Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Utpal Brahmacharo

2026-05-09T11:18:39Z

DrshivambjpIND: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Utpal Brahmacharo
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| constituency = [[Kaliaganj Assembly constituency|Kaliaganj]]
| predecessor = [[Soumen Roy]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = [[Politician]] [[Monk]]
}}

'''Utpal Brahmacharo''' is an Indian politician, [[monk]] and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kaliaganj Assembly constituency|Kaliaganj]] constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Utpal Brahmacharo(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KALIAGANJ (SC)(UTTAR DINAJPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=405 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Utpal Brahmacharo, KALIAGANJ (SC) constituency, BJP, WestBengal Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/WestBengal2026/utpal-brahmacharo-405/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Utpal Brahmacharo (BJP) Candidate from KALIAGANJ (SC) Constituency, Utpal Brahmacharo Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/west-bengal/candidate-utpal-brahmacharo-8949 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmacharo, Utpal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]
{{WestBengal-BJP-politician-stub}}

Lakshmipati (actor)

2026-05-08T11:41:30Z

DrshivambjpIND:

{{Short description|Indian Telugu comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakshmipati
| birth_name = Chittajalu Lakshmipati
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1957|07|09}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|02|07|1957|07|09}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/02/07/telugu-comedian-chittajallu-dead-1202401976.html|title=Telugu comedian Chittajallu dead|last=|date=7 February 2008|website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref>
| yearsactive = 1988{{endash}}2008
| occupation = Actor, writer, anchor
| spouse = Sai Sireesha
| relatives = [[Sobhan]] (brother) [[Santosh Sobhan]] (nephew)<ref>https://www.news18.com/movies/remember-late-comedian-chittajalu-lakshmipati-his-nephews-are-now-actors-8943136.html</ref> [[Sangeeth Sobhan]] (nephew)
}}

'''Chittajalu Lakshmipati''', known mononymously as '''Lakshmipati''', was an Indian actor and writer who predominantly appeared in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]], acting in over 70 of them. He was the elder brother of [[Sobhan]], who directed the film ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''.<ref name="indiaglitz">{{cite web|title=Lakshmipati Kalpana Rai are no more|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/lakshmipati-kalpana-rai-are-no-more-telugu-news-36407.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203131222/http://www.indiaglitz.com/lakshmipati-kalpana-rai-are-no-more-telugu-news-36407.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2015|website=indiaglitz.com|accessdate=19 August 2016}}</ref> He died a few days after his brother's death.<ref name="nettv4u"/>

==Career==
Lakshmipati started as a writer and no time he started hosting shows like the well known sensational show called ''Huss Gup Chup'' as Gireesam Master and he worked as writer for [[Krishna Vamsi]]'s ''[[Chandralekha (1998 film)|Chandralekha]]'' and he is a well known comedian to Telugu film lovers. He was first seen in [[Chiranjeevi]]'s ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]''. He got a break as an actor with [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana|EVV]]'s film ''[[Allari (film)|Allari]]'' and he first played a negative role in [[Mahesh Babu]]'s ''[[Bobby (2002 film)|Bobby]]'', directed by his brother [[Sobhan]].<ref name="nettv4u"/> He also played significant roles in ''[[Andhrudu]]'', ''[[Pedababu]]'' and ''[[Kithakithalu]]''.

==Death==
Lakshmipati died of a heart attack on 7 February 2008.<ref name="nettv4u">{{cite web|title=Veteran comedian Lakshmipati life history and film career|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/comedian/lakshmipathi|website=www.nettv4u.com|accessdate=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822115106/http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/comedian/lakshmipathi|archive-date=22 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{expand list|date= October 2017}}
{{colbegin}}
# ''Aatma Katha'' (1988)
# ''[[Choopulu Kalasina Subhavela]]'' (1988)
# ''[[Inspector Rudra]]'' (1990)
# ''[[Ooha (film)|Ooha]]'' (1996)
# ''[[Pelli Peetalu]]'' (1998)
# ''[[Choodalani Vundi]]'' (1998)
# ''[[Chandralekha (1998 film)|Chandralekha]]'' (1998) (writer)
# ''[[9 Nelalu]]'' (2000)
# ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' (2001)
# ''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]'' (2002)
# ''[[Allari (film)|Allari]]'' (2002)
# ''[[Nee Sneham]]'' (2002)
# ''[[Gemeni (film)|Gemeni]]'' (2002)
# ''[[Bobby (2002 film)|Bobby]]'' (2002)
# ''[[Sreeram]]'' (2002)
# ''[[Thotti Gang]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-thottigang.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Thottigang - EVV - Naresh, Sunil, Gajala, Anitha, Prabhudeva, Shakeela|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>'' (2002)
# ''[[Juniors (film)|Juniors]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Nijam]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Ammayilu Abbayilu]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Vijayam (film)|Vijayam]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Ninne Ishtapaddanu]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Kalyana Ramudu]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Charminar (2003 film)|Charminar]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Aadanthe Ado Type]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Villain (2003 film)|Villain]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Satta (2004 film)|Satta]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Aa Naluguru]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Pedababu]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Donga Dongadi]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Xtra (film)|Xtra]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Chanti (2004 film)|Chanti]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Sakhiya]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Vijayendra Varma]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Evadi Gola Vaadidhi]]'' (2005)
# ''[[Relax (film)|Relax]]'' (2005)
# ''[[Danger (2005 film)|Danger]]'' (2005)
# ''[[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]]'' (2005)
# ''[[Premikulu]]'' (2005)
# ''[[Nuvvante Naakishtam]]'' (2005)
# ''[[Andhrudu]]'' (2005)
# ''[[Adirindayya Chandram]]'' (2005)
# ''[[Mahanandi (film)|Mahanandi]]'' (2005)
# ''[[Kithakithalu]]'' (2006)
# ''Nee Navvu Chalu'' (2006)
# ''[[Andala Ramudu (2006 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' (2006)
# ''[[Veerabhadra (film)|Veerabhadra]]'' (2006)
# ''[[Annavaram (film)|Annavaram]]'' (2006)
# ''[[Maharathi (2007 film)|Maharathi]]'' (2007)
# ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'' (2007)
# ''[[Anumanaspadam]]'' (2007)
# ''[[Athili Sattibabu LKG]]'' (2007)
# ''[[Vijayadasami (film)|Vijayadasami]]'' (2007)
# ''[[Viyyalavari Kayyalu]]'' (2007)
# ''[[Okka Magaadu]]'' (2008)
# ''[[Sundarakanda (2008 film)|Sundarakanda]]'' (2008) (posthumous release)
# ''[[Veedu Mamoolodu Kadu]]'' (2008) (posthumous release)
# ''[[Andamaina Manasulo]]'' (2008) (posthumous release)
# ''Mangatayaru Tiffin Centre'' (2008) (posthumous release)
# ''[[Hare Ram]]'' (2008) (posthumous release)
# ''[[Ninna Nedu Repu]]'' (2008) (posthumous release)
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm2370221}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

Regadi

2026-05-08T09:02:12Z

DrshivambjpIND: creating new details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Regidi Amadalavalasa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP30 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Regidi Amadalavalasa''' is a village in [[Vizianagaram district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Regidi Amadalavalasa mandal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandal wise list of villages in Vizianagaram district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Vizianagaram.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=6 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208022139/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Vizianagaram.pdf|archivedate=8 December 2014|format=PDF}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mandal headquarters in Vizianagaram district}}

[[Category:Villages in Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Vizianagaram district]]

{{Vizianagaram-geo-stub}}

2012–13 Deodhar Trophy

2026-05-07T12:48:40Z

DrshivambjpIND: Starting data - done

{{Short description|40th season of the Deodhar Trophy}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2012–13 Deodhar Trophy
| image =
| imagesize =
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption =
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[List A cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host = [[Guwahati]]
| champions = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| count = 11
| participants = 5
| matches = 4
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs =
| website =
| previous_year = 2011–12
| previous_tournament = 2011–12 Deodhar Trophy
| next_year = 2013–14
| next_tournament = 2013–14 Deodhar Trophy
}}
'''2012–13 Deodhar Trophy''' was the 40th season of the [[Deodhar Trophy]] with the first being the 1973–74 season.<ref>https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2179/deodhar-trophy-2012-13/matches</ref> It was a [[List A cricket|List A]] cricket tournament contested by five teams, [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]], [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]], [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]], [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-21 |title=Curtailed season may force VCA to go vocal for local |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/curtailed-season-may-force-vca-to-go-vocal-for-local/articleshow/77076786.cms |access-date=2026-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]. West Zone won the tournament defeating North Zone in the final.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Means |first=Framing or Similar |last2=Consent |first2=Is Expressly Prohibited Without the Prior Written |title=West Zone crush North in Deodhar Trophy final |url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/west-zone-crush-north-in-deodhar-trophy-final/20120319.htm |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

==Schedule==
The 2012–13 Deodhar Trophy comprised just four matches played between the teams, where the two teams thar performed the worst in the previous season of the Deodhar Trophy, East Zone and South Zone, need to play an additional knockout game to progress to the semifinals.

The schedule:
1. 10 March – Quarterfinal – South Zone vs East Zone
2. 11 March – Semifinal1 – Central Zone vs North Zone
3. 12 March – Semifinal2 – West Zone vs Winner Quarterfinal
4. 13 March – Final – Winner Semifinal1 vs Winner Semifinal2

==Squads==
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; border-collapse:collapse;" width=90%
|- style="background:#C1D8FF;"
! colspan=5|Squads
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! width=15%|[[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
! width=15%|[[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
! width=15%|[[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
! width=15%|[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
! width=15%|[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
|-
| [[Robin Bist]] || [[Ishank Jaggi]] || [[Gautam Gambhir]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])|| [[Robin Uthappa]] || [[Rohit Sharma]]
|-
| [[Jalaj Saxena]] || [[Pallavkumar Das]] || [[Paras Dogra]] || [[Srikar Bharat]] || [[Parthiv Patel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
|-
| [[Mohammad Kaif]] || [[Sibsankar Roy]] || [[Unmukt Chand]] || [[Lokesh Rahul]] || [[Abhishek Nayar]]
|-
| [[Naman Ojha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Saurabh Tiwary]] || [[Chandan Madan]]([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Baba Aparajith]] || [[Ambati Rayudu]]
|-
| [[Suresh Raina]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[Manisankar Murasingh]] || [[Yuvraj Singh]] || [[Chidhambaram Gautam]] || [[Kedar Jadhav]]
|-
| [[Akshdeep Nath]] || [[Govind Poddar]] || [[Mandeep Singh]] || [[Dinesh Karthik]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])([[Captain (cricket)|c]])|| [[Manprit Juneja]]
|-
| [[Ashok Menaria]] || [[Biplab Samantray]] || [[Rishi Dhawan]] || [[Sachin Baby]] || [[Vijay Zol]]
|-
| [[Shrikant Wagh]] || [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])|| [[Rajat Paliwal]] || [[Sanju Samson]] || [[Sheldon Jackson]]
|-
| [[Amit Paunikar]] || [[Pritam Das]] || [[Parvinder Awana]] || [[Ashish Reddy]] || [[Yusuf Pathan]]
|-
| [[Imtiyaz Ahmed|Imtiaz Ahmed]] || [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] || [[Manpreet Gony]] || [[Stuart Binny]] || [[Munaf Patel]]
|-
| [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] || [[Mohammed Shami]] || [[Parvez Rasool]] || [[Hanuma Vihari]] || [[Akshay Darekar]]
|-
| [[Ali Murtaza]] || [[Basant Mohanty]] || [[Amit Mishra]] || [[Sandeep Warrier]] || [[Dhawal Kulkarni]]
|-
| [[Piyush Chawla]] || [[Abu Nechim]] || [[Sandeep Sharma]] || [[Vinay Kumar]] || [[Rakesh Dhruv]]
|-
| [[Ankit Rajpoot]] || [[Iresh Saxena]] || [[Rahul Sharma (cricketer, born 1986)|Rahul Sharma]] || [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] || [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
|-
| [[Prashant Gupta]] || [[Gokul Sharma]] || [[Siddarth Kaul]] || [[Bodavarapu Sudhakar]] || [[Kamlesh Makwana]]
|-
| [[Ishwar Pandey]] || || [[Ravi Inder Singh (cricketer)|Ravi Inder Singh]] || ||
|}

==Results==

===Quarterfinal===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 10 March 2013
| team1 = [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| score1 = 284/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 273/7 (50 overs)
| team2 = [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
| runs1 = [[Baba Aparajith]] 121 (129)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/60 (11 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 77 (72)
| wickets2 = [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] 3/40 (10 overs)
| result = South Zone won by 11 runs
| venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati]]
| motm = [[Baba Aparajith]] (SZ)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2012/engine/current/match/574141.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
}}

===Semifinal 1===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 11 March 2013
| team1 = [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
| score1 = 190 (41.5 overs)
| score2 = 160/2 (29.5 overs)
| team2 = [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| runs1 = [[Ashok Menaria]] 34 (39)
| wickets1 = [[Amit Mishra]] 3/50 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 77* (70)
| wickets2 = [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] 2/28 (7 overs)
| result = North Zone won by 8 wickets (VJD method)
| venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati]]
| motm = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (NZ)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2012/engine/current/match/574142.html Scorecard]
| toss = North Zone won the toss and elected to field
| rain = North Zone target: 160 runs from 33 overs
}}

===Semifinal 2===

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 March 2013
| team1 = [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| score1 = 258/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 259/5 (41.1 overs)
| team2 = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| runs1 = [[Stuart Binny]] 65 (54)
| wickets1 = [[Munaf Patel]] 2/48 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vijay Zol]] 75 (88)
| wickets2 = [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] 2/45 (10 overs)
| result = West Zone won by 5 wickets
| venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati]]
| motm = [[Vijay Zol]] (WZ)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2012/engine/current/match/574143.html Scorecard]
| toss = West Zone won the toss and elected to field
| rain =
}}

=== Final ===
Source:<ref name=":0" />

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 13 March 2013
| team1 = [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| score1 = 289/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 293/5 (48.2 overs)
| team2 = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| runs1 = [[Unmukt Chand]] 88 (124)
| wickets1 = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] 2/73 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ambati Rayudu]] 78* (89)
| wickets2 = [[Amit Mishra]] 2/63 (12 overs)
| result = West Zone won by 5 wickets
| venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati]]
| motm = [[Ambati Rayudu]] (WZ)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2012/engine/current/match/574144.html Scorecard]
| toss = West Zone won the toss and elected to field
| rain =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2012/content/series/574012.html]

{{Deodhar Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2012-13 Deodhar Trophy}}
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2012–13|Deodhar Trophy]]
[[Category:Deodhar Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

B. Vijayaraj

2026-05-07T07:30:22Z

DrshivambjpIND: Starting new info - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''B. Vijayaraj''' (born 1994) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=B.Vijayaraj, THIRUPORUR constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/b-vijayaraj-522/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from Thiruporur Assembly constituency in [[Chengalpattu district]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Vijayaraj is from [[Chengalpattu]], Tamil Nadu. He is the son of M.P. Balakrishnan. He did his schooling at Anandavalli Marticulation Higher Secondary School and passed Class 12 in 2012. He did his B.A. in history at Saraswati Arts and Science College, [[Tindivanam]]. Later, he completed LLB. (honours) at [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]] in 2018. He is a lawyer and his wife is a homeopathy doctor. He declared assets worth Rs.59 lakhs in his affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=B.Vijayaraj (Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam): Constituency- Thiruporur (Chengalpattu) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=522 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=My Neta}}</ref>

== Career ==
Vijayaraj became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Thiruporur Assembly constituency]] representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-05 |title=TVK bags most seats in Chennai’s neighbouring districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tvk-bags-most-seats-in-chennais-neighbouring-districts/article70940164.ece |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He polled 1,10,095 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Panneer Doss of the [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]], by a margin of 39,351 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-05 |title=Thiruporur election results 2026: TVK’s B. Vijayaraj wins Thiruporur by 39,351 votes, defeats VCK and PMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/thiruporur-election-results-2026/articleshow/130670036.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Thiruporur Election Result 2026 Highlights: TVK's B. Vijayaraj with 110095 defeats VCK's R. Panneerdoss |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/thiruporur-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905895-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayaraj, B.}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Chengalpattu district]]

Results of the 2004 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu by constituency

2026-04-30T16:44:10Z

DrshivambjpIND: creating post.

{{Short description|none}}
{{primary source|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
This is a detailed results of [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general election]] by individual constituents in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 October 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Results by party==
=== Results by party ===
{| class="wikitable sortable">
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! '''Party'''
! '''Alliance'''
! '''Seats contested'''
! '''Votes'''
! '''%'''
! '''Change'''
! '''Seats'''
! '''Change'''
|-
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| none
| 30
| 167,619
| 0.58
| n/a
| 0
| n/a
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
| 6
| 1,455,899
| 5.07
| -2.07
| 0
| -4
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
| 2
| 852,981
| 2.97
| +0.41
| 2
| +2
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
| 2
| 824,524
| 2.87
| +0.52
| 2
| +1
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[United Progressive Alliance]]
| 10
| 4,134,255
| 14.40
| +3.30
| 10
| +8
|-
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
| 33
| 8,547,014
| 29.77
| +4.09
| 0
| -10
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]
| [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
| 3
| 6,886
| 0.02
| -0.01
| 0
| 0
|-
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| [[United Progressive Alliance]]
| 16
| 7,064,393
| 24.60
| +1.47
| 16
| +4
|-
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
| 20
| 884,293
| 3.08
| n/a
| 0
| n/a
|-
| [[Marumaralarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| [[United Progressive Alliance]]
| 4
| 1,679,870
| 5.85
| -0.10
| 4
| 0
|-
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| [[United Progressive Alliance]]
| 5
| 1,927,367
| 6.71
| -1.50
| 5
| 0
|-
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| none
| 3
| 3,985
| 0.01
| n/a
| 0
| n/a
|-
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
| 2
| 5,154
| 0.02
| +0.02
| 0
| 0
|-
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| none
| 4
| 6,645
| 0.02
| n/a
| 0
| n/a
|-
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]]
| none
| 4
| 11,568
| 0.04
| n/a
| 0
| n/a
|-
| [[Bharatiya Backward Party]]
| none
| 2
| 2,162
| 0.01
| n/a
| 0
| n/a
|-
| Jebamani Janata
| none
| 1
| 734
| 0.00
| n/a
| 0
| n/a
|-
| [[Janata Party]]
| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
| 28
| 149,646
| 0.52
| n/a
| 0
| n/a
|-
| [[Republican Party of India (Athvale)]]
| [[United Progressive Alliance]]
| 2
| 9,654
| 0.03
| +0.02
| 0
| 0
|-
| Tamil Desiyak Katchi
| none
| 2
| 25,348
| 0.09
| 0.00
| 0
| 0
|-
| [[Youth and Students Party]]
| none
| 1
| 6,580
| 0.02
| n/a
| 0
| n/a
|-
| Independents
| none
| 391
| 947,938
| 3.30
| +2.05
| 0
| 0
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''571'''
| '''28,714,515'''
| -
| -
| '''39'''
| -
|}

==Results by constituency==
{{see also|Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2004}}
===Chennai North===
* Note: [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] were all part of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]], in 1999, but joined the [[United Progressive Alliance]] in 2004. So the coalition switches, represent the change in coalition from the 1999 election to 2004 election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai North]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[C. Kuppusami]]
|votes = 570,122
|percentage = 62.25
|change = +9.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sukumar Nambiar M.N.
|votes = 316,583
|percentage = 34.57
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 253,539
|percentage = 27.68
|change = +9.81
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 915,879
|percentage = 45.77
|change = +1.98
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +9.55
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|votes = 316,329
|percentage = 61.68
|change = +2.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Balaganga N.
|votes = 182,151
|percentage = 35.52
|change = -1.32
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 134,178
|percentage = 26.16
|change = +4.00
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 512,853
|percentage = 49.06
|change = +0.60
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +2.68
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[T.R.Baalu]]
|votes = 564,578
|percentage = 60.37
|change = +0.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Bader Sayeed
|votes = 343,838
|percentage = 36.77
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 220,740
|percentage = 23.60
|change = -2.04
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 935,143
|percentage = 47.96
|change = +2.80
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +0.34
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[A. Krishnaswamy]]
|votes = 517,617
|percentage = 61.39
|change = +9.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Dr. Venugopal P.
|votes = 282,271
|percentage = 33.48
|change = -8.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Vijayaragunathan M.
|votes = 11,995
|percentage = 1.42
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Balakrishnan K.
|votes = 11,517
|percentage = 1.37
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 235,346
|percentage = 27.91
|change = +17.84
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 843,160
|percentage = 59.23
|change = +4.21
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +9.63
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Chengalpattu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chengalpattu]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|candidate = [[A. K. Moorthy]]
|votes = 431,643
|percentage = 56.85
|change = +9.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Ramachandran K.N.
|votes = 282,919
|percentage = 37.26
|change = -8.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Kumaresan A.
|votes = 10,956
|percentage = 1.44
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nahamani J.
|votes = 8,659
|percentage = 1.14
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 148,724
|percentage = 19.59
|change = +17.76
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 759,246
|percentage = 65.02
|change = +6.69
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|swing = +9.62
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arakkonam]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|candidate = [[R. Velu]]
|votes = 386,911
|percentage = 49.88
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Shanmugam N.
|votes = 284,715
|percentage = 36.70
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Sethumadhavan S.
|votes = 34,876
|percentage = 4.50
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Kulandaivelu M.
|votes = 22,284
|percentage = 2.87
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Venkatesan V.
|votes = 9,646
|percentage = 1.24
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 102,196
|percentage = 13.17
|change = +0.30
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 775,745
|percentage = 66.86
|change = +0.54
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +49.88
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: The incumbent party [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] did not contest this seat in 2004. Instead it was contested by its [[United Progressive Alliance]] coalition partner [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]], who won the seat. Thus, the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] held the seat. [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] had not contested this seat in the previous [[1999 Indian general election|1999 elections]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[K. M. Kader Mohideen]]
|votes = 436,642
|percentage = 58.38
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Santhanam A.
|votes = 258,032
|percentage = 34.50
|change = -8.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Paramasivam A.M.S.
|votes = 11,309
|percentage = 1.51
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Karunanithi E.
|votes = 7,524
|percentage = 1.01
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 178,610
|percentage = 23.88
|change = +20.23
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 747,898
|percentage = 61.28
|change = +0.31
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|swing = +58.38
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: The incumbent party [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] did not contest this seat in 2004. Instead it was contested by its [[United Progressive Alliance]] coalition partner [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]], who won the seat. Thus, the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] held the seat. [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] had not contested this seat in the previous [[1999 Indian general election|1999 elections]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Tiruppattur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruppattur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[D. Venugopal]]
|votes = 453,786
|percentage = 58.43
|change = +11.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Subramani K.G.
|votes = 272,884
|percentage = 35.14
|change = -8.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Irshad Ahamed H.S.
|votes = 12,327
|percentage = 1.59
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajendiran P.
|votes = 8,284
|percentage = 1.07
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 180,902
|percentage = 23.29
|change = +20.13
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 776,597
|percentage = 63.99
|change = -1.18
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +11.43
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Vandavasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vandavasi]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[N. Ramachandran Gingee]]
|votes = 394,903
|percentage = 56.12
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Rajalakshmi R.
|votes = 243,470
|percentage = 34.60
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Punniyakotti P.
|votes = 23,609
|percentage = 3.36
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Vinayagam S.
|votes = 14,473
|percentage = 2.06
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 151,433
|percentage = 21.52
|change = +12.81
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 703,669
|percentage = 62.35
|change = +0.80
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|swing = +56.12
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: The incumbent party [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] did not contest this seat in 2004. Instead it was contested by its [[United Progressive Alliance]] coalition partner [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]], who won the seat. Thus, the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] held the seat. [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]] had not contested this seat in the previous [[1999 Indian general election|1999 elections]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Tindivanam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tindivanam]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|candidate = [[K. Dhanaraju]]
|votes = 367,849
|percentage = 50.40
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Arunmozhithevan. A
|votes = 276,685
|percentage = 37.91
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Gopalakrishnan. P
|votes = 29,915
|percentage = 4.10
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mohamed Ali Jinna. M
|votes = 10,987
|percentage = 1.51
|change = +1.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Perumal. S
|votes = 8,083
|percentage = 1.11
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 91,164
|percentage = 12.49
|change = +11.15
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 729,863
|percentage = 62.98
|change = +1.33
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|loser = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +50.40
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: The incumbent party [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]] did not contest this seat in 2004. Instead it was contested by its [[United Progressive Alliance]] coalition partner [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]], who won the seat. Thus, the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] held the seat. [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] had not contested this seat in the previous [[1999 Indian general election|1999 elections]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[K. Venkatapathy]]
|votes = 400,059
|percentage = 52.63
|change = +3.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Rajendran. R
|votes = 268,707
|percentage = 35.35
|change = -3.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Sarwar Khan. E
|votes = 53,406
|percentage = 7.03
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Veerapatran. P. M
|votes = 13,664
|percentage = 1.80
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 131,352
|percentage = 17.28
|change = +7.07
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 760,187
|percentage = 62.99
|change = -0.77
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +3.15
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|candidate = [[E. Ponnuswamy]]
|votes = 343,424
|percentage = 46.17
|change = -0.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Thirumaavalavan Thol
|votes = 255,773
|percentage = 34.38
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Periasamy. D
|votes = 113,974
|percentage = 15.32
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 87,651
|percentage = 11.78
|change = -4.53
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 743,871
|percentage = 66.09
|change = +0.07
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|swing = -0.95
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|candidate = [[R. Senthil]]
|votes = 397,540
|percentage = 55.93
|change = +9.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[P D Elangovan]]
|votes = 181,450
|percentage = 25.53
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Munusamy (Alais) Thamilselvan. M
|votes = 62,960
|percentage = 8.86
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Tamil Desiyak Katchi
|candidate = Balasubramaniam. M
|votes = 23,553
|percentage = 3.31
|change = +1.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jaganathan. V. P
|votes = 10,968
|percentage = 1.54
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mahendran. D
|votes = 10,370
|percentage = 1.46%
|change = +1.37
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 216,090
|percentage = 30.40%
|change = +26.90
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 710,736
|percentage = 54.86
|change = -4.55
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|swing = +9.27
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Krishnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagiri]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[E. G. Sugavanam]]
|votes = 403,297
|percentage = 54.51
|change = +4.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Nanje Gowdu. K
|votes = 284,075
|percentage = 38.40
|change = -6.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanaulla Shariff. H
|votes = 14,055
|percentage = 1.90
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Syed Nikhar. A
|votes = 11,830
|percentage = 1.60
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ameerjan. S
|votes = 8,679
|percentage = 1.17
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 119,222
|percentage = 16.11
|change = +11.55
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 739,864
|percentage = 59.07
|change = -0.91
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +4.68
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Rasipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rasipuram]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K. Rani (politician)|K. Rani]]
|votes = 384,170
|percentage = 55.20
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[S. Anbalagan]]
|votes = 249,637
|percentage = 35.87
|change = -11.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Ayyasamy. S
|votes = 24,522
|percentage = 3.52
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ravi. R
|votes = 12,286
|percentage = 1.77
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 134,533
|percentage = 19.33
|change = +13.36
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 695,990
|percentage = 61.46
|change = +6.09
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +55.20
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Note: AIADMK, was not part of a coalition, in 1999 election, hence it is a gain for UPA.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salem]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K. V. Thangkabalu]]
|votes = 444,591
|percentage = 59.93
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Rajasekaran. A
|votes = 268,964
|percentage = 36.26
|change = -12.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shah Jahan. M A
|votes = 8,466
|percentage = 1.14
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 175,627
|percentage = 23.67
|change = +20.26
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 741,847
|percentage = 59.29
|change = +0.13
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +59.93
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Note: AIADMK, was not part of a coalition, in 1999 election, hence it is a gain for UPA.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchengode]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]]
|votes = 501,569
|percentage = 58.00
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Palaniswami. K
|votes = 322,172
|percentage = 37.26
|change = -10.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Palanisamy. K
|votes = 14,208
|percentage = 1.64
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 179,397
|percentage = 20.75
|change = +20.21
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 864,735
|percentage = 59.92
|change = +4.51
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +58.00
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: The incumbent party [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]] did not contest this seat in 2004. Instead it was contested by its [[United Progressive Alliance]] coalition partner [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]], who won the seat. Thus, the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] held the seat. [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] had not contested this seat in the previous [[1999 Indian general election|1999 elections]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[R. Prabhu]]
|votes = 494,121
|percentage = 63.26
|change = +16.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[M. Master Mathan]]
|votes = 257,619
|percentage = 32.98
|change = -16.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Pappannan. T. K
|votes = 10,649
|percentage = 1.36
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 236,502
|percentage = 30.28
|change = +27.05
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 781,152
|percentage = 59.29
|change = +4.21
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = 16.69
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Gobichettipalayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gobichettipalayam]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]]
|votes = 426,826
|percentage = 62.75
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Govindarajar, N. R.
|votes = 212,349
|percentage = 31.22
|change = -15.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shaik Muhaideen, S.
|votes = 15,356
|percentage = 2.26
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 214,477
|percentage = 31.53
|change = +26.86
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 680,240
|percentage = 64.64
|change = +4.36
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +62.75
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Note: AIADMK, was not part of a coalition, in 1999 election, hence it is a gain for UPA.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[K. Subbarayan]]
|votes = 504,981
|percentage = 57.43
|change = +14.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Radhakishnan. C. P
|votes = 340,476
|percentage = 38.72
|change = -10.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Vellingiri. S
|votes = 11,562
|percentage = 1.31
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 164,505
|percentage = 18.71
|change = +12.52
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 879,335
|percentage = 55.51
|change = -0.12
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +14.41
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Left Front (Tamil Nadu)
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pollachi]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[C. Krishnan (MDMK politician)|Dr. C. Krishnan]]
|votes = 364,988
|percentage = 56.76
|change = +8.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Murugan. G
|votes = 244,067
|percentage = 37.95
|change = -8.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rajkumar. R
|votes = 13,039
|percentage = 2.03
|change = +0.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ganesan. K M
|votes = 6,503
|percentage = 1.01
|change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 120,921
|percentage = 18.80
|change = +17.25
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 643,073
|percentage = 61.88
|change = +4.79
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +8.98
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Palani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palani]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[S. K. Kharventhan]]
|votes = 448,900
|percentage = 64.50
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Kishore Kumar. K
|votes = 217,407
|percentage = 31.24
|change = -12.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jeyaprakash. P
|votes = 11,337
|percentage = 1.63
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 231,493
|percentage = 33.26
|change = +29.05
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 696,007
|percentage = 63.92
|change = +5.03
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +64.50
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Note: AIADMK, was not part of a coalition, in 1999 election, hence it is a gain for UPA.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[N. S. V. Chitthan]]
|votes = 407,116
|percentage = 58.92
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Jeyaraman. M
|votes = 251,945
|percentage = 36.46
|change = -6.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ravindran. J
|votes = 10,359
|percentage = 1.50
|change = +1.47
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 155,171
|percentage = 22.46
|change = +19.49
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 690,973
|percentage = 60.75
|change = +3.29
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +58.92
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Note: AIADMK, was not part of a coalition, in 1999 election, hence it is a gain for UPA.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[P. Mohan (Madurai politician)|P. Mohan]]
|votes = 414,433
|percentage = 56.01
|change = +12.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = A. K. Bose
|votes = 281,593
|percentage = 38.06
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Sakthivel, P.
|votes = 12,093
|percentage = 1.63
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = [[Subramanian Swamy]]
|votes = 12,009
|percentage = 1.62
|change = -1.11
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 132,840
|percentage = 17.95
|change = +12.99
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 739,937
|percentage = 55.05
|change = +2.64
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +12.22
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Left Front (Tamil Nadu)
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Periyakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Periyakulam]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[J. M. Aaron Rashid]]
|votes = 346,851
|percentage = 49.51
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[T.T.V. Dhinakaran]]
|votes = 325,696
|percentage = 46.49
|change = +0.85
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,155
|percentage = 3.02
|change = -3.86
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 700,603
|percentage = 66.29
|change = +6.93
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +49.51
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Note: AIADMK, was not part of a coalition, in 1999 election, hence it is a gain for UPA.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[K. C. Palanisamy (DMK politician)|K. C. Palanisamy]]
|votes = 450,407
|percentage = 60.43
|change = +15.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Palanichamy, Raja. N
|votes = 259,531
|percentage = 34.82
|change = -10.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jawahar. N
|votes = 14,552
|percentage = 1.95
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 190,876
|percentage = 25.61
|change = +25.22
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 745,342
|percentage = 69.70
|change = +6.76
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +15.42
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Note: AIADMK, was not part of a coalition, in 1999 election, hence it is a gain for UPA.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[L. Ganesan]]
|votes = 450,907
|percentage = 63.59
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Paranjothi. M
|votes = 234,182
|percentage = 33.02
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ravi. P
|votes = 7,831
|percentage = 1.10
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 216,725
|percentage = 30.56
|change = +17.87
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 709,134
|percentage = 59.48
|change = +3.08
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +63.59
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[A. Raja]]
|votes = 389,708
|percentage = 55.01
|change = +7.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Dr. M. Sundaram
|votes = 236,375
|percentage = 33.37
|change = -4.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Ganesan. V
|votes = 47,041
|percentage = 6.64
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jaisankar. K
|votes = 15,935
|percentage = 2.25
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. M. Thatchanamoorthy
|votes = 7,470
|percentage = 1.05
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 153,333
|percentage = 21.64
|change = +11.87
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 708,434
|percentage = 70.88
|change = +5.48
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +7.50
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Mayiladuthurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuthurai]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
|votes = 411,160
|percentage = 59.08
|change = +9.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = O. S. Manian
|votes = 215,469
|percentage = 30.96
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Rajan J.
|votes = 49,124
|percentage = 7.06
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rahmathullah U.
|votes = 8,335
|percentage = 1.20
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 195,691
|percentage = 28.12
|change = +22.00
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 695,889
|percentage = 68.09
|change = +4.48
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +9.60
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagapattinam]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[A. K. S. Vijayan]]
|votes = 463,389
|percentage = 61.66
|change = +12.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Archunan. P J
|votes = 247,166
|percentage = 32.89
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Ramesh. S G M
|votes = 17,090
|percentage = 2.27
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Murugesan. K
|votes = 9,480
|percentage = 1.26
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 216,223
|percentage = 28.77
|change = +25.54
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 751,581
|percentage = 71.65
|change = +5.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +12.50
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[S. S. Palanimanickam]]
|votes = 400,986
|percentage = 56.56
|change = +11.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Thangamuthu. K
|votes = 281,838
|percentage = 39.75
|change = +0.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shahul Hameed. A. R.
|votes = 10,606
|percentage = 1.50
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 119,148
|percentage = 16.81
|change = +11.82
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 708,971
|percentage = 68.78
|change = +5.72
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +11.97
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Pudukkottai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pudukkottai]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[S. Regupathy]]
|votes = 466,133
|percentage = 56.82
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Ravichandran. A
|votes = 309,637
|percentage = 37.75
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nagooran. A
|votes = 10,024
|percentage = 1.22
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M. S. Lion Rajendran
|votes = 9,723
|percentage = 1.19
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 156,496
|percentage = 19.08
|change = +10.84
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 820,300
|percentage = 66.42
|change = +2.32
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +56.82
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
Note: The incumbent party [[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MADMK]] did not contest this seat in 2004. Instead it was contested by its coalition partner from the previous [[1999 Indian general election|1999 elections]] - [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]. Also, this is a gain for the UPA, since MADMK, the incumbent was part of the NDA coalition, while DMK left the NDA for UPA

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[P. Chidambaram]]
|votes = 400,393
|percentage = 60.00
|change = +20.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Karuppiah. S P
|votes = 237,668
|percentage = 34.60
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Subramanian Mutharaiyar. M Arimalam
|votes = 9,709
|percentage = 1.46
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 162,725
|percentage = 24.39
|change = +20.57
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 703,669
|percentage = 62.35
|change = +0.80
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +20.57
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanathapuram]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[M. S. K. Bhavani Rajenthiran]]
|votes = 335,287
|percentage = 49.66
|change = +9.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Murugesan. C
|votes = 225,337
|percentage = 33.38
|change = -8.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Kannappan. S
|votes = 79,507
|percentage = 11.78
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Veeraya. T
|votes = 6,858
|percentage = 1.02
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 109,950
|percentage = 16.29
|change = +15.25
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 675,157
|percentage = 58.83
|change = +1.34
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +9.32
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Note: AIADMK, was not part of a coalition, in 1999 election, hence it is a gain for UPA.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Sivakasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivakasi]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[A. Ravichandran]]
|votes = 469,072
|percentage = 56.44
|change = +15.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Kannan. P
|votes = 304,555
|percentage = 36.64
|change = +4.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Dheepa Valentina. T
|votes = 27,130
|percentage = 3.26
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Venkatesan. K
|votes = 10,156
|percentage = 1.22
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 164,517
|percentage = 19.79
|change = +10.34
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 831,167
|percentage = 63.27
|change = +0.41
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +15.23
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[R. Dhanuskodi Athithan]]
|votes = 370,127
|percentage = 58.39
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = R. Amirtha Ganesan
|votes = 203,052
|percentage = 32.03
|change = -8.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = M. Appavu
|votes = 39,333
|percentage = 6.21
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 167,075
|percentage = 26.36
|change = +22.02
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 633,846
|percentage = 58.35
|change = +3.89
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +58.39
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Note: AIADMK, was not part of a coalition, in 1999 election, hence it is a gain for UPA.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[M. Appadurai]]
|votes = 348,000
|percentage = 48.85
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[S. Murugesan (AIADMK politician)|S. Murugesan]]
|votes = 225,824
|percentage = 31.70
|change = -3.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Dr. K. Krishnasamy
|votes = 101,122
|percentage = 14.19
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M. Vadivel Kumar
|votes = 14,441
|percentage = 2.03
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 122,176
|percentage = 17.15
|change = +17.02
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 712,409
|percentage = 65.68
|change = +0.80
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +48.85
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Left Front (Tamil Nadu)
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Tiruchendur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchendur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[V. Radhika Selvi]]
|votes = 394,484
|percentage = 62.50
|change = +18.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = T. Thamodaran
|votes = 212,803
|percentage = 33.72
|change = +1.05
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 181,681
|percentage = 28.79
|change = +17.83
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 631,124
|percentage = 61.18
|change = +8.83
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +18.89
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Nagercoil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagercoil]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[A. V. Bellarmin]]
|votes = 410,091
|percentage = 60.87
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pon Radhakrishnan|P. Radhakrishnan]]
|votes = 245,797
|percentage = 36.48
|change = -12.94
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 164,294
|percentage = 24.39
|change = +0.97
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 673,716
|percentage = 60.69
|change = +1.90
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +60.87
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Left Front (Tamil Nadu)
|loser = National Democratic Alliance (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2004 Indian general election by state or union territory|Tamil Nadu, Results]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2000s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Results of general elections in India]]

Nawab Majju Khan

2026-04-28T10:50:26Z

DrshivambjpIND:

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter (died 1858)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Shaheede Aazam
| name = Nawab Majiduddin Khan
| image =
| birth_name = Nawab Majiduddin Khan
| death_date = 25 April 1858
| death_place = Galshaheed, [[Moradabad]], India
| resting_place = Moradabad, India
| title = [[Nawab]]
}}

'''[[Nawab]] Majju Khan''' or '''Nawab Majiduddin Khan''' s/o '''Nawab Mohammed Uddin Ahmed Khan''' alias '''Mohammed Mian''' was a rebel and the real Ruler of [[Moradabad]]<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite web |date=1908-06-01 |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India - Mahububabad to Moradabad, Vol 17 by William Wilson Hunter|url=https://archive.org/details/TheImperialGazetteerOfIndia-Volume17/page/n432/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Archives.org |language=en}}</ref> and among the early freedom fighters of India in 1857. He was executed by the British government in 1858.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=रहमान |first=उबैदुर |date=2022-08-14 |title=भुलाई नहीं जा सकती शहीद नवाब मज्जू खां की कुर्बानी, इनके डर से पहाड़ों में छिप गए थे अंग्रेज |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/moradabad-uttar-pradesh-freedom-struggle-of-1857-nawab-majju-khan-raised-voice-against-british-ann-2191806 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=झंडारोहण के बाद नवाब मज्जू खां की मजार पर चादरपोशी की |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-nawab-majju-khan-39-s-mausoleum-was-draped-after-the-flag-hoisting-8580131.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

== Life ==
In 1857, Nawab Majju Khan of Moradabad, who served as the commander of the last [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], achieved a significant victory over the British army. Fearing Majju Khan, the British were forced to retreat and seek refuge in the hills of Nainital. However, in 1858, the British launched another attack on Moradabad with the assistance of the [[Rampur State|Nawab of Rampur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lacy |first=Lisa McCracken |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HqCLDwAAQBAJ&dq=nawab+majju+khan&pg=PA132 |title=Lady Anne Blunt in the Middle East: Travel, Politics and the Idea of Empire |date=2017-03-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85773-833-2 |language=en}}</ref> Despite putting up a brave fight once again,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRo1AQAAIAAJ&q=nawab+majju+khan |title=Medieval and Modern India |date=2009 |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli |language=en}}</ref> Nawab Majju Khan was unable to emerge victorious this time.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SxuAAAAMAAJ&q=nawab+majju+khan |title=1857 in the Muslim Historiography |date=2007 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1970-9 |language=en}}</ref> Tragically, under General Jone's brigade, he was hanged<ref name="archive.org"/> and martyred on April 25, 1858 by the [[British Armed Forces|British forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=हमेशा याद रहेंगे मुरादाबाद के आजादी के दीवाने नवाब मज्जू खां, पढ़ें नवाब मज्जू खां की शौर्य गाथा - Will always be remembered Nawab Majju Khan the freedom lover of Moradabad read the heroic story of Nawab Majju Khan |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-will-always-be-remembered-nawab-majju-khan-the-freedom-lover-of-moradabad-read-the-heroic-story-of-nawab-majju-khan-21913695.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-12 |title=15 AUGUST 2018: आजादी के इस नायक ने अंग्रेजों को शहर से खदेड़ा था,लेकिन गद्दारों की थी फिर ये हरकत {{!}} 15 august 2018 nabab majju khan story for freedom |url=https://www.patrika.com/moradabad-news/15-august-2018-nabab-majju-khan-story-for-freedom-1-3247018 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=मुरादाबाद: नवाब मज्जू खां ने चटाई थी अंग्रेजों को धूल |url=https://www.amritvichar.com/article/259007/moradabad-nawab-majju-khan-had-made-the-british-dust |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.amritvichar.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-16 |title=UP: Samajwadi Party MP ST Hasan forgets words to national anthem during flag hoisting ceremony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/samajwadi-party-mp-st-hasan-forgets-words-to-national-anthem-during-flag-hoisting-ceremony-on-independence-day/articleshow/85362806.cms |access-date=2024-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Execution ==
Following the execution of Nawab Majju Khan, the British authorities sought to instill fear in the residents of Moradabad by attaching his body to an elephant and parading it through the city streets.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qureshi |first=Hamid Afaq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ5uAAAAMAAJ&q=nawab+majju+khan |title=Glimpses of Deccan and Awadh: 1193-1976 : Essays and Translations |date=2006 |publisher=New Royal Book Company |isbn=978-81-89267-03-2 |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, his remains were interred in Imli tree,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-08-16 |title=ملک کی آزادی میں اپنی جان قربان کرنے والے نواب مجوں خاں |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/uttar-pradesh/freedom-fighter-nawab-majju-khan-mazar-in-moradabad/na20200816164132399 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ur}}</ref> situated near the Puttan Shaheed Masjid. Suspended from a tree, the tamarind tree in the graveyard continues to serve as a poignant reminder of their sacrifice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moradabad News: नवाब मज्जू खां की शहादत को नहीं भूलेंगे देशवासी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/countrymen-will-not-forget-the-martyrdom-of-nawab-majju-khan-moradabad-news-c-15-1-mbd1014-216875-2023-08-10 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahnawaz |date=2022-08-12 |title=Independence Day 2022: शहीदे-ए-आजम नवाब मज्जू खां की शहादत और ऐतिहासिक इमली का पेड़ {{!}} News Track in Hindi |url=https://newstrack.com/uttar-pradesh/martyrdom-of-shaheed-e-azam-nawab-majju-khan-and-historical-tamarind-tree-story-independence-day-2022-330687 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=newstrack.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The Swatantra Sangram Senani Bhavan stands in the Civil Lines area, serving as a tribute to those who fought in Moradabad. Additionally, within the Company Bagh, there is a Martyr Memorial and a gate was erected in honor of Nawab Majju Khan.<ref name="auto"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=6fpaEAAAQBAJ Lady Anne Blunt in the Middle East: Travel, Politics and the Idea of Empire]
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Nawab Majju}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:Rebels from British India]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:People from Moradabad]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

Sugandha, Hooghly

2026-04-27T23:18:29Z

DrshivambjpIND: Adding Basic Stub Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
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| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712248 (Rishra)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03213
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chunchura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chunchura]]
| website = {{URL|http://hooghly.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sugandha''' is a [[village]] and a [[gram panchayat]] in [[Polba Dadpur]] CD Block in [[Chinsurah subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Demographics==
At the [[2011 Census of India]], Sugandha had a total population of 2,250 of which 1,104 (49%) were males and 1,146 (51%) were females. The population below 6 years of age was 169. The total number of literates in Sugandha was 1,828 (87.84% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 4 July 2017}}</ref>

==Transport==
Sugandha stands at the crossing of [[State Highway 13 (West Bengal)]] (also known as Delhi Road in the area) and Chunchura-Dhaniakhali Road.<ref>Google maps</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 4 July 2017}}</ref>

It is 4 km from [[Chuchura]] railway station.

==Education==
Bengal School of Technology was established in 2006 at Sugandha. It offers undergraduate and post graduate courses in pharmacy.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]
{{Hooghly-geo-stub}}

M. Sundar

2026-04-24T20:38:10Z

DrshivambjpIND: new first stub w/ refs!

{{Short description|10th Chief Justice of Manipur High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Sundar
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Manipur High Court|10th Chief Justice]] of [[Manipur High Court]]
| term_start = 15 September 2025
| status =
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[B. R. Gavai]]
| predecessor = [[K. Somashekar]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start2 = 5 October 2016
| term_end2 = 14 September 2025
| nominator2 = [[T. S. Thakur]]
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|7|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Madras Law College]]
| education =
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice
}}
'''M. Sundar''' (born 19 July 1966) is an Indian judge who is currently serving as the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Manipur High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-15 |title=M Sundar sworn in as chief justice of Manipur high court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/m-sundar-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-manipur-high-court-101757922883342.html |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He has previously served as a judge of the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Court |first=Madras High |title=Madras High Court |url=https://hcmadras.tn.gov.in/present_judges.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428092245/https://hcmadras.tn.gov.in/present_judges.php |archive-date=2025-04-28 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=hcmadras.tn.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Sundar was born on 19 July 1966 in [[Chennai]]. He did his graduation in law from [[Madras Law College]] and he belonged to the first batch of 5 years integrated Law Course. He was enrolled as an advocate in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-11 |title=SC Collegium Recommends Justices P.B. Bajanthri, Soumen Sen, and M. Sundar as Chief Justices of Patna, Meghalaya, and Manipur High Courts - Law Trend |url=https://lawtrend.in/sc-collegium-recommends-justices-p-b-bajanthri-soumen-sen-and-m-sundar-as-chief-justices-of-patna-meghalaya-and-manipur-high-courts/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He practiced as an advocate primarily in the Madras High Court mostly on the matters of civil side.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-13 |title=Justice M. Sundar Appointed as Chief Justice of Manipur High Court - Law Trend |url=https://lawtrend.in/justice-m-sundar-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-manipur-high-court/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was appointed as Judge of [[Madras High Court]] on 5 October 2016 and has been serving there since. He is also serving as executive chairman of Madras State Legal Services Authority since 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-18 |title=Justice M. Sundar nominated as Executive Chairman of Legal Services Authority |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/justice-m-sundar-nominated-as-executive-chairman-of-legal-services-authority/article69590079.ece |access-date=2025-09-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 11 September 2025 Supreme Court Collegium led by CJI [[B. R. Gavai]] recommended him to be appointed as Chief Justice of [[Manipur High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-09-11 |title=Supreme Court Collegium recommends Justice M Sundar as Chief Justice of Manipur High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-justice-m-sundar-as-chief-justice-of-manipur-high-court |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> and government cleared his appointment on shortly<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-13 |title=Madras HC Judge Justice M. Sundar to be next Chief Justice Of Manipur High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madras-hc-judge-justice-m-sundar-to-be-next-chief-justice-of-manipur-high-court/article70046800.ece |access-date=2025-09-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and he took oath as Chief Justice of Manipur High Court on 15 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-09-15 |title=Justice M Sundar takes oath as Chief Justice of Manipur High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/justice-m-sundar-takes-oath-as-chief-justice-of-manipur-high-court/article70051756.ece |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundar, M.}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of Manipur High Court]]

Meerut South RRTS station

2026-04-24T08:28:12Z

DrshivambjpIND:

{{Short description|RapidX's Delhi–Meerut terminal RRTS cum Meerut Metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:A10 Meerut South RRTS station.svg|40px]] Meerut South
| type = {{RapidX Infobox station line|line=Delhi–Meerut}}
| style = RapidX
| image = Meerut South RRTS station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Meerut South RRTS station
| address = NH 34, Bhood Baral, Uttar Pradesh 250103
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|28.90388|N|77.63203|E|display=inline}}
| elevation =
| line = {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut|croute}} RRTS {{rcb|Meerut Metro|Blue|croute}} MRTS
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] [[Island platform]] (P2 & P3) Platform-1 → {{stl|RapidX|Modipuram}} Platforms-2 & 3 → {{stl|RapidX|Sarai Kale Khan}}
| levels = 2
| tracks = 3
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Two-Wheeler & Four-Wheeler Parking
| opened = {{start date and age|2024|08|18|df=y}}<ref name="ITV">{{cite web|title=Rapid railway to run between Delhi NCR to Meerut from today–Know details|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/rapid-rail-to-run-between-delhi-ncr-to-meerut-from-today-rrts-ncrtc-noida-ghaziabad-sahibabad-know-fare-details-2024-08-18-947448|work=India TV|date=18 August 2024|access-date=18 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>
| opening =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| owned = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| operator = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| status = Operational
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=RapidX|line1=Delhi–Meerut|left1=Modinagar North|right1=Shatabdi Nagar|to-right1=Modipuram}}{{Adjacent stations|system=Meerut Metro|line1=Blue|right1=Partapur}}
| pass_system =
| route_map = {{Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System}}{{Meerut Metro Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #FFFA4A
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Meerut South RRTS station'''<ref>{{cite web |title=DELHI-Ghaziabad-Meerut MAP |url=https://ncrtc.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/RevisedDELHI-Ghaziabad-Meerut-MAP.jpg |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=ncrtc.in}}</ref> is a station of the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] and [[Meerut Metro]] located in the [[Partapur, Uttar Pradesh|Partapur]] town of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. This is the first RRTS station in [[Meerut]] for higher-speed trains on the Delhi–Meerut RRTS that can reach speeds of up to 180 km/h. The section Duhai-Meerut South was opened on 18 August 2024, as an extension of the existing 34-km Sahibabad-Modinagar North stretch of the RRTS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=RRTS: Train Services Likely To Begin On 17km Stretch From Duhai to Modinagar Soon |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/city/ghaziabad/rrts-train-services-likely-to-begin-on-17km-stretch-from-duhai-to-modinagar-soon-article-108121517 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=17km of RRTS line from Duhai to Modinagar to be ready for operations soon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/17km-of-rrts-line-from-duhai-to-modinagar-to-be-ready-for-operations-soon-101709230358129.html |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ITV"/>

== History ==
The [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC) had invited tenders for the construction of the [https://meerutmetro.in/meerut-south-metro-station-rrts-rapid-rail-namo-bharat Meerut South RRTS station] along with the 21.5 km long Murad Nagar–Meerut South section of the 82.15 km Delhi-Meerut RRTS line. [[Larsen and Toubro|L&T Heavy Civil Infrastructure]] emerged as the lowest bidder for construction work. Under the agreement, companies started construction of Meerut South RRTS station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCRTC completes 25-km viaduct of new section of Delhi-Meerut RRTS Corridor {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/ncrtc-completes-25-km-viaduct-of-new-section-of-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
The Meerut South RRTS station has three levels - platform, concourse and street level. The station is be 215 meters long and 26 meters wide. The rail tracks as the viaduct is situated at a height of 24 meters above the ground level.

{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = [[File:A10 Meerut South RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] Meerut South track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map1 = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[File:A13 Shatabdi Nagar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Shatabdi Nagar}} **
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[File:A09 Modinagar North RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Modinagar North}}
vCONTgfe
| map2 =
HSTf\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[File:A09 Modinagar North RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Modinagar North}}
*'''P2'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P3'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[File:A09 Modinagar North RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Modinagar North}}
HSTf\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with three tracks <nowiki>|</nowiki> One Side & Island platform '''** Under Construction and ''Future Service'''''</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="100" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street Level
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/ Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
| rowspan="5" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:left;" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Towards → Train Terminates Here ''(To be further extended to [[File:A21 Modipuram RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] '''{{stl|RapidX|Modipuram}}''' in the future)''
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
| width="500" |Towards ← [[File:A01 New Ashok Nagar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] {{stl|RapidX|New Ashok Nagar}} '''Next Station:''' [[File:A09 Modinagar North RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Modinagar North}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]] | '''P2''' Doors will open on the left | '''P3''' Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 3''' '''Westbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← [[File:A01 New Ashok Nagar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] {{stl|RapidX|New Ashok Nagar}} '''Next Station:''' [[File:A09 Modinagar North RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Modinagar North}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="100" valign="top" |
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" valign="top" |
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{RapidX|Delhi–Meerut=yes}}

[[Category:National Capital Region (India)]]

Ram Chandra Singh Pradhan

2026-04-20T09:24:45Z

DrshivambjpIND: creating new bio.

