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Batcara

2026-05-04T06:39:55Z

DrusillaSchuster:

{{Short description|1904 Konkani play by Pai Tiatrist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox play
| name = Batcara
| image = Batcara handbill 1904.jpg
| caption = The original [[handbill]] of the play, 1904
| writer = [[João Agostinho Fernandes]]
| characters = {{Plainlist|
* Casiano Rodrigues
* Roza Maria Luiza Vaz
* Casmiro Rodrigues
* Cecilia Miranda
* João Pinto
* Mariano Fonseca
* Johnson Scotland
}}
| setting = [[Ancestral home]] in [[Goa]], [[lodging]] and restaurant in Bombay
| premiere = 22 November 1904
| place = [[Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)|Gaiety Theatre]], [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| orig_lang = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| subject = [[Caste system in Goa|Casteism in Goa]], and atrocities by [[landlord]]s on [[kunbi]]s (farmers)
| genre = [[Tiatr]], [[comedy drama]]
}}

'''''Batcara''''' ({{translation|''The Landlord''}}) is a two-act [[Konkani language|Konkani]] play written by the [[Goan]] playwright [[João Agostinho Fernandes]]. First performed at the [[Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)|Gaiety Theatre]] in [[Bombay]] on 22 November 1904, during the inauguration of the Goan Union Dramatic Club, the work is considered a [[musical comedy]]. The play was subsequently published on 1 January 1909, marking Fernandes's first play to be printed. It draws inspiration from the author's experiences during the 1896 [[Bombay plague epidemic]] and his return to [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] [[Goa]]. Set in Goa, the play depicts the prevailing [[Caste system in Goa|caste system]] and the atrocities committed by [[landlord]]s against [[tenant farmer]]s. It also explores themes of [[Christianity]] and the [[Caste system among South Asian Christians|concept of equality among people]].

==Composition==
The creation of this play by Fernandes was shaped by his observations during the 1896 [[Bombay plague epidemic]]. It represented the inaugural publication among Fernandes' body of works. During the period of the plague outbreak, he voluntarily resigned from his occupation and journeyed back to his native region of [[Goa]]. Accompanied by fellow [[Goan]]s, via a ship he embarked on his fourth voyage to Goa following an extended period away. Spending a period of ten months in Goa, he explored several villages that were under the authority of prominent Goan [[landholder]]s, which included [[Margão]], [[Curtorim]], [[Raia, Goa|Raia]], [[Loutolim]], [[Verna, Goa|Verna]], [[Navelim]], and [[Chinchinim]]. Fernandes' composition of the play drew parallels to [[Joseph Conrad]]'s 1899 novella ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'', which was influenced by Conrad's own experiences visiting the [[Congo Free State]] in 1890. Both works reflected the authors' personal encounters with colonial settings and dynamics.<ref name=":0" />

During his travels through Goan villages, Fernandes expressed dismay at the prevalence of [[Caste system in Goa|caste divisions]], even in areas that claimed to be civilized and pious. He observed that the predominant attitude among the villagers was one of self-interest and [[in-group favoritism]], rather than universal love and [[Charity (Christian virtue)|charity]] as espoused by [[Christian]] teachings. Fernandes was troubled to find that these villages, which purported to be bastions of religious devotion, were actually deeply entrenched in caste-based social hierarchies. He noted a common [[catechism]] among the villagers: "I for myself and my caste, God for others and people in general." This mentality led Fernandes to question how true Goan unity and Christian charity could ever be achieved as long as the caste system remained deeply rooted. His experiences during this period raised questions for him about the gap between Christian ideals and the realities of [[social dynamic]]s in Goan communities. He wrestled with the apparent contradiction between the villagers' professed [[religiosity]] and their failure to live up to the principles of compassion and inclusivity taught by [[Jesus Christ]].<ref name=":0" />

==Characters==

Casiano Rodrigues, better known as Batcara de Panzarim, is a wealthy [[Goan]] [[landlord]] from Panzarim, Goa.

Roza Maria Luiza Vaz is Casiano's wife.

Casmiro Rodrigues is Casiano and Roza's only son and heir to their [[Ancestral home|ancestral properties]].

Cecilia Miranda is Casmiro's fiancée.

João Pinto is an illiterate [[Goetia|sorcerer]] and a [[kunbi]].

Anton Abrão is a [[tenant farmer]] and a kunbi.

Manel Gauns is the third kunbi among the lot.

Shiva Morgancar is the goldsmith.

Joe Vaz, Joaquim Nunes, and John Moniz are the Goan [[dandies]].

Mariano Fonesca is the [[Boarding house|boarding]] housekeeper and proprietor of the [[lodging]] in [[Bombay]]. He also owns a restaurant.

Johnson Scotland, an [[Englishman]], is the habitual drunkard who is witnessed in a quarrel at Fonseca's restaurant.

Ernesto Lobato is the [[barrister]].

Carlos Cotta is the engineer.

David Boniface is the newspaper editor.

==Synopsis==
The play is set in the fictional town of Panzarim, which is located in the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese colony]] of [[Goa]]. The central character is Casiano Rodrigues, a [[Goan]] [[landlord]] who is known by the title "Batcara de Panzarim". He proudly affirms his noble lineage and declares his entitlement to extensive [[Land tenure|land holding]]s. Casiano maintains a deliberate aloofness from fellow members of the community in his vicinity. He devotes substantial hours to lounging in a [[rocking chair]], a routine deemed detrimental to his health and prosperity, evident in the emergence of a noticeable [[Abdominal obesity|pot belly]]. The play delves into Casiano's hypocrisy as he lectures João Pinto, a village [[kunbi]] [[Goetia|sorcerer]], on the merits of [[Christian]] beliefs while falling short in practicing these principles himself. On the other hand, João seeks to boost his earnings by masquerading as a [[divination|diviner]] and [[Fortune-telling|predictor of fortunes]].

Casiano's only child is a son named Casmiro, who holds vastly different beliefs and values compared to his father. Whereas Casiano relies on the inherited wealth of the family's [[ancestral home|ancestral estates]], Casmiro believes in the virtue of earning one's own living through hard work. He harbors resentment towards his father's arrogance and indolence. Initially, his parents, hesitant to see their only son leave, do not readily approve of his aspiration to relocate to the city of [[Bombay]]. However, Casmiro's resolute determination to shape his destiny leads his parents to consent to his endeavors in Bombay. His adeptness in the English language proves advantageous in the city. His sojourn in Bombay nurtures a heightened sense of reliance on others. Casmiro faces unemployment following the bankruptcy of the bank where he was employed. Mariano Fonseca, his [[landlord]], demonstrates compassion by letting him stay in his [[lodging]]s, he is influenced by [[Charity (Christian virtue)|Christian principles of benevolence]]. Fonseca is the proprietor of a restaurant where an [[Englishman]] named Johnson Scotland, often seen inebriated, is witnessed causing amusement through his actions, leading to a dispute.

During his time in Bombay, Casmiro is inspired by the Goan Union's impartial [[social welfare]] initiatives that transcend [[Caste system in India|caste barriers]]. Motivated by their inclusive ethos, he chooses to join the organization as a member. Casiano, Casmiro's father travels to Bombay to visit his son, and during this trip, he becomes aware of the existence of wealthier individuals in society beyond the Goan landlords, including himself. Casmiro uses this opportunity to illustrate to his father the detrimental impact of restricting social interactions solely to one's own caste group. Casmiro acknowledges that his survival was made possible by the support and aid from friends who, despite not being as prosperous as him, extended help during his challenging moments. This revelation prompts Casiano, who had adhered staunchly to biased convictions, to recognize the significance of unity in fostering substantial [[social change]]s. Consequently, he opts to join the Goan Union, understanding the importance of collaboration and setting aside differences for societal progress.

==History of the play==
''Batcara'' is considered an important work in the history of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'', the traditional Konkani theatre form. This production featured the first appearances of female actors on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. Prior to ''Batcara'', the Konkani ''tiatr'' had been an exclusively male-dominated theatrical tradition. The playwright of ''Batcara'' introduced his own wife, [[Regina Fernandes]], as the first female performer in Konkani ''tiatr''. She played [[dual role|three different roles]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref> ''in the production, with her portrayal of the landlord's wife, Roza Maria Luiza Vaz, being particularly acclaimed. She played her role opposite her husband. In addition to Regina, the play also featured two other female actors - Carmelina Fernandes, Regina's sister,''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-20 |title=Need for serious documentation and research on Tiatr |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/need-for-serious-documentation-and-research-on-tiatr/articleshow/58270546.cms |access-date=2024-07-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''and N. Gomes. This pioneering inclusion of women in Konkani ''tiatr'' predated similar developments in [[Marathi theatre|Marathi]] and [[Bengali theatre]] by around three decades.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=81–82, 87 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tiatr]]
[[Category:1904 musicals]]
[[Category:Comedy-drama plays]]
[[Category:Musical comedy plays]]

Jalesar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:17:55Z

DrusillaSchuster: put up new data - done

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalesar
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Jalesar''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] [[constituency]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Krishna Chandra]]<ref name=election1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4111-general-election-1951-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1951 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Krishna Chandra]]<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4112-general-election-1957-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1957 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Krishnapal Singh]]<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4113-general-election-1962-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1962 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Choudhary Multan Singh]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Choudhary Multan Singh]]
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Kailash Yadav]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Choudhary Multan Singh]]
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Swami Sureshanand]]<ref name=election1991>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1991 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|Ompal Singh Nidar<ref name=election1996>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1996 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[S.P. Singh Baghel]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1998 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref>
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[S.P. Singh Baghel]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[S.P. Singh Baghel]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| colspan="3" |Constituency Demolished in 2008.
|}

==See also==
* [[Jalesar]]
* [[Awagarh]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.47|78.30|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalesar Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Etah district]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy

2026-04-27T04:43:07Z

DrusillaSchuster: made stub

{{Short description|Urdu Academy}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Urdu Academy, Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy
| image = Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy logo.jpg
| image_size = 162px
| image_alt = The logo of Urdu Academy
| caption = The logo of Academy
| formation = 1972
| native_name = اردو اکادمی، اتر پردیش اتر پردیش اردو اکادمی
| type = Literary
| status = Registered Society
| purpose = Literary and Cultural
| headquarters = [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh
| location = Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates =
| language = [[Urdu]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Chaudhary Kaiful Wara
| key_people = [[Nawaz Deobandi]]
| main_organ = Academy, Library, Auditorium, Publications
| parent_organization = Ministry of Minorities Affairs UP <ref name="upua-index"/>
| affiliations = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|https://www.upurduakademi.in/Home.aspx#!|Official Website}}
| remarks = To serve the Urdu language in Uttar Pradesh.
| former_name =
| leader_title2 = Secretary
| leader_name2 = Shaukat Ali
}}
'''''Uttar Pradesh Urdu Akademi''''', also known as '''Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy''' or '''Urdu Academy, Uttar Pradesh''' ({{Langx|ur|اردو اکادمی، اتر پردیش}}), is an academy and registered society formed in the interest of developing the [[Urdu language]] and preserving the Urdu tradition and culture. It was established in January 1972.<ref name="upua-index">{{Cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Urdu Akademi : A U.P.Govt. Undertaking|url=http://www.upurduakademi.org/Dynamic/English/index.aspx|access-date=2020-06-07|website=www.upurduakademi.org|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610021614/http://www.upurduakademi.org/Dynamic/English/index.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is under control of the Ministry of Minority Affairs.<ref name="upua-index"/>

==History==
The then-[[Uttar Pradesh]] government established this academy under registration of Societies Act with a motto of establishing an Urdu institution to look after the development of the Urdu language, literature, and cultural heritage. The office of the academy is situated in [[Lucknow]] city.<ref name="upua-index"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Urdu Academy}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Linguistic research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Urdu Academies in India]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1975]]

S. R. Prabhu

2026-04-21T02:54:32Z

DrusillaSchuster: Info

{{Short description| Indian film producer and distributor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. R. Prabhu
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Vice President]] at Tamil Film Active Producers Association
| term_start = 2020
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Sundakkampalayam]], [[Erode district|Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Film producer]]
| spouse = Deepthi Muthusamy
| relatives = [[Sivakumar]], [[Suriya]], [[Karthi]]
| notable role =
| term_end = present
}}

'''S. R. Prabhu''' is an Indian film producer. During his tenure at [[Studio Green]] (2010–13), he has produced 10 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films and distributed 16 films in Tamil and Telugu. Later he founded [[Dream Warrior Pictures]], a film production company in which his brother S. R. Prakashbabu has become partner in 2014. He is also a partner in Potential Studios, which is another film production company. S. R. Prabhu is a relative of the veteran actor [[Sivakumar]] and cousin of actors [[Suriya]] and [[Karthi]].

== Career ==

=== Studio Green (2010-2013) ===
While at Studio Green, they produced ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'', starring [[Karthi]] and [[Kajal Aggarwal|Kajal Agarwal]], followed by ''[[Siruthai]]'', starring [[Karthi]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]. Simultaneously, they distributed ''Yamudu'' (Telugu version of ''Singam'') and ''Aawara'' (Telugu version of ''Paiyaa''). In 2012, he started venturing into small budget films by acquiring ''Attakathi'' and ''Kumki''. In 2013, they produced and distributed ''[[Alex Pandian]]'', starring [[Karthi]] and distributed ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]''. They also distributed ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'', which opened to highly positive critical reaction. He produced ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' (2013), ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' (2013), ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' (2014) and ''[[Komban]]'' (2015), all starred by [[Karthi]].

=== Dream Warrior Pictures (2014-present) ===
S.R. Prabhu, along with his brother S.R. Prakashbabu, founded a new production company called [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]. They started their next production titled ''[[Kaashmora]]'' (2016), which was to be a high budget film in [[Karthi|Karthi's]] career. [[Karthi]], [[Nayanthara]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Home/News/2015/06/10124933/Its-time-for-Nayantaras-Maya.vpf |title=S R Prabhu of Dream Warrior Pictures produces Maya |publisher=iFlicks |date=10 June 2015 |access-date=3 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627003407/http://www.iflicks.in/Home/News/2015/06/10124933/Its-time-for-Nayantaras-Maya.vpf |archive-date=27 June 2015 }}</ref> [[Sri Divya]] and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] are the protagonists in [[Kaashmora]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/2-karthis-for-kashmora/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203183139/http://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/2-karthis-for-kashmora/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2016 |title=2 KARTHIS FOR KASHMORA |publisher=Silverscreen|date=16 August 2014 |accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/raju-murugan-teams-up-with-newcomers-for-next-film/|title=Raju Murugan teams up with newcomers for next film|date=2015-10-28|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> This movie turns out to be a horror comedy flick, directed by [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]], whose previous movie was ''Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara'' and the music is composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]]. ''[[Kaashmora]]'' involved huge [[Visual effects|VFX]] work with CG footage amounting to nearly 70 mins.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iflicks.in/News/2016/01/28163048/Karthi-starrer-Kashmora-will-have-close-to-70-mins-of-VFX-involved.vpf|title = Karthi starrer Kashmora had close to 70 mins of VFX involved|publisher = iFlicks|date = 28 January 2016|accessdate = 3 February 2016}}</ref>

His next project was titled ''[[Joker (2016) film|Joker]]'' (2016), directed by Raju Murugan, whose previous film was ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''. [[Guru Somasundaram]] is the protagonist of the movie ''[[Joker (2016 film)|Joker]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Raju Murugan's next is named as Joker|url=http://www.top10cinema.com/article/37204/cuckoo-raju-murugans-next-titled-joker|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329103549/http://www.top10cinema.com/article/37204/cuckoo-raju-murugans-next-titled-joker|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 March 2016|accessdate=24 March 2016|publisher=Top10Cinema.com|date=24 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com"/> This movie emphasises the necessity of toilets for all rural homes. Even the Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] has addressed this issue. Hence, medias are asking the Prime Minister to watch the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/is-joker-the-pk-of-tamil-cinema-1446659|title=Is Joker the PK of Tamil Cinema? - NDTV Movies|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> In the movie, the protagonist thinks himself the President of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/joker-review-presidency-towers/article9002526.ece|title=Joker: Presidency towers|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=2016-08-12|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> "''Joker'' explores different side of me", says Guru Somasundaram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Joker-explores-a-different-side-of-me-Guru-Somasundaram/2016/09/15/article3620982.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915173036/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Joker-explores-a-different-side-of-me-Guru-Somasundaram/2016/09/15/article3620982.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2016|title=Joker explores a different side of me: Guru Somasundaram|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> The Superstar of Tamil Cinema [[Rajinikanth|Padma Vibhushan Rajnikath]] praised the ''Joker'' team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajinikanth-lauds-tamil-film-joker-2982947/|title=Rajinikanth lauds Tamil film Joker|date=2016-08-18|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> ''Joker'' won the Tamil Film competition of [[Chennai International Film Festival|14th Chennai International Film Festival]] held in January 2017 at Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/24-Dharmadurai-Joker-and-Uriyadi-in-fray-for-CIFF%E2%80%99s-top-prize/article16752044.ece|title=24, Dharmadurai, Joker and Uriyadi in fray for CIFF’s top prize|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stage3.in/movie-news/tamil-films-list-competing-ciff-final/|title=Tamil Films List Competing CIFF Final - Stage3 Movies|website=www.stage3.in|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-joker-adjudged-the-best-in-ciff-joker-ciff-13-01-1717701.htm|title=Joker adjudged the best in CIFF|newspaper=Tamilstar|access-date=2017-01-13|archive-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116153433/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-joker-adjudged-the-best-in-ciff-joker-ciff-13-01-1717701.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Also, the film won a few more awards for Best Dialogues and Best Production, which is conferred by [[Ananda Vikatan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/40975/more-awards-conferred-on-joker|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116153919/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/40975/more-awards-conferred-on-joker|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 January 2017|title=More awards conferred on Joker|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=Top 10 Cinema|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>

Simultaneously, the Company started producing another movie titled ''[[Aruvi]]'', which is an Eco-Social Drama, directed by Arun Prabhu. The Team had been hunting for a lead artist through all social medias.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-hunt-on-for-dreamwarrior-production-house-tamil-news-110225.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222225026/http://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-hunt-on-for-dreamwarrior-production-house-tamil-news-110225.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2016|title=Actress hunt on for Dream Warrior Pictures production house|date=10 July 2014|website=IndiaGlitz|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref> ''[[Aruvi]]'' made its '''International Premiere''' at '''[[Shanghai International Film Festival]]''' in June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://top10cinema.com/article/38351/kaashmora-producers-aruvi-gets-world-premiered|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618022541/http://www.top10cinema.com/article/38351/kaashmora-producers-aruvi-gets-world-premiered|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 June 2016|title=Kaashmora producer's ‘Aruvi’ gets world premiered|website=Top 10 Cinema|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> Producer S.R. Prabhu says: "We are so much proud that ''Aruvi'' has become one of the best films produced under our banner".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.top10cinema.com/article/38428/aruvi-producer-in-seventh-heaven-with-international-acclaims|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624171849/http://www.top10cinema.com/article/38428/aruvi-producer-in-seventh-heaven-with-international-acclaims|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 June 2016|title=Aruvi producer in seventh heaven with international acclaims|website=Top 10 Cinema|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> Alongside ''Aruvi'', ''[[Kootathil Oruthan|Kootathil Orthan]]'' is also started, which is directed by Gnanavel, his debut movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/ashok-selvan-and-priya-anand-have-signed-a-film-titled-koottathil-oruthan.html|title=Ashok Selvan and Priya Anand have signed a film titled Koottathil Oruthan|access-date=2016-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/ashok-selvan-and-priya-anand-have-signed-a-film-titled-koottathil-oruthan.html|title=''PEOPLE IN THE SETS COULDN'T EVEN RECOGNIZE ME...''|date=3 May 2015|website=Behindwoods|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref> [[Ashok Selvan]] and [[Priya Anand]] are doing the lead roles in this movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/kootathil-oruthan-an-upcoming-film-to-be-directed-by-gnanavel-will-have-ashok-selvan-and-priya-anand-as-leads.html|title=Kootathil Oruthan, an upcoming film to be directed by Gnanavel will have Ashok Selvan and Priya Anand as leads|website=behindwoods.com|access-date=2016-09-19}}</ref> After ''[[Kaashmora]]'', ''[[Aruvi]]'' and ''[[Kootathil Oruthan]]'', the production house is producing Karthi's 16th movie titled ''[[Theeran Athikaram Ondru|Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]'' and [[Suriya|Suriya's]] 36th movie, cast and crew is to be finalised for both the projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/39594/its-official-suriyas-36-gets-bigger|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919152827/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/39594/its-official-suriyas-36-gets-bigger|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 September 2016|title=Its official - Suriya's 36 gets bigger|date=2016-09-17|access-date=2016-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/karthi-h-vinoth-film-titled-as-dheeran-adhigaram-ondru.html|title=Karthi - H Vinoth film titled as Dheeran Adhigaram Ondru|date=2016-12-22|newspaper=Behindwoods|access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sr-prabhu-of-dream-warrior-pictures-on-karthis-dheeran-adhigaram-ondru.html|title=SR PRabhu of Dream Warrior Pictures on Karthi's Dheeran Adhigaram Ondru|date=2016-12-22|newspaper=Behindwoods|access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref> Also, Dream Warrior Pictures is eyeing for an International co-production for their project ''The Sunshine'', which is written by [[Leena Manimekalai]] and [[Antonythasan Jesuthasan]], to be directed by [[Leena Manimekalai]]. ''The Sunshine'' is about a young refugee (Armstrong) who flees from the war-torn northern Sri Lanka and embarks on a perilous journey through India, Nepal and Thailand towards an uncertain destination, leaving his childhood sweetheart on the shores that foam blood.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/011216/what-is-it-like-to-be-a-refugee.html|title=What is it like to be a refugee?|date=2016-12-01|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en|access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/%E2%80%9CI-want-to-watch-my-film-in-a-local-theatre%E2%80%9D/article16911863.ece|title="I want to watch my film in a local theatre"|last=J.Nath|first=Parshathy|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref> ''The Sunshine'' was presented in the 2016 Film Bazaar co-production market.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://filmbazaarindia.com/pdf/2016/cpm/cpm2016.pdf|title=FilmBazaarIndia.com|archive-date=7 July 2022|access-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707083401/https://filmbazaarindia.com/pdf/2016/cpm/cpm2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Potential Studios (2014-present) ===
Under Potential Studios,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://top10cinema.com/article/35493/bommy-veeran-first-look-posters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215171607/http://top10cinema.com/article/35493/bommy-veeran-first-look-posters|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 February 2016|title=Potential Studios projects|website=Top 10 Cinema|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> his first movie was ''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]'' (2015),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.top10cinema.com/article/35064/5-reasons-to-watch-nayantaras-maya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917233130/http://top10cinema.com/article/35064/5-reasons-to-watch-nayantaras-maya|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 September 2015|title=5 reasons to watch Nayantara's Maya|website=Top 10 Cinema|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> starring [[Aari (actor)|Aari]] and [[Nayantara]], directed by [[Ashwin Saravanan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.top10cinema.com/article/35121/record-breaking-collection-of-maya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925070324/http://www.top10cinema.com/article/35121/record-breaking-collection-of-maya|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 September 2015|title=Record breaking collection of Maya|date=2015-09-22|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> The movie was simultaneously released in Telugu as ''Mayuri''. Potential Studio's next title was ''[[Maanagaram]]'' (2017), directed by Lokesh Kanagaraj, starring [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Sri (actor)|Sri]] and [[Regina Cassandra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.top10cinema.com/article/36890/sundeep-kishan-leaps-with-big-offers-in-k-town|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229042732/http://www.top10cinema.com/article/36890/sundeep-kishan-leaps-with-big-offers-in-k-town|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 February 2016|title=Sundeep Kishan leaps with big offers in K-town|website=Top 10 Cinema|access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> ''Maanagaram'' had its theatrical release on 10 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moviecrow.com/News/15088/sr-prabhus-maanagaram-sets-a-release-date|title=SR Prabhu's Maanagaram sets a release date|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2017-03-13}}</ref> After ''Maya'' and ''Maanagaram'', ''[[Monster (2019 film)|Monster]]'' is the third film from this production house, starring [[S. J. Surya]]h, [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] and directed by Nelson Venkatesan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/021018/here-comes-the-monster.html|title=Here comes the Monster|date=2018-10-02|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-10-06|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sj-suryah-priya-in-a-monster-film-that-will-make-you-laugh/articleshow/66029231.cms|title=SJ Suryah, Priya in a monster film that will make you laugh|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref>

=== Tamil Nadu Film Producers Council (2017-2019) ===
He was elected as Treasurer in the [[Tamil Film Producers Council]] election, which was held on 2 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42038/vishals-namma-ani-wins-tfpc-election-hands-down|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404131836/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42038/vishals-namma-ani-wins-tfpc-election-hands-down|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 April 2017|title=Vishal’s Namma Ani wins TFPC election hands down|date=2017-04-03|work=Top 10 Cinema|access-date=2017-04-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vishal-pulls-off-a-stunning-victory-in-tamil-nadu-producers-council-elections-vows-to-end-piracy-4597376/|title=Vishal pulls off a stunning victory in Tamil Nadu Producers' Council elections, vows to end piracy|date=2017-04-03|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-04-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moviecrow.com/News/15671/tamil-nadu-film-producers-council-election-2017---complete-winners-list|title=Tamil Nadu Film Producers Council Election, 2017 - Complete Winners List|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== [[Dream Warrior Pictures]] (as Producer) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Cast !! Director !! Mentions
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| ''[[Joker (2016 film)|Joker]]'' || [[Guru Somasundaram]], [[Ramya Pandian]], Gayathri Krishnaa, [[Mu Ramaswamy]] || [[Raju Murugan]]
|
* Best Tamil Film Award at [[64th National Film Awards|64th National Film Award]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/raju-sundaram-guru-somasundaram-joker-wins-national-award-for-best-tamil-film-tamil-news-182927.html|title=IndiaGlitz - Raju Sundaram Guru Somasundaram Joker WIns National Award for Best Tamil film - Tamil Movie News|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/joker-bags-national-award-for-the-best-tamil-film/articleshow/58063708.cms?|title=Joker bags National Award for the Best Tamil Film|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref>
* Best Male Playback Singer at [[64th National Film Awards|64th National Film Award]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/070417/64th-national-awards-live-neerja-wins-best-film-joker-takes-best-tamil-film-award.html|title=64th National Awards: Akshay wins Best Actor, Surabhi bags Best Actress|date=2017-04-07|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-04-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/64th-national-awards-sonam-kapoor-starrer-neerja-wins-best-hindi-feature-film-akshay-kumar-declared-best-actor/articleshow/58062574.cms|title=64th National Film Awards Winners: Sonam Kapoor starrer ‘Neerja’ wins Best Hindi Feature Film, Akshay Kumar declared Best Actor|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/national-film-awards-2017-mohanlal-vairamuthu-joker-24-970045-2017-04-07|title=64th National Film Awards: Mohanlal wins Special Jury Award, Vairamuthu bags Best Lyricist|access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref>
* Winner at 14th Chennai International Film Festival <ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-joker-adjudged-the-best-in-ciff-joker-ciff-13-01-1717701.htm|title=Joker adjudged the best in CIFF|access-date=2017-01-13|newspaper=Tamilstar|archive-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116153433/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-joker-adjudged-the-best-in-ciff-joker-ciff-13-01-1717701.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Best Production Award at [[Ananda Vikatan|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2016]]
* Best Dialogue Award at [[Ananda Vikatan|Ananda Vikatan Awards 2016]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/english/78546-ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards---2016.art|title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards - 2016|access-date=2017-01-30|language=ta|newspaper=www.vikatan.com}}</ref>
* Best Film Award at [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival]] 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ntff.no/node/151|title=8th NTFF 2017: Official selection & Winners of Tamilar Awards 2017 Announcement! {{!}} NTFF|website=ntff.no|language=en|access-date=2017-03-12|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704152807/http://ntff.no/node/151|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Best Tamil Film Award at Zee Cine Awards 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/374198/zee-cine-awards-2017-complete-list-winners|title=Zee Cine Awards 2017: Complete list of winners|website=www.pinkvilla.com|access-date=2017-03-13|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313053623/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/374198/zee-cine-awards-2017-complete-list-winners|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/zee-cine-awards-2017-live-blog-salman-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-to-set-the-stage-ablaze-with-their-performances/|title=Zee Cine Awards 2017 COMPLETE highlights: Here's how Salman Khan, Alia Bhatt, Kareena Kapoor Khan made it a stellar night|last=Iyengar|first=Aarti|access-date=2017-03-12|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Best Actor Male at Behindwoods Gold Medal 2017 <ref name=":03">{{Cite news|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/complete-list-of-award-winners-in-behindwoods-gold-medals-2017.html|title=Complete list of award winners in Behindwoods Gold Medals 2017|date=2017-06-14|work=Behindwoods|access-date=2017-06-16}}</ref>
* Best Dialogue Writer at Behindwoods Gold Medal 2017 <ref name=":03" />
* Best Film Award at Behindwoods Gold Medal 2017 <ref name=":03" />
|
|-
| ''[[Kaashmora]]'' || [[Karthi]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Sri Divya]] || [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]]
|Best Makeup Award at Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2016 ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/english/78546-ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards---2016.art|title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards - 2016|newspaper=www.vikatan.com|language=ta|access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Aruvi]]''|| [[Aditi Balan]] || [[Arun Prabu Purushothaman]] ||
* Best Production Award at [[Ananda Vikatan|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2018]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/vijay-nayanthara-bigg-boss-tamil-win-big-at-vikatan-awards-2018-heres-the-list-of-winners/187603|title=Vijay, Nayanthara, Bigg Boss Tamil win big at Vikatan Awards 2018 - here's the list of winners|work=Times Now|access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref>
* Best Debut Director at [[Ananda Vikatan|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2018]]<ref name=":2" />
* Best Debut Actor (Female) at [[Ananda Vikatan|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2018]]<ref name=":2" />
* Best Editor at [[Ananda Vikatan|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2018]]<ref name=":2" />
|
|-
| ''[[Kootathil Oruthan]]'' || [[Ashok Selvan]], [[Priya Anand]] || [[T. J. Gnanavel]] ||
|
|-
|''[[Theeran Athikaram Ondru|Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]''||[[Karthi]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]]||[[H. Vinoth]]||
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]''||[[Suriya]]||[[Selvaraghavan]]||
|
|-
|''[[Raatchasi]]''
|[[Jyothika]], [[Hareesh Peradi]]
|Sy. Gowthamraj
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
|[[Karthi]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[George Maryan]]
|[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]||
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]''
|[[Karthi]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|[[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]]|||
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karthi and Rashmika Mandana starrer 'Sulthan' to release in April |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-and-rashmika-mandana-starrer-sulthan-to-release-in-april/articleshow/80367327.cms |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[O2 (2022 film)|O2]]''
|[[Nayanthara]]
|G. S. Viknesh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayanthara's new film 'O2' teaser is out now! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayantharas-new-film-o2-teaser-is-out-now/articleshow/91588653.cms |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham]]'' / ''Kanam''
|[[Sharwanand]], [[Ritu Varma]], [[Amala Akkineni]]
|Shree Karthik
|Debut in [[Telugu cinema]]
|
|-
|''[[Vattam]]''
|[[Sibi Sathyaraj]], [[Andrea Jeremiah|Andrea]]
|Kamalakannan||
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2023
|[[Farhana (film)|''Farhana'']]
|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Selvaraghavan]], [[Jithan Ramesh]]
|[[Nelson Venkatesan]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aishwarya Rajesh's film with Nelson Venkatesan titled Farhana. First look poster out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aishwarya-rajesh-s-film-with-nelson-venkatesan-titled-farhana-first-look-poster-out-2008988-2022-10-06 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Japan (2023 film)|Japan]]''
|[[Karthi]], [[Anu Emmanuel]]
|Raju Murugan
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/japan-first-look-karthi-8267677/|title=Japan first look: Karthi promises a ‘quirky, Made in India’ film|work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2026
|''Rainbow''
|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|Shantharuban Gnanasekaran
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samantha signs her first film after a break, to be directed by Shantharuban |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/samantha-signs-her-first-film-after-a-break-to-be-directed-by-shantharuban-1865164-2021-10-15 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kannivedi''
|[[Keerthy Suresh]]
|Ganesh Raj
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keerthy Suresh's upcoming film is titled Kannivedi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/keerthy-sureshs-upcoming-film-is-titled-kannivedi/cid/1952574 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|''[[The Sunshine (Indian film)|The Sunshine]]''||[[Antonythasan Jesuthasan]]||[[Leena Manimekalai]]||Pitched at Co-Production market, [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC Film Bazaar]] 2016, Goa
|
|-
|}

=== Potential Studios (as Producer) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Cast !! Director !! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]'' || [[Aari (actor)|Aari]], [[Nayanthara]] || [[Ashwin Saravanan]] ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Maanagaram]]'' || [[Sri (actor)|Sri]], [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Regina Cassandra]] || [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] ||
|-
|2019
|''[[Monster (2019 film)|Monster]]''
|[[S. J. Surya]], [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]]
|[[Nelson Venkatesan]]||
|-
|2022
|''[[Taanakkaran]]''
|[[Vikram Prabhu]]
|Tamilarasan
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Irugapatru]]''
|[[Vikram Prabhu]], [[Shraddha Srinath]]
|[[Yuvaraj Dhayalan]]
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Black (2024 film)|Black]]''
|[[Jiiva]], [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]]
|KG Balasubramani
|
|-
|}

=== [[Studio Green]] (as Producer) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Cast !! Director !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Singam]]'' || [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]], [[Anushka Shetty]] || [[Hari (director)|Hari]] || [[Vijay Award for Entertainer of the Year]]
|-
| ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' || [[Karthi]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]] || [[Suseenthiran]] || Nominated - [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Siruthai]]'' || [[Karthi]], [[Tamannaah]] || [[Siva (director)|Siva]] || Nominated - [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Attakathi]]'' || [[Attakathi Dinesh|Dinesh]], [[Nandita Swetha]] || [[Pa. Ranjith]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013 || ''[[Alex Pandian]]'' || [[Karthi]], [[Anushka Shetty]] || [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]] ||
|-
| ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' || [[Karthi]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]] || [[M. Rajesh]] ||
|-
|''[[Pizza II: Villa]]''||[[Ashok Selvan]], [[Sanchita Shetty]]||Deepan Chakravarthy||
|-
| ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' || [[Karthi]], [[Hansika Motwani]] || [[Venkat Prabhu]] ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' || [[Karthi]], [[Catherine Tresa]] || [[Pa. Ranjith]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Komban]]'' || [[Karthi]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] || M. Muthaiah ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.srprabhu.com}}
* {{IMDb name|4272786}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhu, S R}}
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Indian film distributors]]
[[Category:People from Erode district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Morwa Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:21Z

DrusillaSchuster: Created new info!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Morwa
| type = SLA
| map_image = 135-Morwa constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Ranvijay Sahu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| preceded_by = Vidya Sagar Nishad, {{small|{{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}}}
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Ujiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujiarpur]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|135]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 269,034
| abolished = 
}}
'''Morwa Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Samastipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 135 Morwa Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Morwa [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Muradpur Bangra, Gauspur
Sarsauna, Kothiya, Manpura, Harishankarpur Baghauni, Madhopur, Dhgharua, Kaswe Aahar, Ramapur Maheshpur, Rahimabad, Rajwa and Fatehpur [[gram panchayat]]s of Tajpur CD Block; Sirdilpur Supaul, Hasanpur Surat, Jorpura, Shahpur Undi, Chaksalem, Darba, Imansarai and Bahadurpur Patori of Patori CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Morwa Assembly constituency is part of No. 22 [[Ujiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''1952-2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Baidhnath Sahani
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|Vidya Sagar Nishad
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ranvijay Sahu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Morwa<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Morwa">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Morwa |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04135.htm |access-date=22 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222190833/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04135.htm |archive-date=22 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ranvijay Sahu]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:77770}}
|percentage = 39.53
|change = +2.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vidya Sagar Nishad
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:69099}}
|percentage = 35.13
|change = +4.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abhay Kumar Singh
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:30046}}
|percentage = 15.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Dr Jagriti Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:4131}}
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ranjeet Kumar
|party = Apna Kisan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3259}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Tuntun Ray
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3145}}
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandrasekhar Rai
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = {{formatnum:2728}}
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3571}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change = +0.73
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8671}}
|percentage = 4.4
|change = -2.24
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196721}}
|percentage = 73.12
|change = +13.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Morwa<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ranvijay Sahu]]
|votes = {{formatnum:59554}}
|percentage = 37.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Vidya Sagar Singh Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:48883}}
|percentage = 30.42
|change = -12.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Abhay Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:23884}}
|percentage = 14.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jay Krishn Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:6379}}
|percentage = 3.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janshakti Party (Secular)
|candidate = Rashmani Kumar Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:2967}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Kumar Anant
|votes = {{formatnum:2482}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Log Jan Party Secular
|candidate = Rameshwar Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:2438}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = The Plurals Party
|candidate = Umashankar Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:1955}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Suryanarayan Sahni
|votes = {{formatnum:1793}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pranav Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1581}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1747}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change = -1.26
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10671}}
|percentage = 6.64
|change = -6.94
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:160716}}
|percentage = 59.42
|change = +1.45
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===

In the [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|2015 state assembly elections]], VidyaSargar Singh Nishad of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] won.

{{Election box begin|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Morwa<ref name="Morwa Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Morwa Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/morwa |access-date=22 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222190839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/morwa |archive-date=22 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Vidya Sagar Singh Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:59206}}
|percentage = 42.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suresh Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:40390}}
|percentage = 29.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Anil Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:9380}}
|percentage = 6.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abhay Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5946}}
|percentage = 4.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ramprit Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:3328}}
|percentage = 2.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dinesh Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:2534}}
|percentage = 1.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pranav Kumar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:2365}}
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sweta Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:1728}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Munna Sahni
|votes = {{formatnum:1700}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Khalid Tanweer
|votes = {{formatnum:1546}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sudhir Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1431}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Naya Daur Party
|candidate = Nilotpal Mrinal
|votes = {{formatnum:1360}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3261}}
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18816}}
|percentage = 13.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:138520}}
|percentage = 57.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
In the [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|2010 state assembly elections]], Baidhnath Sahani of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] won the newly constituted Morwa seat defeating his nearest rival Ashok Singh of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]].<ref name="election1977">{{cite web| url = http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/morwa.php |title = Morwa Election Results since 1977| publisher = Travel India Guide|access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}
{{coord|25|47|12|N|85|40|13|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Samastipur district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Sabalgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:39:36Z

DrusillaSchuster: Stub

{{short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sabalgarh
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 3
| map_image = 3-Sabalgarh.svg
| mla = [[Sarla Vijendra Rawat]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Morena district|Morena]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Baijnath Kushwaha
}}

'''Sabalgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=12 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref> Sabalgarh (constituency number 3) is one of the six Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Morena district]]. This constituency covers the entire Sabalgarh [[tehsil]] and part of Kailaras tehsil.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=226, 250}}</ref>

Sabalgarh is part of [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Madhya Bharat]]
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Laxmi Chand
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Baboolal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Buddha Ram
| {{party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Brijraj Singh Sikarwar
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Raghubar Dayal Rasoiya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sridharlal Hardenia
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Suresh Chandra
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Bhagwati Prasad Bansal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Meharban Singh Rawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Suresh Choudhari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Bundilal Rawat
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Meharban Singh Rawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Suresh Choudhari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Meharban Singh Rawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Baijnath Kushwaha
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Sarla Vijendra Rawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sabalgarh<ref name="Sabalgarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Smt. Sarla vijendra Rawat defeats INC's Baij Nath Kushwah with 9805 votes">{{cite news |title=Sabalgarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Smt. Sarla vijendra Rawat defeats INC's Baij Nath Kushwah with 9805 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sabalgarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470369-2023-12-03#28 |access-date=16 February 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216044037/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sabalgarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470369-2023-12-03#28 |archive-date=16 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sarla Vijendra Rawat]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:66787}}
|percentage = 37.07
|change = +7.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Baijnath Kushwah
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:56982}}
|percentage = 31.63
|change = -3.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Soni Dhakad
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:51153}}
|percentage = 28.39
|change = -1.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Lal Singh Rathor
|votes = {{formatnum:1781}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change = +0.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:589}}
|percentage = 0.33
|change = -0.32
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9805}}
|percentage = 5.44
|change = -0.25
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:180152}}
|percentage = 77.0
|change = +1.28
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|M. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Sabalgarh<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Election2018/Result%20Booklet%20AE%202018%20v6.pdf |title=2018 Vidhan Sabha Elections Result Book of Madhya Pradesh |access-date= November 21, 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Baijnath Kushwaha
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:54606}}
|percentage = 35.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lal Singh Kewat
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:45869}}
|percentage = 29.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sarla Vijendra Rawat]]
|votes = {{formatnum:45100}}
|percentage = 29.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Umesh Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:1532}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandra Prakash Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:1433}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:994}}
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8737}}
|percentage = 5.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:153370}}
|percentage = 75.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Sabalgarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.25|77.41|display=title}}

[[Category:Morena district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Paliganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:34Z

DrusillaSchuster: New.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Paliganj Assembly constituency
|type = SLA
|map_image = 190-Paliganj constituency.svg
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|mla = [[Sandeep Saurav]]
|party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Patna district|Patna]]
|division =
|loksabha_cons = [[Pataliputra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pataliputra]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|190]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 285,778
|abolished = 
}}

'''Paliganj Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It comes under [[Pataliputra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pataliputra]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. Danapur, Maner, Phulwari, Masaurhi and Bikram.<ref name="election2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/pataliputra.html | title=Pataliputra Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Patna district assembly.png|thumb|Paliganj in Patna district]]
Paliganj comprises CD Blocks Dulhin Bazar & Paliganj.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name<ref name="election2015">{{Cite web |title=Paliganj (Bihar) Assembly Election Results 2015 - Winner and Runner-up Candidates |url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/paliganj.html |access-date=2017-12-29 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Chandradeo Prasad Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandradeo Prasad Verma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" |Kanhai Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|1991^
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandradeo Prasad Verma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|1996^
|Janardan Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Dinanath Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Nand Kumar Nanda
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
| |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|-
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Usha Vidyarthi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Jai Vardhan Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|Rowspan=2|[[Sandeep Saurav|Sandeep Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}
^by-election

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2025]]: Paliganj<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Paliganj">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Paliganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04190.htm |access-date=9 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209053601/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04190.htm |archive-date=9 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Sandeep Saurav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:81105}}
|percentage = 44.48
|change = +0.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:74450}}
|percentage = 40.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Shyam Nandan Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:6612}}
|percentage = 3.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shambhu Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3747}}
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satya Narayan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3354}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sushant
|votes = {{formatnum:2745}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Shivnath Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1812}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3191}}
|percentage = 1.75
|change = +0.54
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6655}}
|percentage = 3.65
|change = -16.25
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:182320}}
|percentage = 63.8
|change = +9.09
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Paliganj<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Sandeep Saurav|Sandeep Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:67917}}
|percentage = 43.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Jai Vardhan Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:37002}}
|percentage = 23.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Usha Vidyarthi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:16102}}
|percentage = 10.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Madhu Manjari
|votes = {{formatnum:5467}}
|percentage = 3.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:5261}}
|percentage = 3.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gopal Chaudhari
|votes = {{formatnum:4444}}
|percentage = 2.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lokpriya Samaj Party
|candidate = Dinanath Pandit
|votes = {{formatnum:1767}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dhananjay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1543}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Sablog Party
|candidate = Ravish Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1497}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shoshit Samaj Dal
|candidate = Sant Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1443}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1881}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change = -0.52
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30915}}
|percentage = 19.9
|change = +3.18
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:155296}}
|percentage = 54.71
|change = -1.05
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Paliganj<ref name="election2015"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Jai Vardhan Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65932}}
|percentage = 45.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Janm Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:41479}}
|percentage = 28.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Anwar Husain
|votes = {{formatnum:19438}}
|percentage = 13.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:5145}}
|percentage = 3.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Alakh Niranjan Pal
|votes = {{formatnum:2424}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hare Krishn Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1947}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pratibha Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:1806}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lakshman Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:1628}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2524}}
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24453}}
|percentage = 16.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:146255}}
|percentage = 55.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Patna district]]
[[Category:Politics of Patna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Snegithiye

2026-04-06T13:36:38Z

DrusillaSchuster: made new pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Snegithiye.jpg
| caption = Poster of Tamil version
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| story = [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]]
| screenplay = Priyadarshan
| writer = [[N. Maharajan|Maharajan]] (Tamil dialogues)
| producer = Mukesh R. Mehta
| starring = [[Jyothika]] [[Sharbani Mukherjee]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] [[Ishitta Arun]] [[Manasi Scott]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] '''Background Score:''' [[S. P. Venkatesh|Sangeetharajan]]
| cinematography = [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = Surya Cine Arts
| released = {{Film date|2000|11|24|Tamil|2007|04|18|Malayalam|df=y}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil Malayalam
}}
[[File:Rakkilipattu.jpg|thumb|right|Rakkilipattu DVD poster]]
'''''Snegithiye''''' ({{translation|''Oh female friend!''}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Priyadarshan]]. The film notably features only female characters, played by [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Jyothika]], [[Sharbani Mukherjee]] and [[Ishitta Arun]]. Music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. The film, released in 2000, proved to be an average grosser at the box office but bagged positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Syed |first=Farhan |date=30 January 2020 |title=Happy Birthday, Priyadarshan: From 'Gopura Vasalile' to 'Snegithiye' - a look at five box office hits of the legend in Tamil cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/happy-birthday-priyadarshan-from-gopura-vasalile-to-snegithiye-lesa-lesa-nimir-and-sometimes-a-look-at-five-box-office-hits-of-the-legend-in-tamil-cinema/photostory/73737244.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118055242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/happy-birthday-priyadarshan-from-gopura-vasalile-to-snegithiye-lesa-lesa-nimir-and-sometimes-a-look-at-five-box-office-hits-of-the-legend-in-tamil-cinema/photostory/73737244.cms |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=3 August 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Originally planned to be made as a multilingual, in Tamil, Malayalam and Hindi, the film was released first in Tamil, while the Malayalam version, '''''Raakilipattu''''' ({{Translation|Rock music}}), as well as the Hindi dubbed version of the Malayalam version, ''Friendship'' were released seven years later. The film's story is loosely based on the 1999 [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film ''[[Bindhaast]]''.

==Plot==
Best friends Vani "Vasu" Subramaniam (Josephine in Malayalam) and Radhika Menon are carefree pranksters at a prestigious ladies' college in [[Chennai]]. They stay up late, break rules and wreak havoc at their hostel, much to their lecturers' annoyance. They also form a rivalry against Geetha, the college queen bee. Malathi, Radhika's aunt, wants her niece to complete her studies, so that she can take over her late parents' multi-million business. In order to straighten Radhika out, Malathi [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranges for her to get married]].

At this point, Vasu and Radhika are introduced to Gayathri, a fiercely independent and strong [[Greater Chennai Police|police officer]] and an alumnus of their college. During an event at the college, Gayathri explains how women in the country lose their independence and livelihood after getting married. Convinced that they should avoid marriage as long as possible, Vani and Radhika pretend that Radhika has a boyfriend from overseas, named Ramesh, in order to avoid Malathi from arranging anymore suitors. However, this fantasy takes a whole new turn when an actual person named Ramesh calls and sends Radhika letters, claiming to be her boyfriend. To end this nuisance, Vasu and Radhika invite Ramesh to their hostel during the college dance program and plan to trick him into blurt out the truth. Vasu instructs Radhika to bring her aunt's guns for their safety.

However, a mysterious shooter kills Ramesh before the girls can confront him. Fearing that suspicion would fall on them, they decide to dispose of the body by hiding it in the air ventilator. Unexpectedly, the body slides down the vent and lands on the auditorium stage, in the middle of a performance. Gayathri, who is the guest of honour at the event, takes charge of the case. She finds Radhika's necklace on the body and the two girls are brought in for questioning. At the police station, an old woman shows up claiming that Ramesh is her son and has gone missing. Realising that the noose is tightening and that the story of their innocence will not stand, Vasu and Radhika escape police custody and hide in an abandoned mansion on the [[Chennai metropolitan area|outskirts of the city]].

Now the prime suspects of Ramesh's murder, they decide to find the real killer before Gayathri catches up to them. Vasu suspects Malathi of framing them in order to inherit Radhika's wealth. When they finally meet her, Malathi explains that she had known all along that the girls had been fooling her. The young man who was pretending to be Ramesh, was actually a family friend, named Vikram, whom Malathi had been planning to marry Radhika off to.

Through their college friends, the girls discover that Geetha had gone missing on that fateful night. After much difficulty, the girls find Geetha hiding in a border town. However, Geetha reveals that she too is on the run from Gayathri; on the night of the murder, she had returned to the hostel to take some medications and had inadvertently witnessed Gayathri kill Vikram/Ramesh. Geetha had fled from the scene, fearing Gayathri would use her influence to cover up the crime. Unfortunately, Gayathri manages to catch up on the trio. However, the woman who had pretended to be Ramesh's mother arrives on the scene. She turns out to be a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer, who had been investigating Gayathri and knows that the girls are not responsible for Vikram's murder.

Gayathri ends up having a mental breakdown. The CBI officer reveals that Gayathri had murdered Vikram to avenge her sister's paralysis. Vikram had raped Gayathri's sister in the past after Gayathri found out he was a womaniser and stopped her sister from dating him. To escape justice, she had no choice but to frame Vasu and Radhika as the murderers. The film concludes with Gayathri institutionalised at a mental asylum where the three girls, Vani, Radhika and Geetha, now close friends, pay her a visit.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Jyothika]] as Vani Subramaniam (Vasu) (Tamil) / Josephine (Josootty "Jo") (Malayalam) / Bharathi (Hindi)
* [[Sharbani Mukherjee]] as Radhika Menon
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Gayathri Varma
* [[Ishitta Arun]] as Geetha Damodaran
* [[Shweta Menon]] as Jayshree, police officer
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Malathi Menon (Radhika's aunt)
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Bhanumathy, Vani's mother (Tamil version)
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Eliama Pothen (Josootty's mother) (Malayalam version)
* [[Bharati Achrekar]] as Mrs. Sumthankar (Bharathi's mother) (Hindi version)
* [[Manjula Vijayakumar]] as college professor
* [[Major Ravi]] as Ramesh/Vikram
* [[Mita Vasisht]] as Prema Narayanan, the under cover cop
* [[Sukumari]] as the hostel warden and a history professor
* [[Shanthi Williams]] as the college principal
* [[Manasi Scott]] as Nimmi, Vani's friend
* [[Suchitra (actress)|Suchithra]] as Advocate Soumya/Soumini
* [[Manju Pillai]] as a police constable and Geetha's guardian
* Poornima Parameswaran as Kutti Paru
* Neelam Singh as Neelam, Geetha's friend
* [[Jomol]] as Savitri, Gayathri's sister (cameo appearance)
* [[Deepti Bhatnagar]] in a Special Appearance
* [[Philomina]] as Vikram's neighbour (cameo)
* [[Shari (actress)|Shari]] as Arundathi (cameo appearance)
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Ramesh's neighbour (cameo appearance)
}}

==Production==
The original story idea for the film was taken from Marathi writer [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]], who had made the successful Marathi film, ''[[Bindhaast]]'', based on the story last year. Priyadarshan heard about the film and asked producer Mukesh Mehta to see it and decide whether he would like to produce the movie and thus Mehta went to Bombay, saw the film and liked it. However the producer reiterated that they have taken only the main thread from the Marathi story with the rest of the film, its sub-plots and the treatment are completely different from the original. Initially, it was planned as a Malayalam film with a cast familiar to the Kerala audience. But as Priyadarshan's excitement over the project grew, the canvas got wider and the producer decided to look for a bigger audience. Thus [[Jyothika]], [[Sharbani Mukherjee]] and Ishita Arun, daughter of [[Ila Arun]], stepped in to give it a more national flavour. Seasoned actresses like [[Sukumari]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Lakshmi]], [[KPAC Lalitha]], [[Mita Vasisht]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], and [[Dipti Bhatnagar]] also joined the all-female team. Cinematographer Jeeva and art director Sabu Cyril also joined the team and they shot 90 per cent of the film in a college in [[Mysore]] and the rest in [[Chennai]], also featuring live coverage of the [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara (Dussera) festival of Mysuru]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=March 31, 2000 |title=Ladies Only |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/mar/31women.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124162552/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/mar/31women.htm |archive-date=24 January 2012 |access-date=27 May 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film was subsequently made simultaneously in Tamil and Malayalam with a title of ''[[Raakilipattu]]'', while a Hindi version was also planned in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 11, 2000 |title=The dancing brush |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/11ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125037/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/11ss.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=27 May 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The title of the Tamil version of the film was taken from a song from the 2000 film ''[[Alai Payuthey]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=SNEHITHEYE |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/snehitheye.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610200336/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/snehitheye.htm |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=27 May 2012 |website=cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref>

Jyothika prioritised her work in the project and thus delayed her schedules for the films''[[Uyirile Kalanthathu]]'' in order to ensure the film was released as early as possible.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 2, 2000 |title=Domino effect hits Tamil industry |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/02domino.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141200/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/02domino.htm |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=27 May 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The songs of the film were released at Devi Theatre with [[Kamal Haasan]] appearing as the chief guest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kamalhasan gives call sheets |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Special4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324015305/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Special4.htm |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=27 May 2012 |website=cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
While [[S. P. Venkatesh]] composed the score, the songs were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], except "Kannukulle" which was composed by Raghunath Seth as mentioned in the original audio cassette. The songs were well received by the audience and critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-08-11 |title=Talk of the town |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/08/11/stories/0411401w.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613151853/http://www.hindu.com/2000/08/11/stories/0411401w.htm |archive-date=13 June 2013 |access-date=27 May 2012 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In an audio review, Venky of ''Chennai Online'' wote "On the whole, it is a very good effort by Vidyasagar".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venky |title=Music Review of 'Snehithiye' |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/snehithi.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309223140/http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/snehithi.asp |archive-date=9 March 2001 |website=Chennai Online |access-date=22 February 2025 }}</ref>

;Track listing
{|class="wikitable" width="60%"
! Song title !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Othayadi Padhayile" || Manasi, [[Ila Arun]] || rowspan=2|[[Vairamuthu]]
|-
| "Radhai Manathil" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[Sangeetha Sajith]]
|-
| "Doora Desam" || Venugopal, Sujatha || Kadhal Mathi
|-
| "Kalluri Malare" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[Sangeetha Sajith]] || [[Vairamuthu]]
|-
| "Kannukulle" || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] || Kadhal Mathi
|-
| "Devadhai Vamsam" || K. S. Chithra, Sujatha || [[Pa. Vijay]]
|}

For '''''Raakilipattu''''':
{|class="wikitable" width="60%"
! Song title !! Singers
|-
| "Dhum Dhum Dhooreyetho" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[Sangeetha Sajith]]
|-
| "Omana Thinkal" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[Sangeetha Sajith]]
|-
| "Saarike Ninne" || K. S. Chitra, Sujatha Mohan
|-
| "Mazha Paithu Thorna" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Sujatha Mohan
|-
| "Palapoovin Lolakunde" || M. G. Sreekumar, Sujatha Mohan
|-
| "Rappadippakshi Idhile" || M. G. Sreekumar, Sujatha Mohan
|-
| "Anthinila Manathu" || M. G. Sreekumar, [[Ila Arun]]
|-
|Kanniludakkiya Kanthari
|M. G Sreekumar
|}

== Release ==
Release for the film was postponed several times with the makers hoping to get a simultaneous release for all versions. The team also noted the [[Kidnapping of Dr. Rajkumar]] by bandit [[Veerappan]] as reason for the delay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasika |title=Release Postponed |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/sep276.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103155700/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/sep276.asp |archive-date=3 November 2004 |access-date=12 April 2014 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Snegithiye'' went on to inspire other film makers to produce all women ventures, with director Gnanasekharan announcing that his project, ''Aishwarya'', starring [[Uma (actress)|Uma]], [[Monal (actress)|Monal]] and [[Abhinayashree]] would be a "small-scale ''Snegithiye''".<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2001 |title=Juniors in senior stakes |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jul/20pad.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124342/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jul/20pad.htm |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=27 May 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |title=Aishwarya— Girl power |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010525/rtamil1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010716234710/http://www.screenindia.com/20010525/rtamil1.html |archive-date=16 July 2001 |access-date=18 November 2020 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref>

The film was simultaneously taken in Tamil, Malayalam and Hindi, but only Tamil version released in 2000. The Malayalam and Hindi versions released on 18 April 2007. ''[[Raakilipattu]]'' was released in Kerala, only in 2007. The Malayalam version's Hindi dubbed version ''Friendship'' was also released in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2004 |title='Seeta Kalyanam' revived |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/seeta-kalyanam-revived-news-malayalam-kkfvKIihachsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519095153/https://www.sify.com/movies/seeta-kalyanam-revived-news-malayalam-kkfvKIihachsi.html |archive-date=19 May 2022 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=4 September 2024 }}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "In a medium where women (read heroines) are thought of as a dispensable commodity, here is a murder mystery, conceived with a cast comprising only women, and made quite interestingly too".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=24 November 2000 |title=Film Review: ''Snegithiyae'' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-snegithiyae/article28056064.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231044716/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-snegithiyae/article28056064.ece |archive-date=31 December 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 July 2024 }}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "The first part moves with breezy fun" but concluded that "the script goes haywire in the second half, the shoddy treatment not helping matters either. The scenes here all seem to belong to some c-grade Hollywood thriller. Leading one to suspect whether Priyadarshan really directed this film!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Film: Snehithiye |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov82.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309191046/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov82.asp |archive-date=9 March 2001 |website=Chennai Online |access-date=4 July 2024 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Priyadarshan}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2000s female buddy films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2000s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s police procedural films]]
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about letters (message)]]
[[Category:Films about murderers]]
[[Category:Films about stalking]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]
[[Category:Films featuring an all-female cast]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in psychiatric hospitals]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian female buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian murder mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Police detective films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Marathi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Three girls movie]]

2009 Indian general election in Orissa

2026-03-28T14:22:14Z

DrusillaSchuster:

{{Short description|none}}
{{For|State Assembly election|2009 Orissa Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2009 Indian general election in Orissa
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = Indian general election in Orissa, 2004
| previous_year = 2004
| next_election = Indian general election in Odisha, 2014
| next_year = 2014
| election_date = April 16, April 23
| seats_for_election = 21 seats
| turnout = 65.35%
| party1 = Biju Janata Dal
| last_election1 = 11
| seats1 = 14
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 3
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| last_election2 = 2
| seats2 = 6
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 4
| party3 = Communist Party of India
| alliance1 = [[Third Front (India)|Third Front]]
| alliance2 = United Progressive Alliance
| alliance3 = [[Third Front (India)|Third Front]]
| last_election3 = 0
| seats3 = 1
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 1
| map_image = File:2009 Indian General Election in Odisha Result.png
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption =
| ongoing =
| percentage2 = 32.75%
| percentage3 = 2.57%
| percentage1 = 37.23%
| image1 = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Conch.svg|100px]]
| image2 = [[File:Hand INC.svg|100px]]
| image3 = [[File:CPI symbol.svg|100px]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}

The '''2009 Indian general election in Orissa''' were held for 21 seats with the state going to the polls in the first two phases of the [[2009 Indian general election|general elections]]. The major contenders in the state were the [[United National Progressive Alliance|Third Front]], [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). The third front parties contesting in the state were the [[Biju Janata Dal]] (BJD), the Left parties and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. The assembly elections were held simultaneously with the general elections in the state.

