<br />
=== Poetry ===<br />
<br />
[[File:Calligramme.jpg|thumb|A [[calligram]] by [[Guillaume Apollinaire]]. These are a type of poem in which the written words are arranged in such a way to produce a visual image.]]<br />
{{main article|Poetry}}<br />
<br />
Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from [[prose]] by its greater use of the [[Aesthetics|aesthetic]] qualities of language, including musical devices such as [[assonance]], [[alliteration]], [[rhyme]], and [[rhythm]], and by being set in [[Line (poetry)|lines]] and [[Verse (poetry)|verses]] rather than paragraphs, and more recently its use of other [[Typography|typographical]] elements.<ref name=oedpoetry>{{cite web|title=poetry, n.|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/146552|work=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=OUP|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630003156/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/146552|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>{{sfn|Preminger|1993|p=938}}{{sfn|Preminger|1993|p=939}} This distinction is complicated by various hybrid forms such as [[digital poetry]], [[sound poetry]], [[concrete poetry]] and [[prose poem]],{{sfn|Preminger|1993|p=981}} and more generally by the fact that prose possesses rhythm.{{sfn|Preminger|1993|p=979}} Abram Lipsky refers to it as an "open secret" that "prose is not distinguished from poetry by lack of rhythm".<ref name=lipsky>{{cite journal|last=Lipsky|first=Abram|title=Rhythm in Prose|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sewanee-review_1908-07_16_3/page/276|journal=The Sewanee Review|year=1908|volume=16|issue=3|pages=277–289|jstor=27530906}} {{subscription required}}</ref><br />
<br />
Prior to the 19th century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines: "any kind of subject consisting of {{sic|hide=y|Rhythm}} or Verses".<ref name=oedpoetry /> Possibly as a result of [[Aristotle]]'s influence (his ''[[Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics]]''), "poetry" before the 19th century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art.{{clarify|date=October 2020}}<ref name="Ross, The Emergence of Literature: Making and Reading the English Canon in the Eighteenth Century, 398">{{cite journal|last=Ross|first=Trevor|title=The Emergence of "Literature": Making and Reading the English Canon in the Eighteenth Century."|journal=ELH|year=1996|volume=63|issue=2|url= https://www.ualberta.ca/~dmiall/MakingReaders/Readings/Ross%20English%20Canon.pdf|access-date=9 February 2014|doi=10.1353/elh.1996.0019|s2cid=170813833|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223450/http://www.ualberta.ca/~dmiall/MakingReaders/Readings/Ross%20English%20Canon.pdf|url-status=live|page= 398}}</ref> As a form it may pre-date [[literacy]], with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition;<ref>{{cite book|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth H.|title=Oral poetry: its nature, significance, and social context|year=1977|publisher=Indiana University Press|page=66}}</ref><ref name=magoun>{{cite journal|last=Magoun|first=Francis P. Jr.|title=Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry|journal=Speculum|year=1953|volume=28|issue=3|pages=446–467|jstor=2847021|doi=10.2307/2847021|s2cid=162903356}} {{subscription required}}</ref> hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.<br />
<br />
=== Prose ===<br />
{{main article|Prose}}<br />
<br />
As noted above, prose generally makes far less use of the aesthetic qualities of language than poetry.{{sfn|Preminger|1993|p=938}}{{sfn|Preminger|1993|p=939}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Glossary: P|url=http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/litweb10/glossary/P.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318074151/http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/litweb10/glossary/P.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2011|work=LitWeb, the Norton Introduction to Literature Studyspace|access-date=15 February 2014|author=Alison Booth|author2=Kelly J. Mays }}</ref> However, developments in modern literature, including [[free verse]] and [[prose poetry]] have tended to blur the differences, and poet [[T.S. Eliot]] suggested that while "the distinction between [[Verse (poetry)|verse]] and prose is clear, the distinction between poetry and prose is obscure".<ref>Eliot T.S. 'Poetry & Prose: The Chapbook. Poetry Bookshop: London, 1921.</ref> There are [[verse novel]]s, a type of narrative poetry in which a novel-length narrative is told through the medium of poetry rather than prose. ''[[Eugene Onegin]]'' (1831) by [[Alexander Pushkin]] is the most famous example.<ref>For discussion of the basic categorical issues see {{harv|Preminger|1993|loc="Narrative Poetry"}}.</ref><br />
<br />
On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes that, in the case of [[ancient Greece]], "recent scholarship has emphasized the fact that formal prose was a comparatively late development, an 'invention' properly associated with the [[Classical antiquity|classical period]]".<ref name=graff>{{cite journal|last=Graff|first=Richard|title=Prose versus Poetry in Early Greek Theories of Style|journal=Rhetorica|year=2005|volume=23|issue=4|pages=303–335|jstor=10.1525/rh.2005.23.4.303|doi=10.1525/rh.2005.23.4.303|s2cid=144730853 }} {{subscription required}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Latin]] was a major influence on the development of prose in many European countries. Especially important was the great Roman orator [[Cicero]].<ref>"Literature", ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. online</ref> It was the ''[[lingua franca]]'' among literate Europeans until quite recent times, and the great works of [[Descartes]] (1596 – 1650), [[Francis Bacon]] (1561 – 1626), and [[Baruch Spinoza]] (1632 – 1677) were published in Latin. Among the last important books written primarily in Latin prose were the works of [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] (d. 1772), [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] (d. 1778), [[Leonhard Euler|Euler]] (d. 1783), [[Carl Friedrich Gauss|Gauss]] (d. 1855), and [[Isaac Newton]] (d. 1727).<br />
<br />
====Novel====<br />
{{main article|Novel}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Printing3 Walk of Ideas Berlin.JPG|thumb|Sculpture in [[Berlin]] depicting a stack of books on which are inscribed the names of great German writers]]<br />
{{See also|Genre fiction|Hypertext fiction}}<br />
<br />
A novel is a long fictional narrative, usually written in prose. In English, the term emerged from the [[Romance language]]s in the late 15th century, with the meaning of "news"; it came to indicate something new, without a distinction between fact or fiction.<ref name=sommerville>{{cite book|last=Sommerville|first=C. J.|year=1996|title=The News Revolution in England: Cultural Dynamics of Daily Information|location=Oxford|publisher=OUP|page=18}}</ref> The romance is a closely related long prose narrative. [[Walter Scott]] defined it as "a fictitious narrative in prose or verse; the interest of which turns upon marvelous and uncommon incidents", whereas in the novel "the events are accommodated to the ordinary train of human events and the modern state of society".<ref>"Essay on Romance", ''Prose Works'' volume vi, p.&nbsp;129, quoted in "Introduction" to Walter Scott's ''Quentin Durward'', ed. Susan Maning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, p.&nbsp;xxv. Romance should not be confused with [[Harlequin Romance]].</ref> Other European languages do not distinguish between romance and novel: "a novel is ''le roman'', ''der Roman'', ''il romanzo''",<ref name="Doody 1996, p. 15">Doody (1996), p.&nbsp;15.</ref> indicates the proximity of the forms.<ref name=brooklyn>{{cite web|title=The Novel|url=http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/novel.html|work=A Guide to the Study of Literature: A Companion Text for Core Studies 6, Landmarks of Literature|publisher=[[Brooklyn College]]|access-date=22 February 2014|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222161435/http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/novel.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Although there are many historical prototypes, so-called "novels before the novel",{{sfn|Goody|2006|p=19}} the modern novel form emerges late in cultural history—roughly during the eighteenth century.{{sfn|Goody|2006|p=20}} Initially subject to much criticism, the novel has acquired a dominant position amongst literary forms, both popularly and critically.<ref name=brooklyn />{{sfn|Goody|2006|p=29}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Novel, Volume 2: Forms and Themes|year=2006|publisher=Princeton UP|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0-691-04948-9|page=31|editor=Franco Moretti|chapter=The Novel in Search of Itself: A Historical Morphology}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Novella====<br />
{{main article|Novella}}<br />
<br />
The publisher [[Melville House Publishing|Melville House]] classifies the novella as "too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story".<ref name=antrim>{{Cite news|last=Antrim|first=Taylor|title=In Praise of Short|journal=The Daily Beast|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/08/04/the-novella-is-making-a-comeback.html|access-date=15 February 2014|year=2010|archive-date=18 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218182635/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/08/04/the-novella-is-making-a-comeback.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Publishers and literary award societies typically consider a novella to be between 17,000 and 40,000 words.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sfwa.org/awards/faq.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319043837/http://sfwa.org/awards/faq.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-03-19|title=What's the definition of a "novella," "novelette," etc.?|website=[[Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Short story====<br />
{{main article|Short story}}<br />
<br />
A dilemma in defining the "short story" as a literary form is how to, or whether one should, distinguish it from any short narrative and its contested origin,<ref name=boyd>{{cite web|last=Boyd|first=William|title=A short history of the short story|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/william-boyd-short-history-of-the-short-story/#.Uxr1EoVVO-c|publisher=Prospect Magazine|access-date=8 March 2014|archive-date=3 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204216/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/william-boyd-short-history-of-the-short-story/#.Uxr1EoVVO-c|url-status=live}}</ref> that include the Bible, and [[Edgar Allan Poe]].<ref name=colibaba>{{cite journal|last=Colibaba|first=Ştefan|title=The Nature of the Short Story: Attempts at Definition|journal=Synergy|year=2010|volume=6|issue=2|pages=220–230|url=http://synergy.ase.ro/issues/2010-vol6-no2/14-the-nature-of-the-short-story-attempts-at-definition.pdf|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-date=21 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321144131/http://synergy.ase.ro/issues/2010-vol6-no2/14-the-nature-of-the-short-story-attempts-at-definition.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Graphic novel ====<br />
{{Main article|Graphic novel}}<br />
<br />
Graphic novels and comic books present stories told in a combination of artwork, dialogue, and text.<br />
<br />
==== Electronic literature ====<br />
[[Electronic literature]] is a literary genre consisting of works created exclusively on and for [[digital devices]].<br />
<br />
==== Non-fiction ====<br />
Common literary examples of non-fiction include, the essay; [[travel literature]]; biography, autobiography and memoir; journalism; [[Letter (message)|letter]]; diary; history, [[Philosophy and literature#Philosophical writing as literature|philosophy]], economics; [[scientific writing|scientific]], [[nature writing|nature]], and [[technical writing|technical]] writings.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Quality Reading Instruction in the Age of Common Core Standards|editor=Susan B. Neuman|editor2=Linda B. Gambrell|page=46|year=2013|publisher=International Reading Association|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzbNGWVonZIC|isbn=978-0872074965|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414115008/https://books.google.com/books?id=mzbNGWVonZIC|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Non-fiction can fall within the broad category of literature as "any collection of written work", but some works fall within the narrower definition "by virtue of the excellence of their writing, their originality and their general aesthetic and artistic merits".{{sfn|Cuddon|1998|p=472}}<br />
<br />
=== Drama ===<br />
[[File:Libretto Cover Andrea Chenier.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Cover of a 1921 libretto for [[Umberto Giordano|Giordano]]'s opera ''[[Andrea Chénier]]'']]<br />
Drama is literature intended for performance.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elam|first1=Kier|title=The Semiotics of Theatre and Drama|url=https://archive.org/details/semioticsoftheat0000elam|url-access=registration|date=1980|publisher=Methuen|location=London and New York|isbn=978-0-416-72060-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/semioticsoftheat0000elam/page/98 98]}}</ref> The form is combined with music and dance in opera and musical theatre (see [[libretto]]). A play is a written dramatic work by a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly [[dialogue]] between characters. A [[closet drama]], by contrast, is written to be read rather than to be performed; the meaning of which can be realized fully on the page.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cody|first1=Gabrielle H.|title=The Columbia Encyclopedia of Modern Drama|date=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York City|page=271|edition=Volume 1}}</ref> Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.<br />
<br />
The earliest form of which there exists substantial knowledge is [[Greek theatre|Greek drama]]. This developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical, or [[mythology|mythological]] themes,<br />
<br />
In the twentieth century, [[Screenplay|script]]s written for non-stage media have been added to this form, including [[radio drama|radio]], television and film.<br />
<br />
== Law ==<br />
=== Law and literature ===<br />
The [[law and literature]] movement focuses on the interdisciplinary connection between law and literature.<br />
<br />
=== Copyright ===<br />
<br />
{{Further|History of copyright}}<br />
[[Copyright]] is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to make copies of a [[creative work]], usually for a limited time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of copyright |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/copyright |publisher=[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]] |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041434/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/copyright |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Definition of Copyright |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/copyright |dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=20 December 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041518/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/copyright |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nimmer on Copyright, vol. 2, §&nbsp;8.01.</ref><ref>"Intellectual property", ''Black's Law Dictionary'', 10th ed. (2014).</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_909_2016.pdf |title=Understanding Copyright and Related Rights |website=www.wipo.int |page=4 |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227043606/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_909_2016.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but not the idea itself.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/faqs/copyright-basics/ |title=Copyright Basics FAQ |last=Stim |first=Rich |website=The Center for Internet and Society Fair Use Project |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=21 July 2019 |date=27 March 2013 |archive-date=11 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611130447/https://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/faqs/copyright-basics/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bitlaw.com/copyright/unprotected.html#ideas |title=Works Unprotected by Copyright Law |publisher=Bitlaw |author=Daniel A. Tysver |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302173206/http://www.bitlaw.com/copyright/unprotected.html#ideas |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digital-law-online.info/lpdi1.0/treatise9.html |title=Legal Protection of Digital Information |page=''Chapter 1: An Overview of Copyright'', Section II.E. Ideas Versus Expression |author=Lee A. Hollaar |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028211829/http://digital-law-online.info/lpdi1.0/treatise9.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== United Kingdom ====<br />
Literary works have been protected by copyright law from unauthorized reproduction since at least 1710.<ref>The Statute of Anne 1710 and the Literary Copyright Act 1842 used the term "book". However, since 1911 the statutes have referred to literary works.</ref> Literary works are defined by copyright law to mean "any work, other than a dramatic or musical work, which is written, spoken or sung, and accordingly includes (a) a table or compilation (other than a database), (b) a computer program, (c) preparatory design material for a computer program, and (d) a database."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 |work=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=11 October 2021 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/part/I/chapter/I/crossheading/descriptions-of-work-and-related-provisions |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029171417/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/part/I/chapter/I/crossheading/descriptions-of-work-and-related-provisions |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Literary works are all works of literature; that is all works expressed in print or writing (other than dramatic or musical works).<ref>"University of London Press v. University Tutorial Press" [1916]{{full citation needed|date=November 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== United States ====<br />
The [[copyright law of the United States]] has a long and complicated history, dating back to colonial times. It was established as federal law with the Copyright Act of 1790. This act was updated many times, including a [[Copyright Act of 1976|major revision in 1976]].<br />
<br />
==== European Union ====<br />
The [[copyright law of the European Union]] is the copyright law applicable within the [[European Union]]. Copyright law is largely harmonized in the Union, although country to country differences exist. The body of law was implemented in the EU through a number of [[Directive (European Union)|directives]], which the member states need to enact into their national law. The main copyright directives are the [[Copyright Term Directive]], the [[Information Society Directive]] and the [[Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market]]. Copyright in the Union is furthermore dependent on international conventions to which the European Union is a member (such as the [[TRIPS Agreement]] and conventions to which all Member States are parties (such as the [[Berne Convention]])).<br />
<br />
====Copyright in communist countries====<br />
<br />
{{Further|Copyright in Russia|Copyright law of the Soviet Union|Intellectual property in China}}<br />
<br />
====Copyright in Japan====<br />
[[Copyright in Japan|Japan]] was a party to the original [[Berne convention]] in 1899, so its copyright law is in sync with most international regulations. The convention protected copyrighted works for 50 years after the author's death (or 50 years after publication for unknown authors and corporations). However, in 2004 Japan extended the copyright term to 70 years for cinematographic works. At the end of 2018, as a result of the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] negotiations, the 70-year term was applied to all works.<ref name="Agency for Cultural Affairs Text">{{cite web |url=http://www.bunka.go.jp/seisaku/chosakuken/hokaisei/kantaiheiyo_hokaisei/pdf/r1408266_02.pdf |script-title=ja:環太平洋パートナーシップ協定の法律） |language=ja |author=Agency for Cultural Affairs |publisher=Agency for Cultural Affairs |access-date=2019-01-04 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119052833/https://www.bunka.go.jp/seisaku/chosakuken/hokaisei/kantaiheiyo_hokaisei/pdf/r1408266_02.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This new term is not applied retroactively; works that had entered the public domain between 1999 and 2018 by expiration would remain in the public domain.<br />
<br />
=== Censorship ===<br />
[[File:Kuzma petrov-vodkin, ritratto di anna akhmatova, 1922.JPG|thumb|[[Soviet]] poet [[Anna Akhmatova]] (1922), whose works were condemned and censored by the [[Stalin]]ist authorities]]<br />
{{Further|Book censorship|Theatre censorship|Film censorship}}<br />
<br />
Censorship of literature is employed by states, religious organizations, educational institutions, etc., to control what can be portrayed, spoken, performed, or written.{{sfn|Cuddon|1998|pp=118–122|loc="Censorship"}} Generally such bodies attempt to ban works for [[sedition|political reasons]], or because they deal with other controversial matters such as race, or [[obscenity|sex]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Anonymous |url=http://www.ala.org/bbooks/about|title=About Banned & Challenged Books|work=ala.org|date=25 October 2016|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=8 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408084921/http://www.ala.org/bbooks/about|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
A notable example of censorship is [[James Joyce]]'s novel [[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]], which has been described by Russian-American novelist [[Vladimir Nabokov]] as a "divine work of art" and the greatest masterpiece of 20th century prose.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nabokov |first=Vladimir Vladimirovich |title=Strong opinions |date=1973 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |isbn=978-0-07-045737-9 |location=New York|pages=55–56}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Hurley in Pale Fire {{!}} The Nabokovian |url=https://thenabokovian.org/node/52233 |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=thenabokovian.org}}</ref> It was [[Obscenity trial of Ulysses in The Little Review|banned in the United States from 1921 until 1933]] on the grounds of obscenity. Nowadays it is a central literary text in English literature courses, throughout the world.<ref>''Ulysses'' has been called "the most prominent landmark in modernist literature", a work where life's complexities are depicted with "unprecedented, and unequalled, linguistic and stylistic virtuosity". ''The New York Times guide to essential knowledge'', 3d ed. (2011), p. 126.</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
<br />
There are numerous [[Literary award|awards]] recognizing achievements and contributions in literature. Given the diversity of the field, awards are typically limited in scope, usually on: form, genre, language, nationality and output (e.g. for first-time writers or [[debut novel]]s).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Man Booker 2013: Top 25 literary prizes|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookprizes/10139413/Man-Booker-2013-Top-25-literary-prizes.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015075047/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookprizes/10139413/Man-Booker-2013-Top-25-literary-prizes.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2013|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|The Telegraph]]|access-date=8 March 2014|author=John Stock|author2=Kealey Rigden |date=15 October 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] was one of the six [[Nobel Prizes]] established by the will of [[Alfred Nobel]] in 1895,<ref name=nobelfacts>{{cite web|title=Facts on the Nobel Prize in Literature|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/literature/index.html|work=Nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB|access-date=8 March 2014|archive-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308200013/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/literature/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and is awarded to an author on the basis of their body of work, rather than to, or for, a particular work itself.{{refn|group=note|However, in some instances a work has been cited in the explanation of why the award was given.}} Other literary prizes for which all nationalities are eligible include: the [[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]], the [[Man Booker International Prize]], [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama|Pulitzer Prize]], [[Hugo Award for Best Novel|Hugo Award]], [[Guardian First Book Award]] and the [[Franz Kafka Prize]].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Literature|Writing}}<br />
* [[Index of literature articles]]<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|<br />
* [[List of literary movements]]<br />
* [[List of narrative techniques]]<br />
* [[List of poetry groups and movements]]<br />
*[[List of writing genres]]<br />
* [[Literary agent]]<br />
* [[Literary magazine]]<br />
* [[Outline of literature]]<br />
* [[Reading]]<br />
* [[Rhetorical modes]]<br />
* {{section link|Science fiction|As serious literature}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}<br />
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* {{citation |last=Baxter |first=William H. |title=A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology |author-link=William H. Baxter |location=Berlin |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |year=1992 |isbn=978-3-11-012324-1 |postscript=.}}<br />
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Cuddon |given=J. A. |authorlink=J. A. Cuddon |editor=C.E. Preston |title=A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory |edition=4th rev. |year=1998 |orig-year=1977 |place=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=0-631-20271-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflite00cudd_0/mode/1up |url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=[[Literary Theory: An Introduction]]|year=2008|publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-4051-7921-8|edition=Anniversary, 2nd}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |author-link=Gavin Flood |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |url-access=registration |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 }}<br />
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Flood |editor-first1=Gavin |title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism |date=2003 |publisher=Blackwell Publ |location=Oxford |isbn=1-4051-3251-5}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Hogan |first=P. Colm |year=2011 |title=What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion |location=New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}<br />
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* {{cite book |surname=Goody |given=Jack |author-link=Jack Goody |title=The Interface Between the Written and the Oral |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-521-33794-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/interfacebetween00good |url-access= registration}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Goody |first=Jack |title=The Novel, Volume 1: History, Geography, and Culture|year=2006|publisher=Princeton UP|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0-691-04947-2|page=18|editor=Franco Moretti|chapter=From Oral to Written: An Anthropological Breakthrough in Storytelling}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Jacobs |first=Joseph |title=The earliest English version of the Fables of Bidpai |url=https://archive.org/details/earliestenglishv00doniuoft |year=1888}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |year=2004 |title=A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2000-5}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Paris |first=B.J. |year=1986 |title=Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature |location=Cranbury |publisher=[[Associated University Press]]}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Preminger|first=Alex|title=The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics|url=https://archive.org/details/newprincetonency00alex|url-access=registration|publisher=US: Princeton University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-691-02123-2|display-authors=etal}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. |last2=Moore |first2=C. A. |author-link=Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan |year=1957 |title=A Source Book in Indian Philosophy |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-691-01958-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Romer |first=Thomas |date=2008 |title=Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity |url=http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Hebrew Scriptures |volume=8, article 15 |pages=2–12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021035437/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-21 |access-date=2019-09-27}}<br />
* {{citation |year=1925 |title=The Panchatantra |last=Ryder |first=Arthur W. (transl) |author-link=Arthur W. Ryder |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=81-7224-080-5 |url=https://archive.org/stream/Panchatantra_Arthur_W_Ryder/Panchatantra%20-%20Arthur%20W%20Ryder#page/n9/mode/2up}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
;Encyclopedias<br />
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Baldick |given=Chris |authorlink=Chris Baldick |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms |edition=4th |format=Online Version |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0191783234 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198715443.001.0001/acref-9780198715443 |url-access=subscription}}<br />
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Greene |editor-given=Roland |editor-link=Roland Greene |display-editors=etal |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics |edition=4th rev. |year=2012 |url={{Google books|id=uKiC6IeFR2UC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |place=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-15491-6}}<br />
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature |place=Springfield, Ma |publisher=Merriam-Webster |year=1995 |url={{Google books|id=eKNK1YwHcQ4C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=0-87779-042-6}}<br />
<br />
;Other<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bonheim |first=Helmut |title=The Narrative Modes: Techniques of the Short Story |year=1982 |publisher=Brewer |location=Cambridge}} An overview of several hundred short stories.<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Gillespie |first=Gerald |title=Novella, nouvelle, novella, short novel? — A review of terms |journal=Neophilologus |date=January 1967 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=117–127 |doi=10.1007/BF01511303 |s2cid=162102536}}<br />
*MAZZEO, T. J. (2012). Some Caveats about Postulating a Regency Literature. Keats-Shelley Journal, 61, 57–64. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24396035<br />
* {{cite web |last=Wheeler |first=L. Kip |title=Periods of Literary History |url=http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/periods_lit_history.pdf |publisher=[[Carson-Newman University]] |access-date=18 March 2014 |archive-date=1 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301021627/http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Periods_Lit_History.pdf |url-status=live}} Brief summary of major periods in literary history of the Western tradition.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Wikivoyage|Literature}}<br />
{{Library resources box<br />
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}}<br />
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ Project Gutenberg Online Library]<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/texts Digital eBook Collection] – [[Internet Archive]]<br />
<br />
{{Humanities}}<br />
{{Literary composition}}<br />
{{Subject bar |wikt=yes |wikt-search=literature |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Literature |n=yes |n-search=Category:Literature |q=yes |s=yes |s-search=Category:Literature |b=yes |b-search=Subject:Literature |v=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q8242|Literature}}<br />
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<br />
[[Category:Literature| ]]<br />
[[Category:Written communication]]<br />
[[Category:Humanities]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savitribai_Phule_Pune_University&diff=458782Savitribai Phule Pune University2026-03-26T07:59:52Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: brief improved information per standard format further and updated info per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Public university in Pune, Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Savitribai Phule Pune University<br />
| former_names = {{Plainlist|<br />
* University of Poona<br />
* University of Pune}}<br />
| latin_name = <br />
| motto = {{native phrase|sa|Yaḥ kriyāvān saḥ paṇḍitaḥ|italics=off}}<br />
| mottoeng = Where Actions Prove Knowledge<ref>{{cite web|title=Motto in English – Pune University Emblem Details|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/university_files/university_emblem.htm|publisher=University of Pune|access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref><br />
| established = {{Start date and age|1949|2|10|df=y}}<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = <br />
| colors = {{color box|#008B8B}} [[Shades of cyan|Dark cyan]]<br/>{{color box|#F28500}} [[Tangerine (color)|Tangerine]]<br />
| image_name = Savitribai Phule Pune University Logo.png<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = [[Coat of arms]]<br />
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[state university (India)|state university]] <br />
| chancellor = [[Governor of Maharashtra]]<br />
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Suresh Gosavi<br />
| students = 665121<ref>{{Cite web|title=Academic Landscape|url=https://htedu.maharashtra.gov.in/enrollment/|website=Ministry of Higher and Technical Education, Government of Maharashtra}}</ref><br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = 6,948<ref name="PU">{{cite web|title=University Student Enrollment Details|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=21&Unitype=2|website=ugc.ac.in|access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref><br />
| doctoral = <br />
| city = [[Pune]]<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| budget = {{INRConvert|593.53|c}}<br>{{small|(2021–22)}}<ref name="hindustan times">{{cite web |title=Online senate meet clears ₹540 crore SPPU budget for 2021–22|date=21 March 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/online-senate-meet-clears-rs-540-crore-sppu-budget-for-202122-101616336084596.html|access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref><br />
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]<br />
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.unipune.ac.in}}<br />
| address = [[Aundh, Pune|Ganeshkhind, Aundh]]<br />
| coor = {{coord|18.5523|N|73.8246|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| former_name = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:University of Pune, Pune.jpg|thumb|upright|Main building of Pune University]]<br />
<br />
'''Savitribai Phule Pune University''' ('''SPPU'''), formerly the '''University of Pune''', is a [[Public university|public]] [[State university (India)|state university]] located in the city of [[Pune]], India. It was established in 1949, and is spread over a {{convert|411|acre|km2}} campus in the neighbourhood of [[Aundh, Pune|Ganeshkhind]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/university_files/about_campus.htm|title =The University of Pune Campus|access-date=29 September 2011|year=2010|publisher=University of Pune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829071631/http://www.unipune.ac.in/university_files/about_campus.htm|archive-date = 29 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The university houses 46 academic departments. It has about 307 recognised research institutes and 612 affiliated colleges offering graduate and under-graduate courses. Savitribai Phule Pune University Ranked 12th [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]] Ranking in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=Savitribai Phule Pune University Ranked 12th NIRF Ranking, Seeks Maharashtra Government Support To Better Rank |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/savitribai-phule-pune-university-ranked-12th-nirf-ranking-seeks-maharashtra-government-support-to-better-rank/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/UniversityRanking.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=www.nirfindia.org |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112070520/https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/UniversityRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The University of Pune was established on 10 February 1949 under the Pune University Act passed by the [[Bombay State|Bombay]] legislature in 1948.<ref name="university history">{{cite web|title=Pune University History|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/university_files/university_history.htm|publisher=Pune University|access-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> [[M. R. Jayakar]] became its first [[Chancellor (education)|vice-chancellor]]. Its first office was started from the Nizam Guest House, which is part of [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] on Law College Road. The university was operated at Nizam Guest House until 1 June 1949. Its current building was originally called the Governor House. As its name suggests, it was the seasonal retreat of the governor of Bombay.<ref name="nizamguesthouse">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-university-of-pune-turns-65-nizam-guest-house-to-oxford-of-the-east-1960840|title=University of Pune turns 65 : Nizam Guest House to Oxford of the East|date=10 February 2014|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Grab a slice of history at Savitribai Phule Pune University in Maharashtra |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/savitribai-phule-pune-university-heritage-tour-offers-insightful-stories-from-british-era-and-enriches-your-mind-and-soul/cid/1924261 |access-date=20 July 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |issue=The Telegraph |date=22 March 2023}}</ref> [[B. G. Kher]], [[Chief Minister]] and Education Minister of the government of Bombay, helped ensure the university received a large allocation of land for their campus. The university was allocated over 411 acres (1.66&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>).<ref name="university history"/><br />
<br />
The institution's name was changed from the University of Pune to Savitribai Phule Pune University on 9 August 2014 in honor of 19th century Indian social reformer [[Savitribai Phule]], who played an important role in improving the lives of women and the [[Dalit]] communities in Maharashtra during [[British Raj|British colonial rule]]. She and her husband [[Mahatma Jyotirao Phule|Mahatma Jyotiba Phule]] founded India's first native-run school for girls in 1848.<ref name="university rename">{{cite news|title=It's Savitribai Phule Pune University |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Its-Savitribai-Phule-Pune-University/articleshow/39772990.cms|work=The Times of India|date=7 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Organisation and administration ==<br />
[[File:Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU).jpg|thumb|Entrance to the main building]]<br />
<br />
===Governance===<br />
====Jurisdiction====<br />
Originally, the university had a jurisdiction extending over 12 districts of western [[Maharashtra]]. With the establishment of [[Shivaji University]] in [[Kolhapur]] in 1962, the jurisdiction was restricted to five districts: [[Pune]], [[Ahmednagar]], [[Nashik]], [[Dhule]], and [[Jalgaon]]. Out of these, two districts—Dhule and Jalgaon—are attached to the [[North Maharashtra University]] in [[Jalgaon]] established in August 1990.<ref name="university history"/><br />
<br />
====Vice-Chancellors====<br />
Past and present vice-chancellors of the university are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice-Chancellors List|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/university_files/vice_chancellorsList.htm|access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref><br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! |No<br />
! |Year <br />
! |Name<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| 1948–56<br />
| [[M. R. Jayakar|Mukund Ramrao Jayakar]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| 1956–1959<br />
| [[R. P. Paranjpye]]<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| 1959–1961<br />
| [[Dattatreya Gopal Karve]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| 1961–1964<br />
| [[Datto Vaman Potdar]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| 1964–1966<br />
| [[Narahar Vishnu Gadgil]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| 1966–1967<br />
| [[Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|1967–1970<br />
|[[Hari Vinayak Pataskar]]<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|1970–1972<br />
|B. P. Apte<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|1972–1975<br />
|G. S. Mahajan<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|1975–1978<br />
|[[Devdatta Dabholkar]]<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|1978–1984<br />
|[[Ram G. Takwale]]<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|1984–1988<br />
|V. G. Bhide<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|1988–1995<br />
|S. C. Gupta<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|1995–1998<br />
|[[Vasant Gowarikar]]<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|1998–2000<br />
| [[Arun Nigavekar]]<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|2000–2001<br />
|N. J. Sonawane<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|2001–2006<br />
|Ashok S. Kolaskar<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|2006–2006<br />
|Ratnakar Gaikwad<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|2006–2009<br />
|[[Narendra Jadhav]]<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|2009–2010<br />
|Dr. Arun Adsool<br />
|-21. Dr. Raghunath Shevgaonkar (2010–11)<br />
|21<br />
|2010–2011<br />
|Sanjay Chahande<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|2012–2017<br />
|Wasudeo Gade<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|2017-2022<br />
|Nitin R. Karmalkar<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|2022–2023<br />
|Karbhari V. Kale<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|2023–present<br />
|'''Prof.(Dr.)''' '''Suresh Gosavi'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Departments===<br />
[[File:Pune University 2a.jpg|thumb|Administrative Building]]<br />
The university has various departments and centres, offering courses in science, social science, management, law, etc.<ref name="department">{{cite web|title=Departments List |url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/university_files/dept.htm|publisher=Pune University|access-date=22 September 2013}}</ref><br />
* The Engineering department offers courses in various fields, including Computer Science Engineering, Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Robotics and Automation, and Electronics & Telecommunications Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=SPPU Courses & Syllabus of All Departments (Fe,Se,Te, Be) 2019 Pattern |url=https://www.mysppu.com/2023/08/Sppu-Syllabus-2019-Pattern-Download.html |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=MySppu}}</ref><br />
* Unipune offers a bachelor's degree course in Environment Science. The course started from the academic year of 2018–2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collegesearch.in/university/news-unipune-introduces-a-bachelor%E2%80%99s-degree-course-in-environment-science-104-17236|title=Unipune introduces a Bachelor's degree course in Environment Science|website=collegesearch.in|access-date=11 October 2018|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011133338/https://www.collegesearch.in/university/news-unipune-introduces-a-bachelor%E2%80%99s-degree-course-in-environment-science-104-17236|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* The Department of Foreign Languages was started in Ranade institute building in 1949. It offers courses for German, French, Russian, Japanese and Spanish languages from elementary level to post-graduate courses. Batches are conducted in morning as well as in evening.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/dept/fine_arts/foreign_languages/|title=Department of Foreign Language : Savitribai Phule Pune University|website=unipune.ac.in|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref><br />
* Competition Exam Center (CEC): is for coaching programs for various government competition exams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cecunipune.in/|title=Used Mobile Concrete Crusher, Used Mobile Jaw Crusher|website=cecunipune.in|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref><br />
* Krantijyoti Savitribai Phule Women's Studies Centre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/snc/womens_studies_centre/|title=Department of Women's Studies Centre : Savitribai Phule Pune University|website=unipune.ac.in|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref><br />
* Department of Management Sciences (PUMBA), an autonomous department offering MBA programs.<br />
<br />
== Rankings ==<br />
{{Infobox India university ranking<br />
| type = University<br />
| THE_W_2023 = 601-800<br />
| THES_A_2022 = 201-250<br />
| THES_E_2022 = 201-250<br />
| QS_W_2023 = 541-550<br />
| QS_A_2023 = 207<br />
|NIRF_O_2024=37|NIRF_U_2024=23| OUTLOOK_U_2020 = 9<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Savitribai Phule Pune University was ranked in the 601–800 band in the world by the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' of 2023,<ref name=Rankings_THE_W_2023/> as well as in the 201-250 band in Asia<ref name=Rankings_THES_A_2022/> and in the 201-250 band among Emerging Economies University Rankings in 2022.<ref name=Rankings_THES_E_2022/><br />
<br />
It was ranked 37th in India overall by the ''[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]]'' (NIRF) and 23rd among universities in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Student life==<br />
The colleges of the university provide residence halls for students. The International Centre provides residences for international students, including visiting students.<ref>{{cite web |title=Facilities |url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/intc/international_centre_html_files/facilities.htm |publisher=Pune University |access-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922120112/http://www.unipune.ac.in/intc/international_centre_html_files/facilities.htm |archive-date=22 September 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Admissions ==<br />
Admissions are selective, based on entrance exams like MHT-CET for B.Tech., with varying cutoffs and university-specific exams for other programs.<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
{{Main|List of Savitribai Phule Pune University people}}<br />
<gallery heights="150" mode="packed" caption="Notable Alumni of Savitribai Phule Pune University"><br />
File:Visit of Vishwanath Pratap Singh, Indian Minister for Trade, to the CEC (cropped).jpg|[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]] - Indian Minister for Trade to the CEC and 7th Prime Minister of India<br />
File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|Smt. [[Pratibha Patil]] - 12th President of India<br />
File:Khaled Bahah (cropped).jpg|[[Khaled Bahah]] - 8th Prime Minister of [[Yemen]]<br />
File:C. Kumar N. Patel.jpg|[[C. Kumar N. Patel]] - Inventor of the [[carbon dioxide laser]] and [[National Medal of Science]] recipient<br />
File:Madhav Gadgil.jpg|[[Madhav Gadgil]] - Ecologist and distinguished [[Harvard University]] Professor<br />
File:Prof. Padmanabhan Balaram (cropped).jpg|[[Padmanabhan Balaram]] - Former director of the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient <br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
'''Alumni'''<br />
<br />
Alumni of Savitribai Phule Pune University include major politicians of India, including [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]], 7th [[Prime Minister of India]]; <br />
[[Pratibha Patil]], 12th [[President of India]]; <br />
[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]], 17th and 19th Chief Minister of Maharashtra; [[Sharad Pawar]], former Chief Minister of Maharashtra; and [[P.V. Narasimha Rao|P. V. Narasimha Rao]], 9th Prime Minister of India. Other notable politicians who have graduated from the college include [[Agatha Sangma]], [[K. T. Rama Rao]],<ref>{{cite news |date=8 July 2015 |title=THE COMPLETE MAN - Kalvakuntla Taraka Rama Rao aka KTR |url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/the-complete-man-kalvakuntla-taraka-rama-rao-aka-ktr/ |access-date=25 March 2018 |work=[[Ritz Magazine]]}}</ref> [[Prakash Javadekar]], [[Nabeel Rajab]], and [[Khaled Bahah]], 2nd Vice President and Prime Minister of [[Yemen]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2014 |title=New Permanent Representative of Yemen Presents Credentials |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2021/bio4617.doc.htm |access-date=8 August 2015 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><br />
<br />
In science and engineering, notable alumni of the university include [[Padmanabhan Balaram]], chemist and director of the [[Indian Institute of Science]]; [[Kantilal Mardia]], statistician and [[Guy Medal]]lists; [[Thomas Kailath]], electrical engineer and recipient of the 2014 National Medal of Science; [[Vistasp Karbhari]], civil engineer and the eighth president of the [[University of Texas at Arlington]];<ref>{{cite press release |title=Vistasp Karbhari takes helm as eighth president of The University of Texas at Arlington |date=1 June 2013 |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/vistasp-karbhari-takes-helm-as-eighth-president-of-the-university-of-texas-at-arlington-209732381.html |access-date=21 September 2013 |agency=[[PR Newswire]]}}</ref> [[Suhas Patankar]], professor at the [[University of Minnesota]]; [[C. Kumar N. Patel]], inventor of the [[carbon dioxide laser]] and recipient of the 1996 National Medal of Science and vice-Chancellor for Research at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]];<ref>{{cite web |title=C. Kumar N. Patel |url=http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?patelc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922151810/http://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?patelc |archive-date=22 September 2013 |access-date=21 September 2013 |publisher=The American Institute of Physics}}</ref> and [[Vinod Scaria]], [[bioinformatician]] who is known for sequencing the first Indian [[genome]].<br />