{{Short description|Indian Politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Chandra Singh Pradhan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|11|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| constituency = ''Lucknow Unnao Local Authorities''
| constituency2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| term_start = 2022
| predecessor = [[Sunil Singh Yadav]]
}}

''' Ram Chandra Singh Pradhan ''' (born 10 November 1967) is an [[Indian politician]] and a [[member of Legislative Council]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] of India. Pradhan was elected as [[Member of Legislative Council]] from [[Lucknow]]-[[Unnao]] seat in 2022.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/bjp-registers-thumping-victory-in-uttar-pradesh-mlc-polls-wins-33-seats/articleshow/90797841.cms| title= BJP registers thumping victory in Uttar Pradesh MLC polls, wins 33 of 36 seats | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | first=Arvind | last=Chauhan | date=12 April 2022 | accessdate=1 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-up-mlc-election-result-bjp-big-victory-in-lucknow-ramchandra-pradhan-defeated-sp-sunil-sajan-to-become-mlc-6244405.html| title= UP MLC Election Result: लखनऊ में बीजेपी की बड़ी जीत, रामचंद्र प्रधान सपा के सुनील साजन को हराकर बने एमएलसी | newspaper= [[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/lucknow-ramchandra-pradhan-of-bjp-won-by-3088-votes-defeating-outgoing-mlc-sunil-kumar-singh-sajan| title= लखनऊ : 3088 वोट से जीते भाजपा के रामचंद्र प्रधान, निवर्तमान एमएलसी सुनील कुमार सिंह साजन की करारी हार | newspaper=[[Amar Ujala]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.inextlive.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/bjp-39-s-ramchandra-pradhan-won-by-3088-votes-1649784308| title= बीजेपी के रामचंद्र प्रधान 3088 वोट से जीते}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ram Chandra Pradhan was born in Bhagwati Prasad Singh's house on 10 November 1967 in the Gram Sabha Dhanewa of District Lucknow. His father was a farmer by profession. He completed his primary education at the village government school. After that, he enrolled in Lucknow University to complete his graduation in Bachelor of Arts. Due to his early interest in politics, he entered into student politics and contested the election of General Secretary in 1986 and won by a large margin of votes.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-up-mlc-election-2022-result-bjp-candidate-ramchandra-pradhan-wins-from-lucknow-unnao-seat-22620709.html | title= UP MLC Election 2022 Result: लखनऊ उन्नाव सीट रामचंद्र प्रधान जीते, एलयू से शुरू की थी राजनीत‍ि | newspaper=[[Dainik Jagran]]
}}</ref>

After student life, he made his full debut in active politics, and from 1999 to 2003, was the district president of Bahujan Samaj Party from Lucknow district.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/malihabad/news/farmers-come-from-family-mlc-was-also-made-in-mayawati-government-got-the-status-of-minister-of-state-129650349.html| title= मलिहाबाद के रहने वाले रामचंद्र प्रधान बने एमएलसी:किसान परिवार से आते हैं, मायावती सरकार में भी बने थे एमएलसी, मिला था राज्यमंत्री का दर्जा | newspaper=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

He was the mandal coordinator of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] from 2003 to 2012, and was in charge of Bundelkhand from 2003 to 2008. Also, he has been the chairman of PCF from 2009 to 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/bjp-candidate-ramchandra-pradhan-win-on-lucknow-unnao-mlc-seat/articleshow/90797315.cms| title= Lucknow- Unnao MLC Result: अखिलेश के करीबी नेता सुनील सिंह साजन भी निपटे, लखनऊ-उन्नाव सीट पर बीजेपी ने खिलाया कमल | newspaper=[[Navbharat Times]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Ram Chandra Singh}}
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Brij Kishore Kuthiala

2026-04-19T00:54:49Z

DrshivambjpIND: done

{{Short description|Indian education administrator}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prof. Brij Kishore Kuthiala
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Brij Kishore Kuthiala is chairman of Haryana State Higher Education Council
| order =
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| president =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| order3 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| birth_name =
| party =
| spouse =
| partner = 
| relations =
| children =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Professor, Vice-Chancellor
| profession = Teaching, Administration
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

Prof. '''Brij Kishore Kuthiala''' is chairman of Haryana State Higher Education Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governing Body |url=https://hshec.org/welcome/gBody |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=hshec.org |language=en}}</ref> He has also served as Vice-Chancellor, [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication]], [[Bhopal]]. He has been conferred Honorary D.Litt. by [[Maharshi Dayanand University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary D.Litt. conferred on Prof. B. K. Kuthiala |url=http://www.uniindia.net/honorary-d-litt-conferred-on-prof-bk-kuthiala/states/news/851109.html}}</ref> He is trained at Film & Television Institute of India, Pune and Indian Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi. He is trustee of Bharatiya Chitra Sadhna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trustees – Bharatiya Chitra Sadhna |url=https://chitrabharati.org/trustees/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Book==
* Makhan Lal Chaturvedi: Hindi ke Ananya Sewak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatavani is a project with an objective of delivering knowledge in and about all the languages in India using multimedia (i.e., text, audio, video, images) formats through a portal (website) |url=https://bharatavani.in/bharatavani/home/book?id=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%20:%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%20%7C%20Makhanlal%20Chaturvedi%20:%20Hindi%20Ke%20Ananya%20Sevak |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=bharatavani.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuthiala, Brij Kishore}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Kurukshetra University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Writers from Haryana]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Scholars from Haryana]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Aghunato Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:32:16Z

DrshivambjpIND: Starting a data - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Aghunato Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Aghunato
| type = SLA
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| district = [[Zunheboto district|Zünheboto]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 34
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[G. Ikuto Zhimomi]]
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:16040}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Aghunato''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Zünheboto district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023 it is represented by [[G. Ikuto Zhimomi]] of the [[Naga People's Front]].<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028|5}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || rowspan=3 | Iheze Sema || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Kihoto || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Kineto Hollehon || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || K. Kihoto Hollohon
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Pukhayi
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=4 | Tokheho Yepthomi
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=2 | Pukhayi<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3646-nagaland-2013/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=election2018/> || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[G. Ikuto Zhimomi]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aghunato<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Ikuto Zhimomi]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=7,133 |percentage=52.04% |change=-3.93%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hukiye N. Tissica|party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|votes=6,541|percentage=47.72%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=32|percentage=0.23%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=592 |percentage=4.32% |change=-8.11% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=13,706|percentage=85.45%|change=8.63%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,040 |change =7.79% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |swing= -3.93% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aghunato<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukhayi |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=6,399 |percentage=55.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hukiye N. Tissica |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,978 |percentage=43.54% |change=-9.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=55 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,421 |percentage=12.43% |change=6.60% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,432 |percentage=76.82% |change= -11.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,881 |change =0.70% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 3.10% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aghunato<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukhayi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=6,902 |percentage=52.87% |change=5.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hukiye N. Tissica |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,141 |percentage=47.04% |change=-6.64% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=761 |percentage=5.83% |change=-0.11% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,054 |percentage=88.34% |change= -0.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,777 |change =0.80% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.81% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aghunato<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokheho Yepthomi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,997 |percentage=53.69% |change=-0.87% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukhayi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=6,223 |percentage=47.75% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=774 |percentage=5.94% |change=-3.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,033 |percentage=90.18% |change= 11.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,659 |change =41.33% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.87% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aghunato<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokheho Yepthomi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,363 |percentage=54.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukhayi |party=Nationalist Democratic Movement |votes=3,608 |percentage=45.12% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=755 |percentage=9.44% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,997 |percentage=77.10% |change= 77.10% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,372 |change =5.19% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.28% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aghunato<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Tokheho Yepthomi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,860 |change =20.94% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aghunato}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokheho Yepthomi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,885 |percentage=54.83% |change=0.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tohevi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,200 |percentage=45.17% |change=-0.85% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=685 |percentage=9.67% |change=1.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,085 |percentage=87.56% |change= -0.82% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,153 |change =38.68% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.85% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aghunato}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukhayi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,780 |percentage=53.98% |change=19.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihokhe |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,370 |percentage=46.02% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=410 |percentage=7.96% |change=4.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,150 |percentage=88.38% |change= -4.17% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,879 |change =0.00% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 19.15% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aghunato}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kihoto Hollohon|K. Kihoto Hollohon]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,872 |percentage=34.83% |change=0.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nihokhe|party=Naga National Democratic Party|votes=1,697|percentage=31.57%|change=10.72%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pukhayi|party=Independent politician|votes=1,175|percentage=21.86%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kakiya|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=631|percentage=11.74%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=175 |percentage=3.26% |change=-7.83% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=5,375|percentage=92.55%|change=3.26%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,879 |change =-9.94% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.36% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aghunato}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kihoto Hollohon|K. Kihoto Hollohon]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,980 |percentage=34.46% |change=21.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Akato|party=Independent politician|votes=1,343|percentage=23.38%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khazhe Zhimoni|party=Independent politician|votes=1,224|percentage=21.31%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nihakha|party=Naga National Democratic Party|votes=1,198|percentage=20.85%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=637 |percentage=11.09% |change=-18.02% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=5,745|percentage=89.29%|change=0.86%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,528 |change =-5.95% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= -23.66% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aghunato}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kihoto Hollohon|K. Kihoto Hollohon]] |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=3,509 |percentage=58.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shetovi|party=National Convention of Nagaland|votes=1,752|percentage=29.02%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khehoto|party=Indian National Congress|votes=776|percentage=12.85%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,757 |percentage=29.10% |change=4.02% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=6,037|percentage=88.43%|change=3.65%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,941 |change =13.71% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= -4.41% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aghunato}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Iheze Sema |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=3,137 |percentage=62.54% |change=-7.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Visheto Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=1,879 |percentage=37.46% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,258 |percentage=25.08% |change=-20.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,016 |percentage=84.78% |change= 10.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,104 |change =23.81% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= -7.50% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1969 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aghunato}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Iheze Sema |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,544 |percentage=70.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Hukato Yepdihomi |party=Independent politician |votes=876 |percentage=24.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avito Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=212 |percentage=5.84% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,668 |percentage=45.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,632 |percentage=74.08% |change= 74.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,930 |change =18.80% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1964 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Aghunato}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Iheze Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,150 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Zunheboto district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|25.95|94.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Zünheboto district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

Palia Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:31Z

DrshivambjpIND: creating new bio

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palia
| constituency_no = 137
| map_image = 137-Palia.svg
| mla = [[Harvindar Kumar Sahani]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 317,617 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Palia Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Kheri Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1962 after the "DPACO (1961)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1961.<ref name="DPACO (1961)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1961)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=17 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-61.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 137.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 17 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/palia.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=December 17, 2015 |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm |archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Palia Assembly constituency is Palia Tehsil; KC Kukra & Forest Area of Gola Gokrannath Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | - || Mar-1952 || Mar-1957 || 1,849 || rowspan="2" | Constituency not in existence || <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Chheda Lal Chaudhary || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || - ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | - || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || rowspan="2" | Constituency not in existence || <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || Chheda Lal Chaudhary || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Nanga Ram || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || Chheda Lal Chaudhary || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || Nanga Ram || [[Lok Dal]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Chheda Lal Chaudhary || [[Indian National Congress]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Ram Saran || [[Janata Dal]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Shashi Bala Bharti || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || Moti Lal || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Rajesh Kumar || rowspan="3" | [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] ||rowspan="3"|[[Harvindar Kumar Sahani]] || Mar-2012 || Mar 2017 || 1,805 || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]||Mar 2017 || Mar 2022 ||-||-||<ref name=" 2017 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=Palia Election Results 2017|publisher=elections.in| access-date=4 November 2018|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/palia.html}}</ref>
|-
| 18 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar 2022 || Incumbent || || ||
|-
|}

==Election result==
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Palia}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[Harvindar Kumar Sahani]]
| votes = 55,460
| percentage = 27.29
| change = -
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Krishna Gopal Patel
| votes = 49,541
| percentage = 24.37
| change = -
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Vinod Tiwari
| votes = 23,500
| percentage = 11.56
| change = -
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
| party =
| candidate = Remainder 18 candidates
| votes = 74,753
| percentage = 36.78
| change = -
}}{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,919
| percentage = 2.91
| change = -
}}{{Election box turnout
| votes = 203,254
| percentage = 63.99
| change = -
}}{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Palia<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Harvinder Kumar Sahni Alias Romi Sahni
|votes = {{formatnum:118864}}
|percentage = 50.2
|change = -0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Pritinder Singh Kakku
|votes = {{formatnum:80735}}
|percentage = 34.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Jakir Husain
|votes = {{formatnum:27849}}
|percentage = 11.76
|change = -6.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rishal Ahamad
|votes = {{formatnum:4514}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change = -19.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2010}}
|percentage = 0.85
|change = -0.05
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38129}}
|percentage = 16.1
|change = -13.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:236794}}
|percentage = 65.68
|change = -2.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Palia<ref name="2017 Election Results"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Harvinder Kumar Sahani
|votes = {{formatnum:118069}}
|percentage = 50.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Saif Ali Naqvi
|votes = {{formatnum:48841}}
|percentage = 21.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Virendra Kumar Agarwal
|votes = {{formatnum:43436}}
|percentage = 18.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Kisan Majdoor Party
|candidate = Ramnaresh
|votes = {{formatnum:7795}}
|percentage = 3.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2077}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:69228}}
|percentage = 29.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:231799}}
|percentage = 68.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

*[[Kheri Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Lakhimpur Kheri district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Lakhimpur Kheri district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Ajoy Edwards

2026-04-14T15:40:53Z

DrshivambjpIND: Starting info - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox bio
| image =
| caption = Ajoy Edwards from Darjeeling Hills
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|05|09}}
| birth_place = [[Darjeeling]], India
}}

'''Ajoy Edwards''' is a politician from [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]]. He is the founder and president of the regional political party [[Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front]]. He is owner of the famous Glenary's restaurant in Darjeeling. Edwards is in local governance and advocates for development in the Darjeeling hills.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhetri |first=Vivek |date=1 September 2024 |title=Parleys on for new party for Gorkhaland with Ajoy Edwards being projected as the leader |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/parleys-on-for-new-party-for-gorkhaland-with-ajoy-edwards-being-projected-as-the-leader/cid/2044963 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2024-03-28 |title=Lok Sabha elections {{!}} Darjeeling's Harmro Party chief Ajoy Edwards joins Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/lok-sabha-elections-darjeelings-harmro-party-chief-ajoy-edwards-joins-congress/article68002675.ece |access-date=2024-09-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhetri |first=Vivek |date=22 May 2024 |title=Ajoy Edwards offers legal aid in Madan Tamang's case: 2010 murder of hill leader remains explosive |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/ajoy-edwards-offers-legal-aid-in-madan-tamangs-case-2010-murder-of-hill-leader-remains-explosive/cid/2021537 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edwards, Ajoy}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Politicians from Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

Vikram Sood

2026-04-13T22:29:43Z

DrshivambjpIND: Adding New Article W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian intelligence officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vikram Sood
| order = [[Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Vikram Sood (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| predecessor = [[A. S. Dulat]]
| successor = [[C. D. Sahay]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) 
| profession = [[Spymaster]]
| term_start = 2000
| term_end = 2003
| Political party =
}}
'''Vikram Sood''' is an Indian [[bureaucrat]], former [[spymaster]] and the former [[Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing|head]] of [[India]]'s foreign [[intelligence agency]], the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW), and an advisor to the [[Observer Research Foundation]], an independent public policy think tank in New Delhi. Mr Vikram Sood is the First Secretary (R) to be from the RAS (RAW Allied Services) cadre in its more than four-decade history. Sood was an officer of the [[Indian Postal Service|Indian Postal Service (IPoS)]] before he joined the intelligence organisation R&AW and later served as its secretary from 2000 to 2003. He retired as a career intelligence officer with 31 years of service on 31 March 2003.

He was trained under the mentorship of [[B. Raman]] and interviewed by R&AW's founding secretary [[R.N. Kao]] during induction. He is the author of the book ''[[The Unending Game|The Unending Game: A Former R&AW Chief's Insights into Espionage]]'' published in 2018, which according to Sood is not a memoir but a beginner's guide to intelligence and [[espionage]].

==Education==
Sood studied at [[St. Columba's School, Delhi]]. He then completed his [[B.A.]] (Hons.) and an [[M.A.]] in Economics from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]].<ref name=orfonline />

==Career==
Sood was an officer of the [[Indian Postal Service|Indian Postal Service (IPoS)]], a part of [[Civil Services of India|India's civil services]], and was moved into the Research and Analysis Service (RAS) cadre in 1966.<ref name="RAW hand">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02spec3.htm|title=A RAW hand|last=Kutty|first=C K|date=2 February 2005|website=Rediff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180621/https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02spec3.htm|archive-date=9 February 2019|access-date=28 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/12/15/stories/0215000k.htm|title=Vikram Sood, new RAW chief|date=13 December 2000|agency=Press Trust of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106093652/https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/12/15/stories/0215000k.htm|archive-date=6 January 2019|url-status=dead|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> In a personal tribute in [[Rediff.com|Rediff]], Sood says his mentor was [[B. Raman]], one of the founders of R&AW.<ref name="RamanTribute">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/a-personal-tribute-and-salute-to-b-raman/20130617.htm|title=A personal tribute and salute to B Raman|last=Sood|first=Vikram|date=17 June 2013|website=Rediff|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116010427/http://www.rediff.com/news/column/a-personal-tribute-and-salute-to-b-raman/20130617.htm|archive-date=16 November 2016|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> He became familiar with Raman in 1972, when he was assigned to understudy his role and later to take over from him until 1974.<ref name="RamanTribute" /> Sood was asked to take over charge from Raman once again in 1983, and on a final occasion on Raman's retirement in 1994.<ref name="RamanTribute" />

Sood's appointment was different from others, as he became a R&AW chief without having served as a police officer.<ref name="How_RAW">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/raw-rn-kao-indira-gandhi-26-11-ak-verma-rajinder-khanna-ib/story/1/13054.html|title=How RAW, India's intelligence agency, fared under 21 spymasters in 48 years|last=Yadav|first=RK|date=22 September 2016|website=DailyO|publisher=India Today Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180546/https://www.dailyo.in/politics/raw-rn-kao-indira-gandhi-26-11-ak-verma-rajinder-khanna-ib/story/1/13054.html|archive-date=9 February 2019|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> Sood had replaced S Sunderrajan who was an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of the Delhi cadre.<ref name="RAW hand" /> Sood served as the head of R&AW after taking over from [[A. S. Dulat|A.S. Dulat]] from 2000 to 2003 during the period when [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] was the Prime Minister of India.<ref name="Andrew North">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20590302|title=Why al-Qaeda finds no recruits in India|last=North|first=Andrew|date=4 December 2012|publisher=BBC}}</ref> He retired as a career intelligence officer with 31 years of service on 31 March 2003.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/governance/from-upsc-to-raw-chief-indian-postal-service-officers-keep-beating-ias-ips-to-top-posts/157582/|title=From UPSC to RAW chief, Indian postal service officers keep beating IAS, IPS to top posts|last=Dutta|first=Amrita Nayak|date=2 December 2018|work=The Print|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106083028/https://theprint.in/governance/from-upsc-to-raw-chief-indian-postal-service-officers-keep-beating-ias-ips-to-top-posts/157582/|archive-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> As the chief of R&AW he was the designated [[Secretary (R)]] and also the director general of security.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/21spec.htm|title=Who will succeed RAW chief Vikram Sood?|website=Rediff|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106092855/https://m.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/21spec.htm|archive-date=6 January 2019|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref>

As of 2019, Sood has been acting as an advisor to the [[Observer Research Foundation]], an independent public policy think tank in New Delhi.<ref name="orfonline">{{cite web|url=http://orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/html/aboutus/profiles/vikramsood.html|title=Vikram Sood|website=Observer Research Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101182757/http://orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/html/aboutus/profiles/vikramsood.html|archive-date=1 January 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref> He writes regularly on national security, foreign relations and strategic issues.<ref name="ORF">{{cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/people-expert/vikram-sood/|title=Vikram Sood|last1=People|website=Observer Research Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212135314/https://www.orfonline.org/people-expert/vikram-sood/|archive-date=12 February 2019|access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref>

==Views==
===Pakistan===
At the event for his book launch, ''The Unending Game'', Sood said that the [[Pakistan Army]] is the "largest corporate entity in Pakistan" and that [[Kashmir]] is being used by the Pakistan Army merely as a justification to maintain power in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/security/pakistans-army-is-a-corporate-entity-that-supplies-heroin-all-over-country-former-raw-chief/98316/|title=Pakistan's army is a corporate entity that supplies heroin all over country: Former R&AW chief|date=14 August 2018|work=The Print|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106090605/https://theprint.in/security/pakistans-army-is-a-corporate-entity-that-supplies-heroin-all-over-country-former-raw-chief/98316/|archive-date=6 January 2019|agency=PTI}}</ref><ref name="News18_Excuse">{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kashmir-is-an-excuse-for-pakistan-army-to-control-pakistan-former-raw-chief-vikram-sood-1843903.html|title=Kashmir Is An Excuse For Pakistan Army To Control Pakistan: Former RAW Chief Vikram Sood|last=Kumar|first=Aishwarya|date=14 August 2018|work=News18|access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref> Sood takes a [[hardline]] stance, saying that Pakistan would need to "shut the machinery of terrorism" and provide proof that changes are happening for dialogue to happen.<ref name="DNA_2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-former-raw-chief-vikram-sood-wrong-time-for-pak-talks-2653468|title=Former RAW chief Vikram Sood: Wrong time for Pak talks|date=23 August 2018|work=dna |first1=Siddhant |last1=Sibbal |access-date=11 February 2019|language=en}}</ref> In 2016 he had voiced similar opinions, stating that dialogue with Pakistan is pointless and that unless Pakistan changes its approach, dialogue between the two countries should not happen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/talks-useless-until-pakistan-changes-it-attitude-ex-raw-chief-vikram-sood-3063318/|title=Talks useless until Pakistan changes it attitude: Ex-RAW chief Vikram Sood|date=4 October 2016|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|agency=Asian News International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221094355/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/talks-useless-until-pakistan-changes-it-attitude-ex-raw-chief-vikram-sood-3063318/|archive-date=21 December 2016|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref>

In relation to [[Kulbhushan Jadhav]], an Indian national who is in Pakistan's custody since March 2016 and is being tried by a military court on alleged charges of being a R&AW agent, Sood says that Pakistan has no "leverage" over India because of this matter. In an interview in 2019 he stated, "No spy worth his salt will be caught with his passport. The charges against him are laughable."<ref name="Firstpost_interview">{{cite news |title=Pakistan lacks leverage over India on Kulbhushan Jadhav, no spy worth his salt will be caught with passport: ex-R&AW chief Vikram Sood |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/pakistan-lacks-leverage-over-india-on-kulbhushan-jadhav-no-spy-worth-his-salt-will-be-caught-with-passport-ex-raw-chief-vikram-sood-5893051.html |first1= Sreemoy |last1=Talukdar |date= January 14, 2019 |access-date=11 February 2019 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>

===China===
When it comes to [[China–Pakistan relations|China-Pakistan]] links, Sood is of the opinion that China takes actions such as supporting Pakistan in the [[United Nations Security Council|UNSC]] in relation to [[Masood Azhar]] because of fear of retaliation from Islamic groups in [[Xinjiang]] (an autonomous region in China which partly borders Pakistan) other than of course protecting their interests in [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] in relation to [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor|CPEC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/180219/india-must-spend-more-on-intelligence-says-ex-raw-chief-vikram-sood.html|title=India must spend more on intelligence, says Ex-RAW chief Vikram Sood|last=Suares|first=Coreena|date=18 February 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pulwama-attack-not-handiwork-of-single-man-says-ex-raw-chief/articleshow/68036674.cms|title=Pulwama attack not handiwork of single man, says Ex-RAW chief|date=17 February 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=10 March 2019|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/surgical-strikes-in-pok-open-up-several-valid-options-to-keep-pakistan-in-check/articleshow/54598987.cms?from=mdr|title=Surgical strikes in PoK open up several valid options to keep Pakistan in check|last=Sood|first=Vikram|date=12 July 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref> When it comes to just China, Sood says that the capabilities of China are much more than Pakistan and that India should take note.<ref name="DNA_2018" /> This statement was made during a seminar on 17 February 2019, three days after the [[2019 Pulwama attack|Pulwama attack]], where he had also said, "China in control of Pakistan is even worse."<ref name="The Economic Times"/>

==Publications==
{{Main|The Unending Game}}
[[File:Vikram Sood Ex Intelligence Chief India book launch 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Sood at the book launch]]
In 2018 Sood wrote, ''[[The Unending Game|The Unending Game: A Former R&AW Chief's Insights into Espionage]],'' published by [[Penguin/Viking|Penguin Viking]]. According to Sood, his book is not a memoir but a beginner's guide to [[espionage]], a reference manual on intelligence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/afterword/for-espionage-buffs-vikram-soods-the-unending-game-is-a-fascinating-read/96645/|title=For espionage buffs, ex-Raw chief Vikram Sood's 'The Unending Game' is a fascinating read|last=Ghose|first=Sandip|date=12 August 2018|work=The Print|access-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104050134/https://theprint.in/pageturner/afterword/for-espionage-buffs-vikram-soods-the-unending-game-is-a-fascinating-read/96645/|archive-date=4 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="TheHinduService">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/raw-is-just-a-service-provider-says-ex-chief/article24681589.ece|title=R&AW is just a service provider, says ex-chief|last=Haidar|first=Suhasini|date=13 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 January 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The book, which is divided into three concept related sections that are titled as "Tradecraft", "Inside Intelligence" and "What Lies Ahead", covers espionage during the two world wars, secret societies, psychological warfare in India, KGB and CIA interference in Indian politics, Pakistan and ISI, as well as intelligence failures in the world such as the [[9/11 attacks]] and the [[26/11|26/11 attacks]] among other things.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/not-raunchy-side-world-spies-061204298.html|title=The not-so-raunchy side of the world of spies|last=Kashani|first=Sarwar|date=8 August 2018|website=Yahoo News India|others=IANS India Private Limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106082852/https://in.news.yahoo.com/not-raunchy-side-world-spies-061204298.html|archive-date=6 January 2019|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="asianageCloak">{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/books/030818/espionage-is-much-more-than-cloak-and-dagger-ops.html|title=Espionage is much more than cloak and dagger ops|last=Banerjie|first=Indranil|date=3 August 2018|website=The Asian Age|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106082727/http://www.asianage.com/books/030818/espionage-is-much-more-than-cloak-and-dagger-ops.html|archive-date=6 January 2019|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times Intelligence">{{cite news |title=Intelligence agency heads should be selected on performance - Ex-R&AW chief |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/intelligence-agency-heads-should-be-selected-on-performance-ex-raw-chief/articleshow/65186177.cms |access-date=11 February 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=29 July 2018}}</ref> [[Vappala Balachandran]] reviewed the book, writing that it is "a low-profile but solid contribution".<ref name="Balachandran">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20180910-the-unending-game-by-vikram-sood-the-shadowy-world-of-espionage-1327550-2018-08-31|title=The Unending Game by Vikram Sood: The shadowy world of espionage|last=Balachandran|first=Vappala|date=31 August 2018|website=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907114842/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20180910-the-unending-game-by-vikram-sood-the-shadowy-world-of-espionage-1327550-2018-08-31|archive-date=7 September 2018|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Co-author(s) !! Publisher !! Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''The Unending Game: A Former R&AW Chief's Insights into Espionage'' || — || Penguin Viking || a beginner's guide to espionage
|-
| 2020 || ''The Ultimate Goal: A Former R&AW Chief Deconstructs How Nations Construct Narratives'' || — || Harper India ||explains 'the narrative' and how a country's ability to construct, sustain and control narratives, at home and abroad, enhances its strength and position.
|-
| 2025 || ''Great Power Games: From Western Decline to Eastern Ascent'' || — || Juggernaut || In this gripping narrative, Vikram Sood, former chief of the R&AW, reveals how nations pursue power. Behind the handshakes and communiqués lie covert operations, espionage, proxy wars, disinformation campaigns and economic coercion.
|}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[A. S. Dulat]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[R&AW#List of R&AW Secretaries|Secretary, R&AW]]
|years=2000–2003}}
{{s-aft|after=[[C. D. Sahay]]}}
{{end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vikram Sood}}
*[http://soodvikram.blogspot.com Vikram Sood's blog]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqZP-QZ9lx8 India’s clandestine forces with Former R&AW Chief Vikram Sood]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sood, Vikram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Secretaries of the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike

2026-04-12T10:48:14Z

DrshivambjpIND: fixed layout after review and added references

{{Short description|Former Administrative body for the city of Bengaluru}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike
| native_name = Br̥hat Beṅgaḷūru Mahānagara Pālike
| native_name_lang = [[Kannada]]
| coa_pic = Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike logo.jpg
| coa_res =
| coa_alt = The logo of the BBMP
| coa_caption=[[Emblem|Emblem of the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = * {{start date and years ago|1862|03|27|df=y|p=y}} as Bangalore Municipality Board and Bangalore Cantonment Municipal Board
* Legalized in 1881 as Bangalore City Municipality and Bangalore Civil and Municipal Station Municipality
* Merged in 1949 to form Corporation of the City of Bangalore
* Renamed in 1950 to Bangalore City Municipal Corporation
* Renamed in 1989 to Bangalore Mahanagara Palike
* Renamed in 2007 to Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike
| disbanded = * {{End date and age|2025|05|15|df=y}} (Establishment of [[Greater Bengaluru Authority]] and start of power transfer)
* {{End date and age|2025|09|02|df=y}} (Ceased to exist)
|preceded_by=[[Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]] (2007)
|succeeded_by = *[[Greater Bengaluru Authority|Bengaluru Central City Corporation]]
*[[Greater Bengaluru Authority|Bengaluru North City Corporation]]
*[[Greater Bengaluru Authority|Bengaluru South City Corporation]]
*[[Greater Bengaluru Authority|Bengaluru East City Corporation]] and
*[[Greater Bengaluru Authority|Bengaluru West City Corporation]] 
under the apex body [[Greater Bengaluru Authority]] (2025) <ref>{{cite web | title=BBMP's era ends, Greater Bengaluru Authority to begin from May 15 | date=14 May 2025 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/bbmps-era-ends-greater-bengaluru-authority-to-begin-from-may-15 }}</ref>
| leader2_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader2 = Maheshwar Rao M., [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader3_type = [[List of mayors of Bangalore|Mayor]]
| leader3 = [[M Goutham Kumar|M. Goutham Kumar]], Last Mayor
| party3 =
| leader4_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader4 = ''Vacant'', since 10 September 2020
| party4 =
| leader5_type = [[Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader5 = ''Vacant'', since 10 September 2020
| party5 =
| leader1_type = Administrator {{small|(In Absence of Mayor)}}
| leader1 = S. R. Umashankar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| seats = 243
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 300px
|political_groups1 =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[2015 Greater Bengaluru Municipal Corporation election|2015]]
| next_election1 = (Ceases to exist)
| session_room = Bbmp..jpg
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Kempegowda Civic Hall, Hudson Circle (Corporation Circle), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560002
| motto = ''Kannada is our breath; Kannada is indeed, evergreen''
| website = [https://bbmp.gov.in/ BBMP]
| footnotes = Governed by: '''Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike Act, 2020'''

}}

[[File:BBMP Tower.JPG|thumb|BBMP
Tower near Corporation Circle, Bangalore]]

'''Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike''' ('''BBMP''') {{IPA|kn|ˈbɾ͜ɯhɐt̪ bengɐˈɭuːru mɐˈhɑːnɐgɐɾɐ 'pɑːlike|pron|audio=Bbmp kn.ogg}} was the municipal body responsible for maintaining civic amenities and some infrastructural assets of [[Bengaluru|Greater Bengaluru]].<ref>[https://bbmp.gov.in/ Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]. Official website. Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref> It was the fourth [[List of municipal corporations in India|largest Municipal Corporation in India]] and was responsible for a population of 8.4 million in an area of 712 km2. The boundaries of the corporation were expanded more than 10 times since the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/who-decides-where-your-city-ends-6994|title=Who decides where your city ends?|last=Prasad Idiculla|first=Matthew|date=8 December 2014|work=Citizen Matters}}</ref> From September 2025 it was replaced by five independent municipal corporations under an apex body called the [[Greater Bengaluru Authority]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Greater Bengaluru Authority replaces BBMP as city's governing body | date=15 May 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/greater-bengaluru-authority-replaces-bbmp-as-city-s-governing-body-101747249617284.html }}</ref>

Its roles and responsibilities included [[zoning]] and building regulations, health, [[hygiene]], licensing, trade and education, as well as [[quality of life]] issues such as public open space, [[water body|water bodies]], parks and [[Foliage|greenery]].

The BBMP represented the [[Municipal government|third level of government]] (the Central Government and [[State Government]] being the first two levels). BBMP was run by a unelected IAS officer selected by state government during its last stages when city council composed of elected [[Legislator|representatives]], called "corporators" was suspended indefinitely, one from each of the wards (localities) of the city. A range of other statutory authorities exercise certain municipal responsibilities (eg: the [[Bangalore Development Authority]], and [[BESCOM]]).

The elections to the council were held once every five years, with results being decided by [[Direct election|popular vote]]. The members contesting elections to the council represented one or more of the state's [[List of political parties in India|political parties]].

== History ==
The history of municipal governance of Bangalore dates back to 27 March 1862, when nine leading citizens of the old city formed a Municipal Board under the Improvement of Towns Act of 1850 with a similar Municipal Board formed for the newer [[Cantonment]] area.<ref name=":1" /> The two boards were legalised in 1881, and functioned as two independent bodies called Bangalore City Municipality and Bangalore Civil and Military Station Municipality (Cantonment). The following year, half of the municipal councillors were permitted to be elected, [[property tax]] was introduced and greater powers given over police and local improvement.<ref name=":1">Ashwini Roy, AS (2015) ''Urban governance in Karnataka'' (Thesis) [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/38495/6/chapter%202.pdf Chapter 2: Evolution of the Bangalore Municipal Corporation]. University of Mysore.</ref>

In 1913 an honorary president was introduced, and seven years later made an elected position. An appointed Municipal Commissioner was introduced in 1926 on the Cantonment board as the executive authority.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

After [[Indian Independence Movement|Indian independence]], the two Municipal Boards were merged to form the Corporation of the City of Bangalore in 1949, under the Bangalore City Corporation Act. The corporation then consisted of 70 elected representatives and 50 electoral divisions and the office of Mayor introduced for the first time. The first elections were held in 1950.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

The name of the council changed — first to Bangalore City Corporation (BCC) and then to Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BMP) in the year 1989.<ref>https://www.bbmpgov.in/historyofbbmp.html History on BBMP</ref><ref>http://218.248.45.172:81/web/guest/about-us;jsessionid=9A469D4416E82C08B0D9929612A48120{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} History on Bangalore and BBMP Draft</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History - BBMP - The history of municipal governance of Bangalore dates back to March 27, 1862, when nine leading citizens of the city formed a Municipal Board - Online Bangalore (Bengaluru) |url=https://www.onlinebangalore.com/gove/history-bbmp.html |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=www.onlinebangalore.com}}</ref><ref>https://ijesc.org/upload/1e7b316ea21a50911682ed2d7134fa52.A%20Study%20on%20Implementation%20of%20Good%20Corporate%20Governance%20by%20Bbmp%20(Bruhath%20Bengaluru%20Mahanagara%20Palike).pdf A Study on Implementation of Good Corporate Governance by BBMP (Bruhath Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike)</ref>

In 1989, the BMP expanded to include 87 wards and further increased to 100 wards in 1995, covering an extra area of 75 sq. km. The council also included 40 additional members drawn from the parliament and the state legislature.<ref>https://data.opencity.in/Documents/DocumentCloud/bbmp-restructuring-fullreport.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224120858/http://data.opencity.in/Documents/DocumentCloud/bbmp-restructuring-fullreport.pdf |date=24 December 2020 }} BBMP restructuring full report</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Functioning of Wards Committees in Bangalore: A Case Study|url=https://civicspace.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Study-of-the-Functioning-of-Ward-Committees-in-Bangalore-2003-1-f-1.pdf|publisher=Citizens’ Voluntary Initiative for the City of Bangalore|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>

Around the same time, the BMP council passed a resolution that only BDA layouts should be included in its limits and not revenue pockets,{{clarify|date=July 2022}} because of the cost of developing the latter. Around 50 per cent of the expanded BMP areas (meaning at least 40 wards among 100) were revenue pockets at that time. At that time, the BMP proposed betterment charges of Rs.215/sq. yard based on costs of developing those areas. But after the BMP elections of 1996, the council took a decision to reduce betterment charges to Rs.100/sq. yard. The state government (the [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] [[Deve Gowda ministry (Karnataka)|led administration]]) then issued a notice to the city council demanding why the latter reduced the rates. Subsequently, the state government agreed to the BMP rates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aradhya |first=H. B. S. |date=2008-12-23 |title=Developed or hodge-podge, you decide |url=https://citizenmatters.in/702-bbmp-layouts/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Citizen Matters |language=en-US}}</ref>

In November 2006, the BMP Council was dissolved by the state government upon the completion of its five-year term. In January 2007, the [[Karnataka Government]] issued a notification to merge 100 wards of the erstwhile Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike with seven [[Nagar palika|City Municipal Councils (CMC)]]s, one Town Municipal Council (TMC) and 110 villages around the city to form a single administrative area <ref>{{cite news|title= constitute the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (Greater Bangalore Municipal Body)|url=https://www.electronic-city.in/about/bbmp-110-villages.php|date=2007-10-20}}</ref> (111 villages mentioned in initial Notification. Later 2 villages omitted from the list and another village added before final Notification).<ref>{{cite news |title=Notification at BMP website - DRAFT |date=16 January 2007 |url=http://www.bmponline.org/account-dept/Greater_Notification1.PDF |access-date=17 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020081154/http://www.bmponline.org/account-dept/Greater_Notification1.PDF |archive-date=20 October 2007 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The process was completed by April 2007 and the body was renamed 'Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation).

The first elections to the newly created BBMP body were held on 28 March 2010, after the delays due to the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of wards and finalising voter lists.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

The second elections were held on 22 August 2015 with the BJP winning the majority with 101 Corporators (Congress won 76, Janatha Dal S 14 and Independents 7). The results were declared on 25 August 2015. With none of the parties touching the required number, the Congress and JDS with the help of independents won the mayor election. The BJP with the majority number of corporators in the BBMP council was forced to sit in the Opposition. On 11 September 2015, B.N. Manjunatha Reddy of the INC was elected Mayor, Hemalatha Gopalaiah of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] was elected Deputy Mayor and Padmanabha Reddy of the BJP was elected the Leader of Opposition.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

Elections were held in Mar–April 2010 after a period of Commissioner's rule<ref>{{citation|title=BBMP Elections|url=http://bbmpelections.in/|access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=BBMP Election Results|date=5 April 2010|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/62189/bbmp-election-result-2-pm.html|access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> for the BBMP corporators and a Mayor S. K. Nataraj was chosen. Fresh elections were held in August 2015. In 2015 the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] passed a legislation in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|the state parliament]]<ref>Karnataka Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill, 2015</ref> requiring the abolition of the BBMP, and its reconstitution as multiple, separate municipal bodies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/stormy-start-to-special-session-on-trifurcation-of-bbmp/article7122081.ece|title=Legislative Assembly passes bill splitting BBMP|last=Prabhu|first=Nagesh|date=20 April 2015|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The government's rationale, as stated in the bill itself, was that the population of Bangalore was too large for a single corporation to administer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/current-issues/article7607390.ece|title=Who gains from the proposed trifurcation of Bengaluru Municipal Corporation?|last=Rajendran|first=S.|date=2 September 2015|work=The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy}}</ref> The bill recommended that the BBMP be split into three separate municipal corporations ("trifurcation"), but stated the actual number was to be specified by government notification at a later date. The bill was strongly opposed by the opposition in the state parliament<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150718/nation-current-affairs/article/opposition-opposes-bbmp-trifurcation|title=Opposition opposes BBMP trifurcation|date=18 July 2015|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> and a majority of the BBMP councillors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/BBMP-corporators-dont-want-London-Boroughs/articleshow/38331514.cms|title=BBMP Corporators Don't Want 'London Boroughs'|last=Chaturvedi|first=Atul|date=14 July 2014|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> It was also debated in the media.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/BBMP-trifurcation-What-will-it-mean-for-citizens/articleshow/47008175.cms|title=BBMP trifurcation: What will it mean for citizens?|last=Parthasarathy|first=Balaji|date=22 April 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/bangalore/BBMP-trifurcation-What-will-it-mean-for-citizens-Will-it-work|title=BBMP trifurcation: What will it mean for citizens? Will it work?|date=23 April 2015|work=News Karnataka}}</ref> Commentators noted that the bill takes place against the failure of municipal trifurcation in Delhi three years earlier.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/469178/trifurcation-goes-wrong-demand-mcd.html#|title=Trifurcation goes wrong, demand for MCD merger grows|last=Singh Sudan|first=Avinash|date=2 April 2015|work=The Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/BBMP-trifurcation-Delhifailed-Can-we-pull-it-off/articleshow/47008163.cms|title=BBMP trifurcation – Delhi failed. Can we pull it off?|last=Lakshmi|first=Seetha|date=22 April 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In July 2016, the Union Government's [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] raised 13 objections to the bill, and sent a request for further explanation to [[Government of Karnataka|the Karnataka Government]], in particular raising the point that an elected body cannot be dissolved before its term ends, leaving the BBMP intact until at least 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/no-bbmp-split-till-2019-centre/articleshow/55607373.cms|title=No BBMP Split till 2019: Centre|last=Chaturvedi|first=Atul|date=25 November 2016|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> It also advised Karnataka to study the consequences of the Delhi trifurcation as it may relate to Bangalore. After holding off on implementing the split for several years, in October 2017, Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramaiah reaffirmed his objective of carrying out the trifurcation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/bangalore/civic/cms-latest-statement-on-trifurcating-bbmp-reignites-a-heated-debate/articleshow/60903848.cms|title=CM's Latest Statement on Trifurcating BBMP Reignites a Heated Debate|date=2 October 2017|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

The [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] passed the Karnataka Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill to increase the number of civic wards in Bengaluru to 250.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/assembly-passes-amendment-bill-to-increase-bbmp-wards/articleshow/78286473.cms|title = Assembly passes amendment bill to increase BBMP wards | Bengaluru News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]] | date=24 September 2020 }}</ref> On 6 October 2020 a legislative select committee led by BJP MLA S Raghu decided to increase the number of civic wards from 198 to 243, Chief Minister [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] approved creating 243 wards. Delimitation Commission, headed by BBMP Commissioner Manjunath Prasad, was set up to decide on how to divide the city into 243 wards. The Delimitation Commission consists of Bengaluru Urban Deputy Commissioner, BDA (Bangalore Development Authority) Chairman and BBMP Special Commissioner Revenue (all IAS officers) as its members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/bengaluru-gets-45-new-bbmp-wards-ymn-qhteov|title=Bengaluru gets 45 new BBMP wards}}</ref>

On 10 December 2020, the [[Third B. S. Yeddyurappa ministry|B. S. Yediyurappa government]] passed the ''Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) Bill, 2020'' in the [[Karnataka legislature]]. The BBMP Act will govern the municipal corporation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/karnataka-assembly-clears-bbmp-bill-proposing-changes-in-city-administration/articleshow/79674937.cms|title=Karnataka assembly clears BBMP bill proposing changes in city administration|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=M|first1=Akshatha}}</ref> Various changes to the BBMP’s structure was incorporated in the new Act. The BBMP Act increased the term length for the mayor and the deputy mayor to five years from one year. It also increased the number of zones from eight to fifteen. All fifteen zones would be headed by a ''zonal commissioner'' who reports to the BBMP’s chief commissioner. The Act also forms ''constituency consultative committees'' (headed by the local MLA, consisting of councillors and resident association members) and ''zonal committees'' to monitor the implementation of projects and address public grievances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-fine-print-of-bengaluru-civic-body-bill-passed-by-karnataka-7099951/|title = Explained: The fine print of Bengaluru civic body Bill passed by Karnataka|date = 11 December 2020}}</ref>

== History of electoral results ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"

|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! SN
! Party
!Seats won (2001)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://karsec.gov.in/Urban/38.html|title=Elections to Bangalore Mahanagara Palike – 2001 Page – 1, Date of Election 11-11-2001, List of Elected Candidates|website=State Election Commission, Karnataka|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010043440/http://karsec.gov.in/Urban/38.html|archive-date=10 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://karsec.gov.in/Urban/ELECTIONS%20TO%20BANGALORE%20MAHANAGARA%20PALIKE%20-38-part2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506114135/http://karsec.gov.in/Urban/ELECTIONS%20TO%20BANGALORE%20MAHANAGARA%20PALIKE%20-38-part2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-05-06|title=Elections to Bangalore Mahanagara Palike – 2001 Page – 2, Date of Election 11-11-2001, List of Elected Candidates|website=State Election Commission, Karnataka}}</ref>
! Seats won (2010)
! Seats won (2015)
|-
|1
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|15
|{{won|111}}
|{{won|100}}
|-
|2
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{won|57}}
|65
|76
|-
|3
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|13
|15
|14
|-
|4
|Others
|15
|7
|8
|-
|
| '''Total'''
|'''100'''
|'''198'''
| '''198'''
|}

== Structure ==

{{update|date=December 2020}}

A mayor and deputy mayor of the council are also elected for a period of 30 months, though not by popular vote. The post of the mayor and deputy mayor are filled through a [[Racial quota|quota]] system to a [[Scheduled Castes and Tribes]] candidate or to an [[Other Backward Class]] female candidate from among the elected Councillors. [http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov302004/i2.asp] However, in the absence of an elected body, the BBMP is at present run by an Administrator and a Commissioner, who is appointed by the State Government. The Additional Commissioner is a specially appointed IRS officer. The Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike is responsible for the civic and infrastructural requirements of the city. It often works in conjunction with other civic bodies such as the Agenda for Bangalore Infrastructure Development Task Force (ABIDE) and the [[Bangalore Development Authority|Bangalore Development Authority (BDA)]] to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Zones ==

{{update|date=December 2020}}

BBMP is divided into 8 zones, for the ease of administration each administered by a Zonal Commissioner:{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

# [[Yelahanka|Yelahaṅka]] Zone
# [[Dasarahalli|Dasarahal̥l̥i]] Zone
# [[Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore|Rājarājēśvarinagara]] Zone
# [[Bommanahalli|Bommanahal̥l̥i]] Zone
# [[South]] Zone
# [[West]] Zone
# [[East]] Zone
# [[Mahadevapura|Mahādēvapura]] Zone

As per the BS Patil-headed BBMP Restructuring Committee, BBMP is poised to be restructured into five smaller palikes functioning under the Greater Bengaluru Authority. The present Gandhinagar zone will be designated as the Central BMP; Dasarahalli, RR Nagar, and Vijaynagar zones as West BMP; Yelahanka and Malleshwaram zones as North BMP; Sarvagnanagar and Mahadevapura as East BMP; and Jayanagar and Bommanahalli zones as South BMP. Each zone will have a Joint Commissioner who is answerable to the BBMP Commissioner.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

The decentralization process has not been very effective in addressing administrative problems. By the end of 2013, discussions were underway in various circles about dividing BBMP into more parts. Therefore, once the President's approval for the BBMP Restructuring is granted, BBMP will be split into five municipal corporations, each with 80 wards, totaling 400 wards. The current BBMP headquarters at NR Square will become the headquarters for the Greater Bengaluru Authority (GBA), which will oversee the five Mahanagara Palikes.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

The GBA will have a Metropolitan Commissioner (IAS rank – higher administrative grade) and a directly elected Metropolitan Mayor (similar to London) with a five-year term. Each palike will also have a Mayor elected for a five-year term. According to the Urban Development Department, Yelahanka and Malleshwaram zones will form the North Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike; Gandhinagara zone will become the Central Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike; Dasarahalli, Rajarajeshwari Nagar, and Vijayanagara will form the West Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike; Jayanagar and Bommanahalli will constitute the South Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike; and Sarvagnanagara and Mahadevapura will form the East Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

This move is expected to lead to better civic management, increased power and accountability, greater accessibility for citizens, resolution of logistical issues, and higher tax compliance.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Income and expenditure ==

The BBMP raises more than half if its annual income from the collection of property tax, a third from State government grants and the remainder received in Central government grants, direct service fees, licences (advertising hoardings) and rent from municipal owned property.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viswanathan |first=Renuka |date=20 April 2021 |title=BBMP is dead; Long live BBMP |url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/bbmp-budget-2021-59443 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626064341/https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/bbmp-budget-2021-59443 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Citizen Matters}}</ref>

== Role of the BBMP ==

=== Property tax collection ===
A shift to a unit area self assessment method of property tax collection in Bangalore was successful, leading to a sharp rise in tax collection revenues.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Simanti|date=30 September 2013|title=Property Taxation in Indian Cities: A Comparison of Delhi and Bangalore|url=http://icrier.org/Urbanisation/events/Simanti_Sept_30_2013.pdf|publisher=Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations}}</ref> Phase one of the reforms starting in 2000 led to a 33 per cent increase in tax revenues, whilst a second phase initiated in 2007 led to a 74 per cent increase the following year.

=== Roads and infrastructure ===
Bangalore contains approximately 1,920 km of arterial and sub-arterial roads. Roads are badly constructed, full of potholes and frequently dug up and re-laid. The Deccan Herald describes an "unholy nexus of corporators and contractors [...] benefiting from the lucrative business of filling potholes, relaying and asphalting roads annually".<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2017 |title=Killer potholes proof of BBMP corruption |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/633781/killer-potholes-proof-bbmp-corruption.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924135648/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/633781/killer-potholes-proof-bbmp-corruption.html |archive-date=2017-09-24 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

The BBMP came under criticism in 2005 from Information Technology companies for failing to effectively address the crumbling road and traffic infrastructure of the city.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

In July 2005, the [[Karnataka High Court]] castigated the BBMP for failing to maintain roads in good condition.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

The BBMP's contracting system for the city's roads are reported to operate under a corrupt commission system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/tendersure-bbmp-contractors-feeder-filler-boxes-cables/articleshow/45062828.cms?|title=Tendersure battles begin as graft loopholes begin to close|last=S|first=Kushala|date=7 November 2014|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> When work is tendered and the bid won by a contractor, a percentage (perhaps up to 20%) is paid to the area corporator, MLA and BBMP council.

In 2015, artist Nanjundaswamy installed a life-size crocodile as a form of protest against 'killer' potholes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bangalore-artist-crocodile-swim-giant-pothole-258468-2015-06-19|title=Bangalore artist makes crocodile swim in giant pothole|last=Pandya|first=Nihar|date=19 June 2015|work=India Today|access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/seeing-is-believing-when-a-crocodile-popped-up-from-bengaluru-pothole/story-K2a67702xvAaWi7Hyv7dsM.html|title=Seeing is believing? When a crocodile popped up from Bengaluru pothole|last=Radhakrishnan|first=Vignesh|date=20 June 2015|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> This was followed a month later with the installation of a giant anaconda.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/08/11/anaconda-bangalore_n_7969322.html|title=Giant, Fake Anaconda in Muddy Pothole Greets Bengaluru Commuters|last=Bose|first=Adrija|date=11 August 2015|work=Huff Post}}</ref>

==== TenderSURE ====
[[File:TenderSURE urban road project for Church Street in progress.jpg|alt=workers paving church street|thumb|The redevelopment of Church Street under TenderSURE. This is the first road to be paved with granite cobblestones in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/church-street-being-covered-with-cobblestones-may-be-ready-by-dec/articleshow/60851090.cms|title=Church Street being covered with cobblestones, may be ready by December|last=Raji|first=Arpita|date=27 September 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref>|315x315px]]
In 2011, the [[Janaagraha|Jana Urban Space Foundation]] published a document called TenderSURE (Specification for Urban Roads Execution)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.janausp.org/tendersure.php|title=TENDER S.U.R.E|website=Jana Urban Space Foundation}}</ref> which contained detailed guidelines for the design, specifications and procurement contracts needed to bring India's road infrastructure up to an international standard within the Indian context. The purpose of these guidelines was to enable the construction of urban roads that were designed for all road users (cars, buses, autos, bikes, pedestrians, street carts), that integrated all existing networked services (water, sewerage, power, OFC, gas and drainage) with provision for the future, and that would integrate the civic agencies to prevent roads being repeatedly re-dug and relaid. The ultimate objective was to give roads a lifespan of 10 years, instead of the existing one or two.

In 2012, the Government of Karnataka made budget allocations for 20 pilot roads to be implemented by the BBMP.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/all-about-tendersure-bangalore-7206|title=What's this Tender SURE all about?|last=Joseph|first=Josephine|date=16 March 2015|work=Citizen Matters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bbmp.gov.in/tendersure-roads|title=BBMP Tendersure Roads|website=Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike}}</ref> The first of these roads, including St Marks and Museum Road, where completed in June 2015. Another 50 roads were sanctioned by the Government in the same year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/New-TenderSure-roads-still-on-paper/articleshow/55464250.cms|title=New Tender Sure roads still on paper|date=17 November 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2017, St Marks Road became a case study for the Global Designing Cities Initiative's Global Urban Streets Guide,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globaldesigningcities.org/publication/global-street-design-guide/streets/neighborhood-streets/neighborhood-main-streets/case-study-st-marks-rd-bangalore-india/|title=Case Study: St. Marks Rd.; Bangalore, India|website=Global Designing Cities Initiative}}</ref> making it the only model street selected from India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/global-cities-will-now-emulate-blurus-tendersure-roads/articleshow/59259669.cms|title=Global cities will now emulate Bengaluru's TenderSure roads|last=Rayi|first=Aparajita|date=22 June 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Stormwater drains ===
The BBMP reports that it administers 741 kilometres of storm water drains and another 1,500 km of secondary drains.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/YYcre6DZBtdWJI77wabPzM/Bengaluru-demolition-drive-A-lesson-for-how-to-govern-land.html|title=Bengaluru demolition drive: A lesson for how to govern land in India|last=Chandran|first=Rahul|date=13 August 2016|work=Live Mint}}</ref> A large percentage of the Rs 600 crores allocated to the BBMP under the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission|JnNURM]] scheme for repairs and upgrades of the city's storm water drains is reported to have been siphoned off, leading to a reduction in such funding from the central government.<ref name=":0" />
=== Garbage disposal ===
[[File:Bangalore trash problem - panoramio.jpg|thumb|243x243px|Rubbish is routinely dumped on the street in Bangalore.]]
Bangalore's waste volumes have grown strongly since 1990 and the BBMP has come under ongoing criticism for its mismanagement of the city's garbage disposal system,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/garbage-menace-all-over-bangalore-disgusting-what-happened-to-sundara-bengaluru-campaign-7546|title=Is BBMP's apathy responsible for Bengaluru's garbage crisis?|author=Anuradha|date=12 September 2015|work=Citizen Matters}}</ref> particularly throughout 2012–13<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bangalores-garbage-plan-where-incompetence-meets-bad-faith-470394.html|title=Bangalore's garbage plan: Where incompetence meets bad faith|last=Chaudhry|first=Lakshmi|date=27 September 2012|work=First Post}}</ref> when Bangalore was routinely referred to as "Garbage City".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengaluru-how-india-s-garden-city-became-garbage-city/story-wkY96bgDnWx6gCWphczRMM.html|title=Bengaluru: How India's 'Garden City' became garbage city|last=AFP|date=27 January 2017|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Following the closure of Bangalore's two landfill sites in mid-2012 by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, the BBMP was left without any plan or alternative strategy for disposing of city's 3-4000 tons of daily waste.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/pfUFqPUHBQVk3jLjgzjCSM/Bangalores-mounting-garbage-crisis.html|title=Garbage disposal: Finding a way out of the mess|last=Yousaf|first=Shamsheer|date=19 November 2012|work=Live Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/in-bangalore-crisis-in-waste-management-forces-change/article5016622.ece|title=In Bangalore, crisis in waste management forces change|last=Anantharam|first=Manisha|date=13 August 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Garbage worker strikes<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/confessions-of-a-trash-tourist-india/373118/|title=Garbage Everywhere|last=Sachs|first=Noah|date=20 June 2014|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> and High Court rulings requiring the implementation of the Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules 2001 exacerbated the crisis whilst garbage accumulated on every street. The crisis abated somewhat from 2014.

A 2017 enquiry found no serious scrutiny of waste contractors, with the BBMP reimbursing contractors for around 200 crore in fake bills.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/elections-in-the-city-where-garbage-trucks-run-on-two-wheels/story-c9B5dxTKAxuAFvR9BmaLVL.html|title=Elections in the city where garbage trucks run on two wheels|last=Mondal|first=Sudipto|date=25 January 2017|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

As of 2018, seven waste processing plants are reported to be operating at only one third of their capacity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160118/segregation-hurdles-leave-bengaluru-down-in-dumps.html|title=Segregation hurdles leave Bengaluru down in dumps|last=Karthik|first=Aknisree|date=16 January 2018|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

In April 2025, BBMP implemented a "garbage cess" under which the residents of Bengaluru had to pay a solid waste management user fee.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Garbage Cess": Bengaluru Residents To Pay New Trash Tax From Today |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengaluru-residents-faces-garbage-cess-bjp-criticizes-congress-government-8060701 |url-status=live |website=New Delhi Television}}</ref>

=== Public open space ===

Bangalore contains more than 416 neighbourhood parks. Current Karnataka legislation requires 15% of residential layouts to be retained for public open space, and an additional 10% for civic amenities. However, within the area of the BBMP one study estimated that only 8.4% of the urban area is parkland whilst the 2003 Bangalore Master Plan allocated only 2.01 sq m of green space per citizen, 6.99 sq m less than the minimum recommendation of the World Health Organisation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citizenmatters.in/how-green-is-my-city-1604|title=How green is my city?|last=P K|first=Navya|date=17 November 2016|website=Citizen Matters}}</ref> By way of comparison, the 'Urban Green Guidelines, 2014' issued by the Government of India calculates the average green space for cities worldwide at 18.6% and Bangalore's area of green space at less than 5%.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/urban%20green%20guidelines%202014.pdf|title=Urban Greening Guidelines, 2014|website=Town and Country Planning Organisation|publisher=Government of India|date=February 2014|pages=8–10}}</ref> Bangalore compares unfavourably with [[New Delhi]], which has retained 20% of its urban area as public open space. It also demonstrates a significant deterioration since the 1960, when open space represented 17.2% of the total area.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Open space in delhi: trends and correlates|last=Gandhi|first=Nadhi|work=INFLIBNET |publisher=University of Delhi|year=2013|pages=43|hdl = 10603/27659}}</ref>

=== Tree planting ===
[[File:Delonix regia - Gulmohar gate.jpg|alt=shady gulmohar tree overhanging path in lalbagh garden|thumb|333x333px|A Gulmohar tree in Lalbagh Garden, Bangalore. Widely planted in the 1980s these trees are no longer used in the BBMP's [[tree planting]] schemes.]]
The BBMP's responsibilities include planting and maintaining street trees. The BBMP has embarked upon numerous tree planting schemes over many decades and with varying levels of success. The most notable period of planting is held to be the period of 1982 and 1987 when Chief Minister [[R. Gundu Rao|R Gundu Rao]] appointed forest officer S G Neginahal to green the streets of Bangalore with more than 15 lakh trees.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Trees-to-be-axed-for-steel-bridge-were-planted-in-1980s/articleshow/54636507.cms|title=Trees to be axed for steel bridge were planted in 1980s|last=Rohith|first=B R|date=21 October 2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/No-more-Gulmohars-says-BBMP/articleshow/35081677.cms|title=No more Gulmohars, says BBMP|last=Mukherjee|first=Saswati|date=14 May 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=6 April 2018|quote=Although large-scale urban horticultural plantations were carried out in the early 20th century, most of the trees seen on our streets today date back to the early 1980s when an extensive tree plantation drive was conducted.}}</ref> His systematic plantation program involved the establishment of new nurseries, the installation of tree guards, a five-year monitoring program and the replacement of any failed plantings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Man-of-the-forests-who-made-Bangalore-green/articleshow/30536482.cms|title=Man of the forests who made Bangalore green|last=Rohith|first=BR|date=17 February 2014|work=The Time of India|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> The reported success rate was 97%<ref name=":2" /> and most of the mature trees along Bangalore's major avenues date to this era.

More recently the BBMP has reported that between 2007 and 2013 more than 10 lakh trees have been planted with a survival rate of 64.5%.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/Citizens-volunteer-to-count-trees-debunk-BBMPs-growth-story/articleshow/34985182.cms?|title=Citizens volunteer to count trees, debunk BBMP's growth story|last=Kaggere|first=Niranjan|date=12 May 2004|work=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> These numbers have been contested by civic agencies and citizen groups as inaccurate. The Bangalore-based Environmental Support Group did a ground survey to calculate a survival rate of 20 – 25%, assuming the trees were even planted at all<ref name=":2" /> whilst urban conservationist Vijay Nishanth estimates a survival rate of 10%.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/contractors-lack-experience-to-plant-saplings-says-bbmp/article18518029.ece|title=Contractors lack experience to plant saplings, says BBMP|last=Ramani|first=Chitra|date=21 May 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The BBMP places responsibility for this with the lack experience of their contractors. Contractors in turn blame the BBMP for failure to release funds and allocating sapling locations in places with no water or suitable growing conditions.