A few weeks before the elections, seat sharing talks broke down between the BJD and its long-time ally BJP. Then the BJD joined the Third Front. The BJD leader [[Naveen Patnaik]] said that he broke the alliance with BJP over the [[Kandhamal riots]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kandhamal-riots-forced-bjd-to-snap-ties-with-bjp/88069-37.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090322075703/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kandhamal-riots-forced-bjd-to-snap-ties-with-bjp/88069-37.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2009-03-22 | title = Kandhamal riots forced BJD to snap ties with BJP | publisher = IBNLive.com India | date = 2009-03-19}}</ref>

==Parties and alliances==
==={{legend2|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|[[Third Front (India) |Third Front]]}}===
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| colspan="6" | '''[[Third Front (India) |Third Front]]'''
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[File: Biju Janata Dal Flag.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Conch.svg|50px]]
| [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| 18
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
| Salomi Minz
| 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
| [[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]]
| 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[File:Flag of Nationalist Congress Party.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Clock symbol of NCP.png|50px]]
|Arun Dey
|1
|-
!colspan="5"| Total
!21
|}

==={{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Jual Oram]]
| 21
|-
|}

==={{legend2|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|[[United Progressive Alliance]]}}===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo]]
|21
|-
|}
==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Bargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bargarh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Dr. Hamid Hussain
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Sanjay Bhoi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Radharani Panda]]
|-
!2
|[[Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sundargarh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Salomi Minz
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Hemananda Biswal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Jual Oram]]
|-
!3
|[[Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sambalpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Rohit Pujari]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Amarnath Pradhan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Surendra Lath]]
|-
!4
|[[Keonjhar Lok Sabha constituency|Keonjhar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Yashbant Narayan Singh Laguri]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Dhanurjaya Sidu]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ananta Nayak]]
|-
!5
|[[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Laxman Tudu]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Laxman Majhi
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|-
!6
|[[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency|Balasore]]
|{{Party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| Arun Dey
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[M. A. Kharabela Swain]]
|-
!7
|[[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrak]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ananta Prasad Sethi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ratha Das
|-
!8
|[[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Mohan Jena]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Amiya Kanta Mallik
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Parameswar Sethi
|-
!9
|[[Dhenkanal Lok Sabha constituency|Dhenkanal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Tathagata Satpathy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Chandra Sekhar Tripathi
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Rudra Narayan Pany]]
|-
!10
|[[Bolangir Lok Sabha constituency|Bolangir]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Narasingha Mishra]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Sangeeta Kumari Singh Deo]]
|-
!11
|[[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Subash Chandra Nayak
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Bhakta Charan Das]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bikram Keshari Deo]]
|-
!12
|[[Nabarangpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nabarangpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Domburu Majhi
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Pradeep Kumar Majhi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Parsuram Majhi]]
|-
!13
|[[Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency|Kandhamal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Rudra Madhab Ray]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Sujit Kumar Padhi
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ashok Sahu
|-
!14
|[[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency|Cuttack]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Bhartruhari Mahtab]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Anadi Charan Sahu]]
|-
!15
|[[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Baijayant Panda]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ranjib Biswal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Jnandev Beura
|-
!16
|[[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Rabindra Kumar Sethy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Baidhar Mallick
|-
!17
|[[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Pinaki Misra]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Debendra Nath Mansingh
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Braja Kishore Tripathy]]
|-
!18
|[[Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Prasanna Kumar Patasani]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Santosh Mohanty
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Archana Nayak]]
|-
!19
|[[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Nityananda Pradhan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ramchandra Rath]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Shanti Devi
|-
!20
|[[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Sidhant Mohapatra]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bharat Paik
|-
!21
|[[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Jayaram Pangi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Giridhar Gamang]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Upendra Majhi
|-
|}

==Result by Party/Alliance==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
!rowspan="5" style="background:#E5FFDA"|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD+]]
| {{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| 66,12,552
| 37.23
| {{increase}}7.21
| 18
| 14
| {{increase}}3
|-
| {{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| 2,74,988
| 1.55
| {{Steady}}
| 1
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 4,57,234
| 2.57
| {{Steady}}
| 1
| 1
| {{increase}}1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 71,582
| 0.40
| {{Steady}}
| 1
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#E5FFDA | Total
! style="background:#E5FFDA" | 74,16,356
! style="background:#E5FFDA" | 41.75
! style="background:#E5FFDA" | {{Steady}}
! style="background:#E5FFDA" | 21
! style="background:#E5FFDA" | 15
! style="background:#E5FFDA" | {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 58,16,904
| 32.75
| {{decrease}}7.68
| 21
| 6
| {{increase}}4
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 29,99,520
| 16.89
| {{decrease}}2.41
| 21
| 0
| {{decrease}}7
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | [[2009 Indian general election in Orissa#Others|Others]]
| 11,16,174
| 6.28
| {{Steady}}
| 59
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 4,13,030
| 2.33
| {{decrease}}2.17
| 35
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 1,77,61,984
! 100%
! -
! 157
! 21
! -
|}

==Voting and results==
Source: Election Commission of India<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/ |title=Election Commission of India |access-date=2009-05-21 |archive-date=2009-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521143146/http://eci.nic.in// |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Results===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
|1
|[[Bargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bargarh]]
|Sanjay Bhoi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|397,375
|43.21
|Dr. Hamid Hussain
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|298,931
|32.51
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|98,444
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|10.70
|-
|2
|[[Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sundargarh]]
|Hemanand Biswal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|280,054
|36.53
|Jual Oram
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|268,430
|35.01
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|11,624
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1.52
|-
|3
|[[Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sambalpur]]
|Amarnath Pradhan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|304,890
|38.09
|Rohit Pujari
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|290,016
|36.23
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|14,874
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1.86
|-
|4
|[[Keonjhar Lok Sabha constituency|Keonjhar]]
|Yashbant Narayan Singh Laguri
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|389,104
|43.63
|Dhanurjaya Sidu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|262,620
|29.45
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|126,484
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|14.18
|-
|5
|[[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj]]
|Laxman Tudu
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|256,648
|31.12
|Sudam Marndi
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|190,470
|23.09
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|66,178
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|8.03
|-
|6
|[[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency|Balasore]]
|Srikant Kumar Jena
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|313,888
|35.18
|Arun Dey
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|274,988
|30.82
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|38,900
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|4.36
|-
|7
|[[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrak]]
|Arjun Charan Sethi
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|416,808
|44.86
|Ananta Prasad Sethi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|361,870
|38.95
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|54,938
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|5.91
|-
|8
|[[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur]]
|Mohan Jena
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|433,350
|53.03
|Amiya Kanta Mallik
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|305,603
|37.40
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|127,747
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|15.63
|-
|9
|[[Dhenkanal Lok Sabha constituency|Dhenkanal]]
|Tathagata Satpathy
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|398,568
|46.53
|Chandra Sekhar Tripathi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|211,981
|24.75
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|186,587
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|21.78
|-
|10
|[[Bolangir Lok Sabha constituency|Bolangir]]
|Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|430,150
|42.50
|Narasingha Mishra
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|339,315
|33.53
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|90,835
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|8.97
|-
|11
|[[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]
|Bhakta Charan Das
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|401,736
|41.06
|Subash Chandra Nayak
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|247,699
|25.32
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|154,037
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|15.74
|-
|12
|[[Nabarangpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nabarangpur]]
|Pradeep Kumar Majhi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|308,307
|38.93
|Domburu Majhi
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|278,330
|35.15
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|29,977
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|3.78
|-
|13
|[[Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency|Kandhamal]]
|Rudramadhab Ray
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|315,314
|44.55
|Suzit Kumar Padhi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|164,307
|23.22
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|151,007
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|21.33
|-
|14
|[[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency|Cuttack]]
|Bhartruhari Mahtab
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|465,089
|57.17
|Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|228,797
|28.13
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|236,292
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|29.04
|-
|15
|[[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]
|Baijayant Panda
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|502,635
|51.13
|Ranjib Biswal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|375,528
|38.20
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|127,107
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|12.93
|-
|16
|[[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
|Bibhu Prasad Tarai
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|457,234
|46.50
|Rabindra Kumar Sethy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|380,499
|38.70
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;"|76,735
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;"|7.80
|-
|17
|[[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]
|Pinaki Misra
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|436,961
|48.01
|Debendra Nath Mansingh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|225,656
|24.79
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|211,305
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|23.22
|-
|18
|[[Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
|Prasanna Kumar Patasani
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|400,472
|56.32
|Santosh Mohanty
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|147,712
|20.77
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|252,760
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|35.55
|-
|19
|[[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]
|Nityananda Pradhan
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|419,862
|59.82
|Ramachandra Rath
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|187,028
|26.65
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|232,834
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|33.17
|-
|20
|[[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]
|Sidhant Mohapatra
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|319,839
|44.99
|Chandra Sekhar Sahu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|262,552
|36.93
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|57,287
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|8.06
|-
|21
|[[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput]]
|Jayaram Pangi
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|312,776
|41.18
|Giridhar Gamang
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|216,416
|28.49
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|96,360
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|12.69
|}

==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from Orissa ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!#
!Name
!Constituency
!Designation
!Department
!From
!To
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|rowspan="3"|1
|rowspan="3"|Srikant Kumar Jena
|rowspan="3"|Balasore
|MoS
|[[Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
|28 May 2009
|21 March 2013
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|MoS (I/C)
|[[Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
|12 July 2011
|26 May 2014
|-
|Chemicals and Fertilizers
|20 March 2013
|26 May 2014
|-
|}

==Assembly Seat wise leads==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner-up
!rowspan="2"data-sort-type="number"|Margin
|-
!#
!Name
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type="number" |Votes
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type="number" |Votes
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Bargarh Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|1
|[[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
|Dr. Hamid Hussain
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|66,440
|Sanjay Bhoi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,769
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16,671
|-

|2
|[[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur]]
|Sanjay Bhoi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,872
|Dr. Hamid Hussain
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|50,518
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 7,354
|-

|3
|[[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]
|Sanjay Bhoi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,982
|Dr. Hamid Hussain
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|41,988
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 10,994
|-

|4
|[[Attabira Assembly constituency|Attabira (SC)]]
|Sanjay Bhoi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,114
|Dr. Hamid Hussain
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|37,593
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 25,521
|-

|5
|[[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli]]
|Sanjay Bhoi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,046
|Dr. Hamid Hussain
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|57,141
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 1,905
|-

|6
|[[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]
|Sanjay Bhoi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,503
|Radharani Panda
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|48,962
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 1,541
|-

|7
|[[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
|Sanjay Bhoi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|64,003
|Dr. Hamid Hussain
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|35,847
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 28,156
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|8
|[[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara (ST)]]
|Hemanand Biswal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,939
|Jual Oram
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|39,434
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 10,505
|-

|9
|[[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh (ST)]]
|Hemanand Biswal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,286
|Jual Oram
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|44,285
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 18,001
|-

|10
|[[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur (ST)]]
|Hemanand Biswal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|38,306
|Jual Oram
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|35,753
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 2,553
|-

|11
|[[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali (SC)]]
|Jual Oram
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|29,616
|Hemanand Biswal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24,383
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 5,233
|-

|12
|[[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]
|Jual Oram
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|40,716
|Hemanand Biswal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|26,073
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 14,643
|-

|13
|[[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangapur (ST)]]
|Hemanand Biswal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|44,645
|Jual Oram
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|33,146
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 11,499
|-

|14
|[[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]]
|Jual Oram
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|44,514
|Hemanand Biswal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|33,890
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 10,624
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|15
|[[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]]
|Amarnath Pradhan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,162
|Surendra Lath
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|36,363
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 18,799
|-

|16
|[[Rengali Assembly constituency|Rengali (SC)]]
|Amarnath Pradhan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,501
|Rohit Pujari
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|26,252
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 22,249
|-

|17
|[[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
|Surendra Lath
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,857
|Amarnath Pradhan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|26,415
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 1,442
|-

|18
|[[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol]]
|Rohit Pujari
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|45,244
|Amarnath Pradhan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|34,596
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 10,648
|-

|19
|[[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
|Rohit Pujari
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|57,036
|Amarnath Pradhan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|43,830
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 13,206
|-

|62
|[[Chhendipada Assembly constituency|Chhendipada (SC)]]
|Rohit Pujari
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|54,208
|Amarnath Pradhan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,103
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 4,105
|-

|63
|[[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athamallik]]
|Rohit Pujari
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|62,354
|Amarnath Pradhan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,232
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16,122
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Keonjhar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|20
|[[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkoi (ST)]]
|Yashbant Narayan Singh Laguri
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|59,201
|Dhanurjaya Sidu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|40,549
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 18,652
|-

|21
|[[Ghasipura Assembly constituency|Ghasipura]]
|Yashbant Narayan Singh Laguri
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|74,726
|Dhanurjaya Sidu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,251
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 22,475
|-

|22
|[[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur (SC)]]
|Yashbant Narayan Singh Laguri
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|71,464
|Dhanurjaya Sidu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|47,757
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 23,707
|-

|23
|[[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna (ST)]]
|Yashbant Narayan Singh Laguri
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|54,637
|Dhanurjaya Sidu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|31,443
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 23,194
|-

|24
|[[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
|Yashbant Narayan Singh Laguri
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|43,393
|Ananta Nayak
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|38,755
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 4,638
|-

|25
|[[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua]]
|Yashbant Narayan Singh Laguri
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|40,339
|Dhanurjaya Sidu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|39,060
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 1,279
|-

|30
|[[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia (ST)]]
|Yashbant Narayan Singh Laguri
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|45,214
|Dhanurjaya Sidu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23,898
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 21,316
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|26
|[[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur (ST)]]
|Laxman Tudu
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|46,429
|Droupadi Murmu
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|24,812
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 21,617
|-

|27
|[[Saraskana Assembly constituency|Saraskana (ST)]]
|Laxman Tudu
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|30,518
|Sudam Marndi
|{{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|27,488
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 3,030
|-

|28
|[[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur (ST)]]
|Laxman Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27,388
|Sudam Marndi
|{{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|26,204
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 1,184
|-

|29
|[[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi (ST)]]
|Laxman Tudu
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|51,173
|Sudam Marndi
|{{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|37,028
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 14,145
|-

|31
|[[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala (ST)]]
|Laxman Tudu
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|39,515
|Laxman Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27,073
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 12,442
|-

|33
|[[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada (ST)]]
|Laxman Tudu
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|33,166
|Sudam Marndi
|{{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|31,190
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 1,976
|-

|34
|[[Morada Assembly constituency|Morada]]
|Laxman Tudu
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|40,354
|Sudam Marndi
|{{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|33,180
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 7,174
|-

! colspan="13" |[[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|32
|[[Badasahi Assembly constituency|Badasahi (SC)]]
|Srikant Kumar Jena
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|38,663
|[[M. A. Kharabela Swain]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|26,487
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 12,176
|-

|35
|[[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
|Srikant Kumar Jena
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,770
|[[M. A. Kharabela Swain]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|51,111
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 9,659
|-

|36
|[[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
|Srikant Kumar Jena
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,644
|Arun Dey
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|56,352
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 2,292
|-

|37
|[[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
|Srikant Kumar Jena
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,751
|Arun Dey
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|56,733
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 11,018
|-

|38
|[[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
|Arun Dey
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|44,223
|[[M. A. Kharabela Swain]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|33,839
! style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}; color:white;" | 10,384
|-

|39
|[[Remuna Assembly constituency|Remuna (SC)]]
|[[M. A. Kharabela Swain]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|41,484
|Arun Dey
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|40,984
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 500
|-

|40
|[[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
|[[M. A. Kharabela Swain]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|32,823
|Srikant Kumar Jena
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|30,416
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 2,407
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|41
|[[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro (SC)]]
|Ananta Prasad Sethi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|51,100
|Arjun Charan Sethi
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|33,105
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 17,995
|-

|42
|[[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
|Arjun Charan Sethi
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|68,055
|Ananta Prasad Sethi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|56,074
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 11,981
|-

|43
|[[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari]]
|Arjun Charan Sethi
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|63,056
|Ananta Prasad Sethi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,091
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16,965
|-

|44
|[[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
|Arjun Charan Sethi
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|72,798
|Ananta Prasad Sethi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,715
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 15,083
|-

|45
|[[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]
|Arjun Charan Sethi
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|70,155
|Ananta Prasad Sethi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,774
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 4,381
|-

|46
|[[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar (SC)]]
|Arjun Charan Sethi
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|47,571
|Ratha Das
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|41,680
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 5,891
|-

|47
|[[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandabali]]
|Arjun Charan Sethi
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|61,866
|Ananta Prasad Sethi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,617
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 9,249
|-

|48
|[[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur (SC)]]
|Mohan Jena
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|65,862
|Amiya Kanta Mallik
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|37,017
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 28,845
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|49
|[[Bari, Odisha Assembly constituency|Bari]]
|Mohan Jena
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|56,091
|Amiya Kanta Mallik
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,213
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 10,878
|-

|50
|[[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
|Mohan Jena
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|55,253
|Amiya Kanta Mallik
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|38,912
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16,341
|-

|51
|[[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharmasala]]
|Mohan Jena
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|77,833
|Amiya Kanta Mallik
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|47,015
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 30,818
|-

|52
|[[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur]]
|Mohan Jena
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|59,281
|Amiya Kanta Mallik
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|39,992
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 19,289
|-

|53
|[[Korei Assembly constituency|Korei]]
|Mohan Jena
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|59,587
|Amiya Kanta Mallik
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|39,670
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 19,917
|-

|54
|[[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]
|Mohan Jena
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|59,073
|Amiya Kanta Mallik
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,442
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 1,631
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Dhenkanal Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|55
|[[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
|Tathagata Satpathy
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|62,278
|Rudranarayan Pany
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|40,060
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 22,218
|-

|56
|[[Hindol Assembly constituency|Hindol (SC)]]
|Tathagata Satpathy
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|65,680
|Chandra Sekhar Tripathi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|39,315
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 26,365
|-

|57
|[[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
|Tathagata Satpathy
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|64,457
|Chandra Sekhar Tripathi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|30,693
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 33,764
|-

|58
|[[Parjanga Assembly constituency|Parjanga]]
|Tathagata Satpathy
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|51,945
|Rudranarayan Pany
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|43,634
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 8,311
|-

|59
|[[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
|Tathagata Satpathy
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|43,667
|Rudranarayan Pany
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|36,009
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 7,658
|-

|60
|[[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher]]
|Tathagata Satpathy
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|47,105
|Rudranarayan Pany
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|29,946
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 17,159
|-

|61
|[[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
|Tathagata Satpathy
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|63,402
|Chandra Sekhar Tripathi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|40,021
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 23,381
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Bolangir Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|64
|[[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur (SC)]]
|Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|63,867
|Narasingha Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,103
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 22,764
|-
|65
|[[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur]]
|Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|76,002
|Narasingha Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,506
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 29,496
|-

|66
|[[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha (SC)]]
|Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|60,290
|Narasingha Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,558
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 4,732
|-

|67
|[[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
|Sangeeta Kumari Singh Deo
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61,313
|Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|47,179
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 14,134
|-

|68
|[[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]
|Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|54,071
|Narasingha Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,022
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 9,049
|-

|69
|[[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titlagarh]]
|Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|66,263
|Narasingha Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,141
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16,122
|-

|70
|[[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]
|Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|62,425
|Narasingha Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,399
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 2,026
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|71
|[[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nuapada]]
|Subash Chandra Nayak
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|48,926
|Bikram Keshari Deo
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|32,530
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16,396
|-

|72
|[[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
|Bikram Keshari Deo
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|47,518
|Bhakta Charan Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,386
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 1,132
|-

|77
|[[Lanjigarh Assembly constituency|Lanjigarh (ST)]]
|Bhakta Charan Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|56,234
|Subash Chandra Nayak
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|37,945
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 18,289
|-

|78
|[[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
|Bhakta Charan Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,741
|Bikram Keshari Deo
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|29,033
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 43,708
|-

|79
|[[Dharmgarh Assembly constituency|Dharmgarh]]
|Bhakta Charan Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|61,145
|Subash Chandra Nayak
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|44,682
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 16,463
|-

|80
|[[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna (SC)]]
|Bhakta Charan Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,500
|Bikram Keshari Deo
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|31,741
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 30,759
|-

|81
|[[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla]]
|Bhakta Charan Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,434
|Subash Chandra Nayak
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|29,327
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 40,107
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Nabarangpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|73
|[[Umarkote Assembly constituency|Umarkote (ST)]]
|Domburu Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|42,147
|Pradeep Kumar Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|31,108
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 11,039
|-

|74
|[[Jharigam Assembly constituency|Jharigam (ST)]]
|Domburu Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|51,833
|Pradeep Kumar Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|44,808
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 7,025
|-

|75
|[[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nabarangpur (ST)]]
|Pradeep Kumar Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,124
|Domburu Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|48,830
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 10,294
|-

|76
|[[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam (ST)]]
|Pradeep Kumar Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,868
|Domburu Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|34,755
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 19,113
|-

|142
|[[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad (ST)]]
|Pradeep Kumar Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,524
|Domburu Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|36,280
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 19,244
|-

|146
|[[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri (ST)]]
|Domburu Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|37,418
|Pradeep Kumar Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|32,742
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 4,676
|-

|147
|[[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda (ST)]]
|Pradeep Kumar Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|31,091
|Domburu Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|27,040
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 4,051
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|82
|[[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Baliguda (ST)]]
|Ashok Sahu
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28,071
|Suzit Kumar Padhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|18,645
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 9,426
|-

|83
|[[G. Udayagiri Assembly constituency|G. Udayagiri (ST)]]
|Ashok Sahu
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|47,963
|Suzit Kumar Padhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|22,346
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" | 25,617
|-

|84
|[[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani (ST)]]
|Rudramadhab Ray
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|37,059
|Ashok Sahu
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|30,988
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 6,071
|-

|85
|[[Kantamal Assembly constituency|Kantamal]]
|Rudramadhab Ray
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|47,857
|Suzit Kumar Padhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|31,584
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 16,273
|-

|86
|[[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]
|Rudramadhab Ray
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|48,977
|Suzit Kumar Padhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28,387
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 20,590
|-

|121
|[[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla (SC)]]
|Rudramadhab Ray
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|64,811
|Suzit Kumar Padhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21,878
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 42,933
|-

|123
|[[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
|Rudramadhab Ray
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|90,816
|Suzit Kumar Padhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17,247
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 73,569
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|87
|[[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
|Bhartruhari Mahtab
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|81,602
|Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|40,662
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 40,940
|-

|88
|[[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]
|Bhartruhari Mahtab
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|71,611
|Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,740
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 24,871
|-

|89
|[[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athagarh]]
|Bhartruhari Mahtab
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|61,632
|Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|34,419
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 27,213
|-

|90
|[[Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Barabati-Cuttack]]
|Bhartruhari Mahtab
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|49,253
|Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|25,764
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 23,489
|-

|91
|[[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Choudwar-Cuttack]]
|Bhartruhari Mahtab
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|63,650
|Anadi Sahu
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|20,209
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 43,441
|-

|93
|[[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar (SC)]]
|Bhartruhari Mahtab
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|74,486
|Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|22,276
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 52,210
|-

|120
|[[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapada]]
|Bhartruhari Mahtab
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|62,768
|Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|43,115
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 19,653
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|94
|[[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salipur]]
|Baijayant Panda
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|68,456
|Ranjib Biswal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,070
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 6,386
|-

|95
|[[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
|Baijayant Panda
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|88,321
|Ranjib Biswal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,340
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 27,981
|-

|96
|[[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
|Baijayant Panda
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|74,937
|Jnandev Beura
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|35,105
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 39,832
|-

|97
|[[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara (SC)]]
|Baijayant Panda
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|64,029
|Ranjib Biswal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|44,962
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 19,067
|-

|98
|[[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
|Baijayant Panda
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|71,930
|Ranjib Biswal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,577
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 6,353
|-

|99
|[[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]
|Baijayant Panda
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|64,251
|Ranjib Biswal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,167
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 6,084
|-

|100
|[[Mahakalapada Assembly constituency|Mahakalapada]]
|Baijayant Panda
|{{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|70,704
|Ranjib Biswal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|51,513
! style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}; color:white;" | 19,191
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|92
|[[Niali Assembly constituency|Niali (SC)]]
|Bibhu Prasad Tarai
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|70,036
|Rabindra Kumar Sethy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|47,991
! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" | 22,045
|-

|101
|[[Paradeep Assembly constituency|Paradeep]]
|Bibhu Prasad Tarai
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|70,994
|Rabindra Kumar Sethy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|33,125
! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" | 37,869
|-

|102
|[[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol (SC)]]
|Rabindra Kumar Sethy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,080
|Bibhu Prasad Tarai
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|63,529
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 6,449
|-

|103
|[[Balikuda-Ersama Assembly constituency|Balikuda-Ersama]]
|Bibhu Prasad Tarai
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|73,884
|Rabindra Kumar Sethy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,633
! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" | 10,251
|-

|104
|[[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
|Rabindra Kumar Sethy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,121
|Bibhu Prasad Tarai
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|53,741
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 9,380
|-

|105
|[[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur (SC)]]
|Rabindra Kumar Sethy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,055
|Bibhu Prasad Tarai
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|61,412
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" | 3,643
|-

|106
|[[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara]]
|Bibhu Prasad Tarai
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|63,613
|Rabindra Kumar Sethy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,467
! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;" | 13,146
|-

|}

== Assembly segments wise lead of parties ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in Assembly (as of 2009 simultaneous elections)
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
! [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|97
|103
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
|33
|27
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|11
|6
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
! [[Communist Party of India]]
|5
|{{dash}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
! [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|1
|4
|-
|bgcolor=#faf8fa|
! Others
|{{dash}}
|7
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2|147
|}

==References==
<references />

{{Odisha elections}}
{{15th LS members from Odisha}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in Odisha]]
[[Category:2009 Indian general election by state or union territory|Orissa]]
[[Category:Odisha-related lists]]
[[Category:2000s in Orissa]]

Akash (missile)

2026-03-27T06:03:00Z

DrusillaSchuster: update content for consistency and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|Indian surface-to-air missile series}}
{{Redirect|Akash-1S|the longer ranged pulsed rocket motor powered missile|Akash-NG|}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Akash
| image = AkashPrimeSAM.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Latest variant, Akash Prime missile being fired from a mobile launcher
| origin = [[India]]
| type = Mobile [[Surface-to-air missile]] system
| is_ranged = yes
| is_missile = yes
| is_UK = 
| service = 2009-present
| used_by = [[Indian Army]] [[Indian Air Force]] [[Armenian Armed Forces]] See ''[[#Operators|Operators]]''
| wars = [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]
| designer = [[Prahlada (scientist)|Prahlada Rama Rao]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bagla |first1=Pallava |title="Happiest Day...": The Man Behind Akash System That Stopped Pak Missiles |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-pakistan-news-india-pakistan-missile-attack-akash-missile-defence-system-dr-prahlada-ramarao-akash-system-stopped-pak-missiles-8373314 |access-date=11 May 2025 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
| design_date =
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| unit_cost = [[₹]]2.5 [[crore]] (US$250K)
| production_date = 2009–present
| number = 15,500 missiles till {{dts|2025}}<ref name="aviation week">{{cite news|url=http://web02.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2011/03/25/awx_03_25_2011_p0-301846.xml&headline=Indian%20Army%20Orders%20Akash%20Missile%20System|title=Indian Army Orders Akash SAM
|publisher=Aviation Week|date=25 March 2011|access-date=28 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref>
| variants = *Akash 1S 
*Akash Prime
*[[Akash-NG]]
| speed = Mach 1.8 to 2.5<ref name=":2"/>
| spec_label =
| weight = {{convert|720|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|578|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter = {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} – {{convert|35|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| crew =
| passengers = 
| breech =
| recoil =
| carriage =
| elevation =
| traverse = 
| blade_type =
| hilt_type =
| sheath_type =
| head_type =
| haft_type = 
| filling = [[High-explosive]], [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]]
| filling_weight = {{convert|60|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| detonation = [[Radio proximity fuze]]
| yield = 
| wingspan =
| propellant = [[Solid fuel]]
| engine = [[Solid-propellant rocket|Solid booster]] with [[air-augmented rocket]] and [[ramjet]] [[Sustainer engine|sustainer]] motor
| ceiling = {{convert|20|km|ft|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Kirti |title=What is Akash Missile System? Check Range, Speed and Other Key Details |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-akash-missile-system-range-speed-and-other-key-details-1746786851-1 |access-date=24 December 2025 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
| altitude = {{convert|18|km|ft|abbr=on}}
| depth =
| boost =
| accuracy =
| launch_platform = *[[T-72]] or [[BMP-2]] or [[BEML]]–[[Tatra (company)|Tatra]] chassis (Army)
*[[Tata LPTA]] 3138 8×8 Trucks (Air Force)<ref name="belakash">{{cite web|url=http://www.bel-india.in/Products.aspx?MId=13&LId=1&link=81|title=BEL Akash Missile System|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920162353/https://bel-india.in/Products.aspx?MId=13&LId=1&link=81|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Command guidance]] with [[datalink]] '''Terminal:''' [[Active radar homing]]
| transport =
| vehicle_range = • '''MK 1/1s''' – {{convert|25|km|mile|abbr=on}}<ref>{{ cite news | url =https://theprint.in/defence/govt-approves-export-of-indigenous-akash-missiles-as-uae-vietnam-among-others-show-interest/576658/ | title =Govt approves export of indigenous Akash SAM as UAE, Vietnam among others show interest | work =[[The Print]] |location =[[New Delhi]]|
date =30 December 2020 | first =SNEHESH ALEX | last = PHILIP |access-date =30 July 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":2"/> • '''Prime''' – {{convert|30|km|mile|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Exercise Astrashakti: Indian Akash air defence missile system destroys 4 targets simultaneously |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/exercise-astrashakti-indian-akash-air-defence-missile-system-destroys-4-targets-simultaneously/article67647579.ece |access-date=18 December 2023 |agency=ANI |work=The Hindu |date=17 December 2023}}</ref> • [[Akash-NG|'''NG''']] – {{convert|50|km|mile|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patel |first1=Raghav |title=DRDO Extends Akash-NG Missile Range to 50 km after Successful Dual-Pulse Motor Validation against High-Speed Banshee Drone |url=https://defence.in/threads/drdo-extends-akash-ng-missile-range-to-50-km-after-successful-dual-pulse-motor-validation-against-high-speed-banshee-drone.16743/ |website=defence.in |access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''Akash''' ({{Lit|Sky}}) is a medium-range<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web|title=India Successfully Test Fires Medium-Range Akash Missile|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-successfully-test-fires-medium-range-akash-missile-579358|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812154859/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-successfully-test-fires-medium-range-akash-missile-579358|archive-date=12 August 2016|access-date=26 July 2016|website=NDTV}}</ref> mobile [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) system developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO). The [[Indian Army|Army]] and the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] variants of the missile system are produced by [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] (BDL) and [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] (BEL).<ref name=":12" /> Surveillance and [[Fire-control radar|fire control radar]], Tactical [[Command and Control]] Center and missile launcher are developed by BEL, [[Tata Advanced Systems|Tata Advanced Systems Limited]] and [[Larsen & Toubro]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akash Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) System |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/akash-surface-to-air-missile-system/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240116061116/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/akash-surface-to-air-missile-system/?cf-view |archive-date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2019-11-17 |website=Airforce Technology}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Journal of Electronic Defense Staff |title= International Electronic Countermeasures Handbook |publisher= Artech House |year= 2004 |isbn=978-1-58053-898-5|chapter=Guided Threat Systems|page=115}}</ref> The Akash missile system can target aircraft up to {{cvt|45|km}} away.<ref name=":3">[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-for-second-day/ Akash missile successfully test fired for second day, ''Dated:18 November 2014''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706133433/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-for-second-day/|date=6 July 2015}}</ref> It has the capability to neutralise aerial targets like fighter jets, cruise missiles and air-to-surface missiles.<ref name="ndtv.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nuclear-capable-Akash-missile-test-fired/articleshow/2620568.cms |title=Nuclear-capable Akash missile test fired |access-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 December 2007 |archive-date=27 August 2017 }} Nuclear-capable Akash missile test fired</ref> It is in operational service with the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.

An Akash battery comprises a single [[Passive electronically scanned array|PESA]] 3D [[Rajendra radar]] and four launchers with three missiles each, all of which are interlinked. Each battery can track up to 64 targets and attack up to 12 of them. The missile has a {{convert|60|kg|lb|abbr=on}} high-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead with a [[proximity fuse]]. The Akash system is fully mobile and capable of protecting a moving convoy of vehicles. The launch platform has been integrated with both wheeled and tracked vehicles. While the Akash system has primarily been designed as an air defence SAM, it also has been tested in a missile defense role. The system provides air defence missile coverage for an area of {{cvt|2,000|km2}}. The Indian military's combined orders of the Akash, including radar systems (WLR and Surveillance), have a total worth of {{INRConvert|28800|c|lk=on|year=2017|}}.<ref name="AW01"/><ref>[http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/10/08/awx_10_08_2010_p0-260585.xml Akash Missile Users Give Feedback To DRDO {{!}} AVIATION WEEK] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece |date=27 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2011/03/25/awx_03_25_2011_p0-301846.xml |title= More Akash systems for Army – NATIONAL – the Hindu|website=aviationweek.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece |archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> As per [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) Report 2018, existing order of Akash saved {{INRConvert|34500|c|lk=off|year=2018|}} of foreign exchange for India on imports.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Sushant|date=2021-09-28|title=Explained: What are the two advanced versions of Akash missile?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-two-advanced-versions-of-akash-missile-7539643/|access-date=2021-09-29|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In July 2025, the [[Indian Army]] successfully conducted high-altitude trials of the indigenously developed Akash Prime air defence system in eastern [[Ladakh]], aiming to bolster India's operational capabilities in mountainous terrain.

The two-day trial, conducted at an altitude of over 15,000 feet, was jointly executed by the Army Air Defence Corps and senior scientists from the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)]]. During the exercise, Akash Prime scored two direct hits on fast-moving aerial targets, validating its precision and adaptability in the rarified high-altitude atmosphere.

The test marks a significant step toward enhancing India’s area air defence in sensitive border regions and is in alignment with the country's broader goal of building a self-reliant and resilient indigenous missile defence ecosystem under the ‘[[Atmanirbhar Bharat|Aatmanirbhar Bharat]]’ initiative.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2025-07-17 |title=Akash Prime successfully tested in Ladakh by Indian Army |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/akash-prime-successfully-tested-in-ladakh-by-indian-army/article69822280.ece |access-date=2025-07-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Description==
===System===
[[File:Akash SAM.webm|thumb|Akash missile destroying target|alt=|left]]Each Akash battery consists of four self-propelled Launchers (three Akash SAMs each), a Battery Level Radar – the [[Rajendra Radar|Rajendra]], and a Command post (Battery Control Centre). Two batteries are deployed as a Squadron ([[Indian Air Force|Air Force]]), while up to four form an Akash Group/Regiment ([[Indian Army|Army]] configuration). In both configurations, an extra Group Control Centre (GCC) is added, which acts as the Command and Control HQ of the Squadron or Group. Based on a single mobile platform, GCC establishes links with Battery Control Centres and conducts air defense operations in coordination with air defense set up in a zone of operations. For early warning, the GCC relies on the [[Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR)|Central Acquisition Radar]]. However, individual batteries can also be deployed with the cheaper, 2-D BSR (Battery Surveillance Radar) with a range of over 100 km.

Akash has an advanced automated functioning capability. The 3D CAR automatically starts tracking targets at a distance of around 150 km providing early warning to the system and operators. The target track information is transferred to GCC. GCC automatically classifies the target. BSR starts tracking targets around a range of 100 km. This data is transferred to GCC. The GCC performs multi-radar tracking of up to 200 targets and carries out track correlation & data fusion. Target position information is sent to the BLR which uses this information to acquire the targets.

The BCC which can engage a target(s) from the selected list at the earliest point of time is assigned the target in real time by the GCC. The availability of missiles and the health of the missiles are also taken into consideration during this process. Fresh targets are assigned as and when intercepts with assigned targets are completed. A single shot kill probability of 88% has been achieved by the system taking into consideration various parametres of the sensors, guidance command, missile capabilities and kill zone computations.

There are a number of possibilities for deploying Akash weapon system in autonomous mode and in group mode for neutralizing the threat profiles with defined multi-target engagement scenarios. In the Group mode we can have number of configurations to defend vulnerable areas depending upon nature and expected threat pattern, characteristics of threat. Similarly, multiple batteries in autonomous mode can be deployed to defend vulnerable areas/points. In a Group formation, the four Batteries can be deployed in various geometric formations, as suited to the vulnerable area being protected and the extent desired to be sanitized from enemy air threat. In a box deployment pattern, an Akash group can defend an area of 62 km × 62 km. In a linear array configuration, it covers an area of 98 km × 44 km. Trapezoidal configuration gives defense to the largest area as compared to any other pattern of deployment covering an area of size 5,000 km2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OPERATIONAL SCENARIOS |url=http://www.akashsam.com/operational.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707101903/http://www.akashsam.com/operational.htm |archive-date=2011-07-07 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.akashsam.com}}</ref>

Each Akash battery can engage up to four targets simultaneously with 24 ready to fire missiles. Each battery has four launchers with three missiles, while each Rajendra able to guide eight missiles in total, with a maximum of two missiles per target. Up to a maximum of four targets can be engaged simultaneously by a typical battery with a single Rajendra if one (or two) missile is allotted per target. A single Akash missile has an 88% probability of kill. Two missiles can be fired, five seconds apart, to raise the probability of Kill to 98.5%. Communications between the various vehicles are a combination of wireless and wired links. The entire system is designed to be set up quickly and to be highly mobile for high survivability. The Akash system can be deployed by rail, road or air.

The Akash SAM has been interfaced with both the [[Akashteer]] and the [[Integrated Air Command and Control System]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukul |first=Sushim |date=2025-07-03 |title=Brazil eyes India's Akash system that killed Pak missiles during Op Sindoor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/brazil-eyes-india-akash-missile-operation-sindoor-pakistan-china-pm-modi-brics-summit-air-defence-2750095-2025-07-03 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

===Missile===
[[File:Akash missile test on 18 June 2014.jpg|thumb|Akash missile test fired for very low altitude near boundary mission on 18 June 2014.]]
Akash is a surface-to-air missile with an intercept range of 25 km.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Rishi |date=1 April 2021 |title=Bharat Dynamics flags off Akash Missiles for delivery to Indian Army |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/bharat-dynamics-flags-off-akash-missiles-for-delivery-to-indian-army/article34217703.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240116062012/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/bharat-dynamics-flags-off-akash-missiles-for-delivery-to-indian-army/article34217703.ece |archive-date=16 January 2024 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Business Line |location=[[Hyderabad]]}}</ref> It has a launch weight of 720 kg, a diameter of 35 cm and a length of 5.78 meters. Akash flies at supersonic speed, reaching around [[Mach number|Mach]] 2.5. It can reach an altitude of 20 km and can be fired from both tracked and wheeled platforms.<ref name=":2" /> An on-board guidance system coupled with an actuator system makes the missile maneuverable up to 15g loads and a tail chase capability for end game engagement. A digital [[proximity fuse]] is coupled with a 55 kg pre-fragmented warhead, while the safety arming and detonation mechanism enables a controlled detonation sequence. A self-destruct device is also integrated. It is propelled by an Integrated Ramjet Rocket Engine. The use of a [[ramjet]] propulsion system enables sustained speeds without deceleration throughout its flight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : National : Akash missile achieves a milestone |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/11/stories/2005121102871000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104002640/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/11/stories/2005121102871000.htm |archive-date=2012-11-04 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.hindu.com}}</ref> The missile has [[command guidance]] in its entire flight.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=AKASH AIR DEFENCE WEAPON SYSTEM |url=http://www.drdo.com/bnews/jan08/akash_test.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409051827/http://www.drdo.com/bnews/jan08/akash_test.htm |archive-date=2008-04-09 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.drdo.org}}</ref>

The design of the missile is somewhat similar to that of the [[2K12 Kub]] with four long tube ramjet inlet ducts mounted mid-body between wings. For pitch/yaw control four clipped triangular moving wings are mounted on the mid-body. For roll control four inline clipped delta fins with ailerons are mounted before the tail. However, the internal schematic shows a different layout with an onboard digital computer, absence of semi-active seeker, different propellant, different actuators and [[command guidance]] with [[Data link|datalinks]]. The Akash carries an onboard [[Radio proximity fuse|radio-proximity fuse]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Composite technology for Akash includes radome assemblies, booster liners, ablative liners, sustainer liners, compression molded wings and fins.<ref name="Frontier India">{{cite web|url=http://frontierindia.net/iaf-initiates-process-for-inducting-akash-and-trishul-sams|title=IAF initiates process for inducting Akash and Trishul SAM's|website=Frontier India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616174211/http://frontierindia.net/iaf-initiates-process-for-inducting-akash-and-trishul-sams|archive-date=16 June 2012|access-date=24 December 2014}}</ref> The aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]]' 1.2 m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Bengaluru: 1.2m trisonic wind tunnel at National Aerospace Laboratories completes 55 years of service |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bengaluru-12m-trisonic-wind-tunnel-at-national-aerospace-laboratories-completes-55-years-of-service20220606001500/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref>

===Propulsion===
The Akash, like the Russian [[2K12 Kub]] (SA-6 Gainful), utilizes an integrated [[ramjet|ramjet-rocket propulsion system]], which, after initial rocket motor burnout, provides sustained thrust for the missile throughout its flight until interception.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-15 |title=Akash Missiles: All about India's first home-made supersonic missile |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/akash-missile-all-about-indias-first-home-made-supersonic-missile/articleshow/72119996.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240116062258/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/akash-missile-all-about-indias-first-home-made-supersonic-missile/articleshow/72119996.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2024-01-16 |access-date=2023-06-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

===Radars===
{{main|Rajendra Radar}}

[[File:Rajendra Radar during Republic Day 2019.jpg|thumb|left|Rajendra Radar during [[Republic Day]], 2019]]

The missile is guided by a [[phased array]] fire control [[radar]] called '[[Rajendra Radar|Rajendra]]' which is termed as Battery Level Radar (BLR) with a tracking range of about 60 km.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pike |first=John |title=Akash (Sky) surface-to-air missile |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/akash.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117224950/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/akash.htm |archive-date=2008-01-17 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> The tracking and missile guidance radar configuration consists of a slewable phased array antenna of more than 4,000 elements, spectrally pure TWT transmitter, two stage [[Superheterodyne receiver|superheterodyne]] correlation receiver for three channels, high speed digital signal processor, real time management computer and a powerful radar data processor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AKASH |url=http://www.akashsam.com/about.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707102052/http://www.akashsam.com/about.htm |archive-date=2011-07-07 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.akashsam.com}}</ref> It can track 64 targets in range, azimuth and height and guide eight missiles simultaneously in ripple fire mode towards four targets. The radar has advanced ECCM features. The Rajendra derivative on a [[BMP-2]] chassis and to be used by the Indian Air Force is known as the Battery Level Radar-II whereas that for the Army, is based on a [[T-72]] chassis and is known as the Battery Level Radar-III.

The Army version also consists of the Battery Surveillance Radar (BSR). BSR is a track vehicle based, long range sensor, interfaced with the BCC. It can detect and track up to 40 targets in range and azimuth up to a range of 100 km.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AKASH |url=http://www.akashsam.com/radar.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192237/http://www.akashsam.com/radar.htm |archive-date=2011-07-21 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.akashsam.com}}</ref>

Long range target acquisition is performed by the [[Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR)|3D Central Acquisition Radar (3D CAR)]], which is a long range surveillance radar that can track up to 200 targets in [[Track while Scan]] mode (detecting, tracking and processing) in three dimensions at a range of 180 km. It provides azimuth, range and height coordinates of targets to the Group Control Centre (GCC) through secure communication links. The data is used to cue the weapon control radar.<ref name="About Akash">[http://www.akashsam.com/about.htm About Akash] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707102052/http://www.akashsam.com/about.htm|date=7 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_227.shtml|title=Aero India 2003 – Part 6|access-date=24 December 2014|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010180852/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_227.shtml|archive-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>

===Platforms===
[[File:AKASH Missiles.jpg|thumb|[[File:Akash_SAM.jpg|alt=|frameless|173x173px]]Akash Missiles on a [[BMP-2]] chassis. |alt=|179x179px]]
The Army's radar and launchers are based on the T-72 chassis built by the [[Ordnance Factories Board]]'s [[Ordnance Factory Medak]] to accompany the Army's fast moving armoured formations.<ref name="bs-armyakash">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/army-warms-up-to-akash-missile-109110700042_1.html|title=Army warms up to Akash missile|first=Ajai|last=Shukla|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=7 November 2009|access-date=26 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816131825/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/army-warms-up-to-akash-missile-109110700042_1.html|archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> The Air Force versions use a combination of tracked and wheeled vehicle. The Air Force Akash launcher consists of a detachable trailer which is towed by a [[Tata Motors|Tata]] truck, which can be positioned autonomously. The Air Force launcher is designed by [[Larsen & Toubro]] jointly with DRDO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.larsentoubro.com/heavy-engineering/products-services/defence-aerospace/land-weapon-systems/missile-launchers/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180625064119/http://www.larsentoubro.com/heavy-engineering/products-services/defence-aerospace/land-weapon-systems/missile-launchers/|archive-date = 2018-06-25|title = Missile Launchers | Heavy Engineering | L&T India}}</ref> Both the Army and Air Force launchers have three ready-to-fire Akash missiles each. The launchers can slew in both elevation and azimuth. The Army Self-Propelled Launcher (ASPL) is 360 degrees slewable and its arc in elevation is from 6 to 60 degrees. The Akash Air Force Launcher (AAFL) is 360 degree slewable, in elevation it can fire from 8 to 55 degrees in all directions depending on the mode of deployment.<ref>[http://www.akashsam.com/launchers.htm Akash Launchers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192208/http://www.akashsam.com/launchers.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> Akash Air force launcher features an All electro servo drive system for fully automated and remote operation.<ref name="Frontier India" />
To enable the Akash group to perform self-sufficient in the combat zone, a number of supporting specialist vehicles have been designed and developed. They are mobile and field-worthy. Their design is based on the role and task to be performed and the vehicles are accordingly allocated to the Group HQ, the Batteries, Assembly Line Area and the Field maintenance workshop. Some of the vehicles are: the Missile Transportation Vehicle (MTV), the Transportation and Loading Vehicle (TLV), the Mobile Station for Missile Checkout (MSMC) Vehicle, the Air Compressor Vehicle (ACV), the Power Supply vehicles (GPSV, BPSV), the Engineering Support, Maintenance and Repair vehicles (GEM, BEM) and a few others. These specialist vehicles assemble and prepare missiles, deliver them to Batteries, carry maintenance spares and fuel, and provide logistical engineering support. Their allocation provides for flexibility and self-sufficiency to the whole Akash Group.<ref>[http://www.akashsam.com/support_vehicles.htm Akash Support Vehicles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192305/http://www.akashsam.com/support_vehicles.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Development and history==
{{See also|Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme}}
The development of the missile began in 1984 as a part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-06 |title=Akash Missile: 9 Things you must know about India's first indigenously developed surface to air missile |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/akash-missile-things-you-must-know-251686-2015-05-06 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Army inducts indigenously-built surface-to-air missile Akash |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/army-inducts-indigenously-built-surface-to-air-missile-akash-76511/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> with an estimated development cost of {{INRConvert|300|c|lk=on|year=1984}} under the directorship of Prahlada Ramarao.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title='Chosen by 'Missile Man' APJ Abdul Kalam': Who is Prahlada Ramarao, man behind India's homegrown Akash Missile defence system |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/chosen-by-missile-man-apj-abdul-kalam-who-is-prahlada-ramarao-man-behind-indias-homegrown-akash-missile-defence-system/articleshow/121150216.cms |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title='It means more than my...': How the scientist who led Akash project reacted as his "missile child" protected the nation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/it-means-more-than-my-how-the-scientist-who-led-akash-project-reacted-as-his-missile-child-protected-the-nation/articleshow/121152457.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The Akash Missile Development cost of {{INRConvert|1000|c|lk=|year=2017}}, including the project sanction of {{INRConvert|600|c|lk=on|year=2017}}, is 8-10 times lower than the cost of similar system developments in other countries. Akash has certain unique characteristics like mobility, all-the-way-powered flight till target interception, multiple target handling, digitally-coded command guidance and fully automatic operation.<ref name="AW01" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=India exports Akash missile system to Armenia in Rs 6,000 crore deal |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/india-exports-akash-missile-system-to-armenia-in-rs-6000-crore-deal/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

[[Bharat Electronics]], Bangalore is the Nodal Production Agency for the Akash Weapon System and also the production partner of the radar systems. [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] (Missile), [[Larsen & Toubro]] (Missile and Launcher), [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited]] (Command and Control Centre), and [[Tata Power Company Limited]] (Launcher) are the other major production partners.<ref name=":16" />

As of 2008, each missile is expected to have starting costs below {{INRConvert|2|c|year=2008}}<ref name="drdo.org">{{cite web |date=2008-02-17 |title=Dr. Prahlada, Chief Controller R&D (SI) and DS Interview |url=http://www.drdo.org/dpi/prahlada_interview.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418015036/http://www.drdo.org/dpi/prahlada_interview.html |archive-date=18 April 2008 |access-date=25 September 2008}}</ref> which is less than half the cost of similar Western missiles which usually cost between US$1.2-1.5 million (₹5-6 crore) each.<ref name="IAF Hindu">{{cite web |date=2005-12-11 |title=National : Akash missile achieves a milestone |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/11/stories/2005121102871000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104002640/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/11/stories/2005121102871000.htm |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=24 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It is expected that this cost will further decrease because of the [[economies of scale]] achieved as production ramps up.<ref name="drdo.org" />

For the first time, Akash showed in Exercise Astrashakti 2023 that it could engage four targets at once under command guidance with a single fire unit at a maximum range of about 30 km. The targets were divided to attack defence assets from various angles and were approaching from the same direction in a close formation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-17 |title=Exercise Astrashakti: Indian Akash air defence missile system destroys 4 targets simultaneously|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/exercise-astrashakti-indian-akash-air-defence-missile-system-destroys-4-targets-simultaneously/article67647579.ece |access-date=2023-12-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
===Mark 1===
{{Excerpt|Akash (missile)|Missile|paragraphs=1}}

=== Akash Mk1S ===
[[File:Akash MK-1S missile test on 27 May 2019 - 1.jpg|thumb|Akash-1S missile test on 27 May 2019|alt=]]The Akash Mk1S was the intermediate upgrade while developing the Akash Prime variant. The Mk1S featured an indigenous active radio frequency seeker along with the original command guidance system of the Mark 1 variant. The missile was test fired in May 2019 from [[Integrated Test Range]] (ITR), [[Chandipur, Odisha]]. The additional seeker improved the ability to shootdown advanced targets along with single shot kill probability.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2019-05-27 |title=DRDO successfully test fires AKASH – MK -1S |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1572701 |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=India Successfully Test Fires Improved Akash Missile |url=https://www.sps-aviation.com/story/?id=2563&h=India-Successfully-Test-Fires-Improved-Akash-Missile |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.sps-aviation.com}}</ref>

=== Akash Prime ===
[[File:Akash-Prime SAM.jpg|thumb|Akash-Prime SAM]]
The Akash Prime missile is equipped with an indigenous active radio frequency seeker giving it a 360° engagement capability with higher accuracy. The missile will be manufactured by [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] while [[Bharat Electronics]] will produce radars, radars, control centres, simulators, associated vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=21 June 2023 |title=BEL receives order for Akash Prime weapons |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/bel-receives-order-for-akash-prime-weapons |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=Janes.com}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite news |date=2021-09-27 |title=Successful Maiden Flight Test of Akash Prime Missile |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1758711 |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> Akash Prime is also optimized for low temperature and high altitude operations with modified ground system and has a range of 30 km and a flight altitude of 18 km.<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-28 |title=Explained: What are the two advanced versions of Akash missile? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-two-advanced-versions-of-akash-missile-7539643/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929195844/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-two-advanced-versions-of-akash-missile-7539643/ |archive-date=2022-09-29 |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref> The missile was first flight tested in September 2021 where it successfully intercepted and destroyed an unmanned aerial target mimicking enemy aircraft.<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Negi|first=Manjeet|date=2021-09-27|title=Akash Prime, new version of Akash missile, successfully destroys unmanned aerial target during flight test|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/index/story/drdo-tests-new-version-of-akash-missile-akash-prime-in-odisha-1857913-2021-09-27|access-date=2021-09-27|website=India Today}}</ref> The new missile and modified ground systems, collectively referred to as improved Akash Weapon System (AWS), was ordered in March 2023. The system has an indigenous content of 82% which will be increased to 93%. The missile also has "Reduced Foot Print".<ref name=":19" /> Akash Prime employs a combination of seeker-based terminal guidance with command guidance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref> The missile variant is associated with the '''Advanced Akash Weapon System'''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-03-26 |title=Bharat Dynamics completes first-off production model of Advanced Akash system |url=https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aerospace-defence/bharat-dynamics-completes-first-off-production-model-of-advanced-akash-system/129821910 |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=ETManufacturing.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== Akash-NG ===
{{main|Akash-NG}}