<br />
'''Faculty'''<br />
<br />
[[V. S. Huzurbazar]] served as the first head of the statistics department. Other notable faculty include author [[S.N. Sadasivan]], ecologist [[Madhav Gadgil]], and meteorologist [[Sulochana Gadgil]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of universities in India]]<br />
* [[Universities and colleges in India]]<br />
* [[List of Savitribai Phule Pune University people]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Savitribai Phule Pune University}}<br />
*{{Official website}}<br />
*[https://www.unipune.info/ Pune university Information Centre]<br />
<br />
{{Pune topics}}<br />
{{Universities in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University| ]]<br />
[[Category:Universities in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1949]]<br />
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pune district]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lama_Lobzang&diff=511827Lama Lobzang2026-03-16T02:04:23Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Buddhist monk and social worker (1930–2024)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Lama Lobzang<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = Lama Lobzang<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|01|01}} <br />
| birth_place = Ladakh, British India<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|01|01|1930|01|01}} <br />
| death_place = India<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Buddhist monk|social worker}}<br />
| known_for = Secretary General of the [[International Buddhist Confederation]], humanitarian work in Ladakh<br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2025, posthumous)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Lama Lobzang''' (1930 – 2024) was an Indian Buddhist monk and social worker from [[Ladakh]]. He was known for his efforts in promoting Buddhist education, healthcare, and cultural preservation in the [[Himalayan region]]. He served as the Secretary General of the [[International Buddhist Confederation]] (IBC) and played a key role in uniting various Buddhist traditions under one platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=रेवरेंड लामा लोबजांग को पद्म श्री से सम्मानित |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!bharat/reverend-lama-lobzang-honoured-with-padma-shri-for-his-exceptional-contributions-to-ladakhi-people-hindi-news-hin25043003294 |website=ETV Bharat |language=hi |date=30 April 2025 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri monk who brought healing hands for Ladakh people |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ladakh/padma-shri-monk-who-brought-healing-hands-for-ladakh-people-3526654 |website=Deccan Herald |date=6 May 2025 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career and contributions==<br />
Lama Lobzang was instrumental in advocating for modern healthcare and education facilities in remote areas of Ladakh. He was involved in establishing hospitals, schools, and monastic institutions to improve the socio-economic conditions of the local population.<ref name="devdiscourse">{{Cite web |title=Lama Lobzang: A guiding light for Ladakh's healthcare and education |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3371647-lama-lobzang-a-guiding-light-for-ladakhs-healthcare-and-education |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
He founded the Mahabodhi International Meditation Centre in Leh, which became a hub for humanitarian and interfaith initiatives.<ref name="buddhistdoor">{{Cite web |title=Venerable Lama Lobzang: The Visionary of the International Buddhist Confederation |url=https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/venerable-lama-lobzang-the-visionary-of-the-international-buddhist-confederation/ |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> As a member of various governmental and non-governmental committees, he worked to represent the interests of the Buddhist community in national forums.<br />
<br />
==Recognition==<br />
In 2025, Lama Lobzang was posthumously awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honour, in recognition of his contributions to public service and spiritual leadership.<ref name="pib">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="dashboard">{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri Awardees 2025 |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Shri&Year=2025-2025&Field=Others |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 Notification (Official PDF) |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/2025.pdf |website=padmaawards.gov.in |publisher=Government of India |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025: Celebrating unsung heroes |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/padma-awards-2025-celebrating-unsung-heroes/3726178/ |website=The Financial Express |date=25 January 2025 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Lama Lobzang died in 2024 at the age of 94.<ref name="adda247">{{Cite web |title=Prominent tribal leader Lama Lobzang passes away at 94 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/prominent-tribal-leader-lama-lobzang-passes-away-at-94/ |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[International Buddhist Confederation]]<br />
* [[Ladakh]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in "Others" Category|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1930 births]]<br />
[[Category:2024 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in public affairs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ladakh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:Indian social workers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian monks]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian monks]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anindita_Bose&diff=470659Anindita Bose2026-03-11T06:48:36Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: corrected lead per sources and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1986)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Anindita Bose<br />
| image =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|df=yes|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = Role Jhinuk in ''[[Gaaner Oparey]]''<br />
| spouse = {{Plainlist |<br />
* {{marriage|[[Gourab Chatterjee]]<br/>|2013|2015|end=divorced}}<ref>"8 Things You Didn’t Know About Anindita Bose" https://celebsecrets.in/bio/anindita-bose/</ref><br />
* {{marriage|Abhimanyu Mukherjee<br/>|2015|2017|end=divorced}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-17 |title=ত্রিশের কোঠা পেরানোর আগে দু-বার ডিভোর্স! গৌরব প্রথম, অনিন্দিতার ২য় স্বামী কে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anindita-bose-is-happily-single-now-actress-got-married-to-abhimanyu-mukherjee-post-divorce-with-gourab-chatterjee-31718611857839.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617100349/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anindita-bose-is-happily-single-now-actress-got-married-to-abhimanyu-mukherjee-post-divorce-with-gourab-chatterjee-31718611857839.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>}}<br />
| partner = [[Sourav Das (actor)|Saurav Das]] (2017–2022)<ref>{{cite news |title=স্বপ্নের বাড়ি হল, বিয়ের অনেক দেরি: অনিন্দিতা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-anindita-bose-and-sourav-das-build-their-new-home-dgtl-1.1218348 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=20 October 2020}}</ref><br />
| education = [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J J School of Art]]<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 2008{{endash}}present<br />
}}<br />
'''Anindita Bose''' is an Indian actress in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language film and television.<ref name="Anindita gets serious">{{cite news|title=Anindita gets serious|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-26/news-interviews/28252632_1_anindita-bose-production-designer-ad-film|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114122423/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-26/news-interviews/28252632_1_anindita-bose-production-designer-ad-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 November 2012|accessdate=18 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 October 2010}}</ref> She started her acting career in television and then moved to the big screen. In 2012 she acted in the film ''[[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]''.<ref name="Interview: Actress Anindita Bose">{{cite web|title=Interview: Actress Anindita Bose|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/44331412-interview-actress-anindita-bose-bengali-movies-bhuter-bhabishyat-and-khashi-katha-g|publisher=WBRi|accessdate=18 November 2012|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123074907/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/44331412-interview-actress-anindita-bose-bengali-movies-bhuter-bhabishyat-and-khashi-katha-g|url-status=usurped}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Bose started her acting career in television and acted in serials like ''[[Gaaner Oparey]]'' and she was also seen in ''Bou Kotha Kou''. Bose made her big screen debut with the 2010 Bengali film ''Clerk''.<ref name="Anindita gets serious" /> In 2012, she acted in the commercially successful film ''[[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]''.<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || ''[[Ghatothkach]]'' || young Gajju (voice) || Marathi version<br />
|-<br />
|2010<br />
|''Clerk''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''[[Jaani Dyakha Hawbe]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2012<br />
|''[[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hemlock Society (film)|''Hemlock Society'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|[[Khasi Katha– A Goat Saga|''Khasi Katha- A Goat Sage'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|''Guti Malhar''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2017<br />
|''Dum Dum Digha Digha''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Guti Malharer Atithi''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" |2018<br />
|''Rhododendron''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2019<br />
|''[[Cakewalk (film)|Cakewalk]]''<br />
|<br />
|Short film<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sotoroi September]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Shesh Theke Shuru]]''<br />
|Pujarini's friend<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2020<br />
|''[[Love Aaj Kal Porshu]]''<br />
|Leena<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborthy |first1=Antara |title=Love Aaj Kal Porshu review: A complicated love story that makes you think |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/love-aaj-kal-porshu-review-a-complicated-love-story-that-makes-you-think-6345634/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=4 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Saheber Cutlet''<br />
|Vania<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita. |title=Saheber Cutlet Movie Review: Not just a film, but a carnival of sorts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/saheber-cutlet/movie-review/78823385.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 October 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"|2022<br />
|''Ajker Shortcut''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2023<br />
|''[[Aaro Ek Prithibi]]''<br />
|Ayesha<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atanu Ghosh's next to be shot in the UK - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/atanu-ghoshs-next-to-be-shot-in-the-uk/articleshow/91376758.cms |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Rapist]]''<br />
|Malini<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Busan Film Festival: Aparna Sen's The Rapist, Starring Konkona Sensharma, is One of Her Finest Works |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/busan-film-festival-aparna-sens-the-rapist-starring-konkona-sensharma-is-one-of-her-finest-works-4314431.html |work=News18 |date=12 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[The Storyteller (2025 film)|The Storyteller]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Television ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gaaner Oparey]]''<br />
|Jhinuk Sanyal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bou Kotha Kao]]''<br />
|Nalini Chowdhury<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Adwitiya]]''<br />
|Indira Chowdhury / Ratri Mukherjee<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Ghore Pherar Gaan''<br />
|Eshna<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kanamachi (TV series)|Kanamachi]]''<br />
|Sania<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Raadha (TV series)|Raadha]]''<br />
|Kankana / Kakon<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Swapno Udaan''<br />
|Ritika<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Prothoma Kadambini]]''<br />
|Anandi Bai<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Short films ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Network<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Kidnapped''<br />
|<br />
|[[Addatimes]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''Boomerang'' <br />
|<br />
|Hoichoi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''[[Thinkistan]]''<br />
|Sharmishta Sen<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="aa">{{cite news |last1=Paul |first1=Ushnota |title=Anindita Bose on her Hindi web shows |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/anindita-bose-on-her-hindi-web-shows/cid/1690939 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=21 May 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''East Style With Anindita- A SVF YouTube Series''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Web series ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Network<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2018<br />
|''[[Gariahater Ganglords]]'' <br />
|Monalisa <br />
|Hoichoi<br />
|-<br />
|''Hurdle Hawk''<br />
|Host<br />
|[[Addatimes]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Virgin Mohito''<br />
|Nina<br />
|[[Addatimes]]<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''Skyfire'' <br />
|Vaishali Dharma<ref name="aa"/><br />
|[[ZEE5]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2020<br />
|''[[Paatal Lok]]''<br />
|Chanda Mukherjee <br />
|[[Amazon Prime]] <br />
|-<br />
|''Mafia''<br />
|Neha<br />
|[[ZEE5]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Break Up Story]]''<br />
|<br />
|Hoichoi<br />
|-<br />
|[[Forbidden Love (2020 web series)|''Forbidden Love'']]<br />
|<br />
|[[ZEE5]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2021<br />
| ''[[Ray (series)|Ray]]''<br />
| Riya Saran<br />
| [[Netflix]]<ref name="Hindu-Anthology-2021">{{Cite news|date=2021-06-09|title='Ray' trailer: Netflix anthology is a tribute to the master filmmaker|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ray-trailer-netflix-anthology-is-a-tribute-to-the-master-filmmaker/article34767440.ece|access-date=2021-06-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Murder in the Hills|''Murder In The Hills'']]<br />
| Shiela<br />
| Hoichoi<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buzarbaruah |first1=Upam |title=Murder In The Hills Season 1 Review: A whodunit that falters on the build-up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/murder-in-the-hills/season-1/seasonreview/84750147.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 July 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''[[Parnashavarir Shaap]]''<br />
|Titas<br />
|Hoichoi<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Lojja]]''<br />
|Sneha Roy<br />
|Hoichoi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|5010051}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Anindita}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padhe_Padhe&diff=523615Padhe Padhe2026-03-04T04:41:05Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: added initial data nd citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = <br />
| image = Padhe Padhe poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Official poster<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = R. Nagaraj Peenya<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Anand Vijay Kumar<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Tarun Chandra]] <br />
*[[Akhila Kishore]] <br />
*Mridula Sathe<br />
}}<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = H. S. Ramesh<br />
| editing = <br />
| music = Satish Aryan<br />
| studio = <!-- or: | production_companies = --><br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|2|14}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Padhe Padhe''''' ({{translation|Again and again}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed by R. Nagaraj Peenya and starring [[Tarun Chandra]], [[Akhila Kishore]] and Mridula Sathe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kiccha-sudeep-watches-padhe-padhe/articleshow/18643293.cms|title=Kiccha Sudeep watches Padhe Padhe|last=Lokesh|first=Vinay|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 February 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Tarun Chandra]] as Sunny <br />
*[[Akhila Kishore]] as Kanchana <br />
*Mridula Sathe as Spoorthi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2013/feb/09/mrudula-is-tweaking-the-craft-of-filmdom-448991.html|title=Mrudula is tweaking the craft of filmdom|last=Sharadhaa|first=A.|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=9 February 2013}}</ref><br />
*[[Karthik Jayaram]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/its-cricket-over-celebrations-for-karthik/articleshow/19833991.cms|title=It's cricket over celebrations for Karthik|last=Joy|first=Prathibha|date=2 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
*[[Veena Sundar]] as Sunny's mother<br />
*[[Vijay Kashi]] as Sunny's father<br />
*[[Girija Lokesh]]<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music is composed by Satish Aryan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pade-pade-is-a-hit-on-youtube/articleshow/17465053.cms|title=Pade Pade is a hit on youtube|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|via=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2017}}</ref><br />
*"Manasaagideyo"<br />
*"Ee Hadina"<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that "A good show by debutant director R Nagaraj Peenya who has selected a romantic story with a good script and freshness in narration. It’s a new experience to watch this neat love subject with a difference".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/pade-pade/movie-review/18531299.cms|title=Pade Pade Movie Review|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 February 2016|accessdate=13 November 2022}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' said that "Although the movie cannot be viewed pade pade (again and again), it is a neat and decent entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-pade-pade-is-a-neat-entertainer/20130218.htm|title=Review: Pade Pade is a neat entertainer|work=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Srinivasa|first=Srikanth|date=18 February 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Box office ==<br />
The film ran for fifty days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/padhe-padhe-inches-towards-50-days/articleshow/19122517.cms|title=Padhe Padhe inches towards 50 days|last=Lokesh|first=Vinay|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/padhe-padhe-completes-50-days/articleshow/19398008.cms|title=Padhe Padhe completes 50 days|last=Cr|first=Sharanya|date=5 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|3105488}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
<br />
{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niluvu_Dopidi&diff=522036Niluvu Dopidi2026-03-03T20:35:50Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: added new article added tags.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1968 film by C. S. Rao}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Niluvu Dopidi<br />
| image = Niluvu Dopidi.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[C. S. Rao]]<br />
| screenplay = [[Tripuraneni Maharadhi]]<br />
| story = [[U. Visweswar Rao|U. Visweswara Rao]]<br />
| producer = U. Visweswara Rao<br />
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]<br />[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]<br />[[Devika]]<br />[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalita]]<br />
| cinematography = G. K. Ramu<br />
| editing = R. Hanumantha Rao<br />
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
| studio = Manjula Cine Syndicate<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1968|1|25}}<br />
| runtime = 146 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Niluvu Dopidi''''' ({{translation|Complete Robbery}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film, produced by [[U. Visweswar Rao|U. Visweswara Rao]] and directed by [[C. S. Rao]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Devika]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalita]], with music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. The film was released on 25 January 1968 and became a commercial success.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Jagapathi Rayalu, the ''[[zamindar]]'' of the village Rangapuram, has two sons&nbsp;– Ramu and Krishna. Before dying, he entrusts their responsibility to his sisters Chukamma and Sheshamma. The avaricious Chukkamma ploys with her distant relative Bhushanam to kill the heirs for the property. However, the boys are rescued by Chukkamma's wise husband Venkataramaiah and they land at an orphanage. Years roll by, and Ramu turns into a mechanic whereas Krishna is a college student. They fall in love with the daughters of Sheshamma and Chukkamma: Janaki and Radha respectively.<br />
<br />
At Rangapuram, Chukkamma reaps her benefits. Parallelly, Bhushanam becomes the president of the village who aspires to arrange his son Raju's marriage with Radha. Bhushanam learns of Radha and Krishna's love affair. So, he beats Krishna when enraged Ramu revolts on Bhushanam, but stops upon seeing the picture of the orphanage founder i.e. Jagapathi Rayalu. Soon after, their guardian Swamiji reveals the truth. Ramu and Krishna reach Rangapuram in disguise, brings Bhushanam to justice, and teach a lesson to Chukkamma. The film ends with the marriages of Ramu with Janaki, and Krishna with Radha.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Ramu<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
*[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Krishna<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
*[[Devika]] as Janaki<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
*[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalita]] as Radha<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Swamiji<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Venkataramaiah<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
*[[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] as Bhushanam<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
*[[Kanta Rao]] as the minister<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Sarpanch<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
*[[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry]] as Sarpanch<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] as Sarpanch<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
*[[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Lingam<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Chukamma<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Sheshamma<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
After the success of the folklore film ''[[Kanchu Kota]]'' (1967), its producer U. Visweswara Rao and director [[C. S. Rao]] decided to make their next venture a contemporary film under the same banner Manjula Cine Syndicate. ''Kanchu Kota''{{'}}s lead actors [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Devika]] were retained for the new film, titled ''Niluvu Dopidi''. Visweswara Rao wrote the story which [[Tripuraneni Maharadhi]], the film's screenwriter, read and noticed was strongly influenced by ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'' (1962). Maharadhi felt Visweswara Rao's story was outdated, so he reworked it to its final form. Visweswara Rao's initial choice for the second male lead was [[Sobhan Babu]], but later chose [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] at the insistence of Maharadhi, who felt he would match Rama Rao's "jubilance". [[J. Jayalalithaa]] was cast as the second female lead, paired alongside Krishna. [[Kanta Rao]], who appeared in ''Kanchu Kota'', was dismayed upon realising there was no role for him in ''Niluvu Dopidi'' and insisted on an appearance; he was offered to act as a minister and willingly accepted. The cinematography was handled by G. K. Ramu and the art direction by S. Krishna Rao,<ref name="thehindu" /> while editing was handled by R. Hanumantha Rao.<ref name="indiancine.ma" /> The song "Aadapillalante Hoi Hoi", choreographed by Thangappa, was shot at the Madras-based Golden Studios in September 1967.<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niluvu Dopidi (1968)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CIQ/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230224055400/https://indiancine.ma/documents/CIQ/info |archive-date=24 February 2023 |access-date=13 February 2019 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Lokam Idhi Lokam<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu]]<br />
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| length1 = 5:18<br />
| title2 = Aadapillalante Hoi Hoi<br />
| lyrics2 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]<br />
| extra2 = P. Susheela<br />
| length2 = 3:58<br />
| title3 = Chukkamma Athayyaro Bul Bul Bul<br />
| lyrics3 = U. Visweswara Rao<br />
| extra3 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br />
| length3 = 4:30<br />
| title4 = Ayyalara O Ammalara<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Kosaraju Raghavaiah]]<br />
| extra4 = Nazaar, Vallam Narasimham<br />
| length4 = 6:21<br />
| title5 = Nee Bandaram Paina Pataaram<br />
| lyrics5 = [[Aarudhra]]<br />
| extra5 = [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]], [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
| length5 = 3:45<br />
| title6 = Nene Dhanalakshmini<br />
| lyrics6 = [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]<br />
| extra6 = L. R. Eswari, Pithapuram Nageswara Rao, [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]<br />
| length6 = 7:24<br />
| title7 = Jeevulenubadhinalgu Lakshala Chaavu Puttuka lIkkada<br />
| lyrics7 = Kosaraju Raghavaiah<br />
| extra7 = Madhavapeddi Satyam<br />
| length7 = 2:44<br />
| title8 = Ayyindhi Ayyindhi Anukunnadi<br />
| lyrics8 = [[Acharya Aatreya]]<br />
| extra8 = Ghantasala, P. Susheela<br />
| length8 = 3:42<br />
| total_length = 37:42 <!-- Automatically generated with User:JPxG/TrackSum.js --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Niluvu Dopidi'' was released on 25 January 1968 and became a commercial success.<ref name="thehindu" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references><br />
<br />
<ref name="indiancine.ma">{{Cite web |title=Niluvu Dopidi |url=https://indiancine.ma/NBB/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230224055507/https://indiancine.ma/NBB/info |archive-date=24 February 2023 |access-date=13 February 2019 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=11 January 2019 |title=Niluvu Dopidi (1968) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/niluvu-dopidi-1968/article25966685.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213090621/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/niluvu-dopidi-1968/article25966685.ece |archive-date=13 February 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
</references><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1968 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1968 comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1968 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by C. S. Rao]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ontari_(film)&diff=451308Ontari (film)2026-03-03T18:10:21Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: Article updated with improved flow</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Ontari<br />
| image = Ontari_(film).jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| writer = Marudhuri Raja <br> Bhasha Sri {{small|(dialogues)}}<br />
| story = Ee Taram Films Unit<br />
| screenplay = B.V. Ramana<br />
| producer = Pokuri Babu Rao<br />
| director = B.V. Ramana<br />
| starring = [[Tottempudi Gopichand|Gopichand]] <br> [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]] <br> [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] <br> [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] <br> [[Sayaji Shinde]] <br> [[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]]<br />
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Sarvesh Murari]]<br />
| editing = Gautham Raju<br />
| studio = Ee Taram Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|2|14}}<br />
| runtime = 142 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Ontari''''' ({{translation|Loner}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[psychological thriller]] film produced by Pokuri Babu Rao under the Ee Taram Films banner and directed by B.V. Ramana. The film stars [[Tottempudi Gopichand|Gopichand]] and [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]], with music composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. It was released theatrically on 14 February 2008. The film is a loose adaptation of the 2004 British film ''[[Dead Man's Shoes (2004 film)|Dead Man's Shoes]]''.<br />
<br />
''Ontari'' received mixed reviews from critics,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/15ssontari.htm|title=Ontari is paisa vasool|date=15 February 2008|author=G. P. Aditya Vardhan|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=12 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912013516/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/15ssontari.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> with praise for Gopichand’s performance, humour, and editing, while criticism was directed at the weak screenplay and Ramana's direction.<br />
<br />
The film was later remade twice in [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] as ''[[Boss Number One]]'' (2011) and ''[[Premik Number One]]'' (2013), both starring [[Shakib Khan]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
This movie starts in a dhaba where a kid is giving tea to a customer when suddenly a car crashes into the dhaba. A gangster named Veeraju ([[Supreet]]) tries to escape with injuries and runs into a guest house and closes the door and tries to make a call suddenly when bell rang Veeraju tries see in eye hole out side person Vamsi ([[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]]) shoots him brutally and breaks the door enters inside shoots more times while leaving security sees Vamsi but leaves because of his anger is the son of an affluent handloom house owner, Muddu Krishna Rao ([[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]]). He falls in love with Bujji ([[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]), an orphan who resides in a hostel. With his parents' consent, Vamsi plans to get engaged to Bujji. However, before the engagement, a group of gangsters kidnaps her. <br />
<br />
Bujji is nearly assaulted by Lal Mahankali's ([[Ashish Vidyarthi]]) younger brother, Panda ([[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]), but Vamsi intervenes and beats him up. Enraged, Mahankali vows revenge and executes his plan on the day of Vamsi and Bujji's wedding. With the support of MLA Raghava ([[Rajiv Kanakala]]), a close friend of Vamsi, Mahankali kidnaps Bujji and brutally raped her in front of Vamsi. Raghava, in exchange for political gain, betrays Vamsi and helps Mahankali. During the confrontation, Mahankali stabs Vamsi, leaving him severely wounded.<br />
<br />
Vamsi, determined to take revenge, arrives in Hyderabad and begins hunting down the gangsters responsible. After discovering Raghava’s betrayal, he kills him. Meanwhile, ACP ([[Sayaji Shinde]]) investigates the case and interrogates Vamsi’s family. Vamsi, suffering from hallucinations, remains unaware of key details until the ACP reveals them to him. Despite initially pursuing Vamsi, the ACP ultimately sympathizes with him and allows him to continue his quest for vengeance.<br />
<br />
In the climax, Vamsi finally tracks down Mahankali, kills him, and severs Panda’s arm. However, his vengeance is overshadowed by a devastating truth—his father, Krishna Rao, reveals that Bujji had died on the day of their engagement. Unable to endure the trauma, she had jumped from a building, ending her life.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] as Vamsi<br />
*[[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as Kanaka Mahalakshmi "Bujji"<br />
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Lal Mahankali <br />
*[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Panda, Lal Mahankali's younger brother<br />
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]]<br />
*[[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Muddu Krishnayya, Vamsi’s father <br />
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Siva Prasad, Kanaka's father <br />
*[[Sumitra (actress)|Sumitra]] as Amrutham, Vamsi's mother<br />
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Janaki, Kanaka's mother<br />
*[[Supreeth]] as Veeraju<br />
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Ramakrishna<br />
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Subbu <br />
*[[Brahmaji]] as Bantu Rao<br />
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as ATM<br />
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Vamsi's elder brother<br />
*[[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Raghava<br />
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Minister<br />
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Lal Mahankali's henchman<br />
*Indu Anand as Vamsi's mother<br />
*Chitti as Vamsi's second brother<br />
*[[Rajitha]] as Vamsi's elder sister-in-law<br />
*Bharath Raju as Lal Mahankali's henchman<br />
*Sujatha Reddy as Vamsi's second sister-in-law<br />
*Prasanna Kumar as [[Sub-inspector|S.I.]]<br />
*Revathi<br />
*Baby Nishptha<br />
*Madhavi as Vamsi's youngest sister-in-law<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/090716/an-actress-by-chance-madhavi-talks-about-her-struggle.html|title=An actress by chance: Madhavi talks about her struggle|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=9 July 2016|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><br />
*Bill Bitra<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Ontari<br />
| type = film<br />
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 3 February 2008<br />
| recorded = 2008<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = Soundtrack<br />
| length = 25:27<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Pourudu]]<br />
| prev_year = 2008<br />
| next_title = [[Kantri]]<br />
| next_year = 2008<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]] and was released through [[Aditya Music]].<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track-List<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 25:27<br />
| title1 = Arerey Yemaindhi<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]<br />
| length1 = 4:54<br />
<br />
| title2 = Chepalani Vundi<br />
| lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry<br />
| extra2 = [[S. P. B. Charan|SP Charan]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]<br />
| length2 = 4:51<br />
<br />
| title3 = Warre Warre <br />
| lyrics3 = Bashasri <br />
| extra3 = Naveen<br />
| length3 = 4:51<br />
<br />
| title4 = Nee Jimmada<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]<br />
| extra4 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Anitha Karthikeyan]]<br />
| length4 = 4:44<br />
<br />
| title5 = O Maare O Maare<br />
| lyrics5 = Ramajogayya Sastry<br />
| extra5 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]<br />
| length5 = 4:42<br />
<br />
| title6 = Lakshmi Ksheera Samudra <br />
| lyrics6 = Slokam <br />
| extra6 = [[Singer Usha|Usha]] <br />
| length6 = 1:19<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Remakes==<br />
The film was remade twice in [[Dhallywood]] as ''[[Boss Number One]]'' (2011) and ''[[Premik Number One]]'' (2013) with [[Shakib Khan]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|1186817|Ontari}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2008 films]]<br />
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:2008 action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian political action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about sexual harassment]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of British films]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santosha_Kanavugal&diff=532973Santosha Kanavugal2026-03-03T05:21:58Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: starting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Santosha Kanavugal.jpg<br />
| caption = VCD cover<br />
| director = [[R. C. Sakthi]]<br />
| writer = R. C. Sakthi<br />
| producer = Vijaya Kasinathan<br />Mangalaselvi Kasinathan<br />
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]]<br />[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]<br />
| cinematography = Viswam Nataraj<br />
| editing = B. Kandhasamy<br />
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]<br />
| studio = AKM Pictures<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1985|2|1}}<br />
| runtime = 105 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Santosha Kanavugal''''' ({{translation|Dreams of Happiness}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[R. C. Sakthi]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]. It was released on 1 February 1985.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41-43 |language=Ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=April 2023}}<br />
Pandian loves Kalyani and decides to marry her. However, when he is diagnosed with a deadly disease, he persuades his best friend Kannan to marry Kalyani.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Vijayakanth]] as Pandian<br />
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Kalyani<br />
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Kannan<br />
* [[Sathyaraj]] as the villain<br />
* [[Unni Mary|Dheepa]] as Gowri<br />
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Kalyani's father<br />
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Kalyani's mother<br />
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Gowri's father<br />
* [[S. S. Chandran]]<br />
* [[Chinni Jayanth]]<br />
* [[Silk Smitha]]<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santhosa Kanavugal Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Shyam |url=https://mossymart.com/product/santhosa-kanavugal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-shyam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115003118/https://mossymart.com/product/santhosa-kanavugal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-shyam/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Muthu Muthu<br />
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]<br />
| length1 = <br />
| title2 = Uyire Mappillai<br />
| extra2 = Vani Jairam<br />
| length2 = <br />
| title3 = Megangale<br />
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| length3 = <br />
| title4 = Yedho Nadagam<br />
| extra4 = P. Susheela<br />
| length4 = <br />
| title5 = Adai Moodum<br />
| extra5 = [[S. Janaki]]<br />
| length5 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' gave the film a negative review.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=17 February 1985 |title=சந்தோஷக் கனவுகள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1985/feb/17-02-1985/p51.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220729112723/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1985/feb/17-02-1985/p51.jpg |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=51 |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
{{R. C. Sakthi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1985 films]]<br />
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by R. C. Sakthi]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Shyam (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rasavathi&diff=529732Rasavathi2026-03-03T02:25:11Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: added new info basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2024 film directed by Santhakumar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Rasavathi<br />
| image = Rasavathi.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Santhakumar]]<br />
| writer = Santhakumar<br />
| producer = Santhakumar <br />
| starring = [[Arjun Das]]<br />[[Tanya Ravichandran]]<br />Reshma Venkatesh<br />[[Sujith Shankar]]<br />
| cinematography = Saravanan Ilavarasu<br />Shiva GRN<br />
| editing = [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]]<br />
| music = [[S. Thaman]]<br />
| studio = DNA Mechanic Company<br />Saraswathi Cine Creations<br />
| distributor = Sakthi Film Factory <br />
| released = {{film date|2024|5|10|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil <br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Rasavathi: The Alchemist''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil-language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller|romantic action thriller]] film written, produced and directed by [[Santhakumar]]. It stars [[Arjun Das]], [[Tanya Ravichandran]], Reshma Venkatesh, and [[Sujith Shankar]] in lead roles. The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[S. Thaman]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Saravanan Ilavarasu and Shiva GRN, and [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2023 |title=Arjun Das-Santhakumar film titled 'Rasavathi' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Aug/05/arjun-das-santhakumar-film-titled-rasavathi-2602001.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430151007/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/tamil/2023/Aug/05/arjun-das-santhakumar-film-titled-rasavathi-2602001.html |archive-date=30 April 2024 |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Second look of Rasavathi out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Aug/29/second-look-of-rasavathi-out-47089.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511084150/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2023/Aug/29/second-look-of-rasavathi-out-47089.html |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-05 |title=Santhakumar's film starring Arjun Das titled 'Rasavathi - The Alchemist' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santhakumars-film-starring-arjun-das-titled-rasavathi-the-alchemist/article67161851.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
It was extensively shot in [[Kodaikanal]], [[Madurai]], [[Cuddalore]] and [[Palani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2024 |title=Arjun Das And Tanya Ravichandran's 'Rasavathi' Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arjun-das-and-tanya-ravichandrans-rasavathi-trailer/articleshow/109695864.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430151010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arjun-das-and-tanya-ravichandrans-rasavathi-trailer/amp_articleshow/109695864.cms |archive-date=30 April 2024 |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
It theatrically released on 10 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-10 |title='Rasavathi' Twitter review: Arjun Das starrer is an elegant exploration of human emotions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rasavathi-twitter-review-arjun-das-starrer-is-an-elegant-exploration-of-human-emotions/articleshow/110008759.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510160639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rasavathi-twitter-review-arjun-das-starrer-is-an-elegant-exploration-of-human-emotions/articleshow/110008759.cms |archive-date=10 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics and audiences.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
''Rasavathi'' is a Tamil romantic action thriller that follows Sadhasiva Pandian, a reclusive Siddha doctor with a traumatic past, who finds solace and love with Surya, a hotel manager also healing from her own scars, in the serene hills of Kodaikanal. Their peaceful life is disrupted by the arrival of Inspector Parasuraj, a volatile and obsessive police officer who has a deeply troubling and vengeful connection to Sadhasiva's past, leading to a psychological cat-and-mouse game as the truth behind their intertwined lives slowly unravels.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Arjun Das]] as Sadhasiva "Sadha" Pandian<br />
* [[Tanya Ravichandran]] as Surya<br />
* Reshma Venkatesh as Chandra<br />
* [[Sujith Shankar]] as [[Police Inspector|Inspector]] Parasuraj "Parasu"<br />
* [[G. M. Sundar]] as Police Inspector<br />
* [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] as Sadhasiva's mother<br />
* [[Ramya Subramanian]] as Dr. Sailaja<br />
* Rishikanth<br />
* Arul Jothi<br />
* Deepa<br />
* Nikhila Shankar as Sadhasiva's sister<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
===Development===<br />
The film was produced by Santhakumar under his own banner DNA mechanic company ''Production No. 1'' on 5 August 2023, the film's official title was unveiled as ''Rasavathi'' by director Santhakumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2023 |title=Makers unveil first look and title of Magamuni fame Santhakumar's next |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/makers-unveil-first-look-and-title-of-magamuni-fame-santhakumars-next-728113 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503054314/https://www.dtnext.in/amp/news/cinema/makers-unveil-first-look-and-title-of-magamuni-fame-santhakumars-next-728113 |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Casting===<br />
[[Tanya Ravichandran]] and Reshma Venkatesh was cast in as the female lead opposite Arjun Das, marking their first collaboration. [[Sujith Shankar]] was reported to play a police officer and the main antagonist in the film while veteran actor [[G. M. Sundar]] and other actors and actresses like [[Ramya Subramanian]], [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] and Rishikanth appear were cast in other pivotal roles.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
[[Principal photography]] of the film began on 4 November 2022 and [[wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] on 5 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2023 |title=Director Santhakumar's 'Rasavathi-The Alchemist' in post-production stage now |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/santhakumars-rasavathi-the-alchemist-in-post-production-stage-now/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503154447/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/santhakumars-rasavathi-the-alchemist-in-post-production-stage-now/ |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=The South First}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2022 |title=Starting my 3rd movie under my production house "DNA Mechanic Company" with |url=https://twitter.com/Santhakumar_Dir/status/1588575167134867456 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503154447/https://twitter.com/Santhakumar_Dir/status/1588575167134867456 |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=May 2024}}<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
The music and background score is composed by [[S. Thaman]], in his third collaboration with Santhakumar after ''[[Mouna Guru]]'' (2011) and <br />
''[[Magamuni]]'' (2019). The audio rights were acquired by [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]. The first single "Saaral Saaral" was released on 2 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title='Saaral Saaral' song from Rasavathi out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/03/saaral-saaral-song-from-rasavathi-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511084005/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/May/03/saaral-saaral-song-from-rasavathi-out |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The last single "Thai Thai (Rasavathi Fusion)" was released on 8 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2024 |title=அர்ஜூன் தாஸ் நடித்துள்ள ரசவாதி… புதிய பாடல் ரிலீஸ்… |url=https://www.apcnewstamil.com/news/cinema-news/thai-thai-rasavathi-fusion-is-out-now-rasavathi-in-theatres-near-you-from-10th-may/83695 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511084047/https://www.apcnewstamil.com/news/cinema-news/thai-thai-rasavathi-fusion-is-out-now-rasavathi-in-theatres-near-you-from-10th-may/83695 |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=APC News Tamil}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Saaral Saaral<br />
| length1 = 3:07<br />
| extra1 = [[S. Thaman]]<br />Lakshmi Meghana<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]<br />
| title2 = Thai Thai <br />
| note2 = Rasavathi Fusion <br />
| length2 = 4:10<br />
| extra2 = S. Thaman<br />[[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Yugabharathi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
===Theatrical===<br />