In 2017 the High Court of Karnataka directed the BBMP to plant an additional 10 lakh street trees and to form greening committees comprising activists and experts, and tree wardens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bbmp-to-plant-10-lakh-saplings-and-hope-for-the-best/article19119758.ece|title=BBMP to plant 10 lakh saplings, and hope for the best|date=21 June 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref> To comply with this directive the BBMP launched an app called 'BBMP Green'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.whitesuntech.bbmpsaplings&hl=en|title=BBMP Green|date=28 July 2017|website=Google Play}}</ref> allowing residents to collect free saplings and plant them on their own streets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bengaluru-green-city-bbmp-app-free-saplings-978391-2017-05-21|title=BBMP plans to make Bengaluru green again, launches app to give free saplings to citizens|last=Pinto|first=Nolan|date=21 May 2017|work=India Today}}</ref> Activists criticised the program for essentially absolving the BBMP of the responsibility to maintain street trees within the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka/this-is-why-bbmps-green-app-gives-us-no-hope|title=This is why BBMP's 'Green app' gives us no hope|last=Yacoob|first=Mohammed|date=22 May 2017|work=Asianet Newsable}}</ref>

The BBMP's tree planting activities contrast unfavourably with the Forestry Department who plants half the number of trees per year at a lower cost and a reportedly 95% survival rate.<ref name=":3" />

None of the BBMP's replanting schemes have compensated for the ongoing removal of existing trees within the city, both from private property and the destruction of previously planted street trees for street widening purposes. A 2010 study found the density of trees in Bangalore to be lower than many other Asian cities<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nagendra|first=Harini|date=December 2010|title=Street trees in Bangalore: Density, diversity, composition and distribution|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223411963|journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening|volume=9|issue=2|pages=129–137|doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2009.12.005|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> with an estimated 50,000 trees lost between the date of publication and 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/811581/the-dying-of-gulmohars-heralds-bangalores-demise-and-is-a-sign-of-urban-indias-forbidding-future|title=The dying of gulmohars heralds Bangalore's demise – and is a sign of urban India's forbidding future|last=Halarnkar|first=Samar|date=14 July 2016|work=Scroll.in}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Karnataka]]
* [[Kempegowda Award]]
* [[Municipal corporation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike}}
*[https://bbmp.gov.in/ Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]
*[http://www.newskarnataka.com/bangalore/BBMP-trifurcation-What-will-it-mean-for-citizens-Will-it-work/ BBMP trifurcation: What will it mean for citizens? Will it work?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707201838/https://www.newskarnataka.com/bangalore/BBMP-trifurcation-What-will-it-mean-for-citizens-Will-it-work |date=7 July 2018 }}
*[https://bangalorenewstoday.com/local-news/bbmp-schools-and-colleges-see-record-rise-in-admissions/ BBMP schools and colleges see record rise in admissions]
*[https://bangalorenewstoday.com/https://kushiservices.com/home-deep-cleanings/ Deep cleaning services in bangalore]

{{Bangalore topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]

Vedang Raina

2026-04-11T14:07:18Z

DrshivambjpIND: Adding Basic Entry And Citations

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 2000)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vedang Raina
| image = Vedang Raina snapped promoting Jigra at Mehboob studios (cropped).jpg
| caption = Raina in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|06|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| occupation = Actor
| alma mater = [[SVKM's NMIMS]]
| years_active = 2023–present
}}

'''Vedang Raina''' (born 2 June 2000) is an Indian actor who works in [[Hindi]] films. He made his acting debut as [[Reggie Mantle]] in [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s musical teen film [[The Archies (film)|''The Archies'']] (2023), and has since starred in the action thriller ''[[Jigra]]'' (2024).
== Early life ==
Vedang Raina was born on 2 June 2000 in [[New Delhi]] into a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] family and grew up in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Pawa |first=Anjana |date=3 April 2024 |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/vedang-raina-netflix-the-archies-bollywood-next-big-star-interview |url-status=live |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425171924/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/vedang-raina-netflix-the-archies-bollywood-next-big-star-interview |archive-date=25 April 2024 |title=Vedang Raina on Netflix's The Archies and Becoming Bollywood's Next Big Star |quote=Despite those exciting plot points, Raina insists he lives a “really regular, simple life in Mumbai,” where his Kashmiri family moved from Delhi when he was a kid. |publisher=[[Teen Vogue]] |language=en-IN }}</ref> He completed his schooling from [[Jamnabai Narsee School]] in [[Juhu]] and subsequently pursued his bachelor's degree from [[Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies]] (SVKM's NMIMS) in [[Vile Parle]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=All you need to know about Vedang Raina from The Archies |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/celebrities/vedang-raina-all-about-the-archies-star/ |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=Lifestyle Asia India |language=en-US}}</ref> He started out small with college fests and events, enjoying the time he spent on stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedang Raina Biography: Know Everything About the Actor Playing Reggie Mantle In The Archies |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/vedang-raina-biography-know-everything-about-the-actor-playing-reggie-mantle-in-the-archies-rc1048035 |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=jagrantv |language=en}}</ref> Raina developed an interest in music and played the guitar years before he had thought about acting. Towards the end of his college years, he decided to venture into modelling and music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=Who is Vedang Raina? Everything you need to know about The Archies actor |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/who-is-vedang-raina-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-archies-actor-1260179 |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> He subsequently joined an acting agency to pursue it as a career.<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |title=Who is Vedang Raina? All you need to know about 'The Archies' star |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/who-is-vedang-raina-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-archies-star/photostory/105395802.cms |access-date=23 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
After modelling for several brands, Raina was scouted by [[Zoya Akhtar]] for ''[[The Archies (film)|The Archies]]'' in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Archies: Is Vedang Raina The New Hearthrob On the Block? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/the-archies-is-vedang-raina-the-new-hearthrob-on-the-block-2699158.html |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Prateek |date=13 December 2023 |title=Year-Ender 2023: How 'The Archies' Star Vedang Raina Has Become This Year's Breakout Fashion Trendsetter |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/year-ender-2023-how-the-archies-star-vedang-raina-has-become-this-year-s-breakout-fashion-trendsetter-news-336285 |website=Outlook India}}</ref> Raina claimed that he had not thought about acting until that point.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |date=5 December 2023 |title=Zoya Akhtar On 'The Archies': We Took Themes That Matter To Gen Z And Mixed Them With Nostalgia |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/zoya-akhtar-on-the-archies-we-took-themes-that-matter-to-gen-z-and-mixed-them-with-nostalgia-news-334780 |website=Outlook India}}</ref> He was officially announced to be playing the role of [[Reggie Mantle]] in May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2023 |title=The Archies' Vedang Raina Looks Like Young Ranveer Singh? Internet Thinks So |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/the-archies-vedang-raina-looks-like-young-ranveer-singh-internet-thinks-so-article-105857983 |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2023 |title=The Archies: 5 Reasons Vedang Raina's Reggie Mantle Is A Must-Watch |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/the-archies-5-reasons-vedang-raina-s-reggie-mantle-is-a-must-watch-1648903 |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> It was released on [[Netflix]] in 2023. Udita Jhunjhunwala of [[Scroll.in]] wrote that he "brings the right amount of swag to the rakish Reggie".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2023 |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |title='The Archies' review: A good-looking nostalgia piece |website=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1059333/the-archies-review-a-good-looking-nostalgia-piece |access-date=7 December 2023 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211164405/https://scroll.in/reel/1059333/the-archies-review-a-good-looking-nostalgia-piece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Raina starred alongside [[Alia Bhatt]] in [[Vasan Bala]]'s action thriller ''[[Jigra]]'' (2024), in which he played the younger brother of Bhatt's character, who is imprisoned in South East Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=Suhana Khan in action-thriller, Vedang Raina films for Jigra; A look at what's next for The Archies gang |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/suhana-khan-in-action-thriller-vedang-raina-films-for-jigra-a-look-at-whats-next-for-the-archies-gang-1263974 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927094325/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/suhana-khan-in-action-thriller-vedang-raina-films-for-jigra-a-look-at-whats-next-for-the-archies-gang-1263974 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[WION]]'s Kriti Tulsiani thought that Raina made the most of his minimal screen time but was ultimately overshadowed by Bhatt. However, she praised the chemistry between the two.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tulsiani |first=Keith |date=11 October 2024 |title=Jigra movie review: Alia Bhatt is the real 'jigra' of Vasan Bala's film |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-jigra-movie-review-alia-bhatt-is-the-real-jigra-of-vasan-balas-film-766667 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=WION}}</ref> It emerged as a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Jigra'' has big drop On Monday|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8741 |website=Box Office India |date=15 October 2024 |access-date=15 October 2024 }}</ref> Raina will next star alongside [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and [[Sharvari]] in [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s romantic drama ''Main Wapas Aaunga''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2025 |title=Sharvari to join hands with Diljit Dosanjh, Vedang Raina for an Imtiaz Ali directorial: Report : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sharvari-join-hands-diljit-dosanjh-vedang-raina-imtiaz-ali-directorial-report/ |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2023
|[[The Archies (film)|''The Archies'']]
|[[Reggie Mantle]]
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Jigra]]''
|Ankur Anand
|
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|[[Main Vaapas Aaunga]]}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Imtiaz Ali's next with Diljit Dosanjh titled 'Main Vaapas Aaunga'; teaser unveiled |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/imtiaz-alis-next-with-diljit-dosanjh-titled-main-vaapas-aaunga-teaser-unveiled/article70738462.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Album
!Composer
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|"Everything Is Politics"
|[[The Archies (film)|''The Archies'']]
|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Aditi Saigal|Aditi "Dot" Saigal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the charmer: Debutant Vedang Raina sings his first song in the[sic] The Archies |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/meet-the-charmer-debutant-vedang-raina-sings-his-first-song-in-the-the-archies-567967/ |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|"Phoolon Ka Taaro Ka"
| rowspan="3" |''[[Jigra]]''
|[[R. D. Burman]], [[Achint Thakkar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2024 |title=Actor Vedang Raina reflects on singing Phoolon Ka Taaron Ka for Jigra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/actor-vedang-raina-reflects-on-singing-phoolon-ka-taaron-ka-for-jigra-alia-bhatt-vasan-bala-2610428-2024-10-03 |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Jigra Title Track"
| rowspan="2" |[[Achint Thakkar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jigra Title Track: Vedang Raina's High-Power Vocals Remind Us To Find Courage |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jigra-title-track-vedang-rainas-high-powered-vocals-remind-us-to-find-courage-6737134 |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Jigra (Acoustic Version)"
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_lDkgKdTD8 |title=Jigra - Full Album |date=15 October 2024 |last=[[Saregama]] |first= |access-date=22 October 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2024
|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| Best Debut in a Film (Male)
|[[The Archies (film)|''The Archies'']]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2024: Full List Out {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2024-full-list-out-69977.html |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|nm13662354}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raina, Vedang}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Kashmiri male actors]]

Dwarikadhish Yadav

2026-04-07T11:05:02Z

DrshivambjpIND: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dwarikadhish Yadav
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|08|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Futguna Village - [[Mahasamund district]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office1 = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| term_end1 = 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Chunni Lal Sahu]]
| successor1 =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| source =
| parents =
| country =
| profession = Agricultural
| alma_mater = Higher Sec. School Bhatapara, [[Raipur]]
| constituency = [[Khallari Assembly constituency|Khallari]]
| office2 = [[Khallari Assembly constituency|Khallari]]
}}

'''Dwarikadhish Yadav''' is an Indian Politician from the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=2044 |title=Dwarikadhish Yadav - Election Information |website=MyNeta.info}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Khallari Assembly constituency]] for the second consecutive time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/sadasy_parichay/41.pdf |title=Khallari Assembly Member Profile |website=Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly}}</ref>

Yadav has also served as a [[Parliamentary Secretary]] in [[Government of Chhattisgarh]] with attached portfolio of School Education, Primitive Caste and Scheduled Caste Development, Backward Classes and Minority development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/15-congress-mlas-take-oath-as-parliamentary-secretaries-in-chhattisgarh/articleshow/76965909.cms|title=15 Congress MLAs take oath as parliamentary secretaries in Chhattisgarh|date=14 July 2020|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== Career ==
Yadav was first elected to Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly in 2018 from [[Khallari Assembly constituency]] by defeating his [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] rival Monika Dilip Sahu by a margin of 56,978.<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref> In [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], he again won from Khallari constituency by a margin of 37,119 votes against the BJP candidate Alka Chandrakar.<ref name="BJP Candidates CG 2023">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-has-released-first-list-of-21-candidates-for-chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-/articleshow/102802832.cms?from=mdr|title=BJP releases first list of 21 candidates for Chhattisgarh|work=The Times of India|accessdate=17 August 2023}}</ref>

== Election results ==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Khallari<ref name="BJP Candidates CG 2023">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-has-released-first-list-of-21-candidates-for-chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-/articleshow/102802832.cms?from=mdr|title=BJP releases first list of 21 candidates for Chhattisgarh|work=The Times of India|accessdate=17 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Dwarikadhish Yadav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 104,052
|percentage = 57.86
|change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Alka Chandrakar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 66,933
|percentage = 37.22
|change = +13.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Santosh Darachand Banjare
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,187
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,095
|percentage = 1.16
|change = +0.86
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 37,119
|percentage = 20.64
|change = -13.73
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 179,833
|percentage = 82.72
|change = -0.52
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Khallari<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dwarikadhish Yadav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 96,108
|percentage = 57.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Monika Dilip Sahu
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 39,130
|percentage = 23.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Paresh Baghabara
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 12,649
|percentage = 7.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bheklal Sahu
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 5,228
|percentage = 3.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Basanta Thakur
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 2,972
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 499
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 56,978
|percentage = 34.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 165,799
|percentage = 83.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Facebook|dwarikadhishmla|Dwarikadhish Yadav}}
*{{Instagram|dwarikadhishmla|Dwarikadhish Yadav}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Dwarikadhish}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Mahasamund district]]

All That Breathes

2026-03-29T15:13:06Z

DrshivambjpIND: Starting new entry

{{Short description|2022 documentary by Shaunak Sen}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = All That Breathes
| image = All That Breathes.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Shaunak Sen]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Shaunak Sen
* Aman Mann
* [[Teddy Leifer]]
}}
| writer =
| starring =
| music = Roger Goula
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ben Bernhard]]
* Riju Das
* Saumyananda Sahi
}}
| editing = Charlotte Munch Bengtsen
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* [[HBO Documentary Films]]
* [[HHMI Tangled Bank Studios]]
* [[Rise Films]]
* Kiterabbit Films
}}
| distributor = [[Janus Films]] Sideshow Submarine Deluxe (United States)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|1|22|[[2022 Sundance Film Festival|Sundance]]|2022|10|21|Theatres|ref2=<ref name="BOM"/>}}
| runtime = 91 minutes
| country = {{Plainlist|
* India
* United Kingdom
* United States
}}
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{USD|111,158}}<ref name="BOM">{{Cite Box Office Mojo |title=All That Breathes (2022) |id=16377862 |access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref>
}}

'''''All That Breathes''''' is a 2022 [[documentary film|documentary]] film directed by [[Shaunak Sen]]. It is produced by Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann and [[Teddy Leifer]] under the banner of Rise Films. The film follows siblings Mohammad Saud and Nadeem Shehzad, who rescue and treat injured birds in India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1015815/in-all-that-breathes-brothers-who-rescue-birds-and-a-struggle-for-human-survival |title=In 'All That Breathes', brothers who rescue birds and a struggle for human survival |first=Nandini |last=Ramnath |work=Scroll.in |date=25 January 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410174207/https://scroll.in/reel/1015815/in-all-that-breathes-brothers-who-rescue-birds-and-a-struggle-for-human-survival |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film had its world premiere at the [[2022 Sundance Film Festival]] on 22 January 2022, where it won Grand Jury Prize in World Cinema Documentary Competition.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shaunak-sen-on-why-his-sundance-award-winning-film-all-that-breathes-is-far-more-than-an-environmental-documentary-10369931.html |title=Shaunak Sen on why his Sundance award-winning film All That Breathes is far more than an environmental documentary |first=Neerja |last=Deodhar |work=Firstpost |date=26 February 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418210939/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shaunak-sen-on-why-his-sundance-award-winning-film-all-that-breathes-is-far-more-than-an-environmental-documentary-10369931.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="award:hindu">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-that-breathes-wins-at-sundance/article38343085.ece |title=Shaunak Sen's documentary 'All That Breathes' wins World Cinema Grand Jury Prize at Sundance Film Festival 2022 |first=Srivatsan |last=S |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 February 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420053701/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-that-breathes-wins-at-sundance/article38343085.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> It also had a screening at [[2022 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]] in the special screening section,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shaunak-sen-on-all-that-breathes-i-share-a-personal-relationship-with-the-delhi-skies-10576191.html |title=Shaunak Sen on 'All That Breathes': 'I share a personal relationship with the Delhi skies' |first=Lachmi Deb |last=Roy |work=Firstpost |date=20 April 2022 |access-date=22 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421111945/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shaunak-sen-on-all-that-breathes-i-share-a-personal-relationship-with-the-delhi-skies-10576191.html |url-status=live}}</ref> where it won the [[L'Œil d'or|Golden Eye]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/all-that-breathes-mariupolis-cannes-awards-1235280416/ |title='All That Breathes,' 'Mariupolis 2' Win Cannes Documentary Awards |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Naman |last=Ramachandran |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528125101/https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/all-that-breathes-mariupolis-cannes-awards-1235280416/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It was later nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film]].<ref name="oscar:hr">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscars-shortlists-95th-academy-awards-unveiled-1235285262/ |title=2023 Oscars: Shortlists for 95th Academy Awards Unveiled |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |first=Carolyn |last=Giardina |date=21 December 2022 |access-date=5 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124192311/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscars-shortlists-95th-academy-awards-unveiled-1235285262/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aframe.oscars.org/news/post/2023-oscars-nominations-full-list |title=2023 Oscars Nominations: See the Full List |date=24 January 2023 |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208222544/https://aframe.oscars.org/news/post/2023-oscars-nominations-full-list |url-status=live}}</ref> The film then went on to win a [[Peabody Award]] at the 84th ceremony for "its graceful portrait of empathy and interconnectivity between nature and man."<ref name="peabodyawards.com">{{cite web | url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/all-that-breathes/ | title=All That Breathes }}</ref>

==Synopsis==

Two brothers Saud and Nadeem were raised in New Delhi, looking at a sky speckled with [[black kite]]s, watching as relatives tossed meat up to these birds of prey. Muslim belief held that feeding the kites would expel troubles. Now, birds are falling from the polluted, opaque skies of New Delhi and the two brothers have made it their life’s work to care for the injured black kites.<ref name="credits:sundance">{{cite web |url=https://festival.sundance.org/program/#film-info/61ae111714aef7a8b71c07bd |title=All That Breathes |website=[[Sundance Film Festival]] |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504212423/https://festival.sundance.org/program/#film-info/61ae111714aef7a8b71c07bd |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Production==
The documentary is the story of Nadeem Shehzad and Mohammad Saud, the two brothers who run a bird clinic in [[Wazirabad, Delhi]] where 20,000 raptors have been cured over the last 20 years. Impressed with their dedication and the spirit, Shaunak Sen, the director decided to film them. As he said, "I am drawn by the subject of the interconnectedness of an ecosystem — one that humans are a part of, not apart from. How man, animals share space and become part of the whole. It is a valuable story."<ref name=outlook>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/all-that-breathes-delhis-black-kites-two-brothers-and-a-film/406894 |title=All That Breathes: Delhi's Black Kites, Two Brothers And A Film |website=Outlook India |first=Sharmila |last=Bhowmick |date=27 December 2021 |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502125146/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/all-that-breathes-delhis-black-kites-two-brothers-and-a-film/406894 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
The film had its world premiere at the [[2022 Sundance Film Festival]] on 22 January 2022.<ref name="credits:sundance" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/sundance-film-festival-2022-lineup-lena-dunham-amy-poehler-cosby-kanye-west-netflix-1235129277/ |title=Sundance Unveils 2022 Feature Lineup, Including Films From Lena Dunham, Amy Poehler and Netflix's Kanye West Doc |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Brent |last=Lang |date=9 December 2021 |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922053720/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/sundance-film-festival-2022-lineup-lena-dunham-amy-poehler-cosby-kanye-west-netflix-1235129277/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It was also selected for screening at [[2022 Cannes Film Festival]] in 'Special Screenings' section and was screened on 23 May.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/indian-documentary-all-that-breathes-to-screen-at-cannes-film-festival-2022-7869674/ |title=Indian documentary All That Breathes to screen at Cannes Film Festival 2022 |website=The Indian Express |date=14 April 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420060104/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/indian-documentary-all-that-breathes-to-screen-at-cannes-film-festival-2022-7869674/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/special-screening-of-indian-docu-at-cannes/articleshow/90869766.cms |title=Special screening of Indian documentary at Cannes |first=Priyanka |last=Dasgupta |website=The Times of India |date=16 April 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416001737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/special-screening-of-indian-docu-at-cannes/articleshow/90869766.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/actualites/articles/all-that-breathes-a-dreamlike-flight-to-delhi |title=All That Breathes: a dream like flight to Delhi |website=Cannes Festival |date=23 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313081321/https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/75-editions/retrospective/2022/actualites/articles/all-that-breathes-a-dreamlike-flight-to-delhi |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was released in the United States in fall 2022, along with festival screenings, by Submarine Deluxe, in association with Sideshow.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shaunak-sen-on-hbo-release-of-all-that-breathes-thrilled-to-join-the-roster/article65442634.ece |title=Shaunak Sen on HBO release of 'All That Breathes': Thrilled to join the roster |website=The Hindu |date=24 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524074834/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shaunak-sen-on-hbo-release-of-all-that-breathes-thrilled-to-join-the-roster/article65442634.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was selected for Documentary Competition in the 46th [[Hong Kong International Film Festival]], where it was screened on 24 August 2022 and won Firebird Award.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hkiff.org.hk/film/getdetail?fid=1921 |title=Documentary Competition::Firebird Awards, All That Breathes |website=Hong Kong International Film Festival |date=24 August 2022 |access-date=3 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903125600/https://www.hkiff.org.hk/film/getdetail?fid=1921 |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2022, it was invited to the 18th [[Zurich Film Festival]] held from 22 September to 2 October, where it was nominated in documentary competition section.<ref name="zff:cen"/> In the same month, it was also selected in main slate of [[2022 New York Film Festival]] held from 30 September – 16 October 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/new-york-film-festival-nyff-main-slate-1235088159/ |title=New York Film Festival Sets Main Slate For 60th Edition |first=Jill |last=Goldsmith |website=Deadline |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821191958/https://deadline.com/2022/08/new-york-film-festival-nyff-main-slate-1235088159/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It also made it to 'Wide Angle - Documentary Showcase' section of [[27th Busan International Film Festival]] and was screened on 9 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_view.asp?idx=60944&c_idx=375&sp_idx=529&QueryStep=2 |title=All That Breathes |website=Busan International Film Festival |date=7 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908102903/https://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_view.asp?idx=60944&c_idx=375&sp_idx=529&QueryStep=2 |url-status=live}}</ref> Next it was selected at [[BFI London Film Festival]] held from 5 to 16 October 2022, where it won The Grierson Award in the Documentary Competition;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/431975/ |title=Corsage clinches victory at the BFI London Film Festival |first=David |last=Katz |date=17 October 2022 |access-date=7 March 2023 |website=[[Cineuropa]] |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307175128/https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/431975/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and at the [[17th Rome Film Festival]] in Best of 2022, held from 13 to 23 October.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.romacinemafest.it/en/official-selection-2022/ |title= The Official Selection of the Rome Film Festival|website= Cinema Foundation for Rome|date= 22 September 2022 |access-date=3 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, it was selected in 'Films on Environment' section at the [[29th Kolkata International Film Festival]] and will be screened on 7 December 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kiff.in/archive/2023/official-selection/films-on-environment |title=Films on Environment |website=Kolkata International Film Festival |date=30 November 2023 |access-date=30 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===Home media===
HBO Documentary Films bought the worldwide television rights for the film; following its theatrical run in the United States, it aired on [[HBO]] and then began streaming on [[Max (streaming service)|HBO Max]] on 7 February 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/hbo-all-that-breathes-sundance-cannes-1235271685/ |title=HBO Documentary Films Buys Cannes Title and Sundance Winner 'All That Breathes' (EXCLUSIVE) |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Manori |last=Ravindran |date=14 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080545/https://variety.com/2022/film/global/hbo-all-that-breathes-sundance-cannes-1235271685/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray under the Janus Contemporaries label of the [[The Criterion Collection|Criterion Collection.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Criterion - All That Breathes |url=https://www.criterion.com/films/33942-all-that-breathes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430125644/https://www.criterion.com/films/33942-all-that-breathes |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{RT prose |score=99|count=87|average=8.3|consensus=A poetic tribute to tenacity, ''All That Breathes'' uses two brothers' tireless efforts to make a broader point about finding triumph within tragedy.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/all_that_breathes |title=All That Breathes (2022) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=9 December 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307151243/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/all_that_breathes |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Metacritic film prose |score=87|count=19}}<ref>{{cite Metacritic |id=all-that-breathes |title=All That Breathes Reviews |type=movie |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>

Daniel Fienberg of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', reviewing the film wrote, "Sen has encapsulated a vision of New Delhi in which modern life, particularly pollution and overpopulation, have placed new strain on the balance between humans and nature." Praising the film he further stated that the film "is one of the more dreamily provocative documentaries I’ve ever seen." Fienberg concluding his review remarked, "In this tiny marvel of a documentary, it’s a little and a lot all at once".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/all-that-breathes-review-1235083507/ |title='All That Breathes': Film Review: Sundance 2022 |first=Daniel |last=Fienberg |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=28 January 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519195422/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/all-that-breathes-review-1235083507/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
Dennis Harvey reviewing for ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' praised the score of the film, writing, "The meditative yet ingratiating impact is furthered by Roger Goula’s score, which strikes aptly spectral notes." He also appreciated the cinematography and wrote, "There’s an inventive lyricism to the imagery here, aesthetically unified despite three credited cinematographers." Concluding his review Harvey stated, "With a tone more melancholic and charming than one might expect given the various crises at play here, Sen's deceptively casual observational documentary prefers dwelling on resistance and resilience to pronouncements of doom."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/reviews/all-that-breathes-review-1235166551/ |title='All That Breathes' Review: Sundance-Winning Doc Surveys Interspecies Life, Both Ailing and Flying, in Polluted Delhi |first=Dennis |last=Harvey |date=28 January 2022 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220155137/https://variety.com/2022/film/reviews/all-that-breathes-review-1235166551/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Josh Flanders and Sheri Flanders of ''[[Chicago Reader]]'' termed the film, "A soaring visual masterpiece."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chicagoreader.com/film/sundance-at-home-again/ |title=Sundance at home, again |first=Josh |last=Flanders |date=3 February 2022 |work=[[Chicago Reader]] |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309105640/https://chicagoreader.com/film/sundance-at-home-again/ |url-status=live}}</ref> David Ehrlich of [[IndieWire]] graded the film with B+ and praised the framework comparing it with [[Janusz Kamiński]]. Ehrlich appreciating the score, sound recording and camerawork wrote, "Roger Goula’s orgiastic synth score (a little [[Philip Glass]], a lot of [[Dan Deacon]]) and Niladri Shekhar Roy and Moinak Bose’s visceral sound recording (brace for an entire chorus of rats) complement the micro-attention of the camerawork by hearing a tumult of life in even the most unassuming frame." He concluded, "There is so much life in ''All That Breathes'' that you won't be left clamoring for more personality."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/01/all-that-breathes-documentary-review-1234694866/ |title='All That Breathes' Review: A Transfixing Doc About Brothers Devoted to Saving Delhi's Birds |work=IndieWire |first=David |last=Ehrlich |date=28 January 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428191111/https://www.indiewire.com/2022/01/all-that-breathes-documentary-review-1234694866/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Poulomi Das reviewing for ''Firstpost'' opined, "Simply as a record of slow-burning ecological tragedy, Sen crafts All That Breathes like a meditative poem, one that is cut to mindful perfection by editors Charlotte Munch Bengtsen and Vedant Joshi. The structure itself is striking in its unadorned approach. There’s poetry in simplicity to be found here.." She also appreciated the cinematography of Ben Bernhard, Riju Das, and Saumyananda Sahi. Das stated, "Sen masterfully reveals the underbelly of the capital, seamlessly merging foreground and background, nature and atmosphere, and the seen and the under-seen. She concluded, "It’s not everyday that you get to see a narrative so attuned to the craft of filmmaking and the beauty of emotion that it results in a hypnotic viewing experience."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/all-that-breathes-review-shaunak-sens-sundance-winner-defines-the-art-of-commentary-and-the-craft-of-documentary-10332411.html |title=All That Breathes review: Shaunak Sen's Sundance winner defines the art of commentary and the craft of documentary |first=Poulomi |last=Das |work=Firstpost |date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=April 20, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418210943/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/all-that-breathes-review-shaunak-sens-sundance-winner-defines-the-art-of-commentary-and-the-craft-of-documentary-10332411.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Tomris Laffly of ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'' reviewing the film opined, "Humanity comes in its most selfless in ''All That Breathes'', [which adopts] the interconnectedness of nature and mankind as a guiding principle." Laffly stated Sen unearths something poetic in the [narrative], celebrating slivers of against-the-odds hope in generous sums.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/film-tv/g38950558/top-15-sundance-films-2022/ |title=The 15 Must-See Movies from This Year's Sundance Film Festival |first=Tomris |last=Laffly |magazine=Harper's Bazaar |date=February 1, 2022 |access-date=April 20, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520090955/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/film-tv/g38950558/top-15-sundance-films-2022/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Alissa Wilkinson reviewing the film for [[Vox (website)|Vox]] stated, " Shaunak Sen’s lyrical portrait of two men who work to save injured and sick birds in the city. Their quest to find resources for their perpetually underfunded operation winds together with meditations on the nature of the birds, particularly kites, birds of prey that have been forced to adapt to the changing city." Wilkinson in conclusion opined that the work two protagonists are doing is a "metaphor for the huge task that bringing healing to the city’s human residents might be, too." Since "we all breathe the same air."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/22911301/best-documentaries-sundance-2022-streaming |title=From a volcano love story to an all-girl metal band, 15 documentaries you can't miss |first=Alissa |last=Wilkinson |work=Vox |date=February 4, 2022 |access-date=April 21, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517232913/https://www.vox.com/22911301/best-documentaries-sundance-2022-streaming |url-status=live}}</ref> Grace Han of Asian Movie Pulse rated the film as 4/5 and praised the cinematography writing "The camera gazes in awe upon the sheer force of urbanity in the Indian capital – and nature’s ability to adapt accordingly." Terming the film as portrait she wrote "All in all, ''All That Breathes'' illustrates a portrait of a delicate ecosystem that is dangerously upset." Han concluded, "As the future heads into uncertain territory, ''All That Breathes'' spells out a plea for balance. She further opined, "In this life, everything all that breathes is connected: under the skies, through the air, and the Earth upon which we live."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2022/02/documentary-review-all-that-breathes-2022-by-shaunak-sen/ |title=Documentary Review: All That Breathes (2022) by Shaunak Sen |first=Grace |last=Han |work=Asian Movie Pulse |date=4 February 2022 |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203031052/https://asianmoviepulse.com/2022/02/documentary-review-all-that-breathes-2022-by-shaunak-sen/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
Bilge Ebiri reviewing for Spirituality & Health wrote, "Stunningly filmed, the film [is] as gorgeous as it is ambitious, as stirring as it is terrifying." Ending his review Ebiri opined, "And, given the perilous situation all the creatures depicted in this picture are in, one cannot help but wonder if it’s just a matter of time before we are all similarly threatened."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.spiritualityhealth.com/reviews/film/2022/04/20/film-review-all-that-breathes |title=Film Review: All That Breathes |first=Bilge |last=Ebiri |work=Spirituality & Health |date=26 April 2022 |access-date=13 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522194236/https://www.spiritualityhealth.com/reviews/film/2022/04/20/film-review-all-that-breathes |url-status=live}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' covering the Cannes Film Festival, wrote, "Shaunak Sen’s terrific documentary was as much of a celebration [as Pakistan’s ''Joyland'']."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/cannes-2022-splendid-reception-for-indias-all-that-breathes-pakistans-joyland-7933561/ |title=Cannes 2022: Splendid reception for India's All That Breathes, Pakistan's Joyland |first=Shubhra |last=Gupta |website=The Indian Express |date=25 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529213202/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/cannes-2022-splendid-reception-for-indias-all-that-breathes-pakistans-joyland-7933561/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width: 95%;"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sundance Film Festival]]
| [[2022 Sundance Film Festival|30 January 2022]]
| Grand Jury Prize – Documentary
| ''All That Breathes''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="award:hindu" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Cannes Film Festival]]
| [[2022 Cannes Film Festival|28 May 2022]]
| [[L'Œil d'or|Golden Eye]]
| [[Shaunak Sen]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="award:ie">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/indian-film-all-that-breathes-wins-top-documentary-award-at-cannes-2022-7941337/ |title=Indian film All That Breathes wins top documentary award at Cannes 2022 |website=The Indian Express |date=28 May 2022 |access-date=28 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528123016/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/indian-film-all-that-breathes-wins-top-documentary-award-at-cannes-2022-7941337/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Hong Kong International Film Festival]]
| 31 August 2022
| [[Hong Kong International Film Festival#Competition|Firebird Award]]
| rowspan="6" | ''All That Breathes''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hkiff.org.hk/news/detail?id=836 |title=HKIFF46 NAMES 13 FIREBIRD AWARD WINNERS AND FIPRESCI PRIZE |website=[[Hong Kong International Film Festival]] |date=31 August 2022 |access-date=3 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901091433/https://www.hkiff.org.hk/news/detail?id=836 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/a-new-old-play-awards-at-hong-kong-film-festival-hkiff-1235355299/ |title='A New Old Play' and 'Mediterranean Fever' Claim Firebird Awards at Hong Kong Film Festival |first=Patrick |last=Frater |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=31 August 2022 |access-date=3 September 2022 |archive-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903124233/https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/a-new-old-play-awards-at-hong-kong-film-festival-hkiff-1235355299/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Zurich Film Festival]]
| 2 October 2022
| Best International Documentary Film
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="zff:cen">{{cite web |url=https://www.cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/430572/ |title=The Zurich Film Festival unveils the programme for its 18th edition |website=[[Cineuropa]] |first=Giorgia |last=Del Don |date=15 September 2022 |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009175434/https://www.cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/430572/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[London Film Festival]]
| 16 October 2022
| [[Grierson Awards]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/london-film-festival-vicky-krieps-starrer-corsage-takes-best-film-award-1235146288/ |title=London Film Festival Winners: Vicky Krieps-Starrer 'Corsage' Takes Best Film Award |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Zac |last=Ntim |date=16 October 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022 |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016161155/https://deadline.com/2022/10/london-film-festival-vicky-krieps-starrer-corsage-takes-best-film-award-1235146288/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Montclair Film Festival]]
| 30 October 2022
| Bruce Sinosky Award for Documentary Feature
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awardsdaily.com/2022/10/31/montclair-film-festival-announces-2022-award-winners/ |title=Montclair Film Festival Announces 2022 Award Winners |website=Awards Daily |first=Clarence |last=Moye |date=31 October 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123091302/https://www.awardsdaily.com/2022/10/31/montclair-film-festival-announces-2022-award-winners/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]
| [[15th Asia Pacific Screen Awards|11 November 2022]]
| Young Cinema Award
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/news/apsa-asia-pacific-screen-awards-kamila-andini-before-now-and-then-1235429778/ |title=Kamila Andini's 'Before Now and Then' Named Best Film at Asia-Pacific Screen Awards |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=11 November 2022 |access-date=28 November 2022 |first=Patrick |last=Frater |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111171326/https://variety.com/2022/awards/news/apsa-asia-pacific-screen-awards-kamila-andini-before-now-and-then-1235429778/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Critics' Choice Documentary Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | [[7th Critics' Choice Documentary Awards|13 November 2022]]
| Best Science/Nature Documentary
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/critics-choice-documentary-award-nominations-2022-good-night-oppy-fire-of-love-1235405858/ |title='Fire of Love' and 'Good Night Oppy' Lead Critics Choice Documentary Award Nominations |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Clayton |last=Davis |date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306220758/https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/critics-choice-documentary-award-nominations-2022-good-night-oppy-fire-of-love-1235405858/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Cinematography
| Benjamin Bernhard and Riju Das
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Gotham Awards]]
| [[Gotham Independent Film Awards 2022|28 November 2022]]
| [[Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Documentary|Best Documentary]]
| rowspan="3" | ''All That Breathes''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/awards/gotham-awards-2022-see-the-full-winners-list/ |title=Gotham Awards 2022: See the full winners list |first=Lauren |last=Huff |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=28 November 2022 |access-date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023112814/https://ew.com/awards/gotham-awards-2022-see-the-full-winners-list/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Board of Review]]
| [[National Board of Review Awards 2022|8 December 2022]]
| Top Five Documentaries
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/12/2022-national-board-of-review-winners-top-gun-maverick-1234789853/ |title=2022 National Board of Review Winners: 'Top Gun: Maverick' Takes Top Honor |website=[[IndieWire]] |first=Marcus |last=Jones |date=8 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208190829/https://www.indiewire.com/2022/12/2022-national-board-of-review-winners-top-gun-maverick-1234789853/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | [[IDA Documentary Awards]]
| rowspan="4" | 10 December 2022
| Best Feature
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ida-documentary-awards-2022-winners-full-list-1235279604/ |title=IDA Documentary Awards: 'All That Breathes' Tops Winners |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |first=Hilary |last=Lewis |date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220154225/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ida-documentary-awards-2022-winners-full-list-1235279604/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| Shaunak Sen
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| Ben Bernhard, Riju Das, Saumyananda Sahi
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Editing
| Charlotte Munch Bengtsen, Vedant Joshi
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]]
| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2022|12 December 2022]]
| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Documentary|Best Documentary]]
| rowspan="5" | ''All That Breathes''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://awardswatch.com/washington-dc-film-critics-nominations-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-the-fabelmans-lead/ |title=Washington DC Film Critics nominations: 'Everything Everywhere All At Once,' 'The Fabelmans' lead |website=AwardsWatch |first=Erik |last=Anderson |date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211060427/https://awardswatch.com/washington-dc-film-critics-nominations-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-the-fabelmans-lead/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association]]
| [[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2022|19 December 2022]]
| [[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Documentary Film|Best Documentary Film]]
| {{draw|2nd place}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-dallas-fort-worth-film-critics-association-dfwfca-winners/ |title=The 2022 Dallas Fort-Worth Film Critics Association (DFWFCA) Winners |website=Next Best Picture |first=Matt |last=Neglia |date=19 December 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220122714/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-dallas-fort-worth-film-critics-association-dfwfca-winners/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Alliance of Women Film Journalists]]
| 5 January 2023
| Best Documentary
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=2022 EDA AWARDS NOMINEES |url=https://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2022-eda-awards-categories/2022-eda-awards-nominees/ |access-date=23 December 2022 |publisher=[[Alliance of Women Film Journalists]] |archive-date=23 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223170245/https://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2022-eda-awards-categories/2022-eda-awards-nominees/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Society of Film Critics]]
| [[2022 National Society of Film Critics Awards|7 January 2023]]
| [[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Non-Fiction Film|Best Non-Fiction Film]]
| {{draw|3rd place}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last=Zilko |first=Christian |date=7 January 2023 |title='TÁR' and 'Aftersun' Win Big at National Society of Film Critics Awards (Complete Winners List) |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2023/01/national-society-of-film-critics-awards-2023-winners-list-1234797151/ |access-date=7 January 2023 |website=[[IndieWire]] |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107210823/https://www.indiewire.com/2023/01/national-society-of-film-critics-awards-2023-winners-list-1234797151/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle]]
| [[San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Awards 2022|9 January 2023]]
| [[San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Award for Best Documentary Film|Best Documentary Feature]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2023/01/09/sf-film-critics-circle-names-its-favorite-film-for-2022/ |title=SF Film Critics Circle names its favorite film for 2022 |first=Randy |last=Myers |work=[[The Mercury News]] |date=9 January 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025061210/https://www.mercurynews.com/2023/01/09/sf-film-critics-circle-names-its-favorite-film-for-2022/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" scope="row" | [[Cinema Eye Honors]]
| rowspan="7" | [[16th Cinema Eye Honors|12 January 2023]]
| Outstanding Non-Fiction Feature
| Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann and [[Teddy Leifer]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/11/2023-cinema-eye-honors-nominees-documentary-feature-1234780961/ |title='Fire of Love' and 'The Territory' Lead 2023 Cinema Eye Honors Nonfiction Film Nominees |website=[[IndieWire]] |first=Marcus |last=Jones |date=10 November 2022 |access-date=10 November 2022 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110202337/https://www.indiewire.com/2022/11/2023-cinema-eye-honors-nominees-documentary-feature-1234780961/ |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/awards/awards/cinema-eye-honors-winners-list-1235487899/ |title='All That Breathes,' 'Fire of Love' Lead Cinema Eye Honors |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first1=Julia |last1=MacCary |first2=Ellise |last2=Shafer |date=12 January 2023 |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306220734/https://variety.com/2023/awards/awards/cinema-eye-honors-winners-list-1235487899/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Outstanding Direction
| Shaunak Sen
| {{nom}}
|-
| Outstanding Production
| Aman Mann, Shaunak Sen and Teddy Leifer
| {{nom}}
|-
| Outstanding Cinematography
| Ben Bernhard
| {{won}}
|-
| Outstanding Sound Design
| Niladri Shekhar Roy and Susmit "Bob" Nath
| {{nom}}
|-
| Audience Choice Prize
| ''All That Breathes''
| {{nom}}
|-
| The Unforgettables
| Mohammad Saud and Nadeem Shehzad
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Georgia Film Critics Association]]
| 13 January 2023
| Best Documentary Film
| rowspan="4" | ''All That Breathes''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://awardswatch.com/2022-georgia-film-critics-association-gafca-nominations/ |title=2022 Georgia Film Critics Association (GAFCA) nominations |website=AwardsWatch |first=Erik |last=Anderson |date=7 January 2023 |access-date=7 January 2023 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107172454/https://awardswatch.com/2022-georgia-film-critics-association-gafca-nominations/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Online Film Critics Society]]
| [[Online Film Critics Society Awards 2022|23 January 2023]]
| [[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Documentary Film|Best Documentary]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-online-film-critics-society-ofcs-winners/ |title=The 2022 Online Film Critics Society (OFCS) Winners |first=Matt |last=Neglia |website=Next Best Picture |date=23 January 2023 |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123170624/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-online-film-critics-society-ofcs-winners/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[London Film Critics' Circle]]
| [[London Film Critics Circle Awards 2022|5 February 2023]]
| Documentary of the Year
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/dec/21/banshees-of-inisherin-london-critics-circle-film-award-nominations |title=The Banshees of Inisherin leads pack as London film critics announce nominations |first=Andrew |last=Pulver |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221133328/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/dec/21/banshees-of-inisherin-london-critics-circle-film-award-nominations |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/02/06/london-critics-circle-film-awards-tar-takes-top-prize-amidst-a-big-night-for-irish-talent |title=London Critics' Circle Film Awards: 'Tár' takes top prize amidst a big night for Irish talent |first=David |last=Mouriquand |work=[[Euronews]] |date=2 June 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024083349/https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/02/06/london-critics-circle-film-awards-tar-takes-top-prize-amidst-a-big-night-for-irish-talent |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Satellite Awards]]
| [[27th Satellite Awards|11 February 2023]]
| [[Satellite Award for Best Documentary Film|Best Motion Picture – Documentary]]
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://awardswatch.com/top-gun-maverick-leads-international-press-academys-27th-satellite-awards-nominations/ |title='Top Gun: Maverick' leads International Press Academy's 27th Satellite Awards nominations |website=AwardsWatch |first=Erik |last=Anderson |date=8 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209002942/https://awardswatch.com/top-gun-maverick-leads-international-press-academys-27th-satellite-awards-nominations/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Directors Guild of America Awards]]
| [[75th Directors Guild of America Awards|18 February 2023]]
| [[Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Documentaries|Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Documentaries]]
| Shaunak Sen
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last1=Schneider |first1=Michael |title=''Severance'', ''Station Eleven'', ''The Daily Show'' Lead 2023 DGA Awards Television Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/severance-station-eleven-2023-dga-awards-tv-nominations-1235484034/ |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=10 January 2023 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110193000/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/severance-station-eleven-2023-dga-awards-tv-nominations-1235484034/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Producers Guild of America Awards]]
| [[34th Producers Guild of America Awards|25 February 2023]]
| [[Producers Guild of America Award for Best Documentary Motion Picture|Outstanding Producer of Documentary Theatrical Motion Pictures]]
| Aman Mann, Shaunak Sen, and Teddy Leifer
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite press release |title=Producers Guild of America Awards Celebrates ''Everything Everywhere All At Once'', ''White Lotus'', ''The Bear'', ''Navalny'' & more with Top Honors |url=https://producersguild.org/producers-guild-of-america-awards-celebrates-top-honors/ |publisher=[[Producers Guild of America]] |access-date=2 March 2023 |location=Los Angeles |date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302200223/https://producersguild.org/producers-guild-of-america-awards-celebrates-top-honors/ |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last1=Carey |first1=Matthew |title=PGA Awards Documentary Nominations Bring Shocks and Surprises: ''Nothing Compares'' In, ''All The Beauty And The Bloodshed'' Out |url=https://deadline.com/2022/12/pga-awards-2023-documentary-nominations-announcement-news-1235196961/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128073510/https://deadline.com/2022/12/pga-awards-2023-documentary-nominations-announcement-news-1235196961/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[British Academy Film Awards]]
| [[76th British Academy Film Awards|19 February 2023]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Documentary|Best Documentary]]
| Shaunak Sen, Teddy Leifer, Aman Mann
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/2023-bafta-film-nominations-list-movie-nominees-1235226375/ |title=BAFTA Film Awards Nominations: 'All Quiet On The Western Front,' 'Banshees Of Inisherin' & 'Everything Everywhere All At Once' Lead — The Complete List |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Zac |last=Ntim |date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119120111/https://deadline.com/2023/01/2023-bafta-film-nominations-list-movie-nominees-1235226375/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Independent Spirit Awards]]
| [[38th Independent Spirit Awards|4 March 2023]]
| [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary Feature]]
| Shaunak Sen, Teddy Leifer, Aman Mann
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/11/2023-independent-spirit-award-nominations-1234784758/ |title=2023 Film Independent Spirit Award Nominations Announced (Updating Live) |website=[[IndieWire]] |first=Ryan |last=Lattanzio |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=22 November 2022 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122150008/https://www.indiewire.com/2022/11/2023-independent-spirit-award-nominations-1234784758/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[American Society of Cinematographers]]
| [[2022 American Society of Cinematographers Awards|5 March 2023]]
| Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Documentary
| Ben Bernhard and Riju Das
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last=Tangcay |first=Jazz |url=https://variety.com/2023/artisans/awards/american-society-cinematographers-nominations-2023-1235482331/ |title='The Batman,' 'Top Gun: Maverick,' 'Elvis' Nominated by American Society of Cinematographers |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=9 January 2023 |access-date=10 January 2023 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110013235/https://variety.com/2023/artisans/awards/american-society-cinematographers-nominations-2023-1235482331/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Academy Awards]]
| [[95th Academy Awards|12 March 2023]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film|Best Documentary Feature]]
| Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann, and Teddy Leifer
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=oscarnom:hr>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscar-nominations-2023-nominees-list-1235307974/ |title=Oscars: Full List of Nominations |first=Hilary |last=Lewis |date=24 January 2023 |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124150506/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscar-nominations-2023-nominees-list-1235307974/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[Grierson Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |9 November 2023
| Best Single Documentary – International
| rowspan="2" | ''All That Breathes''
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://griersontrust.org/grierson-awards/past-awards/2023#winners |title=2023 Grierson Awards Winners Announced |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=The Grierson Trust}}</ref>
|-
| Best Cinema Documentary
| {{Won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Peabody Awards]]
| June 9, 2024
| Portrait of Empathy and Interconnectivity Between Nature and Man
| Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann, and Teddy Leifer
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="peabodyawards.com"/>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title|16377862}}
*{{Rotten-tomatoes|all_that_breathes}}
*''[https://letterboxd.com/film/all-that-breathes/ All That Breathes]'' at [https://letterboxd.com/film/all-that-breathes/ Letterboxd]

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for ''All That Breathes''
|list =
{{Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Documentary}}
{{San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Award for Best Documentary Film}}
{{Sundance Grand Jury Prize World Cinema Documentary}}
}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 documentary films]]
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V. Somashekhar

2026-03-26T16:58:16Z

DrshivambjpIND: Adding A Page Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian film director, producer and screenwriter}}
{{Indian patronymic|Somashekhar|Venkatappa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. Somashekhar
| image = V.SomashekharImg.jpg
| native_name = ವೆಂಕಟಪ್ಪ ಸೋಮಶೇಖರ್
| native_name_lang = kn
| birth_name = Venkatappa Somashekhar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|07|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Chikkanahalli, [[Bangalore Rural district]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|08|22|1937|07|27|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| other_names = V. Somasekharan
| occupation = Film director, producer, screenwriter
| spouse = Gowramma
| children = 3
| awards = [[Puttanna Kanagal Award]] (2001)
}}
'''Venkatappa Somashekhar''' (27 July 1937 – 22 August 2003) was an Indian [[film director]], [[Film producer|producer]] and [[screenwriter]] in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]] and [[Malayalam cinema]]. In 40 years of his career as a director, he directed 49 films, including commercial successes such as ''[[Premada Kanike]]'' (1976), ''[[Shankar Guru (1978 film)|Shankar Guru]]'' (1978), ''[[Seetharamu]]'' (1979), ''[[Chakravyuha (1983 film)|Chakravyuha]]'' (1983), and ''[[Prathap (1990 film)|Prathap]]'' (1990).<ref name="cl1">{{cite web |title= V Somashekar Dead |url= http://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3163-v-somashekar-dead.html |website= chitraloka.com |date= 23 August 2003 |access-date= 18 November 2014 |archive-date= 13 December 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141213220118/http://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3163-v-somashekar-dead.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>
Widely known for action-oriented movies, he was much sought as a hit-machine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chitraloka.com/flash-back/3163-v-somashekar-dead.html |title=V Somashekar Dead |publisher=chitraloka.com |date=2003-08-23 |accessdate=2022-08-23 |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808113803/http://chitraloka.com/flash-back/3163-v-somashekar-dead.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Following his directorial career, he worked as the President of Kannada Film Directors Association. Recognizing his contribution to Kannada cinema, he was awarded the [[Puttanna Kanagal Award]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite news |title= Shivaraj, Tara, Anu bag State film awards |url= http://www.thehindu.com/2001/12/17/stories/2001121701550300.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044842/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/12/17/stories/2001121701550300.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 29 November 2014 |date= 17 December 2001 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |access-date= 18 November 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1955, in [[Madras]] (now Chennai), at the age of 18, Somashekhar entered cinema hoping to become an actor and started as a [[clapperboard]] operator. He then appeared in uncredited film roles before working as a dubbing artist. Following this, he worked as an assistant director to popular film directors at the time, [[R. Nagendra Rao]], N. G. Rajan, [[Y. R. Swamy]], Ramamurthy and Babu Rao.<ref name="DH">{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=End of an era |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep07/ent1.asp |access-date=26 March 2026 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=7 September 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030911105957/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep07/ent1.asp |archive-date=11 September 2003}}</ref>

Actor [[Dr. Rajkumar]] was impressed by Somashekhar's work in ''[[Choori Chikkanna]]'' (1969), and urged to him direct films independently. Somashekhar started out with Rajkumar's 1974 film ''[[Bangaarada Panjara]]''. The film was a commercial success. Collaborating with Rajkumar, he followed this up with other hit films such as ''[[Premada Kanike]]'' (1976), ''[[Shankar Guru (1978 film)|Shankar Guru]]'' (1978), ''[[Thayige Thakka Maga]]'' (1978), ''[[Havina Hede]]'' (1981) and ''[[Parashuram (1989 film)|Parashuram]]'' (1989).<ref name="DH"/>

Somashekhar was instrumental in building the career of [[Shankar Nag]] as an action hero, directing him in films such as ''[[Seetharamu]]'' (1979), ''Aarada Gaaya'' (1980) and ''Devara Aata'' (1981). He directed [[Ambareesh]] in the 1983 film ''[[Chakravyuha (1983 film)|Chakravyuha]]'' for Eshwari Productions, after their previous venture ''Ajith'' ran well. ''Chakravyuha'', a commercial success, was remade in Hindi as ''[[Inquilaab (1984 film)|Inquilaab]]'', and revived the latter's career following a series of failures. Ambareesh went on to do a string of films with Somashekhar, namely ''Gajendra'', ''Chaduranga'', ''Deverelliddaane'', ''[[Mrugaalaya]]'', ''Bete'', ''Mr Raja'' and ''Bedi'', each having a tone of a rebel hero fighting against the corrupt, earning the sobriquet "Rebel Star."<ref name="th1">{{cite news |title= Somashekar passes away |url= http://www.thehindu.com/2003/08/23/stories/2003082307300300.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080527014819/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/08/23/stories/2003082307300300.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 27 May 2008 |date= 23 August 2003 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |access-date= 18 November 2014}}</ref>

With [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], Somashekhar worked in ''Kalinga'' (1980) and ''Chanakya'' (1984). Other popular films directed by Somashekhar include ''Point Parimala'' (1980), ''[[Ranaranga]]'' (1988) and ''S. P. Bhargavi'' (1981).<ref name="cl1"/> In the late 1980s, he floated a production company, Vijaya Shekhar Productions with another director [[Vijay (director)|Vijay]]. They collaborated with writer C. V. Shivashankar and made a string of successful films together.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/director-vijay-passes-away/article32823283.ece|title = Director Vijay passes away|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 10 October 2020|last1 = Bharadwaj|first1 = K. v Aditya}}</ref>

==Final years and death==
Following his film career as a director after retiring in 1992, Somashekhar associated himself with the Kannada Film Directors Association, serving as its president and as a working committee member of the Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce.<ref name="cl1"/>

Recognizing his contribution to Kannada cinema, he was awarded the [[Puttanna Kanagal Award]] in 2001, for 1999–2000.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131102014049/http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/17/stories/2001121701550300.htm The Hindu : Shivaraj, Tara, Anu bag State film awards]</ref>

He took to agriculture in the following years and also suffered from [[renal disorder]] during this time. He died on 22 August 2003, at a hospital in [[St. John's Medical College]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="th1"/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;"| Film
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;"| Language
! colspan="3" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
! width=65 | [[Film director|Director]]
! width=65 | [[Film producer|Producer]]
! width=65 | [[Screenwriter]]
|-
| 1974
| ''[[Bangaarada Panjara]]''
| [[Kannada]]
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1976
| ''[[Premada Kanike]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
| '''Won''', [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Karnataka State Film Award for Third Best Film]]
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Shankar Guru (1978 film)|Shankar Guru]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Thayige Thakka Maga]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1979
| ''[[Seetharamu]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1979
| ''[[Vijay Vikram]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1980
| ''Point Parimala''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Kaalinga]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1980
| ''Rama Parashurama''
| Kannada
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Aarada Gaaya]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Havina Hede]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1981
| ''Devara Aata''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1982
| ''Andada Aramane''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1982
| ''Mareyalagada Kathe''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1982
| ''Ajith''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1983
| ''Chandi Chamundi''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Chakravyuha (1983 film)|Chakravyuha]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Gajendra (1984 film)|Gajendra]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Premigala Saval]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Chanakya (1984 film)|Chanakya]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1985
| ''Njangal Jayikkum Njangal Bharikum''
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1985
| ''Chaduranga''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1985
| ''Devarelliddane''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| also wrote story
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Mrugaalaya]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Ee Jeeva Ninagagi]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1986
| ''Aparadhi Nanalla''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1986
| ''Bete''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1986
| ''Vishwaroopa''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1987
| ''Mr. Raja''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1987
| ''Bedi''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Verukal Thedi]]''
| Malayalam
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1988
| ''Kirathaka''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1988
| ''Vijaya Khadga''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Ranaranga]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Gandandre Gandu]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1989
| ''Onti Salaga''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Parashuram (1989 film)|Parashuram]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1990
| ''Ranabheri''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Prathap (1990 film)|Prathap]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| also wrote story
|-
| 1991
| ''Varagala Bete''
| Kannada
|
| {{yes}}
|
| also wrote story
|-
| 1991
| ''[[S. P. Bhargavi]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| also wrote story
|-
| 1992
| ''Chuvanna Kaipathi''
| Malayalam
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1992
| ''Chitralekha''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| also wrote story
|-
| 1993
| ''Sarkarakke Saval''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Kempaiah IPS]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| also wrote story
|-
| 1997
| ''Gandede Bhaira''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0813772}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somashekhar, V.}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure in India]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]

Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21

2026-03-20T01:34:09Z

DrshivambjpIND: further enhance formatting per sources further and added references as per guidelines

{{short description|1956 Soviet fighter aircraft family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = MiG-21
| image = File:Croatian MiG-21 (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = A Croatian MiG-21bis-D in flight
| aircraft_type = [[Fighter aircraft|Fighter]] and [[interceptor aircraft]]
| national_origin = [[Soviet Union]]
| manufacturer =
| design_group = [[Mikoyan|Mikoyan-Gurevich]]
| first_flight = 16 June 1955 (Ye-4){{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
| introduction = 1959 (MiG-21F)
| status = In service
| primary_user = [[Soviet Air Forces]] (historical)
| more_users = [[Indian Air Force]] (historical)
| produced = 1959–1986
| number_built = 11,496<ref name="Gordon 2008">{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Yefim |title=Mikoyan MiG-21 |series=Famous Russian Aircraft |location=Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK |publisher=Midland Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-85780-257-3}}</ref> (10,645 produced in the USSR, 840 in [[India]], 194 in [[Czechoslovakia]])
| developed_from =
| variants = [[Chengdu J-7]]
}}

The '''Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21''' ({{langx|ru|Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-21}}; [[NATO reporting name]]: '''Fishbed''') is a [[supersonic]] [[jet aircraft|jet]] [[fighter aircraft|fighter]] and [[interceptor aircraft]], designed by the [[Mikoyan|Mikoyan-Gurevich]] [[OKB|Design Bureau]] in the [[Soviet Union]]. Its nicknames include: "''Balalaika''", because its [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] resembles the [[balalaika|stringed musical instrument of the same name]]; "''Ołówek''", [[Polish language|Polish]] for "pencil", due to the shape of its [[fuselage]],<ref>{{cite web |title=MiG-21 – naddźwiękowy ołówek |url=http://lotniczapolska.pl/MiG-21-%E2%80%93-naddzwiekowy-olowek-,231 |website=Lotnicza Polska |date=2007-09-06 |language=pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606022813/http://lotniczapolska.pl/MiG-21-%E2%80%93-naddzwiekowy-olowek-,231 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |url-status=dead |access-date=2010-12-01}}</ref> and "''Én Bạc''", meaning "silver [[swallow]]", in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]].

Approximately 60 countries across four continents have flown the MiG-21, and it still serves many nations seven decades after its maiden flight. It set aviation records, becoming [[List of most-produced aircraft|the most-produced supersonic jet aircraft in aviation history]], the most-produced combat aircraft since the [[Korean War]] and, previously, the longest production run of any combat aircraft.

==Development==

===Origins===
The MiG-21 jet fighter was a continuation of Soviet jet fighters, starting with the transonic [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|MiG-15]] and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|MiG-17]], and the supersonic [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19|MiG-19]]. A number of experimental [[Mach number|Mach]] 2 Soviet designs were based on nose intakes with either [[Swept wing|swept-back wings]], such as the [[Sukhoi Su-7]], or tailed [[delta wing|deltas]], of which the MiG-21 would be the most successful.

Development of what would become the MiG-21 began in the early 1950s when [[Mikoyan]] OKB finished a preliminary design study for a [[prototype]] designated Ye-1 in 1954. This project was very quickly reworked when it was determined that the planned engine was underpowered; the redesign led to the second prototype, the Ye-2. Both these and other early prototypes featured swept wings. The first prototype with the [[delta wings]] found on production variants was the Ye-4. It made its maiden flight on 16 June 1955 and its first public appearance during the [[Soviet Aviation Day|Soviet Aviation Day display]] at Moscow's [[Tushino airfield]] in July 1956.

In the West, due to the lack of available information, early details of the MiG-21 often were confused with those of similar Soviet fighters of the era. In one instance, ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1960–1961'' listed the "Fishbed" as a [[Sukhoi Design Bureau|Sukhoi design]] and used an illustration of the [[Sukhoi Su-9|Su-9 'Fishpot']].

===Design===
[[File:MiG-21 on display on top of Verkkokauppa in Helsinki.jpg|thumb|Retired Finnish MiG-21bis on top of Verkkokauppa store in Helsinki (Tyynenmerenkatu 11).]]
[[File:MiG-21 BIS on display in Helsinki.jpg|thumb|MiG-21bis rear.]]
[[File:Close up of the landing gear bay (MiG-21 BIS).jpg|thumb|Close-up of the landing gear bay.]]
[[File:MiG-21M Preschen (22951457305).jpg|thumb|MiG-21М of the National People's Army of the GDR, August 1990]]

The MiG-21 was the first successful Soviet aircraft combining [[fighter aircraft|fighter]] and [[interceptor aircraft|interceptor]] characteristics in a single aircraft. It was a lightweight fighter, achieving Mach 2 with a relatively low-powered [[afterburner (engine)|afterburning]] [[turbojet]], and is thus comparable to the American [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter]] and [[Northrop F-5|Northrop F-5 Freedom Fighter]] and the French [[Dassault Mirage III]].<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> Its basic layout was used for numerous other Soviet designs; delta-winged aircraft included the [[Sukhoi Su-9|Su-9]] interceptor and fast [[Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-150 family|Ye-150]] prototype from the MiG bureau, while the successful mass-produced frontline fighter [[Sukhoi Su-7|Su-7]] and Mikoyan's [[Mikoyan-Gurevich I-75|I-75]] experimental interceptor combined a similar fuselage shape with swept-back wings. However, the characteristic layout with the [[inlet cone|shock cone]] and front air intake did not see widespread use outside the USSR and ultimately proved to have limited development potential, mainly due to the small available space for the radar.