[[File:Akash NG being flight tested (cropped).jpg|thumb|Akash-NG]]
A successor missile with a new design '''Akash – New generation''' abbreviated as [[Akash-NG]] was approved in September 2016 with a funding of {{INRConvert|470|c|lk=|year=2016}} to succeed Akash and Akash-1S with improved capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158007|title=DRDO Projects|date=3 February 2017|website=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]|via=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=2019-10-28}}</ref> Akash-NG will have an improved reaction time and higher level of protection against saturation attacks. The second stage uses [[Pulsed rocket motor|dual-pulse solid rocket motor]] which is lighter instead of air-breathing solid ramjet engine to increase the overall range from current 25–30 km to 70–80 km, an [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) Multi-Function Radar (MFR) and optical [[proximity fuze]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/next-generation-akash-ng-add-new-diamension-india-s-air-defence-capabilities-2817050.html|title=Next generation Akash-NG to add new diamension to India's air defence capabilities|last=SV|first=Vikas|date=2018-12-04|website=oneindia|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar Rout|first=Hemant|date=25 January 2021|title=Next-generation surface-to-air Akash missile successfully test-fired|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/25/next-generation-surface-to-air-akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-2254916.html|access-date=2022-01-24|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The final user trials were conducted successfully on 23rd December 2025, with engagement of aerial targets in various scenarios and the missile is ready for induction into the Indian Armed Forces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-12-24 |title=DRDO completes user evaluation trials of Akash-NG missile system |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/drdo-completes-user-evaluation-trials-of-akash-ng-missile-system-2840802-2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Trials ==
{{for|the tests and flight trials of Akash-NG|Akash-NG#Testing}}
* The first test flight of Akash missile was conducted in 1990, with development flights up to March 1997.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-19 |title=Akash Missile: Everything about India's first Indigenous Missile. - Militaryview |url=https://militaryview.com/akash-missile-indias-first-indigenous-missile/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Two Akash missiles from separate launchers intercepted two fast moving targets in simultaneous engagement mode in both 2005 and 2006. The trials were conducted in the [[Integrated Test Range]] (IT), [[Chandipur, Odisha]]. The group mode performance of the [[Central acquisition radar (3D-CAR)|Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR)]] was also fully established.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{cite web |title=IAF initiates process for inducting Akash and Trishul SAM's |url=http://frontierindia.net/iaf-initiates-process-for-inducting-akash-and-trishul-sams/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325051818/http://frontierindia.net/iaf-initiates-process-for-inducting-akash-and-trishul-sams/ |archive-date=25 March 2010 |access-date=24 December 2014 |website=Frontier India}}</ref> A total of 16 flight trials were completed by August 2006.<ref name=":17" />
* Between 14 and 21 December 2007, the [[Indian Air Force]] completed user trials for this missile. The trials were declared successful after the missile hit the target on five occasions. Multiple target handling capability of Akash weapon system was demonstrated by live firing in [[C4I]] environment. The last trial was conducted at 2:15 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 21 December. Before the ten-day trial at ITR, [[Electronic counter-countermeasure|ECCM]] Evaluation tests along with Field Mobility Tests were carried out at [[Gwalior Airport|Gwalior Air Force Station]] and mobility trials were carried out in [[Pokhran]]. The IAF had evolved the User Trial Directive to verify the Akash's consistency. The trials included firing missiles against multiple targets which included low-flying near-range target, long-range high-altitude target, crossing and approaching target and ripple firing of two missiles from the same launcher against a low-altitude receding target.<ref name=":16" />
* From 24 May to 6 June 2012, the Air Force version of the Akash missile, with a strike range of 25 km and 60 kg warhead, was tested five times from the Launch Complex-III (LC-3) of the ITR at [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]] off the [[Odisha]] coast. These were user specific trials and a part of the routine air defence exercises of India. On 24 May 2012, India successfully test fired Akash missile to revalidate technology and operational efficacy. The target was a floating object towed by a [[DRDO Lakshya|Pilotless Target Aircraft]].<ref name=":9">{{cite news
|title=Surface-to-air Akash missile test fired successfully
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Surface-to-air-Akash-missile-test-fired-successfully/articleshow/13441481.cms
|access-date=24 May 2012
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|archive-date=27 August 2017
}}</ref> On 26 and 28 May, the missile were test fired again in a similar way.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-26 |title=Surface-to-air Akash missile test fired |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/surface-to-air-akash-missile-test-fired-112052603002_1.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-02 |title=Akash missile test-fired for the second time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2012/May/26/akash-missile-test-fired-for-the-second-time-371836.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Two of the missile tests in May failed as the missile did not take-off as they were scheduled for successive launches.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=2014-04-24 |title=Akash Missile Fails to Destroy PTA Target |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/Apr/24/akash-missile-fails-to-destroy-pta-target-604135.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 1 June, two Air Force variant missiles were fired back-to-back from the ITR.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-06-01 |title=Defence News – India Test-Fires Air Force Version of Akash |url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1260 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814123800/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1260 |archive-date=14 August 2012 |access-date=24 December 2014}}</ref> On 6 June at 07:57 am [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], two of the Air Force version of the missile from the LC-III of the ITR. This was the fifth trial of the missile system variant since 24 May 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-06 |title=Air Force version of 'Akash' missile successfully test-fired |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/air-force-version-of-akash-missile-successfully-test-fired/articleshow/13861771.cms |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 June 2012 |title=Air Force version of 'Akash' missile successfully test-fired |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-06/india/32078355_1_akash-missile-integrated-test-range-anti-aircraft-defence-system |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece |archive-date=27 August 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-06 |title=Akash missile's Air Force version successfully test-fired |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/akash-missiles-air-force-version-successfully-testfired/article3496080.ece |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* On 21 and 24 February 2014, the Indian Army successfully tested the Akash missiles from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur. The tests were a part of pre-induction trials by the Army. On 21 February, the missile hit an approaching target towed by PTA Lakshya. On 24 February, the missile hit a receding target at a distance of 19 km. The missiles were part of the first of Production Model system being producedto equip the 2 regiments on order for the Army.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-24 |title=Successful Trials of Akash Surface to Air Missile System |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104204 |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-24 |title=Akash missile test-fired, on target again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/akash-missile-testfired-on-target-again/article5722234.ece |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* From 23 April to 2 May 2014, the Indian Air Force tested the Akash system from LC-3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur on four days. On 23 April, the Akash missiles failed to intercept the target from the [[Target drone|Pilotless Target Aircraft]]. The PTA was launched from Launch Complex-II (LC-2) of the ITR at around 2:30 pm IST. The missile is designed to pass through the "missed-distance proximity" (MDP) causing "auto-detonation" of the [[proximity fuse]]. However, the missile missed the MDP.<ref name=":13" /> On 26 April, Indian Air Force successfully tested 2 Akash missiles taken from the production lot against an incoming and a receding target both towed by [[DRDO Lakshya|PTA Lakshya]]. All the assets including missiles, launchers, radar, command centres and the drone was being controlled by Air Force personnel. The test was conducted from the ITR Complex.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=26 April 2014 |title=Two Akash missiles tested |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-akash-missiles-tested/article5951555.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427151108/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-akash-missiles-tested/article5951555.ece |archive-date=27 April 2014 |access-date=24 December 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> On 29 April, Two more trials were expected to be conducted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=2014-04-29 |title=2 More User Trials of Akash by IAF Today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/Apr/29/2-more-user-trials-of-akash-by-iaf-today-606132.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, the PTA failed to take off resulting in the postponement of the tests. On 1 May, PTA Lakshya was launched from LC-2 of the ITR. The missile which was expected to intercept the target after 15 minutes, failed to take off from LC-3. The problem was speculated as perennial technical problem of the missile. This was the missile's second failure in the recent seven-test series by the IAF.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=2014-05-01 |title=Successive Failure of 'Akash' Trial |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/May/01/successive-failure-of-akash-trial-607009.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 2 May, the same tests were carried out where the missile hit para-barrel targets successfully. The test was conducted from LC-3 at 2:28 pm IST.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-02 |title=Akash missile successfully test fired for second day in a row |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-for-second-day-in-a-row/articleshow/34538903.cms |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* On 3 August 2014, Akash missile test-fired from LC-3 of the ITR at Chandipur off the Odisha coast. The test was described as "fully successful" by the Director of ITR.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=13 August 2014 |title=Successful surface-to-air 'Akash' missile trial for second day |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-successful-surface-to-air-akash-missile-trial-for-second-day-2010473 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813230651/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-successful-surface-to-air-akash-missile-trial-for-second-day-2010473 |archive-date=13 August 2014}}</ref>
* In November 2014, training user trials of the Akash surface-to-air supersonic missiles were completed successfully on Friday. The trials were conducted for 5 consecutive days. All mission parameters, as set by the Indian Air Force (IAF) team, were validated.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2014 |title=Akash Missile Completes Training User Trials |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/11/21/Akash-Missile-Completes-Training-User-Trials/article2534505.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205045627/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/11/21/Akash-Missile-Completes-Training-User-Trials/article2534505.ece |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=28 November 2014 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* On 11 to 13 April 2015, Indian Army successfully conducted six rounds of user trials of the missile. The tests were conducted from complex 3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur in Odisha. The missiles targeted pilot less target aircraft (PTA) [[DRDO Lakshya|Lakshya]], unmanned air vehicle (UAV) '[[QinetiQ Banshee|Banshee]]' and a para barrel target, two times each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=User Trial of Akash Missile System By Indian Army Successful |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/User-Trial-of-Akash-Missile-System-By-Indian-Army-Successful/2016/04/12/article3375372.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415114245/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/User-Trial-of-Akash-Missile-System-By-Indian-Army-Successful/2016/04/12/article3375372.ece |archive-date=15 April 2016 |access-date=12 April 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2016 |title=Akash missile test fired for second consecutive day {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-akash-missile-test-fired-for-second-consecutive-day-2201470 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416234549/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-akash-missile-test-fired-for-second-consecutive-day-2201470 |archive-date=16 April 2016 |access-date=12 April 2016 |website=dna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surface-to-air Akash missile successfully test fired in Odisha |url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2016/04/12/surface-to-air-akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-in-odisha/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423211556/http://odishasuntimes.com/2016/04/12/surface-to-air-akash-missile-successfully-test-fired-in-odisha/ |archive-date=23 April 2016 |access-date=12 April 2016 |website=OdishaSunTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Akash Missile System Successfully Demonstrates Killing Efficiency |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Akash-Missile-System-Successfully-Demonstrates-Killing-Efficiency/2016/04/14/article3379377.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416203925/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Akash-Missile-System-Successfully-Demonstrates-Killing-Efficiency/2016/04/14/article3379377.ece |archive-date=16 April 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2016 |title=Akash missile test fired successfully for third consecutive |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/akash-missile-test-fired-successfully-for-third-consecutive-116041300920_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419051748/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/akash-missile-test-fired-successfully-for-third-consecutive-116041300920_1.html |archive-date=19 April 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |newspaper=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
* On 28 January 2016, the missile was successfully test fired from Launch Complex-3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur in Odisha. As part of a user trial from the ITR, three rounds of test were carried out by the Indian Air Force (IAF) personnel aiming at para-barrel target between 11 pm and 2 pm IST. Tests were aimed at gauging the flight consistency and effectiveness of the missile, besides ascertaining the serviceability of the system in various conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akash missile successfully test fired in Chandipuri, Odisha: Interesting facts : Current Affairs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-&-current-affairs/story/akash-missile-306121-2016-01-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131011806/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/akash-missile/1/582597.html |archive-date=31 January 2016 |access-date=29 January 2016 |website=indiatoday.intoday.in |date=29 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2016 |title=India test fires Akash missiles |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-test-fires-akash-missiles/article8163440.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128172037/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-test-fires-akash-missiles/article8163440.ece |archive-date=28 January 2016 |access-date=29 January 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India test fires Akash missiles |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-test-fires-akash-missiles-2046371 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* On 8 March 2016, Indian Air Force (IAF) demonstrated the missile at the exercise Iron Fist 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2016 |title=Iron Fist 2016: Indian Air Force's greatest show of air power {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/column-iron-fist-2016-indian-air-force-s-greatest-show-of-air-power-2191190 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320124817/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/column-iron-fist-2016-indian-air-force-s-greatest-show-of-air-power-2191190 |archive-date=20 March 2016 |access-date=19 March 2016 |website=dna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF showcases indigenous fighter plane 'Tejas' in Iron Fist Exercise |url=http://www.newsx.com/national/23267-iaf-showcases-indigenous-fighter-plane-tejas-in-iron-fist-exercise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320222755/http://www.newsx.com/national/23267-iaf-showcases-indigenous-fighter-plane-tejas-in-iron-fist-exercise |archive-date=20 March 2016 |access-date=19 March 2016 |website=NewsX}}</ref>
* On 28 and 29 November 2017, the Indian Air Force carried out 3 tests of the missile from Launch Complex 3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) against electronic targets.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Supersonic Akash missile test fired against electronic target |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/nov/28/supersonic-akash-missile-test-fired-against-electronic-target-1713166.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042211/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/nov/28/supersonic-akash-missile-test-fired-against-electronic-target-1713166.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Two rounds of Surface-to-Air Missile Akash successfully test fired |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/nov/29/two-rounds-of-surface-to-air-missile-akash-successfully-test-fired-1714187.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035927/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/nov/29/two-rounds-of-surface-to-air-missile-akash-successfully-test-fired-1714187.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* On 30 November 2017, Indian Army successfully test fired five Akash missiles at Integrated Test Range (ITR) against multiple targets.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Army carries out five successful tests of Akash missiles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-akash-missiles-air-force-china-1097936-2017-11-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203054037/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-army-akash-missiles-air-force-china/1/1100842.html |archive-date=3 December 2017 |access-date=9 December 2017}}</ref>
* On 5 December 2017, another test with an indigenous radio frequency seeker was successfully carried out by the Army against a Banshee aerial drone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2017 |title=India successfully test-fires Akash missile with home-made radio frequency seeker |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061217/india-successfully-test-fires-akash-missile-with-home-made-radio-frequency-seeker.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209155124/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061217/india-successfully-test-fires-akash-missile-with-home-made-radio-frequency-seeker.html |archive-date=9 December 2017 |access-date=9 December 2017 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Successful Launch of Akash Missile |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174118 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210180012/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174118 |archive-date=10 December 2017 |access-date=10 December 2017 |website=pib.nic.in}}</ref>
* On 25 and 27 May 2019, DRDO conducted tests of the '''Akash Mk1S''' variant. Both the trials were successfully completed from the Integrated Test Range.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":15" />
* On 3 December 2020, the Indian Air Force carried out 10 missile firing at [[Suryalanka Beach|Suryalanka]] to bolster its capability among [[2020 China–India skirmishes|ongoing]] Indo-Sino border tension. The missiles were fired to validate different scenario and majority of the missiles scored a direct kill further establishing the efficacy of Akash missile.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ajit K Dubey |date=4 December 2020 |title=Amid China border conflict, IAF testfires 10 Akash missiles to 'shoot down' enemy fighters |url=https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/amid-china-border-conflict-iaf-testfires-10-akash-missiles-to-shoot-down-enemy-fighters20201204144801/ |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=ANI}}</ref>
* On 27 September 2021, DRDO conducted maiden trials of '''Akash Prime''' variant where the missiles intercepted and destroyed an unmanned aerial target mimicking enemy aircraft. Modified ground systems and equipments derived from the original Akash Weapon System was also a part of the trials.<ref name=":18" />
* On 17 December 2023, during an exercise Astraskati the Indian Air Force fired 4 missile simultaneously from 2 Akash launcher of a single firing unit neutralizing 4 UAV's simultaneously using command guidance. All target were detected and shot down at the maximum range of 30 km. This marks the Akash system as the first system in the world to successfully track and destroy 4 target using a single firing unit in command guidance. These tests were conducted from the new units ordered by Indian Air Force.<ref name="FE-171223">{{cite news |date=2023-12-17 |title=India's Akash Missile System achieves unprecedented success in Astrashakti Military Exercise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-indias-akash-missile-system-achieves-unprecedented-success-in-astrashakti-military-exercise-3340973/ |work=Financial Times |location=London}}</ref><ref name="IT-171223">{{cite news |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=2023-12-17 |title=Akash missile system destroys 4 targets simultaneously during Air Force exercise |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/akash-missile-destroys-aerial-targets-astrashakti-exercise-indian-air-force-2477045-2023-12-17 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
* On 31 March 2024, another test of Akash missiles were carried out successfully by Army's [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]'s [[128 AD Missile Regiment]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Army test-fires BrahMos, Akash missiles |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-army-test-fires-brahmos-akash-missiles |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Janes.com}}</ref>
* On 16 and 17 July 2025, [[Indian Army Air Defence]] and DRDO successfully tested '''Akash Prime''' variant in [[Ladakh]] sector at an altitude of over {{Convert|15000|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The missile scored two direct hits against very fast-moving target aircraft in a [[rarefied]] atmosphere. The trials were important for the subsequent induction of two regiments of the system into the Army.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Successful trial of Akash Prime at High-Altitude |date=2025-07-17 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2145517 |access-date=2025-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=Army successfully tests Akash Prime air defence system at 15,000 ft in Ladakh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-successfully-tests-akash-prime-air-defence-system-at-15000-ft-in-ladakh-2756806-2025-07-16 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-16 |title=Akash Prime successfully tested: Air defence trial held at 15,000 ft in Ladakh; why it matters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/akash-prime-successfully-tested-air-defence-trial-held-at-15000-ft-in-ladakh-why-it-matters/articleshow/122579163.cms |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''Akash NG''' completed its final user evaluation trials demonstrating engagement of aerial targets in various scenarios. The missile is ready for induction into the Indian Armed Forces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-12-24 |title=DRDO completes user evaluation trials of Akash-NG missile system |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/drdo-completes-user-evaluation-trials-of-akash-ng-missile-system-2840802-2025-12-24 |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Status==
The Indian Army and Air Force have a combined order worth ₹23,300 crore ($5.18 billion) as of 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/127/bharat-dynamics-limited-signs-largest-ever-deal-with-army-for-akash-missiles.html|title=Bharat Dynamics Limited Signs Largest Ever Deal With Army for Akash Missiles|access-date=24 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224223609/http://www.defencenow.com/news/127/bharat-dynamics-limited-signs-largest-ever-deal-with-army-for-akash-missiles.html|archive-date=24 December 2014}}</ref> The Air Force and the Army inducted their respective variants of Akash Weapon System (AWS) in 2012 and 2015, respectively.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite news |title=More Akash systems for Army |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece |archive-date=2017-08-27 |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> On 16 March 2016, Director of [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL), said that India is looking to double missile production to 100 per month, up from 50 to 60.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/current-affairs/india-looks-to-double-missile-production-to-100-per-month_5900481.html|title=India looks to double missile production to 100 per month|website=moneycontrol.com|access-date=16 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322011410/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/current-affairs/india-looks-to-double-missile-production-to-100-per-month_5900481.html|archive-date=22 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/15613/India_To_Double_Akash_Missile_Production_To_100_Per_Month|title=India To Double Akash Missile Production To 100 Per Month|website=defenseworld.net|access-date=16 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319134452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/15613/India_To_Double_Akash_Missile_Production_To_100_Per_Month|archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref>

A [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General]] report released in 2017 stated that because of a lack of adequate storage facilities, the life span of the missiles may be affected. In addition, there was a 30% failure rate during testing of missiles in inventory with 6 out of 20 missiles failing to hit their targets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akash missiles, aimed at downing Chinese fighter jets in northeast, not installed: CAG |date=28 July 2017 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/akash-missiles-siliguri-corridor-cag-chinese-air-force-chickens-neck-1026912-2017-07-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813053639/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/akash-missiles-siliguri-corridor-cag-chinese-air-force-chickens-neck/1/1013688.html |archive-date=13 August 2017 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Made-in-India' Akash Missile, worth Rs 3,600 crore, fails test |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/made-in-india-akash-missile-worth-rs-3600-crore-fails-test/20170728.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728192354/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/made-in-india-akash-missile-worth-rs-3600-crore-fails-test/20170728.htm |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 July 2017 |title=Akash missile reported 30% failure rate, says CAG |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/KrjvlDB9ictx2eEnoZHJlJ/Akash-missile-reported-30-failure-rate-says-CAG.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729050807/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/KrjvlDB9ictx2eEnoZHJlJ/Akash-missile-reported-30-failure-rate-says-CAG.html |archive-date=29 July 2017 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

===Indian Air Force===
[[File:Exercise Vayu Shakti 2019 01.jpg|thumb|Night launch of Akash missile in Vayu Shakti Exercise 2019.|alt=]]
The Indian Air Force was satisfied with the performance of Akash after extensive flight trials and has decided to induct two squadrons or 4 batteries of the weapon system in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/iaf-inducts-the-akash-missile_10047471.html|title=IAF inducts the Akash missile|website=Thaindian News|access-date=24 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224225007/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/iaf-inducts-the-akash-missile_10047471.html|archive-date=24 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> An order for two squadrons were placed initially, with these being inducted in 2009. The IAF found the missile performance to be satisfactory and was expected to place orders for 16 more launchers to form two more squadrons for [[Northeast India|India's northeast]] theater.<ref name="bs-armyakash" /><ref name="IAF Hindu" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?667753 |title=IAF Slams Chinese Protest to PM's Arunachal Visit |access-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718084228/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?667753 |archive-date=18 July 2011 }}</ref>

In March 2009, [[Tata Power]]'s Strategic Engineering Division ([[Tata Power SED]]) announced that it had secured the {{INRConvert|182|c|lk=on|year=2009|}} order for 16 Akash launchers to be delivered in the next 33 months.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/31/stories/2009033155561600.htm | location=Chennai, India | title=Tata Power unit bags defence order | date=31 March 2009 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403074739/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/31/stories/2009033155561600.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=3 April 2009 }}</ref>

In January 2010, it was revealed that the Indian Air Force had ordered for 6 more squadrons. Each squadron will consist of 125 missiles, bringing the order to 750 missiles for 6 squadrons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF orders another 750 Akash surface-to-air missiles - The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IAF-orders-another-750-Akash-surface-to-air-missiles/articleshow/5527577.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413104043/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IAF-orders-another-750-Akash-surface-to-air-missiles/articleshow/5527577.cms |archive-date=2010-04-13 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> The first two squadrons will consist of 48 missiles each<ref>[http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/04/27/awx_04_27_2010_p0-222589.xml&headline=IAF%20To%20Get%20Akash%20Missiles%20This%20Year IAF To Get Akash Missiles This Year] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece |date=27 August 2017 }}</ref> while future squadrons will vary in number depending on the IAF. The additional missiles were ordered from state-run defence firm [[Bharat Electronics]], who will act as the system integrator, at a cost of {{INRConvert|4279|c|lk=off|year=2010|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/iaf-orders-another-750-akash-sams_100313537.html|title=IAF orders another 750 Akash SAMs|website=Thaindian News|access-date=24 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224224204/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/iaf-orders-another-750-akash-sams_100313537.html|archive-date=24 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Reporter |first=B. S. |date=3 February 2010 |title=Missile boost for BEL |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/missile-boost-for-bel-110020300150_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308234505/http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/missile-boost-for-bel-110020300150_1.html |archive-date=8 March 2016 |access-date=26 July 2016 |newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref>

IAF orders could reportedly rise due to the retirement of its [[S-125 Neva/Pechora|Pechoras]] arsenal and if the Indo-Israeli JV to develop a [[MRSAM]] (Medium Range SAM) for the IAF face further delays, while a similar program for the [[Indian Navy]] proceeds unimpeded.<ref>[http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/05/06/0805061039_indo-israel_missile_deal_on_hold.html Barak-MRSAM for IAF put on hold] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706153436/http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/05/06/0805061039_indo-israel_missile_deal_on_hold.html|date=6 July 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/common/news_article.php?leftnm=lmnu2&subLeft=1&autono=311447&tab=r Missile mission meets target] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142259/http://www.business-standard.com/common/news_article.php?leftnm=lmnu2&subLeft=1&autono=311447&tab=r|date=11 May 2011}}</ref>

On 3 March 2012, the missile was officially inducted into Indian Air Force with a ceremony at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref name=":20">{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T. S. |date=2 March 2012 |title=Torpedo, Akash missile to be handed over to Navy and IAF on Saturday |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/article2951593.ece?homepage=true |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece |archive-date=27 August 2017 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

On 10 July 2015, the Akash surface-to-air missile was formally inducted in the Indian Air Force at [[Gwalior]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-10 |title=IAF gets Akash missile shield |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/iaf-gets-akash-missile-shield/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227122720/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/iaf-gets-akash-missile-shield/ |archive-date=27 December 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 |website=Daily Excelsior}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-05 |title=Ingeniously-built Aakash missile inducted in IAF : India, News - India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ingeniously-built-aakash-missile-inducted-in-iaf-281780-2015-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027162319/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ingeniously-built-aakash-missile-inducted-in-iaf/1/450574.html |archive-date=2015-10-27 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=India Today}}</ref>

On 1 September 2015, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared the purchase of seven additional squadrons of the Akash missile for the Indian Air Force.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title = DAC clears projects worth over Rs. 13,000 cr.|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dac-clears-projects-worth-over-rs-13000-cr/article7604956.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2 September 2015|access-date = 30 December 2015|issn = 0971-751X|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dac-clears-projects-worth-over-rs-13000-cr/article7604956.ece|archive-date = 27 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title = Govt clears defence projects worth Rs 15,000 crore – Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-clears-defence-projects-worth-Rs-15000-crore/articleshow/48762974.cms|website = The Times of India| date=September 2015 |access-date = 30 December 2015|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151202051130/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-clears-defence-projects-worth-Rs-15000-crore/articleshow/48762974.cms|archive-date = 2 December 2015}}</ref> On 12 September 2019, it was reported that the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) has cleared the procurement in late August.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=IAF to get 7 more Akash missile squadrons |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/iaf-to-get-7-more-akash-missile-squadrons-760765.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Later, a contract worth {{INRConvert|5400|c|lk=off|year=2019|}} for the deal was signed with [[Bharat Electronics]] the same month. The order placed was for Akash Prime missile squadrons.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |title=Rs 5400 crore deal inked for 7 more squadrons of Akash missiles for IAF |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rs-5400-crore-deal-inked-for-7-more-squadrons-of-akash-missiles/articleshow/71116926.cms |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The delivery has been completed as of 2023–2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

===Indian Army===
[[File:Akash missiles during Republic Day 2017.jpg|thumb|Akash missiles during Republic Day 2017 parade]]
In June 2010, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared an order of the Akash missile system, valued at {{INRConvert|12500|c|lk=on|year=2010|}}. [[Bharat Dynamics]] (BDL) will be the system integrator and nodal production agency for the Akash Army variant.<ref name="AW01">[http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/06/09/awx_06_09_2010_p0-233041.xml Akash Missile System For Indian Army OK'd] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece |date=27 August 2017 }}</ref> The Army plans to induct two regiments of the missile.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/india-eyes-producing-more-akash-missiles-bel-expects-windfall/118021/on|title=India eyes producing more Akash missiles, BEL expects windfall|author=Press Trust of India|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=2 December 2010|access-date=24 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013051825/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/india-eyes-producing-more-akash-missiles-bel-expects-windfall/118021/on|archive-date=13 October 2012}}</ref>

In March 2011, a report indicates that the Indian Army has ordered 2 Akash regiments – approximately 2,000 missiles – worth {{INRConvert|14180|c|lk=off|year=2011|}}.<ref>[http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2011/03/25/awx_03_25_2011_p0-301846.xml Indian Army Orders Akash Missile System] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece |date=27 August 2017 }}</ref> These will replace the Indian Army's 2 [[2K12 Kub|SA-6]] Groups (25 systems with 1,500 missiles each), which were inducted between 1977 and 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers|title=SIPRI Arms Transfers Database|access-date=24 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216034008/http://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers/|archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>

On 5 May 2015, Akash Missile was inducted into the Indian Army.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/boost-to-armys-air-power-to-get-medium-range-missile-by-2020/articleshow/60244300.cms|title=Boost to Army's air power; to get medium range missile by 2020 – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=595482869989908481 |user=SpokespersonMoD |title=#Akash Made in India Surface-2-Air Missile, Akash, handed over to the #IndianArmy. |date=2015-05-05 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> The Army is scheduled to get two Akash regiments by 2017.<ref name=":21">{{cite news |last=ANI |date=5 May 2015 |title='Akash' air missile inducted into Indian Army arsenal |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/akash-air-missile-induced-into-indian-army-arsenal-115050500557_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816190251/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/akash-air-missile-induced-into-indian-army-arsenal-115050500557_1.html |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=26 July 2016 |newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-05 |title=Surface-to-air missile Akash to be inducted into Indian Army today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/akash-missile-surface-to-air-missile-army-manohar-parrikar-251441-2015-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818031541/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/akash-missile-surface-to-air-missile-army-manohar-parrikar/1/433681.html |archive-date=2016-08-18 |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=India Today}}</ref>

On 30 March 2016, Indian Army stated that Akash area defence missile systems did not meet its operational requirements for defending its strike corps against enemy air attacks in forward areas, and was not ordering any more regiments. The Army instead was opting for four Israeli Quick Reaction SAM (QRSAM) regiments.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Enough-of-Akash-says-Army-as-it-opts-for-Israeli-missiles/articleshow/51608406.cms |title=Enough of Akash, says Army as it opts for Israeli missiles – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 March 2016 |access-date=14 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923215900/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Enough-of-Akash-says-Army-as-it-opts-for-Israeli-missiles/articleshow/51608406.cms |archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2016/03/indias-missile-program-in-peril-as-army.html |title=India's Missile Program in Peril as Army Dumps Rs 1,000 Cr Akash Missiles {{!}} Indian Defence News |website=indiandefensenews.in |access-date=14 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820203523/http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2016/03/indias-missile-program-in-peril-as-army.html |archive-date=20 August 2016}}</ref>

In March 2017, it was reported that the procurement of two regiments of SR-SAM under a global tender has been dropped by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) in favour of an advanced variant of Akash Weapon System.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-29 |title=More Akash systems for Army |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece |archive-date=2017-08-27 |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In May 2022, it was reported that the Indian Army is going to receive 2 regiments of Akash Prime systems. On 30 March 2023, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] signed contracts for procurement of 2 Regiments of improved Akash Weapon System with BDL at a cost over {{INRConvert|8160|c|lk=off|year=2023}}.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks over Rs 9,100 crore contracts for improved Akash Weapon System & 12 Weapon Locating Radars Swathi (Plains) for Indian Army |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1912309 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

The third and fourth regiment equipped with the improved Akash Weapon System was flagged of from the BEL facility by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister of India]], [[Rajnath Singh]], on 16 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Raksha Mantri inaugurates Missile Integration facility at BEL, Bengaluru; Flags-off Akash 3rd and 4th Regiment Combat systems & unveils Mountain Fire Control Radar |date=16 February 2026 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2228831&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref> On 26 March, Bharat Dynamics announced that it has completed the First Off Production Model (FOPM) of the Advanced Akash Weapon System. The system incorporates upgraded sub-systems. The FOPM validates the system before large-scale deliveries. The deliveries are expected to commence soon.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kahar |first=Ganesh |date=2026-03-26 |title=Bharat Dynamics Completes First‑Off Production of Advanced Akash Weapon System — 2026 Defence Milestone |url=https://www.psuconnect.in/psu-news/bharat-dynamics-completes-first-off-production-of-advanced-akash-weapon-system-2026-defence-milestone |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=PSU Connect |language=en}}</ref>

== Operational history ==
In June 2020, Indian Army deployed Akash air defence system along [[Line of Actual Control]] in [[Ladakh]] as tension rose with China during [[2020 China–India skirmishes]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ladakh-lac-akash-missile-air-defence-system-indian-army-china-latest-news-629727|title=India deploys Akash missiles at Ladakh LAC to tackle Chinese threat|access-date=27 June 2020|work=Manish Prasad|date=27 June 2020}}</ref>

During the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|2025 India-Pakistan conflict]], the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force deployed Akash defence systems.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title=Operation SINDOOR: The Rise of Aatmanirbhar Innovation in National Security |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128746 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516170223/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128746 |archive-date=2025-05-16 |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-07-27 |title=DRDO pushes for hypersonic edge against evolving air threats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/drdo-pushes-for-hypersonic-edge-against-evolving-air-threats/article69861313.ece |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=alphadefense.in |date=2025-05-13 |title=Akash Missile System: "Turkish Drone Slayer" |url=https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2025/05/13/akash-missile-system-protects-s400-operation-sindoor/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=alphadefense.in |language=en-US}}</ref> According to the Indian Army's Director General of Military Operations (DGMO), the Akash system displayed “stellar performance”; stating that it played a pivotal role in neutralizing aerial threats, including drones and missiles launched by Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Man behind Akash explains DRDO invention and how it destroyed Pak drones, missiles|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/man-behind-akash-explains-drdo-invention-and-how-it-destroyed-pak-drones-missiles-13887909.html|access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Firstpost|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-12 |title=Guardians Of The Sky - India's Integrated Air Defence That Outfoxed Pakistan|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/guardians-of-the-sky-indias-integrated-air-defence-that-outfoxed-pak-operation-sindoor-indian-air-force-akash-missile-8395760|access-date=2025-05-13 |website=NDTV|language=en}}</ref> According to Dr. B.K. Das, Director General for Electronics & Communication Systems at DRDO, Akash performed well during [[Operation Sindoor]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-01 |title=DRDO 2.0: From lasers to AI, top defence R&D official shares the big 'pizza' plan for India's next-gen warfare |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-2-0-from-lasers-to-ai-top-defence-rd-official-shares-the-big-pizza-plan-for-indias-next-gen-warfare/articleshow/122176893.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Export ==
On 30 December 2020, [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) chaired by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] cleared the exports of Akash missile defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2020-12-30 |title=Government approves export of indigenously developed missile Akash |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Dec/30/government-approves-export-of-indigenously-developed-missile-akash-2243247.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Sudan ===
In 2022, Akash SAM was seen in a Sudanese Military Exhibition which showcased weapon systems operated by the Sudanese Armed Forces. In 2023, the Indian Ministry of Defence mentioned Akash in the list of multiple exported items, sparking speculations of the system's maiden export to [[Sudan]].<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |title=Aatmanirbharta on the rise: Defence exports reach an all-time high of approx. Rs 16,000 crore in Financial Year 2022-23; Over 10-times increase since 2016-17; India exporting to over 85 countries |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1912885 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=ظهر في المعرض العسكري للجيش السوداني صاروخ الدفاع الجوي الهندي AKASH والذي بات يعمل في الخدمة في قوات الدفاع الجوي السودانية. |url=https://twitter.com/Sudanesearmy1/status/1558807962247897088?s=20 |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Twitter}}{{better source needed|date=July 2025}}</ref>

=== Armenia ===
Armenia signed a deal, worth {{INRConvert|6000|c|lk=on|year=2022}}, with [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] in 2022 for the supply of unknown numbers of Akash Weapon System and 15 [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Advanced Air Defence (AAD)|Ashwin Air Defence]] Systems. The entire Air Defence Systems will be deployed within 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=EXCLUSIVE {{!}} Indian defence triumph: Bharat Dynamics secures major deal from Armenia amidst global achievements, say sources |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-indian-defence-triumph-bharat-dynamics-secures-major-deal-from-armenia-amidst-global-achievements-say-sources-269201 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Zee Business |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assessing Armenia's Military Diversification Efforts: Partnerships with India and France |url=https://rcds.am/assessing-armenias-military-diversification-efforts-partnerships-with-india-and-france.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Regional Center for Democracy and Security |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia Has Quietly Acquired 15 Ashwin Ballistic Missile Defence Interceptors From India |url=https://ground.news/article/armenia-has-quietly-acquired-15-ashwin-ballistic-missile-defence-interceptors-from-india |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Ground News |date=23 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

As of November 2023, the delivery of the Akash 1S system was expected to begin from Q2 2024<ref name=":53">{{Cite news |last=Dubey |first=Ajit |date=19 December 2023 |title=After Armenia order, Philippines, Brazil, Egypt showing interest in Akash air defence missile system |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/after-armenia-order-philippines-brazil-egypt-showing-interest-in-akash-air-defence-missile-system20231219204039/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231226010323/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/after-armenia-order-philippines-brazil-egypt-showing-interest-in-akash-air-defence-missile-system20231219204039/ |archive-date=26 December 2023 |access-date=19 December 2023 |work=ANI}}</ref><ref name="ET-2012232">{{cite web |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2023-12-20 |title=India to Export Air Defence System to Armenia |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/epaper/delhicapital/2023/dec/20/et-poli/india-to-export-air-defence-system-to-armenia/articleshow/106135170.cms |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> but was later shifted to 2024-end by August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-08 |title=India is set to commence the delivery of its indigenously developed Akash 1S air defence missile system to Armenia, its first foreign buyer |url=https://armenpress.am/en/article/1197329 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=ARMENPRESS Armenian News Agency |language=en}}</ref>

The first Akash battery (Armenian variant) was finally delivered on 12 November 2024. A battery included 4 launchers and a [[Rajendra radar]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2024-11-12 |title=India ships first Akash air defence missile system battery to Armenia |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Nov/12/india-ships-first-akash-air-defence-missile-system-battery-to-armenia |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-12 |title=India's Growing Defence Exports: Akash Missile System for Armenia and Beyond |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-indias-growing-defence-exports-akash-missile-system-for-armenia-and-beyond-3662961/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

The second batch of Akash-1S air defense systems will be delivered in June 2025.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-12 |title=India to deliver second batch of Akash missile systems to Armenia |url=https://www.azernews.az/region/241671.html |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref>

=== Potential users ===

==== Philippines ====
As reported in March 2023, the Akash Weapon System was on offer for the [[Philippine Navy]] (operated through the [[Philippine Marine Corps]]) under their planned Shore-Based Air Defense Missile System Acquisition Project.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Resource |first=Philippine Defense |title=Shore-Based Air Defense Missile System Acquisition Project of the Philippine Navy |url=https://www.phdefresource.com/2019/12/shore-based-air-defense-missile-system.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Philippine Defense Resource}}</ref>

The Philippine government is expected to place an order for Akash SAM worth $200 million in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-13 |title=Exclusive: India expects $200 million missile deal with Philippines this year, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-expects-200-million-missile-deal-with-philippines-this-year-sources-say-2025-02-13/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=India, Philippines deal likely on cards to sell Akash missiles for $200 million |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/india-philippines-deal-likely-on-cards-to-sell-akash-missiles-for-200-million-464549-2025-02-13 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==== United Arab Emirates ====
In October 2018, a report suggested that the United Arab Emirates had shown interest in the missile system.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 October 2018 |title=Make in India gets a boost! UAE expresses interest in the Akash surface-to-air missile system |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/make-in-india-gets-a-boost-uae-expresses-interest-in-the-akash-surface-to-air-missile-system/1354325/ |access-date=19 October 2018 |publisher=Financial Express}}</ref>

Further, in April 2025, India officially offered the Akash missile system to [[UAE Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-09 |title=India offers Akash defence missile system to UAE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajnath-offers-made-in-india-akash-defence-missile-system-to-uae/articleshow/120107195.cms |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== Others ====
It was also reported in the media that [[Belarus]], [[Malaysia]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-01-09 |title=India, Russia yet to reach breakthrough on Gorshkov |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-russia-yet-to-reach-breakthrough-on-gorshkov/articleshow/2686282.cms |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Vietnam]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-09 |title=Wary of China, India offers Akash surface-to-air missile systems to Vietnam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/wary-of-china-india-offers-akash-missile-to-vietnam-both-countries-crank-up-their-bilateral-military-relations/articleshow/56410196.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110023649/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/wary-of-china-india-offers-akash-missile-to-vietnam-both-countries-crank-up-their-bilateral-military-relations/articleshow/56410196.cms |archive-date=2017-01-10 |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> have shown interest in purchasing the Akash missile system.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2022 |title=Armenia eyes Akash missile, loitering munitions from India amid conflict with Azerbaijan |website=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/defence/armenia-eyes-akash-missile-loitering-munitions-from-india-amid-conflict-with-azerbaijan/1173468/}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Orpiano |first=Pitz |date=13 March 2022 |title=India's Akash Air Defense Missile System Offer for the Philippine Navy |url=https://www.pitzdefanalysis.net/2022/02/indias-akash-air-defense-missile-system-for-pn.html |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=Pitz Defense Analysis}}</ref>

As per reports in December 2023, [[Egypt]] has also shown interest as per defence official.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ritu |date=2023-12-15 |title=Akash Missile: Armenia Emerges Prime Contender As BDL Order Book Shows Export Order For Indian SAMs |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/akash-missiles-armenia-emerges-prime-contender/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=The Eurasian Times}}</ref>

== Operators ==


[[File:Swathi weapon location radar operators.png|thumb|300px|Map of Akash operators in blue]]
;{{flag|India}}
* [[Indian Air Force]] – 8 Akash Mk1 and 7 Akash 1S squadrons<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":10" /> in service (8 launchers per squadron)<ref name=":11">{{cite press release |title=MINISTRY OF DEFENCE – YEAR END REVIEW 2023 |date=2023-12-22 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1989502 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228062022/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1989502 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |work=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IAF orders another 750 Akash SAMs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/iaf-orders-another-750-akash-sams/story-64d5JQejA3LGa5NJGbnVtL.html |work=The Hindustan Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=2 February 2010|access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044126/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/iaf-orders-another-750-akash-sams/story-64d5JQejA3LGa5NJGbnVtL.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** No. 2401 Squadron at [[Gwalior AFS]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2031701175146537457 |user=AnchitGupta9 |title=When Akash batteries were deployed during Op Sindoor, they validated four decades of indigenous development. On the 15th anniversary of its induction with No. 2401 Sqn, IAF today, a commemoration of the system that ended India's sole dependence on foreign SAMs.(1/10) #IAFHistory |first=Gupta |last=Anchit |date=2026-03-11 |access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=No.2401 Squadron, Indian Air Force - Database |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/2401%20Sqn |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>
** One Mk1 squadron at [[Lohegaon AFS]].<ref name=":10" />
** Six Mk1 squadrons under the [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]].<ref name=":1" />
* [[Indian Army]] – 2 Akash Mk1 regiments in service (24 launchers per regiment). 2 Akash Prime regiments in service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1912309|title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks over Rs 9,100 crore contracts for improved Akash Weapon System & 12 Weapon Locating Radars Swathi (Plains) for Indian Army|publisher=PIB India|date=30 March 2023}}</ref>
** [[128 AD Missile Regiment]]
** [[27 AD Missile Regiment (Amritsar Airfield)]]

{{flag|Armenia}}
* [[Armenian Armed Forces]] – 1 battery (4 launchers) delivered as of November 2024. The second batch of Akash-1S air defense systems will be delivered in June 2025.<ref name=":14" /> Unknown numbers on order.<ref name=":5" />

===Failed Contracts===
{{flag|Brazil}}: Brazil reported interest in acquiring the Akash in December 2023.<ref name=":52">{{Cite news |last=Dubey |first=Ajit |date=19 December 2023 |title=After Armenia order, Philippines, Brazil, Egypt showing interest in Akash air defence missile system |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/after-armenia-order-philippines-brazil-egypt-showing-interest-in-akash-air-defence-missile-system20231219204039/ |access-date=19 December 2023 |work=ANI}}</ref> As of July 2025, Brazil has dropped the Akash from consideration due to citing its lacklustre performance in key operational parameters opting to potentially acquire the [[CAMM (missile family)|EMADS]] system.
Indian sources, echoing local media, note that Brazil found the Akash system “less suited” to neutralising high-speed, low-altitude threats that are increasingly common in hybrid warfare scenarios, including drone swarms and precision-guided munitions.
<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-07-12 |title=Brazil Ditches India's Akash for NATO-Proven EMADS in USD 1 Billion Air Defence Pivot |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/brazil-selects-emads-over-akash-air-defence-nato-vs-india/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Defence Security Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry}}
{{Div col |colwidth=22em}}
*{{lwc|Trishul (missile)|Trishul}}
*{{lwc|Maitri (missile)|Maitri}}
*{{lwc|Project Kusha (air defence system)|Project Kusha}}
*{{lwc|Barak 8}}
*{{lwc|Akash-NG}}
*{{lwc|VL-SRSAM}}
*{{lwc|Advanced Air Defence}} (AAD)
*{{lwc|Prithvi Air Defence}} (PAD)
*{{lwc|Anant Shastra}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* {{Official website|http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/bnews/jan08/akash_test.htm}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YpHtSQmfxM Video of Akash missile tests]
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20080228145114/http://www.drdo.org/dpi/prahlada_interview.html Interview with Dr. Prahlada from DRDO]}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Indian missiles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akash Missile}}
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War weapons of India]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s]]

Department of Planning and Development (Jharkhand)

2026-03-22T22:14:15Z

DrusillaSchuster: created a stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Government Department of Jharkhand}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Department of Planning and Development
| native_name = योजना एवं विकास विभाग
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_size = 170
| logo =
| formed =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| minister1_name = [[Radha Krishna Kishore]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister in charge
| chief1_name = Mukesh Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary]]
| website = {{Official website|https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/planning}}
}}

The '''Department of Planning and Development''' is a government department under the [[Government of Jharkhand]], responsible for formulating and implementing policies related to economic planning, development, and statistical analysis in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Planning and Development |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/planning |access-date=4 Oct 2025 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand News: झारखंड में हाथ पर हाथ धरे बैठा है योजना विभाग, अगले वर्षों के लिए नहीं है कोई प्लानिंग - Jharkhand Planning Department no plan for next years |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-planning-department-no-plan-for-next-years-23881248.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Planning & Development {{!}} Jharkhand.MyGov.in |url=https://jharkhand.mygov.in/en/group/department-planning-development |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=jharkhand.mygov.in}}</ref> The department plays a key role in coordinating inter-departmental activities, preparing the state’s annual plans and monitoring the progress of various development programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Planning {{!}} East Singhbhum {{!}} India |url=https://jamshedpur.nic.in/planning/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> It also oversees the functioning of the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, which is tasked with collecting and analyzing data to inform policy decisions.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Workshop on Civil Registration and Vital Systems Organised by Planning & Development Department with UNICEF & UNESCAP |url=https://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/top-stories/8921/workshop-on-civil-registration-and-vital-systems-organised-by-planning-development-department-with-unicef-unescap |access-date=4 Oct 2025 |work=Jharkhand State News}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

Quikr

2026-03-22T21:22:15Z

DrusillaSchuster: small correct formatting and added references

{{Short description|Indian multinational online marketplace company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Quikr
| logo = Quikr logo.png
| logo_size = 250px
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| founder = [[Pranay Chulet]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Pranay Chulet]] ([[Co-founder]] & [[CEO]])
| industry = {{plainlist|
*[[Marketplace]]
*[[Classified advertising|Advertising]]
*[[Internet]]
*[[Rental property]]
*[[E-commerce]]}}
| genre =
| products =
| services = {{plainlist|
*[[Classified advertising]]
*[[Employment website|Job portal]]
*[[Second-hand shop]]}}
| revenue = {{down}} {{INRconvert|51|c}} (FY23)<ref>{{cite news |title=ZQuikr posts Rs 51 Cr revenue in FY23, losses shrink 62%|url=https://entrackr.com/2024/02/quikr-posts-rs-51-cr-revenue-in-fy23-losses-shrink-62/#:~:text=Quikr's%20revenue%20from%20operations%20marginally,with%20the%20Registrar%20of%20Companies|work=Entrackr |language=en}}</ref>
| revenue_year =
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{positive decrease}} {{INRconvert|-8|c}} (FY23)
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 5000
| parent =
| divisions =
| homepage = {{url|http://www.quikr.com }}
| subsid = {{plainlist|
*[[Commonfloor]]
*Zefo}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2008}}
| location_city = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
}}

'''Quikr''' is an Indian [[online marketplace]] and [[classified advertising]] company, based in [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. Quikr has listings in over 1000 cities in India and in categories such as [[mobile phones]], [[household goods]], [[cars]], [[real estate]], [[Job (role)|job]]s, [[Service (business)|service]]s and [[education]]. It was founded by Pranay Chulet and Jiby Thomas in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/pepperfry-partners-with-quikr-for-its-furniture-exchange-program/articleshow/62458475.cms|title=Pepperfry partners with Quikr for its furniture exchange program|last=Srinivasan|first=Supraja|date=2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref>

Community members can come to the site to find an apartment to live in, sell their old car, [[bike]], music system, [[laptop]] or [[furniture]], promote their small business, find a tuition class or get a break as a model or actor, join a salsa class, get an audience for a local event, buy any item that they might want or have to offer and make new friends while doing all of the above.<ref name="about-pranay-chulet">{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-03-12/news/48154439_1_kijiji-india-pranay-chulet-quikr|title=Meet Quikr CEO Pranay Chulet, IIT-IIM alumnus, who built India's largest online classifieds co|website=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307202606/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-03-12/news/48154439_1_kijiji-india-pranay-chulet-quikr|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="jiby-thomas-quits">{{Cite web|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2012/11/30/quikr-co-founder-jiby-thomas-quits-company-to-start-new-internet-venture/|title=Quikr co-founder Jiby Thomas quits company to start new internet venture|first= Kul|last= Bhushan|date=30 Nov 2012|website=Techcircle.in|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-04}}</ref><ref name="DigitInt">{{Cite interview|url=http://www.digit.in/internet/interview-property-gadgets-automobiles-and-jobs-most-popular-on-quikr-18407.html/|title=Property, gadgets, automobiles and jobs most popular on Quikr|first=Kul|last=Bhushan|date=2013-11-13|publisher=Digit.in|access-date=2015-08-26|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214738/http://www.digit.in/internet/interview-property-gadgets-automobiles-and-jobs-most-popular-on-quikr-18407.html/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
Quikr was initially launched as Akshay Mote India in August 1996.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://pages.ebay.in/community/aboutebay/news/pressreleases/corporate/kijiji_india_jointly_owned.html|title=eBay Inc. & Matrix Partners India Announce New Partnership - Kijiji India to be jointly owned by eBay & Matrix Partners| website = Ebay|access-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> Kijiji.in was owned by [[Kijiji|Kijiji International]], an [[eBay]] subsidiary.

In 2008, Mumbai based venture capitalist, [[Matrix Partners|Matrix Partners India]], invested in Kijiji India, following which Kijiji India was hived off Kijiji International and restructured as an independent company and re-branded as "Quikr", which was jointly owned by Matrix Partners and eBay Inc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/classifieds-website-kijiji-india-is-now-quikr-com-108062501077_1.html|title=Classifieds website Kijiji India is now Quikr.com|date=29 January 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref>

==Finance==
Quikr is backed by [[Investment AB Kinnevik|Kinnevik]], [[Matrix Partners|Matrix Partners India]], [[Omidyar Network]], [[Norwest Venture Partners]], [[Nokia Growth Partners]], [[Warburg Pincus]] and [[eBay]].<ref name="aboutPage">{{Cite web|url=http://www.quikr.com/html/about.php|title=About Quikr|access-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>

In 2009, Quikr raised {{ currency| 20|INR}} crore.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=https://www.vccircle.com/quikr-raises-rs-20-cr-series-b-omidyar-matrix-india/ |title=Quikr Raises Rs 20 Cr In Series-B From Omidyar, Matrix India |website=VCCircle |date=2009-07-30 |first=Madhav A |last=Chanchani |access-date=2010-06-21}}</ref> In 2014, Quikr raised about $150 million,<ref>
{{Cite news|url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/indiamart-prepares-for-likely-ipo-next-fiscal-114073101446_1.html |title=Quikr raises Rs 550 crore from group of investors led by Swedish investment company Kinnevik |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=The Economic Times|date=2014-03-12 |access-date=2015-08-26|last1=Soni |first1=Anusha }}</ref>
of which it raised a $60 million<ref>
{{Cite news|url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/newsmaker-pranay-chulet-114031301327_1.html/ |title=Quikr founder shows how to take an old idea and make it new |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard|date=2014-03-14 |access-date=2015-08-26|last1=Soni |first1=Anusha }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/online-ads-firm-quikr-raises-rs-548-crore-from-foreign-investors/articleshow/31867840.cms?%2F= |title=Online ads firm Quikr raises Rs 548 crore from foreign investors |work=The Times Of India|date=2014-03-12 |access-date=2015-08-26}}</ref>
investment in a round led by [[Tiger Global]] with participation from several existing investors and raised $90 million<ref>
{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/quikr-raises-90-million/article5777666.ece |title=Quikr raises $90 million |work=The Hindu |date=2014-03-13 |access-date=2015-08-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624211722/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/quikr-raises-90-million/article5777666.ece |archive-date=24 June 2014 }}</ref>
in investment in a round led by Kinnevik.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/quikrcom-raises-rs-548-cr-in-private-equity/article5776351.ece |title=Quikr.com raises Rs. 548 cr in private equity |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=2014-03-12 |access-date=2015-08-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616005533/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/quikrcom-raises-rs-548-cr-in-private-equity/article5776351.ece |archive-date=16 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-now/corporate/swedish-firm-kinnevik-to-invest-in-quikr/videoshow/31852579.cms |title=Swedish firm Kinnevik to invest in Quikr |publisher=The Economic Times |date=2014-03-11 |access-date=2015-08-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316005303/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-now/corporate/swedish-firm-kinnevik-to-invest-in-quikr/videoshow/31852579.cms |archive-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref>
As of 2014, Quikr had raised a total of $350 million from 7 funding rounds.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/p5bKwMUdBOOkAjwxTVsWZP/Why-investors-are-betting-big-on-Indian-ecommerce-firms.html|title=Why investors are betting big on Indian e-commerce firms |publisher=Mint |date=2014-03-13 |access-date=2015-08-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515080752/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/p5bKwMUdBOOkAjwxTVsWZP/Why-investors-are-betting-big-on-Indian-ecommerce-firms.html |archive-date=15 May 2015 }}</ref>

== Partnerships and acquisitions ==
Pepperfry has partnered with Quikr.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/pepperfry-partners-with-quikr-for-its-furniture-exchange-program/articleshow/62458475.cms|title=Pepperfry partners with Quikr for its furniture exchange program|last=Srinivasan|first=Supraja|date=2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref>

In January 2016, Quikr announced it had acquired the real estate portal [[commonfloor.com]] and would be merging it with its real estate division QuikrHomes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/quikr-buys-commonfloor-in-200-mn-all-stock-deal-116010800047_1.html|title=Quikr buys CommonFloor in $200-mn all-stock deal|date=2016-01-08|access-date=2016-04-16}}</ref> As of December 2017, Quikr had completed 5 acquisitions for its real estate business.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/quikr-acquires-hdfcs-digital-realty-units-in-all-stock-deal/articleshow/62195514.cms|title=Quikr acquires HDFC's digital, realty units in all stock deal|last1=Shukla|first1=Saloni|date=2017-12-21|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-01-16|last2=Srinivasan|first2=Supraja}}</ref>

In July 2016, Quikr acquired the recruitment tech startup Hiree.com.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Quikr acquires Hiree to boost job listing|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/quikr-acquires-hiree-to-boost-job-listing/articleshow/53380875.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-03-30}}</ref>

In 2017, [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]] announced the sale of its subsidiaries HDFC Realty and HDFC Developers to Quikr India in an all stock deal that will give HDFC a 3 per cent stake in Quikr India in lieu of the sale of its stake in the two subsidiaries for Rs 357 crore.<ref>[https://www.timesofindia.com/business/india-business/hdfc-sells-hdfc-realty-hdfc-developers-to-quikr/amp_articleshow/62196688.cms%3famp_js_v=0.1&usqp=mq331AQFKAGwASA%253D#ampf=]{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref>

==Features==
Quikr provides an online [[classified advertising]] platform for users to buy or sell goods and services from each other. Other services offered include a [[missed call]] service,<ref>{{cite web|title=The business savvy of a "missed call" |url=http://www.growthinstitute.in/emagazine/dec13/fs_company.html |access-date=26 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516013019/http://www.growthinstitute.in/emagazine/dec13/fs_company.html |archive-date=16 May 2015 }}</ref> and [[instant messaging]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-08/news/57838317_1_online-platform-chat-service-used-goods|title=Quikr launches chat service to boost sales|publisher=The Economic Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144409/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-08/news/57838317_1_online-platform-chat-service-used-goods|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.quikr.com/}}

[[Category:Information technology companies of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:EBay]]
[[Category:Online marketplaces of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Warburg Pincus companies]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]

United States Congress

2026-03-22T05:12:26Z

DrusillaSchuster: basic adjust layout as per guidelines also and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Bicameral legislature of the United States federal government}}
{{About||the current Congress|119th United States Congress|the building|United States Capitol}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = United States Congress
| legislature = [[119th United States Congress|119th Congress]]
| coa_pic = File:Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coa_res = 175
| coa_caption = [[Coat of arms of the United States]]
| house_type = [[Bicameralism|Bicameral]]
| houses =
* [[United States Senate|Senate]]
* [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1789|3|4|p=1|br=1}}
| preceded_by = [[Congress of the Confederation]]
| new_session =
| leader1_type = [[Vice President of the United States|President of the Senate]]
| leader1 = [[JD Vance]]
| party1 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| election1 = {{Start date|2025|01|20}}
| leader2_type = [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|President pro tempore of the Senate]]
| leader2 = [[Chuck Grassley]]
| party2 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| election2 = {{Start date|2025|01|03}}
| leader3_type = [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]
| leader3 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| party3 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| election3 = {{Start date|2023|10|25}}
| members = {{ubli
| 535 voting members{{ubli
| 100 senators
| 435 {{shy|rep|re|sen|ta|tives}}
}}
| 6 [[non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|non-voting members]]
}}
| house1 = [[United States Senate|Senate]]
| house2 = [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| structure1 = 119th United States Senate.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| structure2 = (119th) US House of Representatives.svg
| structure2_res = 250px
| political_groups1 = '''Majority (53)'''
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|border=silver}} [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (53)}}
'''Minority (47)'''
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (45)}}
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|#9999FF|border=darkgray}} [[Independent Democrat|Independent]] (2)}}{{efn|name=King|Independent Sens. [[Angus King]] of [[Maine]] and [[Bernie Sanders]] of [[Vermont]] [[Senate Democratic Caucus|caucus]] with the Democratic Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 14, 2012 |title=Maine Independent Angus King To Caucus With Senate Democrats |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2012/11/14/165149633/maine-independent-angus-king-to-caucus-with-senate-democrats |url-status=live |access-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208105816/https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2012/11/14/165149633/maine-independent-angus-king-to-caucus-with-senate-democrats |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |quote=Angus King of Maine, who cruised to victory last week running as an independent, said Wednesday that he will caucus with Senate Democrats. [...] The Senate's other independent, Bernie Sanders of Vermont, also caucuses with the Democrats.}}</ref>}}
| political_groups2 = '''Majority (218)'''
* {{no wrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|border=silver}} [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (217)}}
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Independent Republican}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent Republican (United States)|Independent]] ([[Kevin Kiley (politician)|1]])}}
'''Minority (214)'''
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|border=silver}} [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (214)}}
'''Vacant (3)'''
* {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Vacant (US)}}|border=silver}} Vacant (3)}}
| committeess1 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election2 = [[2024 United States House of Representatives elections|November 5, 2024]]
| last_election1 = [[2024 United States Senate elections|November 5, 2024]]
| next_election2 = [[2026 United States House of Representatives elections|November 3, 2026]]
| next_election1 = [[2026 United States Senate elections|November 3, 2026]]
| session_room = United States Capitol west front edit2.jpg
| session_res = 240px
| meeting_place = [[United States Capitol]] [[Washington, D.C.]] [[United States|United States of America]]
| website = {{URL|https://congress.gov}}
| constitution = [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]], Article I
}}
The '''United States Congress''' is the [[legislature|legislative branch]] of the [[federal government of the United States]]. It is a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] legislature, including a [[Lower house|lower body]], the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]], and an [[Upper house|upper body]], the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]]. They both meet in the [[United States Capitol]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]

Members of Congress are chosen through [[direct election]],{{efn|name="17A"|Before the ratification of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures.}} though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a [[Governor (United States)|governor]]'s appointment. Congress has a total of 535 voting members, which includes 100 [[List of current United States senators|senators]] and 435 [[List of current United States representatives|representatives]]. The House of Representatives also has 6 additional [[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|non-voting members]]. The [[vice president of the United States]], as president of the Senate, has a vote in the Senate only when there is a tie.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/R/PDF/R45583/R45583.28.pdf |title=Membership of the 116th Congress: A Profile |last=Manning |first=Jennifer E. |date=December 17, 2020 |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |issue=R45583 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=4 |quote=Congress is composed of 541 individuals from the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Puerto Rico. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214342/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45583 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Congress{{efn|name="Style"|Congress does not take a [[Article (grammar)|grammatical article]], except when referring to an individual Congress.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Garner |first1=Bryan A. |author-link1=Bryan A. Garner |title=Garner's Dictionary of Legal Usage |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195384208 |page=203 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1m1bI5vCooC&pg=PA203 |access-date=October 22, 2023}}</ref> }} convenes for a two-year [[Term of office|term]] (a Congress), commencing every other January. Each Congress is usually split into two sessions, one for each year. [[Elections in the United States|Elections]] are held every even-numbered year on [[Election Day (United States)|Election Day]]. The members of the House of Representatives are elected for the two-year term of a Congress. The [[Reapportionment Act of 1929]] established that there be 435 representatives, and the [[Uniform Congressional District Act]] requires that they be elected from [[Single-member district|single-member constituencies]] or ''districts''. It is also required that the [[Congressional districts of the United States|congressional districts]] be [[United States congressional apportionment|apportioned]] among [[U.S. state|states]] by [[Representation by population|population]] every ten years using the [[United States census|U.S. census]] results, provided that each state has at least one congressional representative. Each senator is elected [[at-large]] in their state for a six-year term, with [[Staggered elections|terms staggered]], so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, so currently, there are 100 senators for the 50 states.

[[Article One of the U.S. Constitution|Article One of the Constitution]] requires that members of Congress be at least 25 years old for the House and at least 30 years old for the Senate, be a [[Citizenship of the United States|U.S. citizen]] for seven years for the House and nine years for the Senate, and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent. Members in both chambers may stand for {{Nowrap|re-election}} an unlimited number of times.

Congress was created by the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]]'s [[Article One of the United States Constitution|First Article]] and first met in [[1st United States Congress|1789]], replacing the [[Congress of the Confederation]] in its legislative function. Although not legally mandated, in practice members of Congress since the late 19th century are typically affiliated with one of the [[Two-party system|two major parties]], the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] or the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], and only rarely with a [[Third-party members of the United States House of Representatives|third party]] or [[independent politician|independents]] affiliated with no party. Members can also [[Party switching|switch parties]] at any time, though this is uncommon.