''Rasavathi'' was released in theatres on 10 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=மகாமுனி இயக்குனரின் அடுத்த படம்! மே 10ம் தேதி வெளியாகும் ரசவாதி! |url=https://www.zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/arjun-das-and-tanya-ravichandran-starring-rasavathi-movie-releasing-on-may-10-directed-by-shanthakumar-502782/amp |website=Zee Tamil News |language=Ta }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Manigandan KR of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5 stars and noted "If you have the time and the patience for a good, meaningful story, then ''Rasavathi'' is definitely an option."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-09 |title=Rasavathi Review: A Slow Burn Thriller That Stands Out For Its Making And Remarkable Performances |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/rasavathi-review-a-slow-burn-thriller-that-stands-out-for-its-making-and-remarkable-performances-review-109966664 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510063230/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/rasavathi-review-a-slow-burn-thriller-that-stands-out-for-its-making-and-remarkable-performances-review-109966664 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5 stars and noted "''Rasavathi'' impressed with many fascinating characters. The makers have indeed created many intriguing characters but then failed to place them in a setting that is as compelling as them."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rasavathi Movie Review : A few compelling characters trapped in a non-compelling film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/rasavathi/movie-review/109984609.cms |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Jayabhuvaneshwari B of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5 stars and noted "In the final act of the film, the pace picks up, drawing viewers to the edge of their seats as the reasons behind the protagonist-antagonist enmity are revealed."<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2024-05-10 |title=Rasavathi Movie Review: An effective Arjun Das anchors this middling film with potential |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/May/10/rasavathi-movie-review-an-effective-arjun-das-anchors-this-middling-film-with-potential |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511084014/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/May/10/rasavathi-movie-review-an-effective-arjun-das-anchors-this-middling-film-with-potential |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s romantic thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhaiyya_Ji&diff=490742Bhaiyya Ji2026-03-02T04:38:36Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: Added a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2024 Indian film by Apoorv Singh Karki}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Bhaiyya Ji<br />
| image = BHAIYYA_JI_POSTER.jpeg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Apoorv Singh Karki<br />
| writer = Apoorv Singh Karki <br />[[Deepak Kingrani]]<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = [[Vinod Bhanushali]]<br />Kamlesh Bhanushali<br />[[Manoj Bajpayee]]<br />[[Shabana Raza]]<br />[[Shael Oswal]]<br/>Samiksha Oswal<br />
| starring = [[Manoj Bajpayee]]<br/>[[Zoya Hussain]]<br/>Suvinder Vicky<br/>Jatin Goswami<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = Arjun Kukreti<br />
| editing = Sumeet Kotian<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br/>Manoj Tiwari<br/>Deepak Thakur<br/>Tulika Upadhyay<br/>'''Score:'''<br/>[[Sandeep Chowta]]<br />
| studio = Bhanushali Studios Limited <br />SSO Productions<br />
| distributor = [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2024|05|24|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 131 minutes<ref name=BBFC>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bhaiyya-ji-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiwmzq2|title=''Bhaiyya Ji'' (15) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=24 May 2024 |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|11.76}} [[crore]]<ref name="BO">{{cite web |title=Bhaiyya Ji Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhaiyyaji/box-office/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=24 May 2024 |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bhaiyaa Ji''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref name=BBFC/> written by Apoorv Singh Karki, who co-wrote it with [[Deepak Kingrani]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=सिंह |first=कनिका |date=20 July 2024 |title='भैया जी' OTT रिलीज: बिहार की कहानी लेकर आ रहे रॉबिनहुड के बाप! कहां देखें मनोज बाजपेयी की फिल्म? |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/web-series/latest/bhaiyya-ji-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-manoj-bajpayee-movie/articleshow/111886195.cms |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=पाल |first=निधि |date=19 July 2024 |title=कब और किस प्लेटफॉर्म पर देख सकते हैं मनोज बाजपेयी की फिल्म 'भैया जी'? |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/bhaiyya-ji-ott-release-date-and-time-manoj-bajpayee-100th-film-digital-premiere-exclusively-on-zee5-2741108 |work=ABP |language=hi |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref> It stars [[Manoj Bajpayee]] in the titular role, reuniting with Karki after the legal drama'' [[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite news |last=Arya |first=Prachi |title=Manoj Bajpayee's first look from 'Bhaiyya Ji' out. Film to release in May |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/manoj-bajpayee-first-look-bhaiyya-ji-release-in-may-2514678-2024-03-14 |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=14 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manoj Bajpayee's Next Project Is Titled Bhaiyaaji. Details Here |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/manoj-bajpayee-to-star-in-and-produce-action-drama-film-bhaiyaaji-4292062 |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=12 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Bhaiyya Ji Cast List {{!}} Bhaiyya Ji Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhaiyyaji/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=20 March 2024 |language=en |date=24 May 2024}}</ref> It received mixed reviews from critics.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Following the unfortunate death of his younger brother during a small argument, Bhaiyya Ji ([[Manoj Bajpayee]]), a retired and feared criminal, embarks on a quest for justice against the influential Gujjar who is responsible. He gathers his faithful associates and sparks a movement of revenge that poses a threat to the entire criminal world.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Ram Charan Tripathi {{aka}} Bhaiyya Ji<br />
** Amrit Sachan as Young Bhaiyya Ji<br />
* Bhageerathi Bai Kadam as Choti Ma (Bhaiyya Ji's step-mother)<br />
* [[Zoya Hussain]] as Mithali<br />
* Jatin Goswami as Abhimanyu Singh<br />
* Suvinder Vicky as Chandrabhan Singh<br />
* [[Vipin Sharma]] as [[Sub-inspector#India|SI]] Magan<br />
* Abhishek Ranjan as Ravi<br />
* Acharya Anant as Bhola<br />
* Akash Makhija as Vedant<br />
* Amrendra Sharma as Niyaz<br />
* Jaihind Kumar as Pandit<br />
* Nikhil Mehta as Bantu<br />
* Veebhu Sharma as Bobby<br />
* Sonal Devraj as dancer in item song<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film was announced in August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manoj Bajpayee to star in and produce action film 'Bhaiyaaji' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/manoj-bajpayee-to-star-in-and-produce-action-film-bhaiyaaji/article67187262.ece |url-access=subscription|access-date=20 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=12 August 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> <br />
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 19 September 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manoj Bajpayee starts shooting for 'Bhaiyyaji' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/manoj-bajpayee-starts-shooting-for-bhaiyyaji/article67323075.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=19 September 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Manoj Bajpayee to commence Bhaiyya Ji shoot on Ganesh Chaturthi in Lucknow : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/manoj-bajpayee-commence-bhaiyya-ji-shoot-ganesh-chaturthi-lucknow/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=21 March 2024 |language=en |date=11 September 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
This project is the second collaboration of [[Manoj Bajpayee]] and Apoorv Singh Karki after the ''[[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]]'' movie.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Zeba |title=Bhaiyya Ji: Meet Manoj Bajpayee's new badass character who is total gangster |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-bhaiyya-ji-meet-manoj-bajpayees-new-character-that-gives-off-gangs-of-wasseypur-vibe-702451 |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=[[WION]] |date=21 March 2024 |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
The film was mainly shot in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pics: Manoj Bajpayee begins filming for 'Bhaiyya Ji' on Ganesh Chaturthi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/manoj-bajpayee-bhaiyya-ji-ganesh-chaturthi-2437786-2023-09-19 |work=[[India Today]] |date=19 September 2023 |access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
[[Manoj Bajpayee]] plays the titular role while [[Zoya Hussain]] plays the lead female role.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |title=Manoj Bajpayee On Reviving 'Massy Hero' Era With Bhaiyya Ji: They Show Hero In VFX-Heavy Films - EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/manoj-bajpayee-on-reviving-massy-hero-era-in-bollywood-with-bhaiyya-ji-they-show-hero-in-vfx-heavy-films-exclusive-article-108723886 |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=23 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Suvinder Vicky plays the antagonist.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Manoj Bajpayee Guns for Action Hero Status in 'Bhaiyya Ji' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/manoj-bajpayee-mass-action-hero-bhaiyya-ji-1236000483/ |access-date=16 May 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=15 May 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
The official teaser was unveiled on 20 March 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhaiyya Ji teaser out: Manoj Bajpayee looks menacing, is out to seek vengeance in his 100th film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bhaiyaaji-teaser-out-manoj-bajpeyee-looks-menacing-is-out-to-seeks-vengeance-in-his-100th-film-9224567/ |url-access=limited |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Bhaiyya Ji' teaser: Manoj Bajpayee is a man to be feared in this revenge drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhaiyya-ji-teaser-manoj-bajpayee-is-a-man-to-be-feared-in-this-revenge-drama/article67975256.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=21 March 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The trailer of the movie was released on 9 May 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chaubey |first=Pranita |title=Bhaiyya Ji Trailer: Beware Of Manoj Bajpayee, A True Blue Goodfella |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bhaiyya-ji-trailer-beware-of-manoj-bajpayee-a-true-blue-goodfella-5623800 |access-date=16 May 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=9 May 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
The film was theatrically released on 24 May 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhaiyaji Movie Release Date: Manoj Bajpayee's 'Bhaiyya Ji' will be released in theatres on May 24 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/manoj-bajpayees-bhaiyya-ji-gets-a-release-date/article67950188.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=14 March 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Raj Singh |first=Kashvi |title=Manoj Bajpayee Reveals 'Bhaiyya Ji' To Release On THIS Date In Menacing New Poster; Teaser Out Tomorrow |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/manoj-bajpayee-reveals-bhaiyya-ji-to-release-on-this-date-in-menacing-new-poster-teaser-out-tomorrow-8815226.html |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=14 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The film was premiered on [[ZEE5]] from 26 July 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Kristina |date=14 March 2024 |title='Bhaiyya Ji': Manoj Bajpayee's 100th film to be released on THIS platform |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/bhaiyya-ji-manoj-bajpayee-s-100th-film-to-be-released-on-this-platform-deets-inside-2024-07-19-942666 |work=India News |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shukla |first=Apeksha |date=14 March 2024 |title=Bhaiyya Ji OTT Release: Here's when and where you can watch Manoj Bajpayee's 100th film |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bhaiyya-ji-ott-release-heres-when-and-where-you-can-watch-manoj-bajpayees-100th-film-1330097 |work=PinkVilla |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music of the film is composed by Manoj Tiwari, Deepak Thakur and lyrics are written by Dr. Sagar . The first single titled "Baagh Ka Kareja" was released on 24 April 2024.The second single titled "Chakka Jaam" was released on 24 May 2024.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Track listing<br />
!<abbr>No.</abbr><br />
!Title<br />
!Lyrics<br />
!Music<br />
!Singer(s)<br />
!Length<br />
|-<br />
!1.<br />
|Baagh Ka Kareja<br />
|Dr. Sagar <br />
|Aditya Dev <br />
|[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]<br />
|2:29<br />
|-<br />
!2.<br />
|Chakka Jaam<br />
|Dr. Sagar <br />
|Deepak Thakur<br />
|[[Malini Awasthi]], Deepak Thakur<br />
|1:47<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''Bhaiyya Ji'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhaiyya Ji box office collection day 1: Manoj Bajpayee's 100th film manages to earns just Rs 1.3 crore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bhaiyya-ji-box-office-collection-day-1-manoj-bajpayee-100th-film-ra-1-crore-9350861/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213085220/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bhaiyya-ji-box-office-collection-day-1-manoj-bajpayee-100th-film-ra-1-crore-9350861/ |archive-date=13 February 2025 |access-date=13 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |quote=Manoj Bajpayee‘s revenge drama Bhaiyya Ji, directed by Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai director Apoorv Singh Karki, released to mixed reviews on Friday.}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[News 18]]'' rated it 3 out of 5 praising Manoj Bajpayee's performance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhaiyya Ji' Movie Review |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/film-review-bhaiyya-ji-movie-review-manoj-bajpayee-zoya-hussain-film-know-what-story-is-like-8348497.html |work=News 18 |date=24 May 2024 |access-date=21 July 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> [[Jansatta]] too in its review commended Bajapyee and rated the film 3 out 5. <ref>{{cite news |last=Yadav |first=Rahul |date=24 May 2024| title=Bhaiyya Ji' Movie Review: Ek Bihari Sab Par Bhaari|url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/bhaiyya-ji-movie-review-in-hindi-rating-manoj-bajpayee-amazing-performance-in-this-film/3379599/ |work=Jansatta |access-date=21 July 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24]]'' too put a watch rating on the movie, raving about Bajpayee's performance while also praising Zoya Hussain and Surendra Vicky. It wrote, "Manoj Bajpayee excels in this role, bringing realism to the character with his desi swag and fitting perfectly into the action scenes, despite being 55."<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhaiyya Ji Film Review: Manoj Bajpayee's Action-Packed Performance In A Logic-Free Zone |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/bhaiyya-ji-film-review-manoj-bajpayees-action-packed-performance-in-a-logic-free-zone/271200/ |work=News24 |date=24 May 2024 |access-date=21 July 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> <br />
<br />
A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "''Bhaiyya Ji'' rests on a decent first half and Manoj Bajpayee’s massy performance, but the film fails to impress."<ref>{{cite news|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|title=Bhaiyya Ji Movie Review: BHAIYYA JI rests on a decent first half and Manoj Bajpayee's massy performance.|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhaiyyaji/critic-review/bhaiyyaji-movie-review/bhaiyya-ji-rests-on-a-decent-first-half-and-manoj-bajpayees-massy-performance/|magazine=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=24 May 2024}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
Many other reviewers were not as warm towards the film. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=0|count=5|average=5|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=27 May 2024}}<ref>{{cite Rotten Tomatoes|title=Bhaiyya Ji|id=bhaiyya_ji<br />
|type=m|access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "After spelling out the premise, the narrative takes a predictable shape."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=24 May 2024 |title='Bhaiyya Ji' movie review: Manoj Bajpayee burns bright in this toothless revenge saga |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhaiyya-ji-movie-review-manoj-bajpayee-burns-bright-in-this-toothless-revenge-saga/article68210596.ece | url-access=subscription|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref> Shalini Langer of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated "There is a glimmer of hope that Karki is suggesting a Bihari sub-network that runs through cities such as Delhi that people like us see and not see – and that this could be Bhaiyya Ji’s biggest strength."<ref>{{cite news |last=Langer |first=Shalini |title=Bhaiyya Ji movie review: Weak film does Manoj Bajpayee no credit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bhaiyya-ji-movie-review-weak-film-does-manoj-bajpayee-no-credit-9349206/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 2/5 stars and notes "A film with a one-line plot needed a lot more pizzazz, whistle-worthy dialogue and a large-than-life, invincible protagonist. Karki makes a Rajinikanth kind of actioner (Bhaiyya Ji fights with a bidi in his mouth) but with a realistic soul, and falls between two boats."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |date=24 May 2024 |title=Even Manoj Bajpayee Can't Help Bhaiyya Ji |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/bhaiyya-ji-review/20240524.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=26 May 2024}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
Taher Ahmed for ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated 2 stars and commented "The actors playing antagonists do hold their own. But the direction fails to impress, and the action scenes are run of the mill."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Taher |date=24 May 2024 |title='Bhaiyya Ji' movie review: Bajpayee's 100th film fails to deliver |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/bhaiyya-ji-movie-review-bajpayee-s-100th-film-fails-to-deliver-3038058 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=26 May 2024}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
Abhimanyu Mathur for ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' praised Bajpayee's performance and stated "He is in Rajinikanth and Balakrishna territory here, playing an ageing but powerful hero. And the actor shows just why he is the most talented actor of his generation."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |title=Bhaiyya Ji review: Manoj Bajpayee's desi actioner is meant to be tribute, ends up being cheap copy of south action films |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-bhaiyya-ji-review-manoj-bajpayee-apoorv-singh-karki-desi-mass-less-tribute-more-parody-of-south-action-films-3090562 |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]] |date=24 May 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
Amit Bhatia of ''[[ABP News]]'' opined "‘Bhaiyya Ji’ feels like a film that would have been remarkable 20 to 25 years ago. In today's era of realistic cinema, it comes across as dated."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Amit |title=Bhaiyya Ji Review: A Tale Of Revenge That Feels Outdated Despite Manoj Bajpayee's Stellar Performance |url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-bhaiyya-ji-review-starring-manoj-bajpayee-director-apoorv-singh-karki-rating-1689953 |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=[[ABP News]] |date=24 May 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kartik Bhardwaj of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 to the movie and stated "Most of ''Bhaiyya Ji'' is all bark and no-bite."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhardwaj |first=Kartik |title=Bhaiyya Ji Movie Review: This Manoj Bajpayee actioner is more paper tiger, less hidden dragon |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2024/May/24/bhaiyya-jimovie-review-this-manoj-bajpayee-actioner-is-more-paper-tiger-less-hidden-dragon |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 May 2024 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
Pragati Awasthi of ''[[WION]]'' also gave a negative review and wrote "Keep your brain in snooze mode while watching this, as you won’t need to use much of it. With everything illogical happening on screen, this type of movie requires a brain shutdown."<ref>{{cite news |last=Awasthi |first=Pragati |title=Bhaiyya Ji Review: This Manoj Bajpayee movie is a huge disappointment |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bhaiyya-ji-review-this-manoj-bajpayees-movie-is-a-huge-dissapointment-724845 |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=[[WION]] |date=24 May 2024 |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote "''Bhaiyya Ji'' has several characters and scenes that similarly go nowhere."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Bhaiyya Ji' review: O brother, why art thou? |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1067742/bhaiyya-ji-review-o-brother-why-art-thou |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=24 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Box office==<br />
Released on 24 May 2024, Bhaiyya Ji collected a total of 11.76 crore at the worldwide box office.<ref name="BO"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |date=30 April 2024 |title=India Box Office: Manoj Bajpayee's 'Bhaiyyaji' Scores $1 Million|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2024/05/29/india-box-office-manoj-bajpayees-bhaiyyaji-scores-1-million/ |work=[[Forbes.com]] |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|28654369}} <br />
* [https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/bhaiyya-ji/0-0-1z5595126 Bhaiyya Ji] on [[ZEE5]]<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|bhaiyyaji}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Architecture&diff=458534Council of Architecture2026-02-28T08:33:55Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Professional regulatory body for architects in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| name = Council of Architecture<br />
| type = Professional council<br />
| logo = [[File:Council of Architecture - Logo.png|frameless|class=skin-invert]]<br />
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1972|09|01}}<br />
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]<br />
| headquarters = [[India Habitat Centre]], [[New Delhi]]<br />
| minister1_name = <br />
| minister1_pfo = <br />
| chief1_name = Abhay Vinayak Purohit<br />
| chief1_position = President<br />
| chief2_name = Gajanand Ram<br />
| chief2_position = Vice President<br />
| chief3_name = Raj Kumar Oberoi<br />
| chief3_position = Registrar<br />
| chief4_name = Deepak Kumar<br />
| chief4_position = Deputy Registrar<br />
| parent_department = [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]],<br /> [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education]]<br />
| website = {{url|www.coa.gov.in/}}<br />
| agency_type = [[Regulatory agency|Professional regulatory body]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''Council of Architecture (COA)''' is a professional regulatory body established by the [[Government of India]] to regulate [[Architectural education in India|architectural education]] and profession of architects throughout India.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite act|index=20 of 1972|date=|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|title=The Architects Act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1690|prefix=Act No.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
The role of the Council of Architecture are:<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
* Registering architects;<br />
* Setting minimum standards for architectural education;<br />
* Inspecting higher educational institutions offering architectural programmes;<br />
* Establishing a code of ethics and standards of professional conduct for architects; and<br />
* Investigating professional misconduct.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
India experienced a rapid increase in construction activities following the independence. During this period, many unqualified persons utilised the title "[[architect]]" and undertook the construction of buildings, which were frequently uneconomical and unsafe. This caused disrepute to the profession of architects.<ref name=":22">{{Cite act|index=20 of 1972|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|title=The Architects Act|url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-193290|prefix=Act No.|orig-section=Statement of Objects and Reasons}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Indian Institute of Architects|The Indian Institute of Architects]], a professional association of architects, led the demand for statutory regulation of profession of architecture. They argued that statutory regulation was necessary to protect the general public from unqualified persons working as architects.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ganju |first=Munishwar Nath Ashish |date=1999 |title=Architect as Team Leader: the Architect’s Distinctive Professional Identity |url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-21742 |website=Architexturez South Asia}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequently, the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] enacted the Architects Act of 1972 as a statutory provision for registering architects. The Act made it unlawful for any person to use the title "architect" without the requisite qualifications, experience and registration under the Act.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite court|litigants=Council of Architecture v. Mr. Mukesh Goyal & Ors.|opinion=2020 INSC 298|court=[[Supreme Court of India]]|date=2020-03-17|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2014/21001/21001_2014_3_1501_21539_Judgement_17-Mar-2020.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Architects Act established the Council of Architecture with authority over the registration of architects. The Act empowered the Council of Architecture to prescribe a code of ethics and standards of professional conduct for architects and enforce it through enquiries and disciplinary actions. The Act entrusted the Council of Architecture with assessment of the standards of education and training of architects within India.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Organisation structure ==<br />
<br />
=== Council ===<br />
The Council of Architecture is the primary [[Deliberative assembly|deliberative body]] of the [[Regulatory agency|professional regulatory body]]. Its resolution and decision needs to be approved by the Executive Committee through a majority vote before [[Entry into force|commencement]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":23" /><ref name=":232" /> <br />
<br />
The Council of Architecture consists of the following members:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
* Five architects elected by the members of the [[Indian Institute of Architects]] from among themselves;<br />
* Five architects elected by the heads of architecture schools from among themselves;<br />
* One person nominated by the [[Government of India]];<br />
* Two persons nominated by the [[All India Council for Technical Education|All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)]];<br />
* The Chief Architect of the [[Central Public Works Department|Indian Central Public Works Department]], as an [[ex officio member]];<br />
* The Chief Architect of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Ministry of Defence]], as an [[ex officio member]];<br />
* One architect from each [[States and union territories of India|state or union territory]], nominated by the respective [[State governments of India|state or union territory government]];<br />
* Two persons nominated by the [[Institution of Engineers (India)]] from among its members; and<br />
* One person nominated by the Institution of Surveyors (India) from among its members.<br />
The elected and nominated members of the Council of Architecture serve a three-year term from the date of their election or nomination. All members are eligible for re-election or re-nomination, but may not serve more than three consecutive terms.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
=== President ===<br />
The President is elected by the members of the Council of Architecture present at the time of the election, from among themselves. The President serves a three-year term, provided their membership in the Council of Architecture remains active.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":23">{{Cite act|index=|date=1973-02-20|legislature=[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]]|title=Council of Architecture Rules, 1973|url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_9_30_00017_197220_1517807324770&type=rule&filename=Council%20of%20Architecture%20Rules%201973.pdf|prefix=|authority=|reporter=|type=|at=|parallel=}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Vice President ===<br />
The Vice President is elected by the members of the Council of Architecture present at the time of the election, from among themselves. The Vice President serves a three-year term, provided their membership in the Council of Architecture remains active.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":23" /><br />
<br />
=== Registrar ===<br />
The Registrar is appointed by the Council of Architecture as its [[chief executive officer]]. The Registrar must retire at the age of 60.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":232" /><br />
<br />
=== Executive Committee ===<br />
The Executive Committee is the executive authority of the Council of Architecture and is responsible for giving effect to the resolution and decision of the Council of Architecture.<ref name=":232">{{Cite act|index=|date=1983-04-02|legislature=[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]]|title=Council of Architecture Regulations, 1982|url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_9_30_00017_197220_1517807324770&type=regulation&filename=Council%20of%20Architecture%20Regulations%201982.pdf|prefix=}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The Executive Committee is a seven-member committee of the Council of Architecture and is composed of the President, the Vice President, and five additional members, who are elected by the members of the Council of Architecture from among themselves. The members of the Executive Committee serves a three-year term, provided their membership in the Council of Architecture remains active.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":23" /><br />
<br />
The Executive Committee manages and invests the funds and oversees staff appointments and conditions of service. It prepares annual audit and administration reports and submits them to the Council of Architecture for consideration. It also authorizes expenditures and handles allowances. The Presidents approve the resolution and decision of the Committee by signing it. If the President disapproves, the Council of Architecture can approve it through a majority vote.<ref name=":232" /><br />
=== Disciplinary Committee ===<br />
The Disciplinary Committee is a three-member committee of the Council of Architecture, responsible for investigating alleged professional misconduct by architects. The Council of Architecture reviews complaints made against registered architects and refers any ''[[prima facie]]'' cases to the Disciplinary Committee for a full inquiry. The Disciplinary Committee conducts the inquiry and submits its report to the Council of Architecture.<ref name=":23" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.coa.gov.in/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Indian Professional Regulators}}<br />
[[Category:Architecture organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Architecture-related professional associations]]<br />
[[Category:Architecture in India]]<br />
[[Category:Architectural education in India]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:Ministry of Education (India)]]<br />
[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]<br />
[[Category:College accreditors in India]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siraj_Aurangabadi&diff=478268Siraj Aurangabadi2026-02-24T07:51:11Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: Added basic info basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian writer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Siraj Uddin Aurangabadi<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| pseudonym = <br />
| birth_name = Sayyid Sirajuddin<br />
| birth_date = 1715<br />
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad]], [[Hyderabad Deccan]]<br />
| death_date = 1763<br />
| death_place = [[Aurangabad]], [[Hyderabad Deccan]]<br />
| occupation = [[Poet]]<br />
| language = [[Urdu]] [[Persian language|Persian]]<br />
| nationality = [[Hyderabadi]]<br />
| genre = [[Ghazal]], [[Nazm]]<br />
| subject = [[Mysticism]], [[Sufism]]<br />
| notableworks = ''Kulliyat-e-Siraj'', ''Bostan-e-Khayal''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sayyid Sirajuddin''', commonly known as '''Siraj Aurangabadi''' (1715–1763), was a Sufi mystic poet who initially wrote in [[Persian language|Persian]] and later started writing in [[Urdu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&q=siraj+aurangabadi+hafiz&pg=PA4109|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|last=Lal|first=Mohan|date=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|pages=4109|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFddGwAACAAJ&q=sam+sex+love+in+India|title=Same-sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History|last1=Vanita|first1=Ruth|last2=Kidwai|first2=Saleem|publisher=Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-333-80033-1|pages=169|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Work and Life ==<br />
The anthology of his poems, ''Kulliyat-e-Siraj'', contains his ghazals along with his masnavi ''Nazm-i-Siraj''. He was influenced by Persian poet [[Hafez|Hafiz]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
He had also compiled and edited a selection of works of [[List of Persian-language poets|Persian poets]] under the title "Muntakhib Diwan". The anthology of his poems, entitled ''Siraj-e-Sukhan'', was included in ''Kulliyat-e-Siraj''.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
He stopped writing poetry at the age of 24.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
In his later life, Aurangabadi renounced the world and became a [[Sufism|Sufi]] ascetic. He lived a life of isolation, though a number of younger poets and admirers used to gather at his place for poetic instruction and religious edification.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}<br />
<br />
His ghazal ''Khabar-e-Tahayyur-e-Ishq'' has been sung by [[Abida Parveen]] and [[Ali Sethi]] paid a tribute to the singer by singing the same ghazal in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1184422|title=Ali Sethi's latest track pays homage to Siraj Aurangabadi's poetry|author=Images Staff|date=2020-01-13|website=Images|language=en|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Poetry}}<br />
<br />
* [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]]<br />
*[[Wali Mohammed Wali|Wali Dakhni]]<br />
*[[Azad Bilgrami]]<br />
*[[Sikandar Ali Wajd]]<br />
*[[Urdu poetry]]<br />
*[[List of Urdu Poets]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature – Volume 5<br />
* Encyclopedic Dictionary of Urdu Literature<br />
* {{Cite web|title = Intikhab-e-Siraj Aurangabadi {{!}} Rekhta|url = https://rekhta.org/ebooks/intikhab-e-siraj-aurangabadi-mohammad-hasan-ebooks|website = Rekhta|access-date = 2016-01-05}}<br />
* {{Cite web|title = Bostan-e-Khayal {{!}} Rekhta|url = https://rekhta.org/ebooks/bostan-e-khayal-siraj-aurangabadi-ebooks|website = Rekhta|access-date = 2016-01-05}}<<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[https://issuu.com/rchakravarti/docs/kulliyaat-e-siraj?mode=a_p Kulliyaat-e-Siraj]<br />
*[http://www.urdustan.com/history.htm History of Urdu poetry]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{urdu poetry}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aurangabadi, Siraj}}<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male poets]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Persian-language poets]]<br />
[[Category:History of Aurangabad]]<br />
[[Category:1763 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:1715 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Marathwada]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Aurangabad]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neora_Valley_National_Park&diff=547504Neora Valley National Park2026-02-22T03:32:38Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: expand layout per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|National park in the state of West Bengal, India}}<br />
{{Infobox protected area<br />
| name = Neora Valley National Park<br />
| alt_name = <br />
| iucn_category = II<br />
| image = Sun set in neora valley.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = A view of Neora Valley National Park<br />
| image_size = <br />
| map = India West Bengal#India<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_width = <br />
| relief = 1<br />
| mapframe = Yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 9<br />
| location = [[Kalimpong district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
| nearest_city = [[Kalimpong]]<br />
| nearest_town = [[Lava (town)|Lava]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.06|N|88.7|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coords_ref = <br />
| area_km2 = 88<br />
| established = 1986<br />
| visitation_num = <br />
| visitation_year = <br />
| governing_body = [[Government of India]], [[Government of West Bengal]]<br />
| world_heritage_site = <br />
| url = <br />
}}<br />
'''Neora Valley National Park''' is a [[national park]] in [[Kalimpong district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]] that was established in 1986. Spread over an area of {{cvt|88|km2}},<ref>[https://www.north-bengal.com/neora-valley-kalimpong.html Neora Valley National Park] ''north-bengal.com''. Retrieved 10 September 2021</ref> it is a rich biological zone in eastern India. It is the land of the [[red panda]] in the pristine undisturbed natural habitat with rugged inaccessible hilly terrain and rich diverse flora and fauna. It is linked to [[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]] of [[Pakyong District]] as well as forests of [[Samtse District]], [[Bhutan]] via thick cover of forests.<ref>{{cite web |date=2017 |url=http://www.wildbengal.com/urls/news.html |title=WildBengal |website=Wildlife Wing, Directorate of Forests Government of West Bengal |access-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014003/http://www.wildbengal.com/urls/news.html |archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[Image:Neora river.png|left|thumb|Neora River, West Bengal]]<br />
Neora Valley National Park covers an area of {{cvt|88|km2}} with an elevation of {{cvt|183|-|3200|m}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mallick, J. K. |year=2012 |title=Mammals of Kalimpong Hills, Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=3103–3136 |url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/809/1453}}</ref> The highest point is Rachela Danda. Much of the park is still inaccessible. It borders [[Pakyong District]] and [[Samtse District|Samtse Bhutan]].{{citation needed |date=September 2019}} The Neora River is the major water source for Kalimpong town.{{citation needed |date=September 2019}}<br />
<br />
==Biodiversity==<br />
[[File:Neora Valley National Park, Kurseong.jpg|thumb|A stream in Neora Valley National Park]]<br />
[[File:The mystic forest.jpg|thumb|Forest in Neora Valley National Park]]<br />
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2020}}<br />
Avian fauna listed from this park are of A1, A2 and A3 categories with IBA site code IN-WB-06.<ref>[http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/West-Bengal.pdf], West Bengal IBA categories Page-2.</ref><br />
<br />
The primary [[biomes]] inside Neora Vally National Park are:<br />
* Sino-Himalayan Temperate Forest of the [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]] Biome 7<br />
* Sino-Himalayan Subtropical Forest of the [[Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests]] Biome 8<br />
* Indo-Chinese Tropical Moist Forest of the [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]] Biome 9<br />
<br />
===Flora===<br />
Neora Valley sustains a unique ecosystem where tropical, sub-tropical, sub-temperate, and temperate vegetative system still harbours a wealth of flora and fauna. The forests consists of mixed species like [[rhododendron]], [[bamboo]], [[oak]], [[fern]]s, [[Shorea robusta|sal]], etc. The valley also has numerous species of [[orchids]], some of which are endemic to the park. Common species of rhododendron that grow in the park include ''[[Rhododendron arboreum]]'', ''[[Rhododendron falconeri]]'', and ''[[Rhododendron dalhousiae]].''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neora Valley National Park|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5447/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fauna===<br />
[[File:Red Panda at Neora Valley National Park West Bengal India 2012.jpg|thumb|Red panda]]<br />
[[File:Hoary-throated Barwing Neora Valley NP India.jpg|thumb|[[Hoary-throated barwing]] (''Actinodura nipalensis'')]]<br />
[[File:Maroon-backed Accentor Neora valley National Park West Bengal India 08.12.2015.jpg|thumb|[[Maroon-backed accentor]] (''Prunella immaculata'')]]<br />
'''Mammals''' reported from this area are [[Indian leopard]], five [[viverrid]] species, [[Asiatic black bear]], [[sloth bear]], [[Asian golden cat]], [[wild boar]], [[leopard cat]], [[goral]], [[serow]], [[barking deer]], [[sambar deer]], [[flying squirrel]] and [[tahr]], [[red panda]], [[clouded leopard]].<ref>[http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/West-Bengal.pdf], IBAs in West Bengal&nbsp;– Page 20.</ref><br />
The semi-evergreen forests between {{cvt|1600|and|2700|m}} host [[rufous-throated partridge]], [[satyr tragopan]], [[crimson-breasted woodpecker]], [[Darjeeling woodpecker]], [[bay woodpecker]], [[golden-throated barbet]], [[Hodgson's hawk cuckoo]], [[lesser cuckoo]], [[brown wood owl]], [[ashy wood pigeon]], [[mountain imperial pigeon]], [[Jerdon's baza]], [[black eagle]], [[mountain hawk eagle]], [[Red-throated thrush|dark-throated thrush]], [[rufous-gorgeted flycatcher]], [[white-gorgeted flycatcher]], [[white-browed bush robin]], [[white-tailed robin]], [[yellow-browed tit]], [[striated bulbul]], [[chestnut-headed tesia]], [[chestnut-crowned warbler]], [[black-faced warbler]], [[black-faced laughingthrush]], [[chestnut-crowned laughingthrush]], [[streak-breasted scimitar babbler]], [[scaly-breasted cupwing]], [[pygmy cupwing]], [[rufous-fronted babbler]], [[black-headed shrike babbler]], [[white-browed shrike-babbler]], [[rusty-fronted barwing]], [[rufous-winged fulvetta]], [[brown parrotbill]], [[fire-breasted flowerpecker]], [[fire-tailed sunbird]], [[maroon-backed accentor]], [[dark-breasted rosefinch]], [[red-headed bullfinch]], [[gold-naped finch]].<br />
<br />
Reptilian fauna includes [[King cobra]], [[common krait]], [[green pit viper]], [[blind snake]], [[lizards]]. Insects include [[butterflies]], [[moths]], [[beetles]], [[bees]], [[wasps]], [[Heteroptera|bugs]] and [[cicada]]s.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br />
* [[Gorumara National Park]]<br />
* [[Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.wbfdc.com/lava.html West Bengal Forest Development Corporation Ltd. - Lava] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225235900/http://www.wbfdc.com/lava.html |date=2016-02-25 }}<br />
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5447/ UNESCO World Heritage Center - Tentative List]<br />
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/666282774#map=11/27.0647/88.7890&layers=C Neora Valley National Park] marked on OpenStreetMap<br />
<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
<br />
{{National Parks of India}}<br />
{{Protected areas of West Bengal}}<br />
{{Kalimpong topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]]<br />
[[Category:National parks in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1986]]<br />
[[Category:1986 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kalimpong district]]<br />
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for India]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Bosco_English_Medium_School_Monigram&diff=497556Don Bosco English Medium School Monigram2026-02-21T02:15:48Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: Added New Post...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox school<br />
| name = Don Bosco English Medium School Monigram<br />
| native_name =<br />
| latin_name = <br />
| logo = Don bosco hostel.jpg<br />
| seal_image = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| type = <br />
| caption = <br />
| motto = "Duty , Discipline and Excellence "<br />
| motto_translation = <br />
| location = [[Manigram]], [[Sagardighi (community development block)|Sagardighi]], [[Murshidabad]] 742237, India<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]<br />
| gender = Co-Education<br />
| system = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]]<br />
| denomination = <br />
| patron = <br />
| founded = <br />
| established = 31 March 2005<br />
| sister_school = <br />
| school_board = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]]<br />
| district = [[Murshidabad district]]<br />
| us_nces_district_id = <br />
| local_authority = <br />
| authority = <br />
| category = <br />
| category_label = <br />
| principal_label = Rector<br />
| principal2 = <br />
| principal1 = Rev. Fr Jino George<br />
| enrollment = 700 approx.<br />
| international_students = <br />
| classes = <br />
| classes_offered = Pre Nursery to XII<br />
| schedule_type = <br />
| schedule = <br />
| classrooms = 25<br />
| campuses = <br />
| campus = <br />
| language = English<br />
| houses = {{color box|Red}} Red<br>{{color box|Green}} Green<br>{{colour box|Blue}} Blue<br>{{color box|Yellow}} Yellow<br />
| colours = <br />
| colors = <br />
| song = <br />
| fight_song = <br />
| athletics = <br />
| sports = Cricket, Football, Basketball, Throwball and Vollyball<br />
| affiliations = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]]<br />
| alumni = <br />
| nobel_laureates = <br />
| information = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| picture = <br />
| picture_caption = <br />
| picture2 = <br />
| picture_caption2 = <br />
}}<br />
'''Don Bosco English Medium School Monigram''', or '''DBEMS''', is a co-educational [[English (language)|English]] medium school established in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DON BOSCO ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL - Manigram/xiii District Murshidabad (West Bengal) |url=https://schools.org.in/murshidabad/19072007203/don-bosco-english-medium-school.html |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref> It is run by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Krishnagar]]. The school operates under the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] in rural Murshidabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DON BOSCO ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL, MONIGRAM {{!}} (A Christian Missionary School Controlled and Governed by the Roman Catholic diocese of Krishnagar) |url=https://www.donboscomonigram.org/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=www.donboscomonigram.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Motto==<br />
The motto of the institution is "Duty, Discipline, and Excellence".<br />
<br />
==Campus==<br />
Don Bosco English Medium School Monigram is situated in a rural area of Monigram under the Sagardighi police station.<br />
<br />
==Aim==<br />
According to the school's prospectus, "The aim of the institution is to impart sound education to the students by forming in them habits of virtue, discipline, and self-efficiency to become useful and responsible citizens of our motherland, India."<br />
<br />
== Educational system ==<br />
The school is an [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE board school]]. There are two main [[examinations]] - the half-yearly examinations and the final examination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Don Bosco English Medium School, Murshidabad - Admissions, Reviews, Fees and Address 2024 |url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/don-bosco-english-medium-school-r62e6y |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=iCBSE |language=en-US}}</ref> Half-yearly exams are held in the months of September–October and final exams are held in late February to early March. A [[student]] needs at least 90% attendance to sit in an examination hall.<br />
<br />
== Curriculum ==<br />
The school follows the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] Board until class ten.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/287795511366952/ Facebook.com - Don Bosco English Medium School Monigram]<br />
<br />
{{Coord|24|34|14|N|88|11|27|E|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Salesian schools]]<br />
[[Category:Catholic schools in India]]<br />
[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Christian schools in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Murshidabad district]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2005]]<br />
[[Category:2005 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Boarding schools in West Bengal]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satish_Vegesna&diff=533485Satish Vegesna2026-02-19T03:46:42Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Satish Vegesna <br />
| birth_date =<br />
| birth_place = [[Tanuku]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br />
| father = <br />
| mother =<br />
| education = B.A<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| years_active = 1998{{Endash}}present<br />