Like many aircraft designed as interceptors, the MiG-21 had a short range. This was exacerbated by the poor placement of the internal fuel tanks ahead of the centre of gravity. As the internal fuel was consumed, the center of gravity would shift rearward beyond acceptable parameters. This had the effect of making the plane [[Longitudinal static stability|statically unstable]] to the point of being difficult to control, resulting in an endurance of only 45 minutes in clean condition. This can be somewhat countered by carrying fuel in external tanks closer to the center of gravity. The Chinese variants somewhat improved the internal fuel tank layout (as did the second generation of Soviet variants), and also carried significantly larger external fuel tanks to counter this issue.<ref>{{cite report |last=Vasconcelos |first=Miguel |title=Civil Airworthiness Certification: Former Military High-Performance Aircraft |publisher=United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration |year=2013}}</ref> Additionally, when more than half the fuel was used up, violent maneuvers prevented fuel from flowing into the engine,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ODIN - OE Data Integration Network |url=https://odin.tradoc.army.mil/WEG/Asset/6e76cf95da7f7ee76e8f4b3d643c027e |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=odin.tradoc.army.mil}}</ref> thereby causing it to shut down in flight. This increased the risk of tank implosions (MiG-21 had tanks pressurized with air from the engine's compressor), a problem inherited from the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|MiG-15]], [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|MiG-17]] and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19|MiG-19]].<ref name="J F Dunnigan">{{cite book |last=Dunnigan |first=James F. |title=How to Make War: A Comprehensive Guide to Modern Warfare in the Twenty-first Century |edition=4th |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2003 |isbn=978-0060090128}}</ref> The short endurance and low fuel capacity of the MiG-21F, PF, PFM, S/SM and M/MF variants—though each had a somewhat greater fuel capacity than its predecessor—led to the development of the MT and SMT variants. These had an increased range of {{convert|250|km|0|abbr=on}} compared to the MiG-21SM, but at the cost of worsening all other performance figures, such as a lower service ceiling and slower time to altitude.<ref name="Gordon 2008" />

The delta wing, while excellent for a fast-climbing interceptor, meant any form of turning combat led to a rapid loss of speed. However, the light loading of the aircraft could mean that a [[climb rate]] of 235 m/s (46,250 ft/min) was possible with a combat-loaded MiG-21bis,<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> not far short of the performance of the later [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16A]]. MiG-21's [[Tumansky R-25]] jet engine's specialty was the addition of a second fuel pump in the afterburning stage. Activating the ЧР (rus. "чрезвычайный режим" - emergency mode)(Emergency Power Rating, EPR in India) booster feature allows the engine to develop 97.4 kilonewtons (21,896 lbf) of thrust under 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) of altitude. The rpm of the engine would increase by 2.5% and the compression ratio would thus increase, with a rise in exhaust temperature. The limit of operation is 2 minutes for both practice and actual wartime use, as further use causes the engine to overheat. The fuel consumption increased by 50% over the rate in full afterburner. Use of this temporary power gave the MiG-21bis slightly better than 1:1 thrust-to-weight ratio and a climbing rate of 254 meters/second, equalling the F-16's nominal capabilities in a close-quarters dogfight.
The use of [[War emergency power|WEP]] thrust was limited to 2 minutes to reduce stress on the engines' 750 (250+250+250) flight hours lifetime since every second of super-afterburner counted as several minutes of regular power run due to extreme thermal stress. With WEP on, the MiG-21bis's R-25 engine produced a huge 10–12 meter long blowtorch exhaust, with six or seven brightly glowing rhomboid [[shock diamond]]s visible inside the exhaust. The Soviets gave the emergency power setting its "diamond regime" name, which was never popularly used in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://forums.eagle.ru/showthread.php?t=125066 |title = Afterburner/Engine simulation question - ED Forums| date=28 May 2014 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2025}} Given a skilled pilot and capable missiles, it could give a good account of itself against contemporary fighters. Its G-limits were increased from +7Gs in initial variants to +8.5Gs in the latest variants.<ref name="MiG-21BIS">{{cite web |last=Král |first=Martin |title=MiG-21BIS |url=http://www.soviethammer.info/blog/799377-mig-21bis |website=Soviet Hammer |date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702092826/http://www.soviethammer.info/blog/799377-mig-21bis |archive-date=2017-07-02 |url-status=usurped |access-date=2012-06-28
}}</ref> It was replaced by the newer variable-geometry [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23|MiG-23]] and [[Mikoyan MiG-27|MiG-27]] for ground support duties. However, not until the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29|MiG-29]] would the Soviet Union ultimately replace the MiG-21 as a maneuvering dogfighter to counter new American air superiority types.

The MiG-21 was exported widely and remains in use. The aircraft's simple controls, engine, weapons, and avionics were typical of Soviet-era military designs. The use of a tail with the delta wing aids stability and control at the extremes of the [[flight envelope]], enhancing safety for lower-skilled pilots; this, in turn, enhanced its marketability in exports to developing countries with limited training programs and restricted pilot pools. While technologically inferior to the more advanced fighters it often faced, low production and maintenance costs made it a favorite of nations buying [[Eastern Bloc]] military hardware. Several Russian, Israeli and Romanian firms have begun to offer upgrade packages to MiG-21 operators, designed to bring the aircraft up to a modern standard, with greatly upgraded avionics and armaments.<ref name="Gordon 2008" />

===Production===
[[File:MiG-21F-13 Fishbed C.JPG|thumb|Czechoslovak MiG-21F-13 "Fishbed C"]]
A total of 10,645 aircraft were built in the USSR. They were produced in three factories: AZ 30{{refn|"AZ" – abbreviation for Russian "Авиационный Завод" – АЗ (Aviation Plant).|group=N}} (3,203 aircraft) in Moscow (also known as ''MMZ Znamya Truda''), GAZ 21 (5,765 aircraft) in [[Gorky (city)|Gorky]],{{refn|Now called [[Nizhny Novgorod]].|group=N}} and TAZ 31 (1,678 aircraft) in [[Tbilisi]]. Generally, Gorky built single-seaters for the Soviet forces. Moscow constructed single-seaters for export, and Tbilisi manufactured two-seaters both for export and the USSR, though there were exceptions. The MiG-21R and MiG-21bis for export and for the USSR were built in Gorky, 17 single-seaters were built in Tbilisi (MiG-21 and MiG-21F), the MiG-21MF was first constructed in Moscow and then Gorky, and the MiG-21U was built in Moscow as well as in Tbilisi.<ref name="Gordon 2008" />

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Gorky
|83 MiG-21F; 513 MiG-21F-13; 525 MiG-21PF; 233 MiG-21PFL; 944 MiG-21PFS/PFM; 448 MiG-21R; 145 MiG-21S/SN; 349 MiG-21SM; 281 MiG-21SMT; 2013 MiG-21bis; 231 MiG-21MF
|-
!Moscow
|MiG-21U (all export units); MiG-21PF (all export units); MiG-21FL (all units not built by HAL); MiG-21M (all); 15 MiG-21MT (all)
|-
!Tbilisi
|17 MiG-21 and MiG-21F; 181 MiG-21U ''izdeliye'' 66–400 and 66–600 (1962–1966); 347 MiG-21US (1966–1970); 1133 MiG-21UM (1971 to end)
|}

A total of 194 MiG-21F-13s were built under licence in [[Czechoslovakia]], and [[Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.]] of India built 657 MiG-21FL, MiG-21M and MiG-21bis (of which 225 were bis)

===Cost===
Due to the mass production, the aircraft was very cheap: the MiG-21MF, for example, was cheaper than the [[BMP-1]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airwar.ru/enc/fighter/j7.html|title=Chengdu J-7 (J-7I)|website=www.airwar.ru|access-date=2 February 2019}}</ref> The [[F-4 Phantom]]'s cost was several times higher than MiG-21.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

==Design==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}

[[File:MiG-21 cockpit.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Czech Air Force]] MiG-21MF cockpit upgraded for NATO standards]]

The MiG-21 has a [[delta wing]]. The [[sweep angle]] on the [[leading edge]] is 57° with a [[TsAGI]] S-12 [[airfoil]]. The [[angle of incidence (aerodynamics)|angle of incidence]] is 0° while the [[Dihedral (aircraft)|dihedral angle]] is −2°. On the [[trailing edge]] there are [[ailerons]] with an area of 1.18 m2, and [[Flap (aircraft)|flaps]] with an area of 1.87 m2. In front of the ailerons there are small [[wing fence]]s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80T00246A030200200001-3.pdf|title=English translation of a Soviet manual of the MIG-21, specifically the MIG-21F-13}}</ref>

The fuselage is [[semi-monocoque]] with an elliptical profile and a maximum width of {{convert|1.24|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The air flow to the engine is regulated by an [[inlet cone]] in the air intake. On early model MiG-21s, the cone has three positions. For speeds up to Mach 1.5, the cone is fully retracted to the maximum aft position. For speeds between Mach 1.5 and Mach 1.9, the cone moves to the middle position. For speeds higher than Mach 1.9, the cone moves to the maximum forward position. On the later model MiG-21PF, the intake cone moves to a position based on the actual speed. The cone position for a given speed is calculated by the UVD-2M system using air pressures from in front and behind the [[Gas compressor|compressor]] of the engine. On both sides of the nose, there are gills to supply the engine with more air while on the ground and during [[takeoff]]. In the first variant of the MiG-21, the [[pitot tube]] is attached to the bottom of the nose. After the MiG-21P variant, this tube is attached to the top of the air intake. Later versions shifted the pitot tube attachment point 15 degrees to the right, as seen from the cockpit, and had an emergency pitot head on the right side, just ahead of the canopy and below the pilot's eyeline.

[[File:Cockpit MiG 21 F 13.jpg|thumb|left|MiG-21F-13 cockpit at the Aviation Museum in Bucharest, Romania]]
The cabin is pressurized and air-conditioned. On variants prior to the MiG-21PFM, the cabin canopy is hinged at the front. When ejecting, the SK-1 ejection seat connects with the canopy to provide a windbreak from the high-speed airflow encountered during high-speed ejections. After ejection, the canopy opens to allow the pilot to parachute to the ground. However, ejecting at low altitudes can cause the canopy to take too long to separate, sometimes resulting in pilot death. The minimum height for ejection in level flight was 110 m. Starting with the MiG-21PFM, a new ejection seat proved to be very reliable and did not need the canopy to protect the pilot which had never been fully satisfactory. The canopy is hinged on the right side of the cockpit.

On the underside of the aircraft, there are three air brakes, two at the front and one at the rear. The front air brakes have an area of 0.76 m2,<ref name=":2" /> and a deflection angle of 35°. The rear air brake has an area of 0.47 m2<ref name=":2" /> and a deflection angle of 40°.<ref name=":2" /> The rear air brake is blocked if the airplane carries an external fuel tank. Behind the air brakes are the bays for the main [[landing gear]]. On the underside of the airplane, just behind the trailing edge of the wing are attachment points for two [[JATO]] rockets. The front section of the fuselage ends at [[former]] #28. The rear section of the fuselage starts at former #28a and is removable for engine maintenance.

The [[empennage]] of the MiG-21 consists of a [[vertical stabilizer]], a [[stabilator]] and a small fin on the bottom of the tail to improve yaw control. The vertical stabilizer has a sweep angle of 60° and an area of 5.32 m2 (on earlier version 3.8 m2) and a [[rudder]]. The stabilator has a sweep angle of 57°, an area of 3.94 m2 and a span of 2.6 m.<ref name=":2" />

The MiG-21 uses a [[tricycle]]-type undercarriage. On most variants, the main landing gear uses tires that are 800 mm in diameter and 200 mm in width. Only the MiG-21F variants use tires with the size 660×200 mm. The wheels of the main landing gear retract into the fuselage after rotating 87° and the shock absorbers retract into the wing. The nose gear retracts forward into the fuselage under the radar. The nose wheel can be lowered manually by simply unlocking its hatch from inside the cockpit. Thus, landing with undercarriage locked in the up position due to an internal failure was not a major issue, with a number of such successful landings on the nosewheel and ventral fuel tank or the airbrake.

==Operational history==
[[File:2014 Prowincja Lorri, Sanahin, Muzeum braci Mikojanów (02).jpg|thumb|A MiG-21 at the Mikoyan museum in [[Alaverdi, Armenia]]]]

===North Korea===
North Korea acquired its first MiG-21s from the Soviet Union in 1963, and possibly earlier, making it one of the very first countries to receive the aircraft. This was the last time the USSR exported its most capable frontline fighter class to its neighbour. During low level hostilities in the inter-[[Korean Demilitarized Zone|Korean Demilitarised Zone]], [[Korean People's Army Air Force]] (KPAAF) MiG-21s were credited with shooting down an American [[RF-4C]] [[Reconnaissance aircraft|reconnaissance plane]] on August 31, 1967, an [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief|F-105D]] fighter five months later on January 14, 1968 and an [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|F-4B]] fighter the following month on February 12. On January 23, 1968 pair of MiG-21 fighters were involved in the first stages of the joint operation with the [[Korean People's Army Navy]] to capture the American [[Surveillance Ship|surveillance ship]] ''[[USS Pueblo (AGER-2)|USS Pueblo]]''.{{sfn|Abrams|2025|p=8}} The following year, two MiG-21s [[1969 EC-121 shootdown incident|shoot down an EC-121 plane]] in international airspace, killing all 31 Americans servicemen on board.

During the [[Vietnam War]] North Korean personnel manned one MiG-21 company and two MiG-17 companies in the North Vietnamese fleet, providing a 50 percent increase to North Vietnam's fighter strength. Between 87 and 96 North Korean pilots served in the conflict, and were credited by North Vietnamese pilots with downing 26 American aircraft while taking 14 losses.{{sfn|Abrams|2025|p=6}}

During the [[Yom Kippur War]] North Korean veteran pilots, many with more than 2,000 hours flight experience, flew Egyptian and Syrian MiG-21 fighters and engaged Israeli forces multiple times. KPAAF pilots continued to fly Syrian MiG-21s throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s.{{sfn|Abrams|2025|pages=6-7}}

North Korea made its last known MiG-21 acquisition in the 1990s, and while failing to purchase 133 airframe enhanced MiG-21bis aircraft being retired by Kazakhstan, it was able to acquire 30 of them. The MiG-21bis’ integration of the more powerful R-25 engine, use of four wing hard points instead of two, and compatibility with the R-60 air-to-air missile, made these aircraft significantly superior to its previous MiG-21s. The fighters were acquired for just $200,000 each. The MiG-21bis has continued to play an important role in the North Korean fleet, with the aircraft modernised with multi function cockpit displays and new communications equipment. MiG-21BiS pilots also began sporting new helmets and flight suits around 2015, while a range of indigenous air to ground munitions including bombs and anti tank guided missiles have been produced in the country such as the AGP-250 GNSS guided glide bomb. Integration of indigenous electronic warfare systems has also been speculated.<ref name="mig4">{{cite web |title=North Korea's MiG-21BiS Regiment: Acquired For Just $8 Million and Enhanced with Indigenous Tech |url=https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/nkorea-fighter-8million-mig21bis-kazakh-indigenous-upgrades |website=Military Watch Magazine |date=2022-09-27 |access-date=2026-03-04}}</ref>

===India===
[[File:Sheeju mig21.JPG|thumb|MiG-21 Bison of the [[Indian Air Force]]]]

In 1961, the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) opted to purchase the MiG-21 over several other Western competitors. As part of the deal, the Soviet Union offered India full transfer of technology and rights for local assembly.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mehrotra, Santosh|title=India and the Soviet Union: Trade and Technology Transfer|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1990|isbn=978-0-521-36202-3}}</ref> A first batch of eight pilots trained on [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|MiG-15]]s and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|MiG-17]]s at the [[Lugovoy, Jambyl Region|Lugovaya Air base]] to familiarise themselves with the Russian aircraft models and procedures from late October 1962 to early January 1963, before transitioning to the MiG-21s, which later formed the [[No. 28 Squadron IAF|No. 28 Squadron]] of the IAF.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Retired Air Marshal Brijesh Jayal, who flew India's first supersonic fighter jet into the country|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/meet-retired-air-marshal-brijesh-jayal-who-flew-indias-first-supersonic-fighter-jet-into-the-country/articleshow/123384337.cms?from=mdr |access-date=20 August 2025|work=[[The Economic Times]]| date=19 August 2025 }}</ref> In 1963, the MiG-21 became the first supersonic fighter aircraft to enter service with the IAF.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=22 July 2024 |title=From warhorse to legend: MiG-21 to bow out after 62 years in Indian skies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/from-warhorse-to-legend-mig-21-to-bow-out-after-62-years-in-indian-skies/articleshow/122821727.cms |access-date=2025-07-22 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Due to limited numbers and lack of training, the IAF MiG-21s played a limited role during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. However, the IAF gained valuable experience while operating the MiG-21 for defensive sorties during the war.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Bharat Rakshak]]|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter7.html|title=The Canberra and the MiG-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608192646/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter7.html |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=1 December 2010}}</ref> The positive feedback from the IAF pilots prompted India to place more orders for the fighter jet and invest in building the MiG-21's maintenance infrastructure and pilot training programs. Since 1963, India inducted more than 1,200 MiG-21s into its air force.<ref>{{cite web |title=Another MiG-21 Squadron Retired: The Curtain Is Closing on IAF's Most Abiding Fighter |url=https://thewire.in/security/mig-21-squadron-retired-curtain-closing-iaf-most-abiding-fighter |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]]}}</ref> At its peak, the IAF operated 400 MiG-21s across 19 squadrons.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 September 2002 |title=LCA economics |url=https://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317030448/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm |archive-date=17 March 2009 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work =[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The expansion of the MiG-21 fleet helped India develop a military partnership with Soviet Union, to counter Chinese and Pakistani threats.<ref>{{cite book|author=Till, Geoffrey|title=Globalisation and Defence in the Asia-Pacific|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-415-44048-6}}</ref>

==== India-Pakistan Wars ====
[[File:Mig21 pair during 1971 war.jpg|thumb|IAF MiG-21s over East Pakistan in 1971]]

The only known combat engagement the MiG-21s took part in during the 1965 war took place on the 4th of September 1965 when a MiG-21FL of [[No. 28 Squadron IAF|No. 28 Squadron]] damaged a [[F-86E Sabre|F-86E]] with two [[R-3S|R-3S Missiles]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Air-to-Air Victories since 1948 |url=https://acig.org/artman/publish/article_327.shtml |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=acig.org}}</ref>. During the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]], the MiG-21s played a major role for the IAF in to establish [[air superiority]] over vital points and areas of conflict.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 December 2021|title=How MiG-21 tilted the 1971 war in India's favour with its 13/1 success ratio |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/how-mig-21-tilted-the-1971-war-in-indias-favour-with-its-131-success-ratio-10212001.html |access-date=21 May 2023 |work=Firstpost }}</ref> The war witnessed the first supersonic [[dog fight]] in the [[India subcontinent]] when an Indian MiG-21FL shot a [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter]] with its GSh-23 twin-barrelled {{cvt|23|mm}} cannon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Soni.html|title=The 1971 Liberation War: Supersonic Air Combat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707232025/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Soni.html |archive-date=7 July 2011|work=[[Bharat Rakshak]]|access-date=1 December 2010}}</ref> The IAF MiG-21FLs had an upper hand in the highly anticipated air combat with the PAF F-104A Starfighters.<ref>{{cite book|author=Coggins, Ed|title=Wings That Stay on|location=Nashville|publisher=Turner Publishing Company|year=2000|isbn=978-1-56311-568-4|pages=166–168}}</ref> As per the IAF, the MiG-21s had claimed four F-104As, two [[Shenyang J-6|Shenyang F-6Cs]], one [[North American F-86 Sabre|North American F-86F Sabre]] and one [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|Lockheed C-130E Hercules]] aircraft of the PAF.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.orbat.info/cimh/iaf/IAF_1971_kills_rev1.pdf|title=IAF Combat kills - 1971 Indo-Pak air war|author=B. Harry|date=6 September 2006|access-date=1 June 2025|pages=2–3}}</ref>

During the [[Kargil war]] in 1999, the IAF MiG-21s were pressed into [[combat air patrols]] and reconnaissance duties at high altitudes in [[Kashmir]]. As a part of [[Operation Safed Sagar]], the aircraft flew multiple sorties against Pakistani positions and provided air support to [[Indian Army]] units. However, operating at high altitudes proved extremely challenging for the aircraft, limiting its effectiveness as a fighter aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Kargil/Shenag.html|title=1999 Kargil Operations|access-date=14 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205013528/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Kargil/Shenag.html|archive-date=5 February 2007|work=[[Bharat Rakshak]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kargil and After : Challenges for Indian Policy|year=2001|isbn=978-8-124-10646-4|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|page=423}}</ref> On 27 May 1999, a MiG-21 was shot down by Pakistani Ground Fire in Kargil, and the pilot was captured and later killed by the Pakistani forces.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Kargil War|author=Praveen Swami|year=2000|isbn=978-8-187-49610-6|publisher=LeftWord Books|page=12}}</ref>

==== Later years ====
On 10 August 1999, two MiG-21FLs of the IAF [[Pakistan Navy Atlantic shootdown|intercepted and shot down]] a Pakistani [[Bréguet 1150 Atlantic]] maritime patrol aircraft with an [[R-60 (missile)|R-60]] missile after it allegedly entered Indian [[airspace]] for surveillance, killing all 16 on board.<ref>{{cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=12 June 2019 |title=How IAF shot down a Pakistani naval aircraft and killed 16 a month after Kargil in 1999 |url=https://theprint.in/past-forward/how-iaf-shot-down-a-pakistani-naval-aircraft-and-killed-16-a-month-after-kargil-in-1999/248868/ |access-date=21 May 2023 |work=[[The Print]]}}</ref> In December 2013, the MiG-21FL variants were decommissioned by the IAF.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 December 2013|title=MiG-21 FL flies into Indian Air Force history |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mig-21-fl-flies-into-indian-air-force-history-544172 |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The aircraft was further involved during the [[2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]], with a PAF [[F-16]] shooting down an IAF MiG-21, whose pilot was captured and later returned to India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abi-Habib |first1=Maria |title=After India Loses Dogfight to Pakistan, Questions Arise About Its 'Vintage' Military |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/03/world/asia/india-military-united-states-china.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seligman |first1=Lara |title=India's Dogfight Loss Could Be a Win for U.S. Weapons-Makers |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/05/indias-dogfight-loss-could-be-a-win-for-u-s-weapons-makers-lockheed-boeing-pakistan/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=27 December 2023}}</ref>

Since 1970, more than 170 IAF pilots and 40 civilians were killed in MiG-21 accidents, thus the earning the aircraft the nickname of "flying coffin".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/mig-21-crash-despite-chequered-safety-record-why-the-flying-coffin-still-remains-in-service-14309692.htm |title=Mig-21 Crash: Despite Chequered Safety Record, Why The 'Flying Coffin' Still Remains In Service |work=CNBC |date=30 July 2022 |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Air Force grounds Soviet-era MiG-21 fleet amid probe after Rajasthan crash |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/indian-air-force-mig-21-fleet-rajasthan-crash-b2342898.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=21 May 2023 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Over half of the 840 aircraft built between 1966 and 1984 were lost to crashes.<ref>{{citation|title=Civil Airworthiness Certification: Former Military High-Performance Aircraft|work=United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration|page=2}}</ref> When in afterburner, the engine operates very close to its [[Surge in compressors|surge line]] and the ingestion of a small object led to an engine surge/seizure and flame out.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2020 |title=The Iconic MiG-21- Great Design – Most Produced Supersonic Jet – Fearsome Reputation – Unending Service |url=https://airpowerasia.com/2020/06/16/the-iconic-mig-21-great-design-most-produced-supersonic-jet-fearsome-reputation-unending-service/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |work=Air Power Asia }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://iadnews.in/mig-21-crashes-iaf-politico-bureaucratic-logjam/ |access-date=21 May 2023|work=IAD news |title=IAF politico bureaucratic logjam|date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521040921/https://iadnews.in/mig-21-crashes-iaf-politico-bureaucratic-logjam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Poor maintenance and quality of replacement parts was considered to be a factor in the crashes.<ref>{{cite web|author=Taneja, Kabir. |url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/the-trouble-with-indian-air-forces-mig-21-fighter-jets/|title=The Trouble With India's MIG-21 Fighter Jets|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=8 August 2013|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> As a result, the IAF announced that it would replace its remaining fleet of MiG-21 Bison aircraft with the indigenous [[HAL Tejas]] fighter aircraft in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2023 |title=IAF bids farewell to MiG-21 Bison aircraft, paving the way for India's indigenous fighter jets |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/mig-21-bison-aircraft-bids-farewell-paving-the-way-for-indias-indigenous-fighter-jets/articleshow/104856108.cms?from=mdr |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> In October 2023, the aircraft made the final public appearance at the Air Force Day flypast held at [[Prayagraj]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |date=6 October 2023 |title=MiG-21's Last Public Hurrah: Finale in the Skies of Prayagraj |url=https://iafhistory.in/2023/10/06/mig-21s-last-public-hurrah-finale-in-the-skies-of-prayagraj/ |access-date=5 May 2025 |work=IAF History}}</ref> The aircraft were put on standby during the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], however were not utilised.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 September 2025 |title=Of men and their flying machines: Pilots hail legacy as MiG-21 prepares for swansong |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/of-men-and-their-flying-machines-pilots-hail-legacy-as-mig-21-prepares-for-swansong/articleshow/124142906.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 February 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The aircraft were retired in August 2025 in a ceremony at the [[Bikaner Airport|Nal Air Force Station]] in [[Bikaner]], which was the last airbase operating the aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 August 2025 |title=MiG-21's last few flights at Nal AFS blend with Bollywood's 'Love and War' shoot |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mig21s-last-few-flights-at-nal-afs-blend-with-bollywood-s-love-and-war-shoot-101756121785196.html |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> An official farewell ceremony was held at [[Chandigarh Air Force Station]] on 26 September 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=26 September 2025 |title=India’s Iconic MiG-21 Blasts Off Into Retirement |url=https://www.twz.com/air/indias-iconic-mig-21-blasts-off-into-retirement |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=The War Zone}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 September 2025 |title=Air Chief Marshal A P Singh to fly MiG-21 BISON with call sign Badal 3 in final sortie |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/iaf-air-chief-marshal-a-p-singh-to-fly-mig-21-bison-call-sign-badal-10268542/ |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref>

===Indonesia===
[[File:MiG-21F-13-Fishbed-C.jpg|thumb|Indonesian Air Force [[MiG-21]] in the [[Dirgantara Mandala Museum|Yogyakarta Air Force Museum]]]]
The [[Indonesian Air Force]] purchased 22 MiG-21s. In 1962, 20 MiG-21F-13s and MiG-21Us were received during [[Operation Trikora]] in the Western New Guinea conflict. Indonesian MiG-21s never fought in any dogfights. Right after the U.S.-backed anti-communist forces took over the government, 13 Indonesian MiG-21s were delivered to the U.S. in exchange for T-33, UH-34D, and later, F-5 and OV-10 aircraft. All remaining MiG-21s were grounded and retired due to a lack of spare parts and the withdrawal of Soviet maintenance support.

The MiGs were added to the [[4477th Test and Evaluation Squadron]] ("Red Eagles"), a [[USAF]] aggressor squadron at Tonopah Test Range.{{sfn|Davies|2012|p=48}}

===Vietnam War===
[[File:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21PF USAF.jpg|thumb|MiG-21F-13 in [[Vietnam People's Air Force]] markings exhibited at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] in [[Ohio]].]]
[[File:VPAF MiG-21 landing with chute.jpg|thumb|A missile-armed VPAF MiG-21PF landing using the parachute]]
[[File:4324 MiG21 with 15 kill stars.jpg|thumb|[[Vietnam People's Air Force]] MiG-21 number 4324, flown by various pilots, was credited with 14 kills during the [[Vietnam War]].]]
The MiG-21 was designed for very short [[ground-controlled interception]] (GCI) missions. It became renowned for this type of mission in the skies over [[North Vietnam]].{{sfn|Michel|1997|p=81}} The first MiG-21s arrived directly from the Soviet Union by ship in April 1966. After being unloaded and assembled{{sfn|Toperczer| 2001b|pages=6, 77}} they were given to the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]]'s (VPAF) oldest fighter unit, the 921st Fighter Regiment (921st FR), which had been created on 3 February 1964 as a MiG-17 unit. Because the VPAF's 923rd FR was newer and less experienced, they continued to operate MiG-17s, while the arrival of the MiG-19s ([[Shenyang J-6|J-6]] versions) from China in 1969 led to North Vietnam's only MiG-19 unit, the 925th FR. On 3 February 1972, North Vietnam commissioned its fourth and last fighter regiment created during the war with South Vietnam, the MiG-21PFM (Type 94)-equipped 927th FR.{{sfn|Toperczer| 2001a|page=27}}

Former MiG-17 pilot [[Nguyễn Nhật Chiêu|Nguyen Nhat Chieu]] and his [[wingman]] Tran Ngoc Siu intercepted [[United States Air Force|USAF]] [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief|F-105Ds]] while on [[Combat Air Patrol|CAP]] duty over [[Phúc Yên Air Base|Phuc Yen Airbase]] (a.k.a. Noi Bai Airbase) on 7 July 1966, shooting down one piloted by Capt. Tomes with a salvo from Tran's [[UB-16 (rocket pod)|UB-16-57]]/[[S-5 rocket|S-5M]] unguided rocket-equipped MiG-21, while flight leader Nguyen was unable to establish a lock on another, wildly-evading F-105 with his R-3S AAM; this was the first instance of a VPAF MiG-21 shooting down a piloted enemy aircraft in the Vietnam War.<ref>{{Harvnb|Toperczer|2015|page= 52}} The standard pair of MiG-21s was more successful in combat at the time when fitted with a mix of infra-red guided R-3S AAMs carried by the flight leader with the wingman carrying UB-16-57 rocket pods with unguided S-5M air-to-air missiles... , a dissimilar pair of MiG-21s scrambled from the 921st Fighter Regiment on CAP duty over Noi Bai against F-105D Thunderchiefs... repeated salvos of rockets from Tran Ngoc Siu's MiG-21 destroyed Capt. Tomes' F-105D, however Nguyen Ngat Chieu was unable to lock his R-3S AAMs against another F-105D making energetic evasive maneuvers... this was basically the first aerial victory by a MiG-21 over piloted American aircraft.</ref>

Although 13 of North Vietnam's [[flying aces]] attained their status while flying the MiG-21 (cf. three in the MiG-17), many VPAF pilots preferred the MiG-17 because the high [[wing loading]] of the MiG-21 made it relatively less maneuverable and the lighter framed canopy of the MiG-17 gave better visibility.{{sfn|Toperczer| 2001a|page=12}} However, this is not the impression British author Roger Boniface got when he interviewed Pham Ngoc Lan and ace [[Nguyen Nhat Chieu|Nguyễn Nhật Chiêu]] (who scored victories flying both the MiG-17 and MiG-21).{{sfn|Toperczer| 2001a|page=88}}{{sfn|Toperczer| 2001b|page=84}} Pham Ngoc Lan told Boniface that "The MiG-21 was much faster, and it had two [[K-13 (missile)|Atoll]] missiles which were very accurate and reliable when fired between 1,000 and 1,200 yards."{{sfn|Boniface|2005|page=190}}{{sfn|Michel|1997|pages=41, 78, 153}} And Chiêu asserted that "... for me personally, I preferred the MiG-21 because it was superior in all specifications in climb, speed and armament. The Atoll missile was very accurate and I scored four kills with the Atoll. ... In general combat conditions, I was always confident of a kill over an [[F-4 Phantom]] when flying a MiG-21."{{sfn|Boniface|2005|page=192}}{{sfn|Michel|1997|pages=83, 155}}

Although the MiG-21 lacked the long-range radar, missiles, and heavy bomb load of its contemporary multi-mission U.S. fighters, its [[RP-21 Sapfir]] radar helped make it a challenging adversary in the hands of experienced pilots, especially when used in high-speed hit-and-run attacks under GCI control. MiG-21 intercepts of [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief]] strike groups were effective in downing U.S. aircraft or forcing them to jettison their bomb loads.

====Aerial combat victories 1966–1972====
[[File:DF-ST-83-04934 (cropped).jpg|thumb|A Vietnamese MiG-21PFM]]
The VPAF flew their interceptors with guidance from ground controllers, who positioned the MiGs in ambush battle stations to make "one pass, then haul ass" attacks.<ref name="Michel III 42 43">Michel III pp. 42, 43</ref> The MiGs made fast and often accurate attacks against US formations from several directions (usually the MiG-17s performed head-on attacks and the MiG-21s attacked from the rear). After shooting down a few American planes and forcing some of the F-105s to drop their bombs prematurely, the MiGs did not wait for retaliation but disengaged rapidly. These "guerrilla warfare in the air" tactics<ref name="Michel III 42 43"/> generally proved successful during the war. In December 1966, the MiG-21 pilots of the 921st FR downed 14 F-105 Thunderchiefs without any losses.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://acepilots.com/vietnam/viet_aces.html |title= Vietnamese Aces – MiG-17 and MiG-21 pilots |work= Ace pilots |access-date= 9 August 2013 |archive-date= 23 January 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130123111248/http://acepilots.com/vietnam/viet_aces.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

The USAF and the US Navy had high expectations of the F-4 Phantom, assuming that their massive firepower, best available on-board radar, highest speed and acceleration properties, coupled with new tactics, would provide an advantage over the MiGs. But in confrontations with the lighter MiG-21, F-4s began to suffer losses. From May to December 1966, the USAF lost 47 aircraft, destroying only 12 VPAF fighters in return. From April 1965 to November 1968, over 268 air battles occurred over the skies of North Vietnam. North Vietnam claimed 244 downed U.S. aircraft while admitting to the loss of 85 MiGs. Of 46 air battles between F-4s and MiG-21s, losses amounted to 27 F-4 Phantoms and 20 MiG-21s.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://survincity.com/2013/01/mig-21-against-the-phantom/ |title=MiG-21 against the Phantom | work = Survicinity |access-date=14 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015210/http://survincity.com/2013/01/mig-21-against-the-phantom/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2022}}

After a million sorties and nearly 1,000 US aircraft losses, [[Operation Rolling Thunder]] came to an end on 1 November 1968.{{sfn|Michel|1997|page=149}} A poor air-to-air combat [[loss exchange ratio|loss-exchange ratio]] against the smaller, more agile enemy MiGs during the early part of the war eventually led the US Navy to create their [[Navy Fighter Weapons School]], also known as "[[TOPGUN]]", at [[Naval Air Station Miramar]], [[California]], on 3 March 1969.{{sfn|Michel|1997|page=186}} The USAF quickly followed with its own version, called the [[Dissimilar air combat training|Dissimilar Air Combat Training]] (sometimes referred to as [[Red Flag exercise|Red Flag]]) program at [[Nellis Air Force Base]], [[Nevada]]. These two programs employed the subsonic [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk]] and supersonic [[Northrop F-5|F-5 Tiger II]], as well as the Mach 2.4-capable USAF [[Convair F-106 Delta Dart]], to mimic the MiG-21.{{sfn|Michel|1997|page=187}}

The culmination of the air struggle over Vietnam in early 1972 was 10 May, when VPAF aircraft completed 64 sorties, resulting in 15 air battles. The VPAF claimed 7 F-4s were shot down (the U.S. confirmed five F-4s were lost.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_246.shtml|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040220182211/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_246.shtml|url-status= usurped|archive-date= 20 February 2004|title=Vietnamese Air-to-Air Victories, Part 2|publisher= ACIG |access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>) The F-4s, in turn, managed to destroy two MiG-21s, three MiG-17s and one MiG-19. On 11 May, two MiG-21s, playing the "bait", brought four F-4s to 2 MiG-21s circling at low altitude. The MiGs quickly stormed the Phantoms and 3 missiles shot down two F-4s. On 13 May, a MiG-21 unit intercepted a group of F-4s and a second pair of MiGs made a missile attack before being hit by two F-4s. On 18 May, VPAF aircraft made 26 sorties, eight of which resulted in combat, downing four F-4s without any VPAF losses.

Over the course of the air war, between 3 April 1965{{sfn|Anderton|1987|pages=70–71}} and 8 January 1973, each side would ultimately claim favorable kill ratios. In 1972, the number of air battles between American and Vietnamese planes stood at 201. The VPAF lost 54 MiGs (including 36 MiG-21s and one MiG-21US) and claimed 90 U.S. aircraft shot down, including 74 F-4 fighters and two RF-4C reconnaissance jets (MiG-21s shot down 67 enemy aircraft while MiG-17s shot down 11 and MiG-19s downed another 12{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}).

One MiG-21 was shot down on 21 February 1972 by a USAF F-4 Phantom based at [[Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base|Udorn RTAFB]], [[Thailand]] and piloted by Major Lodge with 1st Lt Roger Locher as his [[weapon systems officer]] (WSO). This was claimed as the first-ever USAF MiG kill at night, and the first in four years at that time.

Two MiG-21s were claimed shot down by USAF [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress]] [[tail gunner]]s; the only confirmed air-to-air kills ever made by the B-52. The first aerial victory was scored on 18 December 1972 by tail gunner Staff Sgt Samuel Turner, who was awarded the [[Silver Star]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Master SGT. Samuel O. Turner - Lackland AFB |url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3BYN |website=Waymarking.com |date=2008-03-11 |access-date=2010-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2000593033/ |title=Staff Sgt. Samuel O. Turner |publisher=Af.mil |date=1972-12-18 |access-date=2022-02-14}}</ref> The second took place on 24 December 1972, when A1C Albert E. Moore downed a MiG-21 over the [[Thái Nguyên|Thai Nguyen]] railroad yards. Both actions occurred during [[Operation Linebacker II]], also known as the [[Christmas Bombings]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4191/is_20070716/ai_n19374004/ | work=The Colorado Springs Gazette | date=16 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929235719/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4191/is_20070716/ai_n19374004/ | archive-date=29 September 2011 | title=B-52 icon getting a face-lift | access-date=19 February 2022 | url-status=live}}</ref> These air-to-air kills were not confirmed by VPAF.

[[File:SolsticeMiGsmall (7633859414).jpg|thumb|VPAF MiG-21 No.4326, which shot down 13 aircraft during the war]]
The biggest threat to North Vietnam during the war had always been the [[Strategic Air Command]]'s B-52 bombers. [[Hanoi]]'s MiG-17 and MiG-19 interceptors could not deal with the B-52s at their flying altitude. In the summer of 1972, the VPAF was directed to train 12 MiG-21 pilots for the specific mission of shooting the B-52 bombers, with two-thirds of the pilots specifically trained in night attacks.{{sfn|Toperczer| 2001a|page=61}} On 26 December 1972, just two days after tail gunner Albert Moore downed a MiG-21, a VPAF MiG-21MF (number 5121){{sfn|Toperczer| 2001a|page=66}} from the 921st Fighter Regiment, flown by Major [[Pham Tuan|Phạm Tuân]] over Hanoi, claimed the first aerial combat kill of a B-52.{{sfn|Toperczer| 2001a|page=66}} The B-52 had been above Hanoi at over {{convert|30000|ft|m}} when Major Tuân launched two Atoll missiles from 2 kilometres away and claimed to have destroyed one of the bombers flying in the three-plane formation.{{sfn|Toperczer| 2001a|page=66}} Other sources argue that the Atoll missiles failed to hit their mark, but as it was disengaging, a B-52 from a three-bomber cell in front of his target took a hit from a [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM), exploding in mid-air: this may have caused Tuân to think his missiles destroyed the target he had been aiming for.{{sfn|Michel|2002|pages=205–206}}

The Vietnamese claimed another kill on 28 December 1972 by a MiG-21 from the 921st FR, this time flown by Vu Xuan Thieu. Thieu is said to have perished in the explosion of a B-52 hit by his own missiles, having approached the target too closely.<ref name="Toperczer67">{{harvnb|Toperczer|2001a|page=67}}</ref> In this case, the Vietnamese version appears to be erroneous: while one MiG-21 kill was claimed by Phantoms that night (this may have been Thieu's MiG), no B-52s were lost for any reason on the date of the claimed kill.{{sfn|Michel|2002|page=213}}

;Year-by-year kill claims involving MiG-21s<ref name="Gordon 2008" />
* '''1966''': U.S. claimed six MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed seven [[F-4 Phantom II]]s and 11 [[F-105 Thunderchief]]s shot down by MiG-21s.
* '''1967''': U.S. claimed 21 MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed 17 F-105 Thunderchiefs, 11 F-4 Phantom IIs, two [[RF-101 Voodoo]]s, one [[A-4 Skyhawk]], one [[Vought F-8 Crusader]], one [[EB-66 Destroyer]] and three unidentified types shot down by MiG-21s.
* '''1968''': U.S. claimed nine MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed 17 US aircraft shot down by MiG-21s.
* '''1969''': U.S. destroyed three MiG-21s; one [[Ryan Firebee]] UAV destroyed by a MiG-21.
* '''1970''': U.S. destroyed two MiG-21s; North Vietnam claimed one F-4 Phantom and one [[CH-53 Sea Stallion]] helicopter shot down by MiG-21s.
* '''1972''': U.S. claimed 51 MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed 53 US aircraft shot down by MiG-21s, including two [[B-52 Stratofortress]] bombers. Soviet General Fesenko, the main Soviet adviser to the North Vietnamese Air Force in 1972,<ref name="Toperczer67"/> recorded 34 MiG-21s destroyed in 1972.<ref name="Toperczer67"/> According to VPAF, in 1972, they lost 29 MiG-21s, 5 MiG-19s and 16 MiG-17s in aircombat<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://old.vko.ru/pictures/2006_26/42_01.jpg| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203010754/http://old.vko.ru/pictures/2006_26/42_01.jpg |title=Table 1 | archive-date=2014-02-03 |website=old.vko.ru}}</ref>

On 3 January 1968, a single MiG-21 pilot, Ha Van Chuc, entered battle with 36 American planes and claimed one F-105 Thunderchief.<ref>{{Cite book | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=h8LvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT35 | title=MiG-21 Units of the Vietnam War| isbn= 978-1-78200-687-9| last1=Toperczer| first1=István| date=2012-11-20| publisher=Bloomsbury}}</ref>

During the war, the VPAF claimed 103 F-4 Phantoms were shot down by MiG-21s, and that they lost 60 MiG-21s in air combat (54 by Phantoms).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kienthuc.net.vn/vu-khi/nga-noi-gi-ve-cuoc-dau-mig21-va-f4-o-viet-nam2-287379.html|title=Nga nói gì về cuộc đấu MiG-21 và F-4 ở Việt Nam(2)|date= 27 December 2013|website= Kiến thức |access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Gordon 2008" />

According to Soviet data, the VPAF MiG-21s claimed 165 air victories, with the loss of 65 aircraft (including a few by accident or friendly fire) and 16 pilots. The losses of MiG-21 pilots were the lowest of all airplanes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.vko.ru/pictures/2006_26/42_01.jpg |title= Picture |access-date=1 December 2018 | work = VKO |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140203010754/http://old.vko.ru/pictures/2006_26/42_01.jpg |archive-date= 3 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Arab–Israeli conflicts===
[[File:MirageIIIShotDownByMiG-21.jpg|thumb|Israeli [[Dassault Mirage III|Mirage III]] shot down by an Egyptian MiG-21 during the [[Yom Kippur War]].]]
The MiG-21 was also used extensively in Middle Eastern conflicts of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s by the [[Egyptian Air Force]], [[Syrian Air Force]] and [[Iraqi Air Force]]. The MiG-21 first encountered Israeli [[Mirage III]]CJs on 14 November 1964, but it was not until 14 July 1966 that the first MiG-21 was shot down. Another six Syrian MiG-21s were shot down by Israeli Mirages on 7 April 1967. MiG-21s also faced [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II]]s and [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk]]s, but were later outclassed by the more modern [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle]] and [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]], both acquired by Israel starting in the mid-1970s.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} During this period, Syrian pilots flying MiG-21s also independently discovered the [[Cobra maneuver]], which became a standard defensive maneuver under the name "zero speed maneuver" (Syrian: مناورة السرعة صفر).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theaviationgeekclub.com/the-unknown-story-of-the-syrian-mig-21-pilot-who-developed-the-cobra-manoeuvre-i-e-pugachev-wasnt-the-first-to-perform-the-cobra/|title=The Unknown Story of the Syrian MiG-21 Pilot who Developed the Cobra Manoeuvre: i.e. Pugachev Wasn't the First to Perform the Cobra|first=Tom|last=Cooper|date=7 August 2019|website=The Aviation Geek Club}}</ref>

During the opening attacks of the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], the [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) struck Arab air forces in four attack waves. In the first wave, Israeli pilots claimed to have destroyed eight Egyptian aircraft in air-to-air combat, of which seven were MiG-21s; Egypt claimed five kills scored by MiG-21PFs.<ref name="Eg">{{cite web |title=Egyptian Air-to-Air Victories since 1948 |url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=185&Itemid=47 |website=ACIG |publisher=Air Combat Information Group |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref> During the second wave, Israel claimed four more MiG-21s downed in air-to-air combat, with the third wave resulting claimed air victories over two Syrian and one Iraqi MiG-21. The fourth wave destroyed many more Syrian MiG-21s on the ground. Overall, Egypt lost around 100 out of about 110 MiG-21s they had, almost all on the ground; Syria lost 35 of its 60 MiG-21F-13s and MiG-21PFs in the air and on the ground.<ref name="Gordon 2008" />

Between the end of the Six-Day War and the start of the [[War of Attrition]], IAF Mirage fighters scored six confirmed kills of Egyptian MiG-21s, and Egyptian MiG-21s scored two confirmed and three probable kills against Israeli aircraft. Between the end of the Six-Day War to the end of the War of Attrition, Israel claimed a total of 25 destroyed Syrian MiG-21s; the Syrians claimed three confirmed and four probable kills of Israel aircraft, although Israel denied these.<ref name="Gordon 2008" />

High losses to Israeli aircraft and continuous bombing during the War of Attrition caused Egypt to ask the Soviet Union for help. In March 1970, Soviet pilots and SAM crews arrived with their equipment. On 13 April, during the air battle over the Red Sea coast, the Soviet MiG-21MFs, according to some data, shot down two Israeli F-4 fighters<ref>{{cite book |last=Окороков |first=А. В. |chapter=Война на истощение |script-title=ru:Секретные войны Советского Союза: первая полная энциклопедия |trans-title=Secret Wars of the Soviet Union: The First Complete Encyclopedia |location=М. |publisher=ЭКСМО |year=2008 |page=81 |language=ru
}}</ref><ref name="safar">{{cite web |last=Safarik |first=Jan J. |title=SOVIET UNION - War of Attrition 1969-1970 |url=http://aces.safarikovi.org/victories/sssr-war.of.attrition.html |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=aces.safarikovi.org}}</ref> On 18 April, one Israeli scout RF-4E "Phantom" was damaged by a Soviet MiG-21MF.<ref name=safar /> On 16 May, an Israeli aircraft was shot down in air combat, probably by a Soviet MiG-21.{{sfn|Nicole|Cooper|page=32}} On 22 June 1970, a Soviet pilot flying a MiG-21MF shot down an Israeli A-4E. After that, several more successful intercepts were carried out by Soviet pilots and another Israeli A-4 was shot down on 25 June.<ref name=safar />

In response, Israel planned an ambush, calling it [[Operation Rimon 20]]. On 30 July, Israeli F-4s lured Soviet MiG-21s into an area where they were ambushed by Israeli Mirages. [[Asher Snir]], flying a Mirage IIICJ, destroyed a Soviet MiG-21; [[Avihu Ben-Nun]] and [[Aviam Sela]], both piloting F-4Es, each got a kill, and an unidentified pilot in another Mirage scored a fourth kill against a Soviet-flown MiG-21; the IAF suffered only a damaged Mirage. Three Soviet pilots were killed and the [[Soviet Union]] was alarmed by the losses. Yet though it was a [[morale]]-boosting achievement, ''Rimon 20'' did not change the course of the war. After the operation, other IAF aircraft were lost to Soviet MiG-21s and SAMs. A week later, on 7 August, the Soviets responded by deploying more aircraft to Egypt and luring Israeli fighter jets into an ambush of their own, "Operation Kavkaz", downing two Israeli Mirage IIICJs.<ref>Sachar, Howard: ''Israel and Europe: An Appraisal in History'', p. 171-172</ref> In all, during March and August 1970, Soviet MiG-21 pilots and SAM crews destroyed 21 Israeli aircraft (eight by [[SA-3]] missile systems and 13 by MiG-21s) at a cost of 5 MiG-21s shot down by the IAF, helping to convince the Israelis to sign a [[ceasefire]].<ref>Зенитные ракетные войска в войнах во Вьетнаме и на Ближнем Востоке (в период 1965–1973 гг.). М.: Воениздат, 1980. С. 215</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2021}}

In September 1973, a large air battle erupted between Syria and Israel; Israel claimed a total of 12 Syrian MiG-21s destroyed, while Syria claimed eight kills scored by MiG-21s and admitted five losses.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

During the [[Yom Kippur War]], Israel claimed 73 kills against Egyptian MiG-21s (65 confirmed). Egypt claimed 27 confirmed kills and eight probables against Israeli aircraft by its MiG-21s.<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> However, according to most Israeli sources, these were exaggerated claims, as Israeli air-to-air combat losses for the entire war did not exceed fifteen.{{sfn|Pollack|2004|page=124}}{{sfn|Herzog|1975|page= 259}}

On the Syrian front, 6 October 1973 saw a flight of Syrian MiG-21MFs shoot down an Israeli A-4E and Mirage IIICJ, losing three of their own to Israeli [[IAI Nesher]]s. On 7 October, Syrian MiG-21MFs downed two Israeli F-4Es, three Mirage IIICJs and an A-4E while losing two of their MiGs to Neshers and one to an F-4E, as well as two to friendly SAM fire. Iraqi MiG-21PFs also operated on this front, and on that same day destroyed two A-4Es while losing one MiG. On 8 October 1973, Syrian MiG-21PFMs downed three F-4Es, but six of their MiG-21s were lost. By the end of the war, Syrian MiG-21s claimed a total of 30 confirmed kills against Israeli aircraft; 29 MiG-21s were claimed (26 confirmed) as destroyed by the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]].<ref name="Gordon 2008" />

Later on 26 April 1974, an unusual occurrence involving [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] fighter pilot [[Sattar Alvi|Flight Lieutenant Sattar Alvi]] took place while he was on deputation to the No. 67A Squadron of the Syrian Air Force. Alvi, flying a Syrian MiG-21F-13 (Serial No. 1863) out of Syria's [[Al-Dumayr Military Airport|Al-Dumayr Air Base]] with a fellow [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] pilot, was on aerial patrol near the [[Golan Heights]] when he spotted two Israeli Mirage-IIICJs intruding in Syrian airspace. According to modern Pakistani sources, Alvi and his flight leader engaged them, and after a brief dogfight, shot down one of the Mirages, flown by Captain M. Lutz. The Israeli pilot later succumbed to wounds he sustained during ejection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/855837/50-years-on-memories-of-the-1973-arab-israeli-conflict|title=50 years on: Memories of the 1973 Arab-Israeli Conflict|date=19 March 2015|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1519042488480059392|user=DGPR_PAF|title=26 Apr 1974 holds significant importance for Pakistan Air Force. It is the day when Flt. Lt. Sattar Alvi, shot down…|date=26 April 2022}}</ref> However, no major sources from the time reported on such an incident,<ref>{{Cite web |title=⁨מעריב⁩ {{!}} עמוד 1 {{!}} 28 אפריל 1974 {{!}} אוסף העיתונות {{!}} הספרייה הלאומית |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/mar/1974/04/28/01/page/1 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=April 1974 Broadcast Index {{!}} Vanderbilt Television News Archive |url=https://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/siteindex/1974-4 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=tvnews.vanderbilt.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Results 1 to 13 of 13 for syria israel — California Digital Newspaper Collection |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=q&hs=1&r=1&results=1&txq=syria+israel+&dafdq=26&dafmq=04&dafyq=1974&datdq=28&datmq=04&datyq=1974&puq=&txf=txIN&ssnip=txt&oa=&e=26-04-1974-30-04-1974--en--20--1--txt-txIN-syria+israel+------- |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=cdnc.ucr.edu}}</ref> and there is no mention of "Captain Lutz" in [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Israel's Ministry of Defense]]'s record of Israel's casualties of war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=אתר ההנצחה לחללי מערכות ישראל |url=https://www.izkor.gov.il/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=אתר ההנצחה לחללי מערכות ישראל |language=he}}</ref>

Between the end of the Yom Kippur War and the start of the [[1982 Lebanon War]], Israel received modern F-15s and F-16s which were far superior to the old Syrian MiG-21MFs. According to the IDF, these new aircraft shot down 24 Syrian MiG-21s over this period, though Syria did claim five IAF kills by MiG-21s armed with outdated [[K-13 (missile)|K-13 missiles]]; Israel denied that it had suffered any losses.<ref name="Gordon 2008" />

The 1982 Lebanon War began on 6 June 1982, and during the conflict the IAF claimed to have destroyed about 45 Syrian MiG-21MFs. Syria confirmed the loss of 37 MiG-21s, including 24 MiG-21bis and 10 MiG-21MF downed and 2 MiG-21bis and 1 MiG-21MF written off<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skywar.ru/Lebanon.html|title=Бои в Ливане - Авиация в локальных конфликтах - www.skywar.ru|website=www.skywar.ru}}</ref> Syria claimed two confirmed and 15 probable kills of Israeli aircraft.<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> Two Israeli F-15s and one F-4 were damaged in combat with MiG-21s.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.waronline.org/IDF/Articles/lebanon-losses.htm|title=Потери ВВС Израиля в Ливане| work = War online |access-date=14 November 2014 |url-status= dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417162044/http://www.waronline.org/IDF/Articles/lebanon-losses.htm |archive-date=17 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Syrian Air-to-Air Victories since 1948 |url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=34&Itemid=47 |website=ACIG|publisher=Air Combat Information Group |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref> In the largest air battle since the Korean War, one Israeli F-15 was heavily damaged by a Syrian MiG-21 firing a [[R-60 (missile)]], but was able to make back to base for repairs.<ref name=":0" /> {{dead link|date=December 2021}}

===Syrian civil war===
{{See also|List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian Civil War}}

Beginning in July 2012, at which point the [[Syrian civil war]] had lasted a year without aerial action, the [[Syrian Air Force]] started operations against Syrian insurgents. MiG-21s were among the first combat-ready aircraft used in bombings, rocket attacks and [[Strafing|strafing runs]], with numerous videos showing the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theaviationist.com/2013/10/31/bomb-on-you/|title=The Aviationist " [Video] This is what being in the trajectory of a bomb dropped by a Syrian attack plane looks like|website=The Aviationist|access-date=14 November 2014|date=2013-10-31}}</ref>

The rebels had access to [[heavy machine gun]]s, different anti-aircraft guns and Russian and Chinese [[MANPADS]], up to modern designs such as the [[FN-6]]. The first loss of a MiG-21 during the Syrian civil war was recorded on 30 August 2012. The MiG, registration number 2271, was likely downed by heavy machine gun fire on takeoff or landing at [[Abu al-Duhur Military Airbase]], [[Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase|under siege by rebels]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theboresight.blogspot.fr/?view=classic|title=The Boresight|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2021}} A few days later, on 4 September 2012, another MiG-21 (registration number 2280) was shot down in similar circumstances at the same base, also likely on takeoff or landing by rebels using by [[KPV]] 14.5 mm machine guns; the downing was recorded on video.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brown-moses.blogspot.it/2012/09/mig-21-shot-down-in-idlib.html|title=Brown Moses Blog|author=Brown Moses|access-date=14 November 2014|date=2012-09-04}}</ref>

On 10 November 2014, Syrian Air Force MiG-21bis number 2204 was shot down, and its pilot killed, by rebels either using a MANPADS or antiaircraft guns, near the town of [[Sabburah]], 45 km east of [[Hama]] Airbase where it was likely based. Video and photo evidence of the crash site later emerged.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Four months after a MiG-23 was shot down and during which time the Syrian Air Force suffered no losses from enemy fire, one of its MiG-21s was shot down on 12 March 2016 by the [[Jaysh al-Nasr]] faction over [[Hama Governorate|Hama]] near [[Kafr Nabudah]]. While the [[Syrian Observatory for Human Rights]], as suggested by video evidence, reported that the warplane had been downed by two MANPADS, Jaysh al-Nasr militants claimed to have shot it down with anti-aircraft guns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/syria-rebels-shot-down-warplane-170059577.html|title=Rebels shoot down Syrian warplane|date=12 March 2016 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> The pilot appeared to have bailed out of the stricken MiG, but died from ground fire or other causes.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

On 4 March 2017, a Syrian MiG-21bis from No. 679 squadron, operating out of Hama Airbase and piloted by Col. Mohammad Sawfan, was shot down by [[Ahrar al-Sham]] rebels, crashing in [[Turkey|Turkish]] territory near the border. Col. Sawfan successfully ejected but was arrested and taken to a hospital in [[Antakya]], Turkey. A recording between the pilot and ground controller clearly showed Sawfan's disorientation due to a malfunctioning compass, followed by a failure of the entire navigation system. He could not find his way back to base as ordered and inadvertently flew within range of rebel anti-aircraft guns.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} After being suspended for a number of years, Sawfan was allowed to return to service.