==Overview==
[[File:The United States Legislative Process Overview (1) - Library of Congress.webm|thumb|An overview of the United States legislative process from the [[Library of Congress]]]]
[[File:Johnson Impeachment Committee.jpg|thumb|alt=Seven men wearing suits posing for a group picture.|In 1868, this committee of representatives prosecuted [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[Andrew Johnson]] in his impeachment trial, but the Senate did not convict him.]]
[[Article One of the United States Constitution]] states, "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives."<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Constitution - Article I {{!}} Resources {{!}} Constitution Annotated {{!}} Congress.gov {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-1/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=constitution.congress.gov |language=en}}</ref> The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process{{snd}}legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Legislative Process: Overview (Video) |url=https://www.congress.gov/legislative-process |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> The Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves [[President of the United States|presidential]] [[Appointments Clause|appointments]] while the House initiates [[revenue]]-raising bills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: About the Senate and the Constitution |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution.htm |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Origination Clause and Revenue Bills {{!}} Constitution Annotated {{!}} Congress.gov {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S7-C1-1/ALDE_00013355/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=constitution.congress.gov |language=en}}</ref>

The House initiates and decides [[Federal impeachment in the United States|impeachment]] while the Senate votes on conviction and removal of office for impeachment cases.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb>{{cite web |author= John V. Sullivan |title= How Our Laws Are Made |publisher= U.S. House of Representatives |date= July 24, 2007 |url= https://www.congress.gov/resources/display/content/How+Our+Laws+Are+Made+-+Learn+About+the+Legislative+Process |access-date= November 27, 2016 |archive-date= May 5, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200505213625/https://www.congress.gov/resources/display/content/How+Our+Laws+Are+Made+-+Learn+About+the+Legislative+Process |url-status= live}}</ref> A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be removed from office.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/>

The term ''[[Congress]]'' can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years; the current one, the [[119th United States Congress|119th Congress]], began on January 3, 2025, and will end on January 3, 2027. Since the adoption of the [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], the Congress has started and ended at noon on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, while members of the House of Representatives are commonly referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The House Explained {{!}} house.gov |url=https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.house.gov}}</ref>

Congress provides both local representation of congressional districts by representatives and representation of states at-large by [[US Senators|senators]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Congress {{!}} U.S. Capitol - Visitor Center |url=https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/explore/about-congress |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.visitthecapitol.gov}}</ref>

Scholar and representative [[Lee H. Hamilton]] asserted that the "historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom" and insisted it was a "driving force in American government"<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14aa/> and a "remarkably resilient institution".<ref name=tws2010Sep11rtww>{{cite news |author1=Steven S. Smith |author2=Jason M. Roberts |author3=Ryan J. Vander Wielen |title=The American Congress (Fourth Edition) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=23 |year=2006 |isbn=9781139446990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith,+Steven+S.,+Jason+M.+Roberts,+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |access-date=September 11, 2010 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214644/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith%2C+Steven+S.%2C+Jason+M.+Roberts%2C+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |url-status=live}}</ref> Congress is the "heart and soul of our democracy", according to this view, even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or [[Supreme court justices|Supreme Court justices]]; one wrote that "legislators remain ghosts in America's historical imagination." One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14dd4>{{cite news |editor1= Julian E. Zelizer |editor2= Joanne Barrie Freeman |editor3= Jack N. Rakove |editor4= Alan Taylor |title= The American Congress: The Building of Democracy |publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company |pages= xiii–xiv |year= 2004 |isbn= 0-618-17906-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC&q=Zelizer+Julian+2004+American+Congress+The+Building+of+Democracy |access-date= September 11, 2010 |display-authors= etal |archive-date= October 19, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019131704/https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC |url-status= live}}</ref> Several academics described Congress:

{{blockquote|Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body{{spaces}}... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14aa/>}}

Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14cc>{{cite news |author1=Steven S. Smith |author2=Jason M. Roberts |author3=Ryan J. Vander Wielen |title=The American Congress (Fourth Edition) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9781139446990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith,+Steven+S.,+Jason+M.+Roberts,+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |access-date=September 11, 2010 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214329/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith%2C+Steven+S.%2C+Jason+M.+Roberts%2C+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |url-status=live}}</ref> In recent times, the [[Southern United States|American South]] and [[American west|West]] have [[United States congressional apportionment|gained]] House seats according to [[demographic]] changes recorded by the census and includes more women and [[minorities]].<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14cc/> Most [[incumbent]]s seek re-election, and their historical [[Incumbent#Incumbency advantage|likelihood of winning]] subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent.<ref name="incumbent">{{cite news|author = Perry Bacon Jr.|title = Post Politics Hour: Weekend Review and a Look Ahead|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = August 31, 2009|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2009/08/27/DI2009082703265.html|access-date = September 20, 2009|archive-date = January 14, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215514/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2009/08/27/DI2009082703265.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

While power balances among the different parts of [[government]] continue to change, the internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so-called ''intermediary institutions'' such as [[Political party|political parties]], [[civic associations]], [[Lobbying|interest groups]], and the [[mass media]].<ref name="tws2010Sep11t14dd4" />

The [[Congressional archives|historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate]] are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives, which is a part of the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Information_about_Senate_Archives.htm|title = Information about the Archives of the United States Senate|access-date = January 6, 2014|publisher = U.S. Senate|archive-date = January 6, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140106181652/http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Information_about_Senate_Archives.htm|url-status = live}}</ref>

Congress holds legislative authority over the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], as the current seat of the federal government. Despite the devolution of certain roles to municipal government, under the [[District of Columbia Home Rule Act|Home Rule Act]], Congress has the power to 'review and disapprove' local laws before they take effect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governing the District of Columbia: Overview and Timeline |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF12577 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of the United States Congress}}

===18th century===
[[File:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States.jpg|thumb|The 1940 portrait ''[[Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States]]'', depicting [[George Washington]] presiding over the signing of the [[Constitution of the United States]]]]
The [[First Continental Congress]] was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the [[Thirteen Colonies]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Kramnick, Isaac|author= Thomas Paine |title=Common Sense |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=1982 |page=21}}</ref> On July 4, 1776, the [[Second Continental Congress]] adopted the [[Declaration of Independence of the United States|Declaration of Independence]], referring to the new nation as the "United States of America". The [[Articles of Confederation]] in 1781 created the [[Congress of the Confederation]], a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a [[veto]] over most decisions. Congress had executive but not legislative authority, and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty<ref>{{cite news | title = References about weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation}}*{{cite news|author=Pauline Maier (book reviewer)|title=History – The Framers' Real Motives (book review) Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution book by Woody Holton|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 18, 2007|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/15/AR2007111502145.html|access-date=October 10, 2009|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214438/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/15/AR2007111502145.html|url-status=live}}*{{cite web|title = The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise|publisher = PBS|date = October 10, 2009|url = https://www.pbs.org/georgewashington/classroom/index2.html|access-date = October 10, 2009|archive-date = January 14, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214452/https://www.pbs.org/retired-site/|url-status = dead}}*{{cite news|author = Alexander Hamilton|title = Federalist No. 15 – The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union|publisher = FoundingFathers.info|year = 1788|url = http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed15.htm|access-date = October 10, 2009|archive-date = January 14, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214331/http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed15.htm|url-status = live}}</ref> and lacked authority to collect taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce laws.<ref>English (2003), pp. 5–6.</ref><ref>Collier (1986), p. 5.</ref>

Government powerlessness led to the [[Philadelphia Convention|Convention of 1787]] which proposed a revised constitution with a two-chamber or ''bicameral'' Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=James Madison and the Federal Constitutional Convention of 1787 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/madison_papers/mjmconst.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025155703/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/madison_papers/mjmconst.html |archive-date=2005-10-25 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state.<ref>{{cite news|title = The Founding Fathers: New Jersey|publisher = The Charters of Freedom|date = October 10, 2009|url = https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_jersey.html|access-date = October 10, 2009|archive-date = October 9, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161009200825/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_jersey.html|url-status = live}}</ref> The two-chamber structure had functioned well in state governments.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Presidency: Vetoes |newspaper=Time |date=March 9, 1931 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741166,00.html |access-date=September 11, 2010 |archive-date=August 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812024010/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741166,00.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> A compromise plan, the [[Connecticut Compromise]], was adopted with representatives chosen [[Rep by pop|by population]] (benefiting larger states) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments (benefiting smaller states).<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14cc/><ref name=tws2010Sep11t14dd5/>

The ratified constitution created a [[federalism|federal structure]] with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen ''as an individual'' is subject to the powers of state government and national government.<ref>{{cite news |author1=David B. Rivkin Jr. |author2=Lee A. Casey |name-list-style=amp |title=Illegal Health Reform |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=August 22, 2009 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/21/AR2009082103033.html |access-date=October 10, 2009 |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029095959/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/21/AR2009082103033.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Founding Fathers via FindLaw|title=U.S. Constitution: Article I (section 8 paragraph 3) – Article Text – Annotations|work=FindLaw|year=1787|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/article01/|access-date=October 10, 2009|archive-date=February 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212115712/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/Constitution/article01/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>English (2003), p. 7.</ref> To protect against abuse of power, each branch of government{{snd}}executive, legislative, and judicial{{snd}}had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the [[separation of powers]].<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/> Furthermore, there were checks and balances ''within'' the legislature since there were two separate chambers.<ref>English (2003), p. 8.</ref> The new government became active in 1789.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/><ref>{{cite web |title = The Convention Timeline |publisher = U.S. Constitution Online |date = October 10, 2009 |url = http://www.usconstitution.net/consttime2.html |access-date = October 10, 2009 |archive-date = January 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214352/https://www.usconstitution.net/consttime2.html |url-status = live}}</ref>

Political scientist [[Julian E. Zelizer]] suggested there were four main congressional eras, with considerable overlap, and included the ''formative era'' (1780s–1820s), the ''partisan era'' (1830s–1900s), the ''committee era'' (1910s–1960s), and the ''contemporary era'' (1970–present).<ref>{{cite news |author= Eric Patashnik |editor= Julian E. Zelizer |title= The American Congress: The Building of Democracy |publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company |year= 2004 |isbn= 0-618-17906-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC&q=Zelizer+Julian+2004+American+Congress+The+Building+of+Democracy |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= October 19, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019131704/https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC |url-status= live}}</ref>

[[Federalist Party|Federalists]] and [[Anti-Federalism|anti-federalists]] jostled for power in the early years as political parties became pronounced. With the passage of the Constitution and the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]], the anti-federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the [[Anti-Administration Party]] that [[James Madison]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]] were forming about 1790–1791 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary [[Alexander Hamilton]]; it soon became the [[Democratic-Republican Party]] or the Jeffersonian Republican Party<ref>{{cite letter |title=James Madison to Thomas Jefferson |first=James |last=Madison |author-link=James Madison |recipient=Thomas Jefferson |date=March 2, 1794 |url=http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mjm.05_0592_0594 |format=handwritten letter |access-date=November 20, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite letter |title=Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, May 23, 1792 |first=Thomas |last=Jefferson |author-link=Thomas Jefferson |recipient=George Washington |date=May 23, 1792 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem%2Fmtj%3A%40field%28DOCID+%40lit%28tj060237%29%29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028145209/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem%2Fmtj%3A%40field%28DOCID+%40lit%28tj060237%29%29 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-10-28 |format=handwritten letter |access-date=November 20, 2025}}</ref> and thus began the era of the [[First Party System]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

===19th century===
In 1800, [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s election to the presidency marked a [[peaceful transition of power]] between the parties. [[John Marshall]], 4th chief justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], empowered the courts by establishing the principle of [[Judicial review in the United States|judicial review in law]] in the landmark case ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'' in 1803, effectively giving the Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation.<ref>{{cite book | first=Erwin | last=Chemerinsky | author-link=Erwin Chemerinsky | title=Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies | edition= 5th | location=New York | publisher=Wolters Kluwer | year=2015 | page=37| isbn=978-1-4548-4947-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Van Alstyne | first=William | title=A Critical Guide to ''Marbury v. Madison'' | journal=Duke Law Journal | volume=18 | issue=1 | page=1 | year=1969 | url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/544/ | access-date=November 24, 2018 | archive-date=January 14, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214505/https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/544/ | url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[American Civil War|Civil War]], which lasted from 1861 to 1865, resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority but weakened the power of [[states rights|states' rights]]. The [[Gilded Age]] (1877–1901) was marked by [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican]] dominance of Congress. During this time, lobbying activity became more intense, particularly during the administration of President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool.<ref>Margaret S. Thompson, ''The "Spider Web": Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant'' (1985)</ref> Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace. The [[Progressive Era]] was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress and calls for reform; sometimes reformers said lobbyists corrupted politics.<ref>Elisabeth S. Clemens, ''The People's Lobby: Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest-Group Politics in the United States, 1890–1925'' (1997)</ref> The position of [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] became extremely powerful under leaders such as [[Thomas Brackett Reed|Thomas Reed]] in 1890 and [[Joseph Gurney Cannon]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

===20th century===
[[File:United States Congress circa 1915.jpeg|thumb|The United States Congress, {{Circa|1915}}]]
[[File:Combined--Control of the U.S. House of Representatives - Control of the U.S. Senate.png|thumb|[[Party divisions of United States Congresses|Party control]] of the Senate, House, and Presidency, 1855 to 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uspolitics.about.com/od/usgovernment/l/bl_party_division_2.htm |title=Party in Power – Congress and Presidency – A Visual Guide to the Balance of Power in Congress, 1945–2008 |publisher=Uspolitics.about.com |access-date=September 17, 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101145605/http://uspolitics.about.com/od/usgovernment/l/bl_party_division_2.htm |archive-date=November 1, 2012}}</ref>]]
[[File:1989 Congress Bicentennial-Dollar.jpg|thumb|The 200th anniversary of Congress anniversary in 1989, which was honored by [[United States Congress Bicentennial commemorative coins]]]]

By the beginning of the 20th century, party structures and leadership emerged as key organizers of Senate proceedings.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Roger H. |title=Congress and Its Members |last2=Oleszek |first2=Walter J. |last3=Lee |first3=Frances E. |last4=Schickler |first4=Eric |last5=Curry |first5=James M. |publisher=Sage CQ Press |year=2022 |isbn=9781071836859 |edition=18th |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |pages=161–162 |language=English}}</ref>

A system of seniority, in which long-time members of Congress gained more and more power, encouraged politicians of both parties to seek long terms. [[United States congressional committees|Committee]] chairmen remained influential in both houses until the reforms of the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fromkin |first=Lauren |date=February 15, 2024 |title=Cleaning Up House: Reforms to Empower U.S. House Committees |url=https://bipartisanpolicy.org/blog/reforms-to-empower-house-committees/ |access-date=May 17, 2024 |website=Bipartisan Policy}}</ref>

Important structural changes included the [[direct popular election]] of senators according to the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Seventeenth Amendment]],<ref name="tws2010Sep11t14dd5">{{cite news |author= David E. Kyvig |editor= Julian E. Zelizer |title= The American Congress: The Building of Democracy |publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company |page= 362 |year= 2004 |isbn= 0-618-17906-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC&q=Zelizer+Julian+2004+American+Congress+The+Building+of+Democracy |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= October 19, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019131704/https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC |url-status= live}}</ref> ratified on April 8, 1913. [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] decisions based on the Constitution's [[commerce clause]] expanded congressional power to regulate the economy.<ref>{{cite news |author1 = David B. Rivkin Jr. |author2 = Lee A. Casey |name-list-style = amp |title = Illegal Health Reform |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = August 22, 2009 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/21/AR2009082103033.html |access-date = September 28, 2009 |archive-date = October 29, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201029095959/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/21/AR2009082103033.html |url-status = live}}</ref> One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Steven S. Smith |author2=Jason M. Roberts |author3=Ryan J. Vander Wielen |title=The American Congress (Fourth Edition) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=38 |year=2006 |isbn=9781139446990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith,+Steven+S.,+Jason+M.+Roberts,+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |access-date=September 11, 2010 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214332/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith%2C+Steven+S.%2C+Jason+M.+Roberts%2C+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lame duck (politics)|Lame duck]] reforms according to the [[Twentieth amendment to the United States Constitution|Twentieth Amendment]] reduced the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability.<ref>{{cite news |author= David E. Kyvig |editor= Julian E. Zelizer |title= The American Congress: The Building of Democracy |publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company |year= 2004 |isbn= 0-618-17906-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC&q=Zelizer+Julian+2004+American+Congress+The+Building+of+Democracy |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= October 19, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019131704/https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC |url-status= live}}</ref>

The [[Great Depression]] ushered in President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] and strong control by Democrats<ref>{{cite news|title=The Congress: 72nd Made|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740692,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930090738/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740692,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 30, 2008|access-date=October 5, 2010|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=November 17, 1930}}</ref> and historic [[New Deal]] policies. [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]]'s election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch. Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the [[White House]] rather initiated by Congress.<ref name="English14">English (2003), p. 14.</ref> President Roosevelt pushed his agenda in Congress by detailing Executive Branch staff to friendly Senate committees, a practice that ended with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Farley|first=Bill|date=January 25, 2021|title=Blending Powers: Hamilton, FDR, and the Backlash That Shaped Modern Congress|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-policy-history/article/abs/blending-powers-hamilton-fdr-and-the-backlash-that-shaped-modern-congress/AE5E0D3D42A502AFE752F27FEADB176A|journal=Journal of Policy History|language=en|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–92|doi=10.1017/S089803062000024X|s2cid=231694131|issn=0898-0306|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=November 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104163011/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-policy-history/article/abs/blending-powers-hamilton-fdr-and-the-backlash-that-shaped-modern-congress/AE5E0D3D42A502AFE752F27FEADB176A|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] controlled both houses of Congress for many years.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Congress: Democratic Senate|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847065,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027073231/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847065,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 27, 2010|access-date=October 10, 2010|newspaper=Time|date=November 14, 1932}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Political Notes: Democratic Drift|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,756879,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215094513/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,756879,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 15, 2008|access-date=October 10, 2010|newspaper=Time|date=November 16, 1936}}</ref><ref name=1930lop>{{cite news|title=The Congress: The 76th|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760301,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826092956/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760301,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 26, 2010|access-date=October 10, 2010|newspaper=Time|date=November 21, 1938}}</ref> During this time, Republicans and conservative southern Democrats<ref>{{cite news|title=The Vice Presidency: Undeclared War|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789486-2,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429014527/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789486-2,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 29, 2011|access-date=October 10, 2010|newspaper=Time|date=March 20, 1939}}</ref> formed the [[Conservative Coalition]].<ref name=1930lop/><ref>{{cite news|title=Congress: New Houses|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,849318,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014092712/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,849318,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 14, 2010|access-date=October 10, 2010|newspaper=Time|date=November 11, 1940}}</ref> Democrats maintained control of Congress during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Before the G.O.P. Lay a Forked Road|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,932828,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014141814/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,932828,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 14, 2010|access-date=October 10, 2010|newspaper=Time|date=November 16, 1942}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Business & Finance: Turn of the Tide|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,932900,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014142602/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,932900,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 14, 2010|access-date=October 10, 2010|newspaper=Time|date=November 16, 1942}}</ref> Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees.<ref name=tws2010Sep11pp>{{cite news |title=The Congress: Effort toward Efficiency |newspaper=Time |date=May 21, 1965 |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901685,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080220083842/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901685,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= February 20, 2008 |access-date=September 11, 2010}}</ref>

Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years. More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise, such as space flight and atomic energy policy.<ref name=tws2010Sep11pp/> Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] exploited the fear of communism during the [[McCarthyism|Second Red Scare]] and conducted televised hearings.<ref>{{cite news|title=National Affairs: Judgments & Prophecies |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,820388-2,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501130122/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,820388-2,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 1, 2011|access-date=October 10, 2010|newspaper=Time|date=November 15, 1954}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Congress: Ahead of the Wind|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810635,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131165211/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810635,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 31, 2011|access-date=October 10, 2010|newspaper=Time|date=November 17, 1958}}</ref> In 1960, Democratic candidate [[John F. Kennedy]] narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both chambers of Congress from 1961 to 1980, and retained a consistent majority in the House from 1955 to 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brownstein |first=Ronald |date=June 20, 2023 |title=Why power in Congress is now so precarious |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/20/politics/congress-butterfly-effect-fault-lines/index.html |access-date=May 17, 2024 |website=CNN |language=en |quote=...two decades of unbroken Democratic Senate control from 1961 to 1980 ... Neither side lately has consistently reached the heights that Democrats did while they held unbroken control of the lower chamber from 1955 through 1994 when the party routinely won 250 seats or more.}}</ref>

Congress enacted Johnson's [[Great Society]] program to fight poverty and hunger. The [[Watergate Scandal]] had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups; the scandal "substantially reshaped" relations between the branches of government, suggested political scientist [[Bruce J. Schulman]].<ref>{{cite news |author= Bruce J. Schulman |editor= Julian E. Zelizer |title= The American Congress: The Building of Democracy |publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company |page= 638 |year= 2004 |isbn= 0-618-17906-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC&q=Zelizer+Julian+2004+American+Congress+The+Building+of+Democracy |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= October 19, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019131704/https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC |url-status= live}}</ref> Partisanship returned, particularly after 1994; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the ''Board of Education''.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14dd4/> Congress began reasserting its authority.<ref name="English14"/><ref>{{cite news|title=The House: New Faces and New Strains |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945101,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222061724/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945101,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 22, 2008 |newspaper=Time |date=November 18, 1974}}</ref>

[[Lobbying in the United States|Lobbying]] became a big factor despite the 1971 [[Federal Election Campaign Act]]. [[Political action committee]]s or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as ''[[Soft Money|soft money]]'' contributions.<ref name=tws2010Sep11jggha>{{cite news |author1=Steven S. Smith |author2=Jason M. Roberts |author3=Ryan J. Vander Wielen |title=The American Congress (Fourth Edition) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=58 |year=2006 |isbn=9781139446990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith,+Steven+S.,+Jason+M.+Roberts,+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |access-date=September 11, 2010 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214339/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith%2C+Steven+S.%2C+Jason+M.+Roberts%2C+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |url-status=live}}</ref> While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates, the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates.<ref name=tws2010Sep11jggha/> Reforms such as the 2002 [[Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act]] limited campaign donations but did not limit ''soft money'' contributions.<ref>{{cite news |author= Nick Anderson |title= Political Attack Ads Already Popping Up on the Web |newspaper= Los Angeles Times |date= March 30, 2004 |url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-mar-30-na-online30-story.html |access-date= September 30, 2009 |archive-date= January 14, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214342/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-mar-30-na-online30-story.html |url-status= live}}</ref> One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the "influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs" instead "legitimized PACs" since they "enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates".<ref name=tws02oct201>{{cite news |author1=Susan Tifft |author2=Richard Homik |author3=Hays Corey |title = Taking an Ax to the PACs|newspaper = Time|date = August 20, 1984|url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954335,00.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101029151705/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954335,00.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = October 29, 2010|access-date =October 2, 2009}}</ref>

From 1974 to 1984, PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5{{spaces}}million to $120{{spaces}}million<ref name="tws02oct201"/><ref name=tws02oct223>{{cite news|last = Clymer|first = Adam|title = Campaign spending in congress races soars to new high|newspaper = The New York Times|date = October 29, 1992|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/29/us/campaign-spending-in-congress-races-soars-to-new-high.html|access-date = October 2, 2009|archive-date = January 14, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214343/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/29/us/campaign-spending-in-congress-races-soars-to-new-high.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=tws01oct22>{{cite news|author = Jeffrey H. Birnbaum|title = Cost of Congressional Campaigns Skyrockets|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = October 3, 2004|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A2935-2004Oct2.html|access-date = October 1, 2009|archive-date = January 14, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214408/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A2935-2004Oct2.html|url-status = live}}</ref> along with concern over PAC influence in Congress.<ref name=tws02oct205>{{cite news|author = Richard E. Cohen|title = PAC Paranoia: Congress Faces Campaign Spending – Politics: Hysteria was the operative word when legislators realized they could not return home without tougher campaign finance laws.|newspaper = Los Angeles Times|date = August 12, 1990|url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-08-12-op-739-story.html|access-date = October 2, 2009|archive-date = January 14, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214344/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-08-12-op-739-story.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1 = Walter Isaacson|author2= Evan Thomas |author3=other bureaus|title = Running with the PACs|newspaper = Time| date = October 25, 1982| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953584-2,00.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110429013742/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953584-2,00.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = April 29, 2011| access-date =October 2, 2009}}</ref> In 2009, there were 4,600 business, labor and special-interest PACs<ref name=tws02oct209>{{cite news| author = John Fritze| title = PACs spent record $416M on federal election| newspaper = USA Today| date = March 2, 2009| url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-03-01-pacmoney_N.htm| access-date = October 2, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214343/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-03-01-pacmoney_N.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> including ones for [[Association of Trial Lawyers of America|lawyers]], [[International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers|electricians]], and [[National Association of Realtors|real estate brokers]].<ref>{{cite news| author = Thomas Frank| title = Beer PAC aims to put Congress under influence| newspaper = USA TODAY| date = October 29, 2006| url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-10-29-beer-lobby_x.htm| access-date = October 2, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214429/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-10-29-beer-lobby_x.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> From 2007 to 2008, 175 members of Congress received "half or more of their campaign cash" from PACs.<ref name="tws02oct209"/><ref>{{cite news| author1 = Michael Isikoff| author2 = Dina Fine Maron| name-list-style = amp| title = Congress – Follow the Bailout Cash| newspaper = Newsweek| date = March 21, 2009| url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/190363| access-date = October 2, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214528/https://www.newsweek.com/tarp-funds-get-recycled-political-contributions-75963| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author = Richard L. Berke| title = Campaign Finance; Problems in the PAC's: Study Finds Frustration| newspaper = The New York Times| date = February 14, 1988| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/14/us/campaign-finance-problems-in-the-pac-s-study-finds-frustration.html| access-date = October 2, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214346/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/14/us/campaign-finance-problems-in-the-pac-s-study-finds-frustration.html| url-status = live}}</ref>

From 1970 to 2009, the House expanded delegates, along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas, beginning with representation on committees for [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico's resident commissioner]] in 1970. In 1971, a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized, and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for [[United States Virgin Islands's at-large congressional district|U.S. Virgin Islands]] and [[Guam's at-large congressional district|Guam]]. In 1978, an additional delegate for [[American Samoa's at-large congressional district|American Samoa]] were added.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

In the late 20th century, the media became more important in Congress's work.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14dd1>{{cite news |editor= Julian E. Zelizer |author= Michael Schudson |title= The American Congress: The Building of Democracy |publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company |year= 2004 |isbn= 0-618-17906-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC&q=Zelizer+Julian+2004+American+Congress+The+Building+of+Democracy |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= October 19, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019131704/https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC |url-status= live}}</ref> Analyst [[Michael Schudson]] suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused "more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions".<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14dd1 /> [[Norman Ornstein]] suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress, and referred to this as the ''[[tabloidization]]'' of media coverage.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14cc/> Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty-second soundbite.<ref>{{cite news |author1= Steven S. Smith |author2= Jason M. Roberts |author3= Ryan J. Vander Wielen |title= The American Congress (Fourth Edition) |publisher= Cambridge University Press |page= 12 |year= 2006 |isbn= 9781139446990 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith,+Steven+S.,+Jason+M.+Roberts,+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= January 14, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214429/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith%2C+Steven+S.%2C+Jason+M.+Roberts%2C+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |url-status= live}}</ref> A report characterized Congress in 2013 as unproductive, gridlocked, and "setting records for futility".<ref>Mark Murray, NBC News, June 30, 2013, [http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/30/19206400-unproductive-congress-how-stalemates-became-the-norm-in-washington-dc?lite Unproductive Congress: How stalemates became the norm in Washington DC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214346/https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press?lite |date=January 14, 2021}}. Retrieved June 30, 2013.</ref>

In October 2013, with Congress unable to compromise, the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments, causing 60% of the public to say they would "fire every member of Congress" including their own representative.<ref>Domenico Montanaro, NBC News, October 10, 2013, [http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/10/20903531-nbcwsj-poll-60-percent-say-fire-every-member-of-congress?lite NBC/WSJ poll: 60 percent say fire every member of Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214447/https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press?lite |date=January 14, 2021}}. Retrieved October 10, 2013, "...{{spaces}}60 percent of Americans{{spaces}}... if they had the chance to vote to defeat and replace every single member of Congress{{spaces}}... they would{{spaces}}..."</ref> One report suggested Congress posed the "biggest risk to the U.S. economy" because of its [[Brinkmanship|brinksmanship]], "down-to-the-wire budget and debt crises" and "indiscriminate spending cuts", resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed.<ref>Andy Sullivan of Reuters, NBC News, October 17, 2013, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles/Tomwsulcer&ilshowall=1 Washington: the biggest risk to U.S. economy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214352/https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AListFiles%2FTomwsulcer&ilshowall=1 |date=January 14, 2021}}. Retrieved October 18, 2013, "...{{spaces}}the biggest risk to the world's largest economy may be its own elected representatives{{spaces}}... Down-to-the-wire budget and debt crises, indiscriminate spending cuts and a 16-day government shutdown{{spaces}}..."</ref> There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress,<ref>Domenico Montanaro, NBC News, October 10, 2013, [http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/10/20903531-nbcwsj-poll-60-percent-say-fire-every-member-of-congress?lite NBC/WSJ poll: 60 percent say fire every member of Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214353/https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press?lite |date=January 14, 2021}}. Retrieved October 10, 2013, "...{{spaces}}60 percent of Americans{{spaces}}... saying if they had the chance to vote to defeat and replace every single member of Congress, including their own representative, they would{{spaces}}..."</ref> with extremely low approval ratings<ref name="blogs.wsj.com">Wall Street Journal, [https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2012/08/21/approval-of-congress-matches-all-time-low/ Approval of Congress Matches All-Time Low] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214433/https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2012/08/21/approval-of-congress-matches-all-time-low/ |date=January 14, 2021}}. Retrieved June 13, 2013.</ref><ref name="firstread.nbcnews.com">Carrie Dann, NBC News, [http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/13/18940080-poll-americans-faith-in-congress-lower-than-all-major-institutions-ever?litePoll: Americans' faith in Congress lower than all major institutions{{snd}}ever] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214356/https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press?litePoll: |date=January 14, 2021}}. Retrieved June 13, 2013.</ref> which dropped to 5% in October 2013.<ref name=voa5congress/>

===21st century===
{{Further|Democratic backsliding in the United States#Congress}}
[[File:2017- Threats against members of Congress and their families.svg|thumb|Each year, the USCP investigates thousands of "concerning statements" and direct threats against Members of Congress, their families, and staff. The number of such cases has grown in recent years, and tends to increase in election years.<ref name=USCP_20260127>{{cite web |title=USCP Threat Assessment Cases for 2025 |url=https://www.uscp.gov/media-center/press-releases/uscp-threat-assessment-cases-2025 |website=USCP.gov |publisher=United States Capitol Police |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260129015939/https://www.uscp.gov/media-center/press-releases/uscp-threat-assessment-cases-2025 |archive-date=January 29, 2026 |date=January 27, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

In 2009, Congress authorized another delegate for the [[United States congressional delegations from the Northern Mariana Islands|Northern Mariana Islands]]. These six members of Congress enjoy [[Floor privileges of the united states senate|floor privileges]] to introduce bills and resolutions, and in recent Congresses they vote in permanent and select committees, in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate. They have Capitol Hill offices, staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies. While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House [[Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)|Committee of the Whole]] votes, recent Congresses have not allowed for that, and they cannot vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives.<ref>Palmer, Betsy. [https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/155017.pdf Delegates to the U.S. Congress: history and current status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214319/https://fpc.state.gov/bureaus-offices/under-secretary-for-public-diplomacy-and-public-affairs/bureau-of-global-public-affairs/foreign-press-centers/ |date=January 14, 2021}}</ref><ref>Congressional Research Service; U.S. House of Representatives, "[http://www.house.gov/content/learn/ The House Explained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111025616/https://www.house.gov/content/learn/ |date=November 11, 2017}}", viewed January 9, 2015.</ref>

On January 6, 2021, Congress gathered to confirm the election of Joe Biden, when supporters of the outgoing president Donald Trump [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|attacked the building]]. The session of Congress ended prematurely, and Congress representatives evacuated. [[Donald Trump|Trump]] supporters occupied Congress until D.C. police evacuated the area. The event was the first time since the [[Burning of Washington]] by the British during the [[War of 1812]] that the United States Congress was forcefully occupied.<ref>{{cite web|title=The US Capitol has been stormed before – when British troops burned Washington in 1814|url=https://theconversation.com/the-us-capitol-has-been-stormed-before-when-british-troops-burned-washington-in-1814-152843|last=Ward|first=Matthew|publisher=The Conversation|date=January 8, 2021|access-date=March 15, 2021|archive-date=April 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407130742/https://theconversation.com/the-us-capitol-has-been-stormed-before-when-british-troops-burned-washington-in-1814-152843|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Women in Congress==
Various social and structural barriers have prevented women from gaining seats in Congress. In the early 20th century, [[cult of domesticity|women's domestic roles]] and the [[Disfranchisement|inability to vote]] forestalled opportunities to run for and hold public office. The two party system and the lack of term limits favored incumbent white men, making the [[widow's succession]] – in which a woman temporarily took over a seat vacated by the death of her husband – the most common path to Congress for white women.{{sfn|Sanbonmatsu|2020|pp=42–43}}

Women candidates began making substantial inroads in the later 20th century, due in part to new political support mechanisms and public awareness of their underrepresentation in Congress.{{sfn|Sanbonmatsu|2020|p=45}} Recruitment and [[Campaign finance|financial support]] for women candidates were rare until the [[second-wave feminism|second-wave feminism movement]], when [[Activism|activists]] moved into electoral politics. Beginning in the 1970s, donors and [[political action committee]]s like [[EMILY's List]] began recruiting, training and funding women candidates. Watershed political moments like the [[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination|confirmation of Clarence Thomas]] and the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential election]] created momentum for women candidates, resulting in the [[Year of the Woman]] and the election of members of [[The Squad (United States Congress)|The Squad]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Rachel |last1=Vogelstein |first2=Alexandra |last2=Bro |date=November 9, 2018 |title=The 'Year of the Woman' goes global |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/09/opinions/year-of-woman-goes-global-bro-vogelstein/index.html |access-date=May 17, 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Kate |date=July 16, 2019 |title=Here are the 4 congresswomen known as 'The Squad' targeted by Trump's racist tweets |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/15/politics/who-are-the-squad/index.html |access-date=May 17, 2024 |website=CNN Politics |language=en}}</ref>

Women of color faced additional challenges that made their ascension to Congress even more difficult. [[Jim Crow laws]], [[voter suppression in the United States|voter suppression]] and other forms of structural racism made it virtually impossible for women of color to reach Congress prior to 1965. The passage of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965|Voting Rights Act that year]], and the elimination of race-based immigration laws in the 1960s opened the possibility for Black, Asian American, Latina and other non-white women candidates to run for Congress.{{sfn|Sanbonmatsu|2020|pp=44–45}}

Racially polarized voting, racial stereotypes and lack of institutional support still prevent women of color from reaching Congress as easily as [[white people]]. Senate elections, which require victories in statewide electorates, have been particularly difficult for women of color.{{sfn|Sanbonmatsu|2020|p=42}} [[Carol Moseley Braun]] became the first woman of color to reach the Senate in 1993. The second, [[Mazie Hirono]], won in 2013.

In 2021, [[Kamala Harris]] became the first female [[President of the Senate]], which came with her role as the first female [[Vice President of the United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://kamalaharris.com/about/}}</ref>

==Role==

===Powers===
{{Main|Powers of the United States Congress}}

====Overview====
[[File:USCurrency Federal Reserve.jpg|thumb|alt=$100,000-dollar bill.|Congress's [[power of the purse]], which authorizes it to tax citizens, spend money, and print currency]]
[[File:USS Bon Homme Richard (CVA-31) underway in the Gulf of Tonkin on 2 November 1964.jpg|thumb| alt=Aircraft carrier at sea.|Congress authorizes defense spending, such as the purchase of the [[USS Bon Homme Richard (CV-31)|USS ''Bon Homme Richard'' (CV-31)]]]]
[[File:ThompsonWatergate.jpg|thumb|alt=Seated suits behind a microphone.|The [[Senate Watergate Committee]], investigating President [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] and the [[Watergate scandal]] from 1973 to 1974]]

[[Article One of the United States Constitution|Article One of the Constitution]] creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress. Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure. Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws, and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers. Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have, and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state, some of which may only be granted by Congress.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Epps|first1=Garrett|title=American Epic: Reading the U.S. Constitution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=af8TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |date=2013|publisher=Oxford|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-938971-1|page=9}}</ref> [[Constitutional amendment]]s have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has [[implied powers]] derived from the Constitution's [[Necessary and Proper Clause]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of Necessary and Proper Clause {{!}} Constitution Annotated {{!}} Congress.gov {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S8-C18-1/ALDE_00001242/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=constitution.congress.gov |language=en}}</ref>

Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to "lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States". There is vast authority over budgets, although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since "entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm."<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14dd2>{{cite news | author= Eric Patashnik | title= The American Congress: The Building of Democracy | publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company | pages= 671–2 | year= 2004 | isbn= 0-618-17906-2 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC&q=Zelizer+Julian+2004+American+Congress+The+Building+of+Democracy | access-date= September 11, 2010 | archive-date= October 19, 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019131704/https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC | url-status= live}}</ref> Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a [[Keynesian economics|Keynesian]] belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14dd2/>

The [[Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Sixteenth Amendment]] in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include [[income tax]]es without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.<ref name="davidson-p18">Davidson (2006), p. 18.</ref> The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds, and this ''[[power of the purse]]'' is one of Congress's primary [[Separation of powers under the United States Constitution#Checks and balances|checks]] on the executive branch.<ref name="davidson-p18"/> Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States, [[Commerce Clause|regulate commerce]] with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money.<ref>{{cite news | title= Congress and the Dollar | newspaper= New York Sun | date= May 30, 2008 | url= http://www.nysun.com/editorials/congress-and-the-dollar/78978/ | access-date= September 11, 2010 | archive-date= August 1, 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200801071404/https://www.nysun.com/editorials/congress-and-the-dollar/78978/ | url-status= live}}</ref> Generally, the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority, although only the House may originate revenue and [[Appropriations bill (United States)|appropriation bills]].<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/>

Congress has an important role in [[defense (military)|national defense]], including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the [[Military of the United States|armed forces]], and to make rules for the military.<ref>{{cite news | author= Kate Zernike | title= Senate Passes Detainee Bill Sought by Bush | newspaper= The New York Times | date= September 28, 2006 | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/washington/29detaincnd.html | access-date= September 11, 2010 | archive-date= January 3, 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200103000202/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/washington/29detaincnd.html | url-status= live}}</ref> Some critics charge that the [[executive branch]] has usurped Congress's constitutionally defined task of declaring war.<ref>{{cite news | title=References about congressional war declaring power}}
*{{cite news| author=Dana D. Nelson| title=The 'unitary executive' question| newspaper=Los Angeles Times| date=October 11, 2008| url=https://latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story| access-date=October 4, 2009| archive-date=January 14, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214433/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11-story.html| url-status=live}}
*{{cite news| author=Steve Holland| title=Obama revelling in U.S. power unseen in decades| agency=Reuters UK| date=May 1, 2009| url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE5406CF20090501| access-date=September 28, 2009| archive-date=January 3, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103100212/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE5406CF20090501| url-status=dead}}
*{{cite news| title=The Law: The President's War Powers| newspaper=Time| date=June 1, 1970| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html| access-date=September 28, 2009| archive-date=August 22, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822171512/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the [[War of 1812]], the [[Mexican–American War]], the [[Spanish–American War]], [[World War I]], and [[World War II]],<ref name=tws28sep07>{{cite news| title=The Law: The President's War Powers| newspaper=Time| date=June 1, 1970| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html| access-date=September 28, 2009| archive-date=August 22, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822171512/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> although President [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval.<ref name="tws28sep07"/> In the early days after the [[Korean War|North Korean invasion of 1950]], President [[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] described the American response as a "police action".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=594 | title=The President's News Conference of June 29, 1950 | publisher=Teachingamericanhistory.org | date=June 29, 1950 | access-date=December 20, 2010 | archive-date=December 26, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226063925/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=594 | url-status=dead}}</ref> According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine in 1970, "U.S. presidents [had] ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times."<ref name="tws28sep07"/> In 1993, [[Michael Kinsley]] wrote that "Congress's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution," and that the "real erosion [of Congress's war power] began after World War{{spaces}}II."<ref>{{cite news| author=Michael Kinsley| title=The Case for a Big Power Swap| newspaper=Time| date=March 15, 1993| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,977990,00.html| access-date=September 28, 2009| archive-date=August 13, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813070158/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,977990,00.html| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Time Essay: Where's Congress?| newspaper=Time| date=May 22, 1972| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879072-1,00.html| access-date=September 28, 2009| archive-date=May 21, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521074302/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879072-1,00.html| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title= The Law: The President's War Powers | newspaper= Time | date= June 1, 1970 | url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html | access-date= September 11, 2010 | archive-date= August 22, 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130822171512/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html | url-status= dead}}</ref> Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history.<ref>{{cite news | title= The proceedings of congress.; senate. | newspaper= The New York Times | date= June 28, 1862 | url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C12FC345B1B7493CAAB178DD85F468684F9 | archive-url= https://archive.today/20130111064820/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C12FC345B1B7493CAAB178DD85F468684F9 |url-status = dead| archive-date= January 11, 2013 | access-date= September 11, 2010}}</ref>

Congress can establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and [[copyright]]s, fix standards of weights and measures, establish [[Inferior courts of the United States|Courts inferior to the Supreme Court]], and "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". [[Article Four of the United States Constitution|Article Four]] gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to [[Congressional investigation|investigate]] and oversee the executive branch.<ref>{{cite news | author= David S. Broder | title= Congress's Oversight Offensive | newspaper= The Washington Post | date= March 18, 2007 | url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/16/AR2007031601989.html | access-date= September 11, 2010 | archive-date= May 1, 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110501115602/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/16/AR2007031601989.html | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Congressional oversight]] is usually delegated to [[United States congressional committee|committees]] and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power.<ref>{{cite news | author= Thomas Ferraro | title= House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq | work= Reuters | date= April 25, 2007 | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425 | access-date= September 11, 2010 | archive-date= January 14, 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425 | url-status= live}}</ref> Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of [[Congressional oversight|overseeing]] the other branches of government. In the [[Plame affair]], critics including Representative [[Henry A. Waxman]] charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case.<ref>{{cite news|author=James Gerstenzang |title=Bush claims executive privilege in Valerie Plame Wilson case |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=July 16, 2008 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/presidentbush/2008/07/cheney-plame-ag.html |access-date=October 4, 2009 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801095524/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/presidentbush/2008/07/cheney-plame-ag.html |archive-date=August 1, 2008}}</ref> There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as [[warrantless wiretapping]], although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions.<ref>{{cite news | author1=Elizabeth B. Bazan |author2=Jennifer K. Elsea |author3=legislative attorneys | title=Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information | publisher=Congressional Research Service | date=January 5, 2006 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/angler/crsreview-2006.pdf | access-date=September 28, 2009 | archive-date=February 5, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205042154/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/angler/crsreview-2006.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection. Congress also has the exclusive [[Federal impeachment in the United States|power of removal]], allowing impeachment and removal of the president, federal judges and other federal officers.<ref>{{cite news | author1= Linda P. Campbell | author2= Glen Elsasser | name-list-style= amp | title= Supreme Court Slugfests A Tradition | newspaper= Chicago Tribune | date= October 20, 1991 | url= https://www.chicagotribune.com/1991/10/20/supreme-court-slugfests-a-tradition/ | access-date= September 11, 2010 | archive-date= April 29, 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110429192843/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-10-20/news/9104040635_1_senate-judiciary-committee-first-high-court-nominee-confirmation/2 | url-status= live}}</ref> There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the [[unitary executive]] have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress.<ref>{{cite news | author=Eric Cantor | title=Obama's 32 Czars | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=July 30, 2009 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/29/AR2009072902624.html | access-date=September 28, 2009 | archive-date=August 31, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831202255/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/29/AR2009072902624.html | url-status=live}}</ref> So-called [[signing statements]] are one way in which a president can "tip the balance of power between Congress and the White House a little more in favor of the executive branch", according to one account.<ref>{{cite news | author=Christopher Lee | title=Alito Once Made Case For Presidential Power | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=January 2, 2006 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/01/AR2006010100788.html | access-date=October 4, 2009 | archive-date=January 14, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214425/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/01/AR2006010100788.html | url-status=live}}</ref> Past presidents, including [[Ronald Reagan]], [[George H. W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]], and [[George W. Bush]],<ref>{{cite news | author=Dan Froomkin | title=Playing by the Rules | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=March 10, 2009 | url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/white-house-watch/bush-rollback/playing-by-the-rules.html | access-date=October 4, 2009 | archive-date=January 14, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214428/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/white-house-watch/bush-rollback/playing-by-the-rules.html | url-status=dead}}</ref> have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it, and commentators, including the [[American Bar Association]], have described this practice as against the spirit of the Constitution.<ref>{{cite news | author=Dana D. Nelson | title=The 'unitary executive' question | newspaper=Los Angeles Times | date=October 11, 2008 | url=https://latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story | access-date=October 4, 2009 | archive-date=January 14, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214451/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11-story.html | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author=Charlie Savage | title=Obama Undercuts Whistle-Blowers, Senator Says | newspaper=The New York Times | date=March 16, 2009 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/17/us/politics/17signing.html | access-date=October 4, 2009 | archive-date=January 14, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214415/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/17/us/politics/17signing.html | url-status=live}}</ref> There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress.<ref>{{cite news | author1=Binyamin Appelbaum | author2=David Cho | name-list-style=amp | title=U.S. Seeks Expanded Power to Seize Firms Goal Is to Limit Risk to Broader Economy | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=March 24, 2009 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/23/AR2009032302830.html | access-date=September 28, 2009 | archive-date=January 14, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214525/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/23/AR2009032302830.html | url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, [[George F. Will]] called the Capitol building a "tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters".<ref name=tws28sep>{{cite news | author=George F. Will – op-ed columnist | title=Making Congress Moot | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=December 21, 2008 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/19/AR2008121902929.html | access-date=September 28, 2009 | archive-date=May 1, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501115643/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/19/AR2008121902929.html | url-status=live}}</ref>

====Enumeration====
The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail. In addition, other congressional powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments. The [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth]] (1865), [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth]] (1868), and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifteenth Amendments]] (1870) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans, including [[voting rights]], [[due process]], and [[equal protection]] under the law.<ref>Davidson (2006), p. 19.</ref> Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kincaid|first=J. Leslie|author-link=J. Leslie Kincaid|date=January 17, 1916|title=To Make the Militia a National Force: The Power of Congress Under the Constitution "for Organizing, Arming, and Disciplining" the State Troops.|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40C14FB355C13738DDDAE0994D9405B868DF1D3|url-status=live|access-date=September 11, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430043641/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40C14FB355C13738DDDAE0994D9405B868DF1D3|archive-date=April 30, 2011}}</ref>

====Implicit, commerce clause====
Congress also has [[implied powers]] deriving from the Constitution's [[Necessary and Proper Clause]] which permit Congress to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof".<ref>{{cite news |author= Stephen Herrington |title= Red State Anxiety and The Constitution |newspaper= The Huffington Post |date= February 25, 2010 |url= https://huffingtonpost.com/stephen-herrington/red-state-anxiety-and-the_b_476050.html |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= July 2, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100702193559/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-herrington/red-state-anxiety-and-the_b_476050.html |url-status= live}}</ref> Broad interpretations of this clause and of the [[Commerce Clause]], the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as [[McCulloch v Maryland|''McCulloch v. Maryland'']], have effectively widened the scope of Congress's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section Eight.<ref>{{cite news |title= Timeline |publisher= CBS News |year= 2010 |url= http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/supreme_court_interactive/framesource_timeline.html |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= May 1, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110501060936/http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/supreme_court_interactive/framesource_timeline.html |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= Randy E. Barnett |title= The Case for a Federalism Amendment |newspaper= The Wall Street Journal |date= April 23, 2009 |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124044199838345461 |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= July 2, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150702085854/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124044199838345461 |url-status= live}}</ref>

====Territorial government====
{{main|Territories of the United States|Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives}}

Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of [[Washington, D.C.]], the federal district and national capital, and the U.S. territories of [[Guam]], [[American Samoa]], [[Puerto Rico]], the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] rests with Congress.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120113132945/http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/155653.pdf Executive Order 13423] Sec. 9. (l). "The 'United States' when used in a geographical sense, means the fifty states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands, and associated territorial waters and airspace."</ref> The republican form of government in territories is devolved by congressional statute to the respective territories including direct election of governors, the D.C. mayor and locally elective territorial legislatures.<ref>U.S. State Department, [https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/inr/rls/10543.htm Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621161149/https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/inr/rls/10543.htm |date=June 21, 2022}}</ref>

Each territory and Washington, D.C., elects a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives as they have throughout congressional history. They "possess the same powers as other members of the House, except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives". They are assigned offices and allowances for staff, participate in debate, and appoint constituents to the four military service academies for the Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard.<ref>[http://www.house.gov/content/learn/ House Learn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111025616/https://www.house.gov/content/learn/ |date=November 11, 2017}} webpage. Viewed January 26, 2013.</ref>

Washington, D.C., citizens alone among U.S. territories have the right to directly vote for the President of the United States, although the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their presidential candidates at national conventions which include delegates from the five major territories.<ref>The Green Papers, [http://www.thegreenpapers.com/P16/events.phtml?s=c&f=m 2016 Presidential primaries, caucuses and conventions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214401/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/P16/events.phtml?s=c&f=m |date=January 14, 2021}}, viewed September 3, 2015.</ref>

===Checks and balances===
{{Main|U.S. Congress in relation to the president and Supreme Court}}

[[File:United States Capitol seen from the United States Supreme Court, Washington, DC - 20080326.jpg|thumb|The [[United States Capitol]] seen from the [[United States Supreme Court building]]]]
[[File:Senate in session.jpg|thumb|The [[Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton|impeachment trial of President Clinton]] in 1999, presided over by [[William H. Rehnquist|Chief Justice William Rehnquist]]]]
Representative [[Lee H. Hamilton]] explained how Congress functions within the federal government:

<blockquote>To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other{{snd}}balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights{{spaces}}... No one part of government dominates the other.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14aa/>{{rp|6}}</blockquote>

The Constitution provides [[Separation of powers under the United States Constitution|checks and balances]] among the three branches of the federal government. Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14aa>{{cite book |author= Lee H. Hamilton |title= How Congress works and why you should care |publisher= Indiana University Press |year= 2004 |isbn= 0-253-34425-5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bmFSp3b8J_oC&q=How+Congress+Works+and+Why+You+Should+Care |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= January 14, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214417/https://books.google.com/books?id=bmFSp3b8J_oC&q=How+Congress+Works+and+Why+You+Should+Care |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>"The very structure of the Constitution gives us profound insights about what the founders thought was important{{spaces}}... the Founders thought that the Legislative Branch was going to be the great branch of government." —Hon. [[John Charles Thomas (jurist)|John Charles Thomas]] [http://www.opm.gov/constitution_initiative/speech.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014122957/http://opm.gov/constitution_initiative/speech.asp|date=October 14, 2007}}</ref>

The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from period to period depending on factors such as congressional leadership, presidential political influence, historical circumstances such as war, and individual initiative by members of Congress. [[Impeachment of Andrew Johnson|The impeachment]] of [[Andrew Johnson]] made the presidency less powerful than Congress for a considerable period afterwards.<ref>{{cite news |author= Susan Sachs |title= Impeachment: The Past; Johnson's Trial: 2 Bitter Months for a Still-Torn Nation |newspaper= The New York Times |date= January 7, 1999 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/07/us/impeachment-the-past-johnson-s-trial-2-bitter-months-for-a-still-torn-nation.html |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= January 14, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214435/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/07/us/impeachment-the-past-johnson-s-trial-2-bitter-months-for-a-still-torn-nation.html |url-status= live}}</ref> The 20th and 21st centuries have seen the rise of presidential power under politicians such as [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Richard Nixon]], [[Ronald Reagan]], and [[George W. Bush]].<ref name="kingwh">{{cite news | first=Richard | last=Greene | title=Kings in the White House | date=January 19, 2005 | work=BBC News | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4181799.stm | access-date=October 7, 2007 | archive-date=January 14, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214403/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4181799.stm | url-status=live}}</ref> Congress restricted presidential power with laws such as the [[Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]] and the [[War Powers Resolution]]. The presidency remains considerably more powerful today than during the 19th century.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14aa/><ref name="kingwh"/> Executive branch officials are often loath to reveal sensitive information to members of Congress because of concern that information could not be kept secret; in return, knowing they may be in the dark about executive branch activity, congressional officials are more likely to distrust their counterparts in executive agencies.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Steven S. Smith |author2=Jason M. Roberts |author3=Ryan J. Vander Wielen |title=The American Congress (Fourth Edition) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=18–19 |year=2006 |isbn=9781139446990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith,+Steven+S.,+Jason+M.+Roberts,+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |access-date=September 11, 2010 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214403/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith%2C+Steven+S.%2C+Jason+M.+Roberts%2C+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |url-status=live}}</ref> Many government actions require fast coordinated effort by many agencies, and this is a task that Congress is ill-suited for. Congress is slow, open, divided, and not well matched to handle more rapid executive action or do a good job of overseeing such activity, according to one analysis.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Steven S. Smith |author2=Jason M. Roberts |author3=Ryan J. Vander Wielen |title=The American Congress (Fourth Edition) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=19 |year=2006 |isbn=9781139446990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith,+Steven+S.,+Jason+M.+Roberts,+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |access-date=September 11, 2010 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214427/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith%2C+Steven+S.%2C+Jason+M.+Roberts%2C+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Constitution concentrates removal powers in the Congress by empowering and obligating the House of Representatives to [[Federal impeachment in the United States|impeach]] executive or judicial officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors". Impeachment is a formal accusation of unlawful activity by a civil officer or government official. The Senate is constitutionally empowered and obligated to try all impeachments. A simple majority in the House is required to impeach an official; a two-thirds majority in the Senate is required for conviction. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the [[defendant]] be banned from holding office in the future. Impeachment proceedings may not inflict more than this. A convicted party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law. In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted. Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial. Only three presidents have ever been impeached: [[Andrew Johnson]] in 1868, [[Bill Clinton]] in 1999, [[Donald Trump]] in 2019 and 2021. The [[trial (law)|trials]] of Johnson, Clinton, and the 2019 trial of Trump all ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for [[conviction (law)|conviction]]. In 1974, [[Richard Nixon]] resigned from office after [[Impeachment process against Richard Nixon|impeachment proceedings]] in the [[House Judiciary Committee]] indicated his removal from office.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]] officials, judges, and other high officers "by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate". It confirms most presidential nominees, but rejections are not uncommon. Furthermore, treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect. As a result, presidential arm-twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, [[Hillary Clinton]], urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |author= Charles Wolfson |title= Clinton Presses Senate to Ratify Nuclear Arms Treaty with Russia |publisher= CBS News |date= August 11, 2010 |url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/clinton-presses-senate-to-ratify-nuclear-arms-treaty-with-russia/ |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= September 14, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100914104143/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20013329-503544.html |url-status= live}}</ref> The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than in [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Section 2: Vice presidential vacancy|filling a vacancy]] in the office of the vice president; in such a case, a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president's nomination of a vice president.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/>

In 1803, the Supreme Court established [[judicial review]] of federal legislation in ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'', holding that Congress could not grant unconstitutional power to the Court itself. The Constitution did not explicitly state that the courts may exercise judicial review. The notion that courts could declare laws [[unconstitutional]] was envisioned by the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|founding fathers]]. [[Alexander Hamilton]], for example, mentioned and expounded upon the doctrine in [[Federalist No. 78]]. [[Originalism|Originalists]] on the Supreme Court have argued that if the constitution does not say something explicitly it is unconstitutional to infer what it should, might, or could have said.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfif.org/htdocs/legal_issues/legal_updates/us_supreme_court/scalia-constitutional-speech.htm |title=Constitutional Interpretation the Old Fashioned Way |publisher=Center For Individual Freedom |access-date=September 15, 2007 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214412/https://www.cfif.org/htdocs/legal_issues/legal_updates/us_supreme_court/scalia-constitutional-speech.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Judicial review means that the Supreme Court can nullify a congressional law. It is a huge check by the courts on the legislative authority and limits congressional power substantially. In 1857, for example, the Supreme Court struck down provisions of a congressional act of 1820 in its [[Dred Scott]] decision.<ref>{{cite news |title= Decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott Case |newspaper= The New York Times |date= March 6, 1851 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0306.html |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= January 14, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214440/https://www.nytimes.com/section/learning |url-status= live}}</ref> At the same time, the Supreme Court can extend congressional power through its constitutional interpretations.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The congressional inquiry into [[St. Clair's Defeat]] of 1791 was the first congressional investigation of the executive branch.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/remembering-st-clairs-defeat |title=Remembering St. Clair's Defeat |first=Matthew |last=Waxman |publisher=[[Lawfare (website)|Lawfare]] |date=November 4, 2018 |access-date=May 22, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214425/https://www.lawfaremedia.org/remembering-st-clairs-defeat |url-status=live}}</ref> Investigations are conducted to gather information on the need for future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed, and to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches. Committees may hold hearings, and, if necessary, [[subpoena]] people to testify when investigating issues over which it has the power to legislate.<ref>{{cite news|author = Frank Askin|title = Congress's Power To Compel|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = July 21, 2007|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/20/AR2007072001802.html|access-date = September 28, 2009|archive-date = January 14, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214425/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/20/AR2007072001802.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=tws2010Sep11dd>{{cite news |title=Congressional Hearings: About |publisher=GPO Access |date=September 28, 2005 |url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/chearings/about.html |access-date=September 11, 2010 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809032123/http://www.gpoaccess.gov//chearings/about.html |archive-date=August 9, 2010}}</ref> Witnesses who refuse to testify may be cited for [[contempt of Congress]], and those who testify falsely may be charged with [[perjury]]. Most committee hearings are open to the public (the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House]] and [[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|Senate intelligence committees]] are the exception); important hearings are widely reported in the mass media and transcripts published a few months afterwards.<ref name=tws2010Sep11dd/> Congress, in the course of studying possible laws and investigating matters, generates an incredible amount of information in various forms, and can be described as a publisher.<ref name=tws2010Sep11ff>{{cite news
|date=May 25, 2010
|title=Congressional Reports: Main Page
|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office Access
|url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/creports/index.html
|access-date=September 11, 2010 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807204440/http://www.gpoaccess.gov//serialset/creports/index.html
|archive-date=August 7, 2010}}</ref> Indeed, it publishes House and Senate reports<ref name=tws2010Sep11ff/> and maintains databases which are updated irregularly with publications in a variety of electronic formats.<ref name=tws2010Sep11ff/>

Congress also plays a role in presidential elections. Both Houses meet in joint session on the sixth day of January following a presidential election to count the electoral votes, and there are procedures to follow if no candidate wins a majority.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/>

The main result of congressional activity is the creation of laws,<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc>{{cite news |title= Tying It All Together: Learn about the Legislative Process |publisher= United States House of Representatives |url= http://www.house.gov/house/Tying_it_all.shtml
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110420234437/http://www.house.gov/house/Tying_it_all.shtml |archive-date= April 20, 2011 |access-date=April 20, 2011}}</ref> most of which are contained in the United States Code, arranged by subject matter alphabetically under fifty title headings to present the laws "in a concise and usable form".<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/>

==Structure==
{{Main|Structure of the United States Congress}}

Congress is split into two chambers{{snd}}House and Senate{{snd}}and manages the task of writing national legislation by dividing work into separate committees which specialize in different areas. Some members of Congress are elected by their peers to be officers of these committees. Congress has ancillary organizations such as the [[Government Accountability Office]] and the [[Library of Congress]] to help provide it with information, and members of Congress have staff and offices to assist them as well. In addition, a vast industry of lobbyists helps members write legislation on behalf of diverse corporate and labor interests.

===Committees===
{{Main|United States congressional committee}}

[[File:Congress Hall committee room 2.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of a table with chairs.|The second committee room at [[Congress Hall]] in [[Philadelphia]]]]
[[File:The United States Legislative Process - Committee Consideration (3) - Library of Congress.webm|thumb|A [[Library of Congress]] video explaining the committees of the United States Congress]]

====Specializations====
The committee structure permits members of Congress to study a particular subject intensely. It is neither expected nor possible that a member be an expert on all subject areas before Congress.<ref>English (2003), pp. 46–47.</ref> As time goes by, members develop expertise in particular subjects and their legal aspects. [[United States congressional committee|Committees]] investigate specialized subjects and advise the entire Congress about choices and trade-offs. The choice of specialty may be influenced by the member's constituency, important regional issues, prior background and experience.<ref>English, p. 46.</ref> Senators often choose a different specialty from that of the other senator from their state to prevent overlap.<ref>{{cite book |author=Schiller, Wendy J. |title=Partners and Rivals: Representation in U.S. Senate Delegations |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-691-04887-8}}</ref> Some committees specialize in running the business of other committees and exert a powerful influence over all legislation; for example, the [[House Ways and Means Committee]] has considerable influence over House affairs.<ref>{{cite news |title= Committees |publisher= U.S. Senate |year= 2010 |url= https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/committees/d_three_sections_with_teasers/committees_home.htm |access-date= September 12, 2010 |archive-date= January 14, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214410/https://www.senate.gov/committees/index.htm |url-status= live}}</ref>

====Power====
Committees write legislation. While procedures, such as the House [[discharge petition]] process, can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input, they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action. Committees have power and have been called ''independent fiefdoms''. Legislative, oversight, and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and [[United States congressional subcommittee|subcommittees]] which gather information, evaluate alternatives, and identify problems.<ref name="House_Rules"/> They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber.<ref name="House_Rules"/> In addition, they perform the function of ''oversight'' by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing.<ref name="House_Rules">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100423162313/http://www.rules.house.gov/archives/98-241.pdf Committee Types and Roles], [[Congressional Research Service]], April 1, 2003.</ref>

====Officer====
At the start of each two-year session, the House elects a [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker]] who does not normally preside over debates but serves as the majority party's leader. In the Senate, the vice president is the ''[[ex officio]]'' president of the Senate. In addition, the Senate elects an officer called the [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|president pro tempore]]. ''Pro tempore'' means ''for the time being''. This office is usually held by the most senior member of the Senate's majority party and customarily keeps this position until there is a change in party control. Accordingly, the Senate does not necessarily elect a new president pro tempore at the beginning of a new Congress. In the House and Senate, the actual presiding officer is generally a junior member of the majority party, appointed on a rotating basis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/RS/HTML/98-397.html |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: About Traditions & Symbols {{!}} "Golden Gavel" Award |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/traditions-symbols/golden-gavel-award.htm |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.senate.gov}}</ref>

===Support services===

====Library of Congress====
{{Main|Library of Congress}}

[[File:Thomas Jefferson Building Aerial by Carol M. Highsmith.jpg|thumb|Library of Congress Jefferson Building]]
The [[Library of Congress]] (LOC) was established by an act of Congress in 1800. It is primarily housed in three buildings on [[Capitol Hill]], but also includes several other sites: the [[National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped]] in Washington, D.C.; the [[National Audio-Visual Conservation Center]] in [[Culpeper, Virginia]]; a large [[book storage]] facility located in [[Fort Meade, Maryland]]; and multiple overseas offices. The Library had mostly law books when it [[Burning of Washington|was burnt]] by [[British Empire|British]] forces in 1814 during the [[War of 1812]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/about/generalinfo.html|title=General Information – Library of Congress|website=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=December 30, 2017|archive-date=February 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224004300/http://www.loc.gov/about/generalinfo.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The library's collections were restored and expanded when Congress authorized the purchase of [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s private library. One of the library's missions is to serve Congress and its staff as well as the American public. It is the largest library in the world, with nearly 150 million items including books, films, maps, photographs, music, manuscripts, graphics, and materials in 470 languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/about/generalinfo.html|title=General Information – Library of Congress|website=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=December 30, 2017|archive-date=February 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224004300/http://www.loc.gov/about/generalinfo.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== Congressional Research Service =====
{{Main|Congressional Research Service}}

[[File:Congressional Research Service.svg|alt=|thumb|The [[Congressional Research Service]]]]
The [[Congressional Research Service]] (CRS), part of the Library of Congress, provides detailed, up-to-date and non-partisan research for senators, representatives, and their staff to help them carry out their official duties. It provides ideas for legislation, helps members analyze a bill, facilitates public hearings, makes reports, consults on matters such as parliamentary procedure, and helps the two chambers resolve disagreements. It has been called the "House's think tank" and has a staff of about 900 employees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33471.pdf|title=The Congressional Research Service and the American Legislative Process|year=2008|publisher=Congressional Research Service|access-date=July 25, 2009|archive-date=July 18, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718113918/http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33471.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Congressional Budget Office====
{{Main|Congressional Budget Office}}

The [[Congressional Budget Office]] (CBO) is a [[List of United States federal agencies|federal agency]] which provides [[economics|economic data]] to Congress.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = O'Sullivan |first1 = Arthur |author-link = Arthur O'Sullivan (economist) |first2 = Steven M. |last2 = Sheffrin |title = Economics: Principles in Action |url = https://archive.org/details/economicsprincip00osul |url-access = limited |publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall | year = 2003 |location = Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |page = [https://archive.org/details/economicsprincip00osul/page/n404 388] |isbn = 0-13-063085-3}}</ref>

It was created as an independent non-partisan agency by the [[Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]]. It helps Congress estimate revenue inflows from taxes and helps the budgeting process. It makes projections about such matters as the [[national debt]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/aboutcbo/ |title=Congressional Budget Office – About CBO |publisher=Cbo.gov |access-date=December 20, 2010 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205015731/http://www.cbo.gov/aboutcbo/ |archive-date=December 5, 2010}}</ref> as well as likely costs of legislation. It prepares an annual ''Economic and Budget Outlook'' with a mid-year update and writes ''An Analysis of the President's Budgetary Proposals'' for the [[Senate Committee on Appropriations|Senate's Appropriations Committee]]. The speaker of the House and the Senate's president pro tempore jointly appoint the CBO director for a four-year term.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==== Government Accountability Office ====
{{Main|Government Accountability Office|United States Government Accountability Office}}

The [[United States Government Accountability Office|Government Accountability Office]] (GAO), is a [[List of United States federal agencies|federal agency]] within the legislative branch that provides [[Audit|auditing]], [[Evaluation|evaluative]], and investigative services for the United States Congress in an independent and nonpartisan capacity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of the Comptroller General |url=https://www.gao.gov/about/comptroller-general |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310191719/https://www.gao.gov/about/comptroller-general |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 28, 2021 |website=United States Government Accountability Office}}</ref>

The GAO is the [[supreme audit institution]] of the [[federal government of the United States]]. It identifies its core "mission values" as: accountability, integrity, and reliability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of the Comptroller General |url=https://www.gao.gov/about/comptroller-general |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310191719/https://www.gao.gov/about/comptroller-general |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 28, 2021 |website=United States Government Accountability Office}}</ref> It is also known as the "congressional watchdog".<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. GAO - About GAO - Overview |url=https://www.gao.gov/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412234512/https://www.gao.gov/about/seal.html |archive-date=April 12, 2018 |access-date=2020-03-30 |website=www.gao.gov}}</ref>

==== Architect of the Capitol ====
{{Main|Architect of the Capitol}}

The [[Architect of the Capitol]] (AOC) is a [[List of United States federal agencies|federal agency]] within the legislative branch that is responsible for the [[maintenance]], operation, development, [[construction]], [[Historic preservation|building preservation]], and [[property management]] of the [[United States Capitol Complex]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview of Doing Business with AOC |url=http://www.aoc.gov/doing-business-aoc/overview |access-date=April 4, 2014}}</ref> and is accountable directly to the United States Congress and the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |title=Responsibilities of the Architect {{!}} Architect of the Capitol |url=http://www.aoc.gov/aoc/responsibilities/index.cfm |access-date=2013-02-12 |website=Aoc.gov}}</ref>

====United States Capitol Police====
{{Main|United States Capitol Police}}

==== Lobbying, government relations, and advocacy ====
{{Main|Lobbying in the United States|Lobbying|Government relations|Policy advocacy|Advocacy group}}

[[Lobbying#Types of practitioners|Lobbyists, advocates, principals, and constituents]] as well as others that operate in the field of government relations, represent diverse interests and often seek to influence congressional decisions to reflect their clients' or their own needs. Lobbing firms, government relations firms, [[Advocacy group|advocacy groups]], businesses, [[Nonprofit organization|nonprofits]], other organizations and their members that conduct [[lobbying]] or [[policy advocacy]] activities sometimes write legislation and [[Whip (politics)|whip]] bills. In 2007, there were approximately 17,000 federal lobbyists in Washington, D.C,<ref>{{cite book |title=Washington Representatives|edition=32|date=November 2007|publisher=Columbia Books|location=Bethesda, MD|isbn=978-1-880873-55-7|page=949}}</ref> though not all members of the government relations industry are lobbyists requiring registry on an official [[lobby register]]. They explain to legislators the goals of their organizations. Some lobbyists represent non-profit organizations and some work [[pro bono]] for issues in which they are personally interested.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources: <ref name=":182">{{Cite web |title=American Government, Toward Collective Action: Mediating Institutions, Interest Groups and Lobbying, Interest Groups Defined |url=https://opened.cuny.edu/courseware/lesson/258/overview#:~:text=Finally,%20sometimes%20individuals%20volunteer%20to%20represent%20an,they%20care%20about%20some%20issue%20or%20cause. |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=OpenEd CUNY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Georgia Equality |title=Advocacy Handbook by Georgia Equality |url=https://georgiaequality.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/GE-Advocacy-Handbook.pdf |website=Georgia Equality (georgiaequality.org)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=American Government, Toward Collective Action: Mediating Institutions, Interest Groups and Lobbying, Interest Groups Defined |url=https://opened.cuny.edu/courseware/lesson/258/overview#:~:text=Finally,%20sometimes%20individuals%20volunteer%20to%20represent%20an,they%20care%20about%20some%20issue%20or%20cause. |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=OpenEd CUNY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Solve ME/CFS Initiative]] |date=April 1–7, 2019 |title=ME/CFS Advocacy Week Local Meeting Handbook |url=https://solvecfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Advocacy-Week-Local-Meeting-Handbook.pdf |website=Solve ME/CFS Initiative}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tinsley |first=Michael |date=February 27, 2023 |title=Federal Informational Series: Advocacy 101 |url=https://napequity.org/wp-content/uploads/Michael-Tinsleys-Hill-Guide.pdf |website=National Alliance for Partnerships in Equity (NAPE)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=How to Write Effective Letters to Your Congressman or Senator |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/write-effective-letters-to-congress-3322301 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260114175933/https://www.thoughtco.com/write-effective-letters-to-congress-3322301 |archive-date=2026-01-14 |access-date=2026-01-24 |work=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web |title=§ 2.2-419. Definitions |url=https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title2.2/chapter4/section2.2-419/#:~:text=%22Lobbyist's%20principal%22%20or%20%22principal,an%20employer%20of%20the%20lobbyists. |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=law.lis.virginia.gov}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=Lobbyist Registration Requirements |url=https://www.ncsl.org/ethics/lobbyist-registration-requirements |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.ncsl.org}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Who must register as a lobbyist or a principal? {{!}} Nebraska Accountability and Disclosure Commission |url=https://nadc.nebraska.gov/who-must-register-lobbyist-or-principal |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=nadc.nebraska.gov}}</ref><ref name=":26">{{Cite web |last=North Carolina State Ethics Commission |title=Ethics and Lobbying for Public Servants (WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW TO COMPLY WITH N.C.'S STATE GOVERNMENT ETHICS ACT AND LOBBYING LAW) |url=https://ethics.nc.gov/media/114/download?attachment |website=N.C. State Ethics Commission}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last=City of South Miami (Florida) |title=Simplified Lobbyist Definitions (Simplified Lobbyist Definitions Principal) |url=https://www.southmiamifl.gov/DocumentCenter/View/2988/Definition-Lobbyist-County-Simplified-05-08-17r?bidId= |website=South Miami, FL}}</ref>}}

===Partisanship versus bipartisanship===
Congress has alternated between periods of constructive cooperation and compromise between parties, known as [[bipartisanship]], and periods of deep political [[Polarization (politics)|polarization]] and fierce infighting, known as [[partisanship]]. The period after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] was marked by partisanship, as is the case today. It is generally easier for committees to reach accord on issues when compromise is possible. Some [[Political science|political scientists]] speculate that a prolonged period marked by narrow majorities in both chambers of Congress has intensified partisanship in the last few decades, but that an alternation of control of Congress between Democrats and Republicans may lead to greater flexibility in policies, as well as pragmatism and civility within the institution.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Steven S. Smith |author2=Jason M. Roberts |author3=Ryan J. Vander Wielen |title=The American Congress |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=17–18 |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith,+Steven+S.,+Jason+M.+Roberts,+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |access-date=September 11, 2010 |isbn=9781139446990 |edition=Fourth |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214414/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith%2C+Steven+S.%2C+Jason+M.+Roberts%2C+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Procedures==
{{Main|Procedures of the United States Congress}}

===Sessions===
A term of Congress is divided into two "[[legislative session|sessions]]", one for each year; Congress has occasionally been called into an extra or ''[[special session]]''. A new session commences on January{{spaces}}3 each year unless Congress decides differently. The Constitution requires Congress to meet at least once each year and forbids either house from meeting outside the Capitol without the consent of the other house.