| occupation = Director, screenwriter<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Satish Vegesna''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name="Y. Sunita Chowdhary">{{cite news|last1=Y.|first1=Sunita Chowdhary|title=Human emotions never get outdated|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/%E2%80%98Human-emotions-never-get-outdated%E2%80%99/article17068261.ece|website=The Hindu|date=20 January 2017|accessdate=22 February 2018|language=en-IN}}</ref> His film ''[[Shatamanam Bhavati]]'' received the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] and the state [[Nandi Awards]] for [[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Direction]], and [[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film|Best Home Viewing Feature Film]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/13-nandi-awards-for-baahubali/articleshow/61655551.cms|title=Andhra Pradesh government announces Nandi awards for 2014-2016|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="The Hans India">{{cite web|title=I don't want to be preachy any more, says Satish Vegesna|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-08-08/I-dont-want-to-be-preachy-any-more-says-Satish-Vegesna/317474|website=The Hans India|date=8 August 2017|accessdate=22 February 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Satish Vegesna to direct Sai Dharam Tej">{{cite web|title=Satish Vegesna to direct Sai Dharam Tej|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/160417/satish-vegesna-to-direct-sai-dharam.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=22 February 2018|language=en|date=16 April 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Vegesna was born in [[Tanuku]] of [[West Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He completed his BA and worked as a composer in the news daily [[Eenadu]] for 7 years.<ref name="Idlebrain interview">{{cite web|last1=Nelluri|first1=Maya|title=Interview with Satish Vegesna about Shatamanam Bhavati by Maya Nelluri - Telugu cinema director|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/satishvegesna-sathamanambhavati.html|website=idlebrain.com|accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref> He quit his job to become a writer.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
[[File:Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Swarn Kamal Award to the Director, Shri Satish Vagesna for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Sathamanam Bhavathi, at the 64th National Film Awards Function, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Vegesna (right) receiving award from President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] (middle) at the [[64th National Film Awards]], 2017]]<br />
<br />
Vegesna initially worked as a writer and became a director. In 1999, he started working with director [[Muppalaneni Shiva]] for a few films like ''[[Speed Dancer]]'' and ''Priya O Priya''. He worked with [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] for the film ''[[Thotti Gang]]''.<ref name="The Hans India"/> This along with ''[[Kabaddi Kabaddi (2003 film)|Kabaddi Kabaddi]]'' gave him a break as a writer. Later he worked with Allari Naresh for several films.<br />
<br />
''Dongala Bandi'' was his first film as a director starring Allari Naresh. But this film did not do well at the box office. He worked for director [[Harish Shankar]] for the films ''Gabbar Singh, Ramayya Vastavayya'', and ''Subrahmanyam for Sale''. After that he approached producer [[Dil Raju]] with the story of ''Shatamanam Bhavati'', which became a hit at the box office also garnering a National award and state Nandi award. The film received the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] for "in appreciation of providing a feeling of jubilation by respecting family values in an unexplored manner".<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|accessdate=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archivedate=6 June 2017}}</ref><br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film<br />
! Director !! Writer !! Notes !! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ''[[Subhalekhalu]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2000 || ''[[Maa Pelliki Randi]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Hyderabad''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || ''Prema Sakshiga''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | 2002 || ''[[Raghava (film)|Raghava]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nee Premakai]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Story}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kanulu Moosina Nuvve''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yuva Rathna]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Story, dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hai (film)|Hai]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thotti Gang]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2003 || [[Kabaddi Kabaddi (2003 film)|''Kabaddi Kabaddi'']]<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Satyam (2003 film)|''Satyam'']]<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nenu Seetamahalakshmi]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nenu Pelliki Ready]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2004|| ''[[Naa Autograph]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Leela Mahal Center]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2005 || ''[[Pandem]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Story, dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nuvvante Naakishtam]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[That is Pandu]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || ''[[Kithakithalu]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rajababu (2006 film)|Rajababu]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Athili Sattibabu LKG]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Screenplay, dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pellaindi Kaani]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Blade Babji]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Story, dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dongala Bandi]]''<br />
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mangataayaru Tiffin Centre''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || ''[[Fitting Master]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''Burudi''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || ''[[Madatha Kaja]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Screenplay, dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || [[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Screenplay}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ramadandu''<br />
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kulu Manali''<br />
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Kevvu Keka]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Story, dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Screenplay}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Screenplay}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Paisalo Paramatma''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || ''[[Shatamanam Bhavati]]''<br />
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]{{Br}}[[Nandi Award for Best Director]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || [[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|''Srinivasa Kalyanam'']]<br />
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]''<br />
| {{yes}} || {{partial|Screenplay, dialogue}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Mr. Bachchan]]''<br />
| {{no}} || {{partial|Screenplay}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || ''[[Sri Sri Sri Raja Vaaru]]''<br />
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Nandi Award for Best Director}}{{Films directed by Satish Vegesna}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vegesna, Satish}}<br />
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:People from Tanuku]]<br />
[[Category:Film people from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Gaddar Telangana Film Awards winners]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolkata%E2%80%93Agra_Cantonment_Express&diff=463426Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Express2026-02-18T12:26:48Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=January 2015}}{{original research|date=January 2015}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Kolkata Agra Cantonment Express<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br />
| first = 9 February 2014 [https://archive.today/20141022120340/http://www.thestatesman.net/news/38859-howrah-katihar-express-to-run-on-tuesdays.html]<br />
| last = <br />
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]<br />
| start = [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata Chitpur]]<br />
| stops = 20<br />
| end = {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}}<br />
| distance = {{convert|1460.5|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 27 hours 30 mins as 13167 Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Express, 27 hours 45 mins as 13168 Agra Cantonment–Kolkata Express.<br />
| frequency = Once a week. 13167 Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Express – Thursday. 13168 Agra Cantonment–Kolkata Express – Saturday.<br />
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, AC Economy, Sleeper class, General Unreserved<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack = <br />
| catering = No<br />
| observation = <br />
| entertainment = <br />
| baggage = <br />
| other facilities = <br />
| stock = [[LHB coach]]<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br />
| el = Partial<br />
| trainnumber = 13167 / 68<br />
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum,<br />{{convert|53|km/h|0|abbr=on}} including halts.<br />
| map = <br />
| map_state = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The 13167 / 68 '''Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] and {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}} in India.<br />
<br />
It operates as train number 13167 from Kolkata Chitpur to Agra Cantonment and as train number 13168 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
==Coaches==<br />
<br />
The 13167 / 68 Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Express has 1 AC 2 tier, 5 AC 3 tier, 2 AC Economy, 7 Sleeper class, 4 General Unreserved and 2 EOG (Linke Hofmann Busch Rake) coaches. It carry a [[pantry car]] [http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?id=0,4,268&dcd=3451].<br />
<br />
As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.<br />
<br />
==Service==<br />
<br />
The 13167 Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Express covers the distance of {{convert|1460.5|km|0|abbr=on}} in 27 hours 30 mins (53&nbsp;km/h) [http://erail.in/13167-koaa-agc-expres] and in 27 hours 45 mins as 13168 Agra Cantonment–Kolkata Express (53&nbsp;km/h) [http://erail.in/13168-agc-koaa-exp].<br />
<br />
==Routeing==<br />
<br />
The 13167 / 68 Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Express runs from Kolkata Chitpur via {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gaya Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Mughalsarai Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}, [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow NR]], {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}, Kannauj railway station, {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}} to Agra Cantonment [http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?id=0,4,268&dcd=3451] [http://erail.in/13167-koaa-agc-expres] [http://erail.in/13168-agc-koaa-exp].<br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
<br />
As sections of the route are fully electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcfBMY263mM|title = Dippy meets Wappy|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> hauls the locomotive from [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata Chitpur]] To [[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra Cantonment]]<br />
<br />
==Operation==<br />
<br />
13167 Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Express runs from Kolkata Chitpur every Thursday reaching <br />
Agra Cantonment on the next day [http://erail.in/13167-koaa-agc-expres].<br />
<br />
13168 Agra Cantonment–Kolkata Express runs from Agra Cantonment every Saturday reaching Kolkata Chitpur on the next day [http://erail.in/13168-agc-koaa-exp].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?id=0,4,268&dcd=3451<br />
* http://erail.in/13167-koaa-agc-expres<br />
* https://archive.today/20141022120340/http://www.thestatesman.net/news/38859-howrah-katihar-express-to-run-on-tuesdays.html<br />
* http://erail.in/13168-agc-koaa-exp<br />
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcfBMY263mM<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{URL|http://www.indianrail.gov.in|Indian Railway}}<br />
<br />
{{Railways in Northern India}}<br />
{{Railways in Eastern India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata-Agra Cantonment Weekly Express}}<br />
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Trains from Agra]]<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shantipath&diff=446544Shantipath2026-02-17T13:39:44Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: page edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Street in New Delhi, India}}<br />
{{distinguish|Shanti Mantras}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox street<br />
| name = Shantipath<br />
| image = New Delhi, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri 1066.JPG<br />
| mapframe = y<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shantipath''', also written as '''Shanti Path''', is the main road in the diplomatic enclave of [[Chanakyapuri]], New Delhi, India. In Hindi language, its name means "Peace Road". Shantipath is surrounded by green landscape on its either side. A number of foreign embassies in the Indian capital are located on this road.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-14/news/65524408_1_enclave-plots-delhi-development-authority |title=Dwarka diplomatic enclave to be modelled on Shanti Path |access-date=23 March 2016 |archive-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911223709/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-14/news/65524408_1_enclave-plots-delhi-development-authority |url-status=dead }}</ref> The diplomatic enclave of [[Chanakyapuri]] was built in the 1950s, a few years after [[Indian independence movement|India gained independence]].<br />
<br />
This road is heavily guarded, but remains open for public transport.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/iafs/delhi-police-to-cordon-off-areas-during-india-africa-summit/99739.html |title=Delhi police to cordon off areas during India-Africa summit |access-date=24 March 2016 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506012258/http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/iafs/delhi-police-to-cordon-off-areas-during-india-africa-summit/99739.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of the [[Diplomatic mission|embassies]] / [[High commissioner|high-commissions]] located here are of [[Embassy of Afghanistan, New Delhi|Afghanistan]], [[Embassy of Belgium, New Delhi|Belgium]], [[Embassy of the United States, New Delhi|USA]], [[British High Commission, New Delhi|Britain]], Canada, Germany, Netherlands, Japan, Russia, Sudan, Serbia, France, Pakistan, Australia, China, and Norway.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Ministry of External Affairs of India]]<br />
*[[Rajpath|Kartavyapath]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:New Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Roads in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Diplomatic districts in New Delhi]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-road-stub}}</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._C._Unnithan&diff=454219R. C. Unnithan2026-02-10T02:39:41Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: quick fix content based on references and added references per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Malayalam politician}}<br />
{{for|Kathakali exponent|Ramachandran Unnithan}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = R. C. Unnithan<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1936|1|21}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Adoor]], Kerala, India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2015|8|25|1936|1|21}}{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}<br />
| death_place = Kodumon, Kerala, India{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}<br />
| citizenship = India<br />
| education = [[Master of Arts|Master's]]<br />
* [[Bachelor of Law|B.L]]<br />
| alma_mater = University College, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
* [[N S S College]], [[Pandalam]]<br />
| occupation = Lawyer, Politician, Writer<br />
| title = Lawyer<br />
| notable_works = ''Adiyantharavasthayile Ente Jail Diary, Vayalinte Geetham''<br />
| spouse = Indira Devi<br />
| parents = Narayanan Unnithan, Kunjukochitti Amma<br />
}}<br />
'''Ramachandran Unnithan'''; born 21 January 1936), popularly known as '''R. C. Unnithan''' or simply''' R.C.''', was a [[Malayalam]] political activist and trade union leader. he was one of the early leaders of the [[Communist Party of India]] in the southern districts and eastern plantations of Kerala, India.<br />
<br />
He contested on CPI(M) party tickets for the state legislative election in 1965 from Adoor constituency and from the nearby Konni constituency in 1970 and 1977.<ref>[http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/konni.html] Assembly Election in Kerala</ref> He was a political prisoner at the state prison along with several leading opposition leaders who were imprisoned in Kerala and elsewhere all across India during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] regime when fundamental democratic rights were curtailed for twenty-one months between 1975 and 1977.<br />
<br />
He published several books and articles.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Literary works of R C Unnithan|url = https://sites.google.com/site/literaryworksofrcunnithan/|website = sites.google.com|accessdate = 2015-09-17}}</ref> Notable among them was a personal/political diary<ref>{{Cite web|title = – My Jail Diary During Emergency Years (Adiyanthiravasthayile Ente jail Diary) |url = https://drive.google.com/file/d/17hWPnNT6-A5L9oK9fh_FYVVdo1bXdpFn/view?usp=sharing |website = sites.google.com|accessdate = 2015-09-17}}</ref> penned while being imprisoned during emergency years.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Unnithan, R.C.}}<br />
[[Category:1936 births]]<br />
[[Category:2015 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Trade unionists from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]<br />
[[Category:University College Thiruvananthapuram alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]<br />
[[Category:The Emergency (India)]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatiya_Janata_Party_%E2%80%93_Manipur&diff=490936Bharatiya Janata Party – Manipur2026-02-08T18:31:57Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: Added new pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Manipur affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian political party<br />
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| native_name = ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯖꯅꯇꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ – ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ<br />
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]<br />
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| president = [[Adhikarimayum Sharda Devi]]<ref name="auto">[https://www.bjp.org/manipur Manipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226062717/https://www.bjp.org/manipur |date=2022-12-26 }} bjp.org</ref><br />
| general_secretary = Shri Abhay kumar Giri<ref>[https://www.bjp.org/state-general-secretary-org-manipur Manipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226063420/https://www.bjp.org/state-general-secretary-org-manipur |date=2022-12-26 }} bjp.org</ref><br />
| headquarters = Nitaipai Chuthak, Keishamthong, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], 795004<br />
<ref name="auto"/><br />
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]<br />
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|2|hex=#FF9900}}<br />
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9900}}<br />
| state_seats_name = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|37|60|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
| state2_seats_name =<br />
| state2_seats = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.bjp.org/manipur}}<br />
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]]<br/>[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]<br />
| leader = [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]]<br/>([[Chief Minister of Manipur|Chief minister]])<br />
| foundation = {{start_date and years ago|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}<br />
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border<br />
| eci =<br />
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance]]<br/>[[North East Democratic Alliance]]<br />
| ideology = {{ubl|[[Integral humanism (India)|Integral humanism]]|[[Social conservatism]]|[[Economic nationalism]]|[[Hindu nationalism]]|[[Cultural nationalism]]|'''Faction:'''<br>[[Ethnocentrism]]<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/for-manipur-govt-jobs-candidates-who-know-more-local-languages-will-have-edge-101669998683236-amp.html| title=Candidates who know local language will have edge for govt. jobs in Manipur| date=2 December 2022| access-date=26 December 2022| archive-date=8 December 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208174613/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/for-manipur-govt-jobs-candidates-who-know-more-local-languages-will-have-edge-101669998683236-amp.html| url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />
| youth = [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] <br />
| women = [[BJP Mahila Morcha]]<br />
| publication = '''[[Kamal Sandesh]]'''<br />
| founder={{ubl<br />
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref><br />
}} {{cslist<br />
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" /><br />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref><br />
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref><br />
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]<br />
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref> <br />
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
| [[Shanta Kumar]]<br />
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]<br />
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]<br />
}}<br />
| predecessor =<br />
* [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (1951–1977)<br />
* [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)<br />
| split = [[Janata Party]]<br />
| labour = [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Need to Know BJP-led BMS is biggest labour union in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html |access-date=17 March 2020 |work=live mint |date=15 January 2008 |author=Pragya Singh |archive-date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103131425/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| peasants = [[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Sejuta Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQiKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|pages=172–173|title=Class, Politics, and Agricultural Policies in Post-liberalisation India|isbn=978-1-108-41628-3|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2019e|access-date=2022-12-26|archive-date=2023-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414061257/https://books.google.com/books?id=mQiKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| international = <br />
| name = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Bharatiya Janata Party – Manipur''', or simply '''BJP Manipur''' ('''BJP'''; {{IPA|hns|bʱaːɾət̪iːjə dʒənət̪aː paːrtiː||Hindi-Bharatiya Janata Party.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{lit|Indian People's Party}}), is the state unit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] of the Manipur. Its head office is situated at Nitaipai Chuthak, Keishamthong, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], 795004, India. The current president of BJP Manipur is [[Adhikarimayum Sharda Devi]].<br />
<br />
==Electoral performance==<br />
===Lok Sabha Election===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{dash}}<br />
|Government<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}}1<br />
|rowspan="2"|Opposition<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{dash}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{dash}}<br />
|rowspan="3"|Government<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}1<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}}1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Legislative Assembly Election===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Year || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Seats won || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|+/- || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%) || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%) || style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="" |[[Janata Party]] |- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || New || 0.71% || New || None <br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || {{Composition bar|1|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 1 || 3.28% || {{increase}} 2.57% || rowspan="3"|Opposition <br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Composition bar|6|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 5 || 11.28% || {{increase}} 8% <br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || {{Composition bar|4|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{decrease}} 2 || 9.55% || {{decrease}} 1.73% <br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{decrease}} 4 || 0.85% || {{decrease}} 8.7% || rowspan="2"|None <br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || {{Composition bar|0|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{steady}} 0 || 2.1% || {{increase}} 1.25% <br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || {{Composition bar|21|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 21 || 36.3% || {{increase}} 34.2% || rowspan="2"|Government <br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || {{Composition bar|32|60|hex=#FF9933}} || {{increase}} 11 || 37.83% || {{increase}} 2.73% <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Leadership==<br />
<br />
=== [[List of Chief Ministers of Manipur|Chief ministers]] ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No.<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]<br />
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Term of office<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[File:N. Biren Singh.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[N. Biren Singh]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Heingang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Heignang]]<br />
|15 March 2017<br />
|20 March 2022<br />
|rowspan="2"|{{Age in years and days|2017|3|15|2025|2|13}}<br />
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|12th]]<br />
|-<br />
|21 March 2022<br />
|13 February 2025<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|13th]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|<br />
|[[Y. Khemchand Singh]]<br />
|<br />
|4 February 2026<br />
|Incumbent <br />
|{{Age in years and days|2026|2|4}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===[[Rajya Sabha|Rajya Sabha members]]===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|No<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Name<br />
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Constituency <br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|From<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|To<br />
|-style="text-align:center;"<br />
!1<br />
| [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]]<br />
|rowspan=9 bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Manipur|Manipur]]<br />
| 22/06/2020<br />
| 21/06/2026<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===[[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha members]] 2019===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|No<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Name<br />
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"| Constituency <br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Votes<br />
|-style="text-align:center;"<br />
!1<br />
| [[Rajkumar Ranjan Singh]]<br />
|rowspan=9 bgcolor=#FF9933|<br />
|[[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Inner Manipur]]<br />
| 2,63,632<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
*[[National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
*[[North East Democratic Alliance]]<br />
*[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]<br />
*[[Naga People's Front]]<br />
*[[Kuki People's Alliance]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Manipur}}<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mukunda_Behari_Mullick&diff=518917Mukunda Behari Mullick2026-02-08T17:56:00Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian lawyer}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Mukunda Behari Mullick<br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1888|12|27}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bagerhat Sadar Upazila|Bagerhat Upzila]], [[Khulna Division]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|08|04|1888|12|27}}<br />
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
| education = B.A, LLB and M.A (Pali)<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]<br />
| occupation = Lawyer<br />
| organization = Bengal Depressed Classes Association<br />
| title = <br />
| term = <br />
| party = [[Krishak Praja Party]]<br />
| movement = Dalit liberation movement of Bengal<br />
| opponents = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mukunda Behari Mullick''' (1888–1974) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] lawyer, reformer, professor and politician.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
He enrolled as a lawyer in 1914 at [[Calcutta High Court]] and worked as lecturer of [[Pali]] and part-time lecturer of law at University of Calcutta.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}<br />
<br />
In 1912 he founded Bengal Namasudra Association and held many conferences to mobilize [[Chandala]]s of Bengal under one umbrella. In 1925 he formed the Bengal Depressed Classes Association and was chosen as its first president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengal Depressed Classes Association - Banglapedia|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bengal_Depressed_Classes_Association|access-date=2020-10-06|website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> In 1929 both organisations formed a joint delegation and gave oral evidence to Simon Commission regarding their support to the commission.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=Namasudras of Bengal and impact on nation's freedom movement|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/columnists/namasudras-of-bengal-and-impact-on-nations-freedom-movement.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He fought 1921 and 1925 elections from Khulna constituency as independent candidate but lost. Then he was nominated as member of [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] and re-elected in 1937 elections then became minister of Cooperative Credit & Rural Indebtedness in first [[A. K. Fazlul Huq|A.K Fazlul Haq]] 's govt.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hashmi|first=Taj Ul-islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veyoDwAAQBAJ&q=mukunda+behari+mullick+minister+ak+fazlul+haq&pg=PA271|title=Pakistan As A Peasant Utopia: The Communalization Of Class Politics In East Bengal, 1920-1947|date=2019-07-11|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-31037-5|language=en}}</ref> In 1942 he became Chairman of Coal Mines Stowing Board. He voted in favour of [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar]] in 1946 Indian general elections.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Biswas|first=Saugat K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QS8b5XmcEMAC&q=mukunda+behari+mullick&pg=PA141|title=Nine Decades of Marxism in the Land of Brahminism|date=2008|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-906019-3-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=विस्वास|first=A. K. Biswas एके|date=2016-11-20|title=How the Bengali chotalok shaped India's destiny|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/11/how-the-bengali-chotalok-shaped-indias-destiny/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Forward Press|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1942 Mullick founded Bengal Scheduled Castes Party with his brother Pulinda Behari Mullick and it created two factions among Dalits, another being led by [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]] of Bengal Scheduled Caste League.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Anwesha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeZNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|title=Making Peace, Making Riots|date=2018-05-03|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-42828-6|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mullick, Mukunda Behari}}<br />
[[Category:1888 births]]<br />
[[Category:1974 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bagerhat District]]<br />
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1946–1947]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1947–1951]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abhay_Mishra&diff=484286Abhay Mishra2026-01-24T14:16:22Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: Added a details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}<br />
<br />
'''Neelam Abhay Mishra''' (born 1967)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhay Mishra(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SEMARIYA(REWA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=90 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is a three time MLA from [[Semariya Assembly constituency]] in [[Rewa district|Rewa District]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Semariya assembly election results 2023: Semariya Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/semariya-assembly-result-12069 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Mishra is from [[Semaria]], Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh. He is the son of Brijkishore Mishra. He completed his B.A. at a college affiliated with Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, [[Rewa district|Rewa]], Madhya Pradesh.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Mishra won from Semariya Assembly constituency in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. He polled 56,024 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[K. P. Tripathi]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 637 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Semariya Constituency Election Results 2023: Semariya Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/semariya |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on the Bharatiya Janata Party ticket<ref>{{Cite web |title=Semariya Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/semariya-madhya-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> from [[Semariya Assembly constituency]] defeating Lalmani Pandy of BSP by a margin of 5,783 votes.<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/</ref> Later, he retained the seat for BJP in the [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013 Assembly election]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhay Mishra, INC Candidate from Semariya Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/abhay-mishra-s12aed2008a069e2023c001/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He won for the third time in the 2023 election. Inbetween, he contested from Rewa Lok Sabha constituency on Congress ticket and lost the [[2024 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh]]. He lost to [[Janardan Mishra]] of the BJP by a margin of 193,374 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rewa Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/rewa-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Abhay}}<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:People from Rewa district]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bhopal&diff=451506Battle of Bhopal2026-01-24T03:05:05Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: Minor edits and structural improvements</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1737 battle between the Maratha Empire and several Mughal vassal states}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Battle of Bhopal<br />
| partof = [[Imperial Maratha Conquests]]<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| date = 24 December 1737<br />
| place = [[Bhopal]], [[India]]<br />
| result = [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<br><br />
* [[Treaty of Bhopal]]<br />
* Mughals pay 50 lakh rupees as war expenses to the Marathas.<br />
| territory = Mughals cede large territory of Malwa (central India) to Marathas<br />
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} '''[[Mughal Empire|Mughal Vassals]]'''<br/><br />
*[[Nizam of Hyderabad]]<br />
*[[Nawab of Awadh]]<br />
*[[Nawab of Bhopal]]<br />
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border=no}} '''[[Maratha Empire]]'''<br />
| commander2 = Yar Muhammad Khan Bahadur<br>[[Asaf Jah I]]<br />[[Saadat Ali Khan I]]<br>Sultan Muhammad Khan Bahadur<br />
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border=no}} [[Baji Rao I|Baji Rao]]<br />
| strength2 = 70,000 with 120 cannons drawn by war-elephant corps, 3,000 Camel-drawn [[Zamburak]] gunnery<ref>Dighe, V.G., Peshwa Bajirao & the Maratha Expansion, p.145</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&pg=PA19&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=true Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707-1803) Pg.26] — "the Nizam was joined by several other Mughal chiefs and at the head of seventy thousand soldiers"</ref><br />
| strength1 = 80,000<ref>[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&pg=PA19&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=true Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707-1803) Pg.26] — "The Peshwa accepted the challenge happily, collected eighty thousand Maratha soldiers and leaving Chimnaji with ten thousand"</ref><br />
| casualties2 = Unknown<br />
| casualties1 = Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{Campaignbox Later Mughal-Maratha Wars}}<br />
<br />
The '''Battle of Bhopal''' was fought on 24 December 1737 in Bhopal between the [[Maratha Empire]] and the combined army of the Nizam and several [[Mughal Empire|Mughal generals]].<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
As the Mughal empire continued to weaken after Aurangzeb's death, the Maratha Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] invaded Mughal territories such as Malwa and Gujarat. The Mughal emperor was alarmed by Marathas conquest. In 1737, the Marathas invaded the northern frontiers of the Mughal empire, reaching as far as the outskirts of Delhi, Bajirao defeated a Mughal army there and was marching back to [[Pune]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
<br />
The Mughal emperor asked for support from the [[Nizam]]. The Nizam intercepted the Marathas during the latter's return journey. The two armies clashed near [[Bhopal]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&dq=Battle+of+Bhopal+1737&pg=PA247|title = History of India|isbn = 9788171569281|last1 = Jayapalan|first1 = N.|year = 2001}}</ref><ref name="maratha">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PR23&dq=maratha+delhi+1737&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z-PVT7mfGpDLrQfP6_D8Dw&ved=0CF0Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=maratha%20delhi%201737&f=false An Advanced History of Modern India]</ref><br />
<br />
==Battle==<br />
The battle was fought between the [[Maratha Empire]] and Mughal forces led by [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] near [[Bhopal]] in [[India]] in December 1737. The Marathas poisoned the water and the replenishment supplies of the besieged Mughal forces. Chimaji was sent with an army of 10,000 men to stop any reinforcements while Bajirao blockaded the city instead of directly attacking the Nizam. The Nizam was forced to sue for peace after he was denied reinforcements from Delhi.<ref>[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&pg=PA19&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=true Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-1: 1707-1803) Pg.26]</ref> The battle resulted in Maratha victory mainly because of the swift tactics of Maratha [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I|Baji Rao]].<ref name="maratha"/><br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
Later, on 7 January 1738, a [[Treaty of Bhopal|peace treaty]] was signed between [[Peshwa Bajirao]] and [[Jai Singh II]], in [[Doraha, Sehore|Doraha]] near [[Bhopal]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages | author = S.R. Bakshi and O.P. Ralhan | publisher = Sarup & Sons | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-81-7625-806-7 | page = 384 }}</ref> The Marathas were given the territory of [[Malwa]].<br />
<ref name="maratha"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|23|15|N|77|25|E|display=title}}<br />
{{Maratha Empire}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Bhopal]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire|Bhopal]]<br />
[[Category:History of Bhopal]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1737|Bhopal]]<br />
[[Category:1737 in India]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonipat_Municipal_Corporation&diff=481357Sonipat Municipal Corporation2026-01-23T20:42:02Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: expand intro as per guidelines and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Municipal Corporation in Haryana, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox legislature<br />
| name = Sonipat Municipal Corporation<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| transcription_name = <br />
| logo_pic = <br />
| house_type = Municipal Corporation<br />
| term_limits = 5 years<br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|1993}}<br />
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]<br />
| leader1 = Rajeev Jain<br />
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| election1 = March 2025<br />
| leader2_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]]<br />
| leader2 = <br />
| party2 = <br />
| election2 = <br />
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]<br />
| leader3 = Harshit Kumar<br />
| party3 = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br />
| election3 = <br />
| seats = <br />
| structure1_res = <br />
| structure1 = <br />
| political_groups1 = <br />
| term_length = 5 years<br />
| authority = <br />
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]<br />
| last_election1 = <br />
| next_election1 = <br />
| motto = <br />
| session_room = <br />
| session_res = <br />
| session_alt = <br />
| meeting_place = [[Sonipat]], [[Haryana]]<br />
| website =<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sonipat Municipal Corporation''' or '''Municipal Corporation of Sonipat''' is the governing civic body of the [[Urban Area]] city [[Sonipat]] in [[Sonipat district, Haryana]], India. The Municipal Committee Sonipat was established in 1933.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=http://mcsonepat.gov.in/about_us.aspx|access-date=2021-01-11|website=mcsonepat.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sonipat Municipal Corporation Election Result: कांग्रेस के निखिल मदान बने सोनीपत के मेयर, भाजपा के ललित बत्रा को हराया|url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/sonipat-ncr-counting-of-votes-for-sonipat-municipal-corporation-election-begins-21219072.html|access-date=2021-01-11|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-27|title=Haryana municipal elections updates: Polling underway amid strict Covid norms|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-municipal-elections-updates-polling-underway-amid-strict-covid-norms/story-eRnBIuEGE3bh1aIZlXIWrK.html|access-date=2021-01-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 December 2020|title=Haryana civic polls 2020: About 60% voting reported, elections held amid tight security|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-civic-polls-2020-highlights/articleshow/79973105.cms|access-date=2021-01-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Sonipat Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal corporation (India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.<br />
<br />
== History and administration ==<br />
<br />
Sonipat Municipal Corporation was formed to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population. Sonipat Municipal Corporation has been categorised into wards and each ward is headed by councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.{{fact|date=August 2025}}<br />
<br />
Sonipat Municipal Corporation is governed by mayor and administered by Municipal Commissioner.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2025 |title=Municipal Corporation act (2025) amendment |url=https://haryanaassembly.gov.inPDF67 |journal=Vidhan Sabha, Haryana |via=Government of Haryana}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Departments ==<br />
<br />
List of departments in Municipal Corporation Sonipat:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Public Health Department<br />
| Planning & Building Branch<br />
|-<br />
| Health & Sanitation Department<br />
| Horticulture Department<br />
|-<br />
| Building & Roads Department<br />
| Fire and Emergency Services Department<br />
|-<br />
| Electrical Department<br />
| Finance & Accounts Department<br />
|-<br />
| Legal Department<br />
| Pensions & P.F.Department<br />
|-<br />
| Audit Department<br />
| Urban Poverty Alleviation & Livelihood Cell<br />
|-<br />
| Architecture Department<br />
| Estate Department<br />
|-<br />
| Booking Department<br />
| Public Relations Department<br />
|-<br />
| Enforcement Department<br />
| I.T. Department<br />
|-<br />
| Agenda Department<br />
| Taxation Department<br />
|-<br />
| Paid Parking Department<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Sonipat is located at {{Coord|28.98|N|77.02|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/10/Sonipat.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Sonipat, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> in [[Sonipat]] in the state of [[Haryana]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
== Revenue sources ==<br />
<br />
The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="So11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="So12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="So13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Revenue from taxes ===<br />
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br />
<br />
* Property tax.<br />
* Profession tax.<br />
* Entertainment tax.<br />
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.<br />
* Advertisement tax.<br />
<br />
=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===<br />
<br />
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br />
<br />
* Water usage charges.<br />
* Fees from Documentation services.<br />
* Rent received from municipal property.<br />
* Funds from municipal bonds.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}{{Municipalities of Haryana}}<br />
[[Category:Sonipat]]<br />
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:2010 establishments in Haryana]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madrasa_Ghaziuddin_Khan&diff=514572Madrasa Ghaziuddin Khan2026-01-19T00:24:42Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox building<br />
| image = Mosque of Ghaziuddin Khan.jpg<br />
| caption = The mosque in the courtyard of Madrasa Ghaziuddin Khan<br />
| location = [[Old Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}<br />
| architect = [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghaziuddin Khan]]<br />
| architectural_style = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]<br />
| current_tenants = [[Zakir Husain Delhi College]]<br />
| diameter = 69.49m x 96.20m<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Madrasa Ghaziuddin Khan''' is a historical [[madrasa]] complex located by the [[Ajmeri Gate]] in [[Old Delhi]], [[India]]. It was founded in 1696 by [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghaziuddin Khan I]], a leading noble of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Following the discontinuation of its original function as a madrasa, it successively housed colonial-era educational institutions, such as Delhi College and the [[Anglo Arabic Senior Secondary School|Anglo-Arabic school]]. Today, the [[Zakir Husain Delhi College]] operates in its premises, making the madrasa the oldest continuing educational centre in the city of Delhi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521267281 |title=Architecture of Mughal India |date=1992-09-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |pages=274–275 |doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281}}</ref><br />
<br />
The structure is one of the few surviving historical madrasas in India, and one of even fewer madrasas dating back to the Mughal period.<ref name=":1"/> The complex also contains a mosque, and the tomb of Ghaziuddin Khan. The complex is an example of later [[Mughal architecture]] - it displays [[Central Asia]]n inspiration in its format, and [[Shah Jahani architecture|Shah Jahani]] elements in its scheme.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{See also|Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Zakir Husain Delhi College}}The early history of the madrasa is obscure. While older British sources date the founding of the madrasa to 1792, modern scholars agree that it was founded earlier, likely around the turn of the 18th century. The madrasa was founded by [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghaziuddin Khan I]] (also referred to by his titles Bahadur and Feroze Jung), a noble who rose to prominence during the reign of [[Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]]. According to historian [[Margrit Pernau]], the structure was likely completed by Ghaziuddin Khan's grandson, [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II|Ghaziuddin Khan II]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pernau |first=Margrit |title=The Delhi College |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-567723-2 |editor-last=Pernau |editor-first=Margrit |location=New-Delhi |pages=4–6 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |last1=Razzack |first1=Azra |title=Founding of an Institution and Its Journey |date=2023-01-12 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9788194831624.003.0002 |work=The School at Ajmeri Gate |pages=29–C1.N250 |access-date=2023-06-17 |publisher=Oxford University PressDelhi |isbn=978-81-948316-2-4 |last2=Siddiqui |first2=M. Atyab|doi=10.1093/oso/9788194831624.003.0002 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Koch |first=Ebba |title=The Delhi College |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-567723-2 |editor-last=Pernau |editor-first=Margrit |location=New-Delhi |chapter=The Madrasa of Ghaziu'd-Din Khan at Delhi}}</ref><br />