===Libyan–Egyptian War===
Egypt received American [[AIM-9 Sidewinder|Sidewinder]] missiles, fitting them to their MiG-21s and successfully using them in combat against Libyan Mirages and MiG-23s during the brief [[Egyptian–Libyan War]] of July 1977.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Libya vs Egypt conflicts: MiG-21s in air-to-air combat<ref name="Gordon 2008" />
! Date !! Side !! Aircraft scoring kill !! Victim
|-
! 22 July 1977
| [[Libyan Air Force (1951-2011)|Libyan Arab Republic Air Force]]
| [[Mirage 5|Mirage 5DE]]
| 1 MiG-21MF
|-
! 23 July 1977
| [[Egyptian Air Force]]
| MiG-21MFs
| 3 (or 4) LARAF Mirages + 1 LARAF [[MiG-23MS]]
|-
! 1979
| Egyptian Air Force
| MiG-21MF
| 1 LARAF MiG-23MS
|}

===Iran–Iraq War===
During the [[Iran–Iraq War]], 23 Iraqi MiG-21s were shot down by [[F-14 Tomcat in Iranian Service|Iranian F-14s]], as confirmed by Iranian, Western and Iraqi sources{{sfn|Cooper|Bishop|2004|pages=85-88}} and another 29 Iraqi MiG-21s were downed by F-4s.{{sfn|Cooper|Bishop|2004|pages=87-88}}
However, from 1980 to 1988, Iraqi MiG-21s shot down 43 Iranian fighter aircraft.{{sfn|Gordon|Dexter|2008| pages=390–392}}

===Libya===
====Libyan Civil War (2011)====
Libyan MiG-21s saw limited service during the [[2011 Libyan civil war]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} On 15 March 2011, one MiG-21bis and one MiG-21UM flown by [[Defection|defecting]] [[Libyan Air Force]] pilots flew from [[Ghardabiya Airbase]] near [[Sirte]] to [[Benina International Airport|Benina Airport]] to join the rebellion's [[Free Libyan Air Force]]. On 17 March 2011, the MiG-21UM experienced a technical fault and crashed after taking off from Benina.<ref>{{cite web |title=MiG-21UM/bis Fishbed K |url=http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=121151 |website=Aviation Safety Network |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103163657/http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=121151 |archive-date=2012-11-03 |url-status=dead |access-date=2011-05-09}}</ref>

====Libyan Civil War (2014–2020)====
In the [[Second Libyan Civil War (2014–present)|Second Libyan Civil War (2014–2020)]], the [[Libyan National Army]], under the command of [[Khalifa Haftar]] is loyal to the legislative body in [[Tobruk]], which is the [[House of Representatives (Libya)|Libyan House of Representatives]], internationally recognised until October 2015. It fights against the now internationally recognized [[Government of National Accord]] and the [[Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries]] as well as [[Islamic State in Libya]] which are common enemies for both the [[Government of National Accord]] and the [[Libyan National Army]]. Both the [[Libyan National Army]] and the [[Government of National Accord]] field small airforces.
As such, a number of former Libyan Arab Air Force (LARAF) MiG-21s were returned to service with the Tobruk-based [[Libyan National Army]], thanks to spare parts and technical assistance from Egypt and Russia, while a number of former Egyptian Air Force MiG-21s were pressed into service as well.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
MiG-21s under the control of the Libyan [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]] have been used extensively to bomb forces loyal to the rival [[New General National Congress|General National Congress]] in [[Benghazi]] during the [[2014 Libyan Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theaviationist.com/2014/10/17/libyan-mig-21-air-strikes/|title=The Aviationist " Photo proves Libyan Mig-21s (not Egyptian aircraft) have conducted air strikes in Benghazi recently|website=The Aviationist|access-date=6 April 2015|date=2014-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/41023/retired-general-launches-war-against-islamists-in-eastern-libya|title=Retired general launches war against Islamists in eastern Libya|website=janes.com|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref>

On 29 August 2014, an LNA MiG-21bis, serial number 208, after a bombing mission over Derna, crashed in [[Bayda, Libya|Bayda]] according to an official statement as a result of a technical failure of the plane, while Islamist [[Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries]] claimed it was shot down. The pilot did not eject and died in the crash.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2014/08/29/operation-dignity-aircraft-crashes-near-beida/|title=Operation Dignity aircraft crashes near Beida|website=Libya Herald|date=29 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/libya-fighters-say-they-downed-enemy-plane-201482920417629987.html|title=Libya fighters say enemy plane shot down|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>

On 2 September 2014 an LNA MiG-21bis, serial number 800, crashed in a city block of [[Tobruk]], due to pilot error during a pull-up maneuver.<ref>{{cite web |title=MiG-21 Crashes in Libyan City of Tobruk |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4GPFLZ-8PY |website=YouTube |publisher=VICE News |type=Video |access-date=2014-09-02}}</ref> It is unclear whether the pilot had been on a bombing mission on the way to Derna, further East, or had been performing an aerial ceremony for the MiG-21 pilot who died a few days earlier.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Part of the [[2019 Western Libya offensive]], on 9 April 2019, a [[Libyan National Army]] MiG-21 made a low altitude diving rocket attack, probably firing [[S-24 rocket|S-24]] rockets on Mitiga airport in Tripoli, making limited damages to one of the runways.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://defence-point.com/2019/04/09/haftar-air-force-mig-21-strikes-mitiga-airport-in-tripoli/|title=Haftar Air Force MiG-21 strikes Mitiga Airport in Tripoli|date=9 April 2019|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416105618/https://defence-point.com/2019/04/09/haftar-air-force-mig-21-strikes-mitiga-airport-in-tripoli/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
On 14 April 2019, a [[Libyan National Army]] MiG-21MF was shot down by a [[surface-to-air missile]], probably a [[MANPADS]] fired by the forces of the Libyan Government of National Accord (GNA) south of Tripoli. Video evidence confirmed the MiG-21 came under fire from anti-aircraft guns, small arms and two [[surface-to-air missile|SAMs]], one of which apparently hit the target. The pilot, Colonel Jamal Ben Amer ejected safely and recovered to LNA-held territory by a Mi-35 helicopter. LNA sources confirmed the loss but blamed a technical problem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opex360.com/2019/04/15/un-avion-mig-21-de-larmee-nationale-libyenne-abattu-au-sud-de-tripoli/|title=Un avion MiG-21 de l'Armée nationale libyenne abattu au sud de Tripoli|date=15 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lostarmour.info/libya/item.php?id=20474|title=Lostarmour ID: 20474|website=lostarmour.info|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609222846/https://lostarmour.info/libya/item.php?id=20474|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Horn of Africa===
During the [[Ogaden War]] of 1977–78, [[Ethiopian Air Force]] F-5As engaged [[Somali Air Force]] MiG-21MFs in combat on several occasions. In one lopsided incident, two F-5As piloted by Israeli advisers or mercenaries engaged four MiG-21MFs. The MiGs were handled incompetently by the Somali pilots, and the F-5As destroyed two while the surviving pilots collided with each other avoiding an [[AIM-9]].<ref name="Gordon 2008" />{{page needed|date=December 2021}}

Ethiopia claimed to have shot down 10 Somali MiG-21MFs; while Somalia also claimed to have destroyed several Ethiopian MiG-21MFs, three F-5Es, one [[English Electric Canberra|Canberra]] bomber and three [[Douglas DC-3]]s.<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> Ethiopian MiG-21s were deployed largely in the ground attack role, and proved instrumental during the final offensive against Somali ground forces.<ref name="Gordon 2008" />{{page needed|date=December 2021}}

Ethiopian pilots who had flown both the F-5E and the MiG-21 and received training in both the US and the USSR considered the F-5 to be the superior fighter because of its manoeuvrability at low to medium speeds, its superior instrumentation and the fact that it was far easier to fly, allowing the pilot to focus on combat rather than controlling his airplane.<ref name="Wings">Cooper, Tom., "Wings over Ogaden, 2015, ch. 3</ref> This effect was enhanced by the poor quality of pilot training provided by the Soviets, which provided limited flight time and focussed exclusively on taking off and landing, with no practical training in air combat.<ref name="Wings"/><ref name="EEW">Cooper, Tom & Fontanellaz, Adrian, "Ethiopian-Eritrean Wars Volume 1, 2018, ch. 4</ref>

===Angola===
Despite extensive losses to [[man-portable air-defense systems]], MiG-21s were instrumental during the [[Battle of Cuito Cuanavale]]; Cuban pilots became accustomed to flying up to three sorties a day. Both the MiG-21MF and the MiG-21bis were deployed almost exclusively in the [[Fighter-bomber|fighter/bomber]] role. As interceptors, they were somewhat unsuccessful due to their inability to detect low-flying South African aircraft.<ref name="Angola">{{cite web|url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_184.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040519054722/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_184.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 May 2004|title=Angola: Claims and Reality about SAAF Losses|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref> On 6 November 1981, a Mirage F1CZ achieved South Africa's first confirmed air-to-air kill since the [[Korean War]] when it destroyed Cuban Lieutenant Danacio Valdez's MiG-21MF with 30mm cannon fire.<ref name="Transport">{{cite web|url=http://www.sa-transport.co.za/aircraft/mirage_f1_saaf_service.html|title=Mirage F1 in SAAF Service|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref> On 5 October 1982, Mirages escorting an [[English Electric Canberra]] on routine reconnaissance over [[Cahama]] were engaged by at least two MiG-21bis. A South African radar operator picked up the attacking MiGs and was able to alert the Mirage pilots in advance, instructing them to change course immediately. As they jettisoned their auxiliary tanks, however, they were pinpointed by the Cubans, who opened pursuit. In a vicious [[dogfight]], SAAF Major John Rankin closed range and maneuvered into the MiGs' rear cones. From there, one of his two [[R.550 Magic]] missiles impacted directly behind the lead MiG and forced it down. The second aircraft, piloted by Lieutenant Raciel Marrero Rodriguez, could not detect the Mirage's proximity until it had entered his turn radius and was perforated by Rankin's autocannon. This damaged MiG-21 landed safely at [[Lubango]].<ref name="Transport"/>

Contacts between MiG-21s and SAAF Mirage F1s or [[Mirage III]]s became increasingly common throughout the 1980s. Between 1984 and 1988, thirteen MiG-21s were lost over Angola.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercenary-wars.net/angola/angola-86-89/russian-downed-pilots.html|title=Angolan and Soviet Pilots|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-date=4 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504001623/http://www.mercenary-wars.net/angola/angola-86-89/russian-downed-pilots.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 9 August 1984, a particularly catastrophic accident occurred when the 9th Fighter Training Squadrons and the 12th Fighter Squadrons of the Cuban Air Force attempted to carry out an exercise in poor weather. A single MiG-21bis and three MiG-23s were lost.<ref name="Angola"/> {{dead link|date=December 2021}}

On 14 December 1988, an [[Angolan Air Force]] MiG-21bis, serial number C340, strayed off course and being low on fuel executed an emergency landing on an open field in [[South West Africa]], modern-day [[Namibia]], where it was seized by local authorities. Since Angola did not request its return after the [[South African Border War]], the MiG was restored by [[Atlas Aircraft Corporation|Atlas Aviation]] and until September 2017 it was displayed at [[Air Force Base Swartkop|Swartkops Air Force Base]], [[Pretoria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planes.cz/en/photo/1124351/mig21bis-c-340-angolan-air-force-swartkop-afb-fask/|title=MIG21bis|author=milhaus|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019205318/http://www.planes.cz/en/photo/1124351/mig21bis-c-340-angolan-air-force-swartkop-afb-fask|archive-date=19 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The jet was returned to Angola, flying in an Angolan [[Il-76]] cargo plane, as a sign of goodwill on 15 September 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/south-africa-returns-mig-21-fighter-jet-to-angola/|title=South Africa returns MiG-21 fighter jet to Angola|date=20 September 2017}}</ref>

===Democratic Republic of the Congo===
The MiG-21MFs of the 25th Fighter Aviation Regiment of the [[National Air Force of Angola]] flew ground sorties during the [[Second Congo War]], sometimes being piloted by mercenaries.<ref name="Congo"/> Some six MiG-21s were imported into the country during the [[First Congo War]] for the Congo Air Force, but do not appear to have seen operational service. (Cooper and Weinert, "African MiGs: Volume 1: Angola to Ivory Coast").

===Yugoslavia===
[[File:BAM-19a-MiG 21 F-13.jpg|thumb|A [[Yugoslav Air Force]] MiG-21F-13]]

[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] purchased its first batch of MiG-21s in 1962 from the [[Soviet Union]]. From 1962 to the early 1980s, Yugoslavia purchased 261 MiG-21s, of ten different variants. There were 41 MiG-21f-13, 36 MiG-21PfM, 25 MiG-21M, 6 MiG-21MF, 46 MiG-21bis, 45 MiG-21bisK, 12 MiG-21R, 18 MiG-21U, 25 MiG-21UM, and 7 MiG-21US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paluba.info/smf/index.php/topic,13541.0.html|title=Letelice MiG-21 u RV i PVO i njihove sudbine|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref> Yugoslav Air force units that operated MiG-21s were the [[204th Air Brigade|204th Fighter-Aviation Regiment]] at [[Batajnica Air Base]] (126th, 127th and 128th fighter-aviation squadrons), 117th fighter-aviation regiment at [[Željava Air Base]] (124th and 125th fighter-aviation squadron and 352nd recon squadron), 83rd fighter-aviation regiment at [[Slatina Air Base]] (123rd and 130th fighter aviation squadron), 185th fighter-bomber-aviation squadron (129th fighter-aviation squadron) at Pula and 129th training center at Batajnica air base.

During the early stages of the 1990s' [[Yugoslav wars]], the [[Yugoslav People's Army|Yugoslav military]] used MiG-21s in a ground-attack role, while Croatian and Slovene forces did not yet have air forces at that point in the conflict. Aircraft from air bases in Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina were relocated to air bases in Serbia. Detailed records show at least seven MiG-21s were shot down by AA defenses in [[Croatia]] and [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]].<ref name="Avijacija">{{cite web |title=Avijacija bez granica |url=http://www.avijacijabezgranica.com/ |website=Avijacija bez granica |language=sr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060610094033/http://avijacijabezgranica.com/ |archive-date=2006-06-10 |url-status=dead |access-date=2010-12-01}}</ref> A MiG-21 [[1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing|piloted by a Serbian Yugoslav Air Force pilot shot down an EC helicopter in 1992]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Austrian Radar Plots |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/printer_381.shtml |website=ACIG |publisher=Air Combat Information Group |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717234329/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/printer_381.shtml |archive-date=2012-07-17 |url-status=usurped |access-date=2010-12-01}}</ref>

Croatia acquired three MiG-21s in 1992 through defections by Croatian pilots serving with the [[Yugoslav People's Army|JNA]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatian MiG-21 |url=http://aviatia.net/croatian-af-mig-21/ |website=Comparison – BVR – Dogfight |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401005749/http://aviatia.net/croatian-af-mig-21/ |archive-date=2018-04-01 |url-status=dead |access-date=2026-03-04}}</ref> two of which were lost in subsequent actions – one to Serbian air defenses, the other a [[friendly fire]] accident.<ref name="ACIG MiGs Over Croatia">{{cite web|url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_305.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216034504/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_305.shtml|archive-date=16 February 2014|title=MiGs Over Croatia|work=ACIG|last=Cooper|first=Tom|date=28 October 2003|url-status=usurped|access-date=1 December 2010}}</ref> In 1993, Croatia purchased about 40 MiG-21s in violation of an arms embargo,<ref name="ACIG MiGs Over Croatia" /> but only about 20 of these entered service, while the rest were used for spare parts. Croatia used them alongside the sole remaining defector for ground attack missions in operations [[Operation Flash|Flash]] (during which one was lost) and [[Operation Storm|Storm]]. The only air-to-air action for Croatian MiGs was an attempt by two of them to intercept [[Soko J-22 Orao]]s of [[Republika Srpska Air Force|Republika Srpska's air force]] on a ground attack mission on 7 August 1995. After some maneuvering, both sides disengaged without firing.<ref name="ACIG MiGs Over Croatia" />

The remaining Yugoslav MiG-21s were flown to Serbia by 1992 and continued their service in the newly created Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During the 1999 [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]], three MiG-21s were destroyed on the ground.<ref name="Avijacija" /> The type continued to serve with the [[Serbian Air Force]] until 25 September 2020, when the country's last active MiG-21 crashed in the village of [[Brasina]], near [[Mali Zvornik]], killing both pilots. The aircraft, a MiG-21UM that left the assembly line in December 1986, was the last MiG-21 ever produced in the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web|last=Banković|first=Živojin|date=2 February 2021|title=Da li je MiG-21UM izgubljen u prošlogodišnjem udesu poslednji proizvedeni primerak tog tipa aviona?|lang=sr|website=tangosix.rs|url=https://tangosix.rs/2021/02/02/da-li-je-mig-21um-izgubljen-u-proslogodisnjem-udesu-poslednji-proizvedeni-primerak-tog-tipa-aviona/|accessdate=14 September 2024}}</ref>

===Romania===
[[File:MiG-21 Lancer C firing rockets.jpg|thumb|A Romanian Air Force MiG-21 LanceR C during a training exercise.]]
In 1962, [[Romanian Air Force]] (RoAF) received the first 12 MiG-21F-13, followed by another 12 of the same variant in 1963. Deliveries continued over the next years with other variants: 38 aircraft of MiG-21RFM (PF) variant in 1965, 7 MiG-21U-400/600 in 1965–1968, 56 MiG-21RFMM (PFM) in 1966–1968, 12 MiG-21R in 1968–1972, 68 MiG-21M plus 11 MiG-21US in 1969–1970, 74 MiG-21MF/MF-75 in 1972–1975, and 27 MiG-21UM in 1972–1980 plus another 5 of the same variant in 1990, for a total number of 322 aircraft.<ref name="aa">{{cite web|url=http://www.aripi-argintii.ro/pagina.php?p=16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718114646/http://www.aripi-argintii.ro/pagina.php?p=16|url-status=dead|title=RoAF aircraft|archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>

In 1995–2002, a total of 111 MiG-21s were modernized, of which 71 were M and MF/MF-75 variants modernized under the LanceR A designation (for ground attack), 14 were UM variant as LanceR B designation (trainer), and another 26 MF/MF-75 variant were modernized under LanceR C designation (air superiority).<ref name="aa"/> Today, only 36 LanceRs are operational for the RoAF. It can use both Western and Eastern armament such as the R-60M, R-73, Magic 2, or Python III missiles.

[[File:MiG 21-Lancer Combat Mission Trainer.jpg|thumb|MiG-21 LanceR simulator cockpit view]]
The MiG-21s are to be retired in 2024, after another two [[F-16]] squadrons will be ready following the purchase of 32 more F-16s from [[Norwegian Air Force|Norway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://adevarul.ro/news/eveniment/batranelemig-21-lancer-ies-serviciu-in2024-1_61d1b2215163ec42713c41a8/index.html|title=Bătrânele MiG-21 LanceR ies din serviciu în 2024|language=ro|work=[[Adevarul]]|date=2 January 2022}}</ref>

Despite being one of the newest MiG-21 fleets in service, the Romanian MiG-21 LanceR fleet was grounded due to difficulties maintaining the aircraft, and since 1996 it has had an accident rate of over 30 per 100,000 hours. Serviceability rates below 50% are not uncommon.<ref>Civil Airworthiness Certification: Former Military High-Performance Aircraft, United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. p. 2-2.</ref>

The Romanian Air Force has suffered numerous events in recent years with its arsenal of MiG-21s. On 12 June 2017, a MiG-21 crashed in [[Constanța County]], with Adrian Stancu, the pilot, managing to escape in time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/mig-21-lancer-aircraft-crashes-in-romania-pilot-manages-to-catapult|title=MiG 21 LanceR aircraft crashes in Romania, pilot manages to catapult|newspaper=[[Romania Insider]]|date=12 June 2017}}</ref> On 7 July 2018, Florin Rotaru died during an airshow in [[Borcea]] with some 3,000 attendants while piloting a MiG-21 that suffered technical difficulties, choosing to deflect the plane and die to protect the attendants rather than ejecting himself in time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/mig-fighter-crashes-airshow-romania-pilot-dies-save-crowd|title=MiG fighter crashes during airshow in Romania, pilot dies to save crowd|newspaper=Romania Insider|date=7 July 2018}}</ref> On 20 April 2021, during a training flight, a MiG-21 crashed in an uninhabited zone in [[Mureș County]]. The pilot, Andrei Criste, managed to eject safely and survived the crash.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/mig-lancer-crash-romania-april-2021|title=MiG 21 LanceR fighter crashes in Romania, pilot survives|first=Irina|last=Marica|newspaper=Romania Insider|date=21 April 2021}}</ref>

On the March 2nd 2022, A MiG-21 LanceR crashed during adverse weather conditions near the village of Gura Dobrogei, [[Cogealac]] Commune.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.g4media.ro/breaking-un-avion-mig-21-lancer-a-disparut-de-pe-radar-in-judetul-constanta-video-elicopterul-care-a-plecat-in-cautarea-avionului-s-a-prabusit-sapte-militari-au-decedat.html|title=Un avion MiG 21 LanceR a dispărut de pe radar în județul Constanța|first=Ana|last=Popescu|newspaper=G4 Media|date=2 March 2022}}</ref> On 15 April 2022, the RoAF suspended all MiG-21 LanceR flights due to the high rate of accidents, and announced that it planned to speed up the acquisition of the ex-Norwegian F-16s.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-04-15 |title=Romania suspends all MiG-21 LanceR flights |url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-suspends-mig-21-flights |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=Romania Insider |language=en}}</ref> On 23 May, the LanceRs resumed flights for a period of one year, until 15 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defenseromania.ro/romania-reia-zborurile-mig-21-lancer-pentru-o-perioada-de-un-an-pentru-mentinerea-antrenamentului-pilotilor-si-misiuni-de-politie-aeriana_616574.html|title=Zborurile MiG-21 LanceR, reluate pentru o perioadă de un an. Misiuni pentru menținerea antrenamentului piloților și poliție aeriană|language=ro|work=Defense Romania|date=24 May 2022}}</ref> On 15 May 2023, a retirement ceremony was held for the aircraft at the [[RoAF 71st Air Base|71st Air Base]], and at the [[RoAF 86th Air Base|86th Air Base]]. From there, the MiG-21 took off to their final destination at the [[RoAF 95th Air Base|95th Air Base]].<ref name="lancer">{{cite news|url=https://www.g4media.ro/ultimele-zboruri-pentru-aeronavele-mig-21-lancer-ceremonii-in-mai-multe-baze-aeriene-din-romania.html|title=Ultimele zboruri pentru aeronavele MiG-21 LanceR/ Ceremonii în mai multe baze aeriene din România|newspaper=g4media.ro|date=15 May 2023}}</ref>

===Bulgaria===
[[File:Bulgarian Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21bis Lofting-1.jpg|thumb|upright|MiG-21bis fighters of the [[Bulgarian Air Force]]]]

The [[Bulgarian Air Force]] received a total of 224 MiG-21 aircraft. From September 1963 the 19th Fighter Regiment of the Air Force received 12 MiG-21F-13s. Later some of these aircraft were converted for reconnaissance as MiG-21F-13Rs, which were submitted to the 26th Reconnaissance Regiment in 1988. In January 1965 the 18th Fighter Regiment received a squadron of 12 MiG-21PFs, some of which also were converted and used as reconnaissance aircraft (MiG-oboznachevnieto 21PFR). The 26 Regiment reconnaissance aircraft from this squadron were removed from service in 1991, the 15 Fighter Regiment in 1965 received another 12 MiG-21PF fighters and in 1977–1978 operated another 36 refurbished aircraft. This unit received two more aircraft in 1984 and operated them until 1992.

For reconnaissance, a regiment received 26 specialized reconnaissance MiG-21Rs in 1962, and in 1969–1970, 19 Fighter Aviation Regiment received 15 MiG-21m aircraft, which operated in 21 Fighter Aviation Regiment and were removed from active service in 1990. An additional 12 MiG-21MF fighters were received in 1974–1975, with a reconnaissance version of the MiG-21MFR provided to the 26th Reconnaissance Regiment and used until 2000, when removed from active service.

From 1983 to 1990, the Bulgaria Air Force received 72 MiG-21bis. Of these, 30 (six new and renovated) are under option with ACS and provided to the 19th Fighter Regiment; the rest are equipped with the "Lazur". This batch was taken out of service in 2000.

Besides fighters, the Air Force has received 39 MiG-21U trainers (one in 1966), five MiG-21US in 1969–1970 and 27 MiG-21UM (new) during 1974–1980, another six refurbished ex-Soviet examples in 1990. In 1982, three MiG-21UM trainers were sold to Cambodia and in 1994 another 10 examples. MiG-21UMs were also sold to India. Other training aircraft were removed from active service in 2000. A total of 38 aircraft were lost in the period 1963–2000.

The last flight of a [[Bulgarian Air Force]] MiG-21 took off from [[Graf Ignatievo Air Base]] on 31 December 2015. On 18 December 2015, there was an official ceremony for the retirement of the type from active duty.<ref>Dr Sēan Wilson/Prime Images (2016): ''Bułgarskie "Mieczniki" odchodzą'', "Lotnictwo" Nr 2/2016, p.16-17 (in Polish)</ref>

===Known MiG-21 aces===
[[File:MiG-21 in US service.jpg|thumb|U.S. Air Force MiG-21 with American markings used for training of American pilots in flight]]
Several pilots have attained [[Flying ace|ace status]] (five or more aerial victories/kills) while flying the MiG-21. [[Nguyễn Văn Cốc]] of the VPAF, who scored nine kills in MiG-21s is regarded as the most successful.<ref name="NV Aces">{{cite web |title=North Vietnamese Aces |url=https://aces.safarikovi.org/victories/vietnam.html |website=Jan J. Šafařík: Air Aces Home Page |access-date=2010-12-01}}</ref> Twelve other VPAF pilots were credited with five or more aerial victories while flying the MiG-21: [[Phạm Thanh Ngân]],<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> [[Nguyễn Hồng Nhị]] and [[Mai Văn Cường]] (both eight kills); [[Đặng Ngọc Ngự]]<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> (seven kills), [[Vũ Ngọc Đỉnh]],<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> [[Nguyễn Ngọc Độ]],<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> [[Nguyễn Nhật Chiêu]],<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> [[Lê Thanh Đạo]],<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> [[Nguyễn Đăng Kỉnh]],<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> [[Nguyễn Đức Soát]],<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> and [[Nguyễn Tiến Sâm]]<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> (six kills each), and [[Nguyễn Văn Nghĩa]]<ref name="Gordon 2008" /> (five kills).

Additionally, three [[Syrian]] pilots are known to have attained ace status while flying the MiG-21. Syrian airmen: M. Mansour<ref name=":0" /> recorded five solo kills (with one additional probable), B. Hamshu<ref name=":0"/> scored five solo kills, and A. el-Gar<ref name=":0"/> tallied four solo and one shared kill, all three during the 1973–1974 engagements against Israel.

Due to the incomplete nature of available records, there are several pilots who have unconfirmed aerial victories (probable kills), which when confirmed would award them "Ace" Status: S. A. Razak<ref name="ACIG Iraq">{{cite web |title=Iraqi Air-to-Air Victories since 1967 |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_272.shtml |website=ACIG |publisher=Air Combat Information Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710030823/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_272.shtml |archive-date=2013-07-10 |url-status=usurped |access-date=2010-12-01}}</ref> of the Iraqi Air Force with four known kills scored during the [[Iran–Iraq War]] (until 1991; sometimes referred to as the Persian Gulf War), A. Wafai<ref name="Eg"/> of the Egyptian Air Force with four known kills against Israel.
{{For|specific information on kills scored by and against MiG-21s sorted by country|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 operators}}
{{See also|List of Syrian flying aces|List of Egyptian flying aces}}

==Variants==
{{main|List of Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 variants}}

==Operators==
{{Main|List of Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 operators}}

[[File:Mig21 operators in 2025.png|thumb|upright=1.35|MiG-21 operators {{legend|#0070f0|Current}} {{legend|#ff2525|Former}} {{legend|#2f8100|Captured}}]]
[[File:MiG-21UM 16178 Serbian Air Force.jpg|thumb|[[Serbian Air Force]] MiG-21UM.]]
[[File:Croatian Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21UMD Lofting-1.jpg|thumb|Croatian Air Force MiG-21UMD in [[Croatian checkerboard|unique promotional paint scheme]].]]
[[File:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21bis Fishbed L, Croatia - Air Force JP6757753.jpg|thumb|Croatian MiG-21bis 1996.]]
[[File:MiG-21PFM-Egypt-1982.jpg|thumb|Egyptian MiG-21PFM in 1982]]

===Current operators===
This list does not include operators of Chinese copies / licensed manufactured versions known as the [[Chengdu J-7|Chengdu J-7/F-7]].
* '''{{flag|Angola}}'''
** [[National Air Force of Angola]] – 23 in service as of 2021
* '''{{flag|Mali}}'''
** [[Malian Air Force]] – 9 aircraft in service as of December 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/2024-world-air-forces-directory/156008.article|title=World Air Forces 2024|date=20 December 2023|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Mozambique}}'''
** [[Mozambique Air Force]] – 8 aircraft, comprising 6 MiG-21bis and 2 MiG-21UM Trainers are in service as of 2023.<ref name="auto"/>
* '''{{flag|North Korea}}'''
** [[Korean People's Air Force]] – 26 in service as of 2023.<ref name="auto"/>
* '''{{flag|Sudan}}'''
** [[Sudanese Air Force]] – 4 in service as of 2023.<ref name="auto"/>
* {{flag|Yemen}}
** [[Yemeni Air Force]] - 19 in service as of 2023.<ref name="auto"/>

===Former operators===
[[File:MiG-21 Bulgarian Air Force.jpg|thumb|A Bulgarian MiG-21 taxis at [[Graf Ignatievo Air Base]], Bulgaria during a bilateral exercise between the U.S. and [[Bulgarian Air Force]].]]
[[File:Bulgarian Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21bis Lofting-6.jpg|thumb|[[Bulgarian Air Force]] MiG-21UB.]]

[[File:Czechoslovak Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21R Lofting-5.jpg|thumb|[[Czechoslovak Air Force]] MiG-21R.]]
[[File:MiG-21.UM.9292.Radom.AirShow.2002.jpg|thumb|Two-seat [[Polish Air Force]] MiG-21UM with 3rd Tactical Squadron markings]]
[[File:Phased out aircraft of Bangladesh Air Force (21).png|thumb|[[Bangladesh Air Force]] MiG-21UBM.]]
[[File:Derelict Malagasy MIG 21's (32606236945).jpg|thumb|Derelict [[Malagasy Air Force|Malagasy]] MiG-21UMs.]]
[[File:MiG-21U (MK-103) Keski-Suomen ilmailumuseo 1.JPG|thumb|MiG-21U (MK-103) in the Aviation Museum of [[Central Finland]].]]
[[File:ArmedForcesAcademy11Slovakia13.JPG|thumb|[[Slovak Air Force]] MiG-21MA on display in [[Liptovský Mikuláš]], 2011.]]
* '''{{flagcountry|Islamic State of Afghanistan}}'''
** Royal Afghan Air Force − 50 MiG-21F-13s and MiG-21Us<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |title=Arms transfer database |url=https://armstransfers.sipri.org/ArmsTransfer/TransferRegister |website=SIPRI |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Wragg|2011|page=49}}
** [[Afghan Air Force]] − 46 MiG-21MFs and MiG-21UMs, and 40 MiG-21bis.<ref name="SIPRI" /> Several were shot down or destroyed on the ground during the [[Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)|Second Afghan Civil War]]{{sfn|Wragg|2011|page=49}}{{sfn|IISS|2000|page=166}}
** [[Taliban]] − About 20 MiG-21s in 2000, used in the ground attack role{{sfn|IISS|2000|page=166}}
** [[National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan]] − About 30 MiG-21s in 2000{{sfn|IISS|2000|page=166}}
* '''{{flag|Algeria}}'''
** [[Algerian Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Bangladesh}}'''
** [[Bangladesh Air Force]] – 10 Mig-21MF's and 2 Mig-21UB's were donated to [[Bangladesh]] in the 1970s by [[Soviet Union]]. Operated from 1973 and all retired in the 2000s, replaced by [[Chengdu J-7|F-7's]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-15 |title=Scramble |url=http://www.scramblemagazine.nl/orbats/bangladesh/overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215143240/http://www.scramblemagazine.nl/orbats/bangladesh/overview |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-15 |access-date=2025-05-01 }}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Belarus|1995}}'''
** [[Belarusian Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Bulgaria}}'''
** [[Bulgarian Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pan.bg/?page=view_article&section_id=4&article_id=25340|title=ФОТООКО: УНИКАЛНО АВИОШОУ ЗА 102 ГОДИНИ ВВС|website=www.pan.bg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pan.bg/?page=view_article&section_id=49&article_id=29794|title=МиГ-21 отново във въздуха|website=www.pan.bg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pan.bg/?page=view_article&section_id=49&article_id=30370|title=ФОТООКО: И МиГ-21бис във въздуха!|website=www.pan.bg}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Burkina Faso}}'''
** [[Burkina Faso Armed Forces|Burkina Faso Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Cambodia}}'''
** [[Royal Cambodian Air Force]] - 19 MiG-21bis and 3 MiG-21UM until all were retired in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://forms.flightglobal.com/WorldAirForces2015?product=PREM&mode=DOWNLOAD&DMDcode=FGWC4&fcid=%7B05ceef25-b72e-4bea-9a83-a7ab7d02e55a%7D_FC078_PREM_201412&fcfileext=pdf | title=World Air Forces 2015 - Download request | access-date=25 December 2014 | archive-date=19 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019075444/http://forms.flightglobal.com/WorldAirForces2015?product=PREM&mode=DOWNLOAD&DMDcode=FGWC4&fcid=%7B05ceef25-b72e-4bea-9a83-a7ab7d02e55a%7D_FC078_PREM_201412&fcfileext=pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|China}}'''
** [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] – replaced by the [[Chengdu J-7]], a license-built version of the MiG-21. In addition to MiG-21F-13s supplied by the Soviet Union, China also traded a small amount of MiG-21MFs with J-7 export variations, then developed the J-7C/D variants based on the MiG-21MF. The deal was between China and a certain Middle Eastern country.<ref name="AirForceWorld.com_China_Mig-21MF_Trade">{{cite web |title=China MiG-21MF Trade |url=http://airforceworld.com/pla/english/j-7-fighter-china-mig-21.html |website=AirForceWorld.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421075004/http://airforceworld.com/pla/english/j-7-fighter-china-mig-21.html |archive-date=2011-04-21 |url-status=dead |access-date=2011-11-05}}</ref> In May 2013, an official publication from Chengdu Aircraft Corporation reported that J-7 production had ceased after decades of manufacturing variations of this Chinese-made MiG-21.<ref name="AirForceWorld.com_China_J-7_end_production">{{cite web |title=China stops production of J-7 fighter jets |url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/english/j-7-fighter-china-mig-21.html |website=AirForceWorld.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027122322/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/english/j-7-fighter-china-mig-21.html |archive-date=2018-10-27 |url-status=dead |access-date=2013-06-03}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}'''
** [[Congolese Air Force]] – 14,<ref name="World Air Forces 1994 pg. 38">{{cite web |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1994/1994%20-%202016.html|title = World Air Forces 1994 pg. 38|publisher= Flightglobal Insight |year= 1994 |access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref> in storage<ref name="World Air Forces 2004 pg. 52">{{cite web |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202345.html|title = World Air Forces 2004 pg. 38|publisher= Flightglobal Insight |year= 1994 |access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Croatia}}'''
** [[Croatian Air Force]] – In November 2024, the last remaining MiG-21s (four fighters and two trainers) were retired.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hoyle |first1=Craig |title=Croatian air force retires Europe's last MiG-21 fighters |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/croatian-air-force-retires-europes-last-mig-21-fighters/161024.article |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=Flight Global |date=6 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Cuba}}'''
**[[Cuban Air Force|Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force]] – 11 aircraft in service as of 2023.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/2023-world-air-forces-directory/151088.article|title=World Air Forces 2023|date=1 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2026"/>
* '''{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}'''
** [[Czechoslovak People's Army#Air Force|Czechoslovak People's Air Force]] – passed on to the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
* '''{{flag|Czech Republic}}'''
** [[Czech Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|East Germany}}'''
** [[Air Forces of the National People's Army]] – passed on to Germany after reunification.
* '''{{flag|Egypt}}'''
** [[Egyptian Air Force]]<ref name="FIWAF12 p49">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 11–17 December 2012, p. 49.</ref>
* '''{{flag|Eritrea}}'''
** [[Eritrean Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Eritrea |url=http://www.scramblemagazine.nl/orbats/eritrea/overview |website=Scramble |publisher=Dutch Aviation Society |author=Arnold ten Pas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827041513/http://www.scramblemagazine.nl/orbats/eritrea/overview |archive-date=2013-08-27 |url-status=dead |access-date=2013-05-19}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Ethiopia}}'''
** [[Ethiopian Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Finland}}'''
** [[Finnish Air Force]]
* '''{{GBS}}'''
** [[Guinea-Bissau Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Germany}}'''
** [[German Air Force|Luftwaffe]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Only one machine was flying with Luftwaffe registration: To scrapping |url= http://www.luftwaffe.de/portal/a/luftwaffe/!ut/p/c4/NYs7DsIwEAVvtOtQEJmOjyJRABWC0C2OlTg4drRaJw2Hxy54I00zevjCTKDF9SQuBvL4xNa43XsFvwJ9JEEgMwCxGdwCG6U0jMnjo_w6CyYGK8Vig7jsnkkiwxxZfCmJORdwHbaqOh3UVv1Xfev7sdEXVevztbnhPE37H-BHxRU!/#par3 |website=German Air Force |access-date=2013-02-02}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Georgia}}'''
** [[Georgian Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Hungary}}'''
** [[Hungarian Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Indonesia}}'''
** [[Indonesian Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Iran}}'''
** [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian Air Force]] – purchased 12 ex-East German MiG-21PFMs plus four MiG-21Us for training purposes. However, only two MiG-21Us were delivered, the others being embargoed after German reunification currently have 17 [[Chengdu J-7]] for training purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamov.net/general-aviation/iriaf-mig-29-fulcrum/|title=IRIAF MiG-29 above Teheran – Iranian Fulcrums|website=kamov.net|access-date=29 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044227/http://www.kamov.net/general-aviation/iriaf-mig-29-fulcrum/|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Iraq|1991}}'''
** [[Iraqi Air Force]] – operated during [[Saddam Hussein]]'s Era.{{sfn|Cordesman|2003|pages=24−25}}
*'''{{flag|Israel}}'''
**[[Israeli Air Force]] – acquired as part of [[Operation Diamond]]. Currently in [[Israeli Air Force Museum]]{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}
* '''{{flag|ISIL}}'''
** [[Military of ISIL]] – captured 19 (1 operational).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29660029|title=BBC News – Islamic State 'training pilots to fly fighter jets'|work=BBC News|date=2014-10-17}}</ref> Originally three in operational condition. The [[Syrian Air Force]] claimed to have shot down two of them.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-jets-idUKKCN0IB1H220141022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220211146/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-jets-idUKKCN0IB1H220141022|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2015|title=Syria says shoots down two of three Islamic State jets|work=Reuters|date=22 October 2014|access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> Other airframes are in various states of disrepair and some of them were being overhauled at the time of their capture.
* '''{{flag|India}}'''
** [[Indian Air Force]] – retired from operational service on 26 September 2025<ref>{{Cite web |first1=James |last1=Gray |first2=Parth |last2=Satam |date=2025-09-26 |title=Indian Air Force MiG-21 Bison Retires After 62 Years in Service |url=https://theaviationist.com/2025/09/26/indian-air-force-mig-21-bison-retires/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}'''
** [[Air Force of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan Air and Air Defence Force]]
* '''{{flag|Laos}}'''
** [[Lao People's Liberation Army Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Madagascar}}'''
** [[Malagasy Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Mongolia}}'''
** [[Mongolian Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web |title=World Air Forces 2013 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/world-air-forces-2013-101015.aspx |website=Flightglobal |date=2012-12-11 |access-date=2013-07-28}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Namibia}}'''
** [[Namibian Air Force]]<ref name="Planes and Pilots Vol.12 MiG 21">{{cite book |last=Paloque |first=Gérard |title=The MiG 21: The Mikoyan-Gurevitch Fishbed (1955–2010) |series=Planes and Pilots |volume=12 |date=December 2009 |page=69 |isbn=2-35250-147-4}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Nigeria}}'''
** [[Nigerian Air Force]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Newdick |first1=Thomas |title=Nigeria's MiG-21 Fighter Jet Force Is Up For Sale |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/38059/nigerias-mig-21-fighter-jet-force-is-up-for-sale |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209194106/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/38059/nigerias-mig-21-fighter-jet-force-is-up-for-sale |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2020 |website=The Drive |date=9 December 2020 |access-date=13 January 2022 }}</ref>

[[File:Polish Air Force MiG-21 over Dutch Airspace in 1999 2156 018807.jpg|thumb|right|Polish Air Force MiG-21bis in 1999.]]

* '''{{flag|Poland}}'''
** [[Polish Air Force]]
** [[Polish Naval Aviation]]
* '''{{flag|Romania}}'''
** [[Romanian Air Force]] – officially retired on 15 May 2023<ref name="lancer"/>
* '''{{flag|Russia|1991}}'''
** [[Russian Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Serbia}}'''
** [[Serbian Air Force and Air Defence]] – retired from service in May 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mod.gov.rs/eng/17410/svecani-ispracaj-legendarnog-lovca-mig-21-17410|title=Farewell to legendary fighter aircraft MiG-21 |work=Republic of Serbia|date=21 May 2021|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}}'''
** [[Air Force of Serbia and Montenegro]] – passed on to Serbia.
* '''{{flag|Slovakia}}'''
** [[Slovak Air Force]] – in 1993, with the dissolution of [[Czechoslovakia]], the Slovak Air Force obtained 13 MiG-21MAs, 36 MiG-21MFs, eight MiG-21Rs, two MiG-21USs and 11 MiG-21UMs. They were withdrawn in 2003. Some were put on display and placed in museums across the country; others were scrapped.<ref>{{cite web |last=Culak |first=Josef |title=Slovenské vojenské letectvo v roku 1993 a dnes v číslach a obrazoch |url=http://culak.blog.sme.sk/c/204730/Slovenske-vojenske-letectvo-v-roku-1993-a-dnes-v-cislach-a-obrazoch.html |website=SME Blog |language=sk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015202847/http://culak.blog.sme.sk/c/204730/Slovenske-vojenske-letectvo-v-roku-1993-a-dnes-v-cislach-a-obrazoch.html |archive-date=2012-10-15 |url-status=dead |access-date=2012-09-13}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2020}}
* '''{{flag|Somalia}}'''
** [[Somali Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Soviet Union}}''' – passed to successor states after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].
** [[Soviet Air Force]]
** [[Soviet Air Defence Force]]
** [[Soviet Naval Aviation]]
* '''{{flag|Syria}}'''
** [[Syrian Arab Air Force]] – 50 in service as of 2024.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{cite web |last = Hoyle |first = Craig |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |title = World Air Forces 2024 |publisher= [[FlightGlobal]] |year= 2023 |access-date= 14 April 2024 }}</ref> The [[Fall of the Assad regime|Syrian government of Al-Assad fell to rebels]] in late 2024, and the Syrian Arab Air Force was dismantled. It was re-established as [[Syrian Air Force]], but the revolution, and the Israeli air strikes that followed it, wrecked havoc in the inventory of the Air Force. In late 2025, the World Air Forces publication by [[FlightGlobal]], which tracks the aircraft inventories of world's air forces and publishes its counts annually, removed all Syrian Air Force's aircraft from their World Air Forces 2026 report. It is thus questionable if the Syrian Air Force has any flying aircraft in their inventory, and in particular, any MiG-21, as of December 2025.<ref name="World Air Forces 2026">{{cite report |last=Hoyle |first=Craig |year=2025 |title=World Air Forces 2026 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=113841 |access-date=20 December 2025 |publisher=[[FlightGlobal]] |page=4 }}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Tanzania}}'''
** [[Tanzanian Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Turkmenistan}}'''
** [[Turkmen Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Uganda}}'''
** [[Ugandan Air Force]]<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2025">{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=106507 |title=World Air Forces 2025 |date=1 January 2025 }}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|United States|1960}}'''
** [[United States Air Force]] − retired after evaluation flights under "[[Have Doughnut]]" and [[4477th Test and Evaluation Squadron|aggressor squadron]] duty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post:1253fb8a-3b45-4f68-b273-fff9b8f2f73d|title=We didn't know what 90 percent of the switches did|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116110640/http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3A1253fb8a-3b45-4f68-b273-fff9b8f2f73d|archive-date=16 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Ukraine}}'''
** [[Ukrainian Air Force]]
* '''{{flag|Vietnam}}'''
** [[Vietnam People's Air Force]] – retired from service in November 2015, put in temporary storage while the [[Vietnam People's Air Force|Air Force]] searches for a replacement, possibly the [[Sukhoi Su-35]] or even the American [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nguyentandung.org/kqnd-viet-nam-chuan-bi-vinh-biet-tiem-kich-mig-21.html|title=KQND Việt Nam chuẩn bị vĩnh biệt tiêm kích MiG-21|last=www.nguyentandung.org|date=18 November 2015|access-date=6 February 2016|archive-date=20 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220042911/http://nguyentandung.org/kqnd-viet-nam-chuan-bi-vinh-biet-tiem-kich-mig-21.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Yugoslavia}}'''
** [[Yugoslav Air Force]] – passed on to [[Serbia and Montenegro]].
* '''{{flag|Zaire}}''' – four were sold to the Zairean government by Yugoslavia but never flew.<ref name="Congo">{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=Tom |last2= Pit |first2=Weinert|url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_190.shtml|title=Zaire/DR Congo since 1980|website=ACIG|date= 2 September 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217082412/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_190.shtml |url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 February 2014}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Zambia}}'''
** [[Zambian Air Force]]<ref name="FIWAF18 p60">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 4–10 December 2018, p. 60.</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2025"/>

===Civilian operators===
According to the [[Federal Aviation Administration|United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)]], there were 44 privately owned MiG-21s in the U.S. in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAA Registry – Aircraft – Make / Model Inquiry |url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/AcftRef_Inquiry.aspx |website=FAA Registry |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402052315/http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/acftref_inquiry.aspx |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=live |access-date=2012-09-13}}</ref>

By 2013, [[Draken International]] had acquired 30 MiG-21bis/UM aircraft, mostly from Poland.<ref>''Informacje'' "RAPORT Wojsko Technika Obronność" Nr. 11/2013, p.76 (in Polish)</ref> In 2017, it operated 30 MiGs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drakenintl.com/|title=Draken International - Draken International|website=www.drakenintl.com|access-date=24 October 2017|archive-date=27 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027031217/http://www.drakenintl.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Use as suborbital space launch platform===
In 2012, Premier Space Systems in Hillsboro, Oregon, US, conducted flight tests for NanoLaunch, a project to launch suborbital [[sounding rocket]]s from MiG-21s flying over the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="Vintage">{{cite web |title=Vintage fighters return as launch platforms |url=http://www.citizensinspace.org/2012/03/vintage-fighters-return-as-launch-platforms |website=Citizens in Space |date=March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702085702/http://www.citizensinspace.org/2012/03/vintage-fighters-return-as-launch-platforms |archive-date=2017-07-02 |url-status=dead |access-date=2012-09-13}}</ref> The company was dissolved in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_or/69424092 |title=Premier Space Systems, Inc. |website=opencorporates |access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref>

== Aircraft on display ==
* MiG-21PF at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] in [[Dayton]], Ohio.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/195970/mikoyan-gurevich-mig-21pf-fishbed-d | title=Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21PF "Fishbed-D" | work=National Museum of the United States Air Force™ }}</ref>
* MiG-21PF at the [[Arizona Commemorative Air Force Museum|Commemorative Air Force Museum]] in [[Mesa, Arizona|Mesa]], Arizona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pimaair.org/museum-aircraft/mig-21pf_2/|title=MiG-21PF_2|website=Pima Air & Space}}</ref>
* MiG-21bis at the [[San Diego Air & Space Museum]] in [[San Diego]], California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sandiegoairandspace.org/collection/item/mikoyan-gurevich-mig-21|title=San Diego Air & Space Museum - Historical Balboa Park, San Diego|website=sandiegoairandspace.org}}</ref>
* MiG-21F-13 at the [[Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center]] in [[Chantilly, Virginia|Chantilly]], Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/mikoyan-gurevich-mig-21f-13-fishbed-c/nasm_A19930354000|title=Mikoyan-Gurevich MIG 21F-13 FISHBED-C | National Air and Space Museum|website=airandspace.si.edu}}</ref>
* MiG-21F-13 at [[Nellis Air Force Base]] in [[North Las Vegas]], Nevada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serial 23934 |url=https://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=23934 |website=Aerial Visuals Airplane Dossier}}</ref>
* MiG-21MF at the [[National Air Force Museum of Canada]] in [[Trenton, Ontario]], Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://airforcemuseum.ca/aircraft/mig-21/ |title=Miyokan-Gurevich-21 (MiG-21)}}</ref>
*MiG-21 displayed on the rooftop of the NZ Seal Services building at [[Onehunga]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/5603707/Businessman-is-just-plane-crazy |title=Businessman is just plane crazy |website=stuff.co.nz |date=2011-09-12 |access-date=2026-03-15}}</ref>
* MiG-21R at the [[Mémorial de Caen]] in [[France]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'équilibre de la Terreur - Mémorial de Caen |url=https://www.memorial-caen.fr/le-musee/la-guerre-froide/lequilibre-de-la-terreur/ |website=memorial-caen.fr}}</ref>
* MiG-21MF at the [[Aviodrome]] in [[the Netherlands]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aviodrome Lelystad|url=https://www.aviodrome.nl/collectie/mikoyan-gurevich-mig-21 |website=www.aviodrome.nl }}</ref>
* MiG-21PF in central [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]].
At Four Extreme Corners of [[India]]
*Northern most point, MiG-21M at the [[Kargil War Memorial]], [[Dras]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MiG-21M at Kargil War Memorial|url=https://www.warbirds.in/jak/ladakh/mig-21m-at-kargil-war-memorial}}</ref>
*Southern most point, MiG-21UM [U455] at [[C. V. Raman]] Park, [[Nagercoil]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MiG-21UM [U455] at Nagarcoil City Park|url=https://www.warbirds.in/tamilnadu/nagercoil-mig-u455}}</ref>
*Eastern most point, MiG-21U [U453] at [[Sainik School, Imphal]], [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sainik School Imphal’s MiG-21U [U453]|url=https://www.warbirds.in/manipur/sainik-school-imphal-mig-21u-u453/}}</ref>
*Western most point, MiG-21 Bison [CU2226] at [[Jaisalmer Airport|Jaisalmer AFS]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=MiG-21 Bison CU2226 at Jaisalmer AFS|url=https://www.warbirds.in/rajasthan/jaisalmer/afs-mig21-bison-cu2226/}}</ref>

==Specifications (MiG-21bis)==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=''Jane's all the world's aircraft, 1992–93'' <ref name=JAWA92-93>{{cite book |title=Jane's all the world's aircraft, 1992–93 |date=1992 |editor1-last=Lambert |editor1-first=Mark |editor2-last=Munson |editor2-first=Kenneth |editor3-last=Taylor |editor3-first=Michael J.H. |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Coulson, Surrey, UK |isbn=978-0-7106-0987-8 |edition=83rd|pages=214–216}}</ref>
|prime units?=met

|crew=1
|length m=14.7
|length note=excluding pitot boom
|span m=7.154
|span note=
|height m=4.1
|height note=
|wing area sqm=23
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil='''root:''' TsAGI S-12 (4.2%); '''tip:''' TsAGI S-12 (5%)<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=8725
|gross weight note=with two [[R-3S]] missiles
|max takeoff weight kg=8800
|max takeoff weight note=unprepared or metal planking runway
::::{{cvt|9800|kg|0}} paved runway with standard wheels and tyres
::::{{cvt|10400|kg|0}} paved runway with larger wheels and tyres
|fuel capacity=
|more general=

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Tumansky R-25-300]]
|eng1 type=afterburning turbojet
|eng1 kn=40.18
|eng1 note=
|eng1 kn-ab=69.58

|max speed kmh=2175
|max speed note= / M2.05 at {{cvt|13000|m|ft}}
::::{{cvt|1300|km/h|mph kn}} / M1.06 at sea level
* '''Landing speed:''' {{cvt|250|km/h|mph kn}}
|max speed mach=
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=660
|range note=clean at {{cvt|11000|m}}
::::{{cvt|604|km|mi nmi}} at {{cvt|11000|m}} with two [[R-3S]] missiles
::::{{cvt|793|km|mi nmi}} at {{cvt|10000|m}} with two [[R-3S]] missiles and {{cvt|800|L|USgal impgal}} [[drop-tank]]
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling m=17500
|ceiling note=
|g limits=
|roll rate=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude={{cvt|17000|m}} in 8 minutes 30 seconds
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight= 0.76

|more performance=
* '''Take-off run:''' {{cvt|830|m}}
* '''Landing run with SPS and brake parachute:''' {{cvt|550|m}}

|guns=1 × internal [[23×115mm|23 mm]] [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23]]L [[autocannon]] with 200 rounds
|hardpoints=5 (4 underwing + 1 ventral, reserved for fuel droptanks)
|hardpoint capacity=
|hardpoint bombs= 2 × 500 kg (1,100 lb) and 2 × 250 kg bombs
|hardpoint rockets=4 × [[S-24 rocket|S-24]] ''or'' 4× [[UB-16 (rocket pod)|UB-16-57]] rocket pods (4×16 57mm rockets)
|hardpoint missiles= 
::*[[Air-to-air missile]]s:
::** [[K-13 (missile)|K-13]]
::** [[K-5 (missile)|R-55]]
::** [[R-60 (missile)|R-60]]
|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{aircontent|
|see also=
* {{annotated link|Operation Bolo}}
|related=
* [[Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-8]]
* [[Chengdu J-7]]
|similar aircraft=
* {{lwc|Dassault Mirage III}}
* {{lwc|English Electric Lightning}}
* {{lwc|Lockheed F-104 Starfighter}}
* {{lwc|McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II}}
* {{lwc|Northrop F-5}}
* {{lwc|Saab 35 Draken}}
|sequence=
|lists=
* [[List of Iranian aerial victories during the Iran–Iraq war]]
* [[List of Iraqi aerial victories during the Iran–Iraq war]]
* [[List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS]]
* [[List of fighter aircraft]]
}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=N}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

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| year = 2011
| isbn = 978-1-84468-784-8
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s2PNDwAAQBAJ
}}
{{refend}}

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Dravida Nadu

2026-03-14T13:28:33Z

DrshivambjpIND: fix

{{Short description|Dravidian separatist movement in South India}}
{{Distinguish|text= [[Tamil language]] publication started by [[C. N. Annadurai]] with same name}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
[[File:Flag of Dravida Nadu.svg|thumb|250x250px|The proposed flag of Dravida Nadu ]]
The '''Dravida Nadu movement''' was a separatist movement seeking to create a homeland for the Dravidians by establishing a sovereign state in the predominantly [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]-speaking southern regions of [[British India]] consisting of [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. It was started by the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] under [[Periyar]] and later the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) led by [[C. N. Annadurai]].
{{Dravidian|Politics}}

Initially, the demand of Dravida Nadu proponents was limited to [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking regions, but it was later expanded to include other Indian states with a majority of Dravidian-speakers ([[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last = Taylor |first = Richard Warren |title = Religion and Society: The First Twenty-five Years, 1953–1978 |publisher = Christian Literature Society (for the Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore) |year = 1982 |oclc = 9007066 |page = 242}}</ref> Some of the proponents also included parts of [[Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]]),<ref>{{Cite book|last = Welch |first = Claude Emerson |title = Political Modernization: A Reader in Comparative Political Change |publisher = Wadsworth Pub. Co |year = 1967 |oclc = 941238 |page = 173}}</ref> [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book| editor = James H. Mills, Satadru Sen | title = Confronting the Body: The Politics of Physicality in Colonial and Post-Colonial India | publisher = Anthem Press | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-84331-032-7 | page = 145}}</ref> Other names for the proposed sovereign state included "South India", "Deccan Federation" and "Dakshinapath".<ref>{{Cite book| last = Afzal | first = M. Rafique | title = The Case for Pakistan | publisher = National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research | location = Islamabad | year = 1979 | oclc = 8165052 | no-pp = true | page = xxv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Tirtha | first = Ranjit | title = Society and Development in Contemporary India: Geographical Perspectives | publisher = Harlo | year = 1980 | isbn = 0-8187-0040-8 | oclc = 6930110 | page = [https://archive.org/details/societydevelopme00tirt/page/161 161] | url = https://archive.org/details/societydevelopme00tirt/page/161 }}</ref>

The movement for Dravida Nadu was at its height from the 1940s to 1960s, but due to fears of Tamil hegemony, it failed to find any support outside [[Tamil Nadu]] even though the largest ethnic group would have been [[Telugus]]. The [[States Reorganisation Act]] 1956, which created linguistic States, weakened the demand further.<ref name="Romesh_Thapar_Change">{{Cite book| last = Thapar | first = Romesh|author-link=Romesh Thapar | title = Change and Conflict in India | publisher = Macmillan | year = 1978 | isbn = 0-8364-0222-7 | page = 75}}</ref><ref name="CR_Rao_Defeat">{{Cite book| last = Rao | first = C Rajeswara | title = Defeat Separatist Conspiracy in Andhra | publisher = Communist Party of India | year = 1973 | oclc = 814926 | page = 28 }}</ref> In 1960, the DMK leaders decided to withdraw their demand for a Dravida Nadu from the party programme at a meeting held in the absence of Annadurai. In 1963, the Government of India led by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], declared [[secession]]ism as an illegal act. As a consequence, Annadurai abandoned the "claim" for Dravida Nadu – now geographically limited to modern Tamil Nadu – completely in 1963.

==Background==
[[File:Madras Prov South 1909.jpg|thumb|right|Southern portion of the Madras Presidency in 1909]]
The concept of Dravida Nadu had its root in the [[anti-Brahminism]] movement in Tamil Nadu, whose aim was to end the Brahmin dominance in the Tamil society and government. The early demands of this movement were social equality, and greater power, and control.<ref name="Ugo_Amoretti_Federalism">{{Cite book| last = Amoretti | first = Ugo M. |author2=Nancy Bermeo | title = Federalism and Territorial Cleavages | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-8018-7408-6 | page = 286}}</ref> However, over the time, it came to include a separatist movement, demanding a sovereign state for the [[Tamil people]]. The major political party backing this movement was the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]], which came to power in the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1921.

Since the late 19th century, the anti-Brahmin Tamil leaders had stated that the non-Brahmin Tamils were the original inhabitants of the Tamil-speaking region.<ref name="Gail_Omvedt_Dalit_visions">{{Cite book| last = Omvedt | first = Gail | author-link = Gail Omvedt | title = Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction on an Indian Identity | publisher = Orient Longman | year = 2006 | isbn = 81-250-2895-1 | pages = 54–55}}</ref> The Brahmins, on the other hand, were described not only as oppressors, but even as a foreign power, on par with the [[British Raj|British colonial rulers]].<ref name="Sten_Widmalm_Kashmir">{{Cite book| last = Widmalm | first = Sten | title = Kashmir in Comparative Perspective: Democracy and Violent Separatism in India | publisher = Routledge | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-7007-1578-7 | pages = 101–107}}</ref>

The prominent Tamil leader, [[E. V. Ramasami|E. V. Ramasamy]] (popularly known as "Periyar") stated that the Tamil society was free of any [[Indian caste system|societal divisions]] before the arrival of Brahmins, whom he described as "[[Indo-Aryan migration|Aryan invaders]]". Ramasamy was an [[atheist]], and considered the [[Indian nationalism]] as "an atavistic desire to endow the [[Hindu]] past on a more durable and contemporary basis".<ref name="Nicholas_Dirks_Castes_Mind">{{Cite book| last = Dirks | first = Nicholas B. | author-link = Nicholas Dirks | title = Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-691-08895-2 | page = 263}}</ref> Ramasamy notably remarked that upon seeing a Brahmin and a snake, he would encourage people to attack the Brahmin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandian |first=Jacob |title=Caste, nationalism, and ethnicity : an interpretation of Tamil cultural history and social order |date=1987 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=0-86132-136-7 |location=Bombay |oclc=17899446}}</ref>

The proponents of Dravida Nadu fabricated elaborate historical [[anthropology|anthropologies]] to support their theory that the Dravidian-speaking areas once had a great non-Brahmin polity and civilisation, which had been destroyed by the Aryan conquest and Brahmin [[hegemony]].<ref name="Sten_Widmalm_Kashmir"/> This led to an idealisation of the ancient Tamil society before its contact with the "Aryan race", and led to a surge in the [[Tamil nationalism]].<ref name="Gail_Omvedt_Dalit_visions"/> Ramasamy expounded the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' as a disguised historical account of how the Aryans subjugated the Tamils ruled by [[Ravana]].<ref>{{Cite book| last = Paula | first = Richman | title = Many Ramayanas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia
| publisher = University of California Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-520-07589-4 | pages = 175–188 | chapter = E. V. Ramasami's Reading of the Ramayana}}</ref> Some of the Dravidians also posed [[Saivism]] as an indigenous, even non-Hindu religion.

The [[Indian National Congress]], a majority of whose leaders were Brahmins, came to be identified as a Brahmin party.<ref name="Ugo_Amoretti_Federalism"/> Ramasamy, who had joined Congress in 1919, became disillusioned with what he considered as the Brahminic leadership of the party.<ref name="Gail_Omvedt_Dalit_visions"/> The link between Brahmins and Congress became a target of the growing Tamil nationalism.