===Joint sessions===
{{Main|Joint session of the United States Congress}}

Joint sessions of the United States Congress occur on special occasions that require a concurrent resolution from House and Senate. These sessions include counting [[electoral votes]] after a presidential election and the president's [[State of the Union]] address. The [[State of the Union|constitutionally mandated report]], normally given as an annual speech, is modeled on Britain's [[Speech from the Throne]], was written by most presidents after [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] but personally delivered as a spoken oration beginning with [[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson]] in 1913. Joint Sessions and Joint Meetings are traditionally presided over by the speaker of the House, except when counting presidential electoral votes when the vice president (acting as the president of the Senate) presides.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

===Bills and resolutions===
{{See also|Act of Congress|List of United States federal legislation}}
[[File:Private Law 86-407.jpg|thumb|An [[Act of Congress]] from 1960]]
[[File:US House Committee.jpg|thumb|The [[United States House Committee on Financial Services|U.S. Committee on Financial Services]] with committee members sitting in the tiers of raised chairs and those testifying and audience members sitting below]]
Ideas for legislation can come from members, lobbyists, state legislatures, constituents, legislative counsel, or executive agencies. Anyone can write a bill, but only members of Congress may introduce bills. Most bills are not written by Congress members, but originate from the Executive branch; interest groups often draft bills as well. The usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/> A proposal is usually in one of these forms:

*Bills are laws in the making. A House-originated bill begins with the letters "H.R." for "House of Representatives", followed by a number kept as it progresses.<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/>
*Joint resolutions. There is little difference between a bill and a joint resolution since both are treated similarly; a joint resolution originating from the House, for example, begins "H.J.Res." followed by its number.<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/>
*Concurrent Resolutions affect only the House and Senate and accordingly are not presented to the president. In the House, they begin with "H.Con.Res."<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/>
*Simple resolutions concern only the House or only the Senate and begin with "H.Res." or "S.Res."<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/>

Representatives introduce a bill while the House is in session by placing it in the ''hopper'' on the Clerk's desk.<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/> It is assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage.<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/> Drafting statutes requires "great skill, knowledge, and experience" and sometimes take a year or more.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/> Sometimes lobbyists write legislation and submit it to a member for introduction. Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war. On the other hand, concurrent resolutions (passed by both houses) and simple resolutions (passed by only one house) do not have the force of law but express the opinion of Congress or regulate [[Parliamentary procedure|procedure]]. Bills may be introduced by any member of either house. The Constitution states: "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." While the Senate cannot originate [[revenue]] and [[Appropriations bill (United States)|appropriation bills]], it has the power to amend or reject them. Congress has sought ways to establish appropriate spending levels.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/>

Each chamber determines its own internal rules of operation unless specified in the Constitution or prescribed by law. In the House, a [[U.S. House Committee on Rules|Rules Committee]] guides legislation; in the Senate, a [[Standing Rules of the Senate|Standing Rules]] committee is in charge. Each branch has its own traditions; for example, the Senate relies heavily on the practice of getting "unanimous consent" for noncontroversial matters.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/> House and Senate rules can be complex, sometimes requiring a hundred specific steps before a bill can become a law.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14aa/> Members sometimes turn to outside experts to learn about proper congressional procedures.<ref>{{cite news |author= Partnership for Public Service |title= Walter Oleszek: A Hill Staffer's Guide to Congressional History and Habit |newspaper= The Washington Post |date= March 29, 2009 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/27/AR2009032701563.html |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= January 14, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214454/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/27/AR2009032701563.html |url-status= live}}</ref>

Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the [[Government Accountability Office]].<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/> Most legislation is considered by [[standing committee]]s which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations. The House has twenty standing committees; the Senate has sixteen. Standing committees meet at least once each month.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/> Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes, publicly, to close the meeting.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/> A committee might call for public hearings on important bills.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/> Each committee is led by a [[chairperson|chair]] who belongs to the majority party and a [[ranking minority member|ranking member]] of the minority party. Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill.<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/> Then, a bill may go to what is called a ''mark-up'' session, where committee members debate the bill's merits and may offer amendments or revisions.<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/> Committees may also amend the bill, but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments. After debate, the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house. If a bill is ''tabled'' then it is rejected. If amendments are extensive, sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so-called ''clean bill'' with a new number.<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/> Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used. Generally, members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 5, 1971 |title=Blacks: Confronting the President |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876892,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221212755/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876892,00.html |archive-date=December 21, 2008 |access-date=September 11, 2010 |newspaper=Time}}</ref>

A bill which reaches the floor of the full house can be simple or complex<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/> and begins with an [[enacting formula]] such as "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled{{spaces}}..." Consideration of a bill requires, itself, a ''rule'' which is a simple resolution specifying the particulars of debate{{snd}}time limits, possibility of further amendments, and such.<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/> Each side has equal time and members can yield to other members who wish to speak.<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/> Sometimes opponents seek to ''recommit'' a bill which means to change part of it.<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/> Generally, discussion requires a ''quorum'', usually half of the total number of representatives, before discussion can begin, although there are exceptions.<ref>{{cite news |title= News from Washington |newspaper= The New York Times |date= December 3, 1861 |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30611FA38541A7493C1A91789D95F458684F9 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130111065313/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30611FA38541A7493C1A91789D95F458684F9 |url-status = dead|archive-date= January 11, 2013 |access-date= September 11, 2010}}</ref> The house may debate and amend the bill; the precise procedures used by the House and Senate differ. A final vote on the bill follows.

Once a bill is approved by one house, it is sent to the other which may pass, reject, or amend it. For the bill to become law, both houses must agree to identical versions of the bill.<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/> If the second house amends the bill, then the differences between the two versions must be reconciled in a [[United States congressional conference committee|conference committee]], an ''ad hoc'' committee that includes senators and representatives<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/> sometimes by using a ''reconciliation process'' to limit budget bills.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/> Both houses use a budget enforcement mechanism informally known as ''pay-as-you-go'' or ''paygo'' which discourages members from considering acts that increase budget deficits.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/> If both houses agree to the version reported by the conference committee, the bill passes, otherwise it fails.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The Constitution specifies that a majority of members (a [[quorum]]) be present before doing business in each house. The rules of each house assume that a quorum is present unless a [[quorum call]] demonstrates the contrary and debate often continues despite the lack of a majority.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Voting within Congress can take many forms, including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/> Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout "aye" or "no" and the presiding officer announces the result. The Constitution requires a [[Voting methods in deliberative assemblies|recorded vote]] if demanded by one-fifth of the members present or when voting to override a presidential veto. If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial, a recorded vote usually happens. The Senate uses [[Voting methods in deliberative assemblies|roll-call voting]], in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators, each senator stating "aye" or "no" when their name is announced. In the Senate, the Vice President may cast the tie-breaking vote if present when the senators are equally divided.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The House reserves roll-call votes for the most formal matters, as a roll call of all 435 representatives takes quite some time; normally, members vote by using an electronic device. In the case of a tie, the motion in question fails. Most votes in the House are done electronically, allowing members to vote ''yea'' or ''nay'' or ''present'' or ''open''.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/> Members insert a voting ''ID card'' and can change their votes during the last five minutes if they choose; in addition, paper ballots are used occasionally (''yea'' indicated by green and ''nay'' by red).<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/> One member cannot cast a [[proxy vote]] for another.<ref name=tws2010Sep11bb/> Congressional votes are recorded on an online database.<ref>{{cite news |author= United States government |title= Recent Votes |publisher= United States Senate |year= 2010 |url= https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/legislative/a_three_sections_with_teasers/votes.htm |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= January 14, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214426/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/votes_new.htm |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The U.S. Congress – Votes Database – Members of Congress / Robert Byrd |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 17, 2010 |url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/k000105/ |access-date=September 11, 2010 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110035120/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/k000105/ |archive-date=November 10, 2010}}</ref>

After passage by both houses, a bill is [[Enrolled bill|enrolled]] and sent to the president for approval.<ref name=tws2010Sep11cc/> The president may sign it making it law or veto it, perhaps returning it to Congress with the president's objections. A vetoed bill can still become law if each house of Congress votes to override the veto with a two-thirds majority. Finally, the president may do nothing{{spaces}}neither signing nor vetoing the bill{{spaces}}and then the bill becomes law automatically after ten days (not counting Sundays) according to the Constitution. But if Congress is adjourned during this period, presidents may veto legislation passed at the end of a congressional session simply by ignoring it; the maneuver is known as a [[pocket veto]], and cannot be overridden by the adjourned Congress.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==Public interaction==
{{Main|U.S. Congress and citizens}}

===Advantage of incumbency===

====Citizens and representatives====

Senators face reelection every six years, and representatives every two. Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14dd1/> Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund-raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing, according to some critics.<ref>{{cite news| author = Larry J. Sabato| title = An amendment is needed to fix the primary mess| newspaper = USA Today| date = September 26, 2007| url = https://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20070926/opcomwednesday.art.htm| access-date = September 20, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214410/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20070926/opcomwednesday.art.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> Although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

[[incumbency|Incumbent]] members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers.<ref name=tws2010Sep11jggha/> They raise more money<ref name="tws02oct205"/> because donors fund incumbents over challengers, perceiving the former as more likely to win,<ref name="tws02oct223"/><ref name="tws02oct216"/> and donations are vital for winning elections.<ref>{{cite news| author = Brian Kalish| title = GOP exits to cost party millions| newspaper = USA TODAY| date = May 19, 2008| url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-05-18-PAC_N.htm| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214647/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-05-18-PAC_N.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> One critic compared election to Congress to receiving [[life tenure]] at a university.<ref name="tws02oct216"/> Another advantage for representatives is the practice of [[gerrymandering]].<ref name=tws2010Sep11ii/><ref>{{cite journal | last = Macedo | first = Stephen | title = Toward a more democratic Congress? Our imperfect democratic constitution: the critics examined | journal = Boston University Law Review | volume = 89 | pages = 609–628 | date = August 11, 2008 | url = https://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache%3AQ33mcnJC4pkJ%3Awww.bu.edu%2Flaw%2Fcentral%2Fjd%2Forganizations%2Fjournals%2Fbulr%2Fvolume89n2%2Fdocuments%2FMACEDO.pdf+%22our+undemocratic+constitution%22+critic%3F+review%3F&hl=en&gl=us&pli=1 | access-date = September 20, 2009 | archive-date = May 1, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110501080149/http://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache%3AQ33mcnJC4pkJ%3Awww.bu.edu%2Flaw%2Fcentral%2Fjd%2Forganizations%2Fjournals%2Fbulr%2Fvolume89n2%2Fdocuments%2FMACEDO.pdf+%22our+undemocratic+constitution%22+critic%3F+review%3F&hl=en&gl=us&pli=1 | url-status = live}}</ref> After each ten-year census, states are allocated representatives based on population, and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party. As a result, reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent,<ref name=incumbent/> causing some critics to call them a privileged class.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14cc/> Academics such as Princeton's [[Stephen Macedo]] have proposed solutions to fix [[Gerrymandering in the United States|gerrymandering in the U.S.]] Senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges, called [[franking privilege]]s; while these are not intended for electioneering, this rule is often skirted by borderline election-related mailings during campaigns.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}
{{clear}}

====Expensive campaigns====
In 1971, the cost of running for Congress in [[Utah]] was $70,000<ref name="tws01oct40">{{cite news |date=May 17, 1971 |title=Time Essay: Campaign Costs: Floor, Not Ceiling |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944351,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221201441/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944351,00.html |archive-date=December 21, 2008 |access-date=October 1, 2009 |newspaper=Time}}</ref> but costs have climbed.<ref name=tws01oct38>{{cite news| author = Barbara Borst, Associated Press| title = Campaign spending up in U.S. congressional elections| newspaper = USA Today| date = October 29, 2006| url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-10-29-campaign-spending_x.htm| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214533/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-10-29-campaign-spending_x.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> The biggest expense is television advertisements.<ref name=tws01oct22/><ref name=tws02oct216>{{cite news| author = Joseph A. Califano Jr.| title = PAC's Remain a Pox| newspaper = The New York Times| date = May 27, 1988| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/27/opinion/pac-s-remain-a-pox.html| access-date = October 2, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214433/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/27/opinion/pac-s-remain-a-pox.html| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="tws01oct40"/><ref name=tws01oct33>{{cite news| author = Dan Froomkin| title = Campaign Finance – Introduction| newspaper = The Washington Post| date = September 15, 1997| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/campfin/intro.htm| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214427/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/campfin/intro.htm| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="tws01oct32">{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Evan |date=April 4, 2008 |title=At What Cost? – Sen. John Warner and Congress's money culture. |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/130441 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214440/https://www.newsweek.com/congresss-money-culture-85717 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=October 1, 2009 |newspaper=Newsweek}}</ref> Today's races cost more than a million dollars for a House seat, and six million or more for a Senate seat.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14cc/><ref name="tws01oct22"/><ref name="tws01oct33"/><ref>{{cite news | title = References about diffname}}
*{{cite news| author = Jean Merl| title = Gloves Come Off in Attack Ads by Harman, Kuykendall| newspaper = Los Angeles Times| date = October 18, 2000| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-oct-18-me-38161-story.html| access-date = September 30, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214445/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-oct-18-me-38161-story.html| url-status = live}}
*{{cite news
| author = Shanto Iyengar
| title = Election 2008: The Advertising
| newspaper = The Washington Post
| date = August 12, 2008
| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2008/08/10/DI2008081001615.html
| access-date = September 30, 2009
| archive-date = January 14, 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214508/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2008/08/10/DI2008081001615.html
| url-status = live
}}
*{{cite news| author = Dave Lesher| title = Column One – TV Blitz Fueled by a Fortune – Once obscure, Huffington now is pressing Feinstein. His well-financed rapid-response team has mounted an unprecedented ad attack.| newspaper = Los Angeles Times| date = September 12, 1994| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-09-12-mn-37700-story.html| access-date = September 30, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214535/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-09-12-mn-37700-story.html| url-status = live}}
*{{cite news| author = Howard Kurtz| title = Democrats Chase Votes With a Safety Net| newspaper = The Washington Post| date = October 28, 1998| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/keyraces98/stories/ads102898.htm| access-date = September 30, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214434/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/keyraces98/stories/ads102898.htm| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author = James Oliphant| title = '08 Campaign costs nearing $2 Billion. Is it worth it?| newspaper = Los Angeles Times| date = April 9, 2008| url = http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2008/04/campaignexpense.html| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214446/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2008/04/campaignexpense.html| url-status = live}}</ref> Since fundraising is vital, "members of Congress are forced to spend ever-increasing hours raising money for their re-election", according to the Fair Elections Now coalition.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Campaign Finance Groups Praise Rep. Welch for Cosponsoring Fair Elections Now Act
|work=Reuters
|date=May 19, 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS184834+19-May-2009+PRN20090519
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122065024/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS184834%2B19-May-2009%2BPRN20090519
|archive-date=January 22, 2010 |access-date=October 1, 2009 |url-status = dead
}}</ref>

The Supreme Court has treated campaign contributions as a [[free speech]] issue.<ref name="tws01oct38"/> Some see money as a good influence in politics since it "enables candidates to communicate with voters".<ref name="tws01oct38"/> Few members retire from Congress without complaining about how much it costs to campaign for reelection.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14cc/> Critics contend that members of Congress are more likely to attend to the needs of heavy campaign contributors than to ordinary citizens.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14cc/>

Elections are influenced by many variables. Some political scientists speculate there is a ''[[coattail effect]]'' (when a popular president or party position has the effect of reelecting incumbents who win by "riding on the president's coattails"), although there is some evidence that the coattail effect is irregular and possibly declining since the 1950s.<ref name=tws2010Sep11jggha/> Some districts are so heavily Democratic or Republican that they are called a [[safe seat]]; any candidate winning the primary will almost always be elected, and these candidates do not need to spend money on advertising.<ref>{{cite news| author = John Balzar| title = Democrats Battle Over a Safe Seat in Congress| newspaper = Los Angeles Times| date = May 24, 2006| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-24-me-harman24-story.html| access-date = September 30, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214422/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-24-me-harman24-story.html| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title = The Congress: An Idea on the March| newspaper = Time| date = January 11, 1963| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,873000-5,00.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110501130131/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,873000-5,00.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = May 1, 2011| access-date =September 30, 2009}}</ref> But some races can be competitive when there is no incumbent. If a seat becomes vacant in an open district, then both parties may spend heavily on advertising in these races; in California in 1992, only four of twenty races for House seats were considered highly competitive.<ref>{{cite news| author = | title = Decision '92 – Special Voters' Guide to State and Local Elections – The Congressional Races| newspaper = Los Angeles Times| date = October 25, 1992| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-10-25-ss-1279-story.html| access-date = September 30, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214423/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-10-25-ss-1279-story.html| url-status = live}}</ref>

====Television and negative advertising====
Since members of Congress must advertise heavily on television, this usually involves [[negative advertising]], which smears an opponent's character without focusing on the issues.<ref>{{cite news | title = References about prevalence of attack ads}}
*{{cite news| author1 = Brooks Jackson| author2 = Justin Bank| name-list-style = amp| title = Radio, Radio – New Democratic ads attacking House Republicans in the lead-up to the 2010 midterm elections don't tell the whole story.| newspaper = Newsweek| date = February 5, 2009| url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/183328| access-date = September 30, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214449/https://www.newsweek.com/factcheckorg-dems-mislead-new-radio-attack-ads-82409| url-status = live}}
*{{cite news| author = Fredreka Schouten| title = Union helps non-profit groups pay for attack ads| newspaper = USA Today| date = September 19, 2008| url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-09-18-union-money_N.htm| access-date = September 30, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214516/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-09-18-union-money_N.htm| url-status = live}}
*{{cite news| author = Ruth Marcus| title = Attack Ads You'll Be Seeing| newspaper = The Washington Post| date = August 8, 2007| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/07/AR2007080701287.html| access-date = September 30, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214459/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/07/AR2007080701287.html| url-status = live}}
*{{cite news| author = Chris Cillizza| title = Ads, Ads Everywhere!| newspaper = The Washington Post| date = September 20, 2006| url = http://voices.washingtonpost.com/thefix/ohio-river-ramble/ads-ads-everywhere.html| access-date = September 30, 2009| author-link = Chris Cillizza| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214515/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/thefix/ohio-river-ramble/ads-ads-everywhere.html| url-status = dead}}
*{{cite news| author = Samantha Gross| title = Coming Soon: Personalized Campaign Ads| newspaper = The Washington Post| date = September 7, 2007| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/07/AR2007090701573_pf.html| access-date = September 30, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/07/AR2007090701573_pf.html| url-status = live}}</ref> Negative advertising is seen as effective because "the messages tend to stick."<ref>{{cite news| author = Howard Kurtz| title = Campaign on Television People May Dislike Attack Ads, but the Messages Tend to Stick| newspaper = The Washington Post| date = January 6, 2008| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/05/AR2008010502196.html| access-date = September 30, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214437/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/05/AR2008010502196.html| url-status = live}}</ref> These advertisements sour the public on the political process in general as most members of Congress seek to avoid blame.<ref name=tws2010Sep11piiu>{{cite news |author1=Steven S. Smith |author2=Jason M. Roberts |author3=Ryan J. Vander Wielen |title=The American Congress (Fourth Edition) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=21 |year=2006 |isbn=9781139446990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith,+Steven+S.,+Jason+M.+Roberts,+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |access-date=September 11, 2010 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith%2C+Steven+S.%2C+Jason+M.+Roberts%2C+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |url-status=live}}</ref> One wrong decision or one damaging television image can mean defeat at the next election, which leads to a culture of risk avoidance, a need to make policy decisions behind closed doors,<ref name=tws2010Sep11piiu/><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.oecd.org/cleangovbiz/toolkit/50101671.pdf|title=Lobbying: influencing decision making with transparency and integrity|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)|year=2012|access-date=March 30, 2019|archive-date=April 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411233431/http://www.oecd.org/cleangovbiz/toolkit/50101671.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and concentrating publicity efforts in the members' home districts.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14dd1/>

====Perceptions====
[[File:An Advertisement of The Federalist - Project Gutenberg eText 16960.jpg|thumb|alt=Ad for the Federalist.|''[[The Federalist Papers]]'', which argued in favor of a strong connection between citizens and their representatives]]
Prominent [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]], writing in ''[[The Federalist Papers]]'', felt that elections were essential to liberty, that a bond between the people and the representatives was particularly essential,<ref name=tws01oct>{{cite news| author = Alexander Hamilton or James Madison| title = The Federalist Paper No. 52| date = February 8, 1788| url = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Federalist_(Dawson)/52| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214447/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Federalist_%28Dawson%29/52| url-status = live}}</ref> and that "frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured."<ref name="tws01oct"/> In 2009, few Americans were familiar with leaders of Congress.<ref>{{cite news| title = Congress' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year| work = Reuters| date = September 2, 2009| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS95973+02-Sep-2009+BW20090902| access-date = October 1, 2009|url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090905170136/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS95973+02-Sep-2009+BW20090902| archive-date = September 5, 2009| df = mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title = The Congress: Makings of the 72nd (Cont.)| newspaper = Time| date = September 22, 1930| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740313,00.html| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = August 27, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130827230254/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740313,00.html| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author = Jonathan Peterson| title = Confident Clinton Lends Hand to Congress Candidates| newspaper = Los Angeles Times| date = October 21, 1996| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-10-21-mn-56229-story.html| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214433/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-10-21-mn-56229-story.html| url-status = live}}</ref> The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did, in fact, vote was 63% in 1960, but has been falling since, although there was a slight upward trend in the 2008 election.<ref>{{cite news | title = References about diffname}}
*{{cite news| title = The Congress: Makings of the 72nd (Cont.)| newspaper = Time| date = September 22, 1930| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740313,00.html| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = August 27, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130827230254/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740313,00.html| url-status = dead}}
*{{cite news| author = Maki Becker| title = Informed Opinions on Today's Topics – Looking for Answers to Voter Apathy| newspaper = Los Angeles Times| date = June 17, 1994| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-06-17-me-5121-story.html| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214429/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-06-17-me-5121-story.html| url-status = live}}
*{{cite news| author = Daniel Brumberg| title = America's Re-emerging Democracy| newspaper = The Washington Post| date = October 30, 2008| url = http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/needtoknow/2008/10/america_our_re-emerging_democr.html| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = October 10, 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171010130104/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/needtoknow/2008/10/america_our_re-emerging_democr.html| url-status = live}}
*{{cite news| author = Karen Tumulty| author-link = Karen Tumulty| title = Congress Must Now Make Own Painful Choices| newspaper = Los Angeles Times| date = July 8, 1986| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-08-mn-22496-story.html| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214440/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-08-mn-22496-story.html| url-status = live}}
*{{cite news| author = Janet Hook| title = As U.S. Economy Flows, Voter Vitriol Ebbs| newspaper = Los Angeles Times| date = December 22, 1997| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-dec-22-mn-1214-story.html| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214457/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-dec-22-mn-1214-story.html| url-status = live}}</ref>

[[Public opinion polls]] asking people if they approve of the job Congress is doing have, in the last few decades, hovered around 25% with some variation.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14cc/><ref name="tws28sep01">{{cite news |date=January 9, 2008 |title=Congress gets $4,100 pay raise |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-01-09-Raise-me_N.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214514/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-01-09-Raise-me_N.htm |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=September 28, 2009 |newspaper=USA Today |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author = Gallup Poll/Newsweek| title = Congress and the Public: Congressional Job Approval Ratings Trend (1974–present)| publisher = The Gallup Organization| date = October 8, 2009| url = http://www.gallup.com/poll/1600/Congress-Public.aspx| access-date = October 8, 2009| archive-date = August 7, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130807115601/http://www.gallup.com/poll/1600/Congress-Public.aspx| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = References about low approval ratings}}
*{{cite news| title = Congress' Approval Rating Jumps to 31%| publisher = Gallup| date = February 17, 2009| url = http://www.gallup.com/poll/114670/Congress-Approval-Rating-Jumps.aspx| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214658/https://news.gallup.com/poll/114670/Congress-Approval-Rating-Jumps.aspx| url-status = live}}
*{{cite news| title = Congress' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year| work = Reuters| date = September 2, 2009| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS95973+02-Sep-2009+BW20090902| access-date = October 1, 2009| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090905170136/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS95973+02-Sep-2009+BW20090902| archive-date = September 5, 2009| df = mdy-all}}
*{{cite news| author = John Whitesides| title = Bush, Congress at record low ratings: Reuters poll| work = Reuters| date = September 19, 2007| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSN1844140220070919| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214501/https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSN1844140220070919| url-status = live}}
*{{cite news| author = Seung Min Kim| title = Poll: Congress' job approval at 31%| newspaper = USA Today| date = February 18, 2009| url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-02-17-congress-poll_N.htm| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214526/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-02-17-congress-poll_N.htm| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author = interview by David Schimke| title = Presidential Power to the People – Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch| newspaper = Utne Reader| date = September–October 2008| url = http://www.utne.com/2008-09-01/Politics/Presidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx| access-date = September 20, 2009| archive-date = January 15, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173810/http://www.utne.com/2008-09-01/Politics/Presidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author = Guy Gugliotta| title = Politics In, Voter Apathy Out Amid Heavy Turnout| newspaper = The Washington Post| date = November 3, 2004| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A20054-2004Nov2.html| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = October 14, 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171014054349/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A20054-2004Nov2.html| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| agency = Associated Press| title = Voter Turnout Rate Said to Be Highest Since 1968| newspaper = The Washington Post| date = December 15, 2008| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/14/AR2008121402295.html| access-date = October 1, 2009| archive-date = October 14, 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171014054354/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/14/AR2008121402295.html| url-status = live}}</ref> Scholar Julian Zeliger suggested that the "size, messiness, virtues, and vices that make Congress so interesting also create enormous barriers to our understanding the institution{{spaces}}... Unlike the presidency, Congress is difficult to conceptualize."<ref>{{cite news |editor= Julian E. Zelizer |title= The American Congress: The Building of Democracy |publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company |page= xiv–xv |year= 2004 |isbn= 0-618-17906-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC&q=Zelizer+Julian+2004+American+Congress+The+Building+of+Democracy |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= October 19, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019131704/https://books.google.com/books?id=_MGEIIwT5pUC |url-status= live}}</ref> Other scholars suggest that despite the criticism, "Congress is a remarkably resilient institution{{spaces}}... its place in the political process is not threatened{{spaces}}... it is rich in resources" and that most members behave ethically.<ref name="tws2010Sep11rtww" /> They contend that "Congress is easy to dislike and often difficult to defend" and this perception is exacerbated because many challengers running for Congress run ''against'' Congress, which is an "old form of American politics" that further undermines Congress's reputation with the public:<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14cc/>

{{blockquote|The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective{{spaces}}... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions{{spaces}}... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally{{spaces}}... the legislative process is easy to dislike{{snd}}it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls.|Smith, Roberts & Wielen<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14cc/>}}

An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science, engineering and economics.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14cc/> As a result, Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14cc/>

Since 2006, Congress has dropped ten points in the Gallup confidence poll with only nine percent having "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in their legislators.<ref>{{cite news |last=Norman |first=Jim |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/192581/americans-confidence-institutions-stays-low.aspx |title=Americans' Confidence in Institutions Stays Low |publisher=Gallup |date=June 13, 2016 |access-date=June 14, 2016 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214515/https://news.gallup.com/poll/192581/americans-confidence-institutions-stays-low.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2011, [[Gallup poll]] has reported Congress's approval rating among Americans at 10% or below three times.<ref name="blogs.wsj.com"/><ref name="firstread.nbcnews.com"/> Public opinion of Congress plummeted further to 5% in October 2013 after parts of the U.S. government deemed 'nonessential government' shut down.<ref name=voa5congress>{{cite news|title=White House: Republicans Will 'Do the Right Thing'|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poll-us-congressional-approval-at-5-percent/1765911.html|access-date=October 10, 2013|publisher=Voice of America|date=October 9, 2013|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013339/http://www.voanews.com/content/poll-us-congressional-approval-at-5-percent/1765911.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Smaller states and bigger states===
When the Constitution was ratified in 1787, the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one. The [[Connecticut Compromise]] gave every state, large and small, an equal vote in the Senate.<ref name=tws10janx01>{{cite web|title= Roger Sherman and The Connecticut Compromise|publisher= Connecticut Judicial Branch: Law Libraries|date= January 10, 2010|url= https://www.jud.ct.gov/lawlib/History/Sherman.htm|access-date= January 10, 2010|archive-date= January 17, 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100117094525/http://www.jud.ct.gov/lawlib/History/Sherman.htm|url-status= live}}</ref> Since each state has two senators, residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states. But since 1787, the population disparity between large and small states has grown; in 2006, for example, [[California]] had seventy times the population of [[Wyoming]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Cass R. Sunstein |title=It Could Be Worse |newspaper=The New Republic |date=October 26, 2006 |url=http://www.powells.com/review/2006_10_26.html |access-date=January 10, 2010 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730041548/http://www.powells.com/review/2006_10_26.html |archive-date=July 30, 2010}}</ref>

Critics, such as constitutional scholar [[Sanford Levinson]], have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from "large states to small states".<ref>{{cite news|author=Robert Justin Lipkin |title=Our Undemocratic Constitution: Where the Constitution Goes Wrong (And How We the People can Correct It) |publisher=Widener University School of Law |date=January 2007 |url=http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/levinson0107.htm |access-date=September 20, 2009 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925161026/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/levinson0107.htm |archive-date=September 25, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author= Sanford Levinson|title= Our Undemocratic Constitution|page= 60|year= 2006|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 9780195345612|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHQ8z2MAZToC&q=small+states|access-date= January 10, 2010|archive-date= January 14, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214453/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHQ8z2MAZToC&q=small+states|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| first1= Richard |last1=Labunski |first2=Dan |last2=Schwartz| title = Time for a Second Constitutional Convention?| publisher = Policy Today| date = October 18, 2007| url = http://www.policytoday.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=258&Itemid=148| access-date = September 20, 2009| archive-date = November 20, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091120072907/http://www.policytoday.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=258&Itemid=148| url-status = dead}}</ref> Others argue that the Connecticut Compromise was deliberately intended by the Founding Fathers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population,<ref name=tws10janx01/> and contend that the result works well on balance.

===Members and constituents===
A major role for members of Congress is providing services to [[constituency|constituents]].<ref>Charles L. Clapp, ''The Congressman, His Work as He Sees It'' (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1963), p. 55; cf. pp. 50–55, 64–66, 75–84.</ref> Constituents request assistance with problems.<ref>''Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report'' 35 (September 3, 1977): 1855. English, ''op. cit''., pp. 48–49, notes that members will also regularly appear at local events in their home district, and will maintain offices in the home [[congressional district]] or state.</ref> Providing services helps members of Congress win votes and elections<ref name=tws2010Sep11ii>{{cite news |author= Susan Page |title= 5 keys to who will control Congress: How immigration, gas, Medicare, Iraq and scandal could affect midterm races |newspaper= USA Today |date= May 9, 2006 |url= https://www.usatoday.com/educate/college/polisci/articles/20060514.htm |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= January 14, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214502/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/educate/college/polisci/articles/20060514.htm |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= Robert Preer |title= Two Democrats in Senate race stress constituent services |newspaper= Boston Globe |date= August 15, 2010 |url= https://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/08/15/quincy_democrats_keenan_and_tobin_stress_service_in_race_for_state_senate/?rss_id=Boston.com+--+Massachusetts+news |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= January 14, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214444/http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/08/15/quincy_democrats_keenan_and_tobin_stress_service_in_race_for_state_senate/?rss_id=Boston.com+--+Massachusetts+news |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= Daniel Malloy |title= Incumbents battle association with stimulus, Obama |newspaper= Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date= August 22, 2010 |url= http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10234/1081868-176.stm |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= January 14, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214448/https://old.post-gazette.com/pg/10234/1081868-176.stm |url-status= live}}</ref> and can make a difference in close races.<ref>{{cite news |author= Amy Gardner |title= Wolf's Decisive Win Surprised Even the GOP |newspaper= The Washington Post |date= November 27, 2008 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/24/AR2008112403399.html |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= January 14, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214522/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/24/AR2008112403399.html |url-status= live}}</ref> Congressional staff can help citizens navigate government bureaucracies.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14aa/> One academic described the complex intertwined relation between lawmakers and constituents as ''home style''.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14bb>{{cite news |editor= William T. Blanco |title= Congress on display, Congress at work |publisher= University of Michigan |year= 2000 |isbn= 0-472-08711-8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ITudab2zD_cC&q=Congress+on+Display,+Congress+at+Work |access-date= September 11, 2010 |archive-date= January 14, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214551/https://books.google.com/books?id=ITudab2zD_cC&q=Congress+on+Display%2C+Congress+at+Work |url-status= live}}</ref>{{rp|8}}

===Motivation===
One way to categorize lawmakers, according to former [[University of Rochester]] political science professor [[Richard Fenno]], is by their general motivation:

# Reelection: These are lawmakers who "never met a voter they didn't like" and provide excellent constituent services.
# Good public policy: Legislators who "burnish a reputation for policy expertise and leadership".
# Power in the chamber: Lawmakers who spend serious time along the "rail of the House floor or in the Senate cloakroom ministering to the needs of their colleagues". Famous legislator [[Henry Clay]] in the mid-19th century was described as an "issue entrepreneur" who looked for issues to serve his ambitions.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t14bb/>{{rp|34}}

==Privileges==
{{See also|United States House of Representatives#Salary and benefits|United States Senate#Salary and benefits}}

=== Outside income and gifts ===
{{See also|Revolving door (politics)|Supreme Court of the United States#Ethics|McDonnell v. United States}}

Representative [[Jim Cooper]] of [[Tennessee]] told Harvard professor [[Lawrence Lessig]] that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on their future careers as lobbyists after serving{{snd}}that Congress was a "[[Farm team|Farm League]] for [[K Street (Washington, D.C.)|K{{spaces}}Street]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Lessig |first=Lawrence |date=February 8, 2010 |title=How to Get Our Democracy Back |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-to-get-our-democracy-back/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120164507/http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-215_162-6186201.html?pageNum=2 |archive-date=January 20, 2013 |access-date=December 14, 2011 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lessig |first=Lawrence |date=November 16, 2011 |title=Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress – and a Plan to Stop It |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ik1AK56FtVc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205212035/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ik1AK56FtVc |archive-date=December 5, 2013 |access-date=December 13, 2011 |publisher=Google, YouTube, The Huffington Post |quote=(see 30:13 minutes into the video)}}</ref> Family members of active legislators have also been hired by lobbying firms, which while not allowed to lobby their family member, has drawn criticism as a conflict of interest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Attkisson |first=Sharyl |date=June 25, 2010 |title=Family Ties Bind Federal Lawmakers to Lobbyists - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/family-ties-bind-federal-lawmakers-to-lobbyists/ |access-date=May 15, 2024 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Members of congress have been accused of [[insider trading]], such as in the [[2020 congressional insider trading scandal]], where members of Congress or their family members have traded on stocks related to work on their committees.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Parlapiano |first1=Alicia |last2=Playford |first2=Adam |last3=Kelly |first3=Kate |last4=Uz |first4=Ege |date=September 13, 2022 |title=These 97 Members of Congress Reported Trades in Companies Influenced by Their Committees |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/09/13/us/politics/congress-members-stock-trading-list.html |access-date=May 15, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> One 2011 study concluded that portfolios of members of Congress outperformed both the market and hedge funds, which the authors suggested as evidence of insider trading.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schwartz |first=John |date=July 9, 2011 |title=Not-So-Representative Investors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/business/mutfund/congressional-portfolios-outpacing-the-market-essay.html |access-date=May 15, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Proposed solutions include putting stocks in blind trusts to prevent future insider trading.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Vitali |first1=Ali |last2=Tsirkin |first2=Julie |last3=Talbot |first3=Haley |date=February 8, 2022 |title=Stock ban proposed for Congress to stop insider trading among lawmakers |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/stock-ban-proposed-congress-stop-insider-trading-lawmakers-rcna14731 |access-date=May 15, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

Some members of Congress have gone on lavish trips paid for by outside groups, sometimes bringing family members, which are often legal even if in an ethical gray area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leonard |first=Kimberly |title=An $84,000 trip to Qatar and a $41,000 retreat in Miami: Members of Congress are going on expensive travels paid for by private groups where some bring their loved ones |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/members-of-congress-going-lavish-trips-paid-by-interest-groups-2021-7 |access-date=May 15, 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=House |first=Billy |date=March 18, 2023 |title=US Lawmakers Resume Globe Trotting Paid by Special Interests |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-18/us-lawmakers-resume-global-travel-paid-by-special-interest-groups |work=Bloomberg}}</ref>

===Pay===
{{See also|Salaries of members of the United States Congress||}}

Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American [[Household income in the United States|income]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Timothy B. |date=September 19, 2013 |title=This chart shows why members of Congress really should earn more than $172,000 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/09/19/this-chart-shows-why-members-of-congress-really-should-earn-more-than-172000/ |access-date=May 17, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other [[Federal government of the United States|branches of government]].<ref name="tws28sep01" /> Another criticism is that members of Congress are insulated from the [[Health insurance marketplace|health care market]] due to their coverage.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lui |first=Kevin |date=March 17, 2017 |title=A Petition to Remove Health Care Subsidies From Members of Congress Has Nearly 500000 Signatures |url=https://time.com/4704824/petition-remove-congress-health-care-subsidies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214522/https://time.com/4704824/petition-remove-congress-health-care-subsidies/ |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=May 22, 2018 |magazine=Time Magazine |location=Washington D.C.}}</ref> Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress.<ref name="tws01oct40" /><ref name="tws01oct32" /> In January 2014, it was reported that for the first time over half of the members of Congress were millionaires.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lipton |first=Eric |date=January 9, 2014 |title=Half of Congress Members Are Millionaires, Report Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/10/us/politics/more-than-half-the-members-of-congress-are-millionaires-analysis-finds.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214454/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/10/us/politics/more-than-half-the-members-of-congress-are-millionaires-analysis-finds.html?_r=0 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=January 11, 2014 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute.<ref>{{cite news |year=1998 |title=A Quiet Raise – Congressional Pay – special report |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/pay/pay.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214507/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/pay/pay.htm |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=February 23, 2015 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

Members elected since 1984 are covered by the [[Federal Employees Retirement System]] (FERS). Like other federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants' contributions. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. And like federal employees, members contribute one-third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two-thirds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scott |first=Walter |date=April 25, 2010 |title=Personality Parade column:Q. Does Congress pay for its own health care? |publisher=Parade |location=New York, NY |page=2}}</ref> The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. By law, the starting amount of a member's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2018, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the [[Civil Service Retirement System]] (CSRS) was $75,528, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $41,208.<ref>[https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL30631 Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014010935/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL30631|date=October 14, 2022}} (PDF). [[Congressional Research Service]], August 8, 2019.</ref>

Members of Congress make fact-finding missions to learn about other countries and stay informed, but these outings can cause controversy if the trip is deemed excessive or unconnected with the task of governing. For example, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported in 2009 that lawmaker trips abroad at taxpayer expense had included spas, $300-per-night extra unused rooms, and shopping excursions.<ref name="tws17decaafds">{{cite news |author1=Brody Mullins |author2=T. W. Farnam |name-list-style=amp |date=December 17, 2009 |title=Congress Travels More, Public Pays: Lawmakers Ramp Up Taxpayer-Financed Journeys; Five Days in Scotland |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126092430041092995?mod=rss_com_mostcommentart |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214521/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126092430041092995?mod=rss_com_mostcommentart |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=December 17, 2009 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Some lawmakers responded that "traveling with spouses compensates for being away from them a lot in Washington" and justify the trips as a way to meet officials in other nations.<ref name="tws17decaafds" />

By the [[Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-seventh Amendment]], changes to congressional pay may not take effect before the next election to the House of Representatives.<ref name="Ronald Reagan">{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Amendments – Amendment 27 – "Financial Compensation for the Congress" |url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/constitutional-amendments-amendment-27-financial-compensation-congress |access-date=May 17, 2024 |website=Ronald Reagan |language=en}}</ref> In ''Boehner v. Anderson'', the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] ruled that the amendment does not affect [[Cost-of-living index|cost-of-living adjustments]].<ref>30 [[Federal Reporter|F.3d]] 156 (D.C. Cir. 1994)</ref><ref name="Ronald Reagan" />

===Postage===
The [[franking]] privilege allows members of Congress to send official mail to constituents at government expense. Though they are not permitted to send election materials, borderline material is often sent, especially in the run-up to an election by those in close races.<ref>English (2003), pp. 24–25.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Simpson, G. R. |date=October 22, 1992 |title=Surprise! Top Frankers Also Have the Stiffest Challenges |publisher=Roll Call}}</ref> Some academics consider free mailings as giving incumbents a big advantage over challengers.<ref name="incumbent" />{{Failed verification|date=February 2019}}<ref>{{cite news |author1=Steven S. Smith |author2=Jason M. Roberts |author3=Ryan J. Vander Wielen |year=2006 |title=The American Congress (Fourth Edition) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith,+Steven+S.,+Jason+M.+Roberts,+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214329/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWpE_HxuxVEC&q=Smith%2C+Steven+S.%2C+Jason+M.+Roberts%2C+and+Ryan+Vander+Wielen+%282007%29.+The+American+Congress |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=September 11, 2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=79 |isbn=9781139446990}}</ref>

===Protection===
Members of Congress enjoy [[parliamentary privilege]], including [[Parliamentary immunity|freedom from arrest]] in all cases except for [[treason]], [[felony]], and [[breach of the peace]], and [[freedom of speech]] in debate. This constitutionally derived [[Congressional immunity|immunity]] applies to members during sessions and when traveling to and from sessions.<ref>Davidson (2006), p. 17.</ref> The term "arrest" has been interpreted broadly, and includes any detention or delay in the course of [[Police|law enforcement]], including [[Summons|court summons]] and [[subpoena]]s. The rules of the House strictly guard this privilege; a member may not waive the privilege on their own but must seek the permission of the whole house to do so. Senate rules are less strict and permit individual senators to waive the privilege as they choose.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rules Of The Senate |url=https://www.rules.senate.gov/rules-of-the-senate |website=U.S. Senate Committee on Rules & Administration |access-date=September 30, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171230230509/https://www.rules.senate.gov/rules-of-the-senate |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses, providing in the [[Speech or Debate Clause]] of the Constitution that "for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place." Accordingly, a member of Congress may not be sued in court for [[slander]] because of remarks made in either house, although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches, and may punish members who transgress.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Congressional Immunity |url=https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1952042500 |website=CQ Press | date=1952 | doi=10.4135/cqresrre1952042500 |access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125212828/https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1952042500 |url-status=live | last1=Brewer | first1=F. M. |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Obstructing the work of Congress is a crime under [[federal law]] and is known as [[contempt of Congress]]. Each member has the power to cite people for contempt but can only issue a contempt citation{{snd}}the judicial system pursues the matter like a normal criminal case. If convicted in court of contempt of Congress, a person may be imprisoned for up to one year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1296619169 |url-access=registration |title=Contempt of Congress |date=January 1, 1957 |website=[[HeinOnline]] |publisher=[[The Jurist (journal)|The Jurist]] |language=en |volume=17 |id={{ProQuest|1296619169}} |access-date=September 7, 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{anl|Caucuses of the United States Congress}}
* {{anl|Congressional archives}}
* {{anl|Congressional Baseball Game}}
* {{anl|Divided government in the United States}}
* {{section link|Elections in the United States|Congressional elections}}
* [[List of current United States representatives]]
* [[List of current United States senators]]
* [[List of United States Congresses]]
* {{slink|Oath of office|United States}}
* [[Radio and Television Correspondents' Association]]
* [[United States congressional hearing]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite magazine| title = How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System, A Plea – And A Plan – To Reform Campaign Finance Before It's Too| magazine = Newsweek| date = October 28, 1996| url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/103143| access-date = September 20, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214440/https://www.newsweek.com/how-clean-mess-179116| url-status = live}}
*{{cite web| title = The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise| publisher = PBS| date = October 10, 2009| url = https://www.pbs.org/georgewashington/classroom/index2.html| access-date = October 10, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214539/https://www.pbs.org/retired-site/| url-status = dead}}
*{{cite news| author = Alexander Hamilton| title = Federalist No. 15 – The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union| publisher = FoundingFathers.info| year = 1788| url = http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed15.htm| access-date = October 10, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214331/http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed15.htm| url-status = live}}
*{{cite book | editor1 =Bacon, Donald C.|editor2= Davidson, Roger H.|editor3= Keller, Morton|title=Encyclopedia of the United States Congress (4 vols.) |year=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster}}
*{{cite book |author1=Collier, Christopher |author2=Collier, James Lincoln |name-list-style=amp |title=Decision in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787 |year=1986 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=0-394-52346-6}}
*{{cite book |author1=Davidson, Roger H. |author2=Walter J. Oleszek |name-list-style=amp |title=Congress and Its Members |url=https://archive.org/details/congressitsmembe0010davi |url-access=registration |year=2006 |edition=10th |publisher=Congressional Quarterly (CQ) Press |isbn=0-87187-325-7}} (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information)
*{{cite book |title=The United States Congress |author=English, Ross M. |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-7190-6309-4}}
*{{cite news |author=Francis-Smith, Janice |title=Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma |publisher=The Oklahoma City Journal Record |date=October 22, 2008 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4182/is_20081022/ai_n30925232/ |access-date=September 20, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510101334/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4182/is_20081022/ai_n30925232/ |archive-date=May 10, 2010}}
*{{cite book |author=Herrnson, Paul S. |title=Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington |year=2004 |publisher=CQ Press |isbn=1-56802-826-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/congressionalele0004herr}}
*{{cite book| last = Huckabee| first = David C.| title = Reelection Rates of Incumbents| publisher = Novinka Books, an imprint of Nova Science Publishers| year = 2003| location = Hauppauge, New York| page = 21| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NSFntwPRYmUC&pg=PA21| isbn = 1-59033-509-0| access-date = September 27, 2020| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214543/https://books.google.com/books?id=NSFntwPRYmUC&pg=PA21| url-status = live}}
*{{Cite web|author=Huckabee, David C. – Analyst in American National Government – Government Division |date=March 8, 1995 |title=Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790–1990 Summary (page 2) |url=http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/265.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429013826/http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/265.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |publisher=Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress |access-date=September 20, 2009}}
*{{cite news| author = Maier, Pauline (book reviewer)| title = HISTORY – The Framers' Real Motives (book review) Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution book by Woody Holton| newspaper = The Washington Post| date = November 18, 2007| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/15/AR2007111502145.html| access-date = October 10, 2009| archive-date = January 14, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214722/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/15/AR2007111502145.html| url-status = live}}
*{{cite book |author=Oleszek, Walter J. |title=Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process |year=2004 |publisher=CQ Press |isbn=0-87187-477-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/congressionalpro00oles}}
*{{cite book |author=Polsby, Nelson W. |title=How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-516195-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/howcongressevolv00pols_0}}
*{{cite book |author=Price, David E. |title=The Congressional Experience |url=https://archive.org/details/congressionalexp00pric |url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=0-8133-1157-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sanbonmatsu |first1=Kira |date=2020 |title=Women's Underrepresentation in the U.S. Congress |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/womens-underrepresentation-us-congress |journal=Daedalus |volume=149 |pages=40–55 |doi=10.1162/daed_a_01772 |s2cid=209487865 |access-date=April 6, 2021 |doi-access=free |archive-date=April 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424132744/https://www.amacad.org/publication/womens-underrepresentation-us-congress |url-status=live | issn=0011-5266}}
*{{cite book |author=Struble, Robert Jr. |title=Chapter seven, Treatise on Twelve Lights |url=http://www.tell-usa.org/totl/07-%20Accountability,%20Efficiency%20&%20Cuts.htm#Committee_autonomy |year=2007 |publisher=TeLL |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414162246/http://www.tell-usa.org/totl/07-%20Accountability%2C%20Efficiency%20%26%20Cuts.htm |archive-date=April 14, 2016}}
*{{cite book |author=Zelizer, Julian E. |title=The American Congress: The Building of Democracy |year=2004 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn=0-618-17906-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/americancongress00juli}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Ritchie, Donald A. (2022). ''The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction''. (History, representation, and legislative procedure)
*{{cite book |author1=Smith, Steven S. |author2=Roberts, Jason M. |author3=Vander Wielen, Ryan |title=The American Congress |url=https://archive.org/details/americancongress0000smit |url-access=registration |year=2007 |edition=5th |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-19704-5}} (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information)
*Hamilton, Lee H. (2004) ''How Congress Works and Why You Should Care'', Indiana University Press.
*Lee, Frances and Bruce Oppenheimer. (1999). ''Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation''. University of Chicago Press: Chicago. (Equal representation in the Senate)
*''Some information in this article has been provided by the [https://www.senate.gov/history/senate-historical-office.htm Senate Historical Office]''.
{{Div col end}}

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Congress.ogg|date=August 4, 2006}}
*{{Official website}}
*[https://www.house.gov U.S. House of Representatives]
*[https://www.senate.gov U.S. Senate]

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Kutti Revathi

2026-03-15T09:35:35Z

DrusillaSchuster: put up new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = S. Revathi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1974}}<ref name=pi/>
| birth_place = Malailoyal, [[Thiruverumbur]], [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[lyricist]], [[activist]], [[Siddha medicine|Siddha doctor]]<ref name=pi/>
| subject =
| years_active = 2000–present
| website =
}}

'''S. Revathi''' (pen name: '''Kutti Revathi'''; born 1974) is an Indian lyricist, poet, activist and doctor. She has published three books of poetry and is the editor of ''Panikkudam'', a literary quarterly for women's writing and also the first Tamil feminist magazine. Post several literary meetings and reviewing poetry collections by fellow students, she began working on some of her own pieces.

==Life==
Following school, she studied [[Siddha medicine]] and got a bachelor's degree in Siddha medicine and surgery. She had been pursuing her doctoral research in medical anthropology at the [[Madras Institute of Development Studies]] in [[Chennai]]. Revathi received the Sigaram 15: Faces of Future award for literature from [[India Today]] and was awarded a travel grant in 2005 by the [[Sahitya Akademi]] to meet leading litterateurs from India. She is a contemporary Tamil poet and has published numerous controversial poetry collections.<ref name=pi>{{cite web|url=http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/6288/27/Kutti-Revathi|title=Kutti Revathi|location=[[Rotterdam]]|publisher=Poetry International|accessdate=20 June 2013|archive-date=23 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623235640/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/6288/27/Kutti-Revathi|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name=mm>{{cite web|url=http://www.maduraimessenger.org/printed-version/2013/april/in-conversation-05/|title=Kutti Revathi: In the Eye of a Poetic Storm|author=Elizabeth Dougan|location=[[Australia]]|publisher=Madurai Messenger|date=April 2013|accessdate=20 June 2013|archive-date=2 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194043/http://www.maduraimessenger.org/printed-version/2013/april/in-conversation-05/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=bow>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20071001-body-of-words-734094-2007-09-23| title=Body of words|author=Nirmala Ravindran|location=Australia|magazine=India Today| date=24 September 2007|access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>

==Poems and literature==
''Panikkudam'' is the first Tamil feminist magazine by her claimed varied aspects such as family, politics, business, discovery of feminine language, introducing modern play, novels, short stories and poetry created by women writers.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Interviews of women writers, introduction to modern poetry and short stories, translations of such works into Tamil from World languages, discussions of the creative process and [[sangam literature]] were some of the elements that made the part of the magazine.<ref name=pi/><ref name=mm/> In the field of poetry, her first release in the year 2000 was ''Poonaiyai Pola Alaiyum Velicham''.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Kutti Revathi's second book, ''Mulaigal'' that was published in 2002, controversy from the conservatives of the Tamil literary establishment. A group of outraged male film lyricists damned the book. The debate extended to parameters of cultural debate: obscene calls, letters and threats ensued, and comments on the author's morality were freely aired.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} While one lyricist demanded that writers of her types must watch out for dire consequences, the other exhorted the public to burn them on Chennai's [[Anna Salai|Mount Road]]. However she explained, "My aim is to explore 'Mulaigal' (breasts) as an 'inhabited' living reality, rather than an 'exhibited' commodity."{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} Adjoint to the content, an essay titled "With Words I Weave My Body", she discussed the ways in which a patriarchal tradition, fearful of sharing the power of the written word, compelled women to imprint narratives on their bodies. Her third release was ''Thanimaiyin Aayiram Irakkaigal'' in 2003.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

In 2007 the English translation of her poetry ''Body's Door'' was released. ''Shattered Boundaries'' another collection of her poems in English translation was released in 2012.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Cinema==
Revathi was involved in the 2013 film ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]'' when the film's director [[Bharatbala]] was on the lookout for a Tamil scholar. For the same film's soundtrack album, she wrote lyrics of the melancholic song "Yenga Pona Raasa" and the song "Innum Konjam Naeram". Upon the musical success of the album especially both the tracks, her lyrical styles were critically applauded.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/word-for-word/article4692195.ece| title=Word for word |author=Lakshmi Krupa| newspaper=The Hindu| date=2013-05-07|accessdate=2013-05-08}}</ref> She wrote the lyrics for the song "Ennile Maha Oliyo" that was aired on [[MTV]] [[Coke Studio (India)]]. And She also has written a song for the music scored by Oscar composer AR Rahman in Tamil Version of the film MOM directed by Ravi Udyawar.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Have also written lyrics for the songs in the successful films, Maya directed by Ashwin Saravanan, & 8 Thottakkal directed by Sri Ganesh. She made her directorial debut with the film ''[[Siragu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/290519/siragu-explores-life-and-relationship.html|title=Siragu explores life and relationship|date=29 May 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[2003 in poetry]]
*[[2002 in poetry]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Revathi, Kutti}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Tamil film poets]]
[[Category:Siddha medicine]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Pratyoosh Shukla

2026-03-10T21:36:35Z

DrusillaSchuster: Done.