<br />
Little is known of the functioning of the madrasa. It was one of three major madrasas operating during the reign of Aurangzeb's successor, emperor [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]], and was funded privately. The madrasa was closed in the 1790s for lack of funds, but was reopened in 1792, financially supported by wealthy Muslims of Delhi.<ref name=":0" /><br />
[[File:The courtyard of Ghazi al-Din Khan's Madrassah at Delhi 1814-15.jpg|thumb|The courtyard of Ghazi al-Din Khan's Madrassah at Delhi. Watercolour by Sitaram, circa 1814-1815]]<br />
In 1803, the British [[Battle of Delhi (1803)|took control of Delhi]] from the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]. They found that the madrasa was in use as a Maratha headquarters, and deemed the structure a security threat due to its proximity to the [[Ajmeri Gate]]. Demolition was considered, but instead the madrasa was incorporated into the walls of [[Shahjahanabad]] as a bastion. In 1824, repairs of the madrasa complex were conducted, following which in 1825, a government oriental college named Delhi College was established on its premises. Delhi College operated in the madrasa complex until 1849, when it was shifted to a different location. Following the [[Indian Mutiny of 1857]], British police occupied the premises until 1889, after which the [[Anglo Arabic Senior Secondary School|Anglo-Arabic school]] began operating in the building.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
In the aftermath of [[Indian independence day|Indian independence]] and the [[Partition of India|Partition]] in 1947, a section of the premises was used for two years as a Pakistani refugee camp. In 1948, [[Zakir Husain]] and [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]] revived the site as a school, which today operates as [[Zakir Husain Delhi College]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Architecture ==<br />
The complex of Madrasa Ghaziuddin Khan is one of the few extant Mughal madrasas (others are the [[Khairul Manazil|Khair-ul-Manazil]] and the madrasa at [[Sheikh Chilli's Tomb]]).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> It is also one of the few historical madrasas found in India; [[Ebba Koch]] reasons that schools may have instead been integrated with mosques, and Subhash Parihar adds that dedicated madrasa buildings were used for the specific function of educating ''[[ulema]]'' rather than for primary education.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Parihar |first=Subhash |date=1992 |title=A Little-Known Mughal College in India: The Madrasa of Shaykh Chillie at Thanesar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523142 |journal=Muqarnas |volume=9 |pages=175–185 |doi=10.2307/1523142 |jstor=1523142 |issn=0732-2992|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The conceptualization of the complex as a four-[[iwan]] madrasa-cum-mosque, recalls Central Asian madrasas such as the [[Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand|Ulugh Beg Madrasa]] (perhaps owing to Ghaziuddin Khan's Bukharan origin).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> According to Koch, the design scheme also draws on precedents set by [[Shah Jahani architecture]] (architecture of Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan|Shah Jahan's]] reign), while the stylistic elements are characteristic of later Mughal architecture.<ref name=":1" /> Scholar [[Catherine Asher]] argues that the location of the structure beyond the walls of Shahjahanabad, and the lack of earlier Mughal structures in the area, suggests that this area was undeveloped at the time of construction.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
According to Koch, much of the madrasa has preserved its original design. The complex is a rectangular, symmetrical courtyard building (measuring 69.49x96.20m) of three wings; it consists of a main entrance portal, a mosque at the western side (acting as the fourth wing), and an enclosure containing the tomb of Ghaziuddin on the southern side. Each wing, and the mosque itself, is punctuated by an [[iwan]]. The three wings are two-storeyed, and are filled with domed ''hujras'' (cells). The eastern wing (entrance side) is twice as long as the north and south wings, and features the main entrance portal. The wings are faced with plaster.<ref name=":1" /><br />
[[File:Tomb of Ghaziuddin Khan.jpg|thumb|The tomb enclosure of Ghaziuddin Khan.]]<br />
The mosque is freestanding and faced with red [[sandstone]] - it lies on the western end of the complex. It features three domes, and is situated on a raised terrace. The mosque building also contains several halls featuring distinctive pillars. The architecture of the mosque draws from a mosque type established during the reign of emperor Shah Jahan, represented by examples in Delhi like the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]], [[Fatehpuri Masjid]], and the [[Zeenat-ul-Masajid]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
An enclosure at the southern side houses the tomb of Ghaziuddin Khan, who was buried in the complex following his death in 1710. The structure is a double enclosure of ''[[jali]]'' screens, with the outer one made of sandstone and the inner one made of marble. Its form is similar to those of tombs used for the burial of Mughal royals during this time period.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Madrasas in India|Ghaziuddin Khan]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Mughal Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Delhi]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sajan_(director)&diff=465184Sajan (director)2026-01-17T21:09:54Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: small cleanup references for accuracy and updated info for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film director}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{BLP sources|date=January 2017}}<br />
{{Notability|Biographies|date=July 2020}}<br />
}}[[File:Sajan chakkarayumma.jpg|thumb|SAJAN CHAKKARAYUMMA]]<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
<br />
'''Sajan ''' is an Indian film director who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil films]]. Since the early 1980s he has directed some 30 films. He has also done many television serials and telefilms. Sajan's real name is Siddeeq. He assessed by [[Crossbelt Mani]], [[N. Sankaran Nair]], J. Williams and Sasidharan Nair. <br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Lead !! Language !! class="sortable" |Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1979 || ''[[Ishtapraaneshwari]]'' || [[Jose (actor)]]|| Malayalam ||<br />
|-<br />
|1979 || ''Akkarekku varungala'' || || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
|1984 || ''[[Chakkarayumma]]'' ||[[Mammootty]]|| Malayalam||Baby Shalini<br />
|-<br />
|1984 || ''[[Koottinilamkili]]'' ||[[Mammootty]]|| Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|1985 || ''[[Thammil Thammil]]'' ||[[Mammootty]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]|| Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|1985 || ''[[Akkacheyude Kunjuvava]]'' ||[[Ratheesh]]|| Malayalam|| Baby Shalini<br />
|-<br />
|1985 || ''[[Oru Nokku Kanan]]'' ||[[Mammootty]]|| Malayalam|| Baby Shalini<br />
|-<br />
|1985 || ''[[Archana Aaradhana]]'' ||[[Shankar Panicker]]|| Malayalam|| <br />
|-<br />
|1985 || ''[[Kandu Kandarinju]]'' ||[[Mammootty]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]|| Malayalam|| <br />
|-<br />
|1986 || ''[[Love Story (1986 film)]]'' ||[[Shafeeq (actor)]]|| Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|1986 || ''[[Naale Njangalude Vivaham]]'' ||[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]]|| Malayalam|| Shafeeq<br />
|-<br />
|1986 || ''[[Snehamulla Simham]]'' ||[[Mammootty]]|| Malayalam|| Shafeeq<br />
|-<br />
|1986 || ''[[Geetham]]'' ||[[Mammootty]]|| Malayalam|| Mohanlal<br />
|-<br />
|1986 || ''[[Ennu Nathante Nimmi]]'' ||[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Raadhu (actress)|Raadhu]], [[Mammootty]]|| Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|1987 || ''[[Nirabhedhangal]]'' ||[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]|| Malayalam|| Prathap Pothen<br />
|-<br />
|1990 || ''[[Naale Ennundengil]]'' ||[[Sukumaran]]|| Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|1991 || ''[[Amina Tailors]]'' ||[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]|| Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|1992 || ''[[Mr & Mrs (1992 film)]]'' ||[[Jagadish]]|| Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|1995 || ''[[Mangalyasootram]]'' ||[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]|| Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|1997 || ''[[Oru Mutham Manimutham]]'' ||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]|| Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2013|| ''[[Progress Report]]'' ||[[Lalu Alex]]|| Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Television serials==<br />
*Krishna paksham(Dooradarsan)<br />
*Thapasya(Dooradarsan)<br />
*Desadanapakshi(Asianet)<br />
*Mouna mekhangal(Asianet)<br />
*Mizhiyoram(Asianet)<br />
*Chechiyamma<br />
*Sthreethwam(surya)<br />
*Sthree-Part3(Asianet)<br />
*Snehatheeram<br />
*Swantham lekhakan<br />
*Kanappurangal<br />
<br />
==Telefilms==<br />
*Kaliwatch<br />
*Nirnnayam<br />
*Alapanam<br />
*Ganakokilam<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of Malayalam films from 1976 to 1980]]<br />
*[[List of Malayalam films from 1981 to 1985]]<br />
*[[List of Malayalam films from 1986 to 1990]]<br />
*[[List of Malayalam films from 1991 to 1995]]<br />
*[[List of Malayalam films from 1996 to 2000]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=0756932|name=Sajan}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sajan}}<br />
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television directors]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-film-director-stub}}</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arambag_subdivision&diff=469792Arambag subdivision2026-01-17T15:38:20Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: minor improve details for clarity and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Arambag subdivision<br />
| other_name = <!-- optional --><br />
| settlement_type = Subdivision<br />
| image_skyline = File:Arambag (subdivision) in Hooghly (West Bengal).svg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- left/right --><br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.88|N|87.78|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Arambag]]<br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 1,058.87<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 1,264,602<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]<br />
| registration_plate = WB<br />
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Arambag subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision of the [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Overview== <br />
Arambag subdivision is a rural dominated area. All the blocks in the subdivision have their entire population living in the rural areas. [[Arambagh]] [[municipality]] is the only urban area in the entire subdivision. A major portion of the subdivision is part of the Dwarakeswar-Damodar inter-riverine plain with [[alluvium|alluvial]] soil. Only a small portion in the western fringe of the subdivision is upland. The entire area is a part of the [[Ganges Delta|Gangetic Delta]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physiography, pages 17–24|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 19 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Hooghly |work = Demographical Profile of the District, page 39 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 14 June 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170807182323/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |archive-date = 7 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Arambagh subdivision was formed in 1819. It was earlier known as Jahanabad. On 19 April 1900 the name of Jahanabad was changed to Arambagh, which means "the garden of ease and comfort". [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] was in-charge of the subdivision in its earlier days.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1912_PART_B_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Hooghly, series 20, part XII B, 2011 | work = Page 13 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 2 July 2017}}</ref> The ruins of a fort at [[Gar Mandaran]] provided the setting for Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel ''[[Durgeshnandini]]'', published in 1865.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/banking-on-history-religion-to-attract-tourists-in-hooghly/article2486151.ece | title = Banking on history, religion to attract tourists in Hooghly | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 25 September 2011 | publisher = The Hindu, 26 September 2011 | access-date = 24 June 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Subdivisions==<br />
The Hooghly district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 6 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
[[File:Hooghly Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Subdivision ||Headquarters||<br/>Area<br/>km<sup>2</sup> || Population<br/>(2011) ||Rural<br>population %<br/>(2011)||Urban<br/> population % <br/>(2011)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chinsurah subdivision|Chinsurah]]||[[Hugli-Chuchura]]||1,148.15||1,657,518||68.63||31.37<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chandannagore subdivision|Chandannagore]]||[[Chandannagar]]||508.08||1,127,176||58.52||41.48<br />
|-<br />
|[[Srirampore subdivision|Srirampore]]||[[Serampore]]||422.45||1,469,849||26.88||73.12<br />
|-<br />
|Arambag||[[Arambag]]||1,058.87||1,264,602||94.77||5.23<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hooghly district]]||[[Chinsurah]]||3,149.00||5,519,145||61.43||38.57<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=500| height=300| zoom=10<br />
| coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|87|46|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Arambagh subdivision in Hooghly district'''<br/>M: municipal city/ town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1= {{coord|22|53|50|N|87|41|40|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1=Goghat | numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Goghat]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|5|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Khanakul | numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Khanakul]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|54|10|N|87|39|30|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3=Kamarpukur | numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Kamarpukur]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|40|N|87|57|37|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Pursurah| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Pursurah]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|56|45|N|87|41|18|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Bengai| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Bengai]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|53|35|N|87|53|55|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Keshabpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Keshabpur, Hooghly]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|44|25|N|87|51|40|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Radhanagore| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Radhanagore]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|49|25|N|87|57|40|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Shrirampur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Shrirampur, Arambagh]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|43|41|N|87|52|30|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Natibpur| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Natibpur, Hooghly]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|0|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Dakshin Narayanpur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Dakshin Narayanpur]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|53|20|N|87|46|48|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11= Arambag| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Arambag]] (M)| shape-color11= #800000<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|52|10|N|87|39|57|E}}| label-pos12=bottom|label12= Gar Mandaran| numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[Gar Mandaran]] (H) |shape-color12=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|54|0|N|87|32|13|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13= Badanganj| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Badanganj]] (H) |shape-color13=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|48|44|N|87|46|6|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14= Bali Dewanganj| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Bali Dewanganj]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|54|30|N|87|51|44|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15= Bhalia| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Bhalia]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|51|41|N|87|48|45|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16= Dihi|labela16= Bayara| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Dihi Bayara]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|10|N|87|33|25|E}}| label-pos17=top|label17= Fului| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Fului]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|46|32|N|87|48|30|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Gourhati| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Gourhati]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|51|20|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19= Hamirbati| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Hamirbati]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|52|15|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20= Hat Basantapur| numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[Hat Basantapur]] (H) |shape-color20=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|50|N|87|32|17|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21= Kayapat| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Kayapat]] (H) |shape-color21=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|50|30|N|87|49|39|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22= Kanpur| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Kanpur, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color22=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|49|30|N|87|51|2|E}}| label-pos23=bottom|label23= Madhabpur| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Madhabpur, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color23=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|53|10|N|87|35|52|E}}| label-pos24=bottom|label24= Mamudpur| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Mamudpur, Arambagh]] (H) |shape-color24=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|53|5|N|87|37|2|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25= Memanpur| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Memanpur]] (H) |shape-color25=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|48|30|N|87|56|13|E}}| label-pos26=right|label26= Parul| numbered26=H| mark-title26= [[Parul, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color26=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|54|5|N|87|37|45|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= Satberia| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Satberia]] (H) |shape-color27=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|53|0|N|87|34|1|E}}| label-pos28=left|label28= Shyambazar| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Shyambazar, Hooghly]] (H) |shape-color28=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|58|0|N|87|43|40|E}}|label29= Dwarakeswar|labela29= River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=60| label-pos29=top| label-size29=11| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|47|30|N|87|54|10|E}}|label30= Mundeswari|labela30= River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=65| label-pos30=top| label-size30=11| mark-size30=0| mark-title30=none<br />
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|43|0|E}}|label31= Rupnarayan |labela31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31=80| label-pos31=top| label-size31=11| mark-size31=0| mark-title31=none<br />
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|44|0|N|87|58|40|E}}|label32= Damodar |labela32= River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=85| label-pos32=top| label-size32=11| mark-size32=0| mark-title32=none}}<br />
<br />
==Administrative units==<br />
Arambag subdivision has four police stations, six community development blocks, six panchayat samitis, 63 gram panchayats, 567 [[mouza]]s, 554 inhabited villages, and one municipality (at [[Arambag]]). The subdivision has its headquarters at [[Arambag]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Hooghly - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 19 June 2017}}</ref><br />
[[file:Subdivision of Hooghly District.jpg|thumb|440 px|right]]<br />
{{clear}}<br />
==Gram panchayats==<br />
The subdivision contains 63 [[gram panchayat]]s under 6 [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Hooghly - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 June 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
* [[Arambagh (community development block)|Arambagh]] block consists of 15&nbsp;gram panchayats, viz. Arandi&ndash;I, [[Gourhati|Gourhati&ndash;II]], Malaypur&ndash;I, Salepur&ndash;I, Arandi&ndash;II, Harinkhola&ndash;I, Malaypur&ndash;II, Salepur&ndash;II, Batanal, Harinkhola&ndash;II, Mayapur&ndash;I, [[Tirol, Hoogly|Tirol]], Gourhati&ndash;I, Madhabpur and Mayapur&ndash;II.<br />
* [[Khanakul I]] block consists of 13&nbsp;gram panchayats, viz. Arunda, Khanakul&ndash;II, Pole&ndash;II, Thakuranichak, [[Balipur, West Bengal|Balipur]], Kishorepur&ndash;I, Rammohan&ndash;I, Ghoshpur, Kishorepur&ndash;II, Rammohan&ndash;II, Khanakul&ndash;I, Pole&ndash;I and Tantisal.<br />
* [[Khanakul II]] block consists of 11&nbsp;gram panchayats, viz. Chingra, Marokhana, Palashpai&ndash;I, Rajhati&ndash;II, Dhanyagori, Natibpur&ndash;I, Palashpai&ndash;II, Sabalsinghapur, Jagatpur, Natibpur&ndash;II and Rajhati&ndash;I.<br />
* [[Goghat I]] block consists of seven gram panchayats, viz. Bali, Goghat, Nakunda, Saora, Bhadur, Kumarsa and Raghubati.<br />
* [[Goghat II]] block consists of nine gram panchayats, viz. Badanganj&ndash;Falui&ndash;I, Hazipur, Mandaran, Badanganj&ndash;Falui&ndash;II, Kamarpukur, Paschimpara, Bengai, Kumarganj and Shyambazar.<br />
* [[Pursurah (community development block)|Pursurah]] block consists of eight gram panchayats, viz. Bhangamora, Dihibadpur, Pursurah&ndash;I, Shyampur, Chiladangi, Kelepara, Pursurah&ndash;II and Sreerampur.<br />
<br />
==Police stations==<br />
Police stations in Arambag subdivision have the following jurisdiction:<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 6 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | title = Hooghly District Police | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 20 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170705234600/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | archive-date = 5 July 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Police station ||Area covered<br/>km<sup>2</sup> ||Municipal town || CD Block <br />
|-<br />
|[[Goghat#Police station|Goghat]]|| n/a || - ||[[Goghat I]], [[Goghat II]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Arambag#Police station|Arambag]]|| n/a ||[[Arambag]]||[[Arambagh (community development block)|Arambagh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Khanakul#Police station|Khanakul]]|| n/a || - ||[[Khanakul I]], [[Khanakul II]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pursurah#Police station|Pursurah]]|| n/a || - ||[[Pursurah (community development block)|Pursurah]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Blocks==<br />
Community development blocks in Arambag subdivision are:<ref name=handbook2014/><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 24 October 2016}}</ref> <br />
[[File:Hooghly Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! CD Block ||Headquarters||<br/>Area<br/>km<sup>2</sup> || Population<br/>(2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||[[Hindus]] %||[[Muslims]] %||Literacy<br/> rate %||Census<br/>Towns<br />
|-<br />
|[[Goghat I]]||[[Goghat]]||186.32||140,030||38.79||6.01||89.71||9.75||78.70|| -<br />
|-<br />
|[[Goghat II]]||[[Kamarpukur]]||190.03||160,585||36.15||4.72||83.48||15.48||77.24|| -<br />
|-<br />
|[[Arambagh (community development block)|Arambagh]]||[[Arambag]]||269.31||285,207||37.57||1.46||77.99||21.71||79.01|| -<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pursurah (community development block)|Pursurah]]||[[Pursurah]]||100.42||173,437||21.35||0.48||83.51||16.28||82.12|| -<br />
|-<br />
|[[Khanakul I]]||[[Khanakul]]||171.92||254,434||28.81||0.30||75.96||23.90||77.73|| -<br />
|-<br />
|[[Khanakul II]]||[[Khanakul]]||121.83||184,734||30.07||0.02||84.21||15.67||79.16|| -<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
===Industries===<br />
Arambagh Hatcheries Ltd. is a poultry and egg related industry based at [[Arambag]]. It was incorporated in 1973.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/ARAMBAGH-HATCHERIES-LTD/U01222WB1973PLC029137 | title = Arambag Hatcheries | publisher = Zauba Corp |access-date = 19 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Agriculture===<br />
Hooghly is an agriculturally prosperous district of West Bengal. Although the economy has been shifting away from agriculture, it is still the pre-dominant economic activity and the main source of livelihood for the rural people of the district. One third of the district income comes from agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Hooghly |work = page 58 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 26 June 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170807182323/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |archive-date = 7 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Given below is an overview of the agricultural production (all data in tonnes) for Arambagh subdivision, other subdivisions and the Hooghly district, with data for the year 2013–14.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 18.1. Data for subdivisions/ district calculated by totalling the CD Block data provided |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 6 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! CD Block/ Subdivision ||Rice||Wheat || Jute ||Pulses||Oil seeds||Potatoes||Sugarcane<br />
|-<br />
|[[Goghat I]]||55,229|| - || - || - ||3,335||84,730|| -<br />
|-<br />
|[[Goghat II]]||109,900||2|| - || - ||5,912||40,723|| -<br />
|-<br />
|[[Arambagh (community development block)|Arambagh]]||43,248|| - ||2,022|| - ||5,084||60,883|| -<br />
|-<br />
|[[Khanakul I]]||27,093||24||55,380|| - ||1,898||187,352|| -<br />
|-<br />
|[[Khanakul II]]||17,590||24||23,090||30||1,768||15,076|| -<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pursurah (community development block)|Pursurah]]||1,951||25||5,409||11||1,480||126,139||123,934<br />
|-<br />
|'''Arambagh subdivision'''||255,011||75||134,541||30||19,477||514,903||123,934<br />
|-<br />
||[[Chinsurah subdivision]]||235,561||92||111,218||4||10,362||812,808||162<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chandannagore subdivision]]||189,791||12||136,276|| - ||6,522||313,692|| -<br />
|-<br />
|[[Srirampore subdivision]]||126,852||11||39,820||12||8,058||436,111||2,437<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hooghly district]]||807,215||190||421,855||46||44,419||2,077,514||126,533<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Handloom weaving===<br />
The [[handloom saree]]s of [[Dhaniakhali (community development block)|Dhaniakhali]], [[Begampur, India|Begampur]], [[Jangipara (community development block)|Jangipara]], [[Rajbalhat]] areas and [[Dhoti|dhutis]] of [[Haripal (community development block)|Haripal]], Rajbalhat, [[Khanakul I|Khanakul]] areas of Hooghly district are widely familiar.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Hooghly |work = page 67 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 26 June 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170807182323/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |archive-date = 7 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Hooghly district had a literacy rate of 81.80% as per the provisional figures of the census of India 2011. Chinsurah subdivision had a literacy rate of 79.17%, Chandannagore subdivision 83.01%, Srirampore subdivision 86.13% and Arambag subdivision 79.05. <br />
<ref name=2handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly | work = Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Hooghly district for the year 2013-14:<ref name=2handbook2014/><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"<br />
|-<br />
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision<br />
!colspan="2"|Primary<br/>School<br />
!colspan="2"|Middle<br/>School<br />
!colspan="2"|High<br/>School<br />
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary<br/>School<br />
!colspan="2"|General<br/>College, Univ<br />
!colspan="2"|Technical /<br/>Professional Instt<br />
!colspan="2"|Non-formal<br/>Education<br />
|-<br />
!width="30"|Institution<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Student<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Institution<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Student<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Institution<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Student<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Institution<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Student<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Institution<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Student<br><br />
!width="30"|Institution<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Student<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Institution<br />
<br />
!width="30"|Student<br><br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Chinsurah subdivision|Chinsurah]]<br />
|align="center"|899<br />
|align="center"|85,213<br />
|align="center"|46<br />
|align="center"|3,885<br />
|align="center"|98<br />
|align="center"|48,722<br />
|align="center"|109<br />
|align="center"|124,068<br />
|align="center"|7<br />
|align="center"|16,342<br />
|align="center"|26<br />
|align="center"|10,564<br />
|align="center"|2,413<br />
|align="center"|45,289<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Chandannagore subdivision|Chandannagore]]<br />
|align="center"|606<br />
|align="center"|53,382<br />
|align="center"|32<br />
|align="center"|3,312<br />
|align="center"|46<br />
|align="center"|22,000<br />
|align="center"|77<br />
|align="center"|89,132<br />
|align="center"|6<br />
|align="center"|20,450<br />
|align="center"|6<br />
|align="center"|778<br />
|align="center"|1,297<br />
|align="center"|29,127<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Srirampore subdivision|Srirampore]]<br />
|align="center"|577<br />
|align="center"|64,207<br />
|align="center"|25<br />
|align="center"|3,611<br />
|align="center"|65<br />
|align="center"|37,997<br />
|align="center"|97<br />
|align="center"|108,199<br />
|align="center"|8<br />
|align="center"|16,631<br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|align="center"|793<br />
|align="center"|1,337<br />
|align="center"|33,060<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|Arambag<br />
|align="center"|935<br />
|align="center"|80,705<br />
|align="center"|49<br />
|align="center"|5,462<br />
|align="center"|83<br />
|align="center"|48,513<br />
|align="center"|76<br />
|align="center"|91,911<br />
|align="center"|7<br />
|align="center"|16,950<br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|align="center"|228<br />
|align="center"|1,838<br />
|align="center"|57,383<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Hooghly district]]<br />
|align="center"|3,013<br />
|align="center"|283,407<br />
|align="center"|152<br />
|align="center"|16,270<br />
|align="center"|292<br />
|align="center"|157,232<br />
|align="center"|359<br />
|align="center"|413,310<br />
|align="center"|28<br />
|align="center"|70,373<br />
|align="center"|38<br />
|align="center"|12,363<br />
|align="center"|6,885<br />
|align="center"|164,859<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<small>Note: Primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name=2handbook2014/></small><br />
<br />
The following institutions are located in Arambagh subdivision:<br />
*[[Netaji Mahavidyalaya]], a general degree college, was established at [[Arambag]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.netajimahavidyalaya.org/ | title = Netaji Mahavidyalaya | publisher = NM |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref><br />
*[[Raja Rammohan Roy Mahavidyalaya]], a general degree college, was established at [[Radhanagore]] in 1964.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rrrmahavidyalaya.edu.in/ | title = Raja Rammohan Roy Mahavidyalaya | publisher = RRRM |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref><br />
*[[Sri Ramkrishna Sarada Vidyamahapith]], a general degree college, was established at [[Kamarpukur]] in 1959.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.srsvidyamahapitha.org/ | title = Sri Ramkrishna Sarada Vidyamahapith | publisher = SRSMV |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref><br />
*[[Arambagh Girls' College]], a general degree college for girls, was established at Arambag in 1995.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.agcollege.org/ | title = Arambagh Girls' College | publisher = AGC |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref><br />
*[[Kabikankan Mukundaram Mahavidyalaya]], a general degree college, was established at [[Keshabpur, Hooghly|Keshabpur]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/KabikankanMukundaramMahavidyalaya/KabikankanMukundaramMahavidyalaya.shtml | title = Kabikankan Mukundaram Mahavidyalaya | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref><br />
*[[Aghorekamini Prakashchandra Mahavidyalaya]], a general degree college, was established at [[Bengai]] in 1959.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://akpcmahavidyalaya.org/ | title = Aghorekamini Prakashchandra Mahavidyalaya | publisher = AKPCM |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Hooghly district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly | work = Table 3.1, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"<br />
|-<br />
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision<br />
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB<br />
<br />
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other<br/>State<br/>Govt<br/>Deptts<br />
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local<br/>bodies<br />
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central<br/>Govt<br/>Deptts /<br/>PSUs<br />
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO /<br/>Private<br/>Nursing<br/>Homes<br />
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total<br />
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total<br/>Number<br/>of<br/>Beds<br />
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total<br/>Number<br/>of<br/>Doctors*<br />
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor<br/>Patients<br />
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor<br/>Patients<br />
|-<br />
!width="40"|Hospitals<br/><br />
!width="40"|Rural<br/>Hospitals<br/><br />
!width="40"|Block<br/>Primary<br/>Health<br/>Centres<br/><br />
!width="40"|Primary<br/>Health<br/>Centres<br/><br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Chinsurah subdivision|Chinsurah]]<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|align="center"|2<br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|align="center"|24<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"|31<br />
|align="center"|61<br />
|align="center"|1,091<br />
|align="center"|108<br />
|align="center"|94,213<br />
|align="center"|1,830,358<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Chandannagore subdivision|Chandannagore]]<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"|8<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"|41<br />
|align="center"|53<br />
|align="center"|828<br />
|align="center"|56<br />
|align="center"|70,724<br />
|align="center"|1,105,060<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Srirampore subdivision|Srirampore]]<br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|align="center"|2<br />
|align="center"|2<br />
|align="center"|12<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"| -<br />
|align="center"|80<br />
|align="center"|99<br />
|align="center"|1,894<br />
|align="center"|85<br />
|align="center"|63,619<br />
|align="center"|1,252,941<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|Arambag<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|align="center"|5<br />
|align="center"|16<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"|35<br />
|align="center"|58<br />
|align="center"|919<br />
|align="center"|57<br />
|align="center"|83,469<br />
|align="center"|1,743,719<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Hooghly district]]<br />
|align="center"|6<br />
|align="center"|8<br />
|align="center"|10<br />
|align="center"|60<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"|-<br />
|align="center"|187<br />
|align="center"|271<br />
|align="center"|4,732<br />
|align="center"|306<br />
|align="center"|312,025<br />
|align="center"|5,932,078<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<small>.* Excluding nursing homes</small><br />
<br />
Medical facilities in Arambagh subdivision are as follows:<br/><br />
'''Hospital''': (Name, location, beds)<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 July 2017}}</ref><br/><br />
Arambagh Subdivisonal Hospital, [[Arambagh Municipality]], 250 beds.<br />
<br />
'''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, block, location, beds) <ref name=medical/><br/><br />
Akri Shrirampur Rural Hospital, Pursurah CD Block, Akri Shrirampur, 30 bed.<br/><br />
Khanakul Rural Hospital, Khanakul I CD Block, [[Khanakul]], 60 beds.<br/><br />
Natibpur Rural Hospital, Khanakul II CD Block, Natibpur, 30 beds.<br/><br />
Dakshin Narayanpur Rural Hospital, Arambagh CD Block, Dakshin Narayanpur, 30 beds.<br/><br />
Kamarpukur Rural Hospital, Goghat II CD Block, [[Kamarpukur]], 60 beds.<br/><br />
Goghat Block Primary Health Centre, Goghat I CD Block, [[Goghat]], 10 beds.<br />
<br />
'''Primary Health Centres''' (CD Block-wise)(CD Block, PHC name/location, beds)<ref name=medical/><br/> <br />
Arambagh CD Block: Malaypur, PO [[Keshabpur]], (10 beds), Selepur, PO Chuadanga (10 beds), Muthadanga, PO Mayapur (10 beds), Dihibagnan (4 beds).<br/><br />
Goghat I CD Block: Nakunda (6 beds).<br/><br />
Goghat II CD Block: Jitarpur, PO Bhuskunda (2 beds), Taraghat (10 beds), Badanganj (2 beds).<br/><br />
Khanakul I CD Block: Ghoshpur, PO Pilkhan (10 beds), Tantisal (10 beds), Harimohan Golap Sundari, PO Raghunathpur (4 beds).<br/><br />
Khanakul II CD Block: Sabalsinghpur (10 beds), Morakhana (2 beds), Ramchandrapur (6 beds)<br/><br />
Pursurah CD Block: Fatepur, PO Parshyampur (4 beds), Dihibatpur, PO Alati (10 beds).<br />
<br />
==Electoral constituencies==<br />
[[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) and [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state assembly) constituencies in Arambag subdivision were as follows:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18, 15 February 2006 | access-date= 24 May 2017|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Lok Sabha constituency ||Reservation||Vidhan Sabha constituency ||Reservation||CD Block and/or Gram panchayats and/or municipal areas<br />
|-<br />
|[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]||Reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|SC]]||[[Pursurah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pursurah]]||None||[[Pursurah (community development block)|Pursurah]] community development block, along with Arunda, Balipur, Rammohan I, Rammohan II and Tantisal [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Khanakul I]] CD Block, and Harinkhola I and Harinkhola II GPs of [[Arambagh (community development block)|Arambagh]] CD Block<br />
|-<br />
| - || - ||[[Arambag (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Arambag]]||Reserved for SC||[[Arambag]] municipality, and Arandi I, Arandi II, Batanal, Gaurhati I, Gaurhati II, Madhabpur, Mayapur I, Mayapur II, Malaypur I, Malaypur II, Salepur I, Salepur II and [[Tirol, Hoogly |Tirol]] GPs of [[Arambagh (community development block)|Arambagh]] CD Block<br />
|-<br />
| - || - ||[[Goghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Goghat]]||Reserved for SC||[[Goghat I]] and [[Goghat II]] CD Blocks<br />
|-<br />
| - || - ||[[Khanakul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khanakul]]||Reserved for SC||[[Khanakul II]] CD Block, and Ghoshpur, Khanakul I, Khanakul II, Kishorpur I, Kishorpur II, Pole I, Pole II, Thakuranichak I, and Thakuranichak II GPs of [[Khanakul I]] CD Block<br />
|-<br />
| - || - ||Other two assembly segments are in Chandannagore subdivision and one assembly segment is in Paschim Medinipur district|| - || -<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Hooghly District}}<br />
{{Hooghly topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Subdivisions in Hooghly district]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._J._Yesudas_Tamil_discography&diff=461343K. J. Yesudas Tamil discography2026-01-09T07:53:43Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Infobox artist discography<br />
| Artist = [[K. J. Yesudas]]<br />
| Image = K.J._Yesudas.JPG<br />
| Caption = Yesudas during a live concert in 2010<br />
| Alt = <br />
| Studio = <br />
| Live = <br />
| Compilation = <br />
| Internet = <br />
| Video = <br />
| Music videos = <br />
| EP = <br />
| Singles = <br />
| B-sides = <br />
| Soundtrack = <br />
| Tribute = <br />
}}<br />
This is the Tamil discography of veteran Indian male playback singer '''[[K. J. Yesudas]]''', who sang in over 700 songs in Tamil films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/singer/k-j-yesudas-songs/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331081527/http://spicyonion.com/singer/k-j-yesudas-songs/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 31, 2016|title=K. J. Yesudas Songs|accessdate=2017-02-03|publisher=spicyonion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://starmusiq.com/tamil_movie_songs_listen_download.asp?Movieid=6018|title=Magical Voice of K. J. Yesudas - Ilaiyaraja|accessdate=2017-02-03|publisher=starmusiq}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mio.to/artist/KJ.+Yesudas|title=K. J. Yesudas (Classical Radio)|access-date=2017-06-07|publisher=mio|archive-date=2017-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617100249/http://mio.to/artist/KJ.+Yesudas|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yesudas's first film was in the film ''[[Bommai (1964 film)|Bommai]]'' (1963) as ''Neeyum Bommai Naanum Bommai'' composed by [[S. Balachander]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaana.com/album/hits-of-kjyesudas-vol-1-tamil-film|title=Hits of K. J. Yesudas Vol 1 (Tamil Film)|accessdate=2017-02-06|publisher=gaana}}</ref><br />
<br />
He gave his voice to actors and thespians in the [[Tamil Film Industry]] such as [[M. G. Ramachandran]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mgrroop.blogspot.in/2013/07/playback-singers.html|title=M. G. R. Playback singers - K. J. Yesudas|date=28 July 2013 |accessdate=2017-02-27|publisher=mgrroop.blogspot}}</ref> [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Nagesh]], [[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]], and [[A. V. M. Rajan]]. He also gave his voice to many new generation actors like [[Rajinikanth]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Vijayakanth]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Pratap K. Pothen]], [[Mammootty]], [[Ramarajan]], [[Thiagarajan]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]], [[Sarathkumar]], [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Aravind Swamy]], [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Prashanth]], and [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] in addition to various other known and unknown heroes and supporting actors like [[R. S. Manohar]], [[Jai Ganesh]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Jayaram]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]], [[Charan Raj]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Vineeth]], and [[Siva Chandran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/606358/music-beyond-religion-k-j.html|title=Music is beyond religion:K. J. Yesudas|accessdate=2017-06-07|publisher=deccanherald}}</ref><ref name="carnaticdarbar">{{cite web |author=Sudha Jagannathan|url=http://www.carnaticdarbar.com/interviews/2010/kj-yesudas.asp|title=Musiic is a continuous process of learning, says K. J. Yesudas|accessdate=2017-06-07|publisher=carnaticdarbar}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Collaboration==<br />
===Music composers===<br />
Major music directors worked with him [[S. Balachander]], Vedha, [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]], [[Shankar–Ganesh]], [[S. V. Ramanan]], R. Govardhanam, [[G. Devarajan]], [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]], [[R. Parthasarathy]], [[Salil Chowdhury]], Vedpaul Sharma, [[M. B. Sreenivasan]], [[V. Kumar]], [[Vijaya Bhaskar]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]], [[G. K. Venkatesh]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]], [[L. Vaidyanathan]], [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]], [[Gangai Amaran]], [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]], S. D. Sekhar, Lakshmikanth Piyarilaal, [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]], [[V. S. Narasimhan]], [[Raveendran]], [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Maragadha Mani]], Murari, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Adhithan, [[Manoj–Gyan]], [[Manoj–Gyan|Gyan Varma]], [[Manoj–Gyan|Manoj Saran]], [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], [[A. R. Rahman]], [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[S. A. Rajkumar]], [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[Karthik Raja]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Srikanth Deva]], V. Thooyvan, [[Sabesh–Murali]], Bhagavathi Srinivasan, [[Dhina]], [[Ishaan Dev]], [[Natarajan Sankaran]], [[Bhavatharini]], [[D. Imman]], [[Anirudh Ravichandran]], [[Soundaryan]], [[Sirpy]], [[Anand Shankar]], [[Devendran]], Sampath Siva, Devadevan, Johnson, Saivannan, Philip Jerry and [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ganagandharvan.weebly.com/tamil.html|title=Gaana Gandharvan K. J. Yesudas - (Tamil Gandharva Gaangangal)|accessdate=2017-02-22|publisher=ganagandharvan.weebly}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Playback singers===<br />
He has sung with other male singers such as [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], Saibaba, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[P. Jayachandran]], [[S. N. Surendar]], [[Arunmozhi]], [[Balesh]], Kalyan, [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Yuvanshankar Raja]], Murali and [[Dhina]]<br />
<br />
He also sang duets with many female playback singers such as [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]], [[M. S. Rajeswari]], [[P. Suseela]], B. Vasantha, [[L. R. Eswari]], [[S. Janaki]], [[P. Madhuri]], B. S. Sasirekha, [[T. K. Kala]], [[Vani Jayaram]], [[Swarnalatha]], [[Jency Anthony]], [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[Uma Ramanan]], [[Shoba Chandrasekhar]], Manjula, G. K. Vidhya, [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Minmini]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Madhushree]], Vanitha, [[Saindhavi]], [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]], Asha Latha, Sujatha Radhakrishnan, and Sunatha.<br />
<br />
He sang duets with singing actors such as [[Vanisri]], [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] and [[Shruthi Haasan]].<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
===Honours and Major Awards===<br />
* ''[[Honorary Doctorate]]'' by [[Annamalai University]], Tamil Nadu in 1989<br />
* ''[[Kalaimamani]]'' Award by Government of [[Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
===Tamil Nadu State Film Awards===<br />
State Film Awards 5 times for the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]] by the Government of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmibeat.com/celebs/kj-yesudas/awards.html|title= K. J. Yesudas Awards - Tamil Nadu State Film Award|accessdate=2017-02-27|publisher=filmibeat}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! width=5%| Year<br />
! style="width:40%;"| Film<br />
! style="width:30%;"| Category<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome<br />
! style="width:5%;"| Ref<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1977<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Andaman Kadhali]]''<br> ''[[Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Film News|first=Anandhan|authorlink=Film News Anandan|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraippada Varalaru |trans-title=Tamil Films History and its Achievements |year=2004|publisher=Sivagami Publications|page=738}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1982<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Moondram Pirai]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1988<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Multiple Films''<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1989<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Nyaya Tharasu]]''<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1992<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]'' <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of Tamil film discography==<br />
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2017}}<br />
<!-- Please add songs in alphabetical order and check for duplicates --><br />
<br />
===1960s===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Movie <br />
! Song !! Music !! Lyrics !! Co - Singer<br />
|-<br />
| 1963 <br />
!''[[Konjum Kumari]]''<br />