In 1925, E.V. Ramasamy launched the [[Self-respect movement]], and by 1930, he was formulating the most radical "anti-Aryanism".<ref name="Sten_Widmalm_Kashmir"/> The rapport between the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] and the Self-Respect movement of E.V. Ramasamy (who joined the party in 1935) strengthened the anti-Brahmin sentiment. In 1937–38, [[Hindi]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] were introduced as new subjects in the schools, when [[C. Rajagopalachari]] of Congress became the Chief Minister of Madras Presidency. This led to widespread protests in the Tamil-speaking region, which had a strong independent linguistic identity. Ramasamy saw the Congress [[imposition of Hindi]] in government schools as further proof of an Aryan conspiracy.<ref name="Nicholas_Dirks_Castes_Mind"/>

===Characteristics and precursors===
At the 14th Confederation of the ''Justice Party'' held in Madras in 1938, rules and regulations, or precursors of a ''Dravida Nadu'' were adopted. The objectives were defined as: to attain ''[[Purna Swaraj]]'' and complete control for ''Dravida Nadu'' in social, economic and industrial, and commercial fields; to liberate ''Dravida Nadu'' and Dravidians from [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] and domination by aryan foreigners; to acquire for the [[citizens]] of ''Dravida Nadu'' without discrimination on account of caste and class and [[Economic inequality|inequalities]] arising there from, in law and society, [[equality under the law|equal rights]] and [[equal opportunities]]; to remove from the Dravidian people the sense of difference and superstitious [[beliefs]] existing in the name of religion, customs, and traditions and unite them as a society of people with a [[Liberalism|liberal]] outlook and [[intellectual]] development, and to get proportionate representation in all fields till the achievement of these objectives and until the people who have a sense of caste, religious and class differences cooperate with the party in full confidence and goodwill.<ref name="arooran_tamilnation">{{Cite book |last=Nambi Arooran |first=K.  |url=https://tamilnation.org/books/history/nambi |title=Tamil Renaissance and Dravidian Nationalism |date=1980 |publisher=Koodal Publishers |publication-place=Madurai |chapter=The Demand for Dravida Nadu: 1938 to 1944 |access-date=23 September 2025 |chapter-url=https://tamilnation.org/heritage/aryan_dravidian/dravidanadu  |via=TamilNation.org}}</ref><ref name="Saraswathi-3.6">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 87.</ref> Thus, Ramasamy also stated that "Self Respect should come before self-rule".<ref name="Diehl-14">Diehl, ''E.V. Ramasamy Naiker-Periyar'', p. 27.</ref>

The characteristics of the separate ''Dravida Nadu'' was described by E.V. Ramasamy as: the area then comprising Madras Presidency; [[passport]] system to enter the state; duty on goods from other provinces and entry with permit; demarcation of boundaries according to the needs and convenience of ''Dravida Nadu''; and continuing an existing system of defence till grant of full [[independence]]. He also assured [[religious freedom]] to Muslims, Christians, [[Buddhists]] and others within this area.<ref name="Saraswathi-3.7">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 93.</ref> On the same accord, the [[Separation of church and state|separation of religion and politics]] was a part of this leaving religion as a matter of individual belief. It was made clear that the political movement should not be used for religious propaganda.<ref name="Saraswathi-3.8">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 98.</ref>

== Justice Party ==
[[File:Periyar with Jinnah and Ambedkar.JPG|thumb|right|E.V.Ramasamy with Jinnah and Ambedkar. Mumbai, 6 January 1940]]
In December 1938, the Justice Party Convention passed a resolution stressing Tamil people's right to a separate sovereign state, under the direct control of the Secretary of State for India in London.<ref>{{Cite book| last = More | first = J B P | title = The Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 1930–1947 | publisher = Orient Longman | year = 1997 | oclc = 37770527 | isbn = 978-81-250-1011-1 | page = 163}}</ref>

In 1939, E.V.Ramasamy organised the Dravida Nadu Conference for the advocacy of a separate, sovereign and federal republic of Dravida Nadu.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Gopal | first = Balakrishnan Raja |author2=Teralundur Venkatarama Mahalingam |author3=Harogadde Manappa Nayaka | title = South Indian Studies | publisher = Geetha Book House | year = 1990 | oclc = 24325282 | page = 177
}}</ref> In a speech on 17 December 1939, he raised the slogan "Dravida Nadu for Dravidians", which replaced the earlier slogan "Tamil Nadu for Tamils".<ref>{{cite book|last=Kannan|first=R|title=Anna: The Life and Times of C. N. Annadurai|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-670-08328-2|pages=56}}</ref> In 1940, the [[South Indian Liberal Federation]] (Justice Party) passed a resolution demanding a sovereign state of Dravida Nadu.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Patwardhan | first = Achyut | author-link = Achyut Patwardhan |author2=Asoka Mehta | title = The Communal Triangle in India | publisher = Kitabistan | year = 1942 | location = Allahabad | oclc = 4449727 | page = 172}}</ref>

E.V.Ramasamy was clear about the concept of a separate multi-linguistic nation, comprising [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]], [[Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]], [[Kerala|Malayalam]] and [[Karnataka|Kannada]] areas, that is roughly corresponding to the then existing Madras Presidency with adjoining areas into a [[federation]] guaranteeing [[Safety|protection]] of [[minorities]], including religious, linguistic, and cultural freedom of the people.

The proposition was made with a view to safeguarding the national self-respect of Dravidians threatened by Indo-Aryan culture, language, political leadership, and business interests. A separatist conference was held in June 1940 at Kanchipuram when Ramasamy released the map of the proposed ''Dravida Nadu''. With the promised grant of full [[self-governance|self-government]] after [[World War II]], and posed another threat to the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Freedom Movement]] However, it failed to get [[United Kingdom|British]] approval. On the contrary, Ramasamy received sympathy and support from people such as [[B.R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]] and [[M.A. Jinnah|Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] for his views on the Congress, and for his opposition to Hindi. They then decided to convene a movement to resist the Congress.<ref name="Saraswathi-3.4">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', pp. 89 & 90.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India |author=Dirks, Nicholas B. |year= 2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages =263 |isbn=0691088950 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lekITKy2rd4C&q=Castes+of+Mind++By+Nicholas+B.+Dirks}}</ref> By the 1940s, E.V.Ramasamy supported [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]'s claim for a separate [[Pakistan]], and expected its support in return.<ref name="Ram_Mohan_Hindi">{{Cite book| last = Ram | first = Mohan | title = Hindi Against India: The Meaning of DMK | publisher = Rachna Prakashan | year = 1968 | oclc = 35586 | pages = 79–80}}</ref>

In an interview with the [[Governor of Madras]], Jinnah, the main leader of Muslim League, said that India should be divided into four regions: Dravidistan, Hindustan, [[Bengal Presidency|Bangalistan]] and [[Pakistan]]; Dravidistan would approximately consist of the area under the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite book| last = Menon | first = V. P. | author-link = V. P. Menon | title = Transfer of Power in India | publisher = Orient Longman | year = 1998 | isbn = 81-250-0884-5 | page = 106}}</ref> Jinnah stated "I have every sympathy and shall do all to help, and you establish Dravidistan where the 7 per cent Muslim population will stretch its hands of friendship and live with you on lines of security, justice and fairplay."<ref>{{Cite book| last = Jinnah | first = Muhammad Ali | author-link = Muhammad Ali Jinnah | editor = J. C. Johari | title = Voices of Indian Freedom Movement| publisher = Anmol Publications | year = 1993 | isbn = 81-7158-225-7 | chapter = A Time-Bound Plan for Muslim India | page = 198}}</ref>

In July 1940, a secession committee was formed at the Dravida Nadu Secession Conference held in [[Kanchipuram]]. On 24 August 1940, the [[Tiruvarur]] Provincial Conference resolved that Dravida Nadu should be an independent state (''thani-naadu'').<ref name="Swarna_R_State">{{Cite book| last = Rajagopalan | first = Swarna | title = State and Nation in South Asia | publisher = Lynne Rienner | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-1-55587-967-9 | page = 139
}}</ref> The proponents of Dravida Nadu also sought to associate and amalgamate Tamil Islam within a supposedly more ancient Dravidian religion, which threatened the Islamic identity of Tamil Muslims, some of whom had earlier supported the demand for a sovereign Dravida Nadu movement.<ref>{{Cite book| last = More | first = J B P | title = Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu | publisher = Orient Longman | year = 2004 | oclc = 59991703 | pages = 166–170}}</ref>

[[File:Foundation of Dravida Nadu magazine.jpg|thumb|right|Dravida Nadu – Tamil magazine founded in 1942 by C. N. Annadurai]]
In August 1941, E.V. Ramasamy declared that the agitation for ''Dravida Nadu'' was being temporarily stopped. The reason cited was that it was necessary to help the government in its war efforts. The agitation would be renewed after the conclusion of the war. Even though the agitation for ''Dravida Nadu'' was being stopped, the demand was very much intact. When the [[Cripps Mission]] visited India, a [[delegation]] of the Justice Party, comprising E.V.Ramasamy, [[W. P. A. Soundarapandian Nadar]], Samiappa Mudaliar and Muthiah Chettiar, met the members of the ''Cripps Mission'' on 30 March 1942, and placed before them the demand for a separate Dravidian nation.<ref name="Chatterjee-3">Chatterjee, ''Up Against Caste: Comparative study of Ambedkar and Periyar'', p. 43.</ref> The demand was rebuffed by Cripps, who told them that such a demand would be possible only through a resolution in the Madras legislature or through a general referendum.<ref name="kannan1">{{Harvnb|Kannan|2010| pp=60}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Debi |title=Up against caste: comparative study of Ambedkar and Periyar|publisher=Rawat Publications|year=2004|pages=43|isbn=978-81-7033-860-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mpuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

In August 1944, E.V. Ramasamy created a new party called [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] out of the Justice Party, at the Salem Provincial Conference. The creation of a separate non-Brahmin Dravidian nation was a central aim of the party.<ref name="Nicholas_Dirks_Castes_Mind"/> In 1944, when E.V.Ramasamy met the [[Dalit]] leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]] to discuss join initiatives, Ambedkar stated that the idea of Dravidistan was applicable to entire India, since "Brahminism" was "a problem for the entire subcontinent".<ref name="Nicholas_Dirks_Castes_Mind"/>

At the Dravidar Kazhagam State Conference in [[Tiruchi]] in the 1940s, prominent Tamil leader [[C. N. Annadurai]] stated that it was necessary to divide India [[Racial groups of India|racially]] to prevent "violent revolutions" in future, that according to him, had been prevented due to the [[British Raj|British occupation]] of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=C.N.Annadurai - காஞ்சீபுரம் நடராஜன் அண்ணாதுரை: மனித மேம்பாடே என் இயக்கம்! தோழமையே என் மேடை!: 15 September 1909 - 3 February 1969 |url=https://tamilnation.org/hundredtamils/annadurai  |access-date= |website=TamilNation.org |department=Tamils - a Nation without a State : One Hundred Tamils of the 20th Century}}</ref>

On 1 July 1947, the separatist Tamil leaders celebrated the "Dravida Nadu Secession Day".<ref name="Swarna_R_State"/> On 13 July 1947, they passed a resolution in [[Tiruchirapalli]] demanding an independent Dravida Nadu. On 16 July, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] expressed his opposition to the demand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Joydeep |date=15 August 2007 |title=The 60 days to Aug 15, 1947 |url=https://twocircles.net/2007aug14/60_days_aug_15_1947.html  |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307070056/http://www.twocircles.net/2007aug14/60_days_aug_15_1947.html |archive-date=7 March 2021 |access-date=22 September 2025 |website=TwoCircles.net: mainstream news of the marginalized |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> Also in 1947, Jinnah refused to help E.V.Ramasamy to help create a Dravidastan.<ref name="Wijeyawickrema_Lanka">{{Cite web| url = http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items07/190307-3.html | title = War and Peace in Sri Lanka: the other battle – Part I: South Indian backyard | author = C. Wijeyawickrema
| access-date =5 September 2007}}</ref>

When India achieved Independence in August 1947, Ramasamy saw it as a sad event that marked the transfer of power to "Aryans", while Annadurai considered as a step towards an independent Dravida Nadu, and celebrated it. Over the time, disputes arose between the two leaders. They fell out after Ramasamy anointed his young wife as his successor to lead the party, superseding senior party leaders.

==Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam==
[[File:Dravida Nadu.jpg|thumb|left|Front page of the Dravida Nadu magazine dated 29 September 1946. It depicts Ramasamy E. V. Ramasamy and his speech in the court during the Anti-Hindi Agitations of 1937–40]]
In 1949, Annadurai and other leaders split up and established [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. Annadurai was initially more radical than Ramasamy in his demand for a separate Dravida Nadu.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Jaffrelot | first = Christophe | title = India's silent revolution: the rise of the low castes in North Indian politics | publisher = C. Hurst & Co. | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85065-398-4
| page = 244}}</ref> In highlighting the demand for ''Dravida Nadu'', the economics of [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] by the Hindi-speaking, Aryan, Brahminical North was elaborated upon. It was contended that ''Dravida Nadu'' had been transformed into a virtual marketplace for north Indian products. And, thus, [[C. N. Annadurai|Annadurai]] explained that to change this situation, a separate ''Dravida Nadu'' must be demanded. Throughout the 1940s, E.V.Ramasamy spoke along the lines of a trifurcation of India, that is dividing the existing geographical region into ''Dravida Nadu'', ''Muslim India'' (Pakistan), and ''Aryan Land'' ([[Hindustan]]). In public meetings that he addressed between March and June 1940, he projected the three-nation [[doctrine]] as the only solution which could end the [[political]] [[impasse]] in the country.<ref name="Chatterjee">Chatterjee, Debi, [January 1981](2004) ''Up Against Caste: Comparative study of Ambedkar and Periyar''. Rawat Publications: Chennai, p. 42.</ref>

In 1950, E.V.Ramasamy stated that Dravida Nadu, if it comes into being, will be a friendly and helpful state to India.<ref>Article beginning with "The Editor wanted me to write on 'The Black Shirt Movement.' There is no movement at all by that name." Originally published in ''The Hindu'' (Madras, India; {{ISSN|0971-751X}}), January 26, 1950 ([[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] special issue/supplement; vol. LXXIV [74], no. 22; {{OCLC|53438619}}). Reproduced in e.g.:

* {{Cite news |last=Ramaswami |first=E.V. |date=15 August 2007 |title=Reconstruction of society |url= |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |id={{NewsBank text|11B0E4EDEF3BB878}}.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramasami |first=Periyar E. V. |title=பெரியார்‌ ஈ. வெ. ரா. சிந்தனைகள்‌ (பெரியார்‌ ஈ. வெ. இராமசாமி அவர்களின்‌ சொற்பொழிவுகளும்‌ கட்டுரைகளும்‌) / THOUGHTS OF PERIYAR E. V. R. (Speeches and Writings of Periyar E. V. Ramasami) |date=1 July 1974  |publisher=சிந்தனையாளர்‌ கழகம்‌ தெப்பக்குளம்‌ / THINKERS’ FORUM Teppakulam |editor-last=வே. ஆனைமுத்து / V. ANAIMUTHU |edition=முதற்‌ / First |volume=2 |publication-place=திருச்சிராப்பள்ளி-2 / Tiruchirappalli-2 |pages=iv–viii [but at the end rather than the start] |trans-title=Periyār I. Ve. Rā. cintan̲aikal |chapter=2. DRAVIDASTAN SEPARATION |id=www.thamizham.net - Free E book No 3031; via Internet Archive with metadata in [https://archive.org/details/thoughts-of-periyar-evr-compiled-and-edited-by-anaimuthu-v-periyar-ev-ramasami-v_20250312/%28Thoughts%20of%20Periyar%20EVR%20%28Compiled%20and%20Edited%20by%20Anaimuthu%20V%29%29%20Periyar%20EV%20Ramasami%20%2C%20Vae.%20Aanaimuthu%20-%20Thoughts%20of%20Periyar%20EV%20Ramasami%20Vol%202%20Part%203.%20Two-Thinker%E2%80%99s%20Forum%20%281974%29/page/n261?q=%22There+is+no+movement+at+all+by+that+name%22 English (just vol. 2 pt. 3)] or [https://archive.org/details/evr-periyar-sinthanaigal-evr-thoughts/page/n1597?q=%22There+is+no+movement+at+all+by+that+name%22 Tamil (vols. I–III put together)]. [[Google Books]] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Periy%C4%81r_I_Ve_R%C4%81_cintan%CC%B2aikal/gEpXAAAAMAAJ?gbpv=1&bsq=%22There%20is%20no%20movement%20at%20all%20by%20that%20name%22 gEpXAAAAMAAJ], [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Periy%C4%81r_I_Ve_R%C4%81_cintan%CC%B2aikal/Vw8rAQAAIAAJ?gbpv=1&bsq=%22There%20is%20no%20movement%20at%20all%20by%20that%20name%22 Vw8rAQAAIAAJ]. [[HathiTrust]] [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049800900&q1=%22There+is+no+movement+at+all+by+that+name%22&start=1 mdp.39015049800900], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3292865&q1=%22There+is+no+movement+at+all+by+that+name%22&start=1 uc1.b3292865]. |department=PART IX: DRAVIDASTAN SEPARATION}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramasami |first=Periyar E.V. |title=WOF: Periyar E.V. Ramasami |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780143068969 |editor-last=Penguin Books India |series=Words of Freedom: Ideas of a Nation |pages=63–75 |chapter=The Black Shirt Movement |id=[[Google Books]] [https://www.google.com/books/edition/WOF_Periyar_E_V_Ramasami/tYtg9TLib6sC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22There+is+no+movement+at+all+by+that+name%22&pg=PA63&printsec=frontcover tYtg9TLib6sC].}}</ref> When the political power in Tamil Nadu shifted to the non-Brahmin [[K. Kamaraj]] in the 1950s, EVR's DK supported the Congress ministry.<ref name="Rajni_Kothari_Politics">{{Cite book| last = Kothari | first = Rajni|author-link=Rajni Kothari| title = Politics in India | publisher = Orient Longman | year = 1994 | isbn = 81-250-0072-0 | pages = 333–343}}</ref> In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Dravida Nadu proponents changed their demand for an independent Dravida Nadu to an independent Tamil Nadu, as they did not receive any support from the non-Tamil Dravidian-speaking states.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Ghurye | first = Govind Sadashiv | title = Caste, Class, and Occupation | publisher = Popular Book Depot | year = 1961 | oclc = 175030 | page = 318}}</ref> Ramasamy changed the banner in his magazine ''Viduthalai'' from "Dravida Nadu for Dravidians" to "Tamil Nadu for Tamils".

The reorganisation of the Indian states along linguistic lines through the [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1956 weakened the separatist movement.<ref name="Romesh_Thapar_Change"/><ref name="WF_Danspeckgruber_Self">{{Cite book| last = Danspeckgruber | first = Wolfgang F | title = The Self-Determination of Peoples: Community, Nation, and State in an Interdependent World | publisher = Lynne Rienner Publishers | year = 2002 | isbn = 1-55587-793-1 | page = 300}}</ref> In June–July 1956, the founder of Kazhagam, E. V. Ramaswamy, declared that he had given up the goal of Dravidistan.<ref name="MN_Srinivas_Caste">{{Cite book| last = Srinivas | first = Mysore Narasimhachar | author-link = M. N. Srinivas | title = Caste in Modern India, and other essays | publisher = Asia Publishing House | year = 1962 | oclc = 5206379 | page = 31}}</ref>

However, by this time, DMK had taken over from DK as the main bearer of the separatist theme.<ref name="James_Manor_relations">{{Cite book| last = Manor | first = James | editor = Atul Kohli | editor-link = Atul Kohli | title = The Success of India's Democracy | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-521-80530-8 | chapter = Center-state relations | page = 89}}</ref> Unlike [[Khalistan]] and other separatist movements in Republic of India, DMK never considered violence as a serious option to achieve a separate Dravida Nadu.<ref name="Sten_Widmalm_Kashmir"/>

While Periyar's idea of DravidaNadu was vague and ambiguous, [[C. N. Annadurai|C.N. Annadurai]] clearly defined DravidaNadu as the federation of four autonomous self-governing linguistic states (Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam) who will also have the freedom to secede in the future as another separate nation if the federation doesn't work. Annadurai held that [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidians]] were divided by linguistic [[Ethnicity|ethnicities]] (rightfully so) but united by [[Race (human categorization)|race]], thus belonging to the same stock.<ref>{{cite web| title= Tamil source article, translate to read |url=https://madrasreview.com/politics/dravida-nadu-or-tamilnadu-what-was-anndurais-demand/}}</ref>

DMK's slogan of Dravida Nadu found no support in any state of India other than Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Romesh_Thapar_Change"/><ref name="CR_Rao_Defeat"/> The non-Tamil Dravidian speakers perceived the ambitions of the Tamil politicians as hegemonic, ultimately leading to the failure of the Dravida Nadu concept.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Stein | first = Burton | title = A History of India
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-631-20546-2 | page = 402}}</ref> [[C. Rajagopalachari]], the former Chief Minister of [[Madras State]] and a Tamil Brahmin, stated that the DMK plea for Dravida Nadu should not be taken seriously.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Erdman | first = Howard Loyd | title = The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism | publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 1967 | oclc = 301813 | page = 216}}</ref>

==Decline==
[[File:Mathialagan VPRaman Anna Rajaji Karunanidhi.jpg|thumb|350px|right| DMK leaders [[K. A. Mathialagan]], [[V. P. Raman]], [[C. N. Annadurai]] and [[M. Karunanidhi]] with [[C. Rajagopalachari|Rajaji]]]]
The decline in support for the Dravida Nadu within the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] can be traced back to as early as the Tiruchi party conference in 1956, when the party decided to compete in the Tamil Nadu state assembly elections of 1957.<ref name="Sten_Widmalm_Kashmir"/> E.V.K. Sampath, who was leading a faction within DMK, argued that Dravida Nadu was "not feasible".<ref name="Sten_Widmalm_Kashmir"/> However, the party did state Dravida Nadu as a "long-range goal" during the elections.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Ghurye | first = G. S.
| editor = S Devadas Pillai | title = Aspects of changing India : studies in honour of Prof. G. S. Ghurye | publisher = Popular Prakashan | year = 1976 | isbn = 81-7154-157-7 | oclc = 4497385 | page = 108}}</ref> The political observers doubted the seriousness of their demand for a sovereign state, and stated that the demand for a separate Dravida Nadu was just a side issue, and a slogan to catch the imagination of an emotional public.<ref name="Sten_Widmalm_Kashmir"/><ref>{{Cite book| last = Pande | first = Ram |author-link=Ram Pande | title = Congress 100 Years | publisher = Jaipur Pub. House | year = 1985 | oclc = 12978554 | page = 253}}</ref> In the 1957 elections, DMK managed to win only 15 of the 205 seats in the state assembly.<ref name="James_Manor_relations"/>

In 1958, [[V. P. Raman]], a Brahmin leader, joined the party and became a strong opponent of the Dravida Nadu concept. In November 1960, the DMK leaders, including Raman, decided to delete the demand of Dravida Nadu from the party programme at a meeting held in absence of Annadurai. Political scientist Sten Widmalm writes, "It seems that the more the party distanced itself from the demand for Dravida Nadu, the more it was supported."<ref name="Sten_Widmalm_Kashmir"/> In the 1962 election, DMK more than tripled its seats, winning 50 seats to the State Legislative Assembly, but still could not displace the Congress from power.

On 17 September 1960, a "Dravida Nadu Separation Day" was observed, which resulted in arrests of Annadurai and his associates.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Bhaskaran | first = Ramaswami | title = Sociology of Politics: Tradition and Politics in India | publisher = Asia Pub. House | year = 1967 | oclc = 342442 | page = 48}}</ref> The demand for a sovereign Tamil state was considered as a threat of [[Balkanization]] to India,<ref>{{Cite book| last = Iyengar | first = K R Srinivasa | title = Two cheers for the Commonwealth; talks on literature and education | publisher = Asia Publishing House | year = 1970 | oclc = 95129 | isbn = 978-0-210-22307-9 | page = 65}}</ref> and also raised concerns among the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] politicians in Sri Lanka. In 1962, a Sinhalese M.P. stated in the Parliament: "The Sinhalese are the minority in Dravidistan. We are carrying on a struggle for our national existence against the Dravidistan majority."<ref>Sri Lanka, House of Representatives, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), vol. 48, col. 1313, 3 September 1962. Quoted in {{Cite book| last = Bookman | first = Milica Zarkovic | title = The Demographic Struggle for Power | publisher = Routledge | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-7146-4732-6 | page = 15}}</ref>

Annadurai, who had been elected to the upper house of Indian parliament (Rajya Sabha) in 1962, reiterated DMK's demand for independence for Dravida Nadu in his maiden speech on 1 May 1962. However, at the time of [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, he proclaimed that his party would stand up for the integrity and unity of India. A faction of DMK contended that the party should publicly abandon the demand for Dravida Nadu.<ref>{{Cite book| first = Marguerite Ross | last = Barnett | author-link = Marguerite Ross Barnett | title = Electoral Politics in the Indian States: Party Systems and Cleavages
| publisher = Manohar Book Service | year = 1975 | oclc = 2197571 | page = 85}}</ref>

In 1963, on the recommendation of the Committee on National Integration and Regionalism of the [[National Integration Council]], the Indian parliament unanimously passed the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which sought to "prevent the fissiparous, secessionist tendency in the country engendered by regional and linguistic loyalties and to preserve the unity, sovereignty, and territorial integrity" of India. This was essentially in response to the separatist movement demanding a sovereign Dravidistan.<ref name="Rajni_Kothari_Politics"/><ref>{{Cite book | last = Connor | first = Walker | title = Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-691-02563-6 | page = [https://archive.org/details/ethnonationalism00conn/page/27 27] | url = https://archive.org/details/ethnonationalism00conn/page/27 }}</ref>

At a party conference in 1963, DMK formally dropped the secessionist demand,<ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/01/16/stories/2005011600260300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050225044025/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/01/16/stories/2005011600260300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 25 February 2005 | title = Hindi against India | author = Ramachandra Guha | author-link = Ramachandra Guha | work = [[The Hindu]] | date = 16 January 2005 | access-date =5 September 2007 | location=Chennai, India}}</ref> but also asserted that it would continue to address the issues that led it to frame its demand for separation earlier.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Sharma | first = Phool Kumar | title = India, Pakistan, China, and the Contemporary World | publisher = National | year = 1972 | oclc = 693687 | page = 51}}</ref> The Sino-Indian war does not seem to be a decisive factor in dropping the demand for Dravida Nadu; prominent DMK leaders [[Era Sezhiyan]] and [[Murasoli Maran]] have stated that the demand for Dravida Nadu had been dropped in practice before 1962.<ref name="Sten_Widmalm_Kashmir"/> Maran explained that there was not really enough support for Dravida Nadu in Tamil Nadu at the time, and it was concluded that there was no use pursuing the demand.<ref name="Sten_Widmalm_Kashmir"/> He declared "I am Tamil first but I am also an Indian. Both can exist together provided there is space for cultural nationalism."<ref name="Sten_Widmalm_Kashmir"/> Era Sezhiyan declared that it was impossible to continue to demand Dravida Nadu when the policy lacked support even in the Tamil-speaking areas, let alone Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam-speaking areas.<ref name="Sten_Widmalm_Kashmir"/> Sezhiyan was a member of the committee that wrote the new party programme, which omitted the demand for Dravida Nadu. Sezhiyan stated that it was more practical to demand a higher degree of [[autonomous area|autonomy]] for Tamil Nadu instead.

After DMK decided to relinquish its demand for Dravida Nadu, it devoted more attention to the language issue ([[anti-Hindi agitations]]), and the 1962 election figures were almost exactly reversed in the subsequent 1967 elections.<ref name="Sten_Widmalm_Kashmir"/> In 1962, the Congress had won the majority of seats, while DMK managed to win only 50 seats. In 1967, DMK won a clear majority of 138 seats, while Congress won only 50 seats. DMK came to power with Annadurai as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]].

==Resurgence==
In the 1980s, a minor militant organisation called [[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army]] revived the demand for Dravida Nadu, when the Indian Peacekeeping Force (IPKF) was sent to Sri Lanka.

In 2017, when the Indian [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] issued a notification banning the sale of cattle for slaughter, [[Twitter]] users from the [[Kerala]] state (where beef dishes are popular) protested by trending the hashtag #DravidaNadu. The hashtag also received support from Twitter users in Tamil Nadu.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-twitterati-in-kerala-rakes-up-dravidanadu-over-beef-ban-2455210 Twitterati in Kerala rakes up #DravidaNadu over 'beef ban']</ref> The major national political parties refused to support secessionist sentiments.<ref>[https://qz.com/993958/beef-festivals-dravida-nadu-south-indias-mini-rebellion-over-modis-new-cattle-slaughter-law-kindles-an-old-secessionist-spark/ South India’s mini rebellion over Modi’s new cattle law kindles an old secessionist spark]</ref> Several heads of South Indian states and politicians expressed dismay over the Union Government's arrangements of tax revenue distribution to various states.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Mihir|date=2018-04-24|title=For rich South India, the rest of the country is a tax burden|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/for-rich-south-india-the-rest-of-the-country-is-a-tax-burden/52215/|access-date=2020-07-23|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/south-indias-politicos-echoing-public-anger-with-leadership-in-north-conciliatory-leadership-needed-at-centre-4390181.html |title=South India's politicos echoing public anger with leadership in north, conciliatory leadership needed at Centre |date=14 March 2018 |work=Firstpost |author=T. S. Sudhir}}</ref> [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] leader and current [[Tamil Nadu Chief Minister]] [[M. K. Stalin]] expressed his support for a sovereign Dravida Nadu state, should all the other South Indian states ever share the same notion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/dmk-support-dravida-nadu-says-mk-stalin-314485.html |title=தென்மாநிலங்கள் முன்வைக்கும் திராவிட நாடு கோரிக்கைக்கு ஆதரவு: ஸ்டாலின் |trans-title=DMK Working President MK Stalin said that his party will support "Dravida Nadu" |language=ta |work=OneIndia Tamil |author=Mathi |date=16 March 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India separatist movements}}
{{Portalbar|India}}

[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Anti-Brahminism]]
[[Category:Independence movements]]
[[Category:Separatism in India]]
[[Category:Nationalism in India]]
[[Category:Tamil nationalism]]
[[Category:Proposed countries]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:South India]]

Jamshedpur FC

2026-03-06T12:12:10Z

DrshivambjpIND: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Association football club in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Jamshedpur
| image = Jamshedpur FC logo.svg
| upright = 0.8
| fullname = Jamshedpur Football Club
| nickname = The Men of Steel<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-jamshedpur-fc-season-preview|title=Indian Super League 2020–21 Team Profile: Jamshedpur FC|website=khelnow.com|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109093043/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-jamshedpur-fc-season-preview|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Red Miners''

''The Men of Fire''
| short name = JFC
| founded = {{start date and age|df=y|2017|6|12}}
| ground = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| capacity = 24,424<ref>{{cite web|title=JRD Tata Sports Complex|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1159-jamshedpur-fc-profile/venue|website=Indian Super League|access-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117193419/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1159-jamshedpur-fc-profile/venue/|archive-date=17 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| owntitle = Owner
| owner = [[Tata Steel]] {{small|([[Tata Group]])}}
| chrtitle = Chairman
| chairman = Chanakya Chaudhary
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Owen Coyle]]
| league = {{indian football updater|Jamshedp}}
| season = {{indian football updater|Jamshedp2}}
| position = {{indian football updater|Jamshedp3}}
| current = 2025–26 Jamshedpur FC season
| pattern_la1 = _navyborder
| pattern_b1 = _navycollar
| pattern_ra1 = _navyborder
| pattern_sh1 = _navysides
| pattern_so1 = _navytop
| leftarm1 = 000080
| body1 = ED2939
| rightarm1 = 000080
| shorts1 = ED2939
| socks1 = ED2939
| pattern_la2 = _skyblueborder
| pattern_b2 = _uskyblue
| pattern_ra2 = _skyblueborder
| pattern_sh2 = _skysides
| pattern_so2 = _skybluetop
| leftarm2 = FEFEFA
| body2 = FEFEFA
| rightarm2 = FEFEFA
| shorts2 = FEFEFA
| socks2 = FEFEFA
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

'''Jamshedpur Football Club''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|m|ʃ|ɛ|d|p|ʊər}}, {{IPA|hi|dʒəmˈʃeːdpʊr|lang|Jamshedpur.ogg}}) is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]], that competes in the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL), the top flight of [[Indian football league system|Indian football]]. Founded in 2017, the club debuted in the ISL during the [[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18 season]]. It is the only club in the top flight to have self owned [[JRD Tata Sports Complex|stadium]] and training facilities. The club is owned and managed by [[Tata Steel]].

The club was established on 12 June 2017, when Tata Steel won the bidding rights for one of the two expansion slots in the ISL.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Thapa|first=Chirinjibi|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/it-s-no-more-just-about-real-or-barca-breaking-records-la-liga-india-head-120032000916_1.html|title=It's no more just about Real or Barca breaking records: La Liga India head|date=20 March 2020|work=Business Standard India|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403062624/https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/it-s-no-more-just-about-real-or-barca-breaking-records-la-liga-india-head-120032000916_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Former [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] manager [[Steve Coppell]] was appointed as Jamshedpur's first manager.

The club made their ISL debut during 2017–18 season and missed a place in semi-finals narrowly and finished at 5th position, in the next season also saw they finishing at 5th. After a disappointing [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]] campaign the club appointed [[Owen Coyle]] as their new manager. Under Owen Jamshedpur FC won the ISL League Winners' Shield during [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22 season]], their first trophy and becoming only the third club to win the League Winners' Shield after [[FC Goa]] and [[Mumbai City FC]].

==History==
===Formation===
[[File:ISL Jamshedpur FC vc Bangalore FC match.jpg|thumb|Jamshedpur FC players (right) lining up before their match against [[Bengaluru FC]] at the [[Kalinga Stadium]] in 2018.]]

On 11 May 2017, Indian Super League organisers invited bids for new teams ([[Ahmedabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Cuttack]], [[Durgapur]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Kolkata]], [[Ranchi]], and [[Siliguri]]) in order to expand the league in the upcoming season.<ref name="TOI Expansion">{{cite news|title=Indian Super League to invite bids for new teams|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/indian-super-league-to-invite-bids-for-new-teams/articleshow/58629483.cms|access-date=31 May 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805190754/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/indian-super-league-to-invite-bids-for-new-teams/articleshow/58629483.cms|archive-date=5 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The bidding ended on 25 May 2017 and the external validator, appointed by the league, started scrutinizing the bids.<ref name="TOI Bengaluru FC">{{cite news|title=Bengaluru FC submit bid as ITB submission deadline ends|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bengaluru-fc-submit-bid-as-itb-submission-deadline-ends/articleshow/58851199.cms|access-date=31 May 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807060336/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bengaluru-fc-submit-bid-as-itb-submission-deadline-ends/articleshow/58851199.cms|archive-date=7 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Two weeks later, on 12 June, it was officially announced that [[Bengaluru FC]] and [[Tata Steel]] had won the bids for the new teams [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and [[Jamshedpur]] respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL expanded to 10 teams, Bengaluru FC one of them|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-expanded-to-10-teams-bengaluru-fc-one-of-them/articleshow/59113316.cms|access-date=13 June 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621050933/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-expanded-to-10-teams-bengaluru-fc-one-of-them/articleshow/59113316.cms|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

After winning the bid, Tata announced on 14 July 2017 that the inaugural head coach for the new Jamshedpur club would be [[Steve Coppell]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Steve Coppell joins Jamshedpur ISL team|url=https://twitter.com/TataSteelLtd/status/885855150321086464|website=Tata Steel (Twitter)|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706115637/https://twitter.com/TataSteelLtd/status/885855150321086464|url-status=live}}</ref> who led the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] to the [[2016 Indian Super League final|final]] in the [[2016 Indian Super League|previous ISL season]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Kaushal|title=Kerala Blasters manager Steve Coppell laments cramped schedule after loss|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2016-final-kerala-blasters-manager-steve-coppell-laments-cramped-schedule-after-loss-3163058.html|access-date=14 July 2017|work=FirstPost|date=19 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718220355/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2016-final-kerala-blasters-manager-steve-coppell-laments-cramped-schedule-after-loss-3163058.html|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The club's official name, Jamshedpur FC, and logo were revealed nine days later, on 23 July, before the [[2017–18 ISL Players Draft]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jamshedpur FC reveal name and logo|url=https://twitter.com/IndSuperLeague/status/889012604022267904|website=Indian Super League|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-date=15 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515100800/https://twitter.com/IndSuperLeague/status/889012604022267904|url-status=live}}</ref> Being a brand new club, Jamshedpur FC had the first pick during the players draft. [[India national football team|India]] international [[Anas Edathodika]] was the club's first draft pick, thus the first player in Jamshedpur's history.<ref name="Draft">{{cite news|title=Jamshedpur FC in ISL 2017 Draft: Anas Edathodika, Subrata Paul, Mehtab Hossain signed|url=http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3868/main/2017/07/23/37268432/jamshedpur-fc-in-isl-2017-draft-anas-edathodika-subrata-paul|access-date=29 July 2017|work=Goal.com|date=23 July 2017|archive-date=15 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515100457/https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/isl-2017-draft-full-details-about-jamshedpur-fcs-picks/jn0dqfpolbz61oeizrm16mcxh|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Inaugural season===
[[File:Steve coppell 2006 promotion celebration cropped.JPG|thumb|left|195x195px|alt=Steve Cappell celebrating|[[Steve Coppell]] is the club's first manager.]]

Jamshedpur began playing in November 2017. The team played their first-ever match on 18 November 2017 against [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] at the [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]. Despite being disadvantaged through defender [[André Bikey]] being sent off, Jamshedpur managed to hold on for a 0–0 draw.<ref>{{cite news|title=Another goalless draw|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/another-goalless-draw-187237|access-date=5 March 2018|work=Telegraph India|date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080818/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/another-goalless-draw-187237|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> After another goalless draw in their next match, Jamshedpur played their first official home match on 1 December against the reigning champions [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]. Over 23,000 fans came to support the side at the [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]] but once again, the team failed to do more than draw 0–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jamshedpur 0–0 ATK|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/01/india/indian-super-league/jamshedpur/atletico-de-kolkata/2597756/|website=Soccerway|access-date=6 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306102616/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/01/india/indian-super-league/jamshedpur/atletico-de-kolkata/2597756/|archive-date=6 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Finally, in their fourth match, away at [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]], Jamshedpur managed to earn their first victory. The club won 1–0 with [[Izu Azuka]] becoming the first-ever Jamshedpur goal scorer.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Aditya|title=Azuka strike gives Jamshedpur maiden goal, Dynamos slip to third straight loss|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/azuka-strike-gives-jamshedpur-maiden-goal-dynamos-slip-to-third-straight-loss/articleshow/61952278.cms|access-date=5 March 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207140019/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/azuka-strike-gives-jamshedpur-maiden-goal-dynamos-slip-to-third-straight-loss/articleshow/61952278.cms|archive-date=7 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

By the halfway point of the season, Jamshedpur had only managed two victories in the season including four draws and three defeats. This meant the team was in seventh place, six points off the playoff spots.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manuel Lanzarote's double strike powers FC Goa to win over Jamshedpur FC|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2017-18-manuel-lanzarotes-double-strike-powers-fc-goa-to-win-over-jamshedpur-fc-4299045.html|access-date=5 March 2018|work=FirstPost|date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306082939/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2017-18-manuel-lanzarotes-double-strike-powers-fc-goa-to-win-over-jamshedpur-fc-4299045.html|archive-date=6 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Fortunes changed for Jamshedpur during the second half of the season and on 4 March 2018, the club played their final match of the Super League season at home against [[FC Goa|Goa]] with Jamshedpur needing a victory in order to qualify for the [[2018 Indian Super League playoffs|playoffs]].<ref>{{cite news|title=FC Goa and Jamshedpur FC face each other in play-off spot decider|url=https://scroll.in/field/870699/indian-super-league-fc-goa-and-jamshedpur-fc-face-each-other-in-play-off-spot-decider|access-date=5 March 2018|work=Scroll.in|date=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104206/https://scroll.in/field/870699/indian-super-league-fc-goa-and-jamshedpur-fc-face-each-other-in-play-off-spot-decider|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Unfortunately, despite having home advantage, Jamshedpur fell 3–0 and thus failed to qualify for the finals in their first season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Goa books playoff spot|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/goa-takes-last-semifinal-spot/article22927103.ece|access-date=5 March 2018|work=The Hindu|date=5 March 2018|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628134712/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/goa-takes-last-semifinal-spot/article22927103.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2018–19 season===

Jamshedpur FC appointed [[César Ferrando|Cesar Ferrando]] as their new head coach ahead of the 2018–19 season and made some overall changes to their squad.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 July 2018|title=Jamshedpur FC appoint Cesar Fernando as head coach for upcoming ISL season|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2018-19-jamshedpur-appoint-cesar-fernando-head-coach|website=Khelnow|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=15 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515100500/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2018-19-jamshedpur-appoint-cesar-fernando-head-coach|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Michael Soosairaj]], [[Sergio Cidoncha]], [[Carlos Calvo (footballer, born 1985)|Carlos Calvo]] and [[Mario Arqués|Mario Arques]] were some of the new signings along with [[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]], [[Memo (footballer)|Memo]], [[Subrata Pal|Subrata]], and [[Farukh Choudhary|Farukh]], who were retained from the last season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2018|title=ISL 2018–19 Team Profile: Jamshedpur FC|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2018-19-jamshedpur-fc-preview|website=Khelnow|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=15 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515100500/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2018-19-jamshedpur-fc-preview|url-status=live}}</ref> The club also made one of the most high-profile signings in the league's history as they roped in [[Tim Cahill]] to their squad.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 September 2018|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Australian star Tim Cahill|url=https://www.the-afc.com/news/afcsection/jamshedpur-fc-sign-australian-star-tim-cahill|website=AFC.com|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923175332/http://www.the-afc.com/news/afcsection/jamshedpur-fc-sign-australian-star-tim-cahill|url-status=live}}</ref> The team had a decent start in the season as they won against [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] and had as draw against Bengaluru FC at home.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2018|title=ISL 2018–19: Arques, Morgado score in Jamshedpur's 2–0 win over Mumbai City|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/indian-super-league-2018-19-isl-2018-19-live-scoreboard-mumbai-city-fc-vs-jamshedpur-fc-live-score-in-todays-isl-2018-19-football-match-at-mumbai-football-arena-match-timings-live-streaming-paulo-machado-tim-cahill-118100200545_1.html|website=Businessstandard|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618015815/https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/indian-super-league-2018-19-isl-2018-19-live-scoreboard-mumbai-city-fc-vs-jamshedpur-fc-live-score-in-todays-isl-2018-19-football-match-at-mumbai-football-arena-match-timings-live-streaming-paulo-machado-tim-cahill-118100200545_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2018|title=ISL 2018: Jamshedpur FC hold Bengaluru FC to 2–2 draw|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/jamshedpur-fc-hold-bengaluru-fc-to-2-2-draw-with-late-strike/story-dnW9cCrWxzQ3q7te1Q0V8K.html|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=9 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009172624/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/jamshedpur-fc-hold-bengaluru-fc-to-2-2-draw-with-late-strike/story-dnW9cCrWxzQ3q7te1Q0V8K.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They were about to make it into the play-offs, but narrowly lost out on the play-off spot to [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] and finished 5th in the table just like their inaugural season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 February 2019|title=Indian Super League: Jamshedpur FC maul Bengaluru FC 5–1 in ISL 2018–19|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-indian-super-league-jamshedpur-fc-maul-bengaluru-fc-5-1-in-isl-2018-19-2724810|website=dnaindia|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140837/https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-indian-super-league-jamshedpur-fc-maul-bengaluru-fc-5-1-in-isl-2018-19-2724810|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Super Cup (India)|Hero Super Cup]], which took place at [[Bhubaneswar]], they were given a walkover against [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] in the round of 16.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 April 2019|title=Jamshedpur and NorthEast progress to the Hero Super Cup quarter-finals|url=http://www.supercup.in/news/jamshedpur-and-northeast-progress-to-the-hero-super-cup-quarter-finals|website=supercup.in|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914225600/http://www.supercup.in//news/jamshedpur-and-northeast-progress-to-the-hero-super-cup-quarter-finals|url-status=live}}</ref> In the next round, they lost against [[FC Goa]] and were knocked out of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 April 2019|title=Super Cup 2019: 10-man Goa claims thrilling 4–3 win over Jamshedpur FC|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/super-cup-2019-fc-goa-beats-jamshedpur-fc-seven-goals-edu-bedia-corominas-seriton-cidoncha-calvo/article26758521.ece|website=Sportstar|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517010042/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/super-cup-2019-fc-goa-beats-jamshedpur-fc-seven-goals-edu-bedia-corominas-seriton-cidoncha-calvo/article26758521.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2019–20 season===
Jamshedpur FC appointed [[Antonio Iriondo]] as their head coach ahead of the [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20 season]] of Indian Super League.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 July 2019|title=Jamshedpur FC appoint Spaniard Antonio Iriondo as head coach|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/jamshedpur-fc-appoint-spaniard-antonio-iriondo-as-head-coach/articleshow/70397123.cms|website=[[Times Of India]]|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706115002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/jamshedpur-fc-appoint-spaniard-antonio-iriondo-as-head-coach/articleshow/70397123.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
As in the previous season, they signed some new players like [[C.K. Vineeth]], who was the highest Indian goalscorer of [[Kerala Blasters]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 August 2019|title=CK Vineeth joins Jamshedpur|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-ck-vineeth-jamshedpur-kerala-blasters-chennaiyin-indian-football-transfers/article29261160.ece|website=Sportstar|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618222224/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-ck-vineeth-jamshedpur-kerala-blasters-chennaiyin-indian-football-transfers/article29261160.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the foreign players, they signed [[Aitor Monroy]], [[Sergio Castel]] and [[Francisco Medina Luna]] and retained their core players like Tiri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 October 2019|title=Jamshedpur FC introduces squad for 2019–20 season as new season begins on 22nd October|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-introduces-squad-for-2019-20-season-as-new-season-begins-on-22nd-october|website=Jamshedpur FC.com|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119032043/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-introduces-squad-for-2019-20-season-as-new-season-begins-on-22nd-october|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the young Indian players like [[Narender Gahlot]] and [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]] were bought into the team
Jamshedpur had an impressive start as they were unbeaten in the first 3 matches like in the previous two seasons.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2019|title=Indian Super League 2019–20: Jamshedpur FC Register Consecutive Wins, Beat Hyderabad FC 3–1|url=https://www.india.com/sports/indian-super-league-2019-20-jamshedpur-fc-register-consecutive-wins-beat-hyderabad-fc-3-1-in-isl-3824795/|website=india.com|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030132110/https://www.india.com/sports/indian-super-league-2019-20-jamshedpur-fc-register-consecutive-wins-beat-hyderabad-fc-3-1-in-isl-3824795/|url-status=live}}</ref> They started their season by defeating [[Odisha FC]] 2–1.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2019|title=ISL 2019–20: 10-man Jamshedpur edge past Odisha|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-2019-20-jamshedpur-fc-vs-odisha-fc-match-report/xr7z9iocyc921gw1mzvrlpdnk|website=Goal.com|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023140845/https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-2019-20-jamshedpur-fc-vs-odisha-fc-match-report/xr7z9iocyc921gw1mzvrlpdnk|url-status=live}}</ref> They won against [[Hyderabad FC]] 3–1 in their second match and had a goalless draw against [[Bengaluru FC]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 November 2019|title=ISL 2019/20: Bengaluru FC stand in Jamshedpur's hat-trick path|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/soccer-isl-2019-20-bengaluru-fc-stand-in-jamshedpur-s-hat-trick-path-560763|website=indiatvnews.com|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328105208/https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/soccer-isl-2019-20-bengaluru-fc-stand-in-jamshedpur-s-hat-trick-path-560763|url-status=live}}</ref> The team had their first defeat of the season against ATK in an away match where the match ended 3–1.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 November 2019|title=ISL 2019–20 HIGHLIGHTS, ATK vs Jamshedpur FC: Roy Krishna, Edu Garcia Help ATK Beat Jamshedpur|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-2019-20-highlights-atk-vs-jamshedpur-fc-2380285.html|website=news18.com|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=7 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107171937/https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-2019-20-highlights-atk-vs-jamshedpur-fc-2380285.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It took some more games for the club to get their third win of the season as they defeated FC Goa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 November 2019|title=FC Goa vs Jamshedpur: Castel strike hands Goa first defeat of season – as it happened|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-2019-20-fc-goa-vs-jamshedpur-fc-live-score-corominas-piti-castel-boumous-tiri-iriondo-lobera-doungel-brandon-jahouh/article30087971.ece|website=Sportstar|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302204206/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-2019-20-fc-goa-vs-jamshedpur-fc-live-score-corominas-piti-castel-boumous-tiri-iriondo-lobera-doungel-brandon-jahouh/article30087971.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The team then had three back to back draws followed by three back to back defeats against Mumbai City FC, Odisha FC and Bengaluru FC.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 December 2019|title=ISL: Jamshedpur faces Mumbai City as top-four race heats up|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/indian-super-league-isl-2019-20-jamshedpur-fc-vs-mumbai-city-preview-analysis-rowllin-borges-sergio-castel-costa-iriondo-sougou/article30340713.ece|website=Sportstar|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112232256/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/indian-super-league-isl-2019-20-jamshedpur-fc-vs-mumbai-city-preview-analysis-rowllin-borges-sergio-castel-costa-iriondo-sougou/article30340713.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Unlike the previous two seasons, the club had a disappointing season as they were only able to finish eight place in the table. With eight defeats, they had the second most defeats along with NorthEast United FC and only had 4 wins during the season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 March 2020|title=ISL 2019–20 Season Review: Jamshedpur FC|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2019-20-jamshedpur-fc-season-review|website=Khelnow|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308125744/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2019-20-jamshedpur-fc-season-review|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2020–21 season===
After a disappointing season, the club made some major changes at their helm as they appointed [[Owen Coyle]], who led the struggling Chennaiyin FC into the ISL final in the last season. They made a total of twelve signings ahead of the season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jamshedpur FC appoint Owen Coyle as Head Coach|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/jamshedpur-fc-appoint-owen-coyle-as-head-coach|website=Indian Super League|language=en|access-date=2020-08-07|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028195843/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/jamshedpur-fc-appoint-owen-coyle-as-head-coach|url-status=live}}</ref> Changes in the squad including releasing most of the Indian players from the squad. Among the foreign players only [[Aitor Monroy]] and [[David Grande]] was retained.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 November 2020|title=ISL 2020–21: All of Jamshedpur FC's foreign players|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/isl-2020-21-all-jamshedpur-fc-s-foreign-players|website=Sportskeeda|language=en|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=15 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515100456/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/isl-2020-21-all-jamshedpur-fc-s-foreign-players|url-status=live}}</ref> The club roped in the last season's joint top scorer [[Nerijus Valskis]].<ref>{{cite web|date=21 August 2020|title=Nerijus Valskis joins Jamshedpur FC on two-year deal|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-jamshedpur-fc-sign-nerijus-valskis|website=Khelnow|language=en|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303142523/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-jamshedpur-fc-sign-nerijus-valskis|url-status=live}}</ref> They signed {{sortname|Peter|Hartley|Peter Hartley (footballer)}} and former [[Nigerian]] International {{sortname|Stephen|Eze}} in their defence. Brazilian {{sortname|Alex|Monteiro|Alex Monteiro de Lima}} and Australian {{sortname|Nick|Fitzgerald|Nick Fitzgerald (soccer)}} were the other signings ahead of the season.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 October 2020|title=From Aitor Monroy to Nick Fitzgerald: Who are the 7 overseas recruits of Jamshedpur FC?|url=https://iftwc.com/who-are-the-7-overseas-recruits-of-jamshedpur-fc/|website=iftwc.com|language=en|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227210246/https://iftwc.com/who-are-the-7-overseas-recruits-of-jamshedpur-fc/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jackichand Singh]] was one of the major Indian signings along with the players like [[Rehenesh TP|T.P Rehenesh]], [[Laldinliana Renthlei]] and [[Ricky Lallawmawma]].<ref>{{cite web|date=24 October 2020|title=Jamshedpur FC announce squad for ISL 2020–21 season|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-jamshedpur-fc-announce-squad|website=Khelnow|language=en|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130232109/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-jamshedpur-fc-announce-squad|url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020–21 season were decided took place behind the closed-doors across three venues in Goa. [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]] in [[Vasco da Gama]] was selected as the home ground of Jamshedpur FC.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mergulhao |first1=Marcus |title=ISL opts for league standings to decide groups and home grounds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-opts-for-league-standings-to-decide-groups-and-home-grounds/articleshow/77601617.cms |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206141756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-opts-for-league-standings-to-decide-groups-and-home-grounds/articleshow/77601617.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2022–23 season===

{{main|2022–23 Jamshedpur FC season}}

After a record-breaking season on 22 March 2022 club officially announced that head coach [[Owen Coyle]] won't be continuing his journey at Jamshedpur. The club released an official statement stating 
''Jamshedpur FC Head Coach, Owen Coyle officially announced today that he won't be continuing his journey in India in the next season of Hero Indian Super League. The Scotsman had a successful two years with the club which he continuously kept on improving with his smart signings, promotion of young players and amazing man-management skills. He lifted the Jamshedpur side to 6th place in 2020-21, just 4 points shy off the top-4 places and later in 2021-22 propelled them to the top of the table with a historic Hero ISL League Shield Winners’ campaign where his team smashed and steamrolled upon records.'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/until-we-meet-again-thank-you-and-farewell-owen|title=Until we meet again | Thank You and Farewell, Owen|date=22 March 2022|website=Jamshedpur Football Club|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909072832/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/until-we-meet-again-thank-you-and-farewell-owen|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-super-league-isl-owen-coyle-leaves-departs-jamshedpur-fc/|title=Owen Coyle bids emotional goodbye to Jamshedpur FC|first=Joseph|last=Biswas|date=22 March 2022|access-date=9 January 2023|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109165509/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-super-league-isl-owen-coyle-leaves-departs-jamshedpur-fc|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 10 July 2022, [[Aidy Boothroyd]] was appointed as head coach of Jamshedpur. He said: ''Jamshedpur FC are the Champions of India currently and the city has a tremendous football legacy. We want to continue this upward trajectory and make the club reach places and win honours that our fans are dreaming of. We want to take the club to the next level and to compete really with the top teams of Asia.'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-appoints-aidy-boothroyd-as-head-coach|title=Jamshedpur FC appoints Aidy Boothroyd as Head Coach|date=10 July 2022|website=Jamshedpur Football Club|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=12 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712181657/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-appoints-aidy-boothroyd-as-head-coach|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 14 July 2022 Jamshedpur FC confirm the extension of Leslie Cleevely as Goalkeeping Coach of the club. The world-famous Goalkeeping Coach, fondly called ‘Les’, has signed up to May 2023 and will join Aidy Boothroyd's coaching staff. When asked about his thoughts on extending his stay at Jamshedpur after a successful season, Leslie happily stated, ''When I received the offer to come back as goalkeeping coach and defend our Hero ISL league title, it didn't take any persuasion. I'm looking forward to getting to work with our exciting roster of goalkeepers and of course Aidy Boothroyd who is a fantastic coach and the right man for the job.'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-extend-stay-of-goalkeeping-coach-leslie-cleevely|title=Jamshedpur FC extend stay of Goalkeeping Coach Leslie Cleevely|date=14 July 2022|website=Jamshedpur Football Club|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=11 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911045013/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-extend-stay-of-goalkeeping-coach-leslie-cleevely|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 16 July 2022 club appoints [[Stuart Watkiss]] as Assistant Coach. Upon signing for the ISL League Shield winners Stuart opined his ambition with JFC, ''It's a big job at Jamshedpur FC, the defending Champions of India. I come with the aim to help the club win back-to-back league titles and also help bring more honours. Along with a top Head Coach like Aidy Boothroyd, the club aims for the maximum and we will take it one game at a time. Looking forward to it.'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-appoints-stuart-watkiss-as-assistant-coach|title=Jamshedpur FC appoints Stuart Watkiss as Assistant Coach|date=16 July 2022|website=Jamshedpur Football Club|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818083730/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-appoints-stuart-watkiss-as-assistant-coach|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2023–24 season===
{{main|2023–24 Jamshedpur FC season}}

After a disappointing season, Club parted ways with head coach [[Aidy Boothroyd]]. Ahead of 2023–24 season, Jamshedpur FC appointed Irish-English manager [[Scott Cooper (football manager)|Scott Cooper]] as the club's new Head Coach on a two-year contract. He is known for his attacking style of play and high-pressing football. In his 4–3–3 system, Cooper likes to create natural triangles, allowing his players to keep better possession of the ball.

Upon being appointed, Scott Cooper said "''It is an honour and a privilege to join Jamshedpur FC as their new head coach. The club has previously won the ISL Shield trophy and I believe it's time for us to get back to the top once again. The city of Jamshedpur has a rich history and footballing culture with the prestigious Tata Football Academy nurturing talent and creating top Indian footballers since time immemorial, and one of my aims is to develop young players and make them ready to compete at the highest level''".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-07-14 |title=Jamshedpur FC appoints Scott Cooper as new head coach |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/jamshedpur-fc-new-coach-scott-cooper-two-year-deal-isl-2023-2024/article67079744.ece |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221043106/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/jamshedpur-fc-new-coach-scott-cooper-two-year-deal-isl-2023-2024/article67079744.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

He was joined by Hezirdan Ramadani and Dragan Draskovic as the club's new assistant coach and goalkeeping coach, respectively.

On 29 December, the club officially announced that they had mutually parted ways with Scott Cooper.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=Jamshedpur FC and Scott Cooper have Mutually Decided to Part Ways |url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-and-scott-cooper-have-mutually-decided-to-part-ways |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Jamshedpur Football Club |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104033659/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-and-scott-cooper-have-mutually-decided-to-part-ways |url-status=live }}</ref> Two days later, the club announced the appointment of [[Khalid Jamil]] as the new manager.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-12-31 |title=ISL: Jamshedpur FC appoints Khalid Jamil as head coach for remainder of the season |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/jamshedpur-fc-isl-club-appoints-khalid-jamil-head-coach-remainder-of-season/article67692536.ece |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231125128/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/jamshedpur-fc-isl-club-appoints-khalid-jamil-head-coach-remainder-of-season/article67692536.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The club ended the season second last in the table, securing 21 points from 22 games.

==Stadium==
{{main|JRD Tata Sports Complex}}
[[File:J.R.D. Tata Stadium.jpg|300px|thumb|Panoramic view of the JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
They play their home games at [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], popularly known as "The Furnace". The club is the only club in the [[Indian Super League]] to have a stadium of its own. The stadium was named after the former Tata Group chairman [[J.R.D. Tata|J. R. D. Tata]]. The stadium was originally built in 1991, with a capacity for 60,000 spectators. In 2017, the stadium was renovated with the capacity of 24,424 (limited capacity for ISL games) – 40,000 (for other sports).