{{Short description|Indian microbiologist}}{{Orphan|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

'''Pratyoosh Shukla''' (born 2 April 1977, [[Sidhi|Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh]]) is an Indian [[microbiologist]] specialized in enzyme technology and [[protein]] bioinformatics. He is currently working as Professor of the School of Biotechnology at the Institute of Science, [[Banaras Hindu University|Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India]]. He was awarded with the Indo-USA Research Professor at Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, [[University of Cincinnati]], USA in 2014 by the American Society of Microbiology (ASM) and Indo-U.S. Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF).<ref>{{Cite web| title=Indo-US Science and Technology Forum - Annual Report 2013-2014 | url=https://iusstf.org/documents/35627/42091/Annual%20Report%202013-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419210140/https://iusstf.org/documents/35627/42091/Annual%20Report%202013-14 | archive-date=2022-04-19}}</ref> He was also awarded the Prof. CNR Rao Foundation Award for Excellence in Scientific Research.<ref>{{Cite web | title=BHU Professors Shine with CNR Rao Education Foundation Awards for Excellence in Research {{!}} Varanasi News - Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/bhu-professors-shine-with-cnr-rao-education-foundation-awards-for-excellence-in-research/articleshow/115908886.cms | access-date=2025-12-07 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> He is a Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences]], India (FNASc),<ref>https://nasi.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/NASI-Fellows-Elected-in-2025.pdf{{Dead link | date=December 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] (FNAAS),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://naas.org.in/detail.php?id=735 | title=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences }}</ref> the Academy of Microbiological Sciences (FAMSc/FAMI),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amiindia.info/fellows.php|title=AMI Fellows | AMI | Association of Microbiologists of India|website=amiindia.info}}</ref> and the Biotech Research Society of India (FBRS).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brsi.in/fellows|title=Fellows of BRSI|website=The Biotech Research Society, India|date=10 July 2021 }}</ref>

Shukla and his research group focus on the integration of tools and techniques in microbe assisted biotechnological processes for environmental sustainability, bioproducts including bio-energy, and cost effective bioprocesses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dixit |first1=Mandeep |last2=Chhabra |first2=Deepak |last3=Shukla |first3=Pratyoosh |date=2023-02-01 |title=Optimization of endoglucanase-lipase-amylase enzyme consortium from Thermomyces lanuginosus VAPS25 using Multi-Objective genetic algorithm and their bio-deinking applications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852422018004 |journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=370 |article-number=128467 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128467 |pmid=36509307 |bibcode=2023BiTec.37028467D |s2cid=254527383 |issn=0960-8524|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dixit |first1=Mandeep |last2=Shukla |first2=Pratyoosh |date=2023-02-01 |title=Multi-efficient endoglucanase from Aspergillus niger MPS25 and its potential applications in saccharification of wheat straw and waste paper deinking |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653522037912 |journal=Chemosphere |volume=313 |article-number=137298 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137298 |pmid=36427581 |bibcode=2023Chmsp.313m7298D |s2cid=253829302 |issn=0045-6535|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last1=Saini |first1=Dinesh Kumar |last2=Rai |first2=Amit |last3=Devi |first3=Alka |last4=Pabbi |first4=Sunil |last5=Chhabra |first5=Deepak |last6=Chang |first6=Jo-Shu |last7=Shukla |first7=Pratyoosh |date=2021-06-01 |title=A multi-objective hybrid machine learning approach-based optimization for enhanced biomass and bioactive phycobiliproteins production in Nostoc sp. CCC-403 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852421002479 |journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=329 |article-number=124908 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124908 |pmid=33690058 |bibcode=2021BiTec.32924908S |s2cid=232195472 |issn=0960-8524|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Education==

Upon completing his bachelor's degree (B.Sc.), he went on to complete his master's degree in sciences (applied microbiology and biotechnology) from [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]], Sagar M.P India in 1999. In 2002, he earned his Ph.D. in microbiology from the APS University, Rewa, India. He received a NRF-DUT Post Doctoral Fellowship at Enzyme Technology Group, [[Durban University of Technology]], Durban. He was awarded a D.Sc. in Microbiology in 2020 from [[Barkatullah University]], Bhopal, India for his significant contribution in the area of 'computational enzyme engineering'.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Research==

His research group is working on the integration of techniques in microbe assisted biotechnological processes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mu |first1=Demei |last2=Liu |first2=Hao |last3=Lin |first3=Weitie |last4=Shukla |first4=Pratyoosh |last5=Luo |first5=Jianfei |date=2020-04-01 |title=Simultaneous biohydrogen production from dark fermentation of duckweed and waste utilization for microalgal lipid production |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852420301486 |journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=302 |article-number=122879 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122879 |pmid=32028148 |bibcode=2020BiTec.30222879M |s2cid=211050463 |issn=0960-8524|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Vishal |last2=Kumar |first2=Ashwani |last3=Chhabra |first3=Deepak |last4=Shukla |first4=Pratyoosh |date=2019-01-01 |title=Improved biobleaching of mixed hardwood pulp and process optimization using novel GA-ANN and GA-ANFIS hybrid statistical tools |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852418313683 |journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=271 |pages=274–282 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.115 |pmid=30278352 |bibcode=2019BiTec.271..274K |s2cid=52922948 |issn=0960-8524|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dhankhar |first1=Rakhi |last2=Kumar |first2=Ashwani |last3=Kumar |first3=Sanjay |last4=Chhabra |first4=Deepak |last5=Shukla |first5=Pratyoosh |last6=Gulati |first6=Pooja |date=2019-07-18 |title=Multilevel algorithms and evolutionary hybrid tools for enhanced production of arginine deiminase from Pseudomonas furukawaii RS3 |journal=[[Bioresource Technology]] |volume=290 |article-number=121789 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121789 |pmid=31326652 |bibcode=2019BiTec.29021789D |s2cid=198134213 |issn=0960-8524}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Babita |last2=Shukla |first2=Pratyoosh |date=2020-11-14 |title=A comparative analysis of heavy metal bioaccumulation and functional gene annotation towards multiple metal resistant potential by Ochrobactrum intermedium BPS-20 and Ochrobactrum ciceri BPS-26 |journal=[[Bioresource Technology]] |volume=320 |issue=Pt B |article-number=124330 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124330 |pmid=33202345 |s2cid=227037383 |issn=0960-8524}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Babita |last2=Shukla |first2=Pratyoosh |date=2021-01-05 |title=Lead bioaccumulation mediated by Bacillus cereus BPS-9 from an industrial waste contaminated site encoding heavy metal resistant genes and their transporters |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389420312747 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=401 |article-number=123285 |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123285 |pmid=32659573 |s2cid=220518303 |issn=0304-3894|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Basu |first1=Supratim |last2=Rabara |first2=Roel C. |last3=Negi |first3=Sangeeta |last4=Shukla |first4=Pratyoosh |date=2018-04-18 |title=Engineering PGPMOs through Gene Editing and Systems Biology: A Solution for Phytoremediation? |journal=[[Trends in Biotechnology]] |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=499–510 |doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.01.011 |pmid=29455935 |issn=0167-7799}}</ref> Shukla has researched microbial bioprocesses optimization using artificial intelligence based tools, especially on microbial enzymes and cyanobacterial bio-pigments, and their contribution in gene networks and metabolic significance.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dixit |first1=Mandeep |last2=Kumar Gupta |first2=Guddu |last3=Yadav |first3=Monika |last4=Chhabra |first4=Deepak |last5=Kumar Kapoor |first5=Rajeev |last6=Pathak |first6=Puneet |last7=Bhardwaj |first7=Nishi K. |last8=Shukla |first8=Pratyoosh |date=2022-04-01 |title=Improved deinking and biobleaching efficiency of enzyme consortium from Thermomyces lanuginosus VAPS25 using genetic Algorithm-Artificial neural network based tools |journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=349 |article-number=126846 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126846 |pmid=35158033 |s2cid=246799726 |issn=0960-8524|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022BiTec.34926846D }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Kar
|first1=S.
|last2=Chot
|first2=E.
|last3=Bereimipour
|first3=A.
|last4=Azad
|first4=R. K.
|last5=Shukla
|first5=P.
|date=2025
|title=Comprehensive multifaceted gene network analysis towards understanding multi-metal and oxidative stress responses in Synechocystis PCC 6803
|journal=Computers in Biology and Medicine
|volume=199
|page=111275
|doi=10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.111274
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Gupta
|first1=G. K.
|last2=Coxe
|first2=T.
|last3=Chot
|first3=E.
|last4=Kapoor
|first4=R. K.
|last5=Chhabra
|first5=D.
|last6=Bhardwaj
|first6=N. K.
|last7=Azad
|first7=R. K.
|last8=Shukla
|first8=P.
|date=2025
|title=Improved GA-ANN based optimized bio-deinking strategy for laccase produced from Trametes versicolor GGRK18, and its co-expression gene network analysis
|journal=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
|article-number=119688
|doi=10.1016/j.jece.2025.119688
}}</ref> In addition, he also works on other applications of cyanobacterial biotechnology<ref>
{{Cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Amit |last2=Varshney |first2=Rajeev K. |last3=Shukla |first3=Pratyoosh |date=2021-02-16 |title=Sigma Factor Modulation for Cyanobacterial Metabolic Engineering |journal=[[Trends in Microbiology]] |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=266–277 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2020.10.012 |pmid=33229204 |s2cid=227157066 |issn=0966-842X}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Amit |last2=Shukla |first2=Pratyoosh |date=2021-02-16 |title=Tightening the Screws on PsbA in Cyanobacteria |journal=[[Trends in Genetics]] |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=211–215 |doi=10.1016/j.tig.2020.08.018 |pmid=32977998 |s2cid=221938503 |issn=0168-9525}}
</ref><ref name="Shukla2025">{{Cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Amit |last2=Shukla |first2=Pratyoosh |date=2021-12-16 |title=Emerging tools and strategies in cyanobacterial omics |journal=[[Trends in Biotechnology]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=4–7 |doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.05.004 |pmid=34154821 |s2cid=235595074 |issn=0167-7799}}</ref> and the development of microalgal harvesting methods using natural biopolymers and valorization of microalgal biomass.<ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Kumar
|first1=N.
|last2=Vardhan
|first2=M.
|last3=Shukla
|first3=P.
|date=2025
|title=A natural amylopectin based quaternized polymer as a promising biopolymer for efficient dewatering of Chlorella sorokiniana NKPS02
|journal=Carbohydrate Polymers
|page=124047
}}</ref> His research group has been featured by [[Biography (magazine)|bioGraphic]] on using microbiomes to break down waste.<ref name="Shukla2025" /><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Better Living Through Biochemistry
|url=https://www.biographic.com/better-living-through-biochemistry/?utm_campaign=biographic_regular_20250808&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Mailjet
|website=Biographic
|access-date=2025-11-12
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Pratyoosh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:People from Sidhi]]
[[Category:Indian microbiologists]]

Pottu

2026-03-06T03:50:59Z

DrusillaSchuster: Details.

{{Short description|2019 Indian film by Vadivudaiyan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{About||the 2024 Bengali film|Potu (film)|the forehead decoration|Pottu (decoration)||Potu (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pottu movie poster.jpg
| alt = Theatrical release poster
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Vadivudaiyan]]
| producer = [[Shalom Studios|John Max]] Jones
| writer = Vadivudaiyan
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] [[Namitha]] [[Ineya]] [[Srushti Dange]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Amresh Ganesh]]
| cinematography = [[Sarvesh Murari]]
| editing = Elisa
| studio = [[Shalom Studios]]
| distributor = Chaya Puthura Productions {{citation needed|date=February 2026}}
| released = {{Film date|2019|03|08|df=yes}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pottu''''' ({{translation|Vermillion / [[Bindi (decoration)|Bindi]]}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy horror|horror comedy film]] written and directed by [[Vadivudaiyan]]. The film stars [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Namitha]], [[Ineya]] and [[Srushti Dange]]. With music composed by [[Amresh Ganesh]], the film is produced by John Max for [[Shalom Studios]]. ''Pottu'' is a movie, following along the lines of this producer-director combo's earlier movie ''[[Sowkarpettai]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |title=POTTU: BHARATH AND SRUSHTI DANGE'S UPCOMING MOVIE'S RELEASE DATE IS OUT! |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/pottu-bharath-and-srushti-danges-upcoming-movies-release-date-is-out-324855.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111432/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/pottu-bharath-and-srushti-danges-upcoming-movies-release-date-is-out-324855.htm |archive-date=2019-03-06 |website=In.com.}}</ref> The film was launched in January 2016 and released on 8 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharath's Pottu to hit the screens on March 8 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bharaths-pottu-to-hit-the-screens-on-march-8/articleshow/68152705.cms |website=TimesofIndia.}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The film revolves around two medical students, Arjun ([[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]]) and Nithya ([[Srushti Dange]]). Arjun achieves the top rank in his class through dishonest means, while Nithya, who is a talented student, comes in second. Despite this, both of them enroll in the same college. One night, Arjun goes to the college with the intention of altering a paper, but he gets caught and is punished by being forced to stay overnight. The next day, he is interrogated by the heads of various departments. While drinking, Arjun gets into an argument with his friend and throws a bottle, which shatters and cuts his hand. However, the situation takes a strange turn when his blood spills on the tomb of Pottu ([[Ineya]]), and a mysterious power enters his body, causing him to behave like a girl. As the plot unfolds, the mystery of who Pottu is and what she desires is revealed.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as Arjun
* [[Namitha]] as Bhrameshwari
* [[Ineya]] as Pottu
* [[Srushti Dange]] as Nithya
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Mohana, Arjun's mother
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Arjun's father
* [[Shakeela]] as Biochemistry Professor
* [[Nirosha]] as Pathology Professor
* [[Rajendran]] as Poonandi
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Swami
* [[Bharani (actor)|Bharani]] as Arjun's classmate
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Dr. RK
* [[Swaminathan]] as Thief
* [[Nikesh Ram]] as Pottu's father
* [[Aryan (Tamil actor)|Aryan]] as Veeraiah
* Kalidoss as Human Anatomy Professor
* Raviraj as Physiology Professor
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Parrot Astrologer
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Police Inspector
* V. M. Subburaj as Swami's assistant
* Bobby as Salim Bhai
* [[Scissor Manohar]]
* [[Vengal Rao]]
{{colend}}

==Production==
Producers Jones and [[Shalom Studios|John Max]] announced the project during November 2015 and revealed that they would work on a horror film with director Vadivudaiyan, even before the release of their other collaboration, ''[[Sowkarpettai]]'' (2016). [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] was signed on to portray the leading role, and the director noted that he would have a female makeover for certain portions of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Pottu Movie Press Release |url=http://timesofcinema.com/pottu-movie-press-release/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105726/http://timesofcinema.com/pottu-movie-press-release/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=12 December 2015 |website=TimesofCinema}}</ref> The film began shooting during January 2016 in Chennai, with three actresses - [[Ineya]], [[Namitha]], and [[Manisha Yadav]]- signed to portray pivotal roles. Manisha Yadav was later replaced by [[Srushti Dange]] after an initial photoshoot was held, and was revealed to play the role of a medical student. Ineya was revealed to play the titular character, and [[Namitha]] stated she would play the antagonist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharath roped in for a horror film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Bharath-roped-in-for-a-horror-film/articleshow/49830299.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In July 2016, the team shot scenes in the tribal area of [[Kolli Malai]], where huge sets were erected at an altitude of 2,000 feet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2016 |title=Huge sets for Pottu erected above 2,000 feet at Kolli Hills |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040816/huge-sets-for-pottu-erected-above-2000-feet-at-kolli-hills.html |website=DeccanChronicle.}}</ref> Production was completed in mid-2017, with the film's release delayed several times as a result of an unavailability of screens.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Pottu': The Bharath starrer film gets postponed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pottu-the-bharath-starrer-film-gets-postponed/articleshow/64270221.cms |website=TimesofIndia.}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pottu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Amresh Ganesh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 18:53
| label = Triple V Records
| producer = [[Amresh Ganesh]]
| prev_title = [[Charlie Chaplin 2]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Sathru (2019 film)|Sathru]]
| next_year = 2019
}}

The music was composed by [[Amresh Ganesh]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:53
| title1 = Adi Podi Sandali
| lyrics1 = Eknath
| extra1 = V. V. Prasanna, Vandana
| length1 = 5:16
| title2 = Malamela Samiya
| lyrics2 = Sorko
| extra2 = [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]], Orathanadu Gopu
| length2 = 4:45
| title3 = Kulikki Thakathe
| lyrics3 = Karunakaran
| extra3 = [[Gana Bala]]
| length3 = 4:16
| title4 = Amma Jagatharani
| lyrics4 = Viveka
| extra4 = Amrish
| length4 = 4:35
}}

==Release and reception==
The movie was released on 8 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=Five Tamil movies including two action-dramas to hit theatres this Friday on 8th March. |url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/five-tamil-movies-release-108417/ |website=TheIndianWire.}}</ref> P. Sangeetha of The ''Times of India'' rated the film 1.5/5 stating, "Though Pottu is billed as a horror comedy, not one scene is scary or really funny. The characters are mostly loud and dramatic. The constant background noise is exasperating".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangeetha |first=P |date=Mar 11, 2019 |title=Pottu Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pottu/movie-review/68335980.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319120714/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pottu/movie-review/68335980.cms |archive-date=19 March 2019 |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|7943424}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:2019 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:2010s supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. C. Vadivudaiyan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Amresh Ganesh]]

Operation Diamond Racket

2026-03-03T22:23:22Z

DrusillaSchuster: New.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Operation Diamond Racket
| image = Operation Diamond Racket DVD cover.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover of the film
| director = [[Dorai–Bhagavan]]
| producer = Dorai–Bhagavan
| writer = Dorai–Bhagavan
| narrator =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
*[[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]]
}}
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = P. S. Prakash
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| studio =
| distributor = Anupam Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1978|08|11}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Operation Diamond Racket''''' is a 1978 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[spy thriller film]] produced and directed by [[Dorai–Bhagavan]]. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], alongside [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]], Chandralekha, [[Vajramuni]], [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]], [[Tiger Prabhakar]] and [[M. B. Shetty]]. The music was composed by [[G. K. Venkatesh]], while cinematography and editing were handled by P. S. Prakash and P. Bhaktavatsalam.

The film was the fourth and the final film in the ''CID 999 Franchise'' created along the lines of the ''[[James Bond]]'' and ''[[James Bond in film|James Bond – styled]]'' films<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/good-opening-for-operation-diamond-racket/articleshow/20393823.cms | title=Good opening for Operation Diamond Racket | newspaper=The Times of India | date=2 June 2013 }}</ref> following ''[[Jedara Bale]]'', ''[[Goa Dalli CID 999]]'' and ''[[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999]]''. The film was re-released in 2013.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |title= Good opening for Operation Diamond Racket |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Good-opening-for-Operation-Diamond-Racket/articleshow/20393823.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 2 June 2013 |access-date= 2 May 2014}}</ref> This is the only colour film in the franchise and also the only film in the franchise to not feature [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]. It was dubbed in [[Hindi]] in 1983 as ''Jasoos 999'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jasoos-999-5672|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203174247/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jasoos-999-5672|url-status=live|archive-date=3 December 2020|title=Jasoos 999 (1983) – Review, Star Cast, News, Photos}}</ref> and in Telugu as ''Savaal Goodachari 999''. A fifth film in the franchise titled ''Operation Golden Gang'' was announced but dropped owing to average response to this movie coupled with high budget for the sequel.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/popular-characters-that-inspired-superhit-film-series-in-kannada/ | title=Popular characters that inspired superhit film series in Kannada | date=17 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=XN0_-lIRGOE&feature=youtu.be|title = ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರ ಈ ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಹೈದರಬಾದ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ 3 ದಿನ ಮೊದಲೇ ಟಿಕೆಟ್ ಬುಕಿಂಗ್ ಆಗಿತ್ತು | Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep-79|website = [[YouTube]]| date=14 October 2021 }}</ref> This was also the first film of the franchise to have a male playback singer.

The movie was shot in [[Nepal]] and became the first Kannada film to be shot outside [[India]], but another Kannada film ''[[Singaporenalli Raja Kulla]]'', which released four months later is widely credited as the film, which started the trend of Kannada films being shot outside India since it was shot in a country which is not an Indian neighbour.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/reel/869202/picture-the-song-if-you-come-today-is-more-precious-than-all-of-nirav-modis-diamonds | title=Picture the song: 'If You Come Today' is more precious than all of Nirav Modi's diamonds | date=20 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://honalu.net/2022/08/26/%e0%b2%95%e0%b2%a8%e0%b3%8d%e0%b2%a8%e0%b2%a1-%e0%b2%9a%e0%b2%bf%e0%b2%a4%e0%b3%8d%e0%b2%b0%e0%b2%b0%e0%b2%82%e0%b2%97%e0%b2%a6-%e0%b2%ae%e0%b3%8a%e0%b2%a6%e0%b2%b2%e0%b3%81%e0%b2%97%e0%b2%b3%e0%b3%81/|title=ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗದ ಮೊದಲುಗಳು|first=Honalu|last=App|date=26 August 2022}}</ref>
The core plot of the film was based on [[Ian Fleming]]'s novel ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (novel)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' where [[James Bond]] impersonates a diamond smuggler to infiltrate a smuggling ring to uncover a diamond smuggling conspiracy where his old rival wants to use the diamonds to build a space-based giant laser weapon and blackmail the world with nuclear supremacy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cinemachaat.com/2014/12/24/operation-diamond-racket/ | title=Operation Diamond Racket | date=23 December 2014 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Prakash aka ''CID 999'', a [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] officer, solves the gold smuggling cases, where the CID Chief informs about increase in diamond smuggling and missing case of top scientists. Prakash traces the lead from his colleague Madhu and locates David, the local kingpin. He impersonates as David and traps Lalita, who has the diamonds. Prakash kills David and entrusts Lalita to Madhu. Prakash goes to the hideout warehouse, where David was supposed to drop the diamonds, finds the diamonds and alerts the cops.

Prakash returns, only to find that Lalita escaped and Madhu dead. Meena, Madhu's sister vows vengeance against Madhu's killers. After checking an address in Lalitha's bag, which is located in [[Kathmandu]], Prakash and Meena act as a [[honeymoon]] couple and leave for Kathmandu. Monzein, Prakash's friend and fellow-agent helps him with clues about antique shops, which are suspected to be involved in smuggling. Prakash spends quite some time, posing as a tourist, but cannot locate any clues about the smuggling gang. Vishwanath, the kingpin at Kathmandu tries to kill Meena and Prakash, but Prakash overpowers him.

Frustrated, Vishwanath orders his secretary Drenko to befriend Meena. Drenko kills Monzein's entire family and kidnaps Meena. Prakash finds a radar on top of a building at a remote site and finds it to be the secret hide-out and enters by disguising himself as one of the henchman. He observes a speech, where the diamonds are used as a powerful beam to bring down any [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet-plane]]s, [[submarine]] or military installation. Prakash gets caught and is thrown into a snake cage, along with Meena. However, Prakash and Meena escape, where Prakash overpowers the place, kills all the henchmen and their boss. Prakash frees up Meena and escapes, where he burns down the place using a [[Time bomb|watch bomb]].

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dr. Rajkumar]] as CID 999 Prakash
* [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]] as Meena, Madhu's sister
* [[Vajramuni]] as 'Golden Crocodile'
* [[Rajanand]]
* [[Chethan Ramarao]]
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] as Vikram Singh
* [[Tiger Prabhakar]] as David
* [[Shani Mahadevappa]] as waiter in hotel
* [[M. B. Shetty]] (credited as Fighter Shetty)
* Raji
* Jennifer as Jennifer
* Mamatha Shenoy
* Chandralekha
* Seema Kapoor
* Babbi
* Santhosh
* Muguru P. Guru
* H. P. Ramakrishna
* Bheemaraj
* Nithin Kumar
}}

==Release==
The title of the movie created confusion among fans as to whether it was ''Racket'' or ''Rocket''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/the-name-is-kumar-raj-kumar/articleshow/3030535.cms | title=The name is Kumar, Raj Kumar | newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Operation Diamond Racket
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released =
| recorded = 1978
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:21
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[G. K. Venkatesh]], with lyrics penned by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]. The song "If You Come Today", sung by [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] became popular for being written entirely in [[broken English]].<ref>{{cite web |title= When Rajkumar sang... |url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/20rk.htm |work= [[Rediff.com]] |date= 20 April 2006 |access-date= 2 May 2014}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:21
| title1 = Nee Naduguveyeke
| lyrics1 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| extra1 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], S. Janaki
| length1 = 4:24
| title2 = If You Come Today
| lyrics2 = [[Dorai–Bhagavan|S. K. Bhagwan]] and Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra2 = Rajkumar
| length2 = 4:44
| title3 = Alli Illi Noduve
| lyrics3 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra3 = Rajkumar, [[S. Janaki]]
| length3 = 4:29
| title4 = Nodideya
| lyrics4 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra4 = [[Vani Jayaram]]
| length4 = 4:24
}}

== Re-release ==
The film was re-released across 40 theatres in [[Karnataka]] on 31 May 2013.<ref name="toi" /> The film received a good opening, having collected {{INRConvert|1|l}} on the opening day in Kapali Theatre, [[Bangalore]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1418205}}
{{Dorai–Bhagavan}}
* {{IMDb title|3628810}} ( Hindi dubbed version)

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:1970s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dorai–Bhagavan]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Parody films based on James Bond films]]
[[Category:James Bond parodies]]
[[Category:Films shot in Nepal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kathmandu]]
[[Category:Films set in Kathmandu]]
[[Category:Films set in Nepal]]

Jeevana Chaitra

2026-03-03T22:04:26Z

DrusillaSchuster: further added structure per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jeevana Chaitra
| image = Jeevanachaitra.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Dorai–Bhagavan]]
| producer = [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]]
| writer = [[Vishalakshi Dakshinamurthy]]
| screenplay = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Vyapthi Prapthi''|[[Vishalakshi Dakshinamurthy]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
*[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
*[[K. S. Ashwath]]
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*Gurudutt
*[[Abhijeeth]]
}}
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = S. V. Srikanth
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| distributor =
| studio = Sri Dakshayini Cine Combines
| runtime = 157 minutes
| released = {{Film date|1992}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR}} 25 lakhs<ref name="rediff">{{cite web |last1=Palaniswamy |first1=M. |title=Who, in contemporary filmdom, has Rajkumar's appeal? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04rajk.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=13 April 2021 |date=4 April 1997}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}} 8 crores<ref name="rediff"/>
}}

'''''Jeevana Chaitra''''' ({{translation|Life Spring}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Kannada language]] film directed by the duo [[Dorai–Bhagavan]] starring [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]. It marked the re-entry of Rajkumar in films after a hiatus of three years, and was an instant hit. The film is based on the Kannada novel ''Vyapthi Prapthi'' written by [[Vishalakshi Dakshinamurthy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/raj-festival-a-mirror-of-the-grooms-novel-films|title = ರಾಜ್‌ ಹಬ್ಬ: ವರನಟನ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಕನ್ನಡಿ}}</ref> The film was initially titled ''Simhadriya Simha'', a title which was later used for the [[Simhadriya Simha|2002 film]] starring [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/features/story-behind-rajkumar-s-jeevana-chaitra-first-title-was-simhadriya-simha/articlecontent-pf92755-043410.html|title = ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿ ಮಾಡಿದ ರಾಜ್ ಕುಮಾರ್ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಕಥೆ|date = 4 June 2020}}</ref> The film re-affirmed the hold Rajkumar had on Kannada audiences. It was highly successful at the box office and had a theatrical run of 52 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/a-rare-picture-of-the-triple-ceremony-of-dr-rajkumar-s-3-movies-045361.html|title = ಅಪರೂಪದ ಫೋಟೋ: ಒಂದೇ ವೇದಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂರು ಹಿಟ್ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಸಕ್ಸಸ್ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮ|date = 22 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid=8 |title=:: Welcome to Chitatara :: |website=www.chitratara.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717135525/http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid=8 |archive-date=17 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

For the song "Naadamaya", Rajkumar won the [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] at the [[40th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |title= 40th National Film Awards |url= http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |website= iffi.nic.in |accessdate= 30 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151008114601/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |archive-date= 8 October 2015 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The film won four awards at the 1992–93 Karnataka State Film Awards — [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|First Best Film]], [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Rajkumar), [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] ([[Upendra Kumar]]) and Best Dialogue Writer ([[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]).

==Plot==
Rama Rao is a ''jodidar'' of Simhadri and its surrounding villages living with his wife Seetha and son Vishwanath. Once, the trio visits a function in the village, where they see Meenakshi. Vishwanath expresses his interest in Meenakshi as his life partner and presents the case before his parents. Vishwanath's father accepts the marriage proposal. Meenakshi and Vishwanath get married. Vishwanath takes over the mantle of jodidar of Simhaadri and eight villages from his father.

He fights illiteracy, the illicit liquor racket, and other social evils, in order to help villagers. He and Meenakshi have three children. There is a parallel comedy storyline of the movie, centering on Putta Joisa, who joins as the priest of the family-entrusted main temple.

Their eldest son, a doctor, falls for his classmate, the daughter of a liquor baron, Toogudeepa, who creates a rift between father and son and insults Vishwanath when he approaches to discuss the marriage proposal. Toogudeepa threatens Gurudutt that he can choose either his father's village or his love. Gurudutt fights with his father and leaves home. This comes as the first blow to Vishwanatha Raya.

Abhijit, the second son, gets married, but his wife is not very happy staying in the village and serving her in-laws. Vishwanath and Meenakshi plan to have Meenakshi's niece marry their youngest son Narahari. Narahari, who has a secret love affair, marries her and brings her home, once he learns of his parents' plan. Meenakshi and Vishwanath are shocked. The burden is too much for Meenakshi and she dies, while welcoming her new daughter-in-law.

Vishwanath feels lonely and goes on a theertha yaatre, has an accident, and loses his memory. He wanders around and is shown visiting [[Badrinath|Badri]], [[Rishikesh]], [[Kedarnath]] and [[Varanasi]]. When he finds the beauty of [[Himalaya]], he is spellbound by nature and sings his heart out. Putta Joisa finds his old employer, clothed in rags and singing on a ghaat. He helps Vishwanath regain memory.

Meanwhile, Toogudeepa convinces Vishwanath's three sons to hand over their ancestral property and takes it over. Vishwanath returns, only to find his home turned from a temple to a tavern. He single-handedly beats drunkards gathered there and questions his sons about his mother. Learning that she is lonely in the passing days in the hut, he visits his mother. Pandari Bai is filled with joy to find her son alive. Vishwanath once again starts the task of fighting liquor racket, gambling, and other evils. He ends up on a winning note, as the gambler's den is made into a primary school and the liquor factory is closed. His children too learn their lesson and join hands with him. A happy man, Vishwanath creates a will dividing his assets among his sons and leaves to a higher calling. The last scene shows Vishwanath ascending a hill, far from Simhaadri.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dr. Rajkumar]] as Vishwanathaiah
* [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Meenakshi, Vishwanath's wife
* [[Sudharani]] as Lakshmi (Special appearance)
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Rama Rao, Vishwanath's father
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Seetha, Vishwanath's mother
* [[Chi Guru Dutt]] as Prathap, Vishwanath's elder son
* [[Abhijeeth]] as Prakash, Vishwanath's second son
* [[Balaraj]] as Narahari, Vishwanath's third son
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] as Narasinha Rao
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]]
* [[Tennis Krishna]]
* [[Sathyabhama (actress)|Sathyabhama]]
* Gayathri Prabhakar
* Sriraksha
* Sundarashree
* [[Shivaram]]
* [[S. K. Bhagavan]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jeevana Chaitra
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 1992
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:48
| label = Sangeetha
| director = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The [[Film score|score]] of the film and the soundtrack were composed by [[Upendra Kumar]], with lyrics penned by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] and Mugur Mallappa. The soundtrack album consists of five tracks.<ref>{{cite web |title= Jeevana Chaithra (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |date= 26 August 1992 |url= https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/jeevana-chaithra-original/id929914096 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141226232418/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/jeevana-chaithra-original/id929914096 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 26 December 2014 |publisher= iTunes |accessdate= 10 November 2014}}</ref> As of 2023, the song ''Naadamaya'' was reported to have ranked high on [[Spotify]]’s Kannada songs list.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/arjuna-to-james-bond-like-roles-dr-rajkumar-was-emperor-of-actors-in-kannada-film-industry/1536120/ | title=Arjuna to James Bond-like roles—Dr Rajkumar was 'emperor of actors' in Kannada film industry | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=24 April 2023 }}</ref> Though credited to Upendra Kumar, the song ''Naadamaya'' was composed by [[M. Ranga Rao]]. That song was set in [[Todi (raga)|Todi]] raga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july042004/enter1.asp|title=Jenina Holeyo, Halina Maleyo|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=22 March 2025|date=4 July 2004|first=S. N.|last=Deepak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109054447/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july042004/enter1.asp|archive-date=9 November 2004}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:48
| title1 = Aralida Thanuvidu
| lyrics1 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| extra1 = [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
| length1 = 5:07
| title2 = Naadamaya
| lyrics2 = Chi. Udayashankar
| extra2 = Dr. Rajkumar
| length2 = 7:34
| title3 = Manavanagi
| lyrics3 = Mugur Mallappa
| extra3 = Dr. Rajkumar
| length3 = 4:34
| title4 = Ninna Chelava Vadana
| lyrics4 = Chi. Udayashankar
| extra4 = Dr. Rajkumar, [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| length4 = 4:45
| title5 = Lakshmi Baaramma
| lyrics5 = Chi. Udayashankar
| extra5 = Dr. Rajkumar, Manjula Gururaj
| length5 = 5:48
}}

==Release and reception==
[[File:Jeevachai.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Simhadriya Simha title announcement poster of the film released before the title was eventually altered to Jeevana Chaitra]]{{Refimprove-section|date=September 2022}}
Jeevana Chaitra was very popular when it was released, and the movie tickets became a prized commodity. There was no release by [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] in the previous years.

The movie completed 100 days and had to be removed from theatres. Rajkumar's cut-out of the suit-clad hero had the usual ritual of getting soaked in milk at many places.

===Box office===
The film ran for 375 days and, owing to the audience reception, Rajkumar had to announce that he would act in another movie, ''[[Aakasmika]]''.<ref>[https://i.imgur.com/VfsDOaT.jpg The Rajkumar Phenomenon] ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]''</ref>

===Reviews and critiques===
The movie received rave reviews, owing to the storyline and message about combating liquor barons.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1418157|Jeevana Chaitra}}
*http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/moviedetail.asp?mid=k0000432
{{Dorai–Bhagavan}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by Upendra Kumar]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Chi. Udayashankar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dorai–Bhagavan]]

Kalavu (2013 film)

2026-03-03T21:26:24Z

DrusillaSchuster: put up a details

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|Film by Ravi M}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalavu
| image =
| caption =
| director = Ravi M
| producer = Murali Gurappa, Manjula Somasekhar
| writer = [[K Y Narayanaswamy|KY Narayanaswamy]]
| based_on = {{based_on|''Kalavu''|[[K Y Narayanaswamy]]}}
| starring = [[Umashree]] Kari Subbu
| music = S Chinna
| cinematography = Rakesh B
| editing = Murali Gurappa
| distributor = Kannada Circle
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|12|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kalavu''''' ([[Kannada]]: ಕಳವು) is a 2013 Indian Kannada-language film directed by newcomer Ravi M. The film stars [[Umashree]], Kari Subbu, Hulagappa Kattimani and others.

== Cast ==
* [[Umashree]] as Rangamma
* Kari Subbu
* Hulagappa Kattimani
* Jugari Avinash as Patla
* Shivaji Rao Jadav as Idea
* Pramila Bengre as Thayamma
* Bhavani Prakash as Rathni
* Master Vaibhav

== Release ==
=== Critical reception ===
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Umashree is the right choice for the role as she steals the show with her brilliant performance".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kalavu/movie-review/27747702.cms|title=KALAVU MOVIE REVIEW|date=13 April 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> B. S. Srivani from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "Most of the actors, led so ebulliently by Jadhav, act out their parts well, allowing the viewer to enjoy the experience thoroughly".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/375925/kalavu-movie-review.html|title='Kalavu' movie review|first=B. S.|last=Srivani|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=21 December 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2913910}}

[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Chand Sa Roshan Chehra

2026-03-03T11:56:13Z

DrusillaSchuster: further expanded content based on references and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|2005 film by Shabah Shamsi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chand Sa Roshan Chehra
| image = Chand Sa Roshan Chehra poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Shabah Shamsi
| producer = Salim Akhtar
| writer = [[Jalees Sherwani]]
| screenplay = Jalees Sherwani
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Samir Aftab
*[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
}}
| music = [[Jatin–Lalit]]
| cinematography = Karim Khatri
| distributor = Aftab Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|03|04}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|1.50 crore}}<ref name="boc" />
| gross = {{INR|52.53 lakh}}<ref name="boc" />
}}

'''''Chand Sa Roshan Chehra''''' ({{translation|The Face That Glows Like the Moon}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romance film]] directed by Shabah Shamsi, written by [[Jalees Sherwani]] and produced by Salim Akhtar. It stars Samir Aftab and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] (in her film debut) in the lead roles. The film's original score was composed by [[Jatin–Lalit]], and the cinematography was handled by Karim Khatri.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |date=9 March 2005 |title=Chand Sa Roshan Chehra |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Chand-Sa-Roshan-Chehra/articleshow/1045785.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122055147/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Chand-Sa-Roshan-Chehra/articleshow/1045785.cms |archive-date=22 November 2016 |access-date=22 November 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

''Chand Sa Roshan Chehra'' was theatrically released worldwide on 4 March 2005. The film was critically panned and underperformed at the box office, earning ₹52.53 lakh against a budget of ₹1.50 crore.<ref name="boc" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=9 April 2004 |title=Chand Sa Roshan Chehra': Excellent Music : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/chand-sa-roshan-chehra-excellent-music/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624040254/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/chand-sa-roshan-chehra-excellent-music/ |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

== Plot ==
It's a teenage love story full of romance, emotions, and values. This is the story of Raj and Jiya, who loved each other from childhood. But circumstances take them apart a distance of seven seas, by Jiya's opportunist father Oberoi, who did not approve the alliance of his daughter Jiya with his friend Kapur's son Raj. Raj could not forget Jiya for even a day in his life. It was the last wish of Raj's mother that only Jiya should become her daughter-in-law. Kapur takes a promise from Raj that he will one day bring back Jiya as his daughter-in-law. One day, fate gives Raj a chance to go abroad to the same place where Jiya lives. Raj meets Jiya but both become enemies of each other without knowing that they have longed for each other, all their lives. Raj meets a beautiful girl Firdaus in the distant land and a friendship develops, which is not liked by Firdaus's fiancé Raj lands in trouble to be bailed out by Firdaus herself. During a youth festival, Raj wins the competition that infuriates Jiya, and she gets Raj beaten up by a local boy! Raj wants revenge and in the process, both of them come to know that they are each other's lost love.

But misunderstanding crops up and Jiya agrees to marry another boy, Rohit. During Jiya's engagement ceremony, Raj reaches and tries to convey his love to Jiya. Jiya is heartbroken and wants to break her engagement. Fate once again plays its own game and the lovers are again separated, because Oberoi learns that Raj is the same boy from whom he had taken Jiya away. How Jiya and Raj fight fate and destiny, and how both come together becomes the pivotal part of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Samir Aftab as Raj Kapur
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Jiya Oberoi
* [[Himani Shivpuri]]
* [[Talat Aziz]] as Rajendran Kapur, Raj's father
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Oberoi, Jiya's father
* Dilip Thadeshwar as Rohit
* [[Vijayendra Ghatge]]
* [[Kishori Shahane]]
* Apoorva Davda
* [[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Firoz Khan]]
* Nirmal Soni
* Master Sonu
* Baby Shraddha

;Cameo appearance
* [[Kurush Deboo]] as College Principal
* Rajni Chandra
}}

== Music ==
The film's music was composed by [[Jatin–Lalit|Jatin and Lalit Pandit]], with [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]] as the lyricist. There were a total of 8 songs in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=20 May 2020 |title=Chand Sa Roshan Chehra Songs |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chand-sa-roshan-chehra/songs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621035456/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chand-sa-roshan-chehra/songs/ |archive-date=21 June 2021 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
{{tracklist
| headline = Original track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aage Aage Chahat Chali
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| title2 = Doli Leke Aaye Hain
| extra2 = Udit Narayan, [[Alka Yagnik]]
| title3 = Doli Leke Aaye Hain (Sad)
| extra3 = Udit Narayan
| title4 = Jadugar Jadugar
| extra4 = Udit Narayan, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| title5 = Pehli Nazar Ka Woh Pyar
| extra5 = Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik, Sunidhi Chauhan
| title6 = Resham Se Bhi Nazuk Nazuk
| extra6 = Udit Narayan
| title7 = Woh Din Yaad Karlo Sanam
| extra7 = Udit Narayan
| title8 = Bechain Mera Dil Hai
| extra8 = Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
| title9 = Doli Leke Aaye Hain (Instrumental)
| title10 = Resham Se Bhi Nazuk Nazuk (Instrumental)
}}

==Release==
''Chand Sa Roshan Chehra'' was theatrically released on 60 screens worldwide on 4 March 2005.<ref name="boc" />

==Reception==
===Critical response===
''Chand Sa Roshan Chehra'' received negative reviews from the critics.

===Box office===
On its opening day, ''Chand Sa Roshan Chehra'' collected ₹7 lakh and grossed ₹28 lakh by the end of the first week. Throughout its theatrical run, the film grossed ₹52.53 lakh.<ref name="boc">{{Cite web |date=4 March 2005 |title=Chand Sa Roshan Chehra |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=1735 |access-date=28 May 2024 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527002800/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=1735 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0466367}}

[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatin–Lalit]]
[[Category:2005 romance films]]

Chor Bani Thangaat Kare

2026-02-26T03:22:03Z

DrusillaSchuster: content fix

{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chor Bani Thangaat Kare
| image = Chor Bani Thangaat Kare.jpg
| caption =
| director = Rahul Bhole
| producer = Arpan Pandya Harsh Parmar
| writer = Rahul Bhole Chetan Dhanani Mehul Vyas Vinit Kanojia
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Amit Mistry
* [[Bijal Joshi]]
* Prem Gadhavi
* Manan Desai
* Ojas Rawal
* Nirmit Vaishnav
* Sharad Sharma
* Annapurna Shukla
* Jineeta Rawal
* Prashant Barot
}}
| music = Parth Bharat Thakkar
| cinematography = Suraj Kurade
| editing =
| studio = Reelium Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|7|21}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chor Bani Thangaat Kare''''' ({{langx|gu|ચોર બની થનગાટ કરે }}) is a 2017 [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] comedy, drama film directed by Rahul Bhole and written by Rahul Bhole, Chetan Dhanani, Mehul Vyas and Vinit Kanojia. It is produced by Arpan Pandya and Harsh Parmar with Supervising Producer Sachi Rathod under the banner of Reelium Films . The film stars Amit Mistry, Bijal Joshi, Prem Gadhavi, Manan Desai, Ojas Rawal, Nimrit Vaishnav, Sharad Sharma, Annapurna Shukla, Jineeta Rawal and Prashant Barot. The soundtrack album is composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]], while lyrics for the songs were written by [[Niren Bhatt]].
Filmed mostly in [[Ahmedabad]], the film is a comedy of errors about the lead character Rajkumar Trivedi, aka Robin, who has [[Kleptomania]] and his only way of recovering is by finding true love.
The film released on 21 July 2017 to a universally positive response from critics and audiences.

==Cast==

* [[Amit Mistry]] as Robin [[Pseudonym|aka]] Rajkumar
* [[Bijal Joshi]] as Khushbu
* Prem Gadhavi as Lalit [[Pseudonym|aka]] Lenti
* [[Manan Desai]] as Shahnawaz
* Nirmit Vaishnav as Vanrajsinh Jadeja
* Ojas Rawal as Jayanti Charkat
* Sharad Sharma as Khan Baba
* Annapurna Shukla as Khushbu's Dadi
* Jineeta Rawal as Pooja
* Prashant Barot as Robin's Father
* Harikrishna Dave as Mindi Ustaad
* [[Chirayu Mistry]] as Moksh (Collection Agent)

==Plot==
Plot
Rajkumar Trivedi (Amit Mistry), aka Robin, is disowned by his father (Prashant Barot) in childhood because of his compulsive habit of stealing. He moves to the city of Ahmedabad where his stealing habit puts him in difficulties at every turn of his life. Soon he learns that he is suffering from Kleptomania and the only cure for it is to find true love. He falls for Khushbu (Bijal Joshi) and tries to pursue her. But his stealing habit is revealed soon and Khushbu breaks up with him. Determined to win her back, Robin resolves to give back what he has taken from the society. Inadvertently, he gets embroiled in a brawl of terrorists, politicians, police and Godmen.

==Release==
The film released on 21 July 2017 to an overwhelmingly positive responses from across the board.<ref name="trailer">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQRkXV2F2Zg|title= Chor Bani Thangaat Kare Gujarati Movie{{pipe}} Official Trailer|work= Zee Music Gujarati|publisher=YouTube|date=3 July 2017}}</ref>
Shruti Jambhekar of The Times of India gave it a 4-star rating saying, "Rahul Bhole in his debut venture has done a commendable job of filming a fun-filled story with right casting. Just the masala movie and family entertainer with right comic timings that Dhollywood was missing out for some time."<ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/chor-bani-thangaat-kare/articleshow/59711119.cms|title= Times of India Review|work= TOI|date=22 July 2017}}</ref> Jignesh Vasavada from creanara also gave it 4 stars adding,"It is a ROCKING movie. This is the time the Gujarati Film Fraternity should come out in large numbers, spend money and watch the film. That would be a true contribution to lovely films like this."<ref name="creanara">{{cite web|url=http://www.creanara.com/reviews/movies/chorbanithangaatkare--simply-rocks|title=Creanara Review|publisher=Creanara|date=22 July 2017|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724181645/http://www.creanara.com/reviews/movies/chorbanithangaatkare--simply-rocks|archive-date=24 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The film went on to garner approximately 8–900,000 INR on its opening day while bringing another 10–1.1 million INR on the second day (Saturday).<ref name="box office">{{cite web|url=http://movieboxofficecollection.com/chor-bani-thangaat-kare-gujarati-film-release-date-review-trailer-cast-wiki-story-songs-poster/|title= movie box office collection|work= mbc|publisher=movie box office|date=23 July 2017}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chor Bani Thangaat Kare
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|7|10}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:15
| label = [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music Gujarati]]
| producer =
| prev_title = '''[[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]'''
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = '''[[A Gentleman]]'''
| next_year = 2017
}}
The soundtrack is composed entirely by [[Sachin–Jigar]], while the lyrics were written by [[Niren Bhatt]]. The first song "Bhuli Javu Che" was released as a single on 14 June 2017. The song was sung by [[Sachin Sanghvi]], The song received positive reviews and amassed more than a million views on YouTube within 24 hours. "Mauj-E-Dariya" was sung by [[Benny Dayal]], the first Gujarati song sung by him.

{{tracklist
| total_length =
| headline = Track list
| all_music =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chor Bani Thangaat Kare
| extra1 = {{nowrap|[[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], [[Shruti Pathak]], Manan Desai}}
| length1 = 5:16
| title2 = Bhuli Javu Che
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 =[[Sachin Sanghvi]]
| length2 = 4:00
| title3 = Mauj-E-Dariya
| extra3 = [[Benny Dayal]]
| length3 = 3:20
| title4 = Yaad Chhe
| extra4 = [[Sachin Sanghvi]]
| length4 = 4:07
| title5 = Bhuli Javu Che (Remix Version)
| extra5 = [[Darshan Raval]]
| length5 = 3:32
|}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt7117376}}
* {{Facebook|ChorBaniThangaatKare}}

{{Portal|India|Film|}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2017 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2010s Gujarati-language films]]

Gujarat Express

2026-02-24T16:34:59Z

DrusillaSchuster:

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color =
| name = Gujarat Express
| logo =
| image = Gujarat Superfast Express ( MMCT – ADI ).jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]] & [[Gujarat]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}} (MMCT)
| stops = 27
| end = {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} (ADI)
| distance = {{convert|491|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 9 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Second Class Seating]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes ([[Indian Railways coaching stock|First Class]] only)
| autorack =
| catering = No [[Dining car|Pantry]] car but Available
| observation = Rake Sharing with 19109/19110 [[Gujarat Queen]] & 19129/19130 [[Vadodara Ahmedabad Intercity Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22953 / 22954
| speed = {{convert|52|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Gujarat Express and Karnavati Express (Mumbai CST - Ahmadabad) Route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 22953 / 22954 '''Gujarat Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that run between {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}} and {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} in India.

It operates as train number 22953 from Mumbai Central to Ahmedabad Junction and as train number 22954 in the reverse direction.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/11.pdf |title=Trains at a Glance |publisher=Indian Railways |year=2023 |page=134 |language=en}}</ref>

==Coaches==

22953/22954 Gujarat Superfast Express presently has 3 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|1st Class]], 10 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|2nd Class]] seating & 8 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]] coaches.

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

22953 Gujarat Superfast Express covers the distance of 491 kilometres in 9 hours (55 km/h) & 9 hours 25 mins as 22954 Gujarat Superfast Express (55 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above 55 km/h, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Traction==
the train still continues using [[WAP-5]] end to end on every journey

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Gujarat Superfast Express - AC Chair Car coach.jpg|Gujarat Superfast Express – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]] coach
File:Gujarat Superfast Express - 2nd Class seating coach.jpg|Gujarat Superfast Express – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|2nd Class seating]] coach
File:Gujarat Superfast Express - Coach board.jpg|Gujarat Superfast Express – Coach board
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarat Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Mumbai–Ahmedabad trains]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Angola–India relations

2026-01-24T07:58:30Z

DrusillaSchuster: Structure improved and content revised

{{Infobox bilateral relations
| title = Angola–India relations
| party1 = Angola
| party2 = India
| map = India Angola Locator.png
| filetype = png
| size =
| mission1 = Embassy of Angola, New Delhi
| mission2 = Embassy of India, Luanda
| envoytitle1 = Ambassador
| envoy1 = Manuel Eduardo dos Santos e Silva Bravo<ref>{{cite web |title=Diplomatic Missions in India>Angola |url=https://meaprotocol.nic.in/?a1Angola? |website=Protocol Division, Ministry of External Affairs |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref>
| envoytitle2 = Ambassador
| envoy2 = Pratibha Parkar<ref>{{cite web |title=Ambassador |url=https://www.indembangola.gov.in/profile |website=Embassy of India, Luanda |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref>
}}
'''Angola–India relations''' refers to the international relations that exist between [[Angola]] and [[India]].

India has an embassy in [[Luanda]]. Angola has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].

==History==
The Indian state of [[Goa]] and Angola as a whole were both former [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonies]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last1=Cartwright | first1=Mark | url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Portuguese_Empire/ | title=Portuguese Empire | encyclopedia=World History Encyclopedia | date=19 July 2021 }}</ref> India supported the [[Angolan War of Independence|Angolan freedom struggle]] against [[Portuguese Angola|Portuguese colonial rule]] until Angola gained independence in 1975. Since then India has maintained close ties to [[MPLA]] (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola).<ref name="MEA2021"/> India officially established diplomatic relations with Angola in 1985.<ref name="MEA2021">{{cite web|title=India-Algeria Bilateral Relations|url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/AngolaInd.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|publisher=Embassy of India, Algiers|access-date=1 October 2021|date=July 2021}}</ref> India is a founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and Angola joined the organization in 1976.

There have been several visits by the leaders of the two countries. [[Rajiv Gandhi]] became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Angola in May 1986. [[José Eduardo dos Santos]] became the first Angolan President to visit India in April 1987. Angolan Foreign Minister [[João Bernardo de Miranda]] visited India in May 2006 and signed a protocol on foreign office consultations. Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] met with President Santos on the sidelines of the [[35th G8 summit]] at [[L'Aquila]], Italy on 10 July 2009. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] met with President [[João Lourenço]] on the sidelines of the [[10th BRICS summit]] in [[Johannesburg]], South Africa on 26 July 2018.<ref name="MEA2021"/>
[[File:PM Narendra Modi and President Droupadi Murmu at the Ceremonial Reception of the President of the Republic of Angola, Mr. Joao Manuel Goncalves Lourenco at Rashtrapati Bhavan.jpg|thumb|PM Narendra Modi and President Droupadi Murmu at the Ceremonial Reception of the President of the Republic of Angola, Joao Lourenco]]
Angola and India signed an agreement on 30 January 2017 to establish a bilateral commission. The first India-Angola Joint Commission Meeting was co-chaired virtually by Foreign Ministers [[S. Jaishankar]] and [[Tete António]] on 7 September 2020. The two sides conducted a comprehensive review of bilateral relations and agreed to diversify trade relations particularly in the areas of health, pharmaceuticals, defence, agriculture, food processing, digitization and telecom. Three MoUs on health, training and visa facilitation were signed during the meeting.<ref name="MEA2021"/> Angola supports India's candidacy for a permanent seat in a [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|reformed]] [[United Nations Security Council]].{{cn|date=March 2022}} Angola voted for India's election to the UNSC's non-permanent seat for 2021–22.<ref name="MEA2021"/>

Angolan President Joao Laurenco visited India in May 2025 and held wide ranging talks including trade & investment, defence, energy, skilling, railways development partnership, health & pharmaceuticals, cultural cooperation and people to people ties. They also discussed regional and global issues of mutual interest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-03 |title='Pillars of Global South': India signs key defence and security deals with Angola |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/pillars-of-global-south-india-signs-key-defence-and-security-deals-with-angola-13885173.html |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
==Economic relations==
Indian companies are involved in the retail, hospitality, agriculture, plastics, scrap metal, steel, trading, garments, real estate and other sectors in Angola. The [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) and the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] sent delegations to Angola in November 2013 and May 2014 respectively. The first collaborative business event between the two countries, called "Business Opportunities between India and Angola", was jointly organized by the Angola-India Chamber of Commerce, CII, and the Agency of Private Investment, Promotion and Exporters (AIPEX) on 3 September 2020. The Embassy of India in Luanda, in cooperation with the Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council of India (GJEPC) and the Angola-India Chamber of Commerce, organized a conference on 3 December 2020 attended by delegates from the Angolan state-owned diamond companies [[Endiama]] and [[Sodiam]], and private companies from India.<ref name="MEA2021"/>

Angola and India signed an MoU on cooperation in the oil and gas sector in October 2010 in New Delhi. [[Engineers India]] was involved in the construction of the [[Lobito]] oil refinery.<ref name="MEA2021"/>

===Trade===
India is Angola's 3rd largest trading partner, and accounts for about 10% of Angola's total exports. Angola is the second largest African exporter of oil to India, after Nigeria. Crude oil forms the bulk of Angola's exports to India and as a result the value of bilateral trade is heavily dependent on oil prices. Bilateral trade between Angola and India reached a peak of US$7.16 billion in 2012–13, driven primarily by high oil prices, but declined to $3.93 billion in 2019–20.<ref name="MEA2021"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+India's imports/exports from/to Angola
(US$ Millions)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bilateral Relations - Embassy of India, Luanda, Angola|url=https://www.indembangola.gov.in/pages?id=9aAOd&subid=eERva|access-date=2021-09-03|website=www.indembangola.gov.in}}</ref>
|
|2014-15
|2015-16
| colspan="2" |2016-17
|2017-18
|2018-19
|2019-20
|2020-21(Apr to Feb 21)
|-
|Import
|4617
| colspan="2" |2767
|2596
|4324
|4027
|3649.02
|1563.47
|-
|Export
|552
| colspan="2" |223
|155
|235
|282.36
|285.10
|230.30
|-
|Total
|5169
| colspan="2" |2990
|2751
|4559
|4309.36
|3934.12
|1793.77
|}

==Development assistance==
The Indian Foreign Ministry gifted ambulances manufactured by [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] to the [[Government of Angola]] as a goodwill gesture in December 2005.<ref name="MEA2021"/> India extended a $40 million line of credit (LOC) to Angola for the rehabilitation of the [[Moçâmedes Railway]] in 2005. The [[Exim Bank of India]] provided three LOCs worth $28.8 million for agricultural equipment and Indian tractors. The [[State Bank of India]], which opened its representative office in Luanda in April 2005, also extended commercial lines of credit of US$15.8 million for the supply of tractors and the importing of capital equipment from India. The Government of India extended a $30 million LOC to set up an industrial park and a $15 million LOC to establish a cotton ginning and spinning plant in Angola in 2008–09.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembangola.org/angolaeconomic_commercial.html |title=Angola - India- Angola relations - Economic & Commercial - Embassy Of India, Luanda, Angola |publisher=Indembangola.org |access-date=2012-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822215031/http://www.indembangola.org/angolaeconomic_commercial.html |archive-date=2018-08-22 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> In June 2012, the Exim Bank provided a $23 million LOC for supply of tractors, implements and related spares.<ref name="MEA2021"/>

India offered Angola a line of credit of $100 million in May 2021 for the purchase of naval boats, interceptor craft, and construction of naval vessels and slipways.<ref name="MEA2021"/>

Citizens of Angola are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] (ITEC) and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iccr.gov.in/content/africa-scholarships|title=Africa Scholarships|website=Indian Council for Cultural Relations|language=en|access-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512210421/http://iccr.gov.in/content/africa-scholarships|archive-date=12 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Indians in Angola==
There were around 3,500 Indians living in Angola as of July 2021. The community primarily works in offshore oil fields, catering, supermarkets, trading and other services, and in industries dealing in plastics, metal, steel and garments.<ref name="MEA2021"/>

==See also==
* [[Embassy of India, Luanda|Indian Embassy in Angola]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Relations of Angola and India}}
*[https://www.indembangola.gov.in/ Embassy of India, Luanda]
*[https://www.angolaembassyindia.com/ Embassy of Angola in India]

{{Foreign relations of Angola}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Angola-India relations}}
[[Category:Angola–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Angola|India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]
[[Category:India–Africa relations]]

Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar

2026-01-14T09:06:49Z

DrusillaSchuster:

{{short description|Indian politician and social activist}}

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prakash Ambedkar
| image = Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|05|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| residence = {{•}} 129, [[Rajgruha]], [[Hindu colony]], [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] {{•}} B-17, Patil Heritage Bhosale Nagar, [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] {{•}} [[Akola]], [[Maharashtra]]
| nickname = Balasaheb Ambedkar
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]] [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Stanislaus High School]] [[Siddharth College of Law, Mumbai]]
| office = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = {{start date|1998|03|10|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{end date|2004|05|17|df=yes}}
| successor = [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
| constituency = [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]]
| predecessor = [[Pandurang Pundalik Fundkar]]
| office1 = [[Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| term_start1 = {{start date|1990|09|18|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{end date|1996|09|17|df=yes}}
| party = {{ubl|[[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi]] (since 2019)}}
| profession = [[Advocate]], Politician, Social worker
| spouse = {{Marriage|Anjali Ambedkar|1993}}
| children = Sujat Ambedkar (son)
| website = {{Facebook | id = PrakashAmbedkar.Official | name= PrakashAmbedkar | link= no }}
| nationality = Indian
| relatives = See [[Ambedkar family]]
| footnotes =
| source = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtrapoliticalparties.in/prakash-ambedkar.html|title=Welcome to Maharashtra Political Parties.in|website=www.maharashtrapoliticalparties.in|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>
| parents = {{ubl|[[Yashwant Ambedkar]]|Meera Ambedkar}}
}}

'''Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar''' (born 10 May 1954), popularly known as '''Balasaheb Ambedkar''', is an Indian politician, writer and lawyer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chitnis |first=Purva |date=2024-06-15 |title=After poll drubbing that saw Dalits 'shift to Congress', Prakash Ambedkar's VBA has tough road ahead |url=https://theprint.in/politics/after-poll-drubbing-that-saw-dalits-shift-to-congress-prakash-ambedkars-vba-has-tough-road-ahead/2132606/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the president of [[Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi|Vanchit Bahujan Agadi]] political party.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13MH19.htm Biographical Sketch of Member of 13th Lok Sabha]</ref> He is a three-time [[Member of parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]].<ref>[http://bhimraoambedkar.com/2011/01/29/prakash-ambedkar-grandson-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar/ Prakash Ambedkar son of Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]</ref> He was a member of the [[12th Lok Sabha|12th]] and [[13th Lok Sabha]] of [[India]]<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/Members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=18|title=Lok Sabha|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195959/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=18|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> representing the Lok Sabha constituency of [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=autogenerated2 /> He has served in both houses of the [[Indian Parliament]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name=autogenerated2 />

==Personal life==
Prakash Ambedkar is the grandson of [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]], and [[Ramabai Ambedkar|Ramabai]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Soutik |title=BR Ambedkar: The unknown details of how he piloted Indian constitution |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65175711 |publisher=BBC |date=10 April 2023}}</ref> His father's name is [[Yashwant Ambedkar]] (Bhaiyasaheb), and his mother's name is Meera. The [[Ambedkar family]] are followers of [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Vemulas-mom-brother-embrace-Buddhism-on-Ambedkar-Jayanti/articleshow/51832628.cms|title=Vemula's mom, brother embrace Buddhism on Ambedkar Jayanti |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-10}}</ref> He has two younger brothers [[Bhimrao Yashwant Ambedkar]] and [[Anandraj Yashwant Ambedkar]] and a sister Ramabai who is married to [[Anand Teltumbde]]. Prakash Ambedkar is married to Anjali Maydeo and they have a son named Sujat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/home-minister-prof-4574062-NOR.html|title=होम मिनिस्टर प्रा. अंजली मायदेव : महिला आघाडीची जबाबदारी|work=divyamarathi|access-date=2018-10-10|language=mr}}</ref>

==Activities==
[[File:CM KCR, Prakash Ambedkar infront of 125 feet Ambedkar Statue in Hyderabad.jpg|right|thumb|CM KCR, Prakash Ambedkar in front of 125 feet Ambedkar Statue in Hyderabad]]
Prakash Ambedkar has organised mass rallies at the national level, including in response to the ''Riddles'' march case, [[Suicide of Rohith Vemula|Rohith Vemula suicide]] case, Ambedkar Bhavan demolition case, [[2016 Una flogging incident|Una flogging incident]] and [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]] case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/maharashtra/who-is-prakash-ambedkar/362402|title=जानें महाराष्ट्र बंद का आह्वान करने वाले प्रकाश अंबेडकर कौन हैं?|date=2018-01-03|work=Zee News Hindi|access-date=2018-10-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/khabre/rally-against-maharashtra-government-by-prakash-ambedkar/69335/|title=दोषियों पर अगर नहीं होगी कार्रवाई, तो हिंदुओं में भी पैदा होंगे हाफिज सईद : प्रकाश अंबेडकर|website=www.navodayatimes.in|language=hi|access-date=2018-10-10}}</ref>

Prakash Ambedkar is noted for having designed the political strategy known as the Akola Pattern of political organising to appeal to all excluded masses, including Dalits and Muslims.<ref name="The Conversation">{{cite news |last1=Kamble |first1=Swati |title=Despite political setbacks in India, Dalit voices grow stronger |url=https://theconversation.com/despite-political-setbacks-in-india-dalit-voices-grow-stronger-117055 |publisher=The Conversation |date=21 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wankhede |first1=Harish S. |title=Prakash Ambedkar and the Future of Dalit Politics in Maharashtra |url=https://thewire.in/politics/prakash-ambedkar-future-dalit-politics-maharashtra |publisher=The Wire |date=1 Jan 2019}}</ref> The Akola Pattern is named after the [[Akola district]] of Maharashtra where Prakash Ambedkar's political party is based.<ref name="The Conversation"/>

In 2017, together with his son Sujat, Prakash Ambedkar relaunched [[Prabuddha Bharata|Prabuddh Bharat]] (Enlightened India), the newspaper his grandfather [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]] founded in 1956.<ref name="The Wire">{{cite news |last1=Shantha |first1=Sukanya |title=Ambedkar's Newspaper 'Prabuddh Bharat' is Back in a New Avatar |url=https://thewire.in/caste/ambedkars-newspaper-prabuddh-bharat-is-back-in-a-new-avatar |publisher=The Wire |date=16 April 2018}}</ref> Prakash Ambedkar has also been working to archive editions of the original Prabuddh Bharat from the 1950s, after copies were lost in the controversial demolition of the Buddha Bhushan printing press in 2016.<ref name="The Wire"/>

Prakash Ambedkar has also worked to preserve his grandfather's legacy as architect of the Indian Constitution and has been quoted as saying "The country will survive only if the Constitution survives."<ref>{{cite news |title=India survives, if Constitution survives: Prakash Ambedkar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/india-survives-constitution-survives-prakash-1927665 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=30 March 2018}}</ref>

Prakash Ambedkar attracted controversy and criticism after he threatened the [[Times Now]] anchor Anand Narsimhan to physically harm the anchor by saying that he would think what he could do to him if the governance gets changed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hum Tumhari ***** Maarenge!!! This is how grandson of Dr BR Ambedkar has openly threatened Times Now Senior Editor Anand Narasimhan on camera |url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/hum-tumhari-maarenge-this-is-how-grandson-of-dr-br-ambedkar-has-openly-threatened-times-now-senior-editor-anand-narasimhan-on-camera/06080741|publisher=Nagpur Today|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhima-Koregaon arrests: Prakash Ambedkar threatens Times Now Senior Editor Anand Narasimhan - WATCH |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhima-koregaon-arrests-prakash-ambedkar-threatens-times-now-senior-editor-anand-narasimhan-watch/237061|publisher=Times Now|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

In June 2023, Ambedkar defended the historical significance of [[Aurangzeb|Mughal emperor Aurangzeb's]] 50-year rule, urging people not to resort to abuse. Ambedkar made this statement while visiting the [[Tomb of Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb memorial]] in [[Khuldabad]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]]. His visit coincided with arrests and clashes in the state related to social media posts praising Aurangzeb. Ambedkar questioned the notion of erasing history and asked, "What's wrong with visiting the Aurangzeb memorial? He was a Mughal emperor who ruled here for 50 years."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-17 |title=Instead of abusing Aurangzeb, we should be aware of history: Prakash Ambedkar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/instead-of-abusing-aurangzeb-we-should-be-aware-of-history-prakash-ambedkar-8669737/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=2023-06-20 |title=Uddhav downplays ally Prakash Ambedkar’s tributes at Aurangzeb’s tomb |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uddhav-downplays-ally-prakash-ambedkars-tributes-at-aurangzebs-tomb/article66990021.ece |access-date=2023-10-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13MH19.htm Parliament Biography]
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/meet-of-political-parties-dalit-leaders-to-mark-75-years-of-poona-pact/363297/ 75 Years of Poona Act]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambedkar, Prakash Yeshwant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh politicians]]
[[Category:People from Akola district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Navayana Buddhists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Republican Party of India politicians]]
[[Category:Ambedkar family|Prakash Yeshwant]]
[[Category:Dalit politicians]]

Sohini Ray

2026-01-12T04:27:05Z

DrusillaSchuster: made post

{{short description|Indian anthropologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sohini Ray
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|8|25}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names = Sona
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Dancer|Choreographer]], [[Anthropologist]]
}}

'''Sohini Ray''' (born 25 August 1966) is a classical [[Manipuri dance]]r <ref name="medhajournal">{{cite web |author=Manipuri Dance and Culture - A World Heritage |url=http://www.medhajournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=488:manipuri-dance-and-culture-a-world-heritage&catid=91:cultural-heritage&Itemid=210 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714064730/http://www.medhajournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=488:manipuri-dance-and-culture-a-world-heritage&catid=91:cultural-heritage&Itemid=210 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-14 |title=Manipuri Dance and Culture - A World Heritage |publisher=Medhajournal.com |date= |access-date=2012-11-08 }}</ref><ref>[Devotional Dance by Chris Shull 2008-04-25, Page 15D, The Wichita Eagle]</ref> dance-researcher and anthropologist<ref name="medhajournal" /> from India currently based in Los Angeles, United States.