| Aasai Vandha Pinne || Vedha ||Vaali || B. Vasantha<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 1964 <br />
!''[[Bommai (1964 film)|Bommai]]''<br />
| Neeyum Bommai Naanum Bommai || [[S. Balachander]] || K. Neelamegam || -<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |''[[Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]''<br />
| Enna Paarvai Unthan || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| Nenjathail Alli Konjum || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Suseela]], [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |''Veeranganai''<br />
| Neela Vanna Kangalirandu || Vedha || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| Idi Idikkuthu Kaatraikkuthu || Vedha || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 1965 <br />
!''[[Panam Tharum Parisu]]''<br />
| Paruvam Mutti Pazhagum || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 1966 <br />
!''Namma Veettu Lakshmi''<br />
| Alangaram Kalaiyaamal || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Parakkum Paavai]]''<br />
| Sugam Yethile Idhayathila || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Yaarukkaga Azhuthaan]]''<br />
| Uruvathile Ivan || S. V. Ramanan || || -<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Marakka Mudiyumaa?]]''<br />
| Vasantha Kaalam Varumo (humming) || [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]] || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1969 <br />
!''[[Porchilai]]''<br />
| Sri Mahaganapathin || R. Govardhanam || || -<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Thulabaram]]''<br />
| Katrinile || [[G. Devarajan]] || || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===1970s===<br />
==== 1970 ====<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Composer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Writer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Jeeva Naadi]]'' <br />
| Aruvi Magal || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | ''[[ Kalyana Oorvalam ]]''<br />
| Koondhalile Nei Thadavi || [[R. Parthasarathy]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
<br />
==== 1971 ====<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Composer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Writer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)<br />
|-<br />
! Rowspan=2|''[[Annai Velankanni]]'' <br />
| Thandhana Thaana<br />
| rowspan=2| [[G. Devarajan]]<br />
|<br />
| rowspan=2| Madhuri<br />
|- <br />
| Vaanamenum Vedhiyile<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Deivam Pesumaa]]'' <br />
| Pani Nilave Siru Malare || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 1972 ====<br />
==== 1973 ====<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Composer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Writer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Karumbu]]'' <br />
| Thingal Maalai Ven || [[Salil Chowdhury]] || [[Ilango Adigal]] ||<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |''[[Malai Naattu Mangai]]'' <br />
| Neelamaan Kadal Alaiyil || Vedpaul Sharma || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| Vandhal Kaattu Poochendu || Vedpaul Sharma || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]'' <br />
| Thanga Thoniyile || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 1974 ====<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Composer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Writer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' <br />
| Deivam Thantha Veedu || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Urimaikural]]'' <br />
| Vizhiye Kadhai Ezhudhu || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 1975 ====<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Composer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Writer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]'' <br />
| Athisaya Raagam Aanandha || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Dr. Siva]]'' <br />
| Malare Kurinji Malare || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Eduppaar Kai Pillai]]'' <br />
| Ponnum Mayangum || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
!''[[Ezhaikkum Kaalam Varum]]'' <br />
| Mogam Ennum || [[V. Kumar]] || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Maalai Sooda Vaa]]'' <br />
| Yaarukku yaar Sondham || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Mayangukiral Oru Maadhu]]'' <br />
| Varavendum Vaazhkkaiyil || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || [[Kannadasan]] ||<br />
|-<br />
! ''Oru Kudumbathin Kadhai'' <br />
| Malai Saaralil Ilam || [[Salil Chowdhury]] || || B. S. Sasirekha (humming)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" |''[[Swami Ayyappan (1975 film)]]'' <br />
| Harinaarayana || [[G. Devarajan]] || Vayalar || <br />
|-<br />
| Harivarsanam || [[G. Devarajan]] || Kumbakudi Kulathu Iyer || <br />
|-<br />
| Harivarsanam (chorus) || [[G. Devarajan]] || Kumbakudi Kulathu Iyer || Chorus<br />
|-<br />
| Mannilum Vinnilum || [[G. Devarajan]] || Sreekumaran Thampi || Chorus<br />
|-<br />
| Sabari malaiyil || [[G. Devarajan]] || Vayalar ||<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |''[[Naalai Namadhe (1975 film)|Naalai Namadhe]]'' <br />
| Ennai Vittal Yaarumillai || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Kaadhal Embathu || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| Neela Nayanangalil || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="8" |''[[Pallandu Vazhga]]'' <br />
| Ondre Kulam Endru || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Poi Vaa Nadhi Alaiye || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Na. Kamarasan]] || [[T. K. Kala]]<br />
|-<br />
| Enna Sugam Enna Sugam || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sorgathin Thirappu Vizhaa || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ondre Kulam Endru - (reprise 1) || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || Chorus<br />
|-<br />
| Ondre Kulam Endru - (Reprise 2) || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || Chorus<br />
|-<br />
| Ondre Kulam Endru - (Reprise 3) || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || Chorus<br />
|-<br />
| Ondre Kulam Endru - (Reprise 4) || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || Chorus<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Thaai Veettu Seedhanam]]'' <br />
| Kaalathai Vellum || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Thangathile Vairam]]'' <br />
| En Kaadhali || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Thennangkeetru]]'' <br />
| Andavan Potta Pulli || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[Kannadasan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Then Sindhudhe Vaanam]]'' <br />
| Unnidam Mayangugiren || [[V. Kumar]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Thottathellam Ponnagum]]'' <br />
| Pozhthhu Vidinthaal(Aadum Varaikkum)|| [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || ||[[shek mohammad kowsalya]] -<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Uravu Solla Oruvan]]'' <br />
| Mohana Punnagai || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || ||-<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |''[[Yarukkum Vetkam Ilai]]'' <br />
| Oruvarukkum Vetkamillai || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Melum Keezhum Kodugal || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 1976 ====<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Composer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Writer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Bhadrakali (film)]]'' <br />
| Kannan Oru Kai Kuzhanthai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Dasavatharam (film)|Dasavatharam]]'' <br />
| Ambai Eduthaan || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |''[[Idhaya Malar]]'' <br />
| Chendu Mallippoo Pol || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| Manthiram Sollum || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Kumara Vijayam]]'' <br />
| Kanni Raasi En || [[G. Devarajan]] || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|Manmadha Leelai]]'' <br />
| Hello My Dear || rowspan="2"| [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || ! rowspan="2" | [[Kannadasan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| Manaivi Amaivathellam || -<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Mogam Muppadhu Varusham]]'' <br />
| Enadhu Vaazhkai Paathaiyil || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Nalla Penmani]]''<br />
| Inangalile Enna || [[V. Kumar]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || [[Swarnalatha]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Needhikku Thalaivanangu]]''<br />
| Indha Pachai Kilikkoru (Male) || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nee Oru Maharani]]''<br />
| Nee Oru Maharani || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |''[[Oorukku Uzhaippavan]]''<br />
| Idhuthaan Mudhal Raathiri || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| Iravu Paadagan Oruvan || [[M. S. Viswanathan]]|| Na. Kamarasan || -<br />
|-<br />
| Iravu Paadagan Oruvan (Reprise) || [[M. S. Viswanathan]]|| Na. Kamarasan || -<br />
|-<br />
| Azhagennum Oyiyam || [[M. S. Viswanathan]]|| Muthulingam || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| Iravu Paadagan Oruvan (Reprise) || [[M. S. Viswanathan]]|| Na. Kamarasan || [[Vanisri]] (dialogue)<br />
|-<br />
| Pillai Thamizh Paadugiren || [[M. S. Viswanathan]]|| [[Pulamaipithan]]|| -<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Oru Kodiyil Iru Malargal]]''<br />
| Alangara Oviyam (Kannanin Sannathiyil)|| [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu]]''<br />
| Nalla Manam Vaazhga || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Payanam (1976 film)|Payanam]]''<br />
| Aaramba Kaalam || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Perum Pugazhum]]''<br />
| Thaane Thanakkul || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Punitha Anthoniyar]]''<br />
| Aanandhamathu || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Annai Vendugiral || [[M. S. Viswanathan]]|| || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Unakkaga Naan]]''<br />
| Inimai Thotta (Ramu I Love You) || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Iraivan Ulagathai Padaithana || [[M. S. Viswanathan]]|| [[Kannadasan]]|| -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Uzhaikkum Karangal]]''<br />
| Naalai Ulagai Alavendum || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Varaprasadham]]''<br />
| Gangai Nathi Oram || R. Govarthanam || || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vazhvu En Pakkam]]''<br />
| Veenai Pesum Adhai || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || B. S. Sasirekha<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 1977 ====<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Composer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Writer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Aalokkoru Aasai (1977 film)|Aalukkoru Aasai]]''<br />
| Idhaya Mazhaiyil Nanaindha || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dheepam]]''<br />
| Poovizhi Vaasalil Yaaradi || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indru Pol Endrum Vaazhga]]''<br />
| Anbukku Naan Adimai || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || Muthulingam || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Penn Jenmam]]''<br />
| Chella Pillai Saravanan || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thaaliyaa Salangaiyaa]]''<br />
| Vanji Idhu Vanji || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Uyarndhavargal]]''<br />
| Iravan Irandu Bommaigal || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 1978 ====<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Composer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Writer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |''[[Andaman Kadhali]]''<br />
| Andhamaanai Paarungal || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| Nianaivale Silai Seithu || [[M. S. Viswanathan]]|| [[Kannadasan]]|| [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |''[[Annapoorani (1978 film)|Annapoorani]]''<br />
| Kannanukku Kobam Enna || [[V. Kumar]] || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| Unnai Paarkka Vendum || [[V. Kumar]]|| || -<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Aval Appadithan]]''<br />
| Uravugal Thodarkadhai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || -<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu]]''<br />
| Kinnathil Then Vadithu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Ithu Eppadi Irukku]]''<br />
| Engum Niraindha || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Machchanai Paatheengala]]''<br />
| Maampoove Siru Mainaave || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan]]''<br />
| Thendralil Aadidum || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Mullum Malarum]]''<br />
| Senthazham Poovil || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Kannadasan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" |''[[Madanolsavam|Paruva Mazhai]]''<br />
| Kaadhal Sangame || [[Salil Chowdhury]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Kaala Magal || [[Salil Chowdhury]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
| Needhiyum || [[Salil Chowdhury]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
| Maadapurave Vaa || [[Salil Chowdhury]]|| || -<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" |''[[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]]''<br />
| Akkarai Cheemai Azhaginile || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Panju Arunachalam]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Ennuyir Nee Thaane || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]|| [[Panju Arunachalam]]|| [[Jency Anthony]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sri Ramanin (Oh Priya) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]|| [[Panju Arunachalam]]|| -<br />
|-<br />
| Yae Paadal Ondru || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]|| [[Panju Arunachalam]]|| [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Vayasu Ponnu]]''<br />
| Kanchi Pattuduthi Kasthuri || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || [[S. Janaki]](Humming)<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Vaazhthungal]]''<br />
| Arul Vadiye Param Porule || [[L. Vaidyanathan]] || || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 1979 ====<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Composer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Writer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Agal Vilakku]]''<br />
| Yedho Ninaivugal Kanavugal || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arumbugal]]''<br />
| Cheri Kuzhandhaigal || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || Jupiter Chinnadurai || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Imayam]]''<br />
| Gangai Yamunai || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kaathal Kiligal]]''<br />
| Nadhi Karai || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || Muthulingam || [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sevvaaname || [[K. V. Mahadevan]]|| [[Pulamaipithan]]|| [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kavari Maan]]''<br />
| Bro Bharama || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kizhakkum Merkkum Sandhikkindrana]]''<br />
| Oyivathai Varainthu || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naan Vazhavaippen]]''<br />
| Aagayam Mele || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || Chorus<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Neela Malargal]]''<br />
| Idhu Iravaa Pagalaa || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Kovil Iru Deepangal]]''<br />
| Entha Paathai || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ore Vaanam Ore Bhoomi]]''<br />
| Valamaana Boomiyil Sugamaana || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Vidukadhai Oru Thodarkadhai]]''<br />
| Naayagan Oru Puram || [[Gangai Amaran]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Othaiyadi Padhaiyile]]''<br />
| Cheppukkudam || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || A. S. Prakasam || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Thirisoolam]]''<br />
| Irandu Kaigal || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
|-<br />
| Thirumaalin Thiru Maarbil || [[M. S. Viswanathan]]|| [[Kannadasan]]|| [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Valampuri Sangu (film)|Valampuri Sangu]]''<br />
| Enna Sugamoo || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || -<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===1980s===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Movie <br />
! Song !! Music !! Lyrics !! Co - Singer<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="21" | 1980 || ''[[Chilambu]]'' <br />
| Nambikkai Vaithu Vidu || || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Doorathu Idi Muzhakkam]]'' <br />
| Ullam Ellam Thalladuthe || [[Salil Chowdhury]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Idhayaththil Ore Idam]]'' <br />
| Maanicka Vairangal || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || Chorus<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ilamai Kolam]]'' <br />
| Vacha Paaravai Theerathadi || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| Sridevi En Vaazhvil || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Karumbu Vil]]'' <br />
| Meenkodi Therile Manmadha || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kumari Pennin Ullathile]]'' <br />
| Vaan Megame || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Malargale Malarungal]]'' <br />
| Gnabakam Illaiyo - (duet) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Gnabakam Illaiyo - (Sad) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mangala Nayagi]]'' <br />
| Kangalal Naan || [[V. Kumar]] || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Moodu Pani]]'' <br />
| Yen Iniya Pon Nilave || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ninaivil Oru Malar]]'' <br />
| Kalyana Swarangal || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] || || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ponnagaram]]'' <br />
| Vaazhkkindra Makkalukku || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Poraamai]]'' <br />
| Aanandha Raagam || S. D. Sekhar || Poovai Senguttuvan || -<br />
|-<br />
| Naan Paadum || S. D. Sekhar || Puvaiarasu || -<br />
|-<br />
| Saravana Poigayil || S. D. Sekhar || Puvaiarasu || B. S. Sasirekha<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Puthiya Adimaigal]]'' <br />
| Magizham Poove || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saranam Ayyappa]]'' <br />
| Poi Indri || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thai Pongal (film)|Thai Pongal]]'' <br />
| Theertha Karai Thannile || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[M. G. Vallabhan]] || [[Jency Anthony]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Theneer (1980 film)|Theneer]]'' <br />
| Unadhe Ila Maalaippozhuthu || [[Gangai Amaran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="17" | 1981 || ''[[Bala Nagamma (1981 film)|Bala Nagamma]]'' <br />
| Koondhale Megam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kallukkul Therai]]'' <br />
| Aththai Magalukku || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] || Aathukkottai Ramu || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''Koocham'' <br />
| Pon Vaanile || [[Gangai Amaran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Hey Kannamma || [[Gangai Amaran]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kovil Puraa]]'' <br />
| Vedham Nee Iniya Naadham || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Madhu Malar]]'' <br />
| Vaaname Mazhai Megame || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Uma Ramanan]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Meendum Kokila]]'' <br />
| Chinna Chiru Vayathil || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ponnana Meni || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Panju Arunachalam]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mouna Geethangal]]'' <br />
| Mookkuthi Poo Mele Kaathu || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nenjile Thunivirunthal]]'' <br />
| Chithirame Un Vizhigal || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || B. Vasantha<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Netrikkann]]'' <br />
| Ramanin Mohanam Janaki || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raja Paarvai]]'' <br />
| Azhage Azhagu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Kannadasan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Salanam]]'' <br />
| Paniye Vaa Panju || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] || || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sivappu Malli]]'' <br />
| Rendu Kannum || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sollathe Yaarum Kettaal]]'' <br />
| Kettathu Kidaithathu Kodi || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]'' <br />
| Poo Malarthida || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Jency Anthony]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vasantham Varum]]'' <br />
| Thendral Thalaattu Neram || [[V. Kumar]] || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="37" | 1982 || rowspan="5" |''[[Anandha Ragam]]'' <br />
| Kadaloram kadaloram || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Panju Arunachalam]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
|-<br />
| Kanavugale Kanavugale || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Megam Karukkuthu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Panju Arunachalam]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Oru Raagam Padalodu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] ||-<br />
|-<br />
| Oru Raagam Padalodu - (Sad) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Echchil Iravugal]]'' <br />
| Kadarkaraiyil || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Kannadasan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Poo Mele Vesum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Vallabhan || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Eera Vizhi Kaaviyangal]]'' <br />
| Kaadhal Panpaadu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Kanavil Mithakkum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |''[[Ethanai Konam Ethanai Parvai]]'' <br />
| Gowri Kalyana Vaibogame || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Thyagaraja Swamikal]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Nidhi Kala Sugama || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Thyagaraja Swamikal]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Kaalane Aanalum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Paahimam Nee || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Thyagaraja Swamikal]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Alaipayuthe Kanna || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi]] || [[S. Janaki]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Ezhavathu Manithan]]'' <br />
| Endha Neramun || [[L. Vaidyanathan]] || [[Subramania Bharati]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Kaakkai Siraginile || [[L. Vaidyanathan]] || [[Subramania Bharathi]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Odi Vilaiyadu Paappa || [[L. Vaidyanathan]] || [[Subramania Bharathi]] || Saibaba<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manjal Nila]]'' <br />
| Ilam Manadhil Ezhum Kanavil || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Moondram Pirai]]'' <br />
| Kanne Kalaimaane || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Kannadasan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Poongatru Puthithanathu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Kannadasan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nadamadum Silaigal]]'' <br />
| Ariyamai Irulil || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paasa Madal]]'' <br />
| Vaa Vaa Vaanampadi || || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pannai Purathu Pandavargal]]'' <br />
| Pathai Enge Payanam || [[Gangai Amaran]] || || [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
|-<br />
| Nallorgal Thunbamutral || [[Gangai Amaran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Punitha Malar]]'' <br />
| Maalai Vaanin || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Oru Paarvai Parthaal || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Puthukavithai]]'' <br />
| Vaare Vaa Ilam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Vellai Pura Ondru (Duet) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Vellai Pura Ondru (Sad) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raaga Bandhangal]]'' <br />
| Nalam Tharuvai || [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rajyam Illatha Rajakkal]]'' <br />
| Sugam Tharum || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Thooral Ninnu Pochchu]]'' <br />
| Boopalam Isaikkum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Muthulingam || [[Uma Ramanan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Yerikkarai Poongatre || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Chithambaranathan || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vadivangal]]'' <br />
| Thaneeril Meen || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Valibamey Vaa Vaa]]'' <br />
| Pon Vaana Poongavil || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
|-<br />
| Kanne Baalam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vazhvey Maayam]]'' <br />
| Vaazhvey Maayam Indha || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="13" | 1983 || rowspan="2" |''[[Idho Ennoru Devadas]]'' <br />
| Ethu Enna Rathiri || Lakshmi Kaanth Piyarilaal || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Puthu Parithayo || Lakshmi Kaanth Piyarilaal || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ilamai Kaalangal]]'' <br />
| Eeramaana Rojave || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Paadavandhatho Gaanam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kal Vadiyum Pookkal]]'' <br />
| Mazhai Kaala Megangal || || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kann Sivanthaal Mann Sivakkum]]'' <br />
| Manithaa Manithaa || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kashmir Kaadhali]]'' <br />
| Poo Pondra Pengale || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kovil Mani Osai'' <br />
| Andavan Yaaraiyum || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manaivi Solle Manthiram]]'' <br />
| Athaadi Adhisayam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Uma Ramanan]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thai Veedu]]'' <br />
| Mama Mama Yen Paarthe || [[Bappi Lahiri]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ullam Uruguthadi]]'' <br />
| Tholin Meethu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Urangatha Ninaivugal]]'' <br />
| Mouname Nenjil Naalum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || M. G. Vallabhan || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Uyirullavarai Usha]]'' <br />
| Vaigai Karai Kaatre || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="17" | 1984 || ''[[Anbe Odi Vaa]]'' <br />
| Ithazhil Amutham || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anbulla Rajinikanth]]'' <br />
| Muthumani Chudare Vaa || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Na. Kamarasan || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kuzhanthai Yesu]]'' <br />
| Kanne Vaa Kanmaniye || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[My Dear Kuttichathan]]'' <br />
| Poovadai Kaatre || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naalai Unathu Naal]]'' <br />
| Vennilaa Oduthu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Na. Kamarasan || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |''[[Nallavanukku Nallavan]]'' <br />
| Chittukku Chella || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Na. Kamarajan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Unnaithaane Thanjam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || Majula<br />
|-<br />
| Vachukkavaa Unna || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ennai Thaane || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Neengal Kettavai]]'' <br />
| Kanavu Kaanum Vaazhkai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Pillai Nila - (Male) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nilavu Suduvathillai]]'' <br />
| Paari Jaatham || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Muthulingam || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Naalum En Manam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || [[S. Janaki]], G. K. Vidhya<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Niraparaadhi]]'' <br />
| Pennukku Deivam Endru || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nooravathu Naal]]'' <br />
| Ulagam Muzhuvathum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| '' [[Nyayam]]'' <br />
| Gangai Nathai Meeno || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||[[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Poovilangu]]'' <br />
| Kannil Etho Minnal || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" | 1984 || ''[[Pudhiavan]]'' <br />
| Naano Kann Paarthen || [[V. S. Narasimhan]] || || Kalyan<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pudhumai Penn (1984 film)|Pudhumai Penn]]'' <br />
| Kaalai Neram || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Kasthuri Maane || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[Uma Ramanan]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raja Gpouram (1984 film)|Raja Gopuram]]'' <br />
| Velanjirukku || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Mu. Metha]] || [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sanga Natham]]'' <br />
| Yethetho Sonnanga || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sirai (1984 film)|Sirai]]'' <br />
| Raasathi Rosappoo || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Unnai Naan Santhithen]]'' <br />
| Unnai Kaanum Neram || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| Hey I Love You || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Uravai Kaatha Kili]]'' <br />
| Enthan Paadalgalil || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || B. S. Sasirekha<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="40" | 1985 || ''[[Aasha (1985 film)|Aasha]]'' <br />
| Maaligai Aanalum || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ammavum Neeye Appavum Neeye]]'' <br />
| Kai Veesamma || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Amutha Gaanam]]'' <br />
| Ore Raagam Ore Thaalam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aval Sumangalithan]]'' <br />
| Ninaithaal Inikkum || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bandham (1985 film)|Bandham]]''<br />
| Bandham Bandham Paasa || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Kattil Bandham Kadal Bandham || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''Engirunthalum Vazhga'' <br />
| Vaanam Thedum Megam || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Erimalai (film)|Erimalai]]'' <br />
| Ore Baashaiyil || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Janani (1985 film)|Janani]]'' <br />
| Mannikka Mattaaya || [[M. S. Viswananthan]] || Nethaji || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ketti Melam]]'' <br />
| Dhaagame Undaanathe || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Uma Ramanan]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Neethiyin Marupakkam]]'' <br />
| Maalai Karukkalil - (Duet) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Maalai Karukkalil (Sad) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary]]'' <br />
| ABC Nee Vaasi || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Padikkadavan (1985 film)|Padikkadavan]]'' <br />
| Oorai Therinchikkitta || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Prema Paasam (1985 film)|Prema Paasam]]'' <br />
| En Radhaiye || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Poove Poochooda Vaa]]'' <br />
| Poove Poochooda Vaa - (Male) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pudhu Yugam (1985 film)|Pudhu Yugam]]'' <br />
| Poovo Ponno Poovizhi || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raja Rishi]]'' <br />
| Maan Kanden Maan || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Rajathi Rojakili]]'' <br />
| Muttayi Thenkuzhai || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Odiyenna Nallodai || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || - <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' <br />
| Mahaganapathin || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Muthuswamy Dikshitar]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Mari Marin Ninne || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Thyagaraja]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Poomaalai Vaangi Vandhaan || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||-<br />
|-<br />
| Moham Ennum Maaya || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Subramania Bharathi]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Kalaivaaniye || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Thanni Thotti Thedi || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Manadhil Uruthi Vendum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Subramania Bharathi]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Lochchana || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |''[[Sri Raghavendrar]]'' <br />
| Aadal Kalaiye || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Azhaikkiran Maadhavan || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Mazhaikku Oru Devane || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Raama Naamam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Thendrale Ennai Thodu]]'' <br />
| Kanmani Nee || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[Uma Ramanan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Thendral Vandhu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Unakkaga Oru Roja]]'' <br />
| Oru Pullankuzhal Oomai || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Un Kannil Neer Vazhindal]]'' <br />
| Enna Desamo || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] ||-<br />
|-<br />
| ''Unnidam Mayangukiren'' <br />
| Deivam Nammai || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Urimai]]'' <br />
| Maalare Nalamaa Madi || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Uyarndha Ullam]]'' <br />
| Enge En Jeevane || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vellai Manasu'' <br />
| Pachchapulla || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="57" | 1986 || rowspan="2" |''[[Amman Kovil Kizhakale]]'' <br />
| Un Paarvaiyil (Duet) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Un Paarvaiyil (Male) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dharma Devathai]]'' <br />
| Thodu Thodu Vaa Mella || [[Raveendran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dharma Pathini (1986 film)|Dharma Pathini]]'' <br />
| Mutham Katti Mutham || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[December Pookal]]'' <br />
| Maalaigal Idam Maaruthu || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Enakku Nane Needipathi]]'' <br />
| Ichandru Ichandru Mutham || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Engal Thaaikulame Varuga]]'' <br />
| Vaan Vandhu Then Sindhum || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |''[[Isai Paadum Thendral]]'' <br />
| Disco King Disco Queen || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| Enthan Kaikuttaiyai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Manasuloni || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Raghuvara Nannu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Vaazhai Maram || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Eswaram || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jothi Malar]]'' <br />
| Vennila Mugam Paaduthu || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| Pirapatharukkum Irapatharkkum || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''Kadaikkan Parvai'' <br />
| Isaiyin Mazhaiyile || [[V. S. Narasimhan]]|| || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| Isaiyum Medai || [[V. S. Narasimhan]]|| || -<br />
|-<br />
| Etho Oru Raagam || [[V. S. Narasimhan]]|| || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaalamellam Un Madiyil]]'' <br />
| Kannana Kanney Yen || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kanmaniye Pesu]]'' <br />
| Maname Mayagathe || || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kanne Kaniyamuthe]]'' <br />
| Ninnaiye Rathi Endru || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Subramania Bharathi]] || B. S. Sasirekha<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kulirkaala Megangal]]'' <br />
| Vaanam Sevvaanam Ven || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manithanin Marupakkam]]'' <br />
| Oomai Nenjin Sondham || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mannukkul Vairam]]'' <br />
| Idhazhodu Idhazh serum || [[Devendran]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maragatha Veenai (film)|Maragatha Veenai]]'' <br />
| Maragatha Veenai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mel Maruvathoor Arpudhangal]]'' <br />
| Unna Thaane Malaiya || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| Enna Pethavale || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mythili Ennai Kaathali]]'' <br />
| Ada Ponnana Manase || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Naalellam Pournami]]'' <br />
| Neethaana Nijam thaana || [[Gangai Amaran]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Poongathe Poongathe || [[Gangai Amaran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |''[[Nambinar Keduvathillai]]'' <br />
| Karpooram Jolikkuthaiya || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Nambinaar Keduvathillai || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Eswaraa Jagatheeswaraa || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Dharmassthaave || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Natpu]]'' <br />
| Adhikaalai Subavelai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Neethana Antha Kuyil]]'' <br />
| En Jeevan Paaduthu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Kannana Kanna (Male) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nilave Malare (film)|Nilave Malare]]'' <br />
| Maalai Ponnana || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || Kuruvikkarambai || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ninaivo Oru Paravai'' <br />
| Endhan Kanne || Jerry Amaldev|| || B. S. Sasirekha<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oomai Vizhigal]]'' <br />
| Nilai Maarum Ulagil || [[Manoj–Gyan]] || [[Aabavanan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Rasigan Oru Rasigai]]'' <br />
| Ezhisai Geethame (Male) || [[Raveendran]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Paadi Azhaithen Unnai || [[Raveendran]] || M. G. Vallaban || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Panneer Nadhigal]]'' <br />
| Pani Vizhum Paruva || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || Muthulingam || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Poi Mugangal]]'' <br />
| Inge Naam Kaanum || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Thottu Kondal Oru || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Vairamuthu]] ||-<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Puthir]]'' <br />
| Hero Hero || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Ponnaruvi || -<br />
|-<br />
| Muthal Mutham || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Mu. Metha]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ellam Theriyum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sivappu Malargal]]'' <br />
| Oru Bommalaattam Nadakkuthu || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Revathi (1986 film)|Revathi]]'' <br />
| Athanin Nenjukulle Tik || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thaaiku Oru Thaalaattu]]'' <br />
| Aaraariroo || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Unnidathil Naan]]'' <br />
| Ninaithal Unnaithaan || Thayanban || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vasantha Raagam]]'' <br />
| Naan Ullathai Sollattuma || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]'' <br />
| Sippikkul Oru Muthu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Yaaro Ezhuthiya Kavithai]]'' <br />
| Aaha Aayiram Sugam || [[Anand Shankar]] || || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| Paruvam Kaninthu Vandha || [[Anand Shankar]] || || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| Yaar Pogum Vazhiyil || [[Anand Shankar]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="41" | 1987 || ''[[Aalappirandhavan]]'' <br />
| Unnaiyum Ennaiyum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aankalai Nambathey]]'' <br />
| Kaadhal Kaayangale || [[Devendran]] || || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Anbulla Appa]]'' <br />
| Anbu Thaaye Nee || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Idhu Paal Vadiyum || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Maragathavallikku Manakolam || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''Ini Oru Sudhanthiram'' <br />
| Endru Thaniyum || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[Subramania Bharathi]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Mohathai Kondru Vidu || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[Subramania Bharathi]]| || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kavithai Paada Neramillai]]'' <br />
| Pulliyai Vaithavan Iraivan || [[L. Vaidyanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kizhakku Africavil Sheela'' <br />
| Sheela Oh My Sheela || [[Bappi Lahari]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |''[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]'' <br />
| Manathil Uruthi Vendum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| Kannaa Varuvayaa || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sangathamizh Kaviye || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Vangala Kadale || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manithan (1987 film)|Manithan]]'' <br />
| Yedho Nadakkiradhu || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Megam Karuthirukku]]'' <br />
| Azhagana Pullimaane || [[Manoj–Gyan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Micheal Raj]]'' <br />
| Kaalam Poranthaachu || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || [[Mu. Metha]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Muthukkal Moondru]]'' <br />
| Devan Kovil Deepame || [[T. Rajendar]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Neethikku Thandanai]]'' <br />
| Chinnachiru Kiliye || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || [[Swarnalatha]] <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Neram Nalla Irukku]]'' <br />
| Sariyena Ezhu Swarangalum || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Ninaikka Therintha Maname]]'' <br />
| Chinna Chinna Muthu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Engengu Nee Sendra || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Kannukkum Kannukkum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oorkavalan]]'' <br />
| Edutha Sabtham || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Thayin Sabhatham]]'' <br />
| Enathu Gaanam || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Paruva Raagam'' <br />
| Kaadhalillai Endru || [[Hamsalekha]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pookkal Vidum Thoothu]]'' <br />
| Kathiravanai Paarthu || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Poovizhi Vasalile]]'' <br />
| Chinna Chinna Roja || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Oru Kiliyin (Male) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||-<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]]'' <br />
| Raja Raja Chozhan || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Mu. Metha]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sattam Oru Vilayaattu]]'' <br />
| Oru Kulla Nari || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || [[S. N. Surendar]], [[Shoba Sekar]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sirai Paravai]]'' <br />
| Raasathi Rosapoo Vetkam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Vani Jayaram]]<br />
|-<br />
| Aanadham Pongida || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || Sunatha<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shankar Guru (1987 film)|Shankar Guru]]'' <br />
| Chinna Chinna Poove (Male) || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thaali Dhaanam]]'' <br />
| En Deiva Veenaiye || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thaye Neeye Thunai]]'' <br />
| Bhuvaneswari Arupuri || [[Raveendran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi]]'' <br />
| Valarpirai Embathhum || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thulasi (1987 film)|Thulasi (film)]]'' <br />
| Ooraiyellam Kappathum || Sampath Siva || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ullam Kavarntha Kalvan]]'' <br />
| Kaalangathaale || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Velicham]]'' <br />
| Thulli Thulli Pogum || [[Manoj–Gyan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Velundu Vinaiyillai]]''<br />
| Unavinil || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || Tamil Nambi || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vilangu'' <br />
| Unnaithaan || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="49" | 1988 || rowspan="2" |''[[Adhu Antha Kaalam]]'' <br />
| Azhagana Sondhangal || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Pottirukka Poovirukka || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' <br />
| Thoongatha Vizhigal || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Vaa Vaa Anbe Anbe || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Aval Mella Sirithal]]'' <br />
| Mangala Kunkumam Vandhathu || [[Gangai Amaran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Thegam Engum Moga Vellam || [[Gangai Amaran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dharmathin Thalaivan]]'' <br />
| Muththamizh Kaviye || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Panju Arunachalam]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |''[[En Bommukutty Ammavukku]]'' <br />
| En Bommukutti Ammavukku || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Kuyile Kuyile || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Kuyile Kuyile (Male) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Uyirin Uyire || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Piraisoodan || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[En Thangachi Padichava]]'' <br />
| Sondha Sumaya || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (1988 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]'' <br />
| Kannurangu Ponmayile || [[K. Bhagyaraj]] || Muthulingam || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Jaathi Pookkal]]'' <br />
| Athai Magalum Illai || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Poomaalai Iru Thol Seruma || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Vaa Vaa Aadivaa || [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaalaiyum Neeye Maalaiyum Neeye]]'' <br />
| Rathirikku Konjam || [[Devendran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kalyana Paravaigal'' <br />
| Kolam Inge Vaasal || Raja & Rajan || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kan Simittum Neram]]'' <br />
| Raagam Pudhu Raagam || [[V. S. Narasimhan]]|| || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Katha Nayagan (1988 film)|Katha Nayagan]]'' <br />
| Poo Poothathai Yaar Paarthathu || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Makkal Aanaiyittaal]]'' <br />
| Raajiyam Thaan Ethum Illa || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Madurakkara Thambi]]'' <br />
| Iravum Orunaal Vidiyum || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Mu. Metha]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ninaive Ennai Nerungathe]]'' <br />
| Sangam Nam Sangam || || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ore Oru Gramathiley]]'' <br />
| Rettai Kiligal || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| Mano Jabam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Oruvar Vaazhum Aalayam]]'' <br />
| Nee Pournami Endrum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Uyire Uyire Urangatha || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paadatha Thenikkal]]'' <br />
| Vanna Nilave Vangai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Paasa Paravaigal]]'' <br />
| Thenpandi Thamizhe (Duet) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[K. S. Chithra]] <br />
|-<br />
| Thenpandi Thamizhe (Male) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Parambaraikal]]'' <br />
| Vaanam Enge Mudikirathu || || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran]]'' <br />
| Adi Kaanakarunkuyile || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Sindhiya Venmani || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sivapputhaali]]'' <br />
| Oda Thanni Uppu Thanni || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Poovukkul Boogambam]]'' <br />
| Oru Kaalam Varum || [[Gangai Amaran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Solla Thudikuthu Manasu]]'' <br />
| Poove Sempoove || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Thaimel Aanai]]'' <br />
| Entha Kadhai Solla || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[M. S. Rajeswari]]<br />
|-<br />
| Chinna Kanna Chella Kanna (Male) || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''Thambi Thanga Kambi'' <br />
| Aayiram Thalaimurai || [[Gangai Amaran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Sri Ranjani Yen Sivaranjani || [[Gangai Amaran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Thanga Kalasam]]'' <br />
| Kanni Aval Naanugiraal || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || London Gopal || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Thamizhgnana Kalai || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || London Gopal || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]'' <br />
| Maanida Sevai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Nee Ondru Thaan || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Uzhaithu Vaazha Vendum]]'' <br />
| Muthukkal Padhikkatha Kannil || [[Devendran]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Vaangi Vandhen || [[Devendran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Vasanthi (1988 film)|Vasanthi]]'' <br />
| Santhosam Kaanadha || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Ravi Varman Ezhuthatha || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Veedu Manaivi Makkal]]'' <br />
| Kaadhal Kaadhal || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || ||-<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="31" | 1989 || rowspan="2" |''Agni Theertham'' <br />
| Bhoopalam Arangerum Velai || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || Senthamizh Selvan || -<br />
|-<br />
| Devi Un Paadham Thannil || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || Sri Bharathi || Sujatha Radhakrishnan<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[En Kanavar (1989 film)|En Kanavar]]'' <br />
| Yen Thaan Ennodu || [[Sangeetha Rajan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Kaadhadum Neram || [[Sangeetha Rajan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kadhal Oivathillai]]'' <br />