==Supporters==
''The Red Miners'' are the official supporters group of the club which was founded in 2017 along with the inception of the club.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fistosports.com/news/the-red-miners-jamshedpur-fcs-pride-and-passionate-fan-base/ |title=The Red Miners: Jamshedpur FC's pride and passionate fan base |website=Fisto |language=en-US |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902114637/https://fistosports.com/news/the-red-miners-jamshedpur-fcs-pride-and-passionate-fan-base/ |archive-date=2 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The players and the coach have often acknowledged the fans' support in the success by calling them ''The 12th Man''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Red Miners all set to virtually cheer for JFC this ISL|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/red-miners-all-set-to-virtually-cheer-for-jfc-this-isl/cid/1796534|access-date=2020-11-06|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107145019/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/red-miners-all-set-to-virtually-cheer-for-jfc-this-isl/cid/1796534|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Crest, colours and kits==
[[File:Jamshedpur FC logo.svg|frameless|right|Jamshedpur FC Crest|200px]]
The outer circle of the crest features the name of the club written in English and tribal symbols, paying tribute to the tribal history of [[Jharkhand]] state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/11622-isl-2017-jamshedpur-fc-unveil-their-logo|title=ISL 2017: Jamshedpur FC Unveil Their Logo | The Fan Garage (TFG)|date=23 July 2017|website=thefangarage.com|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328081009/https://thefangarage.com/articles/11622-isl-2017-jamshedpur-fc-unveil-their-logo|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Jamshedpur signed a deal with [[Nivia Sports]] as their official kit sponsors from the 2017–18 season.

===Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
!Back sponsor
!Chest sponsor
!Sleeve sponsor
|-
|2017-18
|rowspan=9|[[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-18|title=Indian Super League: Nivia signs 3-year, multi-crore deal to become official ball partner|url=https://www.insidesport.co/indian-super-league-nivia-signs-3-year-multi-crore-deal-to-become-official-ball-partner/|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Inside Sport|language=en-US|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182204/https://www.insidesport.co/indian-super-league-nivia-signs-3-year-multi-crore-deal-to-become-official-ball-partner/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Tata Group|Tata]]
|rowspan=2|[[Tata Steel]]
|rowspan=2|[[Tata Trusts]]
|[[Tata Motors]]
|-
|2018-19
|[[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]]
|-
|2019-20
|rowspan=7|[[Tata Steel]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|date=2020-11-25|title=Jamshedpur FC Sponsors List 2020|url=https://sportskhabri.com/jamshedpur-fc-sponsors-list-2020/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Sports Khabri|language=en-US|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213439/https://sportskhabri.com/jamshedpur-fc-sponsors-list-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Tata Trusts]]
|rowspan=7|[[Tata Group|Tata]]
|[[Tata Steel|Tata Pravesh]]
|-
|2020-21
|[[Tata Steel|Tata Pravesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-26|title=ISL 2020-21: Tata Pravesh renews association with Jamshedpur FC as Associate Partner|url=https://www.thesportsnews.in/isl-2020-21-tata-pravesh-renews-association-with-jamshedpur-fc-as-associate-partner/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Sports News|language=en-US|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421085553/https://www.thesportsnews.in/isl-2020-21-tata-pravesh-renews-association-with-jamshedpur-fc-as-associate-partner/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Tata Altroz|Altroz]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-24|title=ISL 2020-21: Jamshedpur FC ropes Tata Motors as Official Automobile Partner|url=https://www.thesportsnews.in/isl-2020-21-jamshedpur-fc-ropes-tata-motors-as-official-automobile-partner/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Sports News|language=en-US|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212721/https://www.thesportsnews.in/isl-2020-21-jamshedpur-fc-ropes-tata-motors-as-official-automobile-partner/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021-22
|rowspan=5|[[State Bank of India|SBI]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-16|title=SBI & Jamshedpur FC join hands to promote football in India|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-sbi-jamshedpur-fc|access-date=2021-11-16|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116140038/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-sbi-jamshedpur-fc|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Tata Punch|Punch]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-11|title=Tata Motors continues association as Jamshedpur FC's Official Automobile Partner with PUNCH|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/tata-motors-continues-association-as-jamshedpur-fcs-official-automobile-partner-with-punch|access-date=2021-11-13|website=Jamshedpur FC|language=en-US|archive-date=13 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113182655/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/tata-motors-continues-association-as-jamshedpur-fcs-official-automobile-partner-with-punch|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022-23
|[[Tata Tiago|Tiago]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/tata-motors-continues-its-association-with-jamshedpur-fc | title=TATA Motors continues its association with Jamshedpur FC | date=11 October 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|2023-24
|[[Tata Nexon|Nexon]]
|-
|2024-25
|[[Tata Motors|Intra]]
|-
|2025-26
|[[Tata Consumer Products|Tata Gluco+]]
|}

==Players==
{{For|a list of all former and current Jamshedpur FC players|List of Jamshedpur FC players}}

===Current squad===
{{updated|2 February 2026<ref>{{cite web
| title = Squad
| url = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1159-jamshedpur-fc-profile/squad
| publisher = [[Indian Super League]]
| access-date = 15 January 2022
| archive-date = 30 January 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220130190031/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1159-jamshedpur-fc-profile/squad
| url-status = live
}}</ref>}}

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Albino Gomes]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=SRB|pos=DF|name=[[Lazar Ćirković]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Pratik Chaudhari]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Praful Kumar}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Vincy Barretto]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=JPN|pos=MF|name=[[Rei Tachikawa]]|other=[[Third Captain (association football)|third captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 2001)|Manvir Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=FRA|pos=MF|name=[[Madih Talal]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Mohammed Sanan|Mohammed Sanan K]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Sreekuttan V. S.]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Pronay Halder]]|other=[[captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Mobashir Rahman]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Lalhriatpuia Chawngthu}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Ritwik Das]]}}
{{fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Sourav Das (footballer)|Sourav Das]]}}
{{fs player|no=21|nat=SRB|pos=MF|name=[[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanovic]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Kartik Choudhary}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sarthak Golui]]}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Germanpreet Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Rosenberg Gabriel}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Ayush Jena}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Amrit Gope]]}}
{{Fs player|no=54|nat=CMR|pos=FW|name=[[Raphaël Messi Bouli]]}}
{{fs player|no=66|nat=NGA|pos=DF|name=[[Stephen Eze]]|other=[[Vice Captain (association football)|vice-captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=77|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Nikhil Barla]]}}
{{Fs player|no=88|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Mark Zothanpuia]]}}
{{Fs end}}

===Others players under contract===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs end}}

===Out on loan===
{{fs start}}
{{fs end}}

==Personnel==
===Current technical staff===
{{updated|24 January 2026}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name<ref name="Players">{{cite web
| title = Squad
| url = https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-football-club-squad-numbers-of-hero-isl-season-2018-19-confirmed
| publisher = Jamshedpur FC
| access-date = 2 November 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180918232319/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-football-club-squad-numbers-of-hero-isl-season-2018-19-confirmed
| archive-date = 18 September 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Owen Coyle]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Sandy Stewart (footballer)|Sandy Stewart]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Steven Dias]]
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Harshad Meher
|-
| Strength & conditioning coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Akash Nani
|-
| Head of youth development and grassroots
| {{flagicon|IND}} Kundan Chandra
|-
| First team analyst
| Vacant
|-
| Head - Physiotherapy & Sports medicine
| {{flagicon|IND}} Vivek Nigam
|-
|-
| First team assistant physiotherapist
| {{flagicon|IND}} Arghya Basu
|-
|-
|}

===Corporate hierarchy===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name<ref name="Players"/>
|-

| Chairman & director
| {{flagicon|IND}} D B Sundra Ramam
|-
| rowspan="4" | Directors
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sunil Bhaskaran
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Pradipta Baagchi
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Suprakash Mukhopadhyay
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Bhattacharya
|-
| CEO
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mukul Choudhari
|-
| CFO
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prasanta Dinda
|-
| Secretary
| {{flagicon|IND}} Melisa Alva
|-
| General Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prashant Madhav Godbole

|-
| Manager Operation
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rohit Kr. Singh
|-
|Manager - Media
|{{flagicon|IND}} Amit Kumar
|-
| Managers
| {{flagicon|IND}} Vikas Anthony, Praveen Kumar, Kevin Kishore, Saadat Hussain
|-
| Executives
| {{flagicon|IND}} Nil Raj Mukhi, Arun Sinha
|}

==Statistics and records==
===Season by season===
{{updated|match played by 18 April 2025}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-style="background:#efefef;"
! Season
! League
! Teams
! League Position
! Playoffs Position
! [[Super Cup (India)|Indian Super Cup]]
! [[Durand Cup]]
!colspan=2|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] competition(s)
|-
| [[2017–18 Jamshedpur FC season|2017–18]]
| [[2017–18 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 10
| 5th
| Did not qualify
| Quarter-final
| —
| —
|-
| [[2018–19 Jamshedpur FC season|2018–19]]
| [[2018–19 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 10
| 5th
| Did not qualify
| Quarter-final
| —
| —
|-
| [[2019–20 Jamshedpur FC season|2019–20]]
| [[2019–20 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 10
| 8th
| Did not qualify
| ''_''
| Group stage
| —
|-
| [[2020–21 Jamshedpur FC season|2020–21]]
| [[2020–21 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 11
| 6th
| Did not qualify
| ''_''
| —
| —
|-
| [[2021-22 Jamshedpur FC season|2021–22]]
| [[2021–22 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 11
| style="background:gold;" |Premiers
| Semi-finals
| ''_''
| Group Stage
| —
|-

| [[2022-23 Jamshedpur FC season|2022–23]]
| [[2022–23 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 11
| 10th
| Did not qualify
| Semi-finals
| Group Stage
| —
|-
| [[2023-24 Jamshedpur FC season|2023–24]]
| [[2023–24 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 12
| 11th
| Did not qualify
| Semi-finals
| Group Stage
| Qualification Round
|-
| [[2024-25 Jamshedpur FC season|2024–25]]
| [[2024–25 Indian Super League|ISL]]
| 13
| 5th
| Semi-finals
| Runners-up
| Group Stage
| -

|-
|}

===Managers statistics===
{{updated|18 April 2025}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!GD!!Win%
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Steve Coppell]]{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
|align=left|{{ENG}}
|align=left|14 July 2017
|align=left|18 June 2018
{{WDL|20|8|5|7|for=17|against=23|diff=yes}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[César Ferrando]]
|align=left|{{ESP}}
|align=left|21 July 2018
|align=left|5 April 2019
{{WDL|19|6|9|4|for=32|against=25|diff=yes}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Antonio Iriondo]]
|align=left|{{ESP}}
|align=left|26 July 2019
|align=left|''29 February 2020 ''
{{WDL|18|4|6|8|for=22|against=35|diff=yes}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Owen Coyle]]
|align=left|{{SCO}}
|align=left|7 August 2020
|align=left|22 March 2022
{{WDL|42|20|11|11|for=64|against=45|diff=yes}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Aidy Boothroyd]]
|align=left|{{ENG}}
|align=left|10 July 2022
|align=left|13 July 2023
{{WDL|25|8|4|13|for=33|against=42|diff=yes}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Scott Cooper (football manager)|Scott Cooper]]
|align=left|{{ENG}}
|align=left|14 July 2023
|align=left|29 December 2023
{{WDL|12|2|3|7|for=12|against=15|diff=yes}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Khalid Jamil]]
|align=left|{{IND}}
|align=left|31 December 2023
|align=left|''present''
{{WDL|44|22|5|17|for=70|against=72|diff=yes}}
|-
|}

==Honours==
===Domestic===
'''League'''
* '''[[Indian Super League]]'''
** ''League Winners' Shield''
*** Winners (1): [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Jamshedpur FC clinch League Winners' Shield after beating ATK Mohun Bagan|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-clinch-league-winners-shield-after-beating-atk-mohun-bagan|publisher=Indian Super League|access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307173759/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-clinch-league-winners-shield-after-beating-atk-mohun-bagan|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]'''
**Runners-up (1): [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025 (April)]]

==Training facilities==
JFC Training Center (also known as the "Flatlet") is the training and relax center for Jamshedpur FC, located in [[Kadma, Jamshedpur]]. Besides the training field, the building comes with a fully equipped cross-fit gym, a swimming pool, and recreation centers. The project is lined with the vision of the club, where international-level training equipment would be available to the players. After its design plans were approved in April 2018, the groundbreaking ceremony of the all-weather training arena was held on 25 November 2017.

Jamshedpur FC have a robust set-up in youth development with their grassroot-level activities and the Tata Football Academy (now known as Jamshedpur FC Academy). The academy was awarded four stars in 2019–20 season by [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9754|title=89 ACADEMIES CLEAR ACCREDITATION ASSESSMENT FOR 2019/20 SEASON|publisher=AIFF Media Team|date=14 June 2019|access-date=14 June 2019|archive-date=15 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515100500/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/89-academies-clear-accreditation-assessment-for-2019-20-season|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Affiliated club(s)==
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Atlético de Madrid]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/10-partnerships-between-indian-and-european-football-clubs-which-broke-down|title=10 Partnerships between Indian and European football clubs which broke down|date=28 June 2019|access-date=15 January 2022|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|first1=Abhishek|last1=Kundu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229133036/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/10-partnerships-between-indian-and-european-football-clubs-which-broke-down|archive-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tata Football Academy]]{{efn|The players participate in the [[Reliance Foundation Development League|RFDL]] as a part of the Jamshedpur FC's youth team.}}

==eSports==
The organizers of ISL introduced eISL, a [[FIFA (video game series)|FIFA video game]] tournament, for the ISL playing clubs, each represented by two players. Jamshedpur FC hosted a series of qualifying games for all the participants wanting to represent the club in eISL. On 20 November the club announced the signing of the two players.

===Roster===
{{Esports roster header
| team = Jamshedpur FC eSports
| game = FIFA
}}

{{Esports player | handle = ArvindMass_ | first = Arvind | last = S | nat = IND}}
{{Esports player | handle = Akash_ash24499 | first = Akash | last = Babu | nat = IND}}

{{Esports roster footer
| head_coach =
| asst_coach =
| otherlegend =
| roster_url =
| transaction_date = 19 November 2021
}}

==See also==
* [[List of football clubs in India]]
* [[Tata Football Academy]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Official website|http://www.fcjamshedpur.com/}}
* [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/jamshedpur-fc/squad Jamshedpur FC] at the [[Indian Super League|ISL official website]]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112055117/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/jamshedpur-fc/squad |date=12 November 2017 }}.

{{Jamshedpur FC}}
{{Indian Super League}}
{{Jharkhand Sports}}
{{Tata Steel}}

[[Category:Jamshedpur FC| ]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2017]]
[[Category:Indian Super League teams]]
[[Category:Tata Steel]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Jharkhand]]

Jyoti Chouhan

2026-03-04T21:36:23Z

DrshivambjpIND:

{{short description|Indian female footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Jyoti Chouhan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|7|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| clubnumber = 35
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = DFA Dhar
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2019–2020
| clubs2 = [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
| caps2 = 6
| goals2 = 2
| years3 =
| clubs3 = MUM- Footie First
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2021–2022
| clubs4 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps4 = 8
| goals4 = 3
| years5 = 2022–2024
| clubs5 = [[ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamo Zagreb]]
| caps5 = 25
| goals5 = 18
| years6 = 2025
| clubs6 = → Misaka United FC (loan)
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| years7 = 2025–2026
| clubs7 = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| caps7 = 7
| goals7 = 1
| years8 = 2026–
| clubs8 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps8 = 1
| goals8 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2023–
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 7
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| medaltemplates =
| club-update = 9 January 2026
| nationalteam-update = 27 October 2024
}}
'''Jyoti Chouhan''' (born 6 July 1999) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|striker]] for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] and the [[India women's national football team|India national football team]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.24sata.hr/sport/indijke-u-dinamu-uh-kako-su-vase-djevojke-visoke-htjele-bismo-zaigrati-i-za-hrvatsku-911734|title=Jyoti Chouhan - 24sata article|access-date=2023-07-24|archive-date=2023-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724024005/https://www.24sata.hr/sport/indijke-u-dinamu-uh-kako-su-vase-djevojke-visoke-htjele-bismo-zaigrati-i-za-hrvatsku-911734|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://semafor.hns.family/igraci/1178855/jyoti-jyoti/|title=Jyoti Chouhan Statistics|website=Croatian Football Federation|access-date=2023-11-24}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Chouhan's father died when she was twelve years old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/1052633/football-meet-jyoti-chauhan-the-indian-striker-who-made-a-mark-in-the-croatian-top-flight-league|title=Meet Jyoti Chouhan|publisher=scroll.in|access-date=2023-07-24|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721212011/https://scroll.in/field/1052633/football-meet-jyoti-chauhan-the-indian-striker-who-made-a-mark-in-the-croatian-top-flight-league|url-status=live}}</ref> Chouhan has four sisters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/jyoti-chouhan-croatia-football-hat-trick-dinamo-zagreb-first-indian-woman-football/article66901387.ece|title=Jyoti Chouhan charts new territories for Indian football in Europe|publisher=thehindu.com|access-date=2023-07-24|archive-date=2023-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724024002/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/jyoti-chouhan-croatia-football-hat-trick-dinamo-zagreb-first-indian-woman-football/article66901387.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> She is a native of [[Sardarpur]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/jyoti-chauhan-scripts-history-becomes-first-indian-footballer-to-score-a-hattrick-in-europe/cid/1939178|title=Jyoti Chauhan scripts history|publisher=telegraphindia.com|access-date=2023-07-24|archive-date=2023-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724024006/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/jyoti-chauhan-scripts-history-becomes-first-indian-footballer-to-score-a-hattrick-in-europe/cid/1939178|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Club career==

In 2022, Chouhan signed for Croatian side [[ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamo Zagreb]] after doing well in the trials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/after-kol-camp-2-girls-picked-up-for-croatian-football-club-trials/articleshow/92864655.cms|title=After Kolkata camp, 2 girls picked up for Croatian football club trials|date=15 July 2022|access-date=5 November 2023|location=Kolkata|first1=Dipawali|last1=Mitra|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721211316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/after-kol-camp-2-girls-picked-up-for-croatian-football-club-trials/articleshow/92864655.cms|archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> She then helped the club winning the domestic league.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportske.jutarnji.hr/sn/nogomet/nogomet-mix/indijke-briljiraju-u-dinamu-dosle-smo-u-najveci-klub-o-vama-nismo-znale-nista-sad-znamo-jednu-stvar-15341090|title='Došle smo u najveći klub. O vama nismo znale ništa, sad znamo jednu stvar'|publisher=jutarnji.hr|access-date=2023-07-24|archive-date=2023-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724024002/https://sportske.jutarnji.hr/sn/nogomet/nogomet-mix/indijke-briljiraju-u-dinamu-dosle-smo-u-najveci-klub-o-vama-nismo-znale-nista-sad-znamo-jednu-stvar-15341090|url-status=live}}</ref> She scored a hat-trick against Croatian side ZNK Agram, becoming the first Indian professional player to score a hat-trick for a European club.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/other-sports/news/who-jyoti-chouhan-first-indian-footballer-score-european-final/l7oj5kdjco6kt5mtrm60nyv3|title=Who is Jyoti Chouhan?|publisher=sportingnews.com|access-date=2023-07-24|archive-date=2023-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724024004/https://www.sportingnews.com/in/other-sports/news/who-jyoti-chouhan-first-indian-footballer-score-european-final/l7oj5kdjco6kt5mtrm60nyv3|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, she played for Indian sides Kenkre and Gokulam Kerala, where she was regarded as one of the club's most important players.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/from-dhar-to-dinamo-zagreb-jyoti-chauhan-paves-the-way-for-girls-in-madhya-pradesh|title=Jyoti Chouhan paves the way for girls in Madhya Pradesh|access-date=2023-07-24|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528172122/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/from-dhar-to-dinamo-zagreb-jyoti-chauhan-paves-the-way-for-girls-in-madhya-pradesh|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International career==

Chouhan was called up to [[India women's national football team]] training camps in 2016 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/jyoti-chouhan-football-dinamo-zagreb-croatia-111687865344056.html|title=The irresistible European success of footballer Jyoti Chouhan|publisher=livemint.com|access-date=2023-07-24|archive-date=2023-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724024001/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/jyoti-chouhan-football-dinamo-zagreb-croatia-111687865344056.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She made her national team debut against [[Chinese Taipei women's national football team|Chinese Taipei]] at the [[Football at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|2022 Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/FBL/AG2022-_FBL_C73_FBLWTEAM11------------GPB-000100--.pdf|title=Match Report TPE vs IND|publisher=info.hangzhou2022.cn|access-date=2023-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928223222/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/FBL/AG2022-_FBL_C73_FBLWTEAM11------------GPB-000100--.pdf|archive-date=2023-09-28}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|27 October 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=2|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2023
|1
|0
|-
|2024
|6
|1
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!7
!1
|}

===International goals===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 17 October 2024 || [[Dasharath Rangasala]], [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]] || {{fbw|PAK}} || align=center|'''5'''–2 || align=center| 5–2 || [[2024 SAFF Women's Championship]]
|-
|}

==Honours==
'''Gokulam Kerala'''
*[[Indian Women's League]]: [[2021–22 Indian Women's League season|2021–22]]

'''Dinamo Zagreb'''
*[[Croatian Women's Football Cup]]: [[2023–24 Croatian Women's Football Cup|2023–24]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://semafor.hns.family/utakmice/88802734/znk-osijek-znk-dinamo-1-1/|title=HNKŽ 23/24, Finale|website=semafor.hns|access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> runner-up: [[2022–23 Croatian Women's Football Cup|2022–23]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/114629?type=club Jyoti Chouhan] at All India Football Federation

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chouhan, Jyoti}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dhar district]]
[[Category:Footballers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate women's footballers]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC Women players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb players]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Croatia]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in Croatia]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-women-footy-bio-stub}}
{{India-footy-forward-stub}}

Punaradhivasam

2026-03-03T21:38:44Z

DrshivambjpIND: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Punaradhivasam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[V. K. Prakash]]
| producer = N. P. Prakash V. K. Prakash
| writer = [[P. Balachandran]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Nandita Das]] [[Manoj K. Jayan]]
| music = [[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani]] [[Louis Banks]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/21ravi.htm|title=Cinematographer Ravi Chandran On DCH Etc|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2000}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Punaradhivasam''''' ({{Translation|Rehabilitation}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[V. K. Prakash]] and written by [[P. Balachandran]], starring [[Nandita Das]] and [[Manoj K. Jayan]]. This film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]], [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director]] and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story]].

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=February 2020}}
It tells the tale of a few people whose minds need to be rehabilitated — a father and son who are not able to understand and love each other, and a lady who fails to love and get love from her husband. Another core character in the story is the daughter-in-law, who comes from a household where love and understanding are in abundance.

== Cast ==
* [[Nandita Das]]
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]]
* [[Lalu Alex]]
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
* [[Praveena]]
* Bindu Ramakrishnan
* [[Prakash Varma]] (uncredited [[Extra (acting)|extra]])

== Awards ==
* 2000 [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
* 2000 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director]]
* 2000 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120325210803/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/3810/punaradhivasam.html ''Punaradhivasam''] at [[Oneindia.in]]
* {{Cite web | url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/malayalam/movie/M0000582.html | title=Punaradhivasam (2000) | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130021906/http://www.raaga.com/channels/malayalam/movie/M0000582.html | archive-date=2012-01-30}}

{{V. K. Prakash}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Best Malayalam Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. K. Prakash]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Kingini Kombu

2026-03-03T21:03:00Z

DrshivambjpIND: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kingini Kombu
| image =
| caption =
| director = Jayan Adiyattu
| producer =
| writer = K. P. Jayan
| screenplay = K. P. Jayan
| starring = [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Jalaja]] [[Sreenath]]
| music = [[Raveendran]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Sasikumar
| studio = Poornima Films
| distributor = Poornima Films
| released = {{Film date|1983|9|23|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Kingini Kombu''''' is a 1983 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by Jayan Adiyattu. The film stars [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Jalaja]] and [[Sreenath]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Raveendran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1440|title=Kinginikkombu|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1103 |title=Kinginikkombu |accessdate=2014-10-19 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173905/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1103 |archivedate=19 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/kingini-kombu-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173456/http://spicyonion.com/title/kingini-kombu-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 October 2014|title=Kingini Kombu|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
*[[Nedumudi Venu]]
*[[Jalaja]]
*[[Sreenath]]
*Vandana

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Raveendran]] and the lyrics were written by [[Mullanezhi]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Oru Mala Iru Mala" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Mullanezhi]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Pon Kinaavinu" || [[S. Janaki]], [[K. P. Brahmanandan]] || Mullanezhi ||
|-
| 3 || "Poonilaavin Alakalil" || S. Janaki || Mullanezhi ||
|-
| 4 || "Yamunatheeravihaari" || K. J. Yesudas || Mullanezhi ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0345517|Kingini Kombu}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Ms Lekha Tharoor Kaanunnathu

2026-03-03T20:44:06Z

DrshivambjpIND: new a info w/ sources!

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ms. Lekha Tharoor Kanunnathu
| image = Ms Lekha Tharoor Kaanunnathu.jpg
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Meera Jasmine]]|[[Suraj Venjarammoodu]]|[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]]|[[Geetha Vijayan]]|[[Sunil Sukhada]]|[[Shankar Panicker]]}}
| caption = Poster
| director = Shajiyem
| writer = {{Unbulleted_list|K. Sooraj|Shajiyem}}
| music = [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| cinematography = Chandra Mouli
| studio = Saranam Pictures
| distributor = Saranam Pictures Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|11|29}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ms. Lekha Tharoor Kanunnathu''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[psychological horror]] film produced by K. K. Suresh Chandran and directed by Shajiyem.

The film is an adaptation of the 2002 Hong Kong film ''[[The Eye (2002 film)|The Eye]]''. The movie features [[Meera Jasmine]], Badri, [[Suraj Venjarammoodu]], [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]], [[Geetha Vijayan]] and [[Shankar Panicker]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Ammu Zachariah |date=18 November 2012 |title=Meera Jasmine in a dark fantasy |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Meera-Jasmine-in-a-dark-fantasy/articleshow/17254753.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001657/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-18/news-and-interviews/35171855_1_meera-jasmine-dark-fantasy-babu-janardhanan-s-lisammayude-veedu |url-status=live |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> The movie was later dubbed into [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] as ''Kangal Irandal'' and in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] as ''Eyes''.

==Plot==
TV host Lekha Tharoor unexpectedly begins experiencing disturbing, violent visions. After explaining her mental state to friends and colleagues, she is presumed psychotic and is referred to a psychiatric hospital for treatment.

==Cast==
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Lekha Tharoor
**[[Nandhana Varma]] as young Lekha
* Badri as Dr. Alex
* [[Shankar Panicker]] as Village Doctor
* [[Suraj Venjarammoodu]] as Camera Operator
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Nandagopalan Nair
* [[Geetha Vijayan]] as Muthulakshmi
* [[Nilambur Ayisha]]<ref name=NilamburAyisha/>
* [[Sunil Sukhada]]
* [[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]]
* [[Jose (actor)|Jose]]
* [[Rosin Jolly]] as Veni
* [[Asha Aravind]] as Lekha’s sister
* Arun Ghosh

==Production==

Meera Jasmine, who began reappearing in films by late-2012 after a brief break,<ref>{{cite news |date=30 November 2012 |title=Meera is back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Meera-is-back/articleshow/17426825.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131001032002/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-30/news-interviews/35484506_1_meera-jasmine-lisammayude-veedu-babu-janardhanan |url-status=live |archive-date=1 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> plays the lead role in the film.<ref name=Sify1>{{cite web |title=Meera Jasmine in Lekha Tharoor Kanunnathu |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/meera-jasmine-in-lekha-tharoor-kanunnathu-imagegallery-malayalam-nbylD5icfaj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127191031/http://www.sify.com/movies/meera-jasmine-in-lekha-tharoor-kanunnathu-imagegallery-malayalam-nbylD5icfaj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 January 2013 |accessdate=5 June 2013}}</ref> Shajiyem had the actress in mind when he was developing the character,<ref>{{cite web |author=Shekhar |date=17 May 2013 |title=Meera Jasmine playing Miss Tharoor in MLTK |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2013/meera-jasmine-playing-miss-tharoor-mltk-109983.html |access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> saying: "When she heard the story, she readily agreed to take the role and we eagerly awaited her available dates."<ref name="FollowingMsTharoor">{{cite news |author=Parvathy Nambidi |date=14 May 2013 |title=Following Ms Tharoor |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Following-Ms-Tharoor/2013/05/14/article1588628.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722165431/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Following-Ms-Tharoor/2013/05/14/article1588628.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2013 |accessdate=5 June 2013}}</ref> Badri, who was one of the heroes in Mamas' ''[[Cinema Company]]'' (2012), plays the male lead.<ref name=Sify1/>

The film is set in the city of [[Kochi]], and was filmed in Kochi, [[Pollachi]] and [[Palakkad]].<ref name=FollowingMsTharoor/> Shooting ended in late May 2013.<ref name=NilamburAyisha>{{cite news |author=Anasuya Menon |date=30 May 2013 |title=Courageous act |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/courageous-act/article4765841.ece |accessdate=5 June 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Malayalam horror films]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2010s psychological horror films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian psychological horror films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of Hong Kong films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Films about organ transplantation]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]

Vivesini

2026-03-03T02:30:51Z

DrshivambjpIND: Adding First Details Basic Info

{{Short description|2023 Indian film by Bhavan Rajagopalan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vivesini
| image = Vivesini poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Bhavan Rajagopalan
| writer = Gajendran K.
| producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
*Kavya as Shakthi
*Suraj
}}
| cinematography = Om Narayan
| editing = [[R. Sudharsan]]
| music = Rishabh Nagendra
| studio = Laburnum Productions
| runtime =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|15|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vivesini''''' ({{translation|Thinker}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language drama film written and directed by Bhavan Rajagopalan. The film stars [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], Kavya and Suraj in the lead roles. The film was released theatrically on 15 December 2023.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Jayaraman Kathirvelu
*Kavya as Shakthi
*Suraj as Varun
*Vanessa Stevenson as Alice Walker
*Vicky R
*Vishal Rajan
*Niveta
*Mekha Rajan as Clara Zetkin
*Gary Cordice as Charles Aniefuna
*Suresh Chakravarthi
}}

== Production ==
Bhavan Rajagopalan began work on ''Vivesini'' in November 2019, with production eventually completed in 2021 owing to delays related to the COVID-19 pandemic. [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] was the only senior actor cast in the film, with rookie actors Kavya and Mekha Rajan also selected for pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Park |first=Emma |date=6 September 2022 |title=The resurgence of enlightenment in southern India: interview with Bhavan Rajagopalan |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2022/09/interview-with-bhavan-rajagopalan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111111831/https://freethinker.co.uk/2022/09/interview-with-bhavan-rajagopalan/ |archive-date=11 November 2022 |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
Prior to the release of the film, it was showcased at screenings in the UK during January and July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Park |first=Emma |date=12 July 2022 |title='Vivesini' - a new rationalist film from India |url=https://freethinker.co.uk/2022/07/vivesini-invitation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720033743/https://freethinker.co.uk/2022/07/vivesini-invitation/ |archive-date=20 July 2023 |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pixel |first=Popcorn |date=9 January 2023 |title='Vivesini' to show at the Harrow Arts Centre for Tamil Heritage Month |url=https://www.popcornpixel.com/vivesini-to-show-at-the-harrow-arts-centre-for-tamil-heritage-month/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228114527/https://www.popcornpixel.com/vivesini-to-show-at-the-harrow-arts-centre-for-tamil-heritage-month/ |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>

The film had a theatrical release on 15 December 2023 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from [[ABP News]] gave the film a positive review and predicted that it would have a good run on a streaming platform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=Vivesini Movie Review: மீண்டும் ஒரு திகில் படம்! எப்படி இருக்கிறாள் விவேசினி? |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-nassar-starrer-vivesini-movie-review-in-tamil-156806 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228114526/https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-nassar-starrer-vivesini-movie-review-in-tamil-156806 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=[[ABP Nadu]]}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Maalaimalar]]'' praised the plot of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2023 |title=Vivesini |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/vivesini-157245 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225165927/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/vivesini-157245 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=www.maalaimalar.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|22180308}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
{{improve categories|date=December 2023}}

Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film – Tamil

2026-02-24T11:35:04Z

DrshivambjpIND:

{{Third-party|date=November 2024}}
The '''Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film – Tamil''' is given by the ''[[Filmfare Magazine]]'' as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards South]] for South Indian films. It acknowledges an encourages the filmmakers of a direction department. The award was introduced and first given in 2022.

==Winners==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! colspan="1"| Film !! Director !! Refs
|-
| [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]] || ''[[Kadaisi Vivasayi]]''|| [[M. Manikandan]]||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/tamil/winners|title=Winners Of The 68th Filmfare Awards South 2023 - Tamil | Filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]] || ''[[Viduthalai Part 1]]''|| [[Vetrimaaran]]|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/tamil/winners|title=Winners Of The 69th Filmfare Awards South 2024 - Tamil | Filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|| ''[[Meiyazhagan]]''|| [[C. Prem Kumar]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Tamil) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-tamil-81911.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Award for Best Filma - Tamil}}
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South (Tamil)]]
[[Category:Awards for best film]]

Jhinkpani block

2026-02-23T16:14:39Z

DrshivambjpIND: stub.

{{cleanup|date=November 2023|reason=needs copyediting, has referencing problems}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhinkpani
| nickname = 
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|22.42|N|85.75|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 124
| population_total = 53792
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 833215
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06589
| registration_plate = JH 06
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 58.23%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Singhbhum]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chaibasa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chaibasa]]
| website = {{URL|Chaibasa.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jhinkpani block''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] that forms an administrative division in the Chaibasa Sadar subdivision of [[West Singhbhum district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
Jhinkpani CD block is bounded by [[Tonto block|Tonto]] and [[Hat Gamharia block|Hat Gamharia]] CD blocks on the north, [[Manjhari block|Manjhari]] and [[Kumardungi block|Kumardungi]] CD block on the east, [[Majhgaon block|Majhgaon]] CD block on the south, and [[Jagannathpur block|Jagannathpur]] and [[Nuamundi block|Nuamundi]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/pashchimi-singhbhum.html | title = Jhinkpani CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 17 June 2023}}</ref>

Jhinkpani CD block has an area of 124 km2. [[Jhinkpani#Police station|Jhinkpani]] police station serves Jhinkpani CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/west-singhbhum| title = District Police Profile - Jhinkpani| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 17 June 2023| archive-date = 14 October 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221014111100/https://jhpolice.gov.in/west-singhbhum| url-status = dead}}</ref> The headquarters of Jhinkpani CD block is located at [[Jhinkpani]] town.

==Demography==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Jhinkpani CD block had a total population of 53,792, of which 40,724 were rural and 13,068 were urban. There were 26,320 (49%) males and 27,472 (51%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 9,163. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 2,835 (5.3%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 32,168 (59.8%).{{fact|date=November 2023}}

[[Census town]]s in Jhinkpani CD block are (2011 population figure in brackets): [[Jhinkpani]] (13,068).{{fact|date=November 2023}}

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Jhinkpani CD block was 27,804 (58.23% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 10,962 (58.35% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 16,842 (38.69% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 19.66%.{{fact|date=November 2023}}

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in West Singhbhum district was 58.63%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in West Singhbhum district]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

Ananda Chandra Agarwala

2026-02-22T18:20:25Z

DrshivambjpIND: Article enhanced with better details

{{Short description|Indian writer, poet, historian and administrative officer (1874–1940)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Other people5|Ananda Chandra Barua|Binanda Chandra Barua|Ananda Chandra Dutta|Chandra Kumar Agarwala}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ananda Chandra Agarwala
| image = Ananda Chandra Agarwala.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 5 September 1874
| birth_place = Borngabari, [[Gohpur]], [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]], [[Assam]]
| death_date = 1940
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = writer, poet, historian, translator, administrative officer
| language =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Ananda Chandra Agarwala''' (1874&ndash;1940) was a writer, poet, historian, translator and administrative officer from [[Biswanath District]] of [[Assam]]. He is known as '''Bhangoni Kunwor''' for his translation of several English poems into Assamese. He was elected as a president of the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] in 1934 held at [[Mangaldoi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vedanti.com/News/assam_sahitya_sabha_is_the_forem.htm |title=Asam Sahitya Sabha is the foremost and the most popular organization of Assam |publisher=Vedanti.com |access-date=11 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926194342/http://www.vedanti.com/News/assam_sahitya_sabha_is_the_forem.htm |archive-date=26 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sonitpur.gov.in/culture.htm |title=culture |publisher=Sonitpur.gov.in |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822073644/http://sonitpur.gov.in/culture.htm |archive-date=22 August 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was honoured with the title of [[Rai Bahadur]] by the ruling British Government. Ananda Chandra Agarwala was the brother of noted Assamese poet [[Chandra Kumar Agarwala]] and uncle of [[Jyoti Prasad Agarwala]], a poet, playwright, composer, lyricist, writer and first [[Cinema of Assam|Assamese Filmmaker]].

== Literary life and life ==
Growing up in a cultural and intellectual environment, the mother’s influence on the life of Anand Chandra Agarwal was immense. Ananda Chandra Agarwala’s devout mother is his original guru.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Ananda Chandra Agarwal’s first published collection of poems was called ''Jilikani''. Agarwal, who continued to beautify the original in the translation of foreign poetry, is known as "Bhangani lllKonwar" in Assamese poetry literature. There is no comparison of the poems broken by Agarwala, who occupied a distinct place in Assamese poetry and literary world as a ''Bhangani Konwar''. He broke the poems by applying pure Assamese language without damaging the beauty of the original poem. His first collection of poems, ''Jilikani'', also included several broken poems.

After taking over as president at the Mangaldai session of Assam Sahitya Sabha in addition to the president’s address given to Ananda Chandra Agarwal as president in 1934, the spiritual articles are written by him, the rules of Assamese letter alliance, etc., are currently considered as the national treasures of Assamese. Agarwala performed his duty in different parts of Assam including Silchar, Guwahati, Dibrugarh, etc., while working in police department, wrote a book in English in 1906 on the law and regulations of the police called ''Police Manual''.

Two textbooks written by Agarwala are soft texts published in 1910 and original texts published in 1920. These two important books are used today to learn Assamese languages.

==Literary works==
Poetry book:
* Jilikoni,

Historical books
* An Account of Assam
* Goalparar Purani Bibaran
* Aspects of history and culture<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTNuAAAAMAAJ |title=Aspects of history and culture: Ananda Chandra Agarwala commemoration volume – Ānandacandra Āgarawālā, Rabin Dev Choudhury – Google Books |access-date=19 May 2013|last1=Choudhury |first1=Rabin Dev |last2=Singh |first2=Shri Bhagwan |year=1991 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |isbn=9788185205502 }}</ref>

Text books:
* Kumal Path
* Adi Path.

Others:
* Police Manual (1906)

==See also==
* [[Assamese literature]]
* [[History of Assamese literature]]
* [[List of Asam Sahitya Sabha presidents]]
* [[List of Assamese-language poets]]
* [[List of Assamese writers with their pen names]]
* [https://devlibrary.in/biography-of-ananda-chandra-agarwala/ Dev Library]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|as|লিখক:আনন্দ চন্দ্ৰ আগৰৱালা}}
* [http://www.xophura.net/tag/ananda-chandra-agarwala Some poems by Chandra Kumar Agarwala] at xophura.net.
* [https://devlibrary.in/ananda-chandra-agarwala-biography-assamese/ আনন্দ চন্দ্ৰ আগৰৱালা] | Ananda Chandra Agarwala at Dev Library

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwala, Ananda Chandra}}
[[Category:Poets from Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese-language poets]]
[[Category:Asom Sahitya Sabha presidents]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sonitpur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Vidyasagar College alumni]]
[[Category:Poets from British India]]

AIR FM Tragopan

2026-02-19T18:10:05Z

DrshivambjpIND: Starting a article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox radio station
| country = IN
| name = '''AIR FM Tragopan'''
| logo =
| logo_size = 
| logo_alt = 
| caption = 
| city = [[Kohima]]
| area = [[Nagaland]]
| branding = '''This is All India Radio FM Tragopan - One Zero Three Megahertz'''
| frequency = {{Frequency|103|MHz}}
| translator =
| repeater =
| airdate = {{Start date|2017|10|02|df=y}}
| last_airdate = 
| format = Music & News Radio
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Nagamese]] & [[Hindi]]
| power =
| erp =
| haat =
| class =
| facility_id =
| coordinates = 
| callsign_meaning =
| former_callsigns =
| former_frequencies =
| affiliations =
| operator = AIR Kohima
| owner = [[All India Radio]]
| licensee =
| sister_stations =
| webcast = 
| website = 
}}

'''FM Tragopan (AIR FM Tragopan 103 MHz)''' is a radio channel broadcast from [[All India Radio]] Kohima station. It was launched on 2 October 2017, and is available on 103 MHz frequency in [[Kohima]]. It also available on [[DD Free Dish]].

The FM was named after the Nagaland's state bird [[Blyth's Tragopan]], an endangered species mostly found in [[Nagaland]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/air-launches-new-radio-programme-fm-tragopan/|title=AIR launches new radio programme FM Tragopan|work=EasternMirror-Nagaland|access-date=2017-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/air-kohima-celebrates-first-anniversary-of-fm-tragopan/|title=AIR Kohima celebrates first anniversary of FM Tragopan|work=NorthEastToday|access-date=2018-10-10}}</ref>

==Content==
AIR FM Tragopan broadcasts FM programmes from 6:30 am to 9:30 pm. The main languages of programming are [[English language|English]], [[Nagamese]] and [[Hindi]]. It broadcasts music shows playing [[Bollywood]] and [[Western culture#Music|Western music]]. It also showcases [[Naga music]] and entertainment programmes.

For the news segment AIR FM Tragopan has 16 bulletins: 14 local dialect bulletins and 2 regional bulletins in [[Nagamese]] and [[Indian English|English]]. The local dialect bulletins are in [[Sangtam language|Sangtam]], [[Yimchungrü]], [[Konyak language|Konyak]], [[Khiamniungan language|Khiamniungan]], [[Phom language|Phom]], [[Chang language|Chang]], [[Zeliang language|Zeliang]], [[Kuki language|Kuki]], [[Rengma language|Rengma]], [[Sumi language|Sumi]], [[Lotha language|Lotha]], [[Chakhesang language|Chakhesang]], [[Ao language|Ao]] and [[Angami language|Angami]] languages.

Between 12:00 pm to 03:00 pm, the station relays programmes of [[AIR FM Rainbow|AIR FM Rainbow India]], Dopahar Samachar and Mid-day News. FM Tragopan also broadcasts [[Mann Ki Baat]] and its Nagamese translation on every last Sunday of the month at 11:00 am and 11.30 am respectively.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:All India Radio]]
[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Nagaland]]

{{Asia-radio-station-stub}}

Baba Ram Adhar Yadav

2026-02-05T04:13:31Z

DrshivambjpIND: improved citations for consistency and updated info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

'''Baba Ram Adhar Yadav''' was an Indian politician who served as the [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Allahabad North (Assembly constituency)|Allahabad North]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=692&cid=275 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424003907/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=692&cid=275 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 April 2017 |title=Allahabad North Assembly Election 1977, Uttar Pradesh |website=Empoweringindia.org |date= |accessdate=2017-06-16}}</ref>
[[File:IMG-20171121-WA0003.jpg|thumb]]
Ram Adhar was born on 23 March 1901 in a modest farmer family. His father was Shri Chaturi Lal. Ram Adhar participated in the [[Indian Independence movement]] as a child, when he joined the "Banar Sena", a child wing of the [[Indian National Congress]].

Baba Ram Adhar was a founder member of [[Janata Party]]. He won the MLA elections in 1977 against Rajendra Kumari Bajpayee of Congress from Allahabad by a large margin. During his election campaign, all the supporters used to conduct cycle rallies and foot marches. Most popular slogan chanted was, "Baba ji ki kya pehchan, Lambi dadhi, Muh mein Paan". Post-[[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] he started losing interest in active politics, and moved towards social activism and philanthropy.

Baba Rama Adhar died on 21 November 1996. Posthumously, the State Government established his Statue at Jagram Churaha (Near Lower Court) Allahabad and "Baba Ram Adhar Yadav Smarak Samiti" was also formed by his family and followers. Siddhart, one of his grandchildren has created an archive preserving the old memories of Baba Ram Adhar Yadav.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/allahabad-north.html |title=Allahabad North Election Results 2017, Winner and Runner-up, Candidate list |website=Elections.in |date=2017-03-11 |accessdate=2017-06-16}}
*[https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-8524591.html jagran.com]
*http://www.livehindustan.com/news/up-election/article1-ramadhar-yadav-did-party-promotion-with-help-of-cycle-676153.html

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Baba Ram Adhar}}
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Prayagraj]]

Binodini Dasi

2026-02-04T16:35:36Z

DrshivambjpIND: minor edit

{{short description|Indian actress (1863–1941)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Binodini Dasi
| image = Binodini dasi.jpg
| caption = 
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1863}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1941|2|12|1863|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| othername = Noti Binodini
| occupation = Drama actress
| years_active =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}
[[File:House of Binodini Dasi (Noti Binodini).jpg|thumb|250px|House of Binodini Dasi, Kolkata, India]]
'''Binodini Dasi''' (1863 – 12 February 1941), widely known by her stage name '''Noti Binodini''', was a pioneering Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] actress, writer, and theatre personality of the 19th century.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |year=2012 |chapter=Dasi, Binodini |chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dasi,_Binodini |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> She began her acting career at the age of twelve in the [[Bengali theatre]], a domain traditionally dominated by men, and achieved widespread fame for her portrayals of mythological and historical female characters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halder |first=Deep |last2=ThePrint |date=2024-12-14 |title=Bengali theatre ‘betrayed’ Binodini Dasi. Bangla film promises to do her justice |url=https://theprint.in/feature/bengali-theatre-betrayed-binodini-dasi-bangla-film-promises-to-do-her-justice/2401215/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Despite her immense popularity and critical acclaim, Binodini retired from the stage by the age of twenty-three. Her premature departure was influenced by the social stigma attached to women performers during that period. In 1913, she published her autobiography, ''Amar Katha'' (translated into English as ''My Story and My Life as an Actress''), which is considered one of the earliest memoirs by a South Asian actress.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dasi |first=Binodini |title=My Story and My Life as an Actress |publisher=Kali for Women |year=1998 |location=New Delhi |pages=190 |language=English |translator-last=Bhattacharya |translator-first=Rimli}}</ref> This work offers rare insight into the struggles and social prejudices faced by female performers in colonial India, as well as reflections on her own life, relationships, and professional experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamata Banerjee corrects 141-year-old injustice, honours 19th century theatre personality Noti Binodini |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/mamata-banerjee-corrects-141-year-old-injustice-honours-19th-century-theatre-personality-noti-binodini-3336741 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Her life and contributions have since been the subject of scholarly research, plays, and films, underlining her role as a trailblazer who challenged the norms of her time.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=http://sify.com/news/women-on-stage-still-suffer-bias-amal-allana-interview-news-national-kdlkOidjebg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811140725/http://www.sify.com/news/women-on-stage-still-suffer-bias-amal-allana-interview-news-national-kdlkOidjebg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Women on stage still suffer bias: Amal Allana (Interview) |date=11 March 2010 |website=Sify News |access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Binodini Dasi was born into a poor family. As a child, she followed [[tawaif]] Ganga Bai to learn music, accompanied her during music sessions. She was nine when she saw a play for the first time. Awe-struck by the stage, Binodini Dasi expressed her desire to act.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/210439/binodini-dasi-theatre-actress-drama-aishwarya-rai-biopic-feminist-wave-india-gop94/ | title=Binodini Dasi, the Trailblazing 'Fallen Woman', Who Inspired a Bollywood Biopic| date=21 January 2020}}</ref> She started her career as a [[tawaif]], and at age of twelve, she played her first professional stage role at Calcutta's National Theatre in 1874, under the mentorship of its founder, [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/09/30/courtesan-contribution-hindustani-classical-music-histories/ | title=Courtesan Contribution To Hindustani Classical Music—Lesser Told Histories| date=29 September 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071118/spectrum/main9.htm Bringing alive Binodini Dasi] ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', Sunday, 18 November 2007.</ref> Her career coincided with the growth of [[proscenium]]-inspired European theatre among the Bengali theatre going audience. During a career spanning twelve years, she enacted over eighty roles, which included those of Pramila, [[Sita]], [[Draupadi]], [[Radha]], Ayesha, [[Kaikeyi]], Motibibi, and Kapalkundala, among others. She was one of the first [[South Asia]]n theatre actresses to write her own autobiography. Her sudden retirement from the stage is insufficiently explained. Her autobiography has a consistent thread of betrayal. She defied every canon of feminine ''smritikatha'' and wrote down what amounted to her indictment of respectable society. [[Ramakrishna]], the great saint of 19th century Bengal, came to see her play in 1884.<ref>{{cite book |author=Christopher Pinney |author-link=Christopher Pinney |year=2004 |title=Photos of the Gods |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hhXq7hpzSwC&pg=PA42 |publisher=Reaktion Books |page=42 |isbn=1-86189-184-9}}</ref> She was a pioneering entrepreneur of the Bengali stage and introduced modern techniques of stage make-up through blending European and indigenous styles.

==In popular culture==
* In Dinen Gupta's [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] film ''Nati Binodini'' (1994), [[Debashree Roy]] played the character.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWSgyAgrW_s|title=Nati Binodini (1994)|website=youtube.com|access-date=1 March 2020}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
* ''Nati Binodini'', a play based on her autobiography, ''Aamar Kathaa'' was first presented by [[National School of Drama]] Repertory Company in 1995 with the lead role played by actor, [[Seema Biswas]], then in 2006, noted theatre director [[Amal Allana]] directed a play by the same name which premiered in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/12/08/stories/2006120801500300.htm|title=Autobiography comes alive : "Nati Binodini", based on Binodini's autobiography "Aamar Kathaa"|author=Romesh Chander|date=8 December 2006|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125042/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/12/08/stories/2006120801500300.htm|archive-date=6 June 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080218-armed-to-go-735363-2008-02-08|title=Stage Craft|date=8 February 2008|work=India Today|access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/24/stories/2006112401170300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401160146/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/24/stories/2006112401170300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2012|title= Lights, sets, action..: Nissar and Amal Allana's "Nati Binodini" premieres this weekend in Delhi. |date=24 November 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2 April 2010}}</ref>
* In ''[[Abohomaan]]'' (2010), directed by [[Rituparno Ghosh]], the role of Binodini was essayed by [[Ananya Chatterjee]].
* In ''[[Kadambari (2015 film)|Kadambari]]'' (2015), directed by [[Suman Ghosh]], the role of Binodini was essayed by [[Sreelekha Mitra]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=In Pics: Konkona as Kadambari Debi, Parambrata as Rabindranath Tagore |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/in-pics-konkona-as-kadambari-debi-parambrata-as-rabindranath-tagore/articleshow/46394741.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* In ''[[Prothoma Kadambini]]'', Diya Mukherjee portrayed the role of Nati Binodini.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/diya-mukherjee-joins-the-cast-of-prothoma-kadambini/articleshow/79407400.cms|title=Diya Mukherjee joins the cast of 'Prothoma Kadambini' |date=25 November 2020|work=The Times of India|access-date=14 December 2020}}</ref>
* Tuhinabha Majumdar directed ''Aamaar Katha: Story of Binodini'', a documentary based on her autobiography.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/aamaar-katha-story-of-binodini|title=Aamaar Katha: Story of Binodini | Films Division|access-date=18 December 2021|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116193724/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/aamaar-katha-story-of-binodini|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In her biopic titled ''[[Binodiini: Ekti Natir Upakhyan]]'', directed by [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]], the role of Binodini was essayed by [[Rukmini Maitra]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2022-09-05 |title=Rukmini Maitra to Lead Ram Kamal Mukherjee's Bengali Theater Actor Biopic 'Binodiini' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/rukmini-maitra-bengali-theater-actor-biopic-binodiini-1235359667/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |magazine=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In ''[[Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey]]'' (2025), directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]], the role of Binodini was portrayed by [[Subhashree Ganguly]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Subhashree Ganguly looks unrecognisable as Nati Binodini in new picture shared by Srijit Mukherji |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/babli-actress-looks-unrecognisable-as-nati-binodini-in-new-picture-shared-by-srijit-mukherji/cid/2106792 |work=[[The Telegraph (India) |The Telegraph]] |date=8 June 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Spinazzola |first=Joe |year=1997 |chapter=Binodini Dasi |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y91tJFn5ejkC&pg=PA167 |editor1-last=DeLamotte |editor1-first=Eugenia C. |editor2-last=Meeker |editor2-first=Natania |editor3-last=O'Barr |editor3-first=Jean F. |title=Women Imagine Change |publisher=Routledge |pages=167–170 |isbn=978-0-415-91531-1}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Binodini Dasi |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&pg=PA290 |editor1-last=Tharu |editor1-first=Susie J. |editor1-link=Susie Tharu |editor2-last=Lalita |editor2-first=Ke |year=1991 |title=Women Writing in India |volume=I |publisher=The Feminist Press |pages=290–296 |isbn=978-1-55861-027-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Trivedi |first=Poonam |author2=Dennis Bartholomeusz |title=India's Shakespeare |publisher=University of Delaware Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-87413-881-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5lKp1XE2OQC}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* ''Binodini Dasi: My Story and My Life as an Actress''. Edited and translated by Rimli Bhattacharya. New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1998.
* {{cite book |last=Forbes |first=Geraldine Hancock |author-link=Geraldine Forbes |year=1999 |title=Women in modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&pg=PG183 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |volume=IV.2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=183 |isbn=978-0-521-65377-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Doris M. |author-link=Doris Meth Srinivasan |chapter=Royalty's Courtesans and God's Mortal Wives |year=2006 |editor1-last=Feldman |editor1-first=Martha |editor2=Bonnie Gordon |title=The Courtesan's Arts: Cross-Cultural Perspectives |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=173–175 |isbn=978-0-19-517029-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-iuYBiOkRgC}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Binodini Dasi}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071225113507/http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/09/time.html Binodini: an immortal tale]

{{Prostitution in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasi, Binodini}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Feminist artists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:Women autobiographers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian women biographers]]
[[Category:Biographers from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Actresses from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]

Anglo-Burmese Wars

2026-01-19T02:38:30Z

DrshivambjpIND:

{{Short description|Three wars between Britain and Burma}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Anglo-Burmese Wars
| place = [[Burma]], [[East Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Cachar]] and [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintia]]
| caption = Photograph of surrender of the Burmese Army, 3rd Anglo-Burmese War
| image = Third anglo-burmese war.jpg
| partof = [[European colonization of Southeast Asia]]
| date = [[First Anglo-Burmese War|5 March 1824]] – [[Third Anglo-Burmese War|29 November 1885]]
| result = British victory
* End of the [[Konbaung dynasty]]
* Start of [[British rule in Burma]]
* Beginning of [[Burmese resistance movement 1885–1895|Burmese resistance]]
| territory = All territories of the Konbaung dynasty annexed into [[British Raj|British India]]
| combatants_header = Belligerents
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain}}
* {{flag|East India Company}} (until 1858)
* {{flagcountry|Indian Empire}} (from 1858)
'''Co-belligerent:''' {{flagcountry|Rattanakosin Kingdom}} (until 1826)
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Konbaung dynasty}}
* [[Shan States]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Henry Godwin (Army officer)|Henry Godwin]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Garnet Wolseley]] {{flagicon|British Raj}} [[Harry Prendergast]] {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|William Amherst]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Sir Edward Paget|Edward Paget]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet|Archibald Campbell]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Joseph Wanton Morrison|Joseph Morrison]]{{natural causes}} '''Co-belligerent:''' {{flagicon|Rattanakosin Kingdom}} [[Rama III]] {{flagicon|Rattanakosin Kingdom}} [[Chaophraya Mahayotha]] {{flagicon|Rattanakosin Kingdom}} Phraya Surasena {{flagicon|Rattanakosin Kingdom}} Phraya Chumphon
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty}} [[Bagyidaw]] {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty}} [[Thibaw Min]]{{POW}} {{flagicon|Konbaung Dynasty}} [[Pagan Min]] {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty|war}} Maung Gyi {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty|war}} Kyauk Lon {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Maha Bandula]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Maha Ne Myo]]{{KIA}} {{flagdeco|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Myawaddy Mingyi U Sa|Myawaddy U Sa]] {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Minkyaw Zeya Thura|Minkyaw Thura]]
| units1 = {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[Presidency armies]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Army|Royal Regiments]] '''Co-belligerent:''' {{flagicon|Rattanakosin Kingdom}} [[Royal Siamese Army]]
| units2 = {{flagicon|Konbaung dynasty|war}} [[Royal Burmese armed forces]]
* [[Shan States|Shan Levies]]
| strength1 = Around 80,000 to 100,000 (including Siamese)
| strength2 = 40,000 at full strength with allies, 20,000 by end of Third Anglo-Burmese War
| casualties1 = Heavy, 3,000 killed in action, 10,000 wounded, 20,000 died from disease
| casualties2 = Very Heavy, Over 20,000 casualties, entire generation of fighting men destroyed
}}
{{History of Burma}}
The '''Anglo-Burmese Wars''', also known as the '''Indo-Burmese Wars''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerji |first=Sures Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DNuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Indo-Burmese+Wars%22 |title=Cultural Reciprocation Between India and the World |date=1999 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85616-59-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IA7AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Indo-Burmese+Wars%22 |title=Geographical Review of India |date=1976 |publisher=Geographical Society of India |language=en}}</ref> were an armed conflict between two expanding empires, the [[British Empire]] and the [[Konbaung dynasty]], that became [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]]'s most expensive and longest war, costing 5–13 million pounds sterling (£400 million – £1.1 billion as of 2019) and spanning over 60 years. There were three of these wars between 1824 to 1885.<ref name="san">[http://www.san.beck.org/20-8-BurmaMalaya1800-1950.html#a1/ San Beck Org.]</ref>

==Chronology==
The expansion of Burma (present-day [[Myanmar]]) under the [[Konbaung dynasty]] had consequences along its frontiers. As those frontiers moved ever closer to the [[British Empire|British]] [[East India Company]] and later [[British Raj|British India]], there were problems both with refugees and military operations spilling over ill-defined borders.<ref name=san/>

===First Anglo-Burmese War===
{{Main|First Anglo-Burmese War}}
The [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] (1824–1826) ended in a British East India Company victory, and by the [[Treaty of Yandabo]], Burma lost territory previously conquered in [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], and [[Rakhine State|Arakan]].<ref name=app>{{cite book | title=History of Burma | author=Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre | year=1967 | pages=236–247 | edition=2 | publisher=Susil Gupta | location=London}}</ref> The British also took possession of [[Tanintharyi Region|Tenasserim]] with the intention to use it as a bargaining chip in future negotiations with either Burma or [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Siam]].<ref name="Hall">{{cite book|url=http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/Burma/bur_history.pdf |author=D.G.E. Hall |author-link=D.G.E. Hall |year=1960 |title=Burma |publisher=Hutchinson University Library |pages=109–113 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519230755/http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/Burma/bur_history.pdf |archivedate=2005-05-19 }}</ref> As the century wore on, the British East India Company began to covet the resources and main part of Burma during an era of great territorial expansion.<ref name=apt>{{cite book | title=The River of Lost Footsteps | author=Thant Myint-U | year=2008 |pages=113–127 | edition=1 paperback | publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux | location=USA}}</ref>

===Second Anglo-Burmese War===
{{Main|Second Anglo-Burmese War}}

In 1852, Commodore Lambert was dispatched to Burma by [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] over a number of minor issues related to the previous treaty.<ref name=app/>
The Burmese immediately made concessions including the removal of a governor whom the British had made their ''[[casus belli]]''. Lambert eventually provoked a naval confrontation in extremely questionable circumstances and thus started the [[Second Anglo-Burmese War]] in 1852, which ended in the British annexation of [[Bago Region|Pegu province]],<ref name=san/> renamed [[Lower Myanmar|Lower Burma]]. The war resulted in a palace revolution in Burma, with King [[Pagan Min]] (1846–1853) being replaced by his half brother, [[Mindon Min]] (1853–1878).<ref name=app/>

===Third Anglo-Burmese War===
{{Main|Third Anglo-Burmese War}}

King Mindon tried to modernise the Burmese state and economy to ensure its independence, and he established a new capital at [[Mandalay]], which he proceeded to fortify.<ref name=san/><ref name=egle>[http://www.e-gli.com/thibaw-min/ German Language Institute] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103220416/http://www.e-gli.com/thibaw-min/ |date=2015-01-03 }}</ref> These efforts would eventually prove unsuccessful, however, when the British claimed that Mindon's son [[Thibaw Min]] (ruled 1878–1885) was a tyrant intending to side with the [[French Third Republic|French]],<ref name=enotes>[http://www.enotes.com/topic/Thibaw_Min www.enotes.com]</ref> that he had lost control of the country, thus allowing for disorder at the frontiers, and that he was reneging on a treaty signed by his father.<ref name=san/> The British declared war once again in 1885, conquering the remainder of the country in the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] resulting in total annexation of Burma.<ref name=san/><ref name=app3>{{cite book | title=The River of Lost Footsteps | author=Thant Myint-U | year=2008 |pages=161–162 + photo | edition=1 paperback | publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux | location=USA}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Japanese invasion of Burma]] (during World War II)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Aung, Htin. ''The Stricken Peacock: Anglo-Burmese Relations 1752–1948'' (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013).
* Bruce, George. ''The Burma Wars, 1824–1886'' (1973).
* Gupta, AshwAni. ''Military Lessons of Burma'' (2015).
* Messenger, Charles, ed. ''Reader's Guide to Military History'' (2001) pp 73–74.
* Pollak, Oliver B. ''Empires in Collision: Anglo-Burmese Relations in the Mid-Nineteenth Century'' (1980)
* Stewart, A.T.Q. ''Pagoda War: Lord Dufferin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Ava, 1885-186O'' (1972)
* Tarling, Nicholas, ed. ''The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Vol. 2, Part 1: From c.1800 to the 1930s'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-History-Southeast-Asia-Vol/dp/0521663717/ excerpt]

[[Category:Wars involving Myanmar]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom|Burmese]]
[[Category:19th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:19th century in Burma]]
[[Category:19th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Anglo-Burmese wars| ]]

Seetha Dayakar Reddy

2026-01-16T14:07:50Z

DrshivambjpIND: Adding First Entry W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Seetha Dayakar Reddy''' (born 27 October 1961)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Seetha Dayakar Reddy(TDP):Constituency- DEVARKADRA(MAHBUBNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=300 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She was a former member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Devarkadra Assembly constituency]] in [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahbubnagar district]] which is now in Telangana state. She won the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]].