==Early career==
Ray studied Manipuri dance from age seven in Manipuri Nartanalaya, Kolkata under [[Guru Bipin Singh]], [[Darshana Jhaveri]] and Kalavati Devi. She went through her initiation ceremony with Guru Bipin Singh at age eleven and started performing professionally at fourteen.<ref name="medhajournal" /> She was also Guru Bipin Singh's research assistant from age fourteen and received the national scholarship in Manipuri dance from the ministry of culture, Government of India in 1982.<ref name="medhajournal" /> Concurrently she did her schooling from Modern High School for girls, Kolkata, where she also performed in school functions.

==Academic career==
Ray did her B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in anthropology from [[University of Calcutta]]. Later, she received her MA in dance and Ph.D. in anthropology from University California at Los Angeles. ([[Sanamahism]]). She was a fellow at the [[Harvard Divinity School#Center for the Study of World Religions|Center for the Study of World Religions, Harvard Divinity School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cswr.hds.harvard.edu/research-appointments/past-affiliates/past-affiliates-n-r |title=Harvard Divinity School - Center for the Study of World Religions - Past Affiliates N-R |publisher=Hds.harvard.edu |date=2012-10-11 |accessdate=2012-11-08}}</ref> and faculty fellow in University of California, Humanities Research Institute, University of California, Irvine. She has taught in University of California, Irvine, University of California, Santa Barbara <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaterdance.ucsb.edu/people_facultyprofile.php?ResearcherID=205 |title=Ucsb | Theater | Dance |publisher=Theaterdance.ucsb.edu |date=2011-10-31 |access-date=2012-11-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210132723/http://www.theaterdance.ucsb.edu/people_facultyprofile.php?ResearcherID=205 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |df= }}</ref> and [[Santa Monica College]] and has many publications.

==Dance career==
Sohini Ray is the founder and artistic director of Manipuri Dance Visions – Institute of Manipuri Dance in southern California.<ref name="articles.latimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-sep-16-et-manipuri16-story.html |title=Manipuri tradition flourishes - Los Angeles Times |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |date=1999-12-17 |access-date=2012-11-08}}</ref> She has performed, choreographed and directed many productions in classical Manipuri dance namely Harao-kummei: joyful celebrations in Manipuri dance,<ref name="articles.latimes" /> Gita-Govinda,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/blogs/educationwatch-arimm-hosts-conference |title=EducationWatch: ARIMM Hosts Conference |publisher=GRAMMY.com |date=2008-10-14 |accessdate=2012-11-08}}</ref> Krishna-Ningshingba and has performed and toured Europe and North America and India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/307003/manipuri-dance-choice-beyond-me.html|title=Manipuri dance was a choice beyond me|newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=2013-01-22|accessdate=2013-08-11}}</ref>

==Academic awards and achievements==
Jubilee prize, University of Calcutta, India, 1988<ref name="medhajournal" />
National Scholarship, University of Calcutta, India, 1988<ref name="medhajournal" />
University gold medal, University of Calcutta, India, 2011.
JB Donne Prize in anthropology of art, Royal Anthropological Institute, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.therai.org.uk/awards/past-awards/jb-donne-essay-prize-on-the-anthropology-of-art-past-recipients/ |title=J.B. Donne Essay Prize on the Anthropology of Art Past recipients |publisher=Therai.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-11-08}}</ref>

==Dance awards and achievements==
*National scholarship from government of India from 1982-1986,<ref name="medhajournal" />
*First prize in Manipuri dance, Sangeetotsav, 1988<ref name="medhajournal" />
*Shringar-Mani award, Kal-ke-kalakaar Sangeet Sammelan, Mumbai, 1988
*Naratan Acharya, Manipuri Nartanalaya, Kolkata, 1999.
*Elaine Weissman Los Angeles Treasures Award, California Traditional Music Society, 2007 <ref>[Khokar, Ashish Mohan Attendance Dance annual of India 2007, pg 11]</ref>
*Nomination, Lestor Horton Award, 2007
*Winner, Lestor Horton Award, 2008 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drc-la.org/pages/horton_awards_past_winners |title=Horton Awards Past Winners - Dance Resource Center of Los Angeles and Southern California |publisher=Drc-la.org |date= |access-date=2012-11-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602191057/http://www.drc-la.org/pages/horton_awards_past_winners |archive-date=2013-06-02 |df= }}</ref>
*Nomination, Lestor Horton award, 2010.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Sohini}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manipuri dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women social scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women anthropologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women educators from West Bengal]]

Vakkalanka Sarala

2026-01-08T00:34:12Z

DrusillaSchuster: made article

{{Short description|Playback singer in Telugu cinema}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vakkalanka Sarala
| image = Vakkalanka Sarala.jpg
| caption = Vakkalanka Sarala in 1953
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|08|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Chennai
}}

'''Vakkalanka Sarala''' (8 August 1927 – 1999)<ref name=the_hindu>{{cite news|title=Rhythm of recall|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/rhythm-of-recall/article3748008.ece|accessdate=2 December 2014|work=The Hindu|issue=10 August 2012}}</ref> was a playback singer in [[Telugu cinema]]. She is renowned for singing the song "Kaadu Suma Kala Kaadu Suma" in the movie [[Keelugurram]]. During the 1940s, she worked as an assistant music director in the Hindi department of [[Gemini Studios]].<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/02/05/stories/2003020500420300.htm Living out a dream – The Hindu 5 Feb 2003]{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Her ancestors were [[Brahmins]] from Amalapuram, but the family settled in [[Madras]]. Sarala's father, Gopal Rao, was the brother of [[Chalam (writer)|Chalam]] (Gurazada Venkatachalam).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pranahita.org/2009/03/kutumbamlo_sangeetam/ |title=Music in the Family – Kodavatiganti Rohiniprasad |access-date=26 August 2013 |website= |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307021812/http://www.pranahita.org/2009/03/kutumbamlo_sangeetam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sarala was born on 8 August 1927, in [[Chennai|Madras]] to Sundaramma and Gopal Rao. Her mother, Sundaramma, was also a classical singer.

She was a close friend of actress [[Anjali Devi]]. Sarala sang the song "Idhi Thiyani Vennela Reyi" for Anjali Devi's first film, Balraju. Since then, they became good friends. In the 1950s, after Anjali Devi produced the film [[Swapnasundari]], Sarala promised Anjali that if she had a daughter, she would name her after the movie. Keeping her word, ten years later, she named her daughter [[Swapna Sundari (dancer)|Swapnasundari]].<ref>[http://m.newshunt.com/Eenadu/warangal/20839572/997 Anjali Devi named my child after her movie – Eenadu]{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Swapnasundari went on to become a [[Kuchipudi]] dancer and a recipient of the [[Padma Bhushan]].{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

Sarala sang many songs alongside [[Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao|Ghantasala]], including "Kaadu Suma Kala Kaadu Suma." She was engaged to marry [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], but unforeseen circumstances led Ghantasala to marry another woman, also named Sarala, from Rangoon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://teblog.kinige.com/?tag=jeevita-katha |title=Jeevita katha | కినిగె బ్లాగు |access-date=26 August 2013 |archive-date=23 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223214602/http://teblog.kinige.com/?tag=jeevita-katha |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After her marriage, Sarala retired from the film industry. During those times, women in South India generally left the industry after marriage. Sarala had two daughters, including Swapnasundari, and one son. Her daughter Vakkalanka Padma acted in the movie [[Gorintaku (1979 film)|Gorintaku]], released in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.net/gorintaku.htm?ModPagespeed=noscript |title=Archived copy |website= |access-date=26 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005956/http://www.cinegoer.net/gorintaku.htm?ModPagespeed=noscript |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sarala's daughter Swapnasundari organizes an annual Carnatic music concert named Swaralahari on 8 August, in her mother's memory. In this concert, young singers prominently perform the songs composed by Sarala.<ref name=the_hindu /><ref name=hindu_2007>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad today|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/hyderabad-today/article1887931.ece|accessdate=2 December 2014|work=The Hindu|issue=8 August 2007}}</ref>

== List of Telugu Film Songs by Sarala ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film name !! Song !! Other Singers !! Music director !! Lyricist
|-
| 1948 || Balraju || Tiyani Vennela Reyi Eda Bayani Vennela Hayi || || [[Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao|Ghantasala]] || [[Samudrala Raghavacharya|Samudrala Senior]]
|-
| 1949 || [[Keelugurram]] || Aha Oho Enthaanandam Baaye Nahaa Uhaateetamuga || || Ghantasala || Taapi
|-
| 1949 || Keelugurram || Kaadu Suma Kala Kaadu Suma Amritapanamunu || Ghantasala || Ghantasala || Taapi
|-
| 1949 || [[Raksharekha]] || Bidiyama Manalo Priyatama Sakha Biguva Chalu Naatho || || Ogirala Ramachandra Rao || [[Balijepalli Lakshmikantham|Balijepalli]]
|-
| 1949 || [[Laila Majnu]] || Anaganaga O Khanu Aa Khanuko Janaana || Bhanumathi || C.R. Subbaraman || Samudrala Senior
|-
| 1952 || [[Singari]] || Shuddham Cheyyandoi Tholanchi Shuddham Cheyyandoi || Tangavelu and group || S.V. Venkatraman, T.K. Ramanathan T.A. Kalyanam ||
|-
| 1952 || [[Maradalu Pelli]] || Piliche Godavaroadu Nooruurinche Bandaru Laddoo || || [[Chittoor Nagaiah]], Tanguturi Surya Kumari || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
|-
| 1953 || [[Amarakavi]] || || || G. Ramanathan, T.K. Kumaraswami
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarala, Vakkalanka}}
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Carnatic musicians]]

Special Squad (Indian TV series)

2026-01-07T01:16:11Z

DrusillaSchuster: Added the article from scratch.

{{Short description|Crime drama thriller television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Special Squad Title.jpg
| caption = The title logo of the series
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Crime drama]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = Bijesh Jayarajan
| director = Nand Kumar Kale Satyam Tripathy
| creative_director =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Bhanu Uday]]
*[[Kuljeet Randhawa]]
*Paritosi Sand
*[[Gauri Pradhan Tejwani]]
*[[Manava Naik]]
*[[Iqbal Azad]]
*[[Pankit Thakker]]
*Vineet Sabharwal
*Raj Banerjee
}}
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 52
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]] [[Zarina Mehta]] Deven Khote
| editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company =
| channel = [[STAR One]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|11|}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2005}}
| related =
}}

'''''Special Squad''''' is an Indian [[Police procedural|crime drama thriller]] television series, which premièred on [[STAR One]] in November 2004. The series was written by Bijesh Jayarajan and directed by Nand Kumar Kale and Satyam Tripathy. It was produced by Deven Khote, [[Zarina Mehta]] and [[Ronnie Screwvala]].

The director of ''Special Squad'', Nand Kumar Kale, later directed another detective show ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' from 2006 to 2016. The show won the 'Best Thriller' Award at ITA Awards 2006 beating CID and other crime related shows.

==Overview==

''Special Squad'' is a fictional elite investigative arm of [[Mumbai Police]] set up by the [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|Commissioner of Police]]. The modern and incorruptible team of investigators and forensic specialists is led by [[Assistant Commissioner of Police (India)|Assistant Commissioner of Police]], Aryan Khanna ([[Bhanu Uday]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apni.tv/serials/special-squad.html |title=Special Squad Online. Watch Special Squad Episodes |publisher=Apni.tv |date= |accessdate=2012-11-27}}</ref><ref name="bollywoodgate1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodgate.com/indian-tv-serials/special-squad.html |title=Special Squad |publisher=Bollywoodgate.com |date=2007-02-12 |accessdate=2012-11-27}}</ref> [[Kuljeet Randhawa]] as Shaina Singh (A criminal psychologist and a forensic investigator) was the main female lead in the show. Later, ([[Gauri Pradhan Tejwani]]) as Deepika Ghosh (a Forensic Expert and acting lead of Special Squad) was introduced as another female lead.

The show mixed deduction, gritty subject matter and character-driven drama. Every episode begins with a new crime, rarely extending to 120 minutes. The series had 52 total episodes, and culminated with the death of ACP Aryan Khanna. Later the show was re-run on many other subsidiary of STAR channels.

==Cast and characters==
[[File:Special Squad still.jpg|left|thumb|A still from "Special Squad", showing Raja Pradhan and Aryan Khanna (Bhanu Uday)]]
*A.C.P. Aryan Khanna ([[Bhanu Uday]]) He is an Assistant Commissioner of Police and the chief of ''Special Squad''. He is also Forensic Toxicologist. Being a forensic Toxicologist, he provided leads when there were no lead from Dr. Ved and Papaji. He is a strong yet silent type of person. He appears to be a very intelligent, brilliant and hardcore investigator and he is only the person who reads the forensic reports in detail. He hate criminals as his wife and daughter were killed by an international terrorist known as "Bomber" ([[Murali Sharma]]), but this case remains unsolved to him and he couldn't forgive himself for that one failure. His guilt takes him to solve even unsolved cases when Deepika enters the squad and tells him that they can't take new cases because of their incomplete paperwork. Aryan is later demoted from being the head and he is seen taking down the criminals all by himself. He is killed in the last episode, during a cross fire with the criminal lord Anna Kartoos.
*Shaina Singh ([[Kuljeet Randhawa]]) She is a criminal psychologist. She is an expert in interrogations and often investigates live cases with other members of the squad. She is strict on hardcore criminals and often breaks the procedures to get the information out. Her husband left her and she has an eight-year-old son. She is always edgy about whether she is doing a good job as a single mother that makes her tough outside actually. When Aryan is framed for a murder, she is temporarily made the head of ''Special Squad''. She leaves the ''Squad'' to take care of her son, after she realizes that she cannot devote much time to her son.
*Dr. Ved Prakash (Paritosh Sand) is the head of the Forensic Department and a physician with great skills that helped solving many crucial cases when ''Special Squad'' had no leads. He has a daughter who was murdered in an early episode. He is passed over many times for the post of ''Special Squad'' head. Once, after being blackmailed by corrupt police officer Raja, he lets Aryan get arrested and steals the evidence that can prove his innocence. Later, he confesses it to the whole team and resigns. After that Dr. Deepika Ghosh is introduced as a head.
*Dr. Deepika Ghosh ([[Gauri Pradhan Tejwani]]) She joins the organization after Dr. Prakash resigns as an acting head. She is a Forensic expert. After Aryan Khanna is exonerated, she is temporarily made the head of ''Special Squad''. She is highly professional and very strict to rules as an officer but she is soft tempered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050515/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
*Dr. Joginder "Papa Ji" Anand (Vineet Sabharwal) is a forensics analyst and helped in a great way in catching criminals. His opinion matters to ''Special Squad'' a lot. He is an alcoholic but a very soft person. After Dr. Prakash's resignation, he becomes the head of forensics department.
*Abbas "Boxer" Ali ([[Iqbal Azad]]) is another investigator of the organization. He was arrested once as a child for a petty crime, whereupon the inspector who arrested him left him on a light sentence, giving him a second chance. After that, he decided to become a cop. He, Aryan and Ajay are very good friends and often work together, often interrogating criminals in "unconventional" ways.
*Ajay Desai ([[Pankit Thakker]]) is another investigator from the organization. He is a flamboyant and witty casanova and also bends the rules once in a while. He is brave and courageous and often takes personal risks to solve crimes. His lack of discipline often angers the top brass but Aryan Khanna who admires his work indulges him and often protects him from facing the seniors for bending rules and illegal ways of investigation. In the middle of the series, he gets attracted towards Neha.
*Subrata "Shotgun" Mitra (Raj Banerjee) is a forensic pharmacist and the head of chemical lab in the organization. He believes that forensics plays a major role in solving crimes than other investigations. He had a shining career with the [[Scotland Yard]] but had to come to India because of his ailing mother. His proud attitude has to be bear borne by the whole ''Special Squad'' team because of his crucial works in solving cases. Ajay and Boxer usually pull his leg.
*Neha Nayar ([[Manava Naik]]) appears to be a computer expert for ''Special Squad''. She left her home because of her father's oppressive and abusive behavior. She also acts as a bait in many unconventional operations of Aryan Khanna. She has other relatives too, including a nephew. She is very antsy about cases where women have been cheated or abused and a belligerent side of hers is suddenly revealed at such times. She is the expert on computer forensics and electronics. She and Ajay start living in the middle of the series and it is a perfect case of opposites attract.
* Vivek Joshi (Rishi Dogra) is young trainee cop of the squad and nephew of the CP.
*Zubin Driver is a guy who wants to get his photos on the National Geographic. He is a Parsi lad who is the photographic expert as well as the sketch artist. He is very agile and finicky. He is the butt of a lot of jokes in the Special Squad for his intrusive nature while clicking photos. Everyone thinks he takes up too much time.

==Reception==
Special Squad for its [[Great Performances|great performances]] and tight narration has found a cult status over the years. The show debuted on Star One remained slightly low on viewership as its other shows at that time but it found a good amount of appreciation and the channel subsequently showed re-runs of the show. The show went to become highly popular on its sister Channel "Star [[Utsav]]". Bhanu Uday despite featured in a couple of movies and TV assignments over the years is still remembered for his portrayal of "Aryan Khanna". Kuljeet Randhawa too left a strong Impression on the viewers with her portrayal of "Shaina Singh". The show recently featured on Indiatimes as one of the best Indian crime shows ever made.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/9-indian-crime-shows-thatll-take-you-back-in-time-230503.html|title=12 Indian Crime Shows That'll Take You Back In Time|date=2 April 2015|website=indiatimes.com}}</ref> Also, Scoopwhoop.com featured the show as one of the top shows out of the best 52 TV shows of all time on Indian Television.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/great-indian-tv-shows/|title=52 Great TV Shows That Prove Indian Television Can Be Much More Than Just Saas-Bahu Melodrama|first=Supriyo|last=Mukherjee|date=9 June 2016|website=www.scoopwhoop.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2005 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Detective television series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Police procedural television series]]
[[Category:Star One (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:UTV Television]]

Sanskrit epigraphy

2025-12-31T22:25:53Z

DrusillaSchuster: made a post

{{Short description|Study of ancient Sanskrit inscriptions}}
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300
| image1=2nd century BCE Hindu Sanskrit inscription Nanaghat cave, I-1a.jpg
| image2=Nasik Cave inscription No 10.jpg
| image3=Sarada script Inscription from Hund, India.jpg
| image4=5th or 6th century Vadathika Cave Inscription, Sanskrit, Shaivism, Anantavarman, Gupta script, Ancient Om symbol.jpg
| image5=5th or 6th century Gopika cave inscription, Sanskrit, Shaktism, Anantavarman, Gupta script 2.jpg
| image6=Laguna Copperplate Inscription.gif
| image7=Manuscript fragment of the Buddhist Jatakamala, Sanskrit language in the Gilgit-Bamiyan-Typ II Protosarada script, Toyuk, probably 8th-9th century - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01754.JPG
| image8=1010 CE Brihadishwara Shiva Temple, inscription, built by Rajaraja I, Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India.jpg
| footer = Starting in about the 1st century BCE, Sanskrit has been written in many South Asian, Southeast Asian and Central Asian scripts.
}}
'''Sanskrit epigraphy''', the study of ancient inscriptions in [[Sanskrit]], offers insight into the [[Languages of South Asia|linguistic]], [[Culture of South Asia|cultural]], and [[South Asian history|historical evolution]] of South Asia and its neighbors. [[Early Indian inscriptions|Early inscriptions]], such as those from the {{BCE|1st century|link=y}} in [[Ayodhya]] and [[Hathibada]], are written in [[Brahmi script]] and reflect the transition to [[classical Sanskrit]]. The Mathura inscriptions from the {{CE|1st and 2nd centuries|link=y}}, including the [[Mora Well Inscription|Mora Well]] and [[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription|Vasu Doorjamb]] inscriptions, represent significant contributions to the early use of Sanskrit, often linked to Hindu and Jaina traditions.

The turning point in Sanskrit epigraphy came with the [[Rudradaman I]] inscription from the mid-2nd century CE, which established a poetic eulogy style later adopted during the [[Gupta Empire]]. This era saw Sanskrit become the predominant language for royal and religious records, documenting donations, public works, and the glorification of rulers. In South India, inscriptions such as those from [[Nagarjunakonda]] and [[Amaravati]] illustrate early use in [[Sanskrit Buddhist literature|Buddhist]] and [[Shaivite]] contexts, transitioning to exclusive Sanskrit use from the 4th century CE.

Sanskrit inscriptions extended beyond South Asia, influencing Southeast Asia from the 4th century CE onward. [[Indic scripts]] adapted for Sanskrit were found in regions like Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Cambodia, where they evolved into local scripts such as Khmer, Javanese, and Balinese. These inscriptions highlight the spread of [[Indian culture|Indian cultural]] and [[Indian religion|religious practices]].

By the classical period, Sanskrit inscriptions across [[Epigraphy#Materials and technique|stone, metal, and other materials]] became central to documenting royal achievements, religious activities, and societal developments. The decline of Sanskrit epigraphy coincided with the rise of regional languages in inscriptions, yet its legacy endures in the historical and cultural records it preserved.

== Early inscriptions ==

[[File:1st century CE Mora Well Inscription Sanskrit Mathura.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|1st century CE [[Mora Well Inscription]] in [[Brahmi script]]]]
[[File:1st-century CE Sanskrit inscription Brahmi script, Vasu doorjamb.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription]] 1st century CE]]
[[File:Indian mountain temple architecture inscription Mathura site.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Mountain Temple Inscription]]
The earliest known stone inscriptions in Sanskrit are in the Brahmi script from the first century BCE.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=86–87}}{{efn|Some scholars date these to the 2nd century BCE.{{sfn|Gonda|2016|p=166, fn 243}}{{sfn|Hegarty|2013|p=146, fn 118}} }}{{efn|Prakrit inscriptions of ancient India, such as those of Ashoka, are older. Louis Renou called it "the great linguistical [[paradox]] of India" that the Sanskrit inscriptions appear later than [[Prakrit]] inscriptions, although Prakrit is considered as a descendant of the Sanskrit language.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=86–87}} }} These include the [[Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana|Ayodhyā]] (Uttar Pradesh) and [[Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions|Hāthībādā-Ghosuṇḍī]] (near [[Chittorgarh]], Rajasthan) inscriptions.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=86–87}}{{sfn|Damsteegt|1978|p=209–211}} Both of these, states Salomon, are "essentially standard" and "correct Sanskrit", with a few exceptions reflecting an "informal Sanskrit usage".{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=86–87}} Other important Hindu inscriptions dated to the 1st century BCE, in relatively accurate classical Sanskrit and Brahmi script are the [[Yavanarajya inscription]] on a red sandstone slab and the long [[Naneghat#Nanaghat inscriptions|Naneghat inscription]] on the wall of a cave rest stop in the Western Ghats.{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|pp=254–255}} Besides these few examples from the 1st century BCE, the earliest Sanskrit and [[Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit|hybrid dialect]] inscriptions are found in Mathura ([[Uttar Pradesh]]).{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=87 with footnotes}} These date to the 1st and 2nd century CE, states Salomon, from the time of the [[Indo-Scythian]] [[Northern Satraps]] and the subsequent [[Kushan Empire]].{{efn|According to Salomon, towards the end of pre-Christian era, "a smattering" of standard or nearly standard Sanskrit inscriptions came into vogue, and "we may assume that these are isolated survivals of what must have been then an increasingly common practice". He adds, that the Scythian rulers of northern and western India while not the originators, were promoters of the use of Sanskrit language for inscriptions, and "their motivation in promoting Sanskrit was presumably a desire to establish themselves as legitimate Indian or at least Indianized rulers and to curry the favor of the educated Brahmanical elite".{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=93}} }} These are also in the [[Brahmi script]].{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=87–88}} The earliest of these, states Salomon, are attributed to Ksatrapa [[Sodasa]] from the early years of 1st century CE. Of the Mathura inscriptions, the most significant is the [[Mora Well Inscription]].{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=87–88}} In a manner similar to the Hathibada inscription, the Mora well inscription is a dedicatory inscription and is linked to the cult of the [[Vrishni heroes]]: it mentions a stone shrine (temple), pratima ([[murti]], images) and calls the five Vrishnis as ''bhagavatam''.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=87–88}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|pp=260–263}} There are many other Mathura Sanskrit inscriptions in Brahmi script overlapping the era of Indo-Scythian Northern Satraps and early Kushanas.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=87–88}} Other significant 1st-century inscriptions in reasonably good classical Sanskrit in the Brahmi script include the [[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription]] and the [[Mountain Temple inscription]].{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|pp=260}} The early ones are related to the Brahmanical, except for the inscription from [[Kankali Tila]] which may be Jaina, but none are Buddhist.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=88}}<ref>Inscription No 21 in {{cite book |last1=Janert |first1=l |title=Mathura Inscriptions |date=1961 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201093}}</ref> A few of the later inscriptions from the 2nd century CE include Buddhist Sanskrit, while others are in "more or less" standard Sanskrit and related to the Brahmanical tradition.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=88–89}}

== Northwest India ==

In [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]], Brahmi script Sanskrit inscriptions from the early centuries of the common era exist at the [[Nasik Caves]] site, near the Girnar mountain of Junagadh and elsewhere such as at [[Kanakerha inscription|Kanakhera]], [[Kanheri Caves|Kanheri]], and Gunda.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=89–90}} The [[Nasik inscription of Ushavadata|Nasik inscription]] dates to the mid-1st century CE, is a fair approximation of standard Sanskrit and has hybrid features.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=89–90}} The [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman|Junagadh rock inscription]] of [[Western Satraps]] ruler [[Rudradaman I]] ({{circa|150 CE}}, Gujarat) is the first long poetic-style inscription in "more or less" standard Sanskrit that has survived into the modern era. It represents a turning point in the history of Sanskrit epigraphy, states Salomon.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=89}}{{efn|The Rudradaman inscription is "not pure classical Sanskrit", but with few epic-vernacular Sanskrit exceptions, it approaches high classical Sanskrit.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=89}} }} Though no similar inscriptions are found for about two hundred years after the Rudradaman reign, it is important because its style is the prototype of the [[Prashasti|eulogy-style]] Sanskrit inscriptions found in the [[Gupta Empire]] era.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=89}} These inscriptions are also in the Brahmi script.<ref name="Salomon 1998">{{harvnb|Salomon|1998|pp=10, 86–90}}</ref>

== South India ==

[[File:Nagarjunakonda Ayaka pillar inscription of the time of Vira-Purushadatta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Nagarjunakonda]] Ayaka pillar inscription, [[Ikshvaku]] period (3rd c. CE)]]

The [[Nagarjunakonda]] inscriptions are the earliest known substantial South Indian Sanskrit inscriptions, probably from the late 3rd century or early 4th century CE, or both.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=91–94}} These inscriptions are related to Buddhism and the [[Shaivism]] tradition of Hinduism.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=90–91}} A few of these inscriptions from both traditions are verse-style in the classical Sanskrit language, while some such as the pillar inscription is written in prose and a hybridized Sanskrit language.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=91–94}} An earlier hybrid Sanskrit inscription found on Amaravati slab is dated to the late 2nd century, while a few later ones include Sanskrit inscriptions along with Prakrit inscriptions related to Hinduism and Buddhism.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=90–91 with footnote 51}} After the 3rd century CE, Sanskrit inscriptions dominate and many have survived.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=91–93}} Between the 4th and 7th centuries CE, south Indian inscriptions are exclusively in the Sanskrit language.{{efn|Finally, after this transitional period in the fourth and early fifth centuries CE, Prakrit fell out of use completely in southern Indian inscriptions. For the next few centuries Sanskrit was the sole epigraphic language, until the regional Dravidian languages began to come into use around the seventh century. — {{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=92}} }} In the eastern regions of South Asia, scholars report minor Sanskrit inscriptions from the 2nd century, these being fragments and scattered. The earliest substantial true Sanskrit language inscription of Susuniya ([[West Bengal]]) is dated to the 4th century.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=92}} Elsewhere, such as Dehradun ([[Uttarakhand]]), inscriptions in more or less correct classical Sanskrit inscriptions are dated to the 3rd century.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=92}}

== Southeast Asia ==

[[File:Mulavarmmana Raja.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|[[Mulavarman]] inscription, eastern Borneo, 5th c. CE]]

The evidence of the use of the Sanskrit language in Indic writing systems appears in southeast Asia in the first half of the 1st millennium CE.{{sfn|Court|1996|pp=445–447}} A few of these in Vietnam are bilingual where both the Sanskrit and the local language is written in the Indian alphabet. Early Sanskrit language inscriptions in Indic writing systems are dated to the 4th century in Malaysia, 5th to 6th centuries in Thailand near [[Si Thep (ancient city)|Si Thep]] and the Sak River, early 5th century in [[Kutai]] (known as the [[Yūpa#Yūpa inscription in Indonesia|Mulavarman inscription]] discovered in [[East Kalimantan|eastern Borneo]]), and mid-5th century in west [[Java]] (Indonesia).{{sfn|Court|1996|pp=445–447}} Both major writing systems for Sanskrit, the North Indian and South Indian scripts, have been discovered in southeast Asia, but the Southern variety with its rounded shapes are far more common.{{sfn|Court|1996|pp=445–456}} The Indic scripts, particularly the [[Pallava script]] prototype,{{sfn|Court|1996|pp=446–448}} spread and ultimately evolved into Mon-Burmese, Khmer, Thai, Lao, Sumatran, Celebes, Javanese and Balinese scripts.{{sfn|Masica|1993|pp=143–144}} From about the 5th century, Sanskrit inscriptions become common in many parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia, with significant discoveries in Nepal, Vietnam and Cambodia.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=92–93}}

==Decline ==

[[File:5th century Champassak Inscription of Devanika, Sanskrit Hindu Khmer kingdom, Vat Phou Kurukshetra, Laos.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|Champassak inscription, in ''[[Prashasti]]'' (panegyric) style, [[Vat Phou]], c. 450 CE]]
According to Salomon, the 4th-century reign of [[Samudragupta]] was the turning point when the classical Sanskrit language became established as the "epigraphic language par excellence" of the Indian world.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=92–93}} These Sanskrit language inscriptions are either donative or panegyric records. Generally in accurate classical Sanskrit, they deploy a wide range of regional Indic writing systems extant at the time.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=110–112, 132–148}} Donative inscriptions record the donation of a temple or [[stupa]], images, land, monasteries, pilgrim's travel record, public infrastructure such as water reservoir and irrigation measures to prevent famine. Panegyrics praise the king or the donor in lofty poetic terms.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=110–126}} The Sanskrit language of these inscriptions is written on stone, various metals, terracotta, wood, crystal, ivory, shell, and cloth.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=126–132}}{{efn| The use of the Sanskrit language in epigraphy gradually dropped after the arrival and the consolidation of Islamic [[Delhi Sultanate]] rule in the late 12th century, but it remained in active epigraphical use in the south and central regions of India. By about the 14th century, with the Islamic armies conquering more of South Asia, the use of Sanskrit language for inscriptions became rarer and it was replaced with Persian, Arabic, Dravidian and North-Indo-Aryan languages, states Salomon.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=148–149}} The Sanskrit language, particularly in bilingual form, re-emerged in the epigraphy of Hindu kingdoms such as the Vijayanagara, Yadavas, Hoysalas, Pandyas, and others that re-established themselves.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=149–150}} Some Muslim rulers such as Adil Shah also issued Sanskrit language inscriptions recording the donation of a mosque.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=149–150}} }}

== See also ==

{{div col |colwidth=20em}}
* [[B. Lewis Rice#Epigraphy|B. Lewis Rice]]
* ''[[Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum]]''
* [[Early Indian epigraphy]]
* ''[[Epigraphia Indica]]''
* [[John Faithfull Fleet]]
* [[K. V. Ramesh (archaeologist)|K. V. Ramesh]]
* [[List of Sanskrit-related topics]]
* ''[[Prashasti#References|Prashasti]]''
* [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]]
* [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
* [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]]
* [[Spitzer Manuscript]]
* ''[[The Indian Antiquary]]''
* [[Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi]]
* [[Western Satraps#Contribution to Sanskrit epigraphy|Western Satraps]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |last=Damsteegt |first=Theo |title=Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA209 |year=1978 |publisher=Brill Academic |access-date=8 August 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702132035/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA209 |url-status=live }}

*{{cite book |last=Daniels |first=Peter T. |title=The World's Writing Systems |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-507993-7 |access-date=4 August 2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329150129/https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}

** {{citec |last=Court |first=Christopher |year=1996 |chapter=The Spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia  |in=Daniels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445}}

* {{cite book |last=Gonda |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Gonda |title=Visnuism and Sivaism: A Comparison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khrmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 |year=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4742-8082-2 |access-date=8 August 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144448/https://books.google.com/books?id=khrmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}

* {{cite book |last=Hegarty |first=James |title=Religion, Narrative and Public Imagination in South Asia: Past and place in the Sanskrit Mahabharata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMSoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-64589-1 |access-date=8 August 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144615/https://books.google.com/books?id=qMSoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}

*{{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |year=1993 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29944-2|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230338/https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book |last=Quintanilla |first=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC |year=2007 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=978-90-04-15537-4 |pages=254–255 |access-date=8 August 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702132035/https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC |url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last=Salomon|first=Richard|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702132352/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|url-status=live}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Clackson |first=James |title=Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJDjNp6wODoC |date=18 October 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46734-6 }}
* {{cite book | last=Coulson | first=Michael | title=Sanskrit : an introduction to the classical language | editor1=Richard Gombrich | editor2=James Benson | edition=2nd, revised by Gombrich and Benson | publisher=Random House | year=1992 | isbn=978-0-340-56867-5 | oclc=26550827 }}
* {{cite journal| title= The Early History of Indo-European Languages|last1=Gamkrelidze| first1= Thomas V.|last2=Ivanov|first2=V. V.| journal = Scientific American| volume= 262| pages= 110–117 | number= 3| year=1990| publisher= Nature America| jstor= 24996796| doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0390-110 | bibcode= 1990SciAm.262c.110G }}
* {{cite book|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|title=Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. |publisher= Harvard University Press |year=2003|isbn=978-0-674-01227-1}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mallory | first=J. P. | s2cid=197841755 | title=In Search of the Indo-Europeans / Language, Archaeology and Myth | journal=Praehistorische Zeitschrift | publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH | volume=67 | issue=1 | year=1992 | issn=1613-0804 | doi=10.1515/pz-1992-0118}}
* {{cite book |author=Ooi |first=Keat Gin |author-link=Keat Gin Ooi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |page=643 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116094029/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC |archive-date=16 January 2023 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Renfrew|first=Colin|title=Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R645AAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-38675-3|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329150730/https://books.google.com/books?id=R645AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web
|url=http://dia.eu5.org/
|title=INDICORPUS-31
}} 31 Sanskrit and Dravidian dictionaries for Lingvo.
* {{cite web
|title=Ancient Sanskrit Online
|author1=Karen Thomson
|author2=Jonathan Slocum
|url=https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/vedol
}} free online lessons from the {{cite web
|url=https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc
|title=Linguistics Research Center
|publisher=[[University of Texas at Austin]]
}}
* {{cite web
|title=Samskrita Bharati
|url=http://www.samskritabharati.org/
}} an organisation promoting the usage of Sanskrit
* {{cite web
|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/home.html
|title=Sanskrit Documents
}} — Documents in ITX format of Upanishads, Stotras etc.
* {{cite web
|title=Sanskrit texts
|website=Sacred Text Archive
|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.htm
}}
* {{cite web
|title=Sanskrit Manuscripts
|publisher=[[Cambridge Digital Library]]
|url=http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/sanskrit
}}
* {{cite web
|title=Lexilogos Devanagari Sanskrit Keyboard
|url=https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/sanskrit_devanagari.htm
}} for typing Sanskrit in the Devanagari script.
* {{cite web |title=Online Sanskrit Dictionary |url=https://www.sanskritdictionary.com/}} — sources results from Monier Williams etc.
* {{cite web |title=The Sanskrit Grammarian |url=https://sanskrit.inria.fr/DICO/grammar.html}} — dynamic online declension and conjugation tool
* {{cite web |title=Online Sanskrit Dictionary |url=https://learnsanskrit.cc/}} — Sanskrit hypertext dictionary
* {{cite web |title=Sanskrit Shlokas collection |url=https://www.sanatansanskrit.in/2021/05/sanskrit-shlok.html}} — Collection of Sanskrit Shlokas from Various Sanskrit Texts

{{commonscat|Sanskrit inscriptions}}
{{Sister bar|auto=1|wikt=Category:Sanskrit language|q=Sanskrit|commonscat=y |b=Sanskrit |voy=Sanskrit phrasebook|iw=sa}}
{{Sanskrit language topics}}
{{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of South Asia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sanskrit| ]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 2nd millennium BC]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Classical Language in India]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages written in Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Sacred languages]]

Lalji Temple

2025-12-19T05:44:52Z

DrusillaSchuster: Created a place

{{Short description|Temple in Bishnupur, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Lalji Temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = File:Lalji_Mandir_Area.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| Peetham =
| caption =
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| deity =
| tradition =
| organizational_status =
| functional_status =
| governing_body =
| temple_board =
| festival =
| festivals =
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =
| location = [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]
| locale =
| district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = India
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_relief =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|4|24.11|N|87|19|37.02|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| architecture_type = [[Bengal temple architecture]]
| architecture_style = ''[[ek-ratna]]'' style
| founded_by = [[Bir Singha Dev]]
| creator =
| established = {{Start date and age|1658}}
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed =
| date_demolished =
| facade_direction =
| length = {{cvt|12.3|m|ft}}
| width = {{cvt|12.3|m|ft}}
| height_max = {{cvt|12.3|m|ft}}
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_footnotes =
| designation1 = Monuments of National Importance (India)
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_offname = Lalji Temple
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date =
| footnotes = {{sfn|Biswas|1992|pp=16}}
| website =
|designation1_number = IN-WB-13}}
'''Lalji Temple''', Located in [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] in [[India|Indian]] state of [[West Bengal]].

== History and architecture ==
According to the inscriptional plaque found in the temple, the temple was founded in 1658 by [[Bir Singha Dev]] King of [[Mallabhum]]. The Temple is built in the ''Ek-ratna'' style temple architecture.{{sfn|Biswas|1992|pp=16}}<ref>{{cite web |title=ASI, Kolkata Circle |url=https://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx#Lalji |website=www.asikolkata.in}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Among the stone-built eka-ratna temples, this example is enclosed by a covered ambulatory, with three arched entrances that retain traces of ornamental detailing on their upper portions. Dedicated to Sri Radhika and Sri Krishna, it is raised on a large plinth and follows a square plan, each side measuring approximately 12.3 metres, with an overall height of 12.3 metres. The roof slopes gently on all four sides and supports a single tower above. Although the front wall was originally decorated with ornamental motifs, only fragments of these designs remain today.{{sfn|Biswas|1992|pp=16}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Prasad |first=Dr. Sanjay |title=Bishnupur: A Town of Terracotta Temple and Artistic Excellence |url=https://www.ijhsss.com/files/11.-Sanjay-Prasad.pdf |journal=International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=103}}</ref>

Currently, it is preserved as one of the archaeological monuments by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ASI, Kolkata Circle |url=https://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx#Kalachand |website=www.asikolkata.in}}</ref> Since 1998, the Lalji Temple is on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Site's]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|Tentative list]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Temples at Bishnupur, West Bengal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1087/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Lalji Temple, Bishnupur 01 05.jpg
File:Bishnupur Laljiu Temple Bishnupur West Bengal 21.jpg
File:Lalji Temple Bishnupur (38270681396).jpg
File:Lalji temple of Bishnupur 13.jpg
File:Lalji temple of Bishnupur 18.jpg
File:Wall of lalji Temple 2.jpg
File:Wall of lalji Temple 1.jpg
File:Unfinished mandir, Lalji temple.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Biswas |first1=S. S. |title=Bishnupur |date=1992 |publisher=Director General, Archaeological Survey of India |edition=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypxFqTmRsgC |language=en}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|}}

{{Mallabhum}}

[[Category:Mallabhum temples]]
[[Category:Bishnupur, Bankura]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Temples in Bishnupur, Bankura]]

2023 Pune Challenger

2025-11-29T11:48:10Z

DrusillaSchuster:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox tennis event|2023|Pune Challenger|
| date= 27 February – 6 March
| edition=7th
| surface=[[Hardcourt|Hard]]
| location=[[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], [[Pune]], India
| champs={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Max Purcell]]
| champd={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Chandrasekar]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
| before_year=2019
| before_name=KPIT MSLTA Challenger
}}

The '''2023 [[Pune Challenger]]''' was a professional tennis tournament played on [[hard court]]s. It was the seventh edition of the tournament which was part of the [[2023 ATP Challenger Tour]]. It took place in [[Pune]], India from 27 February to 6 March 2023.

==Singles main-draw entrants==
===Seeds===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="70"| Country
! width="175"| Player
! Rank1
! Seed
|-
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[James Duckworth (tennis)|James Duckworth]]
|128
|1
|-
|{{flag|TPE}}
|[[Tseng Chun-hsin]]
|131
|2
|-
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[Max Purcell]]
|155
|3
|-
|{{flag|ITA}}
|[[Luca Nardi]]
|158
|4
|-
|{{flag|ITA}}
|[[Francesco Maestrelli]]
|178
|5
|-
|{{flag|CZE}}
|[[Dalibor Svrčina]]
|181
|6
|-
|{{flag|TPE}}
|[[Hsu Yu-hsiou]]
|206
|7
|-
|{{flag|JPN}}
|[[Rio Noguchi]]
|210
|8
|}
* 1 Rankings are as of 20 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/rankings/singles|title=Rankings | Singles | ATP Tour | Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref>

===Other entrants===
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumit Nagal]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mukund Sasikumar]]

The following player received entry into the singles main draw using a protected ranking:
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Marc Polmans]]

The following players received entry into the singles main draw as alternates:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Moriya]]

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chung Yun-seong]]
* {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Benjamin Lock]]
* {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nikola Milojević (tennis)|Nikola Milojević]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} Makoto Ochi
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Dominik Palán]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Akira Santillan]]

The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|Jay Clarke]]

==Champions==

===Singles===
{{main|2023 Pune Challenger – Singles}}
* {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Max Purcell]]''' def. {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Luca Nardi]] 6–2, 6–3.

===Doubles===
{{main|2023 Pune Challenger – Doubles}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Anirudh Chandrasekar]]''' / {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]''' def. {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui]] / {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaito Uesugi]] 6–1, 4–6, [10–3].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2023 ATP Challenger Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pune Challenger, 2023}}
[[Category:2023 ATP Challenger Tour]]
[[Category:KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2023]]
[[Category:February 2023 sports events in India]]
[[Category:March 2023 sports events in India]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian sport]]

Unguturu mandal, Eluru district

2025-11-28T02:26:31Z

DrusillaSchuster: made place

{{About|the mandal in West Godavari district|the mandal in Krishna district|Unguturu mandal, Krishna district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Unguturu mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.8230|N|81.4238|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Unguturu, West Godavari district|Unguturu]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 230.8
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 80,722
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|pages=290|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP 37
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}
'''Unguturu mandal''' is one of 28 ''[[mandal]]s'' (administrative divisions) in the [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4962-Unguturu-west-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Unguturu Mandal - West Godavari|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> The headquarters are located at [[Unguturu, Eluru district|Unguturu]]. The mandal is bordered by [[Tadepalligudem mandal]] and [[Pentapadu mandal]] to the north, [[Nallajerla mandal]] to the west, [[Nidamarru mandal]] to the east, and by [[Dwaraka Tirumala mandal]] and [[Bhimadole mandal]] to the south<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in West Godavari district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/WestGodavari.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=1 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429220632/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/westgodavari.html|archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011|alt=As of the 2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 80,722 in 23,080 households. The total population constituted 40,417 males and 40,305 females with a sex ratio of 997 females per 1000 males.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/West_Godavari/Unguturu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206164241/http://www.indiagrowing.com/andhra_pradesh/west_godavari/UNGUTURU|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 February 2013|title=Population of Unguturu Mandal|publisher=India Growing|access-date=6 November 2017}} </ref> 8,258 children were in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 4,197 were boys and 4,061 were girls with a sex ratio of 967. The average literacy rate stood at 69.59% with 50,429 literates of which 26,138 were males and 24,291 were females.

The population of Scheduled Caste members was 18,305 whereas Schedule Tribe population was 1,058.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/Unguturu-mandal-west-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4962|title=Unguturu Censusindia.in|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref>

=== Work profile ===

As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 38,758 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Unguturu mandal which included 24,999 males and 13,759 females.

According to census survey report 2011, 33,709 workers described their work as main work, 4,112 as cultivators, 22,100 persons worked as agricultural laborers, 560 in household industries and 6,937 were involved in other jobs. Of them 5,049 were marginal workers.<ref name=population />

== Administration ==

Unguturu mandal is administered under [[Unguturu (Assembly constituency)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=TABLE B - Parliamentary Constituencies |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|work=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> of [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=30}}</ref> and one of the sixteen mandals under [[Eluru revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elururevenuedivision.ap.gov.in/DivisionProfile.html|title=Eluru Revenue division|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122022017/http://elururevenuedivision.ap.gov.in/DivisionProfile.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

As of the 2011 [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 17 settlements, all of which are villages. In terms of population, [[Chebrolu, West Godavari district|Chebrolu]] is the largest village, while Chebrole Khandrika is the smallest village.

The settlements in the mandal are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4962-unguturu-west-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Unguturu Mandal - West Godavari|access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vlist.in/sub-district/04962.html|title=Villages in Unguturu Mandal|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*A.Gokavaram<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/farmers-seek-higher-msp/article7772107.ece|title=Farmers seek higher MSP|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
*Badampudi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151025/nation-current-affairs/article/patient-dies-truck-hits-ambulance-unguturu|title=Patient dies as truck hits ambulance in Unguturu|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
*Bommidi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-06-24/Collector-pulls-up-officials-over-delay-in-tenders/237351|title=Collector pulls up officials over delay in tenders|publisher=Hand India|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
*Chebrole<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/thermocol-factory-catches-fire/article6077329.ece|title=Thermocol factory catches fire|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
*Chebrolu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2014-09-15/West-Godavari-Two-people-die-in-road-accident/107612|title=West Godavari: Two People Die in Road Accident|publisher=Hans India|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
*Dontavaram
*Gopinadhapatnam
*Kagupadu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/ttd-invests-7000-kgs-of-gold-in-sbi-at-2-5-pc-interest/states/news/851368.html|title=TTD invests 7000 kgs of gold in SBI at 2.5 pc interest|publisher=United News of India|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
*Kaikaram<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/kaikoram-kkrm-station|title=KAIKORAM (KKRM) Railway Station at Kaikaram|publisher=NDTV India|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
*Kakarlamudi
*Nallamadu
*Rachuru<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/migration_catalog/article14665410.ece/BINARY/Kolleru%20Report9Apri11|title=Report on the proposal for downsizing the Kolleru Wildlife Sanctuary (+5 to +3 feet contour)|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
*Ravulaparru
*Tallapuram
*Unguturu<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/unguturu-vgt-station|title=Unguturu railway Station|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
*Vellamilli<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/two-machine-operators-electrocuted/states/news/654407.html|title=Two machine operators electrocuted|publisher=United News of India|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
*Venkatadriapparaopuram
{{div col end}}

== Education ==

The mandal plays a major role in the education of rural students from the nearby villages. The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=1 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the mandal had more than 9,675 students enrolled in over 86 schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|title=R1.1 SCHOOL INFORMATION|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=2016-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getMandalReportsList&dist=2815&distname=WEST%20GODAVARI|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015-16, District School Education - Andhra Pradesh|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020147/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getMandalReportsList&dist=2815&distname=WEST%20GODAVARI|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Eluru]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Eluru district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Eluru district]]

Antarpaat

2025-11-17T01:22:40Z

DrusillaSchuster:

{{Short description|Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 76
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Kashmira Pathare
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Virat Entertainment
| budget =
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|6|10}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2024|8|25}}
| related = ''[[Agnisakshi (TV series)|Agnisakshi]]''
}}

'''''Antarpaat''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which is produced by Kashmira Pathare under the banner of ''Virat Entertainment''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=लग्नातच घटस्फोट! 'अंतरपाट' नव्या मालिकेच्या हटके प्रोमोने वेधलं लक्ष, कधीपासून सुरू होणार जाणून घ्या… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/colors-marathi-new-serial-antarpat-new-promo-out-pps-98-4395980/ |date=2024-05-28 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> The series premiered from 10 June 2024 aired on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='कलर्स मराठी'वर नव्या मालिकांचा धडाका; आणखी एका सीरियलचा प्रोमो लाँच|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/marathi-serial-updates-colors-marathi-new-serial-antarpaat-promo-launch-rashmi-anpat-resham-tipnis-entertainment-news-1278336|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr|date=2024-05-01}}</ref> It stars Ashok Dhage, Rashmi Anpat in lead roles and [[Resham Tipnis]] in supporting role.<ref>{{Cite web |title='अंतरपाट' मधील गौतमी-क्षितिजच्या लग्नाचा महासप्ताह; कलाकारांच्या लूकने लक्ष वेधलं |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/television/colours-marathi-antarpath-serial-wedding-week-rashmi-anpat-and-ashok-dhage-latest-news-1219763.html |date=2024-06-19 |website=[[TV9 Marathi]] |language=mr}}</ref> It is an official remake of Kannada TV series ''[[Agnisakshi (TV series)|Agnisakshi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=भव्य वाडा, मराठमोळ्या पदार्थांची रेलचेल आणि... थाटामाटात पार पडला गौतमी- क्षितिज यांचा विवाहसोहळा|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-tv-serial-antarpat-serial-gautami-and-ksheetij-wedding-photo-viral-on-social-media/articleshow/111118643.cms|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr|date=2024-06-19}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story of Gautami, a young, simple girl from a middle-class family and Kshitij, the second son of a wealthy businessman. Kshitij asks for a divorce on the day of their marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|title='अंतरपाट' मालिकेत नवं वळण, गौतमीच्या मैत्रीने खुलणार क्षितिजचे जीवन|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/a-new-twist-in-the-antarpat-series-kshitijs-life-will-open-with-gautamis-friendship-a-a603/|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr|date=2024-07-02}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Ashok Dhage as Kshitij Salvi<ref>{{Cite web|title=लग्न लागताच मागितला घटस्फोट; नव्या मराठी मालिकेची घोषणा होताच प्रोमोने वेधलं लक्ष, कथेमध्ये काय नाविन्य असणार?|url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/rashmi-anpats-new-serial-antarpat-is-coming-on-colors-marathi-channel/|website=Its Majja|language=mr|date=2024-05-28}}</ref>
* Rashmi Anpat as Gautami Parkar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colors Marathi Releases First Promo For Rashmi Anpat-starrer Antarpaat|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/colors-marathi-releases-first-promo-for-rashmi-anpat-starrer-antarpaat-8875496.html|website=[[News18]]|date=2024-05-02}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* [[Resham Tipnis]] as Vidula<ref>{{Cite web|title='गौतमीच्या मैत्रीने खुलणार क्षितिजचे जीवन', 'अंतरपाट' मालिकेत रंजक वळण|url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/colors-marathi-serial-antarpat-2nd-july-2024-update-141719905818378.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=mr|date=2024-07-02}}</ref>
* Pratiksha Shivankar as Janhavi<ref>{{Cite web|title=अभिनेत्री रश्मी अनपट दिसणार 'अंतरपाट' मालिकेत; प्रोमोची होतेय चर्चा|url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/actress-rashmi-anpat-and-reshman-tipnis-are-working-in-new-serial-of-colors-marathi-kds07|website=[[Sakal]]|language=mr|date=2024-05-02}}</ref>
* Rushikesh Wamburkar as Prateek<ref>{{Cite web|title=नशिबाने मांडला लग्नाचा घाट, पण नियतीने आणला दुराव्याचा 'अंतरपाट' कलर्स मराठीवरील नवी मालिका लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला!|url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/antarpat-new-maratji-serial-promo-out-nrps-528978.html|website=Navarashtra|language=mr|date=2024-05-01}}</ref>
* Sanket Korlekar as Neeraj<ref>{{Cite web|title='अंतरपाट' मधील गौतमी -क्षितिजच्या लग्नाचा अद्वितीय महासप्ताह|url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/marathi-serial-gautami-kshitijs-wedding-in-antarpat-is-unique/756861/|website=My Mahanagar|language=mr|date=2024-06-20}}</ref>
* Trushna Chandratre as Sayali<ref>{{Cite web|title='अंतरपाट'मध्ये रंगणार गौतमी -क्षितिजच्या लग्नाचा अद्वितीय महासप्ताह|url=https://marathi.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/gautami-kshitija-marriage-will-take-place-in-antarpat-serial-on-colors-marathi|website=[[Navshakti]]|language=mr|date=2024-06-19}}</ref>
* Rajan Tamhane as Appa
* Milind Phatak as Baliram
* Hardeek Jadhav as Prabhat
* Pragalbha Kolekar as Sandhya
* Prateek Salvi as Harshad
* Pradeep Doiphode as Dinkar Anna
* Chaitali Jadhav as Sumitra
* Nia Pawar as Jui

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Language
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Title
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Original release
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Notes
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Agnisakshi (TV series)|Agnisakshi]]'' ಅಗ್ನಿಸಾಕ್ಷಿ
| 2 December 2013
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 3 January 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Thirumanam (TV series)|Thirumanam]]'' திருமணம்
| 8 October 2018
| [[Colors Tamil]]
| 16 October 2020
| rowspan="4"| Remake
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Agnisakshi...Ek Samjhauta]]'' अग्निसाक्षी…एक समझौता
| 23 January 2023
| [[Colors TV]]
| 13 October 2023
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| ''Hu Tu Ane Hututu'' હું તું અને હુતુતુ
| 13 February 2023
| [[Colors Gujarati]]
| 14 October 2023
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Antarpaat'' अंतरपाट
| 10 June 2024
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 25 August 2024
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt33685612}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/aantarpaat/3970095 ''Antarpaat''] at [[JioCinema]]

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Dark-rumped swift

2025-11-15T09:04:33Z

DrusillaSchuster: created first data basic info

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{One source|date=September 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Dark-rumped swift
| image = Dark-rumped Swift (Apus acuticauda).jpg
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author1=[[BirdLife International]] |year=2017 |title=''Apus acuticauda'' |volume=2017 |errata=2018 |article-number=e.T22686853A123787702 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22686853A117600944.en |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref>
| taxon = Apus acuticauda
| authority = ([[Thomas C. Jerdon|Jerdon]], 1864)
| synonyms =
}}

The '''dark-rumped swift''' ('''''Apus acuticauda''''') is a species of [[Swift (bird)|swift]] in the family [[Apodidae]].
It is found in [[Bhutan]] and [[Northeast India]] and is a vagrant to [[Thailand]].
Its natural [[habitat]] is subtropical or tropical moist lowland [[forest]]s.
It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/search/species_search.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1786&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet.]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1267391}}

[[Category:Apus (bird)|dark-rumped swift]]
[[Category:Birds of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Birds of Northeast India]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1864|dark-rumped swift]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Vulnerable biota of Asia]]

{{apodiformes-stub}}

Sambhavna Trust Clinic

2025-11-13T21:18:02Z

DrusillaSchuster: made a entry

{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{ad|date=October 2024}}
[[File:SambhavnaEntrance.jpg|thumb|right|The entrance to the Sambhavna Trust Clinic.]]
The '''Sambhavna Trust Clinic''', or '''Bhopal People's Health and Documentation Clinic''', is a charitable trust run by a group of doctors, scientists, writers and social workers who have been involved with various aspects of the Union Carbide disaster ([[Bhopal disaster]]) in Bhopal, India, ever since its occurrence in December 1984.<ref name="Sambhavna Reference1">{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Shashikant |title=Sambhavna Trust Clinic: A decade of healing in Bhopal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/sambhavna-trust-clinic-a-decade-of-healing-in-bhopal-108061001073_1.html |publisher=Business Standard India |date=10 June 2008}}</ref>

The Clinic in Bhopal, run by the Sambhavna Trust and initiated by [[Satinath Sarangi]], opened its doors on 2 September 1996 as an independent, community based, non-governmental medical initiative concerned with the long-term welfare of the survivors. It offers modern and traditional therapies free of cost to the disaster affected victims.<ref name="Sambhavna Reference2">{{cite news |title=Bhopal gas tragedy: NGO Sambhavna Trust raises concern over congenital defects in kids |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bhopal-gas-tragedy-ngo-sambhavna-trust-raises-concern-over-congenital-defects-in-kids/articleshow/50007887.cms |access-date=8 March 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=2 September 2015}}</ref>

==Meaning of Sambhavna==

Taken from a poster found at the Clinic's entrance: "Sambhavna is a Hindi word that literally means possibilities. If read as 'Sama' (equal) + 'Bhavna' (feelings), it means equal feelings or passion. [In this sense], we are characterizing both meanings of creating possibilities for the survivors of the world's worst industrial disaster."