| Poda Ulagamellam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nyaya Tharasu]]'' <br />
| Vaanam Arugil || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Yaarukku Arudhal Yaaro || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ore Oru Gramathile]]'' <br />
| Rettai Kiligal Andradum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Mano Jabam (Male) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''Paasa Kanal'' <br />
| O Nenjame || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || [[S. A.Rajkumar]] || Sunatha<br />
|-<br />
| Therukku Purama Oru Vaasal || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Therukku Purama - Sad || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pillaikkaga]]'' <br />
| Un Annai Naan || [[Gangai Amaran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pudhea Paadhai]]'' <br />
| Appa Yaaru Amma || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raja Chinna Roja]]'' <br />
| Oru Panpaadu Illai || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raasathi Kalyanam]]'' <br />
| Ippadiyum Nadakkumendru || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Samsara Sangeetham]]'' <br />
| Aararo Thaai Paada || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Paal Kothicha Pongi || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Santhega Puyaladicha || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Sangu Pushpangal]]'' <br />
| Kannukkul Deepam Ethi || Guna Singh || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Nila Nila Odivaa -Male || Guna Singh || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Solai Kuyil Paaduthe || Guna Sngh || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sattathin Marupakkam]]'' <br />
| Kanni Poove Kanni Poove || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sattathin Thirappu Vizhaa]]'' <br />
| Innum Enthan || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sondhakkaaran]]'' <br />
| Katti Thangame Unnai || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Katti Thangame Unnai - 2 || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || ||-<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Varusham 16]]'' <br />
| Gangai Karai Mannanadi || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Karaiyatha Manamum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Pazhamuthir Cholai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vetrimel Vetri]]'' <br />
| Kannana Kanmaniye || || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu (1989 film)'' <br />
| Punnagai Puriyatha || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===1990s===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Movie <br />
! Song !! Music !! Lyrics !! Co&nbsp;— Singer<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="43" | 1990 || ''[[Amma Pillai]]'' <br />
| Pogum Paadhai Enge || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || Poovai Senguttuvan || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arangetra Velai]]'' <br />
| Aagaya Vennilave || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Uma Ramanan]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[En Kadhal Kanmani]]'' <br />
| Gangai Eppothum || [[L. Vaidyanathan]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Enakkoru Neethi]]'' <br />
| Kanneerale Vidhiyin Kaigal || [[V. Kumar]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ethir Kaatru]]'' <br />
| Koondai Vittu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||-<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Keladi Kanmani]]'' <br />
| Nee Pathi Naan Pathi || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Uma Ramanan]] <br />
|-<br />
| Thendral Thaan || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Malaicharal]]'' <br />
| Muthumaniye Muthumaniye || M. S. Murari || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Muthumaniye Muthumaniye (duet) || M. S. Murari || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mallu Vetti Minor]]'' <br />
| Chinna Mani Ponnu Mani || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]] [[Uma Ramanan]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mappillai Singam (1990 film)]]'' <br />
| Andhi Mayangum Nerathile || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Manukketha Ponnu (1990 film)]]'' <br />
| Oru Ezha Vacha Vaazha || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Nandhavanam || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || ||-<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Moondram Manithargal]]'' <br />
| Azhagu Devathai || [[S. Ravi Varman]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Kaadhal Nadhiyil || [[S. Ravi Varman]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mounam Sammadham]]'' <br />
| Kalyaana Then Nilaa || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Muthalali Amma]]'' <br />
| Ennil Vaazhum || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naan Valartha Poove]]'' <br />
| Lylave Lyla || Rajesh Khanna || Rajesh Khanna || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nalvaazhthukkal]]'' <br />
| Naalu Peru Pona || || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Namma Ooru Poovatha]]'' <br />
| Chinna Chinna Poove || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || Kalidasan || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[NangalPuthiyavargal]]'' <br />
| Unnai Sandhithen || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nila Penne]]'' <br />
| Pudhu Uravu || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nyayangal Jaikkattum]]'' <br />
| Kakangal Parandhaalum || || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paattali Magan]]'' <br />
| Poothiruchi Kannu || Sangeetha Rajan || || [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Periya Veetu Pannakkaran]]'' <br />
| Malligaiye Malligaiiye || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Na. Kamarasan || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Muthu Muthu Medai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Muthulingam || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pudhu Vasantham]]'' <br />
| Paattu Onnu Naan - Male || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pulan Visaranai]]'' <br />
| Kuyile Kuyile || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || [[Uma Ramanan]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Raja Kaiya Vacha]]'' <br />
| Kanneer Thuli || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Mazhai Varuthu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''Rayil Snegham'' <br />
| Antha Veenaikku || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Rayil Sneham || || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sandhana Kaatru]]'' <br />
| Oh Thendrale Oru (Male) || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sathya Vaakku]]'' <br />
| Vaigai Nathiyodu || [[Gyaan Varma]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sirayil Pootha Chinna Malar]]'' <br />
| Adhisaya Nadamidum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Sirayil Sila Raagangal]] <br />
| Kai Pidithu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Thendral Varum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thangathin Thangam]]'' <br />
| Oru Kelayil Iru || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || [[Vaaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ula Vandha Nila]]'' <br />
| Nee Yaaro || || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Unnai Solli Kutramillai]]'' <br />
| Sorgathin Vaasapadi || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Uyirea Uyireaa'' <br />
| Neram Varum || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || Poovai Senguttuvan || B. S. Sasirekha<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vaigasi Poranthachu]]'' <br />
| Kanne Karisal || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || Kalidasan || [[Swarnalatha]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Varavu Nalla Uravu]]'' <br />
| Thaneeril Thalladum || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="36" | 1991 || ''[[Cheran Pandiyan]]'' <br />
| Chinna Thangam || [[Soundharyan]] || [[Soundharyan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' <br />
| Annan Enna Thambi || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Maasi Maasam Aalana || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Swarnalatha]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Eeramana Rojave]]'' <br />
| Thendral Kaatre Konjam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Vaa Vaa Anbe || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gopura Vasalile]]'' <br />
| Naatham || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gunaa]]'' <br />
| Paartha Vizhi Paarthapadi || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Idhayam (film)|Idhayam]]'' <br />
| Pottu Vaitha Oru || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Idhaya Vaasal]]'' <br />
| Kaadhal Jodithaan || Viji || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Karpoora Mullai]]'' <br />
| Poongaviyam Pesum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[P. Suseela]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Maanagara Kaaval]]'' <br />
| Thodi Raagam Paadavaa || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Kaalai Neram || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nee Pathi Naan Pathi]]'' <br />
| Devan Theerpendru || [[Maragadha Mani]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Yaarai Kettu Eera || [[Maragadha Mani]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Malaicharal]]'' <br />
| Muthumaniye Muthumaniye || Murari || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''Moondrezhuthil En Moochirukkum'' <br />
| Santhana Kili Irandu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Kalidasan || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Agayam Kondraal || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Kalidasan || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| Agayam Kondraal - Sad || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || Kalidasan || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''Naan Pudicha Mappillai'' <br />
| Kudumbam Oru Kovil || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nadodi Kaadhal]]'' <br />
| Aathukku Pakkam || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || Kalidasan || [[Swarnalatha]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nee Pathi Naan Pathi]]'' <br />
| Yaarai Kettu || [[Maragadha Mani]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Thevan Theerpendrum || [[Maragadha Mani]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nenjil Oru Tajmahal'' <br />
| Kodi Maram Saivathundu || Sivaji Raja || || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oorellam Un Paattu Thaan]]'' <br />
| Oorellam Un Paattu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pandhiya Kuthiraigal]]'' <br />
| Pooncholaiyaa || [[Major Saran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Perum Pulli]]''<br />
| Ponmagal Vandhaal || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pudhu Manithan]]'' <br />
| Valaikku Thappiya Meenu || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Putham Pudhu Payanam]]'' <br />
| Kaalai Pani || Soundharyan || Soundharyan || <br />
|-<br />
| Paadungale || Soundharyan || Soundharyan || <br />
|-<br />
| ''Senbaga Thottam'' <br />
| Oh Vennila || [[Sirpy]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sigaram]]'' <br />
| Agaram Ippo || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Thalapathi]]'' <br />
| Kaattukuyile || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
|-<br />
| Putham Puthu Poo || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vaa Arugil Vaa]]'' <br />
| Maana Madhuraiyil Paarthen || Chanakya || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vaasalil Oru Vennila'' <br />
| En Ooru Madura Pakkam || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vasanthakala Paravaigal]]'' <br />
| Pon Vaanil Meenuranga || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || ||-<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="33" | 1992 || ''[[Aavarampoo]]'' <br />
| Manithiram Idhu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Amaran (1992 film)|Amaran]]'' <br />
| Chandhirane Sooriyanne || [[Adithan]] || Viswa Guru || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Annaamalai]]'' <br />
| Oru Penn Puraa || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chinna Thayee]]'' <br />
| Naan Erikkara Mel || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Swarnalatha]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gowri Manohari]]'' <br />
| Aruvi Kooda Jathillamal || Iniyavan || || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''Hari Hara Puthiran'' <br />
| Moogambikaiye || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Guruvayur Appane || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Ayyappa Saamikku || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Idhu Namma Bhoomi]]'' <br />
| Aaradi Suvaru thaan || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Swarnalatha]]<br />
|-<br />
| Vanna Maalai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kaviya Thalaivan (1992 film)]]'' <br />
| Santhana Malargalai || Aravind Siddharath || Aabavanan || -<br />
|-<br />
| Vannakkil Vanna || Aravind Siddharath || Aabavanan || [[Swarnalatha]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Maanagara Kaaval]]'' <br />
| Thodi Raagam Paadava || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Kaalai Neram || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]'' <br />
| Amma Endru || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]'' <br />
| Pudhu Rottulathaan || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Mudhal Kural]]'' <br />
| Aaduvom Paaduvom || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Unnai Thaan Azhaigiren || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Uyirai Thanthum || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naalai Engal Kalyanam]]'' <br />
| Odam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||-<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pattathu Raani]]'' <br />
| Pennaga Pirandhathoru || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || Kalidasan || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Puthiya Swarangal]]'' <br />
| Oh Vaanamulla Kaalam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Uma Ramanan]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Senbaga Thottam]]'' <br />
| Oh Vennila || [[Sirpy]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sooriya Namaskaaram]]'' <br />
| Adiye Pombala || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || Kalidasan || [[Swarnalatha]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sugamana Sumaigal]]'' <br />
| Kudagu Malaikaadu || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Thaali Kattiya Raasa]]'' <br />
| Adi Nichayathartham || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| Unnai Oru Kelvi || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Thamizh Ponnu]]'' <br />
| Aathora Alamaram || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| Saama || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren]]'' <br />
| Oru Raagam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| Unnai Vaazhthi || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Vanna Vanna Pookkal]]'' <br />
| Chinna Mani Kovilile || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Ila Nenje Vaa || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="23" | 1993 || ''[[Athma (film)|Athma]]'' <br />
| Kannale Kaadhal Kavithai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dasarathan]]'' <br />
| Aaraaro Aariraro || [[L. Vaidyanathan]] || || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
|-<br />
| Iyappaa Iyappaa || [[L. Vaidyanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dhool Parakuthu]]'' <br />
| " || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''En Idhaya Rani'' <br />
| Kaalai Malarandhathu Nalla || S. S. Vikraman || S. S. Vikraman || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Enga Muthalali]]'' <br />
| Kungumam Manjalukku || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Iniya Raja'' <br />
| Noolil Aadum Bommai || [[V. S. Narasimhan]]|| || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kalaignan]]'' <br />
| Enthan Nenjil Neengatha || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kattabomman (film)|Kattabomman]]'' <br />
| Koondai Vittu Viliyil || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || Kalidasan || [[P. Suseela]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kilipetchu Ketkava]]'' <br />
| Anbe Vaa Arugile || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||-<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maamiyar Veedu]]'' <br />
| Ennai Thodarendhu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Malare Kurinji Malare]]'' <br />
| Vaa Ilayavale || [[Raveendran]] || || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Marupadiyum]]'' <br />
| Ellorukkum Nalla Kaalam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mudhal Paadal]]'' <br />
| Poove Pudhu Kaatrin Geetham || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || ||-<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naan Pesa Ninaipathellam]]'' <br />
| Yalelan Kiliye Ennai -Solo || [[Sirpy]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pettredutha Pillai]]''<br />
| " || [[T. Rajendar]] || [[T. Rajendar]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pappayude Swantham Appoos|Poove Pon Poove]]'' <br />
| Solai Poonthendralil || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||-<br />
|-<br />
| Snegithanin || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||-<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pudhu Vayal]]'' <br />
| Naan Thedum Bandham || Aravind || [[Pulamaipithan]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pullaanaalum Ponjaathi'' <br />
| Devaloga Rambaiyo || [[Sirpy]] || || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sabash Babu]]'' <br />
| Maane Marikozhundhe || [[T. Rajendar]] || [[T. Rajendar]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Uzhavan]]'' <br />
| Raakozhi Rendu || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Swarnalatha]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ennatha Ponnatha || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[K. S. Chithra]] <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" | 1994 || ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'' <br />
| Vennilavin Theril || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Namma Annachi]]'' <br />
| Ooru Sanadha Ootty || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Puthupatti Ponnuthaaye]]'' <br />
| Irukki Idikkum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Irukki Kidakkum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rajakumaran (film)|Rajakumaran]]'' <br />
| Chinna Chinna Sol Eduthu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[R. V. Udayakumar]] || [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sadhu (film)|Sadhu]]'' <br />
| Ammamma Unnai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sethupathi IPS]]'' <br />
| Vanna Mozhi Maane || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sindhu Nathi Poo]]'' <br />
| Adi Aathi Vadaiyila || [[Soundaryan]] || [[Vairamuthu]] ||Asha Latha<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ungal Anbu Thangachi]]'' <br />
| Kaditham Ezhuthi || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Yen Edharku || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Veetla Visheshanga]]'' <br />
| Malare Thendral Paadum || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="17" | 1995 || ''[[Agaya Pookkal]]'' <br />
| Kuku Kuku Kuyile || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Apoorva Nanbargal]]'' <br />
| Sirithaan Inikkum || || Poovai Senguttuvan || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Baashha]]'' <br />
| Thanga Magan Indru || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mannukku Mariyadhai]]'' <br />
| Aalamaram Polirundha || Devedevan || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mayabazar (1995 film)|Mayabazar]]'' <br />
| Adadaa Ingu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Panju Arunachalam]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mudhal Udhayam]]'' <br />
| Unakku Naan Paadum || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || Muthulingam || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mogamul]]'' <br />
| Kamalam Paadha Kamalam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| Sangeetha || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |''[[Paattu Vaathiyar]]'' <br />
| Muthamendral Enna || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Neethaane Naalthorum (Duet) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Swarnalatha]]<br />
|-<br />
| Neethane Naal - (Male) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Oh Maari Poo Maari || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Minmini]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sangeedhatha Valarkevenaam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Solai Malare Nenjai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Paadura || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Periya Kudumbam]]'' <br />
| Raththatha || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thotta Chinungi]]'' <br />
| Ilangtherndrale Pesum || Philip Jerry || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 1996 || ''[[Devaraagam]]'' <br />
| Karu Vanna Vandugal || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' <br />
| Pachai Kiligal Tholodu || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Minor Mappillai]]'' <br />
| Isai Pole Kalai || Saivanan || || -<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" | 1997 || ''[[Bharathi Kannamma]]'' <br />
| Poongatre Poongatre || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]'' <br />
| Oru Pattampoochi || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Daud (film)|Ottam]]'' <br />
| Poonthendrale || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Palani Bharathi]] || [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Penn Manasu]]'' <br />
| Paadhas Maranam || Johnson || || <br />
|-<br />
| Vennila Vaanile || Johnson || || <br />
|-<br />
| Penne Un Kangal || Johnson || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ratchagan]]'' <br />
| Nenje Nenje Maranthu || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1998 || ''[[Desiya Geetham]]'' <br />
| Desiya Geetham || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ponmanam]]''<br />
| Nilavodum || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || Ilandevan || -<br />
|-<br />
| 1999 || ''[[Kallazhagar]]'' <br />
| Chinna Chinna Poove || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || || -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===2000s===<br />
==== 2000 ====<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Composer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Writer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' <br />
| Agni Kunjondru || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Subramania Bharathi]] || -<br />
|- <br />
| Bharatha Samudhayam || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Subramania Bharathi]] || -<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Chinna Ramasamy Periya Ramasamy]]'' <br />
| Vaazhaiyadi Vaazhaiyaa || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[R. V. Udayakumar]] || [[Arunmozhi]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' <br />
| Kannamoochi Yenadaa (duet) || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |''[[Kannukkul Nilavu]]'' <br />
| Iravu Pagalai Theda || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| Oru Naal Oru Kanavu (Duet) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Anuradha Sriram]] <br />
|-<br />
| Oru Naal Oru Kanavu (Male) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || ||-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 2001 ====<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Composer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Writer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Aanandham]]'' <br />
| Aasai Aasaiyai || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[En Iniya Pon Nilave]]'' <br />
| Kaadhal Ninaive || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]/[[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'' <br />
| Kaadhal Vandhathu || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || || [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Sonnal Thaan Kaadhala]]'' <br />
| Rosaappoove || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]] || [[Balesh]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Thavasi]]'' <br />
| Thanthana Thanthana Thai || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || || [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br />
|-<br />
! ''[[Vaanchinathan]]'' <br />
| Rojaa Vanna Rojaa || [[Karthik Raja]] || || -<br />
|}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+<br />
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"<br />
! scope="col" | Film<br />
! scope="col" | Song<br />
! scope="col" | Composer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Writer(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Co-artist(s)<br />
|-<br />
| 2002 || ''[[En Mana Vaanil]]'' <br />
| Rottoram Paattu || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || [[Shruti Haasan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Julie Ganapathi]]'' <br />
| Minmini Paarvaigal || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Pithamagan]]'' <br />
| Aadaa Agangaraa Arakka || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || ''[[Swades|Desam]]'' <br />
| Thaai Sonna Thaalaattu || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Madhushree]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || rowspan="3" |''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]'' <br />
| Aarariraroo Naan || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 <br />
| Manidhan Solkindra || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || || [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 <br />
| Nizhalinai Nijamum || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''Adhipathi'' <br />
| Vaa Vaa Vaanampadi || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] || || Vanitha<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''[[E (2006 film)|E]]'' <br />
| Vaaraathu Pol || [[Srikanth Deva]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''Thanneerile Thaamarai Poo'' <br />
| Unnai Kandu || V. Thayanban || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || ''[[Mirugam]]'' <br />
| Pethava Kooda Pathu || [[Sabesh–Murali]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || ''[[Nam Naadu (2007 film)|Nam Naadu]]'' <br />
| Kaadhal Ennum || [[Srikanth Deva]] || || Murali<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || ''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]'' <br />
| Thaayum Yaaro Thandhaiyum || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || ''Ayyavazhi'' <br />
| Vaigunda Natha || Bhagavathi Sivanesan || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || ''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'' <br />
| Mathangananambajavasa (Slokam) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || ''[[Vedigundu Murugesan]]'' <br />
| Neenda Thooram || [[Dhina]] || || [[Dhina]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===2010s===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Movie <br />
! Song !! Music !! Lyrics !! Co - Singer<br />
|-<br />
| 2010|| ''[[Nandalala]]'' <br />
| Onnukkonnu Thunai || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Mu. Metha]] || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || rowspan="2" |''[[Aayiram Vilakku]]'' <br />
| Enna Thavam Seithen || [[Srikanth Deva]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 <br />
| Uthma Puthirane || [[Srikanth Deva]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Kai (film)|Kai Thunindhavan]]'' <br />
| Kanne Kanne || [[Ishaan Dev]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Medhai]]'' <br />
| Amma Nee Irundhaal || [[Dhina]] || || [[Saindhavi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' <br />
| Neeyum Bommai Naanum || [[Natarajan Sankaran]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''[[Thalaivan]]'' <br />
| Oru Kodi || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''Azhagin Bommi'' <br />
| Thozha Thozha || [[Bhavatharini]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[Kaththi]]'' <br />
| Nee Yaaro || [[Anirudh Ravichander]] || [[Pa. Vijay]] || [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || rowspan="2" |''Nathigal Nanaivathillai'' <br />
| Unnai Nethu Rathiri || Soundharyan || [[Pulamaipithan]] || [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 <br />
| Jeevan Ulla podhe || Soundharyan || [[Pulamaipithan]] || [[Saindhavi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[Sigaram Thodu]]'' <br />
| Anbulla Appa || [[D. Imman]] || || -<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''[[Kinar (film)|Keni]]'' <br />
| Ayya Saamy || [[M. Jayachandran]] || B. K. Harinarayanan, Pazhani || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===2020s===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Movie <br />
! Song !! Music !! Lyrics !! Co - Singer<br />
|-<br />
|2022||''[[Jothi (2022 film)|Jothi]]'' ||Yaar Seidha Paavamo||Harshavardhan Rameshwar||Karthik Netha||<br />
|-<br />
|2022||''Tamilarasan''||Poruthathu Podhum||Ilayaraja|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Movie !! Song !! Music !! Lyrics !! Co - Singer<br />
|-<br />
|1989||''Rail Sneham''||"Rail Sneham",<br>"Indha Veenaikku Theriyadhu"||[[V. S. Narasimhan]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dr. K. J. Yesudas]]<br />
* [[K. J. Yesudas discography]]<br />
* [[Chembai discography]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|0947748}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yesudas, K. J. Tamil Discography}}<br />
[[Category:K. J. Yesudas|Tamil]]<br />
[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snatam_Kaur&diff=460033Snatam Kaur2025-12-29T13:24:43Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: general fix intro and improved wording as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|American singer-songwriter (born 1972)}}<br />
<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{BLP primary sources|date=April 2012}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=August 2011}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Snatam Kaur<br />
| image = Snatam_Kaur.jpg<br />
| alt = September 10, 2007, Snatam Kaur in Hockley, Birmingham, England.<br />
| caption = September 10, 2007, Snatam Kaur in [[Hockley, Birmingham]], [[England]].<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| landscape = <br />
| background = solo_singer<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| alias = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|06|19|mf=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Trinidad, Colorado]]<br />
| genre = Mantra, Meditation, New Age, Female Vocalists <br />
| occupation = Musician<br />
| years_active = 2000–present<br />
| label = Spirit Voyage Records, Be Why Music<br />
| associated_acts = <br />
| website ={{URL| http://www.snatamkaur.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Snatam Kaur Khalsa''' {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|n|ɑː|t|ə|m|_|ˈ|k|ɔːr}} (born June 19, 1972 in [[Trinidad, Colorado|Trinidad]], [[Colorado]]), is an American singer, songwriter and author. Kaur performs new age Indian devotional music, [[kirtan]], and tours the world as a [[peace activist]]. The surname "[[Kaur]]", meaning "princess", is shared by all female [[Sikh]]s.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Her family moved to [[California]] when Snatam was two, living in [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] and [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]]. When Snatam was six, the family visited [[India]], where her mother studied [[kirtan]]. Snatam lived on a ranch near [[Bolinas, California]] until 8th grade and then moved to [[Mill Valley]] in 1986. During her childhood, she played kirtan with her mother in [[Gurdwara]]s and at [[Sikh]] religious ceremonies. She attended [[Tamalpais High School]] in [[Mill Valley, California|Mill Valley]]. While at Tam High, she played violin in the school orchestra and began songwriting. [[Bob Weir]] of the [[Grateful Dead]] coached Kaur and her classmates before they performed her song "Saving the Earth" at an [[Earth Day]] concert in [[San Francisco]] on April 22, 1990.<ref name=OfficialWeb>{{cite web|title=Snatam Kaur Official Website|url=http://www.snatamkaur.com/|work=snatamkaur.com|accessdate=11 July 2012}}, https://www.newrenbooks.com/about/interviews/kaur.html</ref><br />
<br />
Snatam was also active in social and environmental causes while in high school, serving as president of a social action club known as "Students for Justice" in her senior year. The club started a campus recycling program and organized environmental awareness programs. The club also led the effort to change the school mascot and sports team names from the [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] to the [[red-tailed hawk|Red Tailed Hawk]] in 1989 and 1990, inspired by a speech given at the school by [[Sacheen Littlefeather]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thetamnews.org/2013/04/letting-the-indian-go-the-evolution-of-the-tam-mascot/|title=Letting the Indian Go: The Evolution of the Tam Mascot|date=22 April 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
After graduating from Tam, Snatam attended [[Mills College]] in [[Oakland, California]], receiving a [[bachelor's degree]] in biochemistry. She then returned to India to study Kirtan under her mother's teacher, Bhai Hari Singh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhai Hari Singh (Amritsar)|website=Kirtan Sewa|url=https://kirtansewa.net/index.php/bhai-hari-singh-amritsar/|access-date=27 September 2023|date=n.d.}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2023|reason=Snatam Kaur is not mentioned anywhere on this webpage.}} In 1997, Kaur began a career as a food technologist with Peace Cereals in [[Eugene, Oregon]].<ref name=OfficialWeb /><br />
<br />
==Snatam's music==<br />
In 2000, Kaur signed with Spirit Voyage Records — the founder of which, Guru Ganesha Singh Khalsa, became her manager and guitarist. Her professional collaboration has included new age music producer Thomas Barquee and occasionally her mother, Prabhu Nam Kaur Khalsa, also a musician.<ref name=OfficialWeb /><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!| Release date<br />
!| Album Title<br />
!| Record Label<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| ''Reunion''<br />
* with Guru Ganesha Singh Khalsa and Livtar Singh Khalsa<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| ''To Heaven and Beyond''<br />
* with Guru Ganesha Singh, Livtar Singh and Tony Redhouse<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2002<br />
| ''Carry Us Home''<br />
* with Guru Ganesha Singh and Livtar Singh<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2002<br />
| ''Prem (Love)''<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2003<br />
| ''Shanti''<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
| ''Grace''<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2005<br />
| ''Celebrate Peace''<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2005<br />
| ''Mother's Blessing''<br />
* with Prabhu Nam Kaur<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br />
| ''Anand''<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
| ''LIVE in Concert''<br />
* with Guru Ganesha Singh, Manish Vyas and Ram Dass<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
| ''Amrit Vela - Sadhana Chants''<br />
* with Tarn Taran Singh<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| ''Teree Meher Da Bolanaa''<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| ''Meditations for Transformation 1: Merge & Flow''<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| ''Meditations for Transformation 2: Connect & Heal''<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| ''Meditations for Transformation 3: Release & Overcome''<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2009<br />
| ''Liberation's Door''<br />
* with Guru Ganesha Singh<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| The Essential Snatam Kaur: Sacred Chants For Healing<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records Under License To Sounds True<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| ''Divine Birth''<br />
* with Prabhu Nam Kaur<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| ''Ras''<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| ''Feeling Good Today''<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''Evening Prayer - Kirtan Sohila''<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''Heart Of The Universe''<br />
* with Peter Kater<br />
| Point of Light Records/Spirit Voyage<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
| ''Sat Nam! Songs from Khalsa Youth Camp''<br />
* with Siri Nam Singh<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
| ''Light of the Naam: Morning Chants''<br />
* with Ajeet Kaur and Thomas Barquee<br />
| Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
| ''Beloved''<br />
|Spirit Voyage Records<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
| ''Nirankaar''<br />
|Be Why Music<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==The Celebrate Peace tour==<br />
From 2003 to 2009 Snatam Kaur spent much of each year on a perpetual tour called the "Celebrate Peace tour." Her tour took her several times across North America, twice to Europe, and twice to South America. The tour included performances at schools, hospices, juvenile detention centers, and other facilities. Kaur is a featured teacher and "Peace Ambassador" for the [[3HO]] Foundation (a non-governmental organization affiliated with the [[United Nations]] since 1996). Snatam Kaur toured with her longtime musical partner Guru Ganesha Singh Khalsa, a guitarist and vocalist, and various other musicians. After her marriage, her husband, graphic artist, Sopurkh Singh also traveled with Snatam Kaur.<ref name=OfficialWeb /><br />
<br />
==Sat Nam Fest, recent and current tours==<br />
Since the birth of her daughter, Snatam Kaur has considerably scaled down her performances, though she still comes out for the Sat Nam Fest Kundalini Yoga and Music Festivals held annually in Pennsylvania, California and Mexico, bringing her daughter and husband in tow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.satnamfest.com/ |title=Home |website=satnamfest.com}}</ref> Her band in her current (2019) tour includes Grecco Buratto (guitar), Ram Dass Khalsa (clarinet, guitar, vocals) and Sukhmani Kaur (tabla).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brightstarevents.net/featured/snatam-kaur|title = Snatam Kaur: 2019 Concert Tour}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!| Release date<br />
!| Book Title<br />
!| Publisher<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| ''The Meditation Summit: Volume 1: Deepen and Expand Your Meditation Practice with the World's Leading Teachers'' (Author, Narrator)<br />
* with Reginald A. Ray (Author, Narrator), Sharon Salzberg (Author, Narrator) and eight others. <br />
| Sounds True<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| ''Original Light: The Morning Practice of Kundalini Yoga.'' <br />
| Sounds True<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| ''Meditation of the Soul: Jap Ji Daily Practice and Learning Tool.'' <br />
| Spirit Voyage<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sikh influence on Kaur's music==<br />
[[Sikhism]] is a religion that began in India in the mid-fifteenth century with the first Guru, known as [[Guru Nanak]] Dev Ji (1469-1539 C.E.). The essence of being a Sikh is that one lives one’s life according to the teachings of the Sikh Gurus, devoting time to meditating on God and the scriptures, chanting, and living life in a way that benefits other people and the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sikhism.about.com/od/sikhism101/a/Sikhism.htm |title=The Three Principles of Sikhism |publisher=Sikhism.about.com |date=2013-12-25 |accessdate=2014-01-04 |archive-date=2013-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224115121/http://sikhism.about.com/od/sikhism101/a/Sikhism.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kaur’s teacher, [[Yogi Bhajan]] (1929-2004), was influential in helping promote the Sikh tradition in the West.<ref>Khalsa, Shanti Kaur Khalsa (1995). ''The History of Sikh Dharma of the Western Hemisphere''. Espanola, NM: Sikh Dharma; McLeod, Hew (1997). ''Sikhism''. London: Penguin Books.</ref><br />
<br />
Sikhism is based on the Shabad Guru. On Kaur's official website she explains, “Shabad is the sacred energy or recitation of sound, and Guru means the living teacher. For Sikhs, our living Guru exists within the sacred words of our tradition and physically within the Sikh holy book known as the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].” <ref name=OfficialWeb /><br />
<br />
==Reviews and critical acclaim==<br />
<br />
Snatam Kaur has received numerous positive reviews of her concerts and albums, especially in alternative and yogic media. These include LA Yoga, The Olympian (Olympia, WA), Light Connection, The Union (Nevada County, CA), The New Sunday Times (Malaysia), and Yoga Chicago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kindredspirits.ws/pages/events_pages/past_events_pages/snatam_kaur_pages/reviews_snatam_kaur.html |title=Snatam Kaur Reviews |publisher=Kindredspirits.ws |date= |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref> In 2010, her album ''Essential Snatam Kaur: Sacred Chants for Healing'' peaked at number nine on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' listing of Top [[New-age music|New Age Music]] Albums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-essential-snatam-kaur-sacred-chants-for-healing-mw0001972409/awards |title=The Essential Snatam Kaur: Sacred Chants for Healing - Snatam Kaur &#124; Awards |publisher=AllMusic |date=2010-05-04 |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref> Snatam Kaur's career also received a boost when it became known that her music was a favorite of [[Oprah Winfrey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oprah.com/spirit/How-Oprah-Celebrated-Her-58th-Birthday |title=How Oprah Celebrated Her 58th Birthday |publisher=Oprah.com |date= |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref><br />
Kaur was nominated for a 2019 Grammy for her album ''Beloved''.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Snatam lives in the United States with her husband Sopurkh Singh, whom she married in January 2006, and their daughter, Jap Preet Kaur.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.snatamkaur.com/web8.html |title=Snatam Kaur |access-date=2014-02-17 |archive-date=2014-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703054918/http://www.snatamkaur.com/web8.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Snatam is the granddaughter of Dr. [[Stanley Biber]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.snatamkaur.com }}<br />
* [http://www.spiritvoyage.com/snatam Spirit Voyage, Snatam Kaur's Record Label]<br />
* [http://www.3ho.org/get-involved/un-ngo/ 3HO Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916195836/http://www.3ho.org/get-involved/un-ngo/ |date=2012-09-16 }}<br />
* [https://www.soundstrue.com/collections/shop?q=snatam%20kaur Sounds True]<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Snatam}}<br />
[[Category:1972 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:American Sikhs]]<br />
[[Category:American women singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Tamalpais High School alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Mills College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Kirtan performers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Trinidad, Colorado]]<br />
[[Category:Performers of Sikh music]]<br />
[[Category:American new-age musicians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American women singers]]<br />
[[Category:American yoga teachers]]<br />
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Colorado]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satinder_Kumar_Saini&diff=457141Satinder Kumar Saini2025-12-25T19:21:43Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: improve details for accuracy based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Army general}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]<br />
| name = Satinder Kumar Saini<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = File:Lt_Gen_SK_Saini.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| office = 41st [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]<br />
| term_start = 25 January 2020<br />
| term_end = 31 January 2021<br />
| 1blankname = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]]<br />
| 1namedata = [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]<br />
| successor = [[Chandi Prasad Mohanty]]<br />
| office1 = [[Southern Command (India)|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1 October 2018<br />
| term_end1 = 24 January 2020<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Dewan Rabindranath Soni]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Chandi Prasad Mohanty]]<br />
| birth_date = <!-- {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}} if dead --><br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} death date first, then birth date --><br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| placeofburial = <br />
| placeofburial_label = <br />
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --><br />
| nickname = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}<br />
| branch = {{army|India}}<br />
| serviceyears = June 1981 – January 2021<br />
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|22px]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]<br />
| military_blank1 = Service number<br />
| military_data1 = IC-39436F<br />
| unit = [[Jat Regiment|7 Jat]]<br />
| commands = [[File:IA Southern Command.svg|20px]] [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] <br> [[IX Corps (India)|IX Corps]]<br>[[Rashtriya Rifles|Kilo Force]]<br>79(I) Mountain Brigade<br>7 Jat<br />
| battles = <br />
| battles_label = <br />
| awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br>[[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br>[[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]]<br>[[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| relations = <br />
| laterwork = <br />
| signature = <br />
| website = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| memorials = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| module = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''Satinder Kumar Saini''', [[Param Vishist Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishist Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] was the 41st [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]] of the [[Indian Army]] and assumed the office on 25 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/lt-gen-sk-saini-appointed-vice-chief-of-indian-army/articleshow/73595561.cms|title=Lt Gen SK Saini appointed Vice Chief of Indian Army|date=25 January 2020|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/m.economictimes.com/news/defence/situation-in-j-k-along-loc-in-hinterland-under-control-new-vice-chief-of-army-staff-lt-gen-saini/amp_articleshow/73687546.cms?usqp=mq331AQCKAE=&amp_js_v=0.1|title=Indian Army: Situation in J-K along LoC, in hinterland under control: New Vice Chief of Army Staff Lt Gen Saini - The Economic Times|website=m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> He previously served as [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding in Chief]] (GOC-in-C) [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-saini-takes-charge-as-head-of-southern-command-118100101134_1.html|title=Lt Gen Saini takes charge as head of Southern Command|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-10-01|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/lt-gen-saini-takes-overat-southern-command/articleshow/66034856.cms|title=Lt. Gen. Saini takes over Southern Command|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Saini is from District Hoshiarpur in Punjab, an alumnus of [[Sainik School, Kapurthala]], [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], Pune; and [[Indian Military Academy]], Dehradun. He has also attended the Army Command and Staff Course at [[Staff College, Camberley|Staff College]], Camberley; [[Royal Military College of Science]], [[Shrivenham]]; and [[National Defence College (Bangladesh)|National Defence College]], Dhaka. He has a total of three degrees in defence and strategic studies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/community/lt-gen-sk-saini-takes-over-as-corps-commander/345948.html |title = Lt Gen SK Saini takes over as Corps Commander|date = 2017-01-05}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Saini was commissioned into the 7th battalion, [[Jat Regiment]] in June 1981. His commands include 7 Jat, a Mountain Brigade in the Kashmir Valley, Counter Insurgency Force (Kilo) (part of the [[Rashtriya Rifles]]) and [[IX Corps (India)|IX Corps]]. The general officer has also held numerous staff appointments including Brigade Major of an infantry brigade, General Staff Officer (Operations) of an infantry division, BGS of a Corps, Director of Military Operations at Army HQ; Director General, Manpower Planning and Personnel Services (MP&PS). He has held different instructor appointments including Senior Directing Staff at [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], Weapons Instructor at National Security Guards Training Center and the Commandant of the [[Indian Military Academy]], Dehradun. He was also The Colonel of the [[Jat Regiment]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-general-saini-new-commandant-of-indian-military-academy/articleshow/52400897.cms|title=Lt General Saini new commandant of Indian Military Academy|date=2016-05-23|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/thousands-protest-killing-of-militants-in-kashmirs-kupwara-1408071.html|title=Thousands protest killing of militants in Kashmir's Kupwara - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=25 February 2014|access-date=2018-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/community/lt-gen-saini-is-ima-commandant/241080.html|title=Lt Gen Saini is IMA Commandant}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indian-army-promotions-gorkha-rifles-lt-general-commando-2766094/ |title = 14 officers approved for rank of Lt General, 5 from Gorkha Rifles|date = 2016-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lt-gen-saini-takes-over-as-commander-of-rising-star-corps/|title = Lt Gen Saini takes over as Commander of Rising Star Corps|date = 4 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-y-v-k-mohan-takes-over-as-commander-of-9-crops-118011000654_1.html|title=Lt. Gen. Y V K Mohan takes over as Commander of 9 Crops|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-01-10|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/jat-regiment-colonel-visits-gallant-6th-bn/|title=JAT Regiment Colonel visits Gallant 6th Bn|date=2017-02-01|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2018-04-08|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Saini has served on international deputations as well including Deputy Chief Military Personnel Officer in the Iraq- Kuwait UN Mission; Global Peace Operations Initiative's peacekeeping exercise in Mongolia; a counter-terrorism exercise in Australia.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