==Location==

The Sambhavna Clinic is located in the middle of communities that were most severely affected by the Bhopal Disaster as it is 400 meters south of the former Union Carbide plant. The Clinic is also in proximity to communities affected by contamination of the ground water through chemical wastes. Built on a 2-acre plot, along with the complex, the Clinic contains an herbal garden for Aryuvedic Care. With the principles of environmental sustainability, the facilities incorporate rain water harvesting, solar panels for energy, waste water recycling, non-toxic construction material, and other eco-sensitive features.

==Patient profile==

Patients with a history of gas exposure from the disaster and those who have proved exposure to contaminated ground water are eligible for treatment at the Clinic free of charge. In addition, children born to gas affected parents before December 1986 are also registered for care at the Clinic since research conducted at Sambhavna has shown these children also exhibit symptoms of exposure related health problems.
As of 2006, the Sambhavna Trust Clinic remains the only institution to provide free health care to gas affected victims. Furthermore, the Clinic is the only health care provider in Bhopal to have a special classification for those who are suffering from ongoing contamination of the ground water and provide care to these persons at no cost as well.

==Allopathic care==

Sambhavna's allopathic care team consists of general physicians, a pediatrician, a gynecologist, and a consultant in pathology. Their work is supported by an in-house pathology laboratory with facilities for biochemical, endocrinological, cytological, and microbiological investigation and diagnosis.

Careful records are kept of each patient's ailments, treatment, and outcome in detail for an investigatory database to establish the efficacy of different treatment protocols. These records are stored both in paper and pen format and an in-house [[electronic health record]] system on over 15 networked computers; this system is developed, programmed, and maintained by staff within the Sambhavna Trust Clinic.

==Ayurveda care==

In conjunction with allopathic treatment, the Sambhavna Clinic provides [[Ayurveda]] care: A traditional medicine system of India. Two Ayurveda physicians and two [[Panchakarma]] therapists provide treatment through herbal medicines and through procedures of detoxification such as medicated oil massage, steam bath, medicinal oil stream, and medicinal enema.

===Herbal medicine growth and production===

[[File:SambhavnaGarden.jpg|thumb|right|The lower area of the sloping herbal garden found at Sambhavna.]]More than 150 species of medicinal plants are grown on a 1-acre garden next to the Clinic building. Instead of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, Sambhavna utilizes [[vermicompost]] and bio pesticides for cultivation. More than eighty different kinds of Ayurvedic powders, oils, [[decoction]], and pills are manufactured at the medicine making unit in Sambhavna using tools such as a pulverizer, pill press, and granulator. Significant features of the Ayurvedic health care at Sambhavna include predominant use of herbal drugs over mineral preparations ([[Rasa Shastra]]) and use of modern investigative facilities and techniques for objective assessment of efficacy.

===Yoga===

[[Yoga]] therapy has been found to be particularly useful for treatment of common gas exposure related health problems including breathlessness, backache, joint pains, menstrual irregularities, anxiety, and insomnia. Some of the research efforts at Sambhavna focus on demonstrating the efficacy of yoga therapy in management of gas exposure symptoms. Four objective studies have been conducted on the positive effects of yoga therapy within the patient population at the Clinic.

==Community outreach==

Sambhavna community health workers fulfill many roles in the surrounding gas affected and water contaminated areas of Bhopal. First, the community health workers identify over a thousand patients in need of follow-up care at the Clinic each month and continue to visit these patients to monitor their health and adherence to treatment protocols.

Furthermore, they educate communities about common health issues and their treatments and preventions, run comprehensive TB, malaria, anemia control programs, and also organize community based screenings for [[cervical cancer]]. In addition, the health workers also collect data on various health markers in the communities they serve for research and health monitoring purposes (see Documentation and Research).

The community health workers also have formed voluntary health committees in different neighborhoods around Bhopal. To run these committees, the health workers have inspired, trained, and equipped health volunteers from each community to carry out some biochemical investigations of blood and urine and also prepare slides for examination for the malaria parasite. Starting in 2008, the health workers began to train people to grow and use various medicinal plants in their own neighborhoods. Six small but flourishing herbal gardens have been established in two communities.

==Documentation and research==

Sambhavna maintains what is probably the most comprehensive collection of original source material related to the Bhopal disaster. The Clinic's library materials include newspaper clippings from December 1984 onwards, medical and scientific research papers, legal transcripts, government publications, corporate documents, pamphlets and posters from local and international campaigns, as well as books on a variety of health related subjects. The library is frequently used by researchers, journalists, activists, survivors, and Sambhavna staff.

===Research===

Research on the health consequences of exposure to toxic gases was terminated in 1994 by the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]], and much of their findings remain unpublished to date. With limited staff and financial resources, Sambhavna has made significant contributions to the understanding of long-term health consequences of the disaster and the medical interventions which are effective in ameliorating these problems.

Over 8000 families affected by the gas disaster and control families matched for socio-economic status are currently used to establish cohorts for further investigation of specific health problems. Over the course of the conducted research at Sambhavna, several studies have been published in national and international journals.

===Clinical data===

Since 1996, Sambhavna has registered over 23,000 chronically ill patients from affected communities. Data collected from the field and patient record system is electronically catalogued daily, providing important information to guide future research and provide better care to survivors. Currently, Sambhavna has a networked system of informed consent, registration, and follow-up with continual updates of clinical data.

==Organization and funding==

The Sambhavna Clinic is run by an 8-member board of trustees composed of scientists, doctors, editors, and activists who for many years have been involved with medical and other aspects of the disaster. A steering committee, elected by the staff, and two coordinators, look after the day-to-day running of the Clinic. Decision making, evaluation, planning, and review of clinic activities are based on equality, full participation, and consensus at the weekly staff meetings.

Sambhavna does not accept money from corporations, governments, or large funding agencies. All funds required to run the Sambhavna Trust Clinic come from individual donations and from the royalties of the book "It Was [[Five Past Midnight in Bhopal]]", by Dominique Lapierre and Javier Moro. A large portion of Sambhavna's funds come from over 15000 individuals in the UK who respond to advertisements placed by the Bhopal Medical Appeal in British newspapers. Contributions are from a variety of people from different backgrounds and socioeconomic levels. For example, the herbal medicine making facilities was built with funds donated by litter pickers at a music festival in the UK. Accounts of the Sambhavna Trust are audited annually and are open to public scrutiny.

==Volunteering==

[[File:SambhavnaDormitories.jpg|thumb|right|One of the dormitories for volunteers at the Sambhavna Trust Clinic.]]Each year, more than two dozen volunteers from India and abroad extend services to Sambhavna during their stay, ranging from one week to two months. Volunteers have come from Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, UK, USA, and other countries. These volunteers have offered a variety of services in their respective fields and applied their skills in medical work, social work, writing, research, gardening, photography, information systems, and more.

==No More Bhopal==

Taken from a pamphlet at the Sambhavna Clinic, the "No More Bhopal" effort is described as follows:

"Through its involvement with the gas affected communities and with the global community, Sambhavna is working to stop the medical disaster in Bhopal and to prevent such tragedies from happening again. We organize health camps and workshops in the communities. We work with survivors' organizations fighting for better healthcare, and build links with doctors and researchers in Bhopal and all over the world. So far, we have organized three local, one national, and two international conferences in Bhopal and participated in several."

==Awards==

*'''Tajiri Muneaki Prize''' for "meritorious services rendered to the victims of the Bhopal gas disaster" – July 1999
*'''Inner Flame Award''' by the Governor of [[Madhya Pradesh]] for "outstanding humanitarian work and excellence in deed" – September 2001
*'''Mead 2001 Centennial Award''' by the [[Margaret Mead]] Centennial Committee of the Institute for Intercultural Studies, New York and ''[[Whole Earth (magazine)|Whole Earth]]'' magazine, San Francisco. This international award honours organizations that reflect Margaret Mead's statement: "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world" – January 2002
*'''International Regenerative Health Care Award''' by "Health Care Without Harm" an organization based in the US and Europe for "outstanding community healing work" and the Cleanmed Conference in Chicago – May 2009

==Summary of article==

*'''Clinical services to gas-affected survivors:''' Allopathic internal medicine, [[gynaecology]] and psychiatry; ayurvedic treatment including herbs, steam baths, yoga and massage; a dispensary with Ayurvedic drugs and allopathic "essential drugs"; and a laboratory, for haematology, biochemistry, microscopy, cytology, ECG and spirometria.
*'''Administrative support:''' Registration; personal identity documents for every patient; a record system; patient-owned health booklets; computerised patient data and data analysis; an economy department.
*'''Community work:''' General health education, health information for women, and finding and supporting tuberculosis patients in gas-affected areas; health education and support to inhabitants in water-polluted areas; verbal autopsy.
*'''Library:''' All kind of material on the [[Bhopal disaster]] as well as [[chemical pollution]].
*'''Studies:''' Surveys on different subjects in gas-affected areas; small studies on effects on patients of different treatments.
*'''Volunteers:''' Opportunities for students and others from all countries to take part in the work.

==Material from Sambhavna==

===Medical===
*Gupta A, Durgvanshi N. Yoga therapy in the care of chronic respiratory disorders among survivors of the December 1984 Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal. Presentation at the 3rd International Conference on "Yoga Research Traditions", Kaivalyadhjama, Lonavia, 1–4 Jan 1999.
*Gupta A, Durgavanshi S, Eckerman I. [http://www.lakareformiljon.org/images/stories/dokument/2009/sambhavna_yoga_1999.pdf Effects of Yoga Practices for Respiratory Disorders related to the Union Carbide Gas Disaster in 1984] Presentation at the World Congress of Asthma on 19 October 1999
*Menstrual Problems Reported by Teenagers Registered at Sambhavna Clinic. Bhopal: Sambhavna Trust, 2000.
*Carlsten C. Critical Issues in Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Presentations in Bhopal India. Bhopal: Sambhavna Trust, 2000.
*Ranjan N et al. [http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/users/vdhara/www.BhopalPublications/Health%20Effects%20&%20Epidemiology/JAMA%20Research%20letter%20&%20correspondence/Sambhavna%20JAMA%20letter.pdf Methyl Isocyanate Exposure and Growth Patterns of Adolescents in Bhopal]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} JAMA 2003;290:1856–57
*[http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/users/vdhara/www.BhopalPublications/Health%20Effects%20&%20Epidemiology/JAMA%20Research%20letter%20&%20correspondence/JAMA%20Bhopal%20letter%20&%20response.pdf Assessing Exposure to Toxic Gases in Bhopal]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Response) JAMA 2004;291:422
*{{cite web |url=http://www.ingrideckerman.blogspot.se/2014/04/combining-complementary-medicine-with.html |title=Combining complementary medicine with western medicine - do we gain something? |last=Eckerman |first=Ingrid |year=2005}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.lakareformiljon.org/images/stories/dokument/2009/ayurveda_at_sambhavna_2006.pdf |title=Combining "complementary medicine" with western medicin – do we gain something?|last=Eckerman |first=Ingrid}} Poster at 12th Regional Conference of Wonca Europe Florence, Italy 27–30 August 2006
*Markwardt R. [http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2578&context=isp_collection Adding Injustice to Injury - Health Perceptions, Plurality and Power in the Ongoing Bhopal Disaster] SIT India Health and Human Rights, spring 2013

===Other===
* The Bhopal Gas Tragedy 1984 – ? A report from the Sambhavna Trust, Bhopal, India. Bhopal: Bhopal People's Health and Documentation Clinic (1998)
* {{cite web |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/42335332/The-Bhopal-gas-tragedy-1984-to-The-evasion-of|author=Dinham B, Sarangi S |title=The Bhopal gas tragedy 1984 – ? The evasion of corporate responsibility |year=2002 |work=Environment&Urbanization}} 2002:14;89-99
* The Bhopal Marathon (2012) - produced by the Sambhavna Trust and the Bhopal Medical Appeal in the aftermath of the London Olympics, which attracted sponsorship from Dow Chemical. Contains much information and many personal stories of those affected. www.bhopalmarathon.org

==See also==
*[[Bhopal disaster]] The Union Carbide Gas Tragedy in Bhopal, India 1984
*[[International Medical Commission on Bhopal]] (IMCB) 1994
*[[Satinath Sarangi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.lakareformiljon.org/images/stories/dokument/2009/bhopal_gas_disaster.pdf |title=Chemical Industry and Public Health – Bhopal as an example |last=Eckerman |first=Ingrid |year=2001 |access-date=10 June 2010 |archive-date=30 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030030142/http://www.lakareformiljon.org/images/stories/dokument/2009/bhopal_gas_disaster.pdf |url-status=dead }} Essay for MPH.
* {{cite book |url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B0FqO8XKy9NRZDNzTkZQeVJQbE0/edit?pli=1 |last=Eckerman |first=Ingrid |title=The Bhopal Saga – Causes and Consequences of the World's Largest Industrial Disaster |year=2004 |publisher=Universities Press |location=India |isbn=81-7371-515-7}}

[[Category:Bhopal disaster]]
[[Category:Health charities in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bhopal]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1984]]

Warwan Valley

2025-11-03T15:54:48Z

DrusillaSchuster: fixed section based on references and corrected details

{{Short description|Valley in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Warwan Valley
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Tehsil
| image_skyline = Warwan.jpg
| image_caption = Warwan Valley
| nickname = Wadwan
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|33|51|51|N|75|32|07|E|display=title, inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu division|Jammu]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[WARWAN valley|WARWAN]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 35,572<ref name="Warwan Valley Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/kishtwar/marwah-population.html|title=Marwah Population|work=Census India|access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0100.pdf Census of India 2011]</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Society
| demographics1_title1 = Languages
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 182205
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Warwan Valley''' is a [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] sub-valley and a [[tehsil]] in [[Kishtwar District]] in the [[Jammu division]] in [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in [[India]]. The Valley lies {{convert|68|km}} northeast of [[Kishtwar]] and {{convert|260|km}} from [[Jammu]], the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir.

It falls under the jurisdiction of [[Kishtwar district]] in [[Marwah valley|Marwah sub-Division]] of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jktdc.co.in/Warwan-Valley.html|title=Warwan Valley|website=www.jktdc.co.in|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref>

== Geology ==
The Warwan Valley is drained by the Warwan River. It is a river formed by the confluence of the Batkot and Gumbar streams. The river is called [[Marusudar river|Marusudar]] in the lower reaches of the valley and is the biggest right tributary of the [[Chenab River]] which in turn is a tributary of the [[Indus River]] system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Chenab|title=Chenab -|website=india-wris.nrsc.gov.in|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref>

A geological mapping survey has revealed that the Warwan Valley has experienced three distinct phases of folding in polyphase deformation.<ref name="geo-rg"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Stratigraphic succession from oldest to youngest:<ref name="geo-rg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293131815|title=Geology of part of Warwan Valley, Doda district, Kashmir Himalaya|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref>
|-
| [[Proterozoic]] || [[Paleozoic]] || [[Triassic]] || [[Jurassic]]
|- valign="top"
| [[Salkhala Group]]
| {{ubl|
* [[Ramsu-Machhal Formation]]
* [[Lolab Formation]]
* [[Karihul Formation]]
* [[Margan Formation]]
* [[Muth Quartzite]]
* [[Syringothyris Limestone]]
* [[Fenestella Shale]]
* [[Agglomeratic Slate]]
* [[Panjal Volcanics]]
* [[Zewan Formation]]
}}
| {{ubl|
* [[Khunamuh Formation]]
* [[Khrew Formation]]
* [[Wuyan Formation]]
}}
| [[Drumgam Formation]]
|}

== Geography ==
{{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-lat=33.75|frame-long=75.99
|frame-width=450 |frame-height=350 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Warwan valley''' in J & K
|zoom=8
|type=shape |id=Q60775221
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title=Warwan valley
}}
The Warwan is a [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] valley situated at an altitude of {{convert|2134|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. It is bordered by main [[Kashmir Valley]] in the north and [[Ladakh]] in the east. Its parent district Kishtwar lies in the south. A few villages are Sukhnai, Margi, Busmina, Aftee and Inshan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/warwan-valley-a-hidden-beauty/125718.html|title=Warwan Valley: A hidden beauty|website=GreaterKashmir.Com|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0118_PART_B_DCHB_KISHTWAR.pdf|title=District census handbook Kishtwar|website=Census India|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref> Its main crops are wheat, paddy, trumba, potatoes etc. Its soil is not fertile as such it is sandy. Warwan valley receives a huge amount of snowfall in winters as it is at altitude of 2134 m above sea level.{{fact|date=December 2021}}

== Religion ==
The region has a Muslim majority population, with a significant Hindu minority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marwah Tehsil Population Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir, List of Villages & Towns in Marwah Tehsil |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/kishtwar/marwah-population.html |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Marwah (2011)<ref name="Marwah Tehsil Population">{{cite web|url= https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/kishtwar/marwah-population.html|title=Marwah Tehsil Population|work=Census India|accessdate=27 July 2021}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 79.07
|color1 = Green
|label2=[[Hinduism]]|label3=[[Christianity]]|label4=Other / Unstated|color2=Orange|color3=Blue|color4=Grey|value2=20.76|value3=0.14|value4=0.03}}

==Language==
The vast majority of the population speaks [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]].{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
| caption= Languages of Marwah (2011)<ref name="census2011-C16">{{cite report |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir |url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] |value1 = 98.64|color1 = lightgreen
|label2 = [[Gujari language|Gojri]]|value2 = 0.57|color2= Tomato
|label4=[[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]]|color5=Grey|value5=0.16|label3=[[Dogri language|Dogri]]|value4=0.30|color4=seagreen|value3=0.33|color3=Indigo|label5=Other}}

==Flora and fauna==
About 75% of the valley remains under vegetation-cover and a total of 285 plant species, belonging to 191 genera in 60 families were recorded in a floristic survey, conducted in 2015. Among these plant species, 26 are categorised as threatened. The main flowering season in the valley is June to July. The valley is rich in medicinal plants, which are used to treat ailments of the local people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Malik|first1=Akhtar Hussain|last2=Rashid|first2=Irfan|last3=Ganie|first3=Ajaiz Hassan|last4=Khuroo|first4=Anzar Ahmad|last5=Dar|first5=Ghulam Hassan|date=2015-07-01|title=Benefitting from geoinformatics: Estimating floristic diversity of Warwan Valley in Northwestern Himalaya, India|journal=Journal of Mountain Science|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=854–863|doi=10.1007/s11629-015-3457-2|s2cid=140193522 |issn=1993-0321}}</ref>

==Accessibility==
Warwan Valley is one of the most remote valleys of Jammu and Kashmir and it suffers from a lack of access to proper roads, communication facilities and electricity. The valley remains cut off for about six or seven months every year due to heavy snowfall. In 2016, Margi village of the valley got completely destroyed by fire.<ref name="kashmirlife">{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/destroyed-wadwan-village-residents-will-evacuate-for-winter-121007/|title=Destroyed Madwah Village Residents Will Migrate For Winter|date=2016-10-16|website=Kashmir Life|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/warwan-valley-a-hidden-beauty/125718.html|title=Warwan Valley: A hidden beauty|website=GreaterKashmir|access-date=2019-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirreader.com/2017/01/02/marwah-warwan-residents-await-basic-amenities/|title=Marwah-Warwan residents await basic amenities|last=Ul-Islam|first=Zia|date=2017-01-01|website=Kashmir Reader|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-19}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Valleys of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:River valleys of India]]
[[Category:Jammu Division]]
[[Category:Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Gymnastics Federation of India

2025-10-28T02:58:57Z

DrusillaSchuster:

{{Short description|Sports governing body in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name=Gymnastics Federation of India
|logo=Gymnastics India.png
|sport=[[Gymnastics]]
|jurisdiction=[[India]]
|founded={{Start date|1951|02|17}}
|aff=[[International Gymnastics Federation]]
|region= [[Asian Gymnastics Union]]
|headquarters= [[South Delhi]]
|president=Sudhir Mital
|url=https://gymfedindia.com
|countryflag=India
}}

The '''Gymnastics Federation of India (GFI)''' is the governing and controlling body of [[gymnastics in India]]. It was established on 17 February 1951.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GFI :: Gymnastics Federation of India |url=https://gymfedindia.com/index.php?page=1 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=gymfedindia.com}}</ref> It is registered under the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gymfedindia.com/pdf/societies-registration-act-XXI-of-1860.pdf|title=Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860 (gymfedindia.com)}}</ref> and is affiliated to the [[International Gymnastics Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique |url=https://www.gymnastics.sport/administration/federationsview.php?page=w#IND |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=www.gymnastics.sport}}</ref> GFI organised the first national gymnastics championship in 1952 in [[Chennai|Madras]]. Each year, they hold national championships in the following categories: Senior Artistic, Junior Artistic, Sub Junior Artistic, Rhythmic & Aerobic, and Acrobatics & Tumbling.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GFI :: Gymnastics Federation of India |url=https://gymfedindia.com/index.php?page=19 |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=gymfedindia.com}}</ref> Sudhir Mital serves as the current president of GFI.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-05 |title=Indian gymnastics body gets new office bearers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/indian-gymnastics-body-gets-new-office-bearers/articleshow/71927053.cms |access-date=2024-05-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{National members of the International Gymnastics Federation}}

[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:Gymnastics governing bodies]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1951]]

{{india-sport-stub}}

Bhubanananda Das

2025-10-18T15:27:18Z

DrusillaSchuster: adjusted article additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian independence activist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}

[[File:Bhubhananda Das.jpg|thumb|Bhubhananda Das]]

'''Bhubanananda Das ('''1885-1958) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhubanananda Das |url=https://chakrafoundation.org/bhubanananda-das/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=ChakraFoundation.Org |language=en-US}}</ref>was an Indian Independence activist from [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. He was a member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], [[Constituent Assembly of India]], Provisional Parliament, the [[Rajya Sabha]] and the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>[http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/b_das_2.asp Rajya Sabha]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/rs |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/670.htm |title=Members Bioprofile |access-date=23 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728035449/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/670.htm |archive-date=28 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Das was president of the First All Orissa States People's Conference, held at [[Cuttack]] in 1931, which was the precursor of the [[Praja Mandala movement]] in Orissa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sahoo|first1=Arun Kumar|title=Nayagarh and Prajamandal Andolan|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Apr/engpdf/47-49.pdf|work=Orissa Review|date=April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920131443/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Apr/engpdf/47-49.pdf|archivedate=2016-09-20}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Bhubanananda}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:Pro tem speakers of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]

{{Odisha-INC-politician-stub}}

Sriram Ramaswamy

2025-10-02T09:20:41Z

DrusillaSchuster: made a details

{{Short description|Indian physicist (born 1957)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sriram Ramaswamy
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100%|FRS}}
| image = Professor Sriram Ramaswamy FRS (cropped).jpg
| caption = Ramaswamy in 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|11|10}}
| awards = {{hlist|[[Infosys Prize]]|[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]}}
| workplaces = {{hlist|[[Indian Institute of Science]]|[[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)]]}}
| alma_mater = {{hlist|[[University of Maryland]]|[[University of Chicago]]}}
| field = [[Theoretical physics]]
| thesis_title = Solid like behaviour in liquid layers: a theory of the yield stress in smectics
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/303282658/
| thesis_year = 1983
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students = [[Moumita Das]]
| doctoral_student =
| website = {{URL|http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/~sriram/}}
}}
'''Sriram Rajagopal Ramaswamy''' (born 10 November 1957) is an Indian physicist. He is a professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]], and previously the director of the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)]] Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=googlescholar>{{GoogleScholar|igytGcAAAAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002157/http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/~sriram/|archive-date=2016-03-04|url=http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/~sriram/|title=Sriram Ramaswamy Homepage|publisher=iisc.ernet.in}}</ref><ref name=cv>{{cite web|archive-date=2016-05-12|url=http://www.tifrh.res.in/tcis/faculty/srcv.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512211423/http://www.tifrh.res.in/tcis/faculty/srcv.pdf|title=Sriram Ramaswamy CV|publisher=tifrh.res.in|location=Hyderabad}}</ref>

==Education==
Ramaswamy completed high school at the [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi]], and then moved to the [[University of Maryland]] where he was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in [[Physics]] with high honours in 1977.<ref name=cv/> He completed his PhD in [[theoretical physics]] at the [[University of Chicago]], graduating in 1983.<ref name=phd>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Sriram Rajagopal|last=Ramaswamy |title=Solid like behavior in liquid layers: a theory of the yield stress in smectics |publisher=University of Chicago |year=1983 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303282658/ |oclc=17122087}}</ref> He completed [[postdoctoral research]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref name=infosys/>

==Research==
Ramaswamy is a theoretician whose research investigates nonequilibrium statistical physics, [[soft matter]], [[condensed matter physics]] and [[biophysics|biological physics]].<ref name=googlescholar/> His research helped found the field of [[active matter]], which studies the [[motility]] and related collective behaviour of objects that convert local energy input into autonomous motion.<ref name=frs/>

He is widely known for formulating the [[hydrodynamic]] equations<ref name=MarchettiJoanny2013>{{cite journal|last1=Marchetti|first1=M. C.|last2=Joanny|first2=J. F.|last3=Ramaswamy|first3=S.|last4=Liverpool|first4=T. B.|last5=Prost|first5=J.|last6=Rao|first6=Madan|last7=Simha|first7=R. Aditi|title=Hydrodynamics of soft active matter|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=85|issue=3|year=2013|pages=1143–1189|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.85.1143|bibcode=2013RvMP...85.1143M}}</ref><ref name=TonerTu2005>{{cite journal|last1=Toner|first1=John|last2=Tu|first2=Yuhai|last3=Ramaswamy|first3=Sriram|title=Hydrodynamics and phases of flocks|journal=Annals of Physics|volume=318|issue=1|year=2005|pages=170–244|doi=10.1016/j.aop.2005.04.011|bibcode=2005AnPhy.318..170T|url=http://eprints.iisc.ac.in/3397/1/A89.pdf}}</ref> governing the alignment, flow, mechanics and statistical properties of suspensions of self-propelled creatures, on scales from a cell to the ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Abhishek|last2=Maitra|first2=Ananyo|last3=Sumit|first3=Madhuresh|last4=Ramaswamy|first4=Sriram|last5=Shivashankar|first5=G. V.|date=2014-01-21|title=Actomyosin contractility rotates the cell nucleus|journal=Scientific Reports|language=En|volume=4|issue=1|page=3781|doi=10.1038/srep03781|pmid=24445418|pmc=3896915|issn=2045-2322|bibcode=2014NatSR...4.3781K}}</ref><ref name=Ramaswamy2010>{{cite journal|last1=Ramaswamy|first1=Sriram|title=The Mechanics and Statistics of Active Matter|journal=Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics|volume=1|issue=1|year=2010|pages=323–345|arxiv=1004.1933|doi=10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-070909-104101|bibcode=2010ARCMP...1..323R|s2cid=55500360 }}</ref> Key predictions—that macroscopically aligned [[Flocking (behavior)|flocks]] of swimming bacteria are impossible, and that the addition of swimmers to a fluid can make the [[viscosity]] arbitrarily small—have been confirmed in recent experiments. His insight into nonliving imitations of self-propulsion has led to design principles for [[chemotactic]] [[colloid]]s, the first experiments observing giant number fluctuations in flocks, and the creation of flocks with a tiny minority of motile constituents.<ref name=frs/><ref name=NarayanRamaswamy2007>{{cite journal|last1=Narayan|first1=V.|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=S.|last3=Menon|first3=N.|title=Long-Lived Giant Number Fluctuations in a Swarming Granular Nematic|journal=Science|volume=317|issue=5834|year=2007|pages=105–108|arxiv=cond-mat/0612020|doi=10.1126/science.1140414|pmid=17615353|bibcode=2007Sci...317..105N|s2cid=3178657 }}</ref><ref name=LevineLubensky1985>{{cite journal|last1=Levine|first1=Dov|last2=Lubensky|first2=T. C.|last3=Ostlund|first3=Stellan|last4=Ramaswamy|first4=Sriram|last5=Steinhardt|first5=Paul Joseph|last6=Toner|first6=John|title=Elasticity and Dislocations in Pentagonal and Icosahedral Quasicrystals|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=54|issue=14|year=1985|pages=1520–1523|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.1520|pmid=10031060|bibcode=1985PhRvL..54.1520L}}</ref><ref name=AditiSimhaRamaswamy2002>{{cite journal|last1=Aditi Simha|first1=R.|last2=Ramaswamy|first2=Sriram|title=Hydrodynamic Fluctuations and Instabilities in Ordered Suspensions of Self-Propelled Particles|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=89|issue=5|year=2002|arxiv=cond-mat/0108301|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.058101|pmid=12144468|article-number=058101|bibcode=2002PhRvL..89e8101A|s2cid=3845736 }}</ref><ref name=KumarSoni2014>{{cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Nitin|last2=Soni|first2=Harsh|last3=Ramaswamy|first3=Sriram|last4=Sood|first4=A. K.|author-link4=Ajay K. Sood|title=Flocking at a distance in active granular matter|journal=Nature Communications|volume=5|year=2014|page=4688|arxiv=1402.4262|doi=10.1038/ncomms5688|pmid=25181961|bibcode=2014NatCo...5.4688K|s2cid=19244108 }}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Among the awards he has received for his research are the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] in 2000 and the [[Infosys Prize]] for Physical Sciences in 2011.<ref name=infosys>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322101432/http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2011/sriram-ramaswamy.asp|archive-date=2016-03-22|url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2011/sriram-ramaswamy.asp|publisher=infosys-science-foundation.com|title=Professor Sriram Ramaswamy: Physical Sciences, 2011}}</ref> He also served on the Physical Sciences jury for the [[Infosys Prize]] in 2014. He was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2016|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2016]].<ref name=frs>{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/sriram-ramaswamy-12893/ |title=Professor Sriram Ramaswamy FRS |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |archive-date=2016-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429121447/https://royalsociety.org/people/sriram-ramaswamy-12893/ |location=London |author=Anon |year=2016 }} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{blockquote|"All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]." --{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies |access-date=2016-03-09 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925220834/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}}}</ref>

He was awarded one of the [[H K Firodia awards]] for 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://hkfirodiaawards.org/awards_2.html|title= Celebrating 22 Years of H. K. Firodia Awards for Excellence in Science & Technology|publisher= H. K. Firodia Memorial Foundation|access-date= 1 May 2018|archive-date= 4 March 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234211/http://hkfirodiaawards.org/awards_2.html}}</ref> He was elected an International Member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 2025.<ref>https://www.nasonline.org/news/2025-nas-election/</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{FRS 2016}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaswamy, Sriram Rajagopal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]

Poonam Sharma

2025-09-20T20:32:37Z

DrusillaSchuster: Added

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Politician
| name = Poonam Sharma
| term_start = 2025
| constituency = [[Wazirpur Assembly constituency|Wazirpur]]
| office = Member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Rajesh Gupta]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Poonam Sharma''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Delhi]]. She was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in the [[8th Delhi Assembly]] from [[Wazirpur Assembly constituency]], winning by 11,425 votes against [[Rajesh Gupta]] of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wazirpur Election Result 2025: Poonam Sharma of BJP Wins, Defeats Rajesh Gupta of AAP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/wazirpur-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-winner-leading-mla-margin-9218824.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Wazirpur, Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP's Poonam Sharma defeats AAP's Rajesh Gupta with 8425 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/wazirpur-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-daelb-2676384-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Poonam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women members of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ekambaram Karunakaran

2025-09-06T13:51:12Z

DrusillaSchuster: created a info w/ refs

{{short description|Indian weightlifter}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date = August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = E. Karunakaran
| image = Hotel green park.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Karunakaran at Hindustan Sports Foundation
| birth_name =
| fullname = Ekambaram Karunakaran
| nickname = Iron Man
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Tamil]]
| nationality = Indian
| alma mater = NIS Patiala, Punjab
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|6|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Egattur (Tiruvallur District)|Egattur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{convert|1.68|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (2015)
| weight = {{convert|77|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (2015)
| website =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
| event = 52 kg
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner = Kalavathy
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired = 2015
| coaching = [[National Institute of Sports]]
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| paralympics =
| highestranking = Rank 1(1978)
| pb =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport| Men's [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's Weight Lifting}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Weightlifting at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1978 Commonwealth Games|1978 Edmonton]]|Flyweight}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1980 Commonwealth Championship|1980 Cardiff]]|Flyweight}}
{{MedalGold|[[1981 Commonwealth Games|1981 Auckland]]|Flyweight}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Mini Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1981 Mini Commonwealth Games|1981 Brisbane]]|Flyweight}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[New Zealand Summer Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1981 New Zealand SummerGames|1981 Auckland]]|Flyweight}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Weightlifting Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1981 Asian Championship|1981 Nagoya]]|Flyweight}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Weightlifting at the World Railway Games|World Railway Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1984 World Railways|1984 Sofia]]|Flyweight}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Pakistan National Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1984 Commonwealth Games|1984 Islambabad]]|Flyweight}}
}}

'''Ekambaram Karunakaran''' (also '''Karunagaran''', born 6 June 1954) is an Indian former [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]]. He competed in the [[Weightlifting at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's 52 kg|men's flyweight event]] at the [[1980 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ek/karunagaran-ekambaram-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418105117/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ek/karunagaran-ekambaram-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Karunagaran Ekambaram Olympic Results |accessdate=12 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=E. KARUNAKARAN|url=https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/arjunaawardeespdf/karunakaran_weightlifting.pdf|work=sdat.tn.gov.in|access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref> He was the first Indian to win the gold medal in an international competition in [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sports.ndtv.com/commonwealth-games-2014/india-in-commonwealth-games-1515428 | title=India In Commonwealth Games | date=23 July 2014 | publisher=NDTV Sports | accessdate=23 August 2020 | archive-date=11 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211141050/https://sports.ndtv.com/commonwealth-games-2014/india-in-commonwealth-games-1515428 | url-status=dead }}</ref> This was in the [[Commonwealth Games]] in [[Edmonton]], [[Canada]] in 1978. Karunakaran's career spanned over a decade. He was conferred with the [[Arjuna Award]] in the year 1978-79 by the Government of India.

== Early life ==
Karunakaran was born in [[Egattur (Tiruvallur District)|Egattur]], [[Thiruvallur]], [[Tamil Nadu]] to Ekambaram and Karupaiammal Karunakaran. He studied at Kadambathur Government higher secondary school and then worked with [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] in [[Chennai]].

== Career ==
Initially interested in [[Kabaddi]], Karunakaran took to weightlifting to gain strength and power at age 17. He was initially very thin. He was an instant success at the national level, winning the 52 kg class from 1978 to 1982. His international career began almost simultaneously. He took the gold medal with an aggregate of 95 kg snatch, and 110 kg clean and jerk lifts, totaling 205 kg in Edmonton’s [[Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium]] in 1978. His lift of 110 kg in the jerk set a new [[Commonwealth Games|games record]]. He won the Inter Railway Championship title seven times consecutively beginning in 1978. Two years later he won another gold at the Commonwealth weightlifting championship and broke 6 international records in [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]]. Thereafter he took part in competitions in [[New Zealand]] and the [[Commonwealth Games]] in [[Brisbane]], [[Australia]]; where he carried the Indian Tricolor.

He won silver and bronze medals at the [[Asian Championships]] in [[Nagoya]] in 1981. This was followed by a [[Silver Medal]] in the Pakistan National Games that occurred during the same year. Karunakaran captained the Indian weightlifting squad to the World Railways Meet in Bulgaria in 1984 where he won a bronze medal.

=== Coach ===
Karunakaran holds a diploma in coaching from the [[National Institute of Sports]] in [[Patiala]] and has coached the [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]], the [[Indian Railways]] and finally the national teams. He accompanied the Indian Weightlifting Team as Manager at the [[SAF Games]] held at [[Islamabad]] in 1989. An [[Arjuna Award]] winner in 1978-79, he was feted by the Sports Journalist Association of Tamil Nadu during 1981-82. He worked as a Coach for [[Asian Games]] at the [[Hiroshima]] [[Asian Games]] in [[Japan]] during the year 1994. He was honored as the Best Coach in 1995.

In 2009, he represented as a coach in the Youth World Weightlifting Championship held at [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]]; and qualified for Junior World Cup (first time in Indian history). In 2010 he worked as a coach in the Asian Youth Olympic Qualification, the 17th Asian Junior Women, and the 24th Asian Junior Men Weightlifting Championships; qualifying for the Junior World Cup. The team won the silver medal. In 2010 he represented as a coach in the Commonwealth Weightlifting Championship held at [[Penang]], [[Malaysia]].

==See also==
*[[List of Tamil recipients of the Arjuna Award]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10450-25477363/canberra-times-act/ Canberra-times 1978]
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10450-25486686/canberra-times-act/ Canberra-times 1981]
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10450-8213447/canberra-times-act/ Canberra-times 1982]
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10450-9017273/canberra-times-act/ Canberra-Times 1990]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karunakaran, Ekambaram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Indian male weightlifters]]
[[Category:Weightlifters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Olympic weightlifters for India]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 1980 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 1978 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1978 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games squash players for India]]

Main Kuch Bhi Kar Sakti Hoon

2025-09-01T04:39:41Z

DrusillaSchuster: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Zee TV]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Daud Shah Bahmani

2025-07-14T18:06:54Z

DrusillaSchuster: created some pg initial version

{{Short description|Sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate in 1378}}
{{for|other people of the same name|Daud Shah (disambiguation){{!}}Daud Shah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| caption =
| succession = 4th [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Sultan]]
| name = Daud Shah Bahmani
| title = Daud Shah Bahmani I
| image =
| predecessor = [[Mujahid Shah]]
| successor = Mohammad Shah II
| issue = [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah]] [[Ahmad Shah I Wali]] Muhammad Sanjar
| father =
| death_date = 21 May 1378
| royal house = House of Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah
| dynasty = Bahmani Dynasty
| reign = 16 April – 21 May 1378
| reign-type = Monarch
}}
'''Daud Shah Bahmani''' (reigned 1378), also spelled as '''Dawud''',{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=123}} was the fourth ruler of the [[Bahmani Kingdom]]. He succeeded his nephew [[Mujahid Shah]] after [[assassination|assassinating]] him. After ascending the throne, Daud Shah's brief reign was marked with turbulence and instability over his [[regicide]] of his nephew, which culminated in the creation of court factions.

Daud Shah distinguished himself in Mujahid Shah's campaigns against the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], but was later reprimanded by Mujahid for his actions during the battle. Discontent, Daud Shah had Mujahid assassinated, and ascended the throne in 1378. Instability gripped Daud Shah's short reign, and eventually he was assassinated by a court faction led by Mujahid Shah's sister, who instead placed [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Alauddin Bahman Shah]]'s younger son, Mohammad Shah II on the throne.

==Mujahid Shah's reign==
[[File:Mujahid Shah.jpg|thumb|right|Coin of Mujahid Shah]]
During one battle of Mujahid Shah's [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1375–1378)|campaign]], Daud Shah was left in charge of guarding the installment of Dhuna Sodra with seven thousand [[cavalry]] in case the Muslim army had been defeated.{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=121-122}} After the battle began, Daud Shah abandoned his post and directly engaged in battle. During the battle, Daud Shah had over three horses killed under him, and despite their victory, Mujahid Shah was outraged that Daud Shah had entered the battle, and [[Reprimand|scolded]] him, for if the Muslims had been defeated, they wouldn't have been able to escape.{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=121-122}}{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=7}}

Returning from his campaign against the Vijayanagara Empire, Mujahid Shah led a hunting expedition with some 400 cavalry, while also being attended by Daud Shah, Musnad-I 'Ali Khan Muhammad, Azim Humayun and Safdar Khan. Unable to accept his reprimand, Daud Shah began hatching a conspiracy to assassinate Mujahid Shah, inviting Musnad-I 'Ali, who had his clavicle broken by Mujahid Shah in childhood.{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=7}} Eventually, Mujahid Shah dismissed Safdar Khan and Azim Humayun to return to their provinces, while he himself began marching back to the capital, arriving before a river and began fishing.{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=123}}

After having pain in his eyes, Mujahid Shah retired to his tent. On 16 April 1378, at midnight, Daud Shah and Musnad-I 'Ali entered Mujahid's tent, where they encountered Mujahid Shah asleep and only a slave in the room. The slave, startled after viewing Daud Shah with a dagger, immediately awoke Mujahid by shouting. Daud lunged at Mujahid, stabbing him, while Mujahid began struggling with Daud. The slave grabbed Musnad-I 'Ali, who struck him down with a sword, and then killed Mujahid Shah.{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=123}}{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=384}}{{sfn|Jr|2010|p=268}}

==Reign==
Following the assassination of Mujahid Shah, Daud Shah was proclaimed the new King, becoming the fourth Bahmani Sultan,{{sfn|Jr|2010|p=268}} with [[nobility|nobles]] that were present submitting homage to him. However, the immediate aftermath of Mujahid Shah's assassination saw the Sultanate fall into a period of extreme instability, with nobles such as Safdar Khan and Azim Humayun after learning of the assassination, refusing to pay homage.{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=123-124}}

Nonetheless, Daud Shah continued to the capital of [[Kalaburagi|Gulbarga]]. During this period of instability, [[Harihara II]], the ruler of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], invaded and took the opportunity to [[siege|besiege]] [[Raichur]]. Daud Shah's court split into two factions, with one being loyal to Daud Shah, and the other faction wishing to replace him with Mohammad Shah II, the younger son of Alauddin Bahman Shah.{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=124}}{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=384}}

Ruh Parwar Agha, the brother of Mujahid Shah, sponsored the efforts to try and depose Daud Shah, and wielded significant influence over the Bahmani [[harem]]. Ruh Parwar used remorse to strengthen her own position at court, also extensively giving out gifts of money to others. Daud Shah's attempts to conciliate and mend ties with her failed especially as he attempted to consolidate power by having Saifuddin Ghori submit to him.{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=124}}{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=384}}

Eventually, Ruh Parwar hired a royal slave named Bakah to assassinate Daud Shah. In May 1378,{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=7}} either on the 20th,{{sfn|Jr|2010|p=268}}{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=384}} 21st,{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=124}} or 24th, while Daud Shah was attending [[Friday prayer|jumah]], Bakah attacked him while he was in prostration, who stabbed Daud Shah, with sources differing on whether Daud Shah was killed immediately, or grievously wounded, leading to his death not long after. Bakah was immediately killed by Musnad-I 'Ali, who then attempted to place Daud Shah's son, Muhammad Sanjar, on the throne. However, Ruh Parwar had Muhammad Sanjar [[Blinding (punishment)|blinded]], and Mohammad Shah II succeeded to the throne.{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=384}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=124-125}}

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|23em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jr |first=Everett Jenkins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giEkCQAAQBAJ |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |date=2010-11-25 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-4713-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kIeAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan |date=1985 | orig-date=First published 1945 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shyam |first=Radhey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC |title=The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar |date=1966 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-2651-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haig |first=Wolseley |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46989 |title=Cambridge History of India Vol. 2 |date=1925 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author-link=Wolseley Haig}}
{{refend}}
{{Bahmani Sultanate}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohammed Shah I}}
[[Category:1378 deaths]]
[[Category:Bahmani sultans]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Bahmani Sultanate]]
[[Category:People from the Bahmani Sultanate]]

Arani Silk Sarees

2025-06-28T11:24:11Z

DrusillaSchuster: created new entry...

{{Short description|Traditional sari made in Arani, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Arani Silk
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Arani silk sarees
| description = [[Silk|Silk sarees]]
| type = [[Handicraft]]
| area = [[Arani, Tiruvannamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 02.05.2008
| material = [[Silk]]
| official website =
}}

[[File:Hand loom in Devikapuram.jpg|thumb|A handloom in Arani]]

'''Arani Silk Sarees''' are traditional [[Silk|silk sarees]] made in the town of [[Arani, Tiruvannamalai|Arani]], located in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/gi-can-protect-handicrafts-from-abuse/article4265569.ece</ref> Because these sarees are produced in Arani, the town is often referred to as the '''Silk City of Arani''' or '''Arani Silk City'''.

A saree is an unstitched cloth usually ranging from four to nine [[yard (unit)|yards]] in length.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnadu.com/fashion/kanchipuram-sari.html|title=Kanchipuram Sari - Tamilnadu|publisher=Tamilnadu.com|date=16 October 2012|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-date=11 April 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411215318/http://tamilnadu.com/fashion/kanchipuram-sari.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The term "sari" is derived from the Sanskrit word "sāḍī", and mentions of sarees can be found in Tamil literature dating back to the 5th and 6th centuries CE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilnadu.com/fashion/madisar-pudavai.html |title=Madisar Pudavai|publisher=Tamilnadu.com|date=5 February 2013}}</ref> Arani silk sarees are known for their intricate zari (gold thread) work.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Arani Silk Sarees have received a [[Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-02/chennai/27748685_1_silk-fabrics-gi-registry-gi-certification |title=Archived Copy |access-date=2015-11-07 |archive-date=2013-02-16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216062939/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-02/chennai/27748685_1_silk-fabrics-gi-registry-gi-certification |url-status=dead}}</ref> After [[Kanchipuram]], Arani is one of the most renowned centers for silk saree production in Tamil Nadu. It is also the town that contributes the highest revenue within its district.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

In 2018, Arani Silk Sarees received a national award for excellence in silk production and marketing. The Geographical Indication tag further highlights the unique identity and quality of these sarees.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

== History of Arani Silk ==
This traditional industry flourished predominantly in Arani and surrounding regions. Inscriptions found in nearby villages like Vadamanadamangalam and [[Devikapuram]] mention the presence of handloom weaving. The silk weaving in Arani began during the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] period and continued to grow during the [[Arni jagir|Arani jagir]] rule and the British era. The first silk weaving unit is believed to have been established by Thambanna Chettiar. The technique of block printing was introduced by Kannaiya Naidu, while dyeing methods using multiple colors were brought in by V. Vijayaraghava Naidu. Over time, the number of weavers and sellers in silk production gradually increased.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

=== Arani Handloom Silk Cluster ===

Arani operates one of the largest handloom silk saree clusters in [[Tamil Nadu]], particularly known for using original silver zari threads. More than 35,000 traditional weavers are active in the Arani region.<ref>[https://m.facebook.com/AraniDistrict97/photos/a.315910715778737/533914457311694/?type=3 History and Handloom Cluster of Arani Silk]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of geographical indications in India|List of Geographical Indications in Tamil Nadu]]
== External links ==
* [http://tamil.thehindu.com/society/lifestyle/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81/article5459814.ece Arani Silk: The Identity of Arani – The Hindu Tamil]

==Geographical indication rights==
Arani sari received Intellectual Property Rights Protection or [[Geographical Indication]] (GI) status.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/GI-shield-for-states-silk-fabrics/articleshow/3003039.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216062939/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-02/chennai/27748685_1_silk-fabrics-gi-registry-gi-certification|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-02-16|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=GI shield for state's silk fabrics}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sari}}
{{Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu}}

{{clothing-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-stub}}

[[Category:Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]]

Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh

2025-05-26T19:08:53Z

DrusillaSchuster: Added basic details w/ sources

#REDIRECT [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]

Maheswaran

2025-05-14T08:43:19Z

DrusillaSchuster: Created new post

{{Infobox given name
| name = Maheswaran மகேஸ்வரன்
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation = Makēsvaraṉ
| gender = Male
| meaning = [[Shiva]]
| region = Southern India North-eastern Sri Lanka
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| origin =
| alternative spelling = Maheswaran Maheeswaran
| nickname =
| variant forms =
| related names =
| name day =
| derived =
| languageorigin =
| variant =
| shortform = Mahesh
| petname =
| cognate =
| derivative =
| seealso =
| popularity =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Maheswaran''' ({{langx|ta|மகேஸ்வரன்|translit=Makēsvaraṉ}}) is a [[Tamils|Tamil]] male [[given name]]. Due to the [[Tamil name|Tamil tradition]] of using [[patronymic surname]]s it may also be a [[surname]] for males and females. The female variant of Maheswaran is Maheswari.

==Etymology==
The name stands for "Grand Lord", see [[Mahesh_(name)|Mahesh]].

==Notable people==

*[[Murugesapillai Maheswaran]] (born 1939), mathematician, astrophysicist and educator
*[[Panagoda Maheswaran]] (born 1955), Sri Lankan Tamil militant
*[[T. Maheswaran]] (1966–2008), assassinated Sri Lankan Tamil MP
*[[Vijayakala Maheswaran]] (born 1972), Sri Lankan MP; wife of T. Maheswaran
*[[Uma Maheswaran]] (1945–1989), Sri Lankan Tamil militant

=== Fictional characters ===
*[[List_of_Steven_Universe_characters#Connie_Maheswaran|Connie Maheswaran]], a character in the TV series ''[[Steven Universe]]''

==See also==
* {{In title|Maheswar}}

{{Given name|type=both}}

[[Category:Tamil masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Payare Lal Sharma

2025-05-13T19:48:52Z

DrusillaSchuster: Stub.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:P. L. Sharma.png
| caption = Payare Lal Sharma
| office = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Inderwal Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Ghulam Mohammad Saroori]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
}}
'''Payare Lal Sharma''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Inderwal Assembly constituency]] as an Independent candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Inderwal, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: Independent candidate Payare Lal Sharma with 14195 defeats Independent candidate Ghulam Mohd Saroori |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/inderwal-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612922-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Inderwal Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/inderwal-election-result-2024-live-update-9077433.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He rejoined the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] after his victory and extended his support to the [[Second Omar Abdullah ministry]] to form the government.<ref name="n535">{{cite news | title=4 Independents Extend Support, Omar Abdullah's Party Reaches Majority In J&K | website=NDTV.com | date=22 February 2019 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/4-independents-extend-support-omar-abdullahs-party-reaches-majority-in-j-k-6758917 | access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="6 Independent MLAs may back NC, taking it to magic no. of 48">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=10 October 2024 |title=6 Independent MLAs may back NC, taking it to magic no. of 48 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/6-independent-mlas-may-back-nc-taking-it-to-magic-no-of-48/articleshow/114097379.cms |accessdate=23 October 2024}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Sharma left the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference party]] after being denied a ticket for the 2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He subsequently contested the election as an independent candidate from the Inderwal constituency, winning by a narrow margin of 643 votes. Sharma defeated [[G. M. Saroori|Ghulam Mohammad Saroori]], a two-time winner of the seat, securing 14,192 votes, while Saroori received 13,552 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=Independent MLA to join National Conference day after J&K stellar show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/assembly/story/independent-mla-payare-lal-join-national-conference-jammu-and-kashmir-election-result-congress-alliance-2613930-2024-10-09 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

After winning the election as an independent candidate, Sharma, along with four other independent MLAs, joined the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी स्टेट |title=जम्मू कश्मीर में 4 निर्दलीय विधायक NC में शामिल, उमर अब्दुल्ला के विधायकों की संख्या बढ़कर 46 |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/jammu-and-kashmir/jammu-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-four-independent-candidates-pyare-lal-satish-sharma-joined-national-conference-2801003/amp |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Payare Lal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Webex CPaaS Solutions

2025-03-28T22:54:25Z

DrusillaSchuster: made new pg

{{Short description|Cloud communications company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Webex CPaaS Solutions
| logo =
| industry = Software
| foundation = 2000
| hq_location_city = [[London]]
| hq_location_country = United Kingdom
| key_people = Jay Patel VP & GM
| products = Webex Connect, Webex Engage, Webex Campaign, Webex Notify
| revenue = {{increase}} $227 million (2023)
| parent = [[Cisco Systems]]
| homepage = [https://cpaas.webex.com/]
}}

'''Webex CPaaS Solutions''' (previously IMImobile) was acquired by [[Cisco Systems]] in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cisco Completes Acquisition of IMImobile PLC|url=https://newsroom.cisco.com/press-release-content?type=webcontent&articleId=2143832|access-date=2021-03-09|website=newsroom.cisco.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The company provides cloud communications software and services that manage business-critical customer interactions at scale.

==History==
In 2000, IMImobile was established. In 2010, the company acquired AIM listed WIN PLC.

IMImobile was admitted to the AIM market of the [[London Stock Exchange]] on 27 June 2014.<ref>http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/11997948.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129221009/http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/11997948.html |date=2014-11-29 }}.</ref> The company has then acquired a series of small-medium businesses: [[Textlocal]] in October 2014 (UK business messaging for SMBs), Archer Digital, later rebranded to IMImobile South Africa, in September 2015 (a provider of multi-media messaging in South Africa), Infracast, later rebranded to IMImobile Intelligent Networks, in March 2017 (provider of A2P messaging to banks and telecom operators in UK & Germany), Sumotext in November 2017, Healthcare Communications in December 2017 (provider of appointment management and patient experience communications in the UK), a Canadian Business, Impact Mobile in July 2018, and in August 2019, an American B2B text-engagement and RCS front runner, 3Cinteractive.

In December 2020, [[Cisco Systems]] announced its intention to acquire IMImobile PLC in a $730M deal.<ref name="zdnet">{{cite news|date=December 7, 2020|title=Cisco acquires customer interaction platform provider IMImobile in $730m deal|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/cisco-acquires-customer-interaction-solutions-provider-imimobile-in-730m-deal/|accessdate=February 11, 2021}}</ref> The deal was completed in February 2021 and IMImobile was renamed to Webex CPaaS Solutions.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cisco Systems}}

[[Category:British companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Software companies based in London]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Software companies of England]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Cisco acquisitions]]
[[Category:2021 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:British subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange]]

List of villages in Saraiya block

2025-03-05T18:20:26Z

DrusillaSchuster: Created a place

{{short description|none}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
List towns and villages in the [[Saraiya]] Block of [[Muzaffarpur district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.viewvillage.in/villages-of-block/saraiya-1893|title=Villages list of Saraiya block |author= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=2022-08-20 |quote=}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*Abhi Chhapra<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Abhi+Chhapra,+Bihar+843101,+India/@26.028551,85.0877773,15.69z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x39ed3769ffec9565:0xed899e22913cc74a!8m2!3d26.0277538!4d85.0921648 Abhi Chhapra on Google maps]</ref>
*Abu Chak
*Ajodhpur urf Ibrahimpur
*Amaitha
*Amuara Chaube
*Amuara Tej Singh
*Anandpur
*Anantpur Gangauli
*Arar Lakhmipur
*Arupur
*Atraulia
*Azizpur Belwar
*Baghnagri
*Bahilwara Bhual
*Bahilwara Gobind
*Bahilwara Rupnath
*[[Bakhra]]
*Balurampur urf Tilak Pakri
*Banauli urf Rasalpur
*Bania
*Banyra Rahi
*Bardaha
*Barewa
*Barhanpura
*Basaitha
*Basatpur
*Basdeopur
*Basra Kazi
*Basra Shukul
*Basti Saloni
*Basu Kund
*Basudeo Patti
*Baudhia Tola
*Baya Dih
*Bela Saraiya
*Berua
*Bhagwanpur
*Bhataulia
*Birpur
*Bisambharpur
*Bisauli urf Bitraulia
*Bisheshar Patti
*Bishunpur Anant
*Bishunpur Anant urf Uphraul
*Bishunpur Basant urf Bishunpur
*Bishunpur Basant urf Suba
*Chainpur Pakri
*Chak Abdul Rahim
*Chak Alisher urf Basu Chak
*Chak Bazo
*Chak Bazo
*Chak Ibrahim
*Chak Mandua
*Chak Rahmat
*Chak Saidani
*Chakda urf Chakna
*Chakia urf Chak Bishunpur Anan
*Chakia urf Neamapur
*Chhapra Kuldip
*Chhapra urf Chaku Chhapra
*Chhitri
*Chochaha
*Damodar Chhapra
*Datapur urf Pach Bhinda
*Dhanauj Sheikh
*Dhanrajpur urf Arar
*Dhanupara
*Doma Dih Bishunpur Dubiahi
*Dubiahi
*Gahila
*Gahilo urf Barahanpur
*Ghoghraha
*Gidha
*Ginjas
*Gobindpur*Note: Two entries in the source
*Golwara
*Gopalpur urf Neura
*GOpi Dhaut
*Gopinathpur Doghra
*Gopinathpur Sioria
*Gorgawan Dih
*Gosain Chhapra
*Gurgawan
*Hariharpur
*Harpur
*Harpur Beni
*Harpur Ghaus
*Jagarnathpur Doghra
*[[Jaintpur]]
*Jalalpur
*Jalalpur Dayal
*Jhujharpur
*Kaila Patti
*Kakrahi urf Faridabad
*Kamal Chak urf Chaku Chhapra
*Karhara
*Khaira
*Kolhua
*Kuian
*Kukrahia
*Lalpura
*Madhaul
*Madhopur Chakdi
*Madhuban
*Madhurapur
*Mahmadpur Baya
*Majhwa Pakar
*Mangauli
*[[Manikpur, Muzaffarpur|Manikpur]]
*Moghlani Chak
*Munja Patrahia
*Narangi Jagdish
*Narangi Jiunath
*Narayanpur
*Pagahia
*Pagahia Aima
*Paigambarpur
*Paruia urf Hargobindpur
*Patorhi
*Patrahia
*Pipra Ghaus
*Pokhraira
*Raepura
*Ragho Chhapra
*Raghunathpur
*Raja Rampur
*Rampur Fakirana
*Rampur Nagwan
*Rampur Phagu
*Ratanpur Dih
*Ratanpura
*Ratwara Chandan
*Repura urf Rampur Balmi
*Repura urf Rampur Bishunath
*Rewa Dih
*Rupauli
*Sadipur
*Sarae Baya urf Paharpur
*Saraiya urf Bishunpur Kesho
*Sarkeshpur
*Serukahi
*Shujawalpur
*Siroi Aima
*Sohila Patti
*Supna
*Til Bihta
*Tola Nawada
*Udaipur

{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Muzaffarpur district|*]]

Vijayraghvendra Singh

2025-02-19T20:11:01Z

DrusillaSchuster: made bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Barwara Assembly constituency|Barwara]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Vijayraghvendra Singh''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]], representing [[Barwara Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badwara, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/madhya-pradesh/barwara-assembly-constituency-s12aed2008a091/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-04 |title=Barwara (Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Election 2023: Date, Result, Facts, Candidate's Full List, and Latest News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/barwara-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-2023-date-result-facts-candidates-full-list-and-latest-news-article-104952058 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vijayraghvendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Ban Panchbere

2024-11-21T11:19:52Z

DrusillaSchuster:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ban Panchbere
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6833359|N|88.1669596|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 465
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712701
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chanditala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chanditala]]
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}
''' Ban Panchbere ''' is a village in [[Chanditala I]] community development block of [[Srirampore subdivision]] in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(34prhyngb4rxzrx25wan0tst))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |title= banglarbhumi.gov.in |work = WEST BENGAL ->HUGLI(হুগলী) ->CHANDITALA-I (চণ্ডীতলা-১) Mouza Information|publisher= Government of West Bengal |access-date= 6 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161222011900/http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(o5nvju0slgdmw3352gvdrcuo))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |archive-date= 22 December 2016 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

==Geography==
Ban Panchbere is located at {{coord|22.6833359|N|88.1669596|E| source:itwiki_region:IN}}.

===Gram panchayat===
Villages in Haripur [[gram panchayat]] are: [[Anantarampur]], [[Bade Sola]], [[Baghati, Chanditala-I|Baghati]], Ban Panchbere, [[Chak Bangla]], [[Chota Choughara]], [[Dudhkomra]], [[Haripur, Chanditala-I|Haripur]], [[Ichhapasar]], [[Jagmohanpur]], [[Mamudpur]] and [[Radhaballabhpur, Chanditala-I|Radhaballabhpur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/hugli/chanditala-i/haripur.html| title = Haripur| publisher = Indian Village Directory |access-date = 12 October 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Map of Haripur GP.png|thumb|Map of Haripur GP]]

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Ban Panchbere had a population of 465 of which 231 (50%) were males and 234 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 59. The number of literates in Ban Panchbere was 297 (73.15% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 October 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Srirampore subdivision}}
{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Villages in Chanditala I CD Block]]

{{Hooghly-geo-stub}}