During the 38 years of his service, he has been awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (2020), the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (2018), the [[Yudh Seva Medal]], the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]], the Chief of Army Staff Commendation and the Army Commander Commendation for his service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=175896|title=Gallantry Awards to Army on Republic Day 2018|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Honors and decorations ==<br />
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|colspan="4"|[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|width=106}} <br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}} <br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|width=106}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=ONZ Medal w Służbie Pokoju UNIKOM BAR.svg|width=106}}<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="1"|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|colspan="2"|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|colspan="1"|[[Yudh Seva Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Vijay Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]<br />
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|[[UNIKOM]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Dates of rank==<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"<br />
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank<br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 13 June 1981<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1090 |date=24 July 1982|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1982/O-0921-1982-0030-40807.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 13 June 1983<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1670 |date=19 November 1983|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1983/O-0884-1983-0047-38821.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 13 June 1986<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=414 |date=21 March 1987|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1987/O-0672-1987-0012-30011.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 13 June 1992<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2230 |date=19 December 1992|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1992/O-0470-1992-0051-18786.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 16 December 2004<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1890 |date=15 October 2005|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2005/W_42_2012_119.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 October 2005<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1295 |date=16 September 2006|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2006/W_37_2011_072.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 13 March 2009 (seniority from 4 June 2008)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1179 |date=25 June 2011|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/W_26_2011_088.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 25 October 2013 (seniority from 4 October 2011)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2131 |date=15 August 2015|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/165120.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 21 May 2016<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2678 |date=31 December 2016|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/173373.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-mil}}{{succession box<br />
| title = [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]<br />
| years = 25 January 2020 – 31 January 2021<br />
| before = [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]<br />
| after = [[Chandi Prasad Mohanty]]<br />
}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| title = [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer-Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]]<br />
| years = 1 October 2018 – 25 January 2020<br />
| before = [[Dewan Rabindranath Soni]]<br />
| after = [[Chandi Prasad Mohanty]]<br />
}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| title = General Officer Commanding [[IX Corps (India)|IX Corps]]<br />
| years = 4 January 2017 – 9 January 2018<br />
| before = [[Ashok Ambre]]<br />
| after = [[Y V K Mohan]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saini, Satinder}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]<br />
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]<br />
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Commandants of the Indian Military Academy]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:National Defence College (Bangladesh) alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the National Defence College, India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian alumni of Staff College, Camberley]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frere_Treaty&diff=499367Frere Treaty2025-12-23T20:15:26Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: Added A Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1873 anti-slavery treaty}}<br />
{{Campaignbox Suppression of the Slave Trade}}<br />
<br />
'''Frere Treaty''' was a treaty signed between Britain and the [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]] in 1873. Signed by [[Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar]], it formally prohibited all import of slaves to the Sultanate of Zanzibar and forced the closure of the slave market in Zanzibar Stone Town. It made it possible for the British to stop all slave ships in the Indian Ocean, becoming a major blow to the [[Indian Ocean slave trade]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Opposition to slavery had been a part of Britain's foreign policy since it abolished its own slave trade in 1807. The treaty was a result of the [[Bartle Frere Mission]] to Zanzibar, led by [[Henry Bartle Frere]]. The Bartle Frere Mission addressed the issue of the [[Zanzibar slave trade]] between the [[Swahili coast]] in East Africa and Oman in the Arabian Peninsula, which at the time made up most of the [[Indian Ocean slave trade]].<br />
<br />
The Zanzibar slave trade had been an issue of British abolitionist interest for decades. The [[Moresby Treaty]] of 1822 had banned the export of slaves from Zanzibar to India, and the [[Hamerton Treaty]] of 1845 had prohibited the export of slaves to the Arabian Peninsula. An agreement with the British in 1867 further restricted the slave trade to be legal only from the African mainland to the [[Zanzibar archipelago]].<ref>Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p172</ref> However, these agreements had been mainly nominal in nature. Since it was still legal to import slaves from the mainland to Zanzibar, it was in practice difficult for the British to control the slave ships and prevent them from continuing to Arabia. The British therefore deemed it necessary to prevent any legal slave ship traffic in order to prevent the export of slaves between the African mainland and the Arabian Peninsula.<br />
<br />
The Frere Treaty of 1873 banned all further import of slaves from the African mainland into the Zanzibar archipelago. The treaty resulted in the closure of the open slave market in [[Stone Town]] on Zanzibar.<ref>McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 48</ref> It made it possible for the British fleet to stop all slave ships outside of the [[Swahili coast]] of East Africa and more efficiently combat the slave trade between the Swahili coast and Oman and reduce the Indian Ocean slave trade. The treaty was therefore an important victory in the fight against the Indian Ocean slave trade. However, the trade continued on a reduced scale into the 20th century. The Zanzibar slave traders continued to acquire slaves by kidnapping and traffic them by smuggling.<ref>McMahon, E. (2013). Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa: From Honor to Respectability. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 43-44</ref> [[Slavery in Zanzibar]] itself was not prohibited until 1897–1909.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Firman of 1857]]<br />
* [[Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention]]<br />
* [[Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Anti-slavery treaties}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1873 in Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)]]<br />
[[Category:Treaties of the Sultanate of Zanzibar]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-slavery treaties]]<br />
[[Category:Slavery in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Slavery in Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Abolitionism in Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Abolitionism in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Slavery in Oman]]<br />
[[Category:Zanzibar slave trade]]<br />
[[Category:Slave trade legislation]]<br />
[[Category:19th century in slavery]]<br />
[[Category:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:19th century in Zanzibar]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=N._Kalaiselvi&diff=519499N. Kalaiselvi2025-12-18T04:58:15Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian electrochemical scientist and administrator}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = N. Kalaiselvi<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|2|5}}<br />
| alma_mater = Rani Anna Government College for Women; Government Arts College, Coimbatore; [[Annamalai University]] (PhD)<br />
| known_for = Research on battery materials; first woman Director General of CSIR<br />
| fields = Electrochemical energy storage<br />
| workplaces = [[Council of Scientific & Industrial Research]] (CSIR); [[Central Electrochemical Research Institute]] (CECRI)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nallathamby Kalaiselvi''' (born 5 February 1967) is an Indian electrochemical scientist and administrator who is currently serving as the Director General of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) and Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR). She is the first woman scientist to head CSIR.<ref name="Hindu2022"/><ref name="CSIR2025"/><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Kalaiselvi completed her undergraduate and postgraduate studies in chemistry at the Rani Anna Government College for Women and the Government Arts College, Coimbatore.<ref name="CECRI"/> She later earned a PhD in electrochemistry from [[Annamalai University]].<ref name="CECRI"/><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Kalaiselvi began her career as a scientist at the CSIR–Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, where her research mainly focused on battery materials, electrolytes and electrochemical energy-storage technologies.<ref name="CECRI"/><br />
<br />
In February 2019, she was appointed as the Director of CSIR–CECRI, becoming the first woman director of the institute <ref name="TOI2019"/> In August 2022, she was appointed as the Director General of CSIR and Secretary of DSIR.<ref name="Hindu2022"/><ref name="PTI2022"/><br />
<br />
As the head of CSIR, she oversees the organisation's network of laboratories and programmes in basic and applied research, innovation and [[technology transfer]].<ref name="IE2022"/><br />
<br />
In July 2024, the [[Government of India]] extended her tenure for a further two years.<ref name="DH2024"/><br />
<br />
==Research and contributions==<br />
Her research areas includes lithium-ion and lithium–sulfur battery systems, electrode materials, electrolyte development and multifunctional energy-storage devices. She has also led the national projects in advanced battery technologies.<ref name="ScienceDirect"/><br />
<br />
==Recognition and honours==<br />
Profiles and media reports highlight her contributions to electrochemical research and various leadership roles in CSIR.<ref name="CSIR2025"/><br />
<br />
==Selected positions==<br />
* Director, CSIR–CECRI (2019–2022)<ref name="TOI2019"/><br />
* Director General, CSIR (2022–present)<ref name="Hindu2022"/><br />
* Secretary, DSIR (2022–present)<ref name="PTI2022"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references><br />
<ref name="CSIR2025">{{cite web|title=Dr. (Mrs.) N. Kalaiselvi – Director General CSIR & Secretary DSIR|url=https://www.csir.res.in/dr-mrs-n-kalaiselvi|website=CSIR|access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Hindu2022">{{cite news|last=Koshy|first=Jacob|title=N. Kalaiselvi, first woman chief of CSIR|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/n-kalaiselvi-first-woman-chief-of-csir/article65733827.ece|work=The Hindu|date=6 August 2022|access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="IE2022">{{cite news|title=N Kalaiselvi from Karaikudi becomes the first woman director general in CSIR|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/n-kalaiselvi-first-woman-director-general-csir-8075906/|work=The Indian Express|date=7 August 2022|access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="TOI2019">{{cite news|title=65 yrs on, CSIR-CECRI gets its first woman director from Tamil Nadu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/65-yrs-on-csir-cecri-gets-its-first-woman-director/articleshow/68300188.cms|work=The Times of India|date=7 March 2019|access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="PTI2022">{{cite news|title=Nallathamby Kalaiselvi becomes the first woman director general in CSIR|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/nallathamby-kalaiselvi-becomes-first-woman-director-general-of-csir-122080700680_1.html|work=PTI / Business Standard|date=7 August 2022|access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="CECRI">{{cite web|title=Dr. N Kalaiselvi – Profile|url=https://www.cecri.res.in/Profiles/kalaiselvi|website=CSIR–CECRI|access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="DH2024">{{cite news|title=CSIR Director General N Kalaiselvi gets two-year extension|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/csir-director-general-n-kalaiselvi-gets-two-year-extension-1249087.html|work=Deccan Herald|date=16 July 2024|access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="ScienceDirect">{{cite web|title=Publications by N. Kalaiselvi|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/search?pub=N.+Kalaiselvi|website=ScienceDirect|access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref><br />
</references><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.csir.res.in/dr-mrs-n-kalaiselvi CSIR profile]<br />
* [https://www.cecri.res.in/Profiles/kalaiselvi CECRI profile]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalaiselvi, N.}}<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]<br />
[[Category:Electrochemists]]<br />
[[Category:Annamalai University alumni]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyrtodactylus_collegalensis&diff=495110Cyrtodactylus collegalensis2025-12-16T04:00:17Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: Added A Stub...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Species of lizard}}<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{speciesbox<br />
| image = Cyrtodactylus collegalensis.jpg<br />
| status = LC<br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Achyuthan, N.S.|author2= Ganesh, S.R. |author3= Giri, V. |name-list-style=amp |year= 2021 |title= ''Cyrtodactylus collegalensis'' |article-number= e.T136380389A123300928 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T136380389A123300928.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref><br />
| genus = Cyrtodactylus<br />
| species = collegalensis<br />
| authority = ([[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome]], 1870)<br />
| synonyms = ''Geckoella collegalensis''<br/>''[[Cyrtodactylus nebulosus]]'' <small>(part)</small><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Cyrtodactylus collegalensis''''', also known as the '''Kollegal ground gecko''' or '''forest spotted gecko''', is a species of [[gecko]] found in and around [[Mysore]] hills, at the junction of the [[Western Ghats]] and the [[Eastern Ghats]], in [[South India]]. Recent taxonomic works and genetic studies revealed that the formerly-supposed [[genus]] is actually a [[subgenus]] of the widespread genus ''[[Cyrtodactylus]]''. It is often confused with the [[forest spotted gecko]] (''Cyrtodactylus speciosus'').{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}<br />
<br />
==Habits and habitat==<br />
They are primarily ground-dwelling, hiding under thick leaf-litter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Agarwal |first=Ishan |date=2016 |title=Two new species of ground-dwelling Cyrtodactylus (Geckoella) from the Mysore Plateau, south India |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4193 |issue=2 |pages=228–244 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4193.2.2}}</ref> They are [[nocturnal]] and [[insectivorous]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mirza ZA, Pal S, Sanap RV |date=2010 |title=Notes on a ground gecko Geckoella cf. collegalensis Beddome, 1870 (Squamata, Sauria, Gekkonidae) from India |journal=Russian Journal of Herpetology |volume=17 |pages=8–14}}</ref> Some species in this group have been documented to [[Oviparity|lay eggs]].<ref name=":1" /> They live in forests, be it dry, mixed or wet in complexion, mainly along the hilly tracts.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
The gecko was described in 1870 from [[Biligirirangan Hills|BR Hills]] in Southern [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Beddome">{{cite journal|last=Beddome|first=RH|year=1870|title=Descriptions of new reptiles from the Madras Presidency|journal=Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science |volume=2|pages=169–176}}</ref> It was treated as synonymous with ''[[Cyrtodactylus nebulosus]]'' by Boulenger.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kluge|first=AG|year=1983|title=Cladistic relationships among gekkonid lizards|journal=Copeia |pages=465–475|doi=10.2307/1444392|volume=1983|issue=2|jstor=1444392}}</ref> It has later been reported from found in adjacent hill ranges of [[Eastern Ghats]] and [[Western Ghats]], at the junction of [[Karnataka|Maharashtra, Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] states, in [[South India]]. In [[Sri Lanka]], its presence is considered dubious.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite journal | last1 = Prasanna | first1 = Ganesh | year = 1993 | title = Leopard gecko (''Cyrtodactylus collegalensis'') | journal = Dactylus | volume = 1 | issue = 4| page = 33 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last1 = Vyas | first1 = Raju | year = 2000 | title = Notes on distribution and breeding ecology of ''Gekkoella collegalensis'' (Beddome, 1870) | journal = Hamadryad | volume = 25 | issue = 1| pages = 45–46 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last1 = Mirza | first1 = Z. | display-authors = etal | year = 2010 | title = Notes on a ground gecko ''Gekkoella cf. collegalensis'' BEDDOME, 1870(SQUAMATA, SAURIA, GEKKONIDAE) From India | journal = Russian Journal of Herpetology | volume = 17 | issue = 1| pages = 8–14 }}<br />
* Agarwal, I., Mirza, Z. A., Pal, S., Maddock, S. T., Mishra, A., & Bauer, A. M. (2016). A new species of the Cyrtodactylus (Geckoella) collegalensis (Beddome, 1870) complex (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Western India. Zootaxa, 4170(2), 339–354.<br />
* Agarwal, I. (2016). Two new species of ground-dwelling Cyrtodactylus (Geckoella) from the Mysore Plateau, south India. Zootaxa, 4193(2), 228–244.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Geckoella collegalensis}}<br />
* {{NRDB species|genus=Geckoella|species=collegalensis }}<br />
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q3008762}}<br />
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[[Category:Cyrtodactylus]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Richard Henry Beddome]]<br />
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1870]]<br />
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{{Cyrtodactylus-stub}}</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandurangapuram,_Kurnool&diff=524159Pandurangapuram, Kurnool2025-12-02T06:28:40Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: added basic data basic info.</p>
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<div>{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}[[File:panduranga.jpg|thumb|A 19th-century image of [[Panduranga]], the eponymous manifestation of [[Vishnu]]'s avatar [[Krishna]]]]<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Pandurangapuram<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|15.440154|N|78.432899|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = Kurnool<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br />
| parts = Nandyal<br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 151<br />
| population_total = 2100<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 518502<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 08514<br />
| registration_plate = AP 21<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 95%<br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|20 to 43]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small><br />
| website = {{URL|www.pandurangapuram.org}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
}}<br />
'''Pandurangapuram''' or '''Panduranga Puram''' is a village in [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It should not be confused with the village of that name in [[Khammam district]] as well as near the bapatla, guntur district.<br />
<br />
==Nearby villages==<br />
* East - [[Kanala]]<br />
* North - [[Chapirevula]]<br />
* West - [[Thogarcheedu]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.pandurangapuram.org/ Village website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Nandyal district]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_Sony_Ericsson_International_%E2%80%93_Doubles&diff=4822112007 Sony Ericsson International – Doubles2025-11-29T19:56:47Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: Added article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Tennis events|2007|Sony Ericsson International|<br />
| defchamp = <br />
| champ = {{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} [[Chan Yung-jan]] <br /> {{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} [[Chuang Chia-jung]]<br />
| runner = {{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} [[Hsieh Su-wei]] <br /> {{flagicon|RUS|size=22px}} [[Alla Kudryavtseva]]<br />
| score = 6–7<sup>(4–7)</sup>, 6–2, [11–9]<br />
| draw = 16<br />
| seeds = 4<br />
| edition = <br />
| type = singles doubles<br />
| after_name = Canara Bank Bangalore Open<br />
| before_name = Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open<br />
| main_name = WTA Indian Open<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{main|2007 Sony Ericsson International}}<br />
<br />
[[Sania Mirza]] and [[Liezel Huber]] were the defending champions, but Huber chose not to participate this year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/bangalore/ind/2007/w-t3-ind-01a-2007/draws-and-results/ |title=ITF – tournament draws | publisher=International Tennis Federation (ITF) }}</ref><br />
<br />
Mirza played alongside [[Mara Santangelo]], but they lost in the semifinals [[Hsieh Su-wei]] and [[Alla Kudryavtseva]].<br />
<br />
In the final, [[Chan Yung-jan]] and [[Chuang Chia-jung]] defeated Hsieh and Kudryavtseva to win their title 6–7<sup>(4–7)</sup>, 6–2, [11–9].<br />
<br />
==Seeds==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
#{{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} '''[[Chan Yung-jan]] <br /> {{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} [[Chuang Chia-jung]] (champions)'''<br />
#{{flagicon|IND|size=22px}} [[Sania Mirza]] <br /> {{flagicon|ITA|size=22px}} [[Mara Santangelo]] ''(semifinals)''<br />
#{{flagicon|UKR|size=22px}} [[Yuliya Beygelzimer]] <br /> {{flagicon|UKR|size=22px}} [[Yuliana Fedak]] ''(quarterfinals)''<br />
#{{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} [[Hsieh Su-wei]] <br /> {{flagicon|RUS|size=22px}} [[Alla Kudryavtseva]] ''(final)''<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Draw==<br />
{{Draw key}}<br />
<br />
===Draw===<br />
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3<br />
| score-width=20<br />
| font-size=85%<br />
| RD1=First round<br />
| RD2=Quarterfinals<br />
| RD3=Semifinals<br />
| RD4=Finals<br />
<br />
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} '''[[Chan Yung-jan|Y-j Chan]]<br />{{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} [[Chuang Chia-jung|C-j Chuang]]'''<br />
| RD1-seed01=1<br />
| RD1-score01-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score01-3=<br />
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|HUN|size=22px}} [[Melinda Czink|M Czink]]<br />{{flagicon|SLO|size=22px}} [[Andreja Klepač|A Klepač]]<br />
| RD1-seed02=<br />
| RD1-score02-1=3<br />
| RD1-score02-2=3<br />
| RD1-score02-3=<br />
<br />
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|ITA|size=22px}} '''[[Alberta Brianti|A Brianti]]<br />{{flagicon|UKR|size=22px}} [[Mariya Koryttseva|M Koryttseva]]'''<br />
| RD1-seed03=<br />
| RD1-score03-1='''7'''<br />
| RD1-score03-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score03-3=<br />
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|USA|size=22px}} [[Sunitha Rao|S Rao]]<br />{{flagicon|UKR|size=22px}} [[Olga Savchuk|O Savchuk]]<br />
| RD1-seed04=<br />
| RD1-score04-1=5<br />
| RD1-score04-2=4<br />
| RD1-score04-3=<br />
<br />
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|UKR|size=22px}} '''[[Yuliya Beygelzimer|Y Beygelzimer]]<br />{{flagicon|UKR|size=22px}} [[Yuliana Fedak|Y Fedak]]'''<br />
| RD1-seed05=3<br />
| RD1-score05-1='''7<sup>9</sup>'''<br />
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score05-3=<br />
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|CHN|size=22px}} [[Chen Yanchong|Y Chen]]<br />{{flagicon|CHN|size=22px}} [[Zhang Shuai (tennis)|S Zhang]]<br />
| RD1-seed06=<br />
| RD1-score06-1=6<sup>7</sup><br />
| RD1-score06-2=3<br />
| RD1-score06-3=<br />
<br />
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|AUS|size=22px}} [[Sophie Ferguson|S Ferguson]]<br />{{flagicon|AUS|size=22px}} [[Alicia Molik|A Molik]]<br />
| RD1-seed07=<br />
| RD1-score07-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score07-2=2<br />
| RD1-score07-3=[5]<br />
| RD1-team08={{nowrap|{{flagicon|SVK|size=22px}} '''[[Jarmila Gajdošová|J Gajdošová]]<br />{{flagicon|AUS|size=22px}} [[Christina Horiatopoulos|C Horiatopoulous]]'''}}<br />
| RD1-seed08=<br />
| RD1-score08-1=3<br />
| RD1-score08-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score08-3='''[10]'''<br />
<br />
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|CHN|size=22px}} '''[[Ji Chunmei|C Ji]]<br />{{flagicon|CHN|size=22px}} [[Sun Shengnan|S Sun]]'''<br />
| RD1-seed09=<br />
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score09-2=2<br />
| RD1-score09-3='''[10]'''<br />
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|GER|size=22px}} [[Kristina Barrois|K Barrois]]<br />{{flagicon|GER|size=22px}} [[Sandra Klösel|S Klösel]]<br />
| RD1-seed10=<br />
| RD1-score10-1=3<br />
| RD1-score10-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score10-3=[4]<br />
<br />
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} [[Chan Chin-wei|C-w Chan]]<br />{{flagicon|CHN|size=22px}} [[Yuan Meng|M Yuan]]<br />
| RD1-seed11=<br />
| RD1-score11-1=4<br />
| RD1-score11-2=0<br />
| RD1-score11-3=<br />
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} '''[[Su-Wei Hsieh|S-w Hsieh]]<br />{{flagicon|RUS|size=22px}} [[Alla Kudryavtseva|A Kudryavtseva]]'''<br />
| RD1-seed12=4<br />
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score12-3=<br />
<br />
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|USA|size=22px}} '''[[Neha Uberoi|N Uberoi]]<br />{{flagicon|IND|size=22px}} [[Shikha Uberoi|S Uberoi]]'''<br />
| RD1-seed13=<br />
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score13-3=<br />
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|IND|size=22px}} [[Isha Lakhani|I Lakhani]]<br />{{flagicon|IND|size=22px}} [[Sandhya Nagaraj|S Nagaraj]]<br />
| RD1-seed14=WC<br />
| RD1-score14-1=4<br />
| RD1-score14-2=0<br />
| RD1-score14-3=<br />
<br />
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|UZB|size=22px}} [[Akgul Amanmuradova|A Amanmuradova]]<br />{{flagicon|BLR|size=22px}} [[Tatiana Poutchek|T Poutchek]]<br />
| RD1-seed15=<br />
| RD1-score15-1=2<br />
| RD1-score15-2=6<sup>4</sup><br />
| RD1-score15-3=<br />
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|IND|size=22px}} '''[[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]<br />{{flagicon|ITA|size=22px}} [[Mara Santangelo|M Santangelo]]'''<br />
| RD1-seed16=2<br />
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''<br />
| RD1-score16-2='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
| RD1-score16-3=<br />
<br />
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} '''[[Chan Yung-jan|Y-j Chan]]<br />{{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} [[Chuang Chia-jung|C-j Chuang]]'''<br />
| RD2-seed01=1<br />
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score01-2=4<br />
| RD2-score01-3='''[10]'''<br />
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|ITA|size=22px}} [[Alberta Brianti|A Brianti]]<br />{{flagicon|UKR|size=22px}} [[Mariya Koryttseva|M Koryttseva]]<br />
| RD2-seed02=<br />
| RD2-score02-1=2<br />
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score02-3=[8]<br />
<br />
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|UKR|size=22px}} [[Yuliya Beygelzimer|Y Beygelzimer]]<br />{{flagicon|UKR|size=22px}} [[Yuliana Fedak|Y Fedak]]<br />
| RD2-seed03=3<br />
| RD2-score03-1=3<br />
| RD2-score03-2=3<br />
| RD2-score03-3=<br />
| RD2-team04={{nowrap|{{flagicon|SVK|size=22px}} '''[[Jarmila Gajdošová|J Gajdošová]]<br />{{flagicon|AUS|size=22px}} [[Christina Horiatopoulos|C Horiatopoulous]]'''}}<br />
| RD2-seed04=<br />
| RD2-score04-1='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score04-3=<br />
<br />
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|CHN|size=22px}} [[Ji Chunmei|C Ji]]<br />{{flagicon|CHN|size=22px}} [[Sun Shengnan|S Sun]]<br />
| RD2-seed05=<br />
| RD2-score05-1=6<sup>4</sup><br />
| RD2-score05-2=4<br />
| RD2-score05-3=<br />
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} '''[[Hsieh Su-wei|S-w Hsieh]]<br />{{flagicon|RUS|size=22px}} [[Alla Kudryavtseva|A Kudryavtseva]]'''<br />
| RD2-seed06=4<br />
| RD2-score06-1='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
| RD2-score06-2='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score06-3=<br />
<br />
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|USA|size=22px}} [[Neha Uberoi|N Uberoi]]<br />{{flagicon|IND|size=22px}} [[Shikha Uberoi|S Uberoi]]<br />
| RD2-seed07=<br />
| RD2-score07-1=3<br />
| RD2-score07-2=1<br />
| RD2-score07-3=<br />
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|IND|size=22px}} '''[[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]<br />{{flagicon|ITA|size=22px}} [[Mara Santangelo|M Santangelo]]'''<br />
| RD2-seed08=2<br />
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''<br />
| RD2-score08-3=<br />
<br />
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|TPE}} '''[[Chan Yung-jan|Y-j Chan]]<br />{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chuang Chia-jung|C-j Chuang]]'''<br />
| RD3-seed01=1<br />
| RD3-score01-1='''6'''<br />
| RD3-score01-2='''6'''<br />
| RD3-score01-3=<br />
| RD3-team02={{nowrap|{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Jarmila Gajdošová|J Gajdošová]]<br />{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Christina Horiatopoulos|C Horiatopoulous]]}}<br />
| RD3-seed02=<br />
| RD3-score02-1=3<br />
| RD3-score02-2=2<br />
| RD3-score02-3=<br />
<br />
| RD3-team03={{nowrap|{{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} '''[[Hsieh Su-wei|S-w Hsieh]]'''<br />{{flagicon|RUS|size=22px}} [[Alla Kudryavtseva|A Kudryavtseva]]}}<br />
| RD3-seed03=4<br />
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''<br />
| RD3-score03-2=3<br />
| RD3-score03-3='''[10]'''<br />
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|IND|size=22px}} [[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]<br />{{flagicon|ITA|size=22px}} [[Mara Santangelo|M Santangelo]]<br />
| RD3-seed04=2<br />
| RD3-score04-1=4<br />
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''<br />
| RD3-score04-3=[5]<br />
<br />
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} '''[[Chan Yung-jan|Y-j Chan]]<br />{{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} [[Chuang Chia-jung|C-j Chuang]]'''<br />
| RD4-seed01=1<br />
| RD4-score01-1=6<sup>4</sup><br />
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''<br />
| RD4-score01-3='''[11]'''<br />
| RD4-team02={{nowrap|{{flagicon|TPE|size=22px}} [[Hsieh Su-wei|S-w Hsieh]]<br />{{flagicon|RUS|size=22px}} [[Alla Kudryavtseva|A Kudryavtseva]]}}<br />
| RD4-seed02=4<br />
| RD4-score02-1='''7<sup>7</sup>'''<br />
| RD4-score02-2=2<br />
| RD4-score02-3=[9]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://wtafiles.blob.core.windows.net/pdf/draws/archive/2007/1033.pdf WTA tournament draws]<br />
<br />
{{2007 WTA Tour}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:2007 Sony Ericsson International - Doubles}}<br />
[[Category:2007 WTA Tour]]<br />
[[Category:Bangalore Open]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wadner,_Buldhana&diff=545424Wadner, Buldhana2025-10-20T22:04:20Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Wadner Bholji <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|20|50|59|N|76|20|0|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 259<br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = 2001<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 443101<br />
| registration_plate = MH-28<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Wadner Bholji''' is a village located in the [[Nandura]] tehsil of [[Buldhana district]] in [[Amravati Division|Amravati division]] of [[Vidarbha]] region of [[Maharashtra]] state in India.<br />
<br />
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Wadner had a population of 10445.<br />
<br />
It is located on [[National Highway 6 (India)|National Highway No. 6]] running between Nagpur Mumbai.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Buldhana district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Buldhana district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Buldhana-geo-stub}}<br />
pincode -443101</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sourav_Chakraborty&diff=475803Sourav Chakraborty2025-09-20T19:23:44Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: quick adjust section based on references also and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Sourav Chakraborty''' may refer to:<br />
* [[Sourav Chakraborty (politician)]] (b. 1 September 1973), Indian politician<br />
* [[Sourav Chakraborty (actor)]] (b. 11 October 1988), Indian actor, director, writer and producer<br />
* [[Sourav Chakraborty (comedian)]], Indian actor, comedian and voice artist<br />
<br />
{{hndis|Chakraborty, Sourav}}</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herring_Shangpliang&diff=454413Herring Shangpliang2025-09-18T19:29:35Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: further reworked citations for consistency additionally after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian footballer and coach}}<br />
{{Notability|1=Sports|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = Herring Shangpliang<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| caption = <br />
| fullname = <br />
| birth_place = [[Meghalaya]], India<br />
| height = <br />
| position =<br />
| currentclub = <br />
| youthyears1 = <br />
| youthclubs1 = <br />
| years1 =<br />
| clubs1 = [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]<br />
| caps1 = <br />
| goals1 = <br />
| totalcaps = <br />
| totalgoals = <br />
| nationalyears1 =<br />
| nationalteam1 =<br />
| nationalcaps1 =<br />
| nationalgoals1 =<br />
| manageryears1 = 2009<br />
| managerclubs1 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]<br />
| manageryears2 = 2014<br />
| managerclubs2 = [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]<br />
| manageryears3 = 2018<br />
| managerclubs3 = [[Langsning FC]]<br />
| manageryears4 = Current<br />
| managerclubs4 = [[Mawlai SC]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Herring Shangpliang''' is a former Indian [[association football|football]] player and the current [[manager (association football)|head coach]].<br />
<br />
==Coaching career==<br />
<br />
===Shillong Lajong===<br />
Born in [[Meghalaya]], Shangpliang started his coaching career at [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156%3Athe-charge-of-lajongs-brigade&catid=23%3Amay&Itemid=26|date=17 May 2009|title=THE CHARGE OF LAJONG'S BRIGADE|access-date=14 November 2023|location=Shillong|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232658/http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156%3Athe-charge-of-lajongs-brigade&catid=23%3Amay&Itemid=26|archive-date=23 September 2015|website=easternpanorama.in|publisher=The Eastern Panorama}}</ref> In 2006, Shangpliang almost managed to coach Lajong to the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] but lost to [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]].<ref name=Goal>{{cite web|last=Mondal|first=Subhankar|title=Feature: In Conversation With Herring Shangpliang|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/105/main/2008/08/19/824930/feature-in-conversation-with-herring-shangpliang|publisher=Goal|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> Then, in 2009, it was announced that Shangpliang would be made technical director of the club.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stanley is the new coach of Shillong Lajong|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/stanley-is-the-new-coach-of-shillong-lajong/94020-5-21.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140301233456/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/stanley-is-the-new-coach-of-shillong-lajong/94020-5-21.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2014|publisher=IBNLive|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Rangdajied United===<br />
After the sacking of coach [[Santosh Kashyap]], Shangpliang was signed to take over as head coach of Rangdajied United in the [[I-League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/coaches/hering-shangpliang/332739/|title=Manager Profile: Hering Shangpliang|access-date=17 April 2025|work=Soccerway|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927070119/https://us.soccerway.com/coaches/hering-shangpliang/332739/}}</ref> He coached the club for the first time on 1 March 2014, a 3–2 victory over league-leaders [[Bengaluru FC]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rangdajied United upset Bengaluru FC 3-2|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/rangdajied-united-upset-bengaluru-fc-3-2_781542.html|publisher=Zee News|access-date=1 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233347/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/rangdajied-united-upset-bengaluru-fc-3-2_781542.html|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Statistics==<br />
<br />
===Managerial statistics===<br />
{{updated|17 March 2014}}.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2! width=150|Team<br />
!rowspan=2! width=120|From<br />
!rowspan=2! width=120|To<br />
!colspan=7|Record<br />
|-<br />
!width=40|G<br />
!width=40|W<br />
!width=40|D<br />
!width=40|L<br />
!width=40|Win %<br />
|-<br />
|align=left|[[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]<br />
|align=left|1 March 2014<br />
|align=left|<br />
{{WDL|3|3|0|0|10|3}}<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="3"|Total<br />
{{WDLtot|3|3|0|0|10|3}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Rangdajied United F.C. squad}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shangpliang, Herring}}<br />
<!--[[Category:0000 births]]--><br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers from Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian football managers]]<br />
[[Category:I-League managers]]<br />
[[Category:Shillong Lajong FC managers]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Men's association football players not categorized by position]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalakarz&diff=507566Kalakarz2025-07-30T04:43:54Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: Starting Some Page Needs Work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{italic title}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br />
'''''Kalakarz''''' is a [[reality television]] series which aired on [[DD National]] in India, featuring a competition for new actors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/end/y2k5/nov/25novge2.htm |title=Doordarshan to launch its reality show 'Kalakarz' on Sunday |publisher=Indiantelevision.org.in |accessdate=2014-03-22}}</ref> [[Richa Tiwari (Public Figure)|Richa Tiwari]] from [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]] won the show who was later seen in other DD National Programs as well.<ref name=Glamhunt>{{cite web|title=Glamhunt : RichaTiwari|url=https://www.glamhunt.com/Richa.Tiwari|publisher=Glamhunt|accessdate=15 January 2016|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930154325/https://www.glamhunt.com/Richa.Tiwari|url-status=dead}}</ref> The show was hosted by [[Shraddha Nigam]] and [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]], and was judged by [[Amol Palekar]] and Deepti Naval. The show was produced by Supriya Khan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skillpages.com/supriya.khan |title=Supriya Khan – TV Producer |publisher=[[SkillPages]] |accessdate=2014-03-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Candidates==<br />
After taking auditions from all over India, the judges shortlisted ten candidates for participation.<br />
<br />
Richa Tiwari who won the show was later seen in many National Theaters, Short Films and Television Shows<ref>{{cite web| title = Richa Tiwari | url = http://richatiwarisarticle.wordpress.com/richa-tiwari |date=15 January 2016| accessdate = 2016-01-15| publisher = wordpress}}</ref> and Priyanka Mukherjee, who came in fourth place, was later seen in ''[[Indian Idol]]'' season 4.<ref name=priyanka>{{cite web |url=http://indianidol.sify.com/contestants/priyanka/ |title=Priyanka Mukherjee |publisher=Indianidol.sify.com |accessdate=2014-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320070156/http://indianidol.sify.com/contestants/priyanka/ |archive-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]<br />
[[Category:DD National original programming]]</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohan_Pass&diff=459846Mohan Pass2025-05-03T17:42:42Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: fix information based on references and corrected details per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
'''Mohan Pass''' is a principal pass in the [[Sivalik Hills]], the southernmost and geologically youngest foothills running parallel to the main [[Himalayas]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A sketch of the geography and geology of the Himalaya Mountains and Tibet|last1= Burrard|first1=Sidney Gerald|last2=Hayden|first2=Henry Hubert|publisher= Superintendent Government Printing|place=Calcutta|year=1907|page=[https://archive.org/details/sketchofgeograph00burr/page/85 85]|url=https://archive.org/details/sketchofgeograph00burr|accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref> The main road from [[Saharanpur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] to [[Dehra Dun]] and the [[hill station]] of [[Mussoorie]]<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Siwalik Hills |volume=25 |pages=163–164}}</ref> in [[Uttarakhand]] cuts through the pass, then crosses the foothills.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|volume=23 (Singhbhum - Trashi-Chod-Zong)<br />
|last1=Meyer|first1=William Stevenson|last2=Burn|first2=Richard |last3=Cotton|first3=James Sutherland|last4=Risley|first4=Herbert Hope<br />
|publisher= Clarendon Press|place=Oxford |year=1908 |page=[https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee23grea/page/66 66] |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee23grea|accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|30.23821|77.96316|format=dms|display=title|region:IN_type:landmark_source:GNS-enwiki}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mountain passes of the Himalayas]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mother_India_(painting)&diff=518494Mother India (painting)2025-03-28T07:44:39Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox artwork<br />
| image_file=Mother India 1935.jpg<br />
| title=Mother India<br />
| artist=[[Amrita Sher-Gil]]<br />
| year=1935<br />
| medium=[[oil on canvas]]<br />
| height_metric=78<br />
| width_metric= 62<br />
| height_imperial=<br />
| width_imperial=<br />
| metric_unit=cm<br />
| imperial_unit=<br />
| museum=[[National Gallery of Modern Art]]<br />
| city=New Delhi<br />
| italic title=yes<br />
}}<br />
'''''Mother India''''' is an [[oil on canvas]] painting by Hungarian-born Indian artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] (1913 – 1941), completed in May/June 1935 in [[Simla]]. The painting depicts an Indian peasant mother with her son and daughter, and was one of 33 of Sher-Gil's works displayed at [[Amrita Sher-Gil's paintings at Lahore (1937)|her successful solo exhibition]] at [[Faletti's Hotel]] in [[Lahore]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], held in 1937. There it was priced at {{Currency|500|INR}}. Under India's [[Antiquities and Art Treasures Act (1972)]], the work is a national art treasure and must stay in the country.<ref name=Sundaram2010.418>Sundaram, pp. 418-422</ref><ref name=Sundaram2010.642>Sundaram, pp. 642–647</ref><ref name=Ramaswamy2010>{{cite book |last1=Ramaswamy |first1=Sumathi |title=The Goddess and the Nation: Mapping Mother India |date=2010 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-9153-1 |pages=239–243 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWfcoMnHU8gC&pg=PT239|language=en |chapter=6. Daughters of India}}</ref><ref name=Keserü>{{cite book |last1=Keserü |first1=Katalin |editor1-last=Dalmia |editor1-first=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: Art & Life : a reader |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809886-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7W4oAEACAAJ |language=en |chapter=8. Amrita Sher-Gil: the Indian painter and her French and Hungarian connections|pages=65–126}}</ref><ref name=Khanna2013>{{cite book |last1=Khanna |first1=Stuti |title=The Contemporary Novel and the City: Re-conceiving National and Narrative Form |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |location=Basingstoke |isbn=978-1-137-33624-8 |pages=131–132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tezQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT131 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Chowdhury2024>{{cite journal |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Asma |title=Use of Figure as the Language of Artistic Expression: An Analysis Based on Indian Female Artists' Artworks |journal=Journal of South Asian Exchanges |date=22 August 2024 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.21659/jsae/v1n2/v1n218 |url=https://saexchanges.com/v1n2/v1n218.pdf}}</ref><br />
[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil at Lahore 1937 Exhibition.jpg|thumb|Amrita Sher-Gil at her 1937 Lahore Exhibition]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Khullar |first1=Sonal |title=Worldly Affiliations: Artistic Practice, National Identity, and Modernism in India, 1930 1990 |date=2015 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-28367-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5o0kDQAAQBAJ|language=en }}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Amrita Sher-Gil (list of paintings held at the National Gallery of Modern Art, Delhi) |url=http://www.ngmaindia.gov.in/virtual-tour-of-amrita-sher-gil.asp |website=ngmaindia.gov.in |access-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111064707/http://www.ngmaindia.gov.in/virtual-tour-of-amrita-sher-gil.asp|archive-date=11 November 2023}}<br />
<br />
{{Amrita Sher-Gil}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1935 paintings]]<br />
[[Category:Paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil| ]]<br />
[[Category:Portrait art]]<br />
<br />
{{India-stub}}</div>Drvikrantkhesehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._M._Karumanikam&diff=527683R. M. Karumanikam2024-10-27T16:12:55Z<p>Drvikrantkhese: added basic stub added tags.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = R. M. Karumanikam<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 12 May 2021<br />
| term_end =<br />
| constituency = [[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| predecessor = K. C. Animuthu<br />
| successor = [[Karunas]]<br />
| parents = [[K. R. Ramasamy (politician)|K. R. Ramasamy]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''R. M. Karumanikam''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211231092535/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC210.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC210.pdf|access-date= 28 Apr 2022 |archive-date=31 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tiruvadanai Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a210|access-date= 28 Apr 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ramanathapuram.nic.in/about-district/elected-representatives/|access-date=28 Apr 2022|title=Ramanathapuram District, Elected Representatives 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Elections contested ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Constituency<br />
! Party<br />
! Result<br />
! Vote %<br />
! Runner-up<br />
! Runner-up Party<br />
! Runner-up vote %<br />
|- style="background:#cfc;"<br />
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || Won ||39.33% || K. C. Animuthu|| [[ADMK]] || 32.46%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Karumanikam, R. M}}<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}</div>Drvikrantkhese