== Early life and education ==
Reddy is from [[Devarakadra|Devarkadra]], Mahbubnagar district, [[Telangana]]. She married Dayakar Reddy, former MLA in Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, who died in September 2023. She studied her intermediate at R.B.V.R.R. Women's College in 1978 and later did her BA at R.B.V.R.R. Women's College in 1982. She did her MA at Osmania University, Hyderabad in 1984.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Reddy won from Devarkadra Assembly constituency representing the Telugu Desam Party in the 2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=సీతమ్మ వెనక తోడు'నీడ' {{!}} Mla sitamma Always Follow her husband kottakota dayakar reddy leadership {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/elections-2014/mla-sitamma-always-follow-her-husband-kottakota-dayakar-reddy-leadership-122877 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref> She polled 58.576 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Swarna Sudhakar of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 19,036 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |title=అతివలకు అవకాశం తక్కువే {{!}} |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Mahbubnagar/532/123207829 |access-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109073626/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Mahbubnagar/532/123207829 |archive-date=9 November 2023 }}</ref>

In September 2023, she joined the Indian National Congress party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=G. Ram |date=2023-09-12 |title=Seetha Dayakar Reddy, former TD MLA, gives Congress boost {{!}} Seetha Dayakar Reddy, former TD MLA, gives Congress boost |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/120923/tdp-mla-seetha-dayakar-reddy-joins-congress.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> In April 2025, she was appointed as the Chairperson of the Telangana State Commission for the Protection of Child Rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-04 |title=Kothakota Seetha Dayakar Reddy appointed Telangana child rights chief |url=https://www.siasat.com/kothakota-seetha-dayakar-reddy-appointed-telangana-child-rights-chief-3203254/ |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-04 |title=TG News: బాలల హక్కుల పరిరక్షణ కమిషన్‌ ఛైర్‌పర్సన్‌గా సీతాదయాకర్‌రెడ్డి {{!}} sitadayakarreddy-appointed-as-chairperson-pf-protection-of-child-rights-commission |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/telangana/sitadayakarreddy-appointed-as-chairperson-pf-protection-of-child-rights-commission/1801/125061136 |access-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404151049/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/telangana/sitadayakarreddy-appointed-as-chairperson-pf-protection-of-child-rights-commission/1801/125061136 |archive-date=4 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-05 |title=Commission Chairperson {{!}} కమిషన్ చైర్‌పర్సన్ సీతా దయాకర్ రెడ్డికి శుభాకాంక్షల వెల్లువ |url=https://www.ntnews.com/mahabubnagar/congratulations-poured-in-for-commission-chairperson-kothakota-seetha-dayakar-reddy-1945838 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dayakar Reddy, Seetha}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mahbubnagar district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]

Anuj

2026-01-12T15:29:31Z

DrshivambjpIND:

{{wikt|Anuj}}
'''Anuj''' may refer to:
*[[Anuj (name)]], Indian masculine given to the youngest brother in the family name (including a list of persons with the name)
**[[Anuj (singer)]], an Indian-born Australian pop-singer
* [[Anuj, Hamadan]], a village in Iran
* [[Anuj-e Olya]], a village in Iran
* [[Anuj-e Sofla]], a village in Iran

==See also==
* {{In title|Anuj}}
* [[Anuja (disambiguation)]], feminine version of the Indian female given name
* [[Murder of Anuj Bidve]], 2011 murder in the UK

{{disambiguation|geo}}

Guru Dutt: A Tragedy in Three Acts

2026-01-12T07:02:37Z

DrshivambjpIND: done.

{{short description|1985 book by Arun Khopkar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Guru Dutt: A Tragedy in Three Acts
| image = Guru Dutt- A Tragedy in Three Acts cover.jpg
| caption = Cover of the English edition
| author = Arun Khopkar
| title_orig = Guru Dutt: Teen Anki Shokantika
| translator = [[Shanta Gokhale]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| series =
| subject = [[Guru Dutt]]
| genre = Film analysis
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Granthali]]
| published = 1985
| english_pub_date = 15 October 2012
| media_type = Print
| pages = 134
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 569911159
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
}}
'''''Guru Dutt: A Tragedy in Three Acts''''' is a book by Arun Khopkar, analysing the Indian actor and filmmaker [[Guru Dutt]]'s work. It was originally released by [[Granthali]] in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as ''Guru Dutt: Teen Anki Shokantika'' in 1985, and its [[English language|English]] version, translated by [[Shanta Gokhale]], was did so [[Penguin Books]] on 15 October 2012. The book won the [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]].

== Summary and release ==
''Guru Dutt: Teen Anki Shokantika'' is written by the filmmaker and scholar Arun Khopkar in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], analysing the works from the Indian actor and filmmaker [[Guru Dutt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jnaf.org/artist/arun-khopkar/ |title=Arun Khopkar |publisher=[[Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation]] |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224230902/https://jnaf.org/artist/arun-khopkar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Khopkar, he never planned the project as a book initially and was his personal jottings where he would write his "intense experience" of Dutt's films, mostly those of the dramas ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957), ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'' (1959), and ''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]'' (1962).<ref name="English">{{cite book |title=Guru Dutt: A Tragedy in Three Acts |date=15 October 2012 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |last=Khopkar |first=Arun |isbn=978-01-43415-05-3 }}</ref>:7<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/595192/book-guru-dutt-dwells-his.html |title=Book on Guru Dutt dwells on his classics |date=7 February 2017 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |location=Bengaluru, India |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913091832/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/595192/book-guru-dutt-dwells-his.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The book was published by [[Granthali]] in 1985, winning the [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]] trophy at the [[33rd National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/artsandideas/text.html?objectid=HN681.S597_19_023.gif |title=The Case of Sergei Eisenstein |date=May 1990 |page=21 |last=Khopkar |first=Arun |issue=19 |journal=Journal of Arts & Ideas |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808013349/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/artsandideas/text.html?objectid=HN681.S597_19_023.gif |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00hQAAAAYAAJ |title=National Film Awards, 1986 |date=June 1986 |work=Kisan World |page=54 |volume=13 |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727122525/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Kisan_World/00hQAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The awards citations said, "For a book as it is a major critical work on Guru Dutt, which is researched, attractively published at a reasonable price with a wealth of visual which enriches any book on cinema."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/84_33rdNfacatalogue.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725171812/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/84_33rdNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The book was re-published by [[Penguin Books]] in [[English language|English]] under the title of ''Guru Dutt: A Tragedy in Three Acts'' on 15 October 2012, translated by his wife [[Shanta Gokhale]].<ref name="English" /> The scholar [[Shoma Chatterji]], in her book ''The Cinema of Bimal Roy'' (2017), said: "This is auteur criticism done honestly and over time where the author ... explores the historical context that influence Dutt's deeply melancholic style while also analysing the intricacies of the medium such as acting, lighting, music, editing and rhythm that were carefully deployed to create a masterpiece."<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Shoma |author-link=Shoma Chatterji |title=The Cinema of Bimal Roy: An 'Outsider' Within |date=4 July 2017 |location=Noida, India |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-93-86062-86-4 }}</ref>:25 A [[Kannada]]-translated version was published by [[Karnataka Chalanachitra Academy]] on 6 February 2017, with the translated was being handled by Uma Kulakarni and Virupaksha Kulakarni. The filmmaker [[Girish Kasaravalli]] admitted that the book has made him "to better understand Dutt's melancholy".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Guru-Dutt-Portrait-of-a-‘split-personality’/article17204461.ece |title=Guru Dutt: Portrait of a 'split personality' |date=6 February 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |location=Bengaluru, India |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727122522/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Guru-Dutt-Portrait-of-a-%E2%80%98split-personality%E2%80%99/article17204461.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/feb/06/translated-kannada-book-on-guru-dutt-released-1567708--1.html |title=Translated Kannada book on Guru Dutt released |date=6 February 2017 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727122531/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/feb/06/translated-kannada-book-on-guru-dutt-released-1567708--1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Google books|id=SpLDcpH7q3sC}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1985 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about Guru Dutt]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Penguin Books books]]
[[Category:Marathi-language literature]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Books about film directors]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Biographies about actors]]

Trilokpur Temple

2025-12-28T12:05:17Z

DrshivambjpIND:

{{Short description|Hindu temple site in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|native_name=त्रिलोकपुर
|native_name_lang=hi
|map_type=India
|coordinates={{coord|30.54035|77.20855|display=title,inline}}
|province=[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|country=India|image=Ma Trilokpur Devi Temple (as seen from side) (cropped).jpg|caption=Maa Trilokpur Devi Temple|district=[[Sirmaur district|sirmour]]}}

'''Trilokpur''' ({{Langx|hi|त्रिलोकपुर}}) is a [[Hindu temple]] site in [[Himachal Pradesh, India]]. It is located on an hillock about 24 km south-west of [[Nahan]] at an elevation of about 430 m. The temple is an amalgam of Indo-Persian styles of architecture.

The name Trilok Pur means a triangle of three [[Shakti]] Temples in the area. Each temple depicts a different face of the [[Goddess Durga]]. The main temple at Trilok Pur is the Temple of Bhagwati Tripur mahamaya Bala Sundry, which depicts a childhood image of [[Durga]]. The second Temple, dedicated to Bhagwati Lalita Devi, is 3 km from Bala Sundry. The third temple’ is situated 13 km northwest of Bala Sundry temple.

== History ==
[[File:Ma Trilokpur Devi Temple.jpg|thumb|right|Mata Trilokpur Devi Temple]]
[[File:Ma Trilokpur Devi Temple (as seen from side).jpg|thumb|right|The temple, as seen from the side,]]
In 1570 CE, according to legend, a pindi (a sacred stone; regarded as a symbol of the goddess) appeared in a bag of salt, purchased by Sh Ram Dass. a local trader. It meant that Maa Balasundari Jee had appeared in the bag. Dass kept selling salt all day from the bag, but it always remained full. The goddess then appeared in Dass' dream. She told him how she had disappeared from [[Deoband|Devban]] and instructed him to build a Temple at Trilok Pur to establish her PINDI Swaroop (which already existed inside the bag of salt). She instructed Dass also directed to worship in the name of Mahamaya Balasundari – an infant state of Goddess [[Vaishno Devi]] . Dass did not have enough money to build a temple, so he approached the ruler of [[Sirmur State|Sirmour state]] for funding. After getting the money, Dass started building the temple.

The king invited some artisans from [[Jaipur]] in 1570 CE to create the marble temple. It was finished and dedicated to Goddess Tripura Bala Sundri in 1573 CE. After the temple was completed, the royal family started worshipping Goddess Bala Sundri.

In 1823, the temple was renovated by Maharaja Fateh Prakash and by Maharaja Raghubir Prakash in 1851.

== Current operation ==
Every year, over 32 lacs of devotees visit the temple of Bhagwati Bala Sundri. The traditional [[Pujari]] of the Bhagwati belongs to the business community and [[Vaishya|Vaish]] by the [[Caste system in India|caste]]. It is another feature of this Shakti Peeth of North India. Since the temple's inception, the descendants of Lala Ram Dass have been performing the main [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] there.

At present, the temple is run by a Temple trust headed by Deputy Commissioner Sirmour. The Temple Trust had executed several developmental works in Trilok Pur village during the past three decades.

== Dhyanu Bhagat Temple ==
According to the local's beliefs, this temple houses the Hindu Goddess [[Jwala Ji]]. The Dhyanu Bhagat Temple is a major tourist attraction when visiting the shrines in Trilokpur.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

== Shiva Mandir Temple ==
It is located right next to the temple of Dhyanu Bhagat's which houses the Lord [[Shiva]].
[[File:The temple of Shiva Mandir.jpg|thumb|The temple of Shiva Mandir, Trilokpur]]

== Lalita Mata Temple ==
The gate to Lalita Mata's temple way is situated on the road to the main temple. Pilgrims often visit this temple, which is also within walking distance

== Importance ==
Trilokpur is a place of great religious importance. It is considered to be the ''childhood place of'' Maa Vaishno Devi. The temple of the goddess Mahamaya Bala Sundri ji attracts lakhs of pilgrims from all over [[Northern India]].

An important fair is held at Trilokpur twice a year i.e.in the month of Chaitra and Ashvina on Sudi ashtmi to chaudas (from the 8th to the 14th of the bright half). During this period, people visit consistently, but a mammoth gathering is seen on ashtmi and chaudas viz, the first and final days. The mela in Chaitra draws more people than the one held in Ashvina. During this period, a large number of devotees visit this temple and pay their respects to the goddess. Mata Bala Sundri is known as Kul Devi of many castes (e.g., Kshatriyas, Brahmana, Baniyas, Jats, Kamboj, etc.) in Haryana.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Mata Balasundari Temple website [http://mahamayabalasundariji.in/]

{{Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Durga temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sirmaur district]]

Ashlesha Sawant

2025-12-13T23:51:55Z

DrshivambjpIND: Starting new data - done

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashlesha Sawant
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|09|24|df=y}}<ref name= "Anupamaa">{{cite web |title=Ashlesha Sawant all set to enter Anupamaa as Barkha Kapadia. Know the complete history about her career |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/aslesha-sawant-to-play-barkha-bhabh-in-aupamaa-see-here-her-career-tv-shows-family-education/411557 |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=Times Now Hindi |date=June 2022 |language=hindi}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2002–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sandeep Baswana]]|2025}}
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=8}}
}}

'''Ashlesha Sawant''' (born 24 September 1984) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi]] television. She made her acting debut with ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' portraying Teesha Mehta Virani. Sawant is best known for her portrayal of Tara Singh in ''[[Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar]]'', Preeti Diwan Deshpande in ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]'', Meera in ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' and Barkha Mehta Kapadia in ''[[Anupamaa]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashlesha Savant strikes a bold pose |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashlesha-savant-strikes-a-bold-pose/articleshow/65742115.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Revelations-and-marred-relations-in-Pyaar-Ka-Dard-/articleshow/21781907.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817052840/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-12/tv/41331157_1_disha-parmar-pankhuri-pyaar-ka-dard-hai |url-status=live |archive-date=17 August 2013 |title=Revelations and marred relations in Pyaar Ka Dard.. |date=12 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 February 2014}}</ref> She made her film debut with ''[[Haryana (film)|Haryana]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/launch-superdry-store/articleshow/17611038.cms |title=Sumit Vats, Sandeep Baswana and Ashlesha Sawant during the launch of 'Superdry' store, held at Palladium in Mumbai on December 13, 2012 |work=The Times of India |date=13 December 2012 |access-date=3 February 2014}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sawant was born on 24 September 1984 in [[Pune]]; she completed her T.Y.B.Com in 2003. Her father is in the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref name= "Anupamaa"/>

==Career==
After Standard XII, she got into local modelling for about a year. Then she started training for the Gladrags contest.<ref name= "Anupamaa"/> During that time, Balaji's auditions were taking place in Pune and she went to the auditions for a lark. They shortlisted her for ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]'', and she had to move to Mumbai. The KHKH shoot did not happen, and she played a small role in ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as Rishab Bajaj's associate. [[Ekta Kapoor]] informed Sawant that she was keen to cast her in ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' (Star Plus) and ''[[Kammal]]'' (Zee TV). She accepted both offers. Sawant also played the role of Rohit Sharma's wife in ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]''. She played the role of Preeti in ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]''. She played the role of Meera, Riya Mehra's governess in ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''. Since 2022, she has been portraying Barkha Kapadia opposite [[Rohit Bakshi (actor)|Rohit Bakshi]] in ''[[Anupamaa]]''.

==Personal life==
Sawant met actor [[Sandeep Baswana]] in 2002, on the sets of ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' and they eventually began dating.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Payal Rohatgi-Sangram Singh to Hina Khan-Rocky Jaiswal; TV couples who have been in relationship for years but did not marry|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/payal-rohatgi-sangram-singh-to-hina-khan-rocky-jaiswal-tv-couples-who-have-been-in-relationship-for-years-but-did-not-marry/etphotostory/91150410.cms |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=28 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> After being together for 23 years, Sawant and Baswana married on 16 November 2025 in [[Vrindavan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi actors Sandeep Baswana and Ashlesha Savant tie the knot in a beautiful Vrindavan ceremony after 23 years of relationship |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-actors-sandeep-baswana-ashlesha-savant-tie-knot-beautiful-vrindavan-ceremony-23-years-relationship/ |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! After being in a relationship for 23 years...Baswana & Ashlesha Sawant tie the knot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-after-being-in-a-relationship-for-23-years-sandeep-baswana-ashlesha-sawant-tie-the-knot/articleshow/125521628.cms |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Haryana (film)|Haryana]]''
| Bimla
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashlesha-savant-to-make-big-screen-debut-in-film-directed-by-husband-sandeep-baswana/articleshow/83714850.cms |title=Ashlesha Savant to make big screen debut in film directed by boyfriend Sandeep Baswana |website=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=21 June 2021 }}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2002–2003
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Teesha Mehta Virani
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=A question of female identity|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010304/spectrum/main2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210209170809/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010304/spectrum/main2.htm|archive-date=9 February 2021|website=The Tribune|access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kammal]]''
| Anita Bhatia Jajoo
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003
| ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
| Rishabh Bajaj's associate
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]''
| Sonia Mehra
| Episode: "Karzz"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003–2004
| ''[[Kahiin to Hoga]]''
| Mouli Sinha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]''
| Anjali Sharma
|
|
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''Baal Baal Bacche''
| Menaka
|
|
|-
| 2005–2009
| ''[[Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar]]''
| Tara Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two new shows propel Zee TV back into the soap game, unveil new traditional woman|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20060626-kasamh-se-and-saat-phere-boost-trp-of-zee-tv-785197-2006-06-26|website=India Today|date=26 June 2006|accessdate=27 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2006
| ''[[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai]]''
| Sheetal
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vaidehi (2006 TV series)|Vaidehi]]''
| Bhumija Jaisingh Singhania
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009–2010
| ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''
| Urmila Sagar
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=As Pavitra Rishta clocks 10 years, Ekta Kapoor, says the show revived her career|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/as-pavitra-rishta-clocks-10-years-ekta-kapoor-gets-nostalgic-says-the-show-revived-her-career/articleshow/69612598.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bayttaab Dil Kee Tamanna Hai]]''
| Lekha
|
|
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Dil Se Diya Vachan]]''
| Urmila Rajadhyaksha
|
|
|-
| 2012–2014
| ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]''
| Preeti Diwan Deshpande
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Pyaar-Ka-Dard-Hai-to-go-off-air/articleshow/44771318.cms|title=Pyaar Ka Dard Hai... to go off-air?|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Phir Bhi Na Maane...Badtameez Dil]]''
| Nishi Sahni
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Vishkanya Ek Anokhi Prem Kahani]]''
| Mandira / Kala Saaya
|
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]''
| Pritha
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/porus-review-laksh-lalwani-thoroughly-entertaining-if-you-love-your-history-with-masala-lifetv-1095812-2017-11-28|title=Porus review: Thoroughly entertaining, if you love your history with masala|access-date=28 November 2017|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Mayavi Maling]]''
| Mandari
|
|
|-
| 2019–2021
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| Meera
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Kumkum-Bhagya-a-passionate-story-of-love-Ekta-Kapoor/articleshow/29845111.cms|title='Kumkum Bhagya' a passionate story of love: Ekta Kapoor|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=20 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620153034/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Kumkum-Bhagya-a-passionate-story-of-love-Ekta-Kapoor/articleshow/29845111.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2022–2023; 2024
| ''[[Anupamaa]]''
| Barkha Mehta Kapadia
|
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Gudiya Rani''
| Aruni
|
|
|-
| 2025–present
| ''[[Jhanak]]''
| Arshi Mukherjee Bose
|
|
|-
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:28%;"| Award
! style="width:30%;"| Category
! style="width:17%;"| Serial
! style="width:10%;"| Outcome
|-

| 2007
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;" | Best Actress in a Supporting Role
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar|Saat Phere]]''
| {{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2269732}}
*{{instagram|ashleshasavant}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sawant, Ashlehsa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Aatkoli

2025-12-12T16:45:07Z

DrshivambjpIND: Starting a post - done

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aatkoli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.3652658|N|73.1777375|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwandi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 19
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 463
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 552609
| footnotes =
}}
'''Aatkoli''' is a village in the [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bhiwandi]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It lies on the [[Sape, Bhiwandi|Sape]]-[[Borivali-Padgha|Padgha]] road.

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Aatkoli has 84 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 95.97%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 463 || 245 || 218
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 66 || 39 || 27
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Literates || 381 || 200 || 181
|-
| Workers (all) || 138 || 129 || 9
|-
| Main workers (total) || 102 || 97 || 5
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 40 || 39 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 61 || 57 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 36 || 32 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 13 || 11 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 22 || 21 || 1
|-
| Non-workers || 325 || 116 || 209
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]

Tarakamaya War

2025-12-06T18:53:09Z

DrshivambjpIND:

{{Short description|Hindu mythological conflict}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Tarakamaya War
| place = [[Bhuloka]]
| result = Military stalemate 
Death of [[Virochana]] 
Death of [[Kalanemi]] 
Intervention by [[Brahma]] 
Triumph of [[Brihaspati]] 
Return of [[Tara (Hindu goddess)|Tara]] to [[Brihaspati]] 
Birth of [[Budha]] 
Curse of [[Budha]] 
New rule of fatherhood
| combatant1 = [[Brihaspati]] 
[[Indra]] 
[[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] 
[[Rudra]] 
[[Vishnu]] 
[[Yakshas]] 
| combatant2 = [[Chandra|Soma]] 
[[Shukra]] 
[[Virochana]] 
[[Daitya]]s 
[[Danavas]] 
[[Kalanemi]] 
| commander1 = [[Rudra]]
| commander2 = [[Chandra|Soma]]
| date = [[Krita Yuga]]
| partof = ''Devasura Sangrama''
| image = GuruTara (Restored).jpg
| caption = Brihaspati with Tara. From Navagraha temple at [[Surendrapuri]]
}}

The '''Tarakamaya War''' ({{Langx|sa|तारकामय युद्ध}}) {{Translation|'war over the love of Tara'}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arumugam |first=Nesa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjUCEAAAQBAJ&dq=tarakamaya+war&pg=PT40 |title=Myths and Legends of the Navagraha: The Nine Movers of Destiny in Indian Astrology |date=2020-09-27 |publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore |isbn=978-1-5437-6002-6 |language=en}}</ref> is described to be an ancient conflict in [[Hindu mythology]], instigated by the elopement of [[Tara (Hindu goddess)|Tara]], the consort of [[Brihaspati]], by [[Chandra|Soma]], the god of the moon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Edward Washburn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-H0eiuvcG5IC&dq=tarakamaya+war&pg=PA90 |title=Epic Mythology |date=June 1968 |publisher=Biblo & Tannen Publishers |isbn=978-0-8196-0228-2 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref> It is mentioned in the [[Padma Purana]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-10-31 |title=Budha Infuriated and Appeased [Chapter 215] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc365799.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> and described to be the fifth war in the series of ''Devasura Sangrama'', the battles between the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and the [[asura]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riUmBAAAQBAJ&dq=devasura+sangrama&pg=SL1-PA120 |title=Indian History |year=1960 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0-07-132923-1 |pages=A120 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legend ==
According to one legend, this war happened because Chandra and Tara fell for each other and ran away. According to another, this abduction had occurred to punish Brihaspati for his extramarital affair with Mamata, the pregnant wife of Utathya. Another legend states that the abduction occurred due to Soma's arrogance, due to the success of his [[rajasuya]] ceremony.[5] Soma refused to return Tara to her husband, despite an intervention by [[Indra]]. Brihaspati, the preceptor, was aided by Indra and the devas, allied with the [[Yaksha|yakshas]], while Soma was assisted by [[Shukra]] and the [[Daitya|daityas]], allied with the [[Danava (Hinduism)|danavas]]. Led by [[Rudra]],[6] the devas assaulted the asuras with [[Astra (weapon)|divine missiles]], and the asuras returned this assault with a barrage of their own. The [[Brahmanda Purana]] states that [[Vishnu]] participated in the war as well, slaying the asura [[Kalanemi]].[7] Indra is stated to have slain [[Virochana]], the son of [[Prahlada]], who had sided with Soma.[8] Eventually, [[Brahma]] intervened and restored Tara to her husband. In due course, she gave birth to [[Budha]], who both Brihaspati and Soma claimed as theirs until Tara affirmed that the latter was the father.[9]{{Hinduism small}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:War in mythology]]

Jogimatti Wildlife Sanctuary

2025-11-24T03:08:26Z

DrshivambjpIND:

{{Short description|Wildlife Sanctuary in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Jogimatti Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Karnataka#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = Chitradurga district, Karnataka, India
| area = 100.48 km²
| established = 23 December 2015
}}

'''Jogimatti Wildlife Sanctuary''' is located in the [[Chitradurga district]] of [[Karnataka]]. The wooded region of [[Jogimatti]] is a hill station and is rich in [[biodiversity]]. The area is [[picturesque]], and is relatively compact with a wide range of [[flora]] and [[fauna]]. It is notified through an official notification on 23 December 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jogimatti will be a Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2015/dec/21/jogimatti-will-be-a-wildlife-sanctuary-858754.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Jogimatti Sanctuary covers an area of 100.48 km2 of [[grassland]]s and shrub [[forest]]s, approximately.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-13 |title=Jogimatti declared sanctuary |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Jogimatti-declared-sanctuary/article60545838.ece |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the hilly forests of Jogimatti jackals, wolves, sloth bears and leopards roam amidst [[windmill]]s.<ref name=":0" />

The Jogimatti forests are home to one of the few wild surviving [[endangered]] leopards. In the hilly forests of Jogimatti, Indian jackals, wolves, sloth bears, porcupines, and jungle cats roam amidst windmills.<ref name=":0" /> With its contiguous single-block intersperse of [[hillock]]s and [[plain]]s, the Jogimatti forest is known as ‘Ooty of Dryland’.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2016 |first=Niranjan |last=Kaggere |title=Exclusive sanctuary for chinkaras soon |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/exclusive-sanctuary-for-chinkaras-soon/articleshow/52437735.cms |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
There is a long-standing demand to clearing the proposal of declaring Kappathagudda as a [[conservation reserve]] and the state government, after persistent calls from the [[activist]]s, notified this ecologically sensitive region as a [[Nature reserve|Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=":1" /> The hillocks are referred to as Western Ghats of north Karnataka region.<ref name=":1" />

== Mining ==
Activists claim that the government has, for long, did not act against [[illegal mining]] activities around the Jogimatti wildlife sanctuary. This has posed a serious threat to wildlife, flora and [[human habitat]]s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=At Jogimatti, mining ban remains on paper as depts not on same page |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/at-jogimatti-mining-ban-remains-on-paper-as-depts-not-on-same-page-947605.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> A proposal to declare it as eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) is pending from 2019.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|14|09|45|N|76|23|51|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Reserved forests of India]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Chitradurga district]]

Piya Sengupta

2025-11-17T00:54:39Z

DrshivambjpIND: creating a article.

{{Short description|Indian film actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Piya Sengupta
| image =
| alt =
| image_size =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_name = Piya Das
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|06|09}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kironmoy Raha|author2=Nandan (Organization : Calcutta, India)|title=Bengali cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIJZAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Nandan|pages=72}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (2021–present)
| spouse = [[Anup Sengupta]]
| children = [[Bonny Sengupta]] (son)
| parents = [[Sukhen Das]] (Father)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-14 |title=বাবা সুখেন দাসের জোরেই পিয়ার উত্থান টলিউডে, নায়িকা-দৌড়ে পিছিয়ে থেকেও অসীম ঠাঁটবাট {{!}} Piya Sengupta Was Heroine As Her Father Sukhen Das Backed Her |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/piya-sengupta-was-heroine-as-her-father-sukhen-das-backed-her/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Producer|Politician}}
| known_for = ''[[Chore Chore Mastuto Bhai]]'' (2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/piya-sengupta-movies-list-popular/10144|title=Top movies of Piya Sengupta|work=gomolo.com|accessdate=2015-09-10|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223153426/http://www.gomolo.com/piya-sengupta-movies-list-popular/10144|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| years_active = 1984–present
}}

'''Piya Sengupta''' (née '''Das'''; born 9 June 1970) is an Indian actress, producer and politician.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actors Koushani Mukherjee, Piya Das join Trinamool Congress ahead of assembly election |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/actors-poushali-mukherjee-piya-sengupta-join-trinamool-congress-assembly-election-1762217-2021-01-24 |publisher=India Today |date=24 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=বনি বিজেপিতে যাচ্ছে, জানতেনই না মা পিয়া সেনগুপ্ত! |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/piya-sengupta-on-bonny-senguptas-bjp-joining-controversy-row/ |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Indian Express Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> She is known for her work in Bengali cinema.<ref name=":0" /> She is the daughter of [[Sukhen Das]] and mother of [[Bonny Sengupta]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ott2tZLL-o |title=Bonny Sengupta : প্রতারণার অভিযোগ বনির মা Piya Sengupta র বিরুদ্ধে, কী অভিযোগ? দেখুন। Breaking News |language=en |access-date=2024-04-30 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

As an actress, she made her debut opposite [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] in [[Sujit Guha]]'s ''Dadamoni'' (1984).<ref>{{Cite web |last=সেনগুপ্ত |first=পিয়া |title=Sukhen Das {{!}} Sukhen Das: উত্তমের পরে বাংলা ছবিকে বহন করেছেন আমার বাবা সুখেন দাস, তবু সরকারি স্বীকৃতি নেই: পিয়া |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/piya-sengupta-remembers-her-father-sukhen-das-on-his-death-anniversary-dgtl/cid/1337075 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref> She rose to prominence for her role opposite [[Joy Banerjee]] in ''Milan Tithi'' (1985) directed by Sukhen Das. Even though the film was a massive success at the box office, she did not achieve any further significant feat in her career.<ref name=":0" />

== Family and early life ==

Born on 9 June 1970, Sengupta is the daughter of Bengali actor and director [[Sukhen Das]]. She completed her schooling from Kamala Girls School, and then graduated from [[Jogamaya Devi College]], Kolkata. She is married to [[Anup Sengupta]]. [[Bonny Sengupta]] is their son, who is also an actor.

== Political career ==
In 2021, she joined [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite news |title=অভিনেত্রী কৌশানী মুখোপাধ্যায় তৃণমূলে, যোগ দিলেন পিয়া সেনগুপ্তও |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/tollywood-actress-koushani-mukherjee-joins-tmc-before-west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-dgtl/cid/1262983 |work=anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=24 January 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> She campaigned for party in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bonny didn't consult me when he decided to join BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/bonny-didnt-consult-me-when-he-decided-to-join-bjp-actor-piya-sengupta/articleshow/81433944.cms |publisher=The Times of India |date=10 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Producer
!Note
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1984
|''Dadamoni''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-24 |title=তৃণমূলের পতাকা হাতে তুলে নিলেন অভিনেত্রী কৌশানী, যোগ দিলেন পিয়া সেনগুপ্তও |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/actress-koushani-mukherjee-and-piya-sengupta-joined-tmc-swd-551752.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|1985
|''Milantithi''
|
|
|
|-
|1987
|''Paap Punya''
|
|
|
|-
|1990
|''Nyaydanda''
|
|
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Banglar Badhu]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1999
| ''[[Santan (1999 film)|Santan]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2000
| ''[[Sajoni Aamar Sohag]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2003
| ''[[Mayer Anchal]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
| ''Pratishodh''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Paribar]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
| ''[[Chore Chore Mastuto Bhai]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foreign.movies.com.pk/people/4399668-piya-sengupta|title=Piya Sengupta|work=movies.com.pk|accessdate=2015-09-10}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dadar Adesh]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/piya-sengupta-movies-list-filmography/10144|title=Filmography of Piya Sengupta|work=gomolo.com|accessdate=2015-09-10|archive-date=16 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316141839/http://www.gomolo.com/piya-sengupta-movies-list-filmography/10144|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2006
| ''[[Abhimanyu (2006 film)|Abhimanyu]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Mahaguru (2007 film)|Mahaguru]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|2009
| ''[[Mama Bhagne]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/be/Piya-Sengupta/celebrities/4567101484|title=Piya Sengupta celebritie|work=nthwall.com|accessdate=2015-09-10}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
| ''Pratidwandi''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Tara''
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/piya-sengupta-songs-list-by-movies/10144|title=Songs of Piya Sengupta|work=gomolo.com|accessdate=2015-09-10|archive-date=5 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205202916/http://www.gomolo.com/piya-sengupta-songs-list-by-movies/10144|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2013
| ''Prayoshchitto''
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/piya-sengupta-photos/10144|title=Piya Sengupta pics|work=gomolo.com|accessdate=2015-09-10|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225700/http://www.gomolo.com/piya-sengupta-photos/10144|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/piya-sengupta|title=Piya Sengupta actress|work=moviebuff.com|accessdate=2015-09-10}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4109346}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Piya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Idhu Solla Marandha Kadhai

2025-11-03T20:27:45Z

DrshivambjpIND: done

{{more footnotes needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Family]]|[[Drama]]|}}
| based_on =
| creator = [[Colors Tamil]]
| developer =
| writer = '''Dialogue''' M.R Pon Ilango
| director = S.Anand Vabu
N.V.Natarajan
| creative_director = C. Jayachandran
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]]|[[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]]| [[Sridevi Ashok]]| [[Deepa Shankar]]}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 147
| executive_producer =
| producer = N.S Rangkaraj
| location = 
| cinematography = PK
| editor = L. Justin Antony Rai
| camera = [[Multi camera]]
| runtime = approx.20-22 minutes per episode
| company = 49 Frames
| budget =
| network = [[Colors Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2022|03|7}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2022|09|23}}
| screenplay = I. Ashokan
}}

'''Idhu Solla Marandha Kadhai''' ({{Translation|It's a Forgotten story to tell}}) is an Indian-[[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Family]] [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series, that aired on [[Colors Tamil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apnnews.com/colors-tamil-launches-brand-new-fiction-show-idhu-solla-marandha-kadhai/|title=Colors Tamil launches brand new fiction show – Idhu Solla Marandha Kadhai2|website=www.apnnews.com|date=5 March 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2022/3/colors-tamil-new-show-idhu-solla-marandha-kadhai-narrates-the-tale-of-a-single-mother-s-journey-for-justice|title=Colors Tamil new show "Idhu Solla Marandha Kadhai" narrates the tale of a single mother's journey for justice|website=bestmediainfo.com|date=March 7, 2022|language=en}}</ref> and digital platform [[Voot]], which premiered on 7 March 2022 and ended on 23 September 2022 with 147 episodes.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} It starred [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]] and [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/new-mega-serial-starring-vishnu-and-rachitha-mahalakshmi.html|title=EXCITING DETAILS ABOUT VISHNU AND RACHITHA MAHALAKSHMI'S NEW SERIAL!|website=www.behindwoods.com|date=5 March 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-actress-rachitha-new-tv-series-idhu-solla-marandha-kadhai-starting-soon-on-colours-tamil-selv-ghta-687621.html|title=விஜய் டிவி-யில் இருந்து கலர்ஸ் தமிழுக்கு வந்த நடிகை.. புத்தம்புது சீரியல் மூலம் மீண்டும் என்ட்ரி!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=9 February 2022|language=ta}}</ref> It is the remake of [[Colors TV]]'s [[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]].

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]] as Sadhana Shankar – Sundar's sister; Shankar's widow; Akshara and Adithya's mother
* [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]] as Arjun – News reporter at Tamil news company; Lechchami's son; Yamuna and Keerthana's brother; Akshara's friend

===Recurring===
* Arshita as Akshara "Akshu" Shankar – Sadhana and Shankar's daughter; Adithya's sister; Arjun's friend
* Satvik Dev as Adithya "Adi" Shankar – Sadhana and Shankar's son; Akshara's brother
* Gowthami Vembunathan as Saraswathi Rajasekar – Rajasekar's wife; Saravanan, Shankar and Radha's mother; Abhinaya, Sarath, Akshara and Adithya's grandmother
* Vincent Roy as Rajasekar – Chandrakala's brother; Saraswathi's husband; Saravanan, Shankar and Radha's father; Abhinaya, Sarath, Akshara and Adithya's grandfather
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Chandrakala – Rajasekar's sister; Saravanan, Shankar and Radha's aunt; Sadhana's mother-figure; Abhinaya, Sarath, Akshara and Adithya's grandaunt
* Prakash Rajan as Saravanan Rajasekar – Rajasekar and Saraswathi's elder son; Shankar and Radha's brother; Chithra's husband; Sarath's father
* [[Sridevi Ashok]] as Chithra Saravanan – Saravanan's wife; Sarath's mother
* John Marshall as Sarath Saravanan – Saravanan and Chithra's son
* Vidhyamini Subhash as Radha Rajasekar Sundar – Rajasekar and Saraswathi's daughter; Saravanan and Shankar's sister; Sundar's wife; Abhinaya's mother
* Gemini Mani as Sundar – Sadhana's brother; Radha's husband; Abhinaya's father
* Sudhapushpa as Sundar and Sadhana's mother
* Sarath as Raju – Arjun's best friend
* Agalya Saro as Lechchami – Yamuna, Arjun and Keerthana's mother
* Preetha Reddy as Keerthana – Lechchami's younger daughter; Yamuna and Arjun's sister
* Subadhini Subramanian as Yamuna Manokar – Lechchami's elder daughter; Arjun and Keerthana's sister; Manokar's wife
* Raj Kumar Manoharan as Manokar – Yamuna's husband
* Ravi Chandran as Lechchami's husband; Yamuna, Arjun and Keerthana's father

===Special appearance===
* Ajai Bharat as Shankar Rajasekar – Rajasekar and Saraswathi's younger son; Saravanan and Radha's brother; Sadhana's late husband; Akshara and Adithya's father (Dead)

==Production==
===Casting===
Actress [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cmriindia.org/idhu-solla-marandha-kadhai-tv-serial-cast-roles/|title=Rachitha Mahalakshmi selected to play Sadhana's character.|website=www.cmriindia.org|date=14 February 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-zee-tamil-sathya-serial-vishnu-to-pair-with-rachitha-for-idhu-solla-marandha-kadhai-in-colors-tamil-ghta-scs-703545.html|title=கலர்ஸ் தமிழ் சீரியலில் ரச்சிதா... அவருக்கு ஜோடியாகும் ஜீ தமிழ் சீரியல் ஹீரோ!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=25 February 2022|language=ta}}</ref> was selected to play the character Sadhana which [[Aakanksha Singh]] played in the Original . [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]] was selected to play Arjun's character.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/rachita-mahalakshmi-is-the-entry-new-serial-in-colors-tamil.html|title=கலர்ஸ் தமிழ் சீரியலில் ரச்சிதா.. ஜோடியாக ஜீ தமிழ் சீரியல் ஹீரோ.. இன்னொரு நடிக யார் தெரியுமா?|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=25 February 2022|language=ta}}</ref> Where [[Sridevi Ashok]], [[Deepa Shankar]], Vincent, Gowthami in pivotal roles.

===Release===
The first promo was unveiled on 7 February 2022, featuring protagonist and revealing the release date. The second promo was unveiled on 12 February 2022 and The third promo was unveiled on 25 February 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/idhu-solla-marandha-kadhai-colors-tamil/|title=Idhu Solla Marandha Kadhai – From 7th March at 9:00 PM on Colors Tamil|website=www.indiantvinfo.com|date=5 March 2022|language=en}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-right:0%;
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:red; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:red; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:red; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background: red; width:10%;"| Networks(s)
! style="background:red; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:red; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]'' न बोले तुम न मैंने कुछ कहा
| 9 January 2012
| [[Colors TV]]
| 12 September 2013
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Idhu Solla Marandha Kadhai'' இது சொல்ல மறந்த கதை
| 7 March 2022
| [[Colors Tamil]]
| 23 September 2022
| Remake
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|18079526}}

{{Colors Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Colors Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]

Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman

2025-10-29T04:26:29Z

DrshivambjpIND: Page refined with updated information

#REDIRECT [[Syed Zillur Rahman]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Ghara

2025-10-22T20:06:37Z

DrshivambjpIND: small fix

{{Short description|South Asian earthen pot}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:Earthern pots 01.jpg|thumb|The typical shape of a ghara]]
'''Ghara''' is an earthen pot made in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is used for storing drinking water and keeping it cool.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sikdar, M. & Chaudhuri, P. |year=2015 |title=Pottery making tradition among the Prajapati community of Gujarat, India |journal=Eurasian Journal of Anthropology |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294427802}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shafeeq, M. |title=Crafts of Cholistan (Bahawalpur Punjab Pakistan) |year=2014 |journal=International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=193–199}}</ref>

The word ''ghara'' has [[cognate]]s in [[Pahari language|Pahari]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangladict.com - অভিধানে 'ঘড়া' এর অর্থ|url=http://www.bangladict.com/%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE|access-date=2021-07-21|website=www.bangladict.com|archive-date=2020-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209143850/http://www.bangladict.com/%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Odia language]]s that can all be traced to the [[Sanskrit]] word ''ghaṭa'' meaning pot.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Osada, H. |editor2=Endo, H. |year=2011 |title=Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past |publisher=Indus Project Research Institute for Humanity and Nature |location=Kyoto, Japan |isbn=978-4-902325-67-6 |author1=Parpola, A. |chapter=Crocodile in the Indus Civilization and later South Asian traditions |pages=1–57 |chapter-url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Parpola_Asko_2011._Crocodile_in_the_Indu.pdf}}</ref>
It is spelled in {{langx|hi|घड़ा}};<ref>{{cite book |author=Caturvedi, M. |year=1970 |title=A practical Hindi-English dictionary |location=Delhi |publisher=National Publishing House |chapter=घ/ड़ा |page=186 |chapter-url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/caturvedi_query.py?page=186 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
in {{langx|ne|घड़ा ghaṛā}};<ref>{{cite book |author=Turner, R. L. |year=1931 |title=A comparative and etymological dictionary of the Nepali language |location=London |publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trubner |page=153 |chapter=घड़ा ghaṛā |chapter-url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/turnernepali_query.py?page=153 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
in {{langx|ur|گھڑا}};<ref>{{cite book |author=Platts, J. T. |year=1884 |title=A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English |location=London |publisher=W. H. Allen & Co. |chapter=گهاٿ घाट |page=929 |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?page=929}}</ref> in [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]: دِلّا<ref>{{Citation |title=دِلّا |date=2022-12-03 |url=https://skr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%D9%90%D9%84%D9%91%D8%A7&oldid=187604 |work=وکشنری |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref>
and in {{langx|pa|ਘਡ਼ਾ}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Singh, M. |year=1895 |title=The Panjabi dictionary |location=Lahore |publisher=Munshi Gulab Singh & Sons |chapter=ਘਡ਼ਾ |page=382 |chapter-url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?page=382 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The word ''ghara'' is also used for the hollow bulbous protuberance on the snout of mature male [[gharial]]s (''Gavialis gangeticus'') as it is shaped like a ghara. This protuberance enables them to emit a hissing sound that can be heard {{cvt|75|m}} away.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Biswas, S. |author2=Acharjyo, L. N. |author3=Mohapatra, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=1977 |title=A note on the protuberance or knob on the snout of male gharial, ''Gavialis gangeticus'' (Gmelin) |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=536–537 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofbombay741977bomb/page/536}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian pottery]]
[[Category:Pakistani pottery]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi pottery]]

{{India-cuisine-stub}}
{{Nepal-cuisine-stub}}

Anandibaa Aur Emily

2025-09-10T22:55:13Z

DrshivambjpIND: Starting a info - done

{{Short description|Indian soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = AnandiBaa Aur Emily Titlev2.webp
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Comedy drama]]|[[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]}}
| creator = [[Vipul D. Shah]]
| writer = {{ubl|Hemant Kewani|Rohit Malhotra|Devang Kakkar|Ghazala Nargis|}}
| director = Kedar Shinde
| theme_music_composer = Puneet Dixit
| creative_director = Hemant Kewani
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|Jazzy Ballerini|[[Mishkat Varma]]|Kanchan Gupta}}
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 109 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Rishabh Sharma|Tony Singh}}
| producer =
| camera = Multi-camera 
| runtime = 20-22 minutes 
| company = Optimystix Entertainment
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|07|04|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|11|01|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Anandibaa Aur Emily''''' ({{translation |''Anandibaa and Emily''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy drama]]<ref name="TribuneGenreRelSource">{{cite news |title=Mishkat Verma, who is seen in Anandibaa Aur Emily, talks about his journey |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/mishkat-verma-who-is-seen-in-anandibaa-aur-emily-talks-about-his-journey-411371 |access-date=17 July 2022 |work=The Tribune |publisher=The Tribune Trust |date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711175057/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/mishkat-verma-who-is-seen-in-anandibaa-aur-emily-talks-about-his-journey-411371 |archive-date=11 July 2022 |location=Chandigarh |language=en |quote=It is a comedy-drama.}}</ref> television [[Soap opera|serial]] created by [[Vipul D. Shah]] under Optimystix Entertainment. Starring Jazzi Ballerini, [[Mishkat Varma]], and Kanchan Gupta, it premiered on 4 July 2022 on [[StarPlus]] and digitally streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref name="OutlookAAEAnnounce">{{cite news |title='Anandibaa Aur Emily' Gives A New Twist To Age-Old 'Saas-Bahu' Saga |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-anandibaa-aur-emily-gives-a-new-twist-to-age-old-saas-bahu-saga-news-206467 |access-date=11 July 2022 |work=Outlook India Online |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=Outlook Publishing (India) Pvt. Ltd. |date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704030508/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-anandibaa-aur-emily-gives-a-new-twist-to-age-old-saas-bahu-saga-news-206467 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Set in [[Gondal, India|Gondal]], the series started off as a humorous and wholesome exploration through the saas-bahu [[Plot device|trope]], driven by Emily being a foreigner, of various [[Culture of India|Indian family]] dynamics.<ref name="TOIJazzyCast">{{cite news |title=Jazzy Ballerini to play the female lead in television's new offering 'Anandi Baa aur Emily' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jazzy-ballerini-to-play-the-female-lead-in-televisions-new-offering-anandi-baa-aur-emily/articleshow/92393023.cms |access-date=11 July 2022 |work=Entertainment Times - Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623072547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jazzy-ballerini-to-play-the-female-lead-in-televisions-new-offering-anandi-baa-aur-emily/articleshow/92393023.cms |archive-date=23 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The show aired its last episode on 1 November 2022.<ref name="OffAirMain" />

==Premise==
The show revolves around Emily, a [[Western culture|Western]] daughter-in-law married to Aarav, and Anandibaa, a matriarch and social leader, who is initially not receptive to the reality of her son's marriage. Living in [[Gondal, India|Gondal]], Aarav has had dreams of moving to America, whereas Emily has had wishes of settling in India. Through a closely known connection, their paths fatefully collide, depicting how Emily may or may not meld into the stereotype of the perfect Indian family.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Jazzy Ballerini as Emily Andrews Sanghani: A purposeful American woman seeking Indian culture and family, wife to Aarav.
* Kanchan Gupta as Anandibaa Sanghani: Gondal's fiercely moral and traditionalist society leader, mother to Aarav.
* [[Mishkat Varma]] as Aarav Sanghani: A jobless aspirant of Western success and husband to Emily.

===Recurring===
* Dhaval Barbhaya as Aagya Sanghani: Meek and mannered husband to Gunjan and son to Anandi.
* Shruti Rawat as Gunjan Sanghani: Beguiling daughter-in-law of the house, wife to Aagya and mother to a son.
* Shweta Rajput as Pinky: Airhead seeking her dreamboat Aarav and little sister to Gunjan.
* Ojas Rawal as Gulabdas: Religiously devoted and spoiled husband to Kanchan.
* Shruti Gholap as Kanchan: Benevolent minded wife to Gulabdas.
* [[Manav Soneji]] as Jaman: Local hotel owner and close friend to Aarav.
* Atharv Sharma as Tenny Sanghani: Gunjan's son
* Mansi Thakkar as Payal: Equally unique like her brother, Gulabdas.
* Miloni Kapadia as Riddhi: Aarav's friend
* Krishnakant Singh Bundela as Panditji

===Guest===
* [[Apara Mehta]] as Jaibala
* [[Meghan Jadhav]] as Krishna
* [[Nimisha Vakharia]] as Kalandi: Anandibaa's older sister

==Production==
===Casting===
In an effort to find a suitable match and do justice with the character concept, a multitude of actresses were auditioned{{citation needed|reason=Creator interview on unreliable citation: https://web.archive.org/web/20220705142321/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-vipul-d-shah-optimystix-entertainment-presenting-anandi-baa-aur-emily-we|date=August 2022}} before British actress Jazzy Ballerini was cast as the lead<ref name="JazzyAcceptTOI">{{cite news |title=Jazzy Ballerini: I accepted Emily from Anandi Baa Aur Emily because as a foreigner, I would constantly get offers to play bold characters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jazzy-ballerini-i-accepted-emily-from-anandi-baa-aur-emily-because-as-a-foreigner-i-would-constantly-get-offers-to-play-bold-characters/articleshow/92654079.cms |access-date=11 July 2022 |work=Entertainment Times - Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705201857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jazzy-ballerini-i-accepted-emily-from-anandi-baa-aur-emily-because-as-a-foreigner-i-would-constantly-get-offers-to-play-bold-characters/articleshow/92654079.cms |archive-date=5 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> [[COVID-19 lockdown in India#Lockdown in 2021|mid-2021]].<ref name="JazzyAuditionInt">{{cite news |title=Jazzy Ballerini on auditioning for her role in 'Anandi Baa aur Emily' |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/jazzy-ballerini-on-auditioning-for-her-role-in-anandi-baa-aur-emily/81837279.html |access-date=11 July 2022 |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=Shayona Times Pvt. Ltd. |date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711140944/https://ahmedabadmirror.com/jazzy-ballerini-on-auditioning-for-her-role-in-anandi-baa-aur-emily/81837279.html |archive-date=11 July 2022 |language=en |quote=Even though it was during lockdown times.}}</ref> After two months of language training,<ref name="JazzyAcceptTOI" /> production cast the remaining co-stars and [[Ensemble cast#Television|ensemble]].{{fact|date=November 2023}}

Following the commencement of the series several stars have made guest appearances. In August 2022, [[Meghan Jadhav]] was brought on as [[Krishna]] for [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]] and the ensuing stories.<ref name="KrishnaSpc">{{cite news |title=Meghan Jadhav enters as Shri Krishna to help out Emily on 'Anandibaa aur Emily' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meghan-jadhav-enters-as-shri-krishna-to-help-out-emily-on-anandibaa-aur-emily/articleshow/93623892.cms |access-date=19 August 2022 |work=Entertainment Times - Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818160759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meghan-jadhav-enters-as-shri-krishna-to-help-out-emily-on-anandibaa-aur-emily/articleshow/93623892.cms |archive-date=18 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> As the narrative evolved, the series decisively shifted through genres, coinciding with changes to its ensemble and character depictions, departing from the original sitcom concept.{{fact|date=November 2023}}

===Release===
Promotion of the series began in June 2022<ref name="InitialPromoPrimSrc">{{cite web |title=... Dekhiye, #AanandiBaaAurEmily, ek nayi kahani, ... |url=https://twitter.com/StarPlus/status/1537047791830290432 |website=Twitter |publisher=StarPlus |access-date=4 August 2022 |language=en |date=15 June 2022 }}</ref> with an initial release date set for 27 June 2022,<ref name="JazzyAuditionInt" /> replacing the short lived ''[[Yeh Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar]].''<ref name="OutgoingShow">{{cite news |last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha |title=It's shocking, we did not expect this: Ankit Siwach on his show Yeh Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar wrapping up in just three months |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-shocking-we-did-not-expect-this-ankit-siwach-on-his-show-yeh-jhuki-jhuki-si-nazar-wrapping-up-in-just-three-months/articleshow/91872852.cms |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=Entertainment Times - Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531042309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-shocking-we-did-not-expect-this-ankit-siwach-on-his-show-yeh-jhuki-jhuki-si-nazar-wrapping-up-in-just-three-months/articleshow/91872852.cms |archive-date=31 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The actual premiere date was pushed to 4 July 2022<ref name="OutlookAAEAnnounce" /> while simultaneously being released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref name="HotstarPremiereSource">{{cite web |title=Dekhiye, #AnandibaaAurEmily, aaj se, shaam 6:30 baje, StarPlus aur Disney+ Hotstar par. |url=https://twitter.com/StarPlus/status/1543844571737690112 |website=Twitter |publisher=StarPlus |access-date=12 July 2022 |language=en |date=4 July 2022 }}</ref> Following the conclusion of the series, ''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]'' was rescheduled from prime time to take the early evening slot.<ref name="OffAirMain">{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi |title=Mishkat Verma on Anandibaa Aur Emily going off air: Our show didn't work, so that is a bit upsetting, but then you have to move on |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mishkat-verma-on-anandibaa-aur-emily-going-off-air-our-show-didnt-work-so-that-is-a-bit-upsetting-but-then-you-have-to-move-on/articleshow/94920229.cms |access-date=31 October 2022 |work=Entertainment Times - Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017124959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mishkat-verma-on-anandibaa-aur-emily-going-off-air-our-show-didnt-work-so-that-is-a-bit-upsetting-but-then-you-have-to-move-on/articleshow/94920229.cms |archive-date=17 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EOMTimeSlotPattern">{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi |title=TV show Banni Chow Home Delivery moves to an early evening time slot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-show-banni-chow-home-delivery-moves-to-an-early-evening-time-slot/articleshow/94917275.cms |access-date=31 October 2022 |work=Entertainment Times - Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017115645/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-show-banni-chow-home-delivery-moves-to-an-early-evening-time-slot/articleshow/94917275.cms |archive-date=17 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
After the first episode, [[Pinkvilla]] offered a limited view, taking interest in the subtle humour and calling it a "much-needed breather", while also being skeptical of the 6:30pm debut time slot.<ref name="PinkReview">{{cite web |last1=Deshpande |first1=Rasika |title=Anandi Ba and Emily First Episode Review: A fun Saas-bahu drama, different from 'done-till-death' ones |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/anandi-ba-and-emily-first-episode-review-fun-saas-bahu-drama-different-done-till-death-ones-1155443 |website=PINKVILLA |publisher=Pinkvilla, Inc. |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706131857/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/anandi-ba-and-emily-first-episode-review-fun-saas-bahu-drama-different-done-till-death-ones-1155443 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |language=en |date=5 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of programmes broadcast by StarPlus]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/anandibaa-aur-emily/1260106004 Anandibaa Aur Emily] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* [https://www.hulu.com/series/anandibaa-aur-emily-hindi-9a73d2f0-427f-4e59-b8f5-6f4c6923aeb9 Anandibaa Aur Emily] on [[List of Hulu original programming#Hotstar|Hotstar hub on Hulu]]

{{Star Plus Shows}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Television series by Optimystix Entertainment]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Gujarat]]

Dalal Street

2025-08-08T17:47:22Z

DrshivambjpIND: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Street in Mumbai; metonym for Indian finance}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox street
|name = Dalal Street
|image = DalalStreetSign.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|caption = Dalal Street Sign
|website = {{URL|https://www.dsij.in/}}
}}
'''Dalal Street''' ({{langx|mr-Latn|dalāl gallī}}), ({{langx|hi-Latn|dalāl path}}) <ref>{{cite web|title=What Is Dalal Street?|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dalalstreet.asp#:~:text=Dalal%20Street%20is%20a%20street,for%20the%20Indian%20financial%20sector|author=James Chen|publisher=Dotdash Meredith}}</ref> is the [[metonym]] for the financial markets of India, the Indian financial services industry of the country as a whole, or the actual financial district itself.<ref>{{cite web |author=James Chen |title=What Is Dalal Street? |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dalalstreet.asp#:~:text=Dalal%20Street%20is%20a%20street,for%20the%20Indian%20financial%20sector |publisher=Dotdash Meredith}}</ref> It is located in the [[financial centre|Financial District]] of [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]] in Mumbai and is the address of the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and several other major financial institutions of the world. The [[Marathi language|Marathi]] word ''{{Transliteration|mr|dalāl}}'' means "a [[broker]]", "a go-between".<ref>{{Cite book|last=McGregor|first=R. S.|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhindiengli00mcgr_0|title=Oxford Hindi-English dictionary|date=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-864317-3|location=Oxford|url-access=registration}}</ref>

{{coord|18|55|46.08|N|72|49|59.12|E|region:IN_dim:1500|display=title}}
[[File:Bombay Stock Exchange 3.jpg|thumb|The Bombay Stock Exchange on the Dalal Street]]

In 2008, there was a proposal to rename the street after Nagarmal Saraf, a broker who worked at the BSE for 25 years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suryawanshi |first1=Sudhir |date=Mar 3, 2008 |title=Brand new threat to Dalal street |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/brand-new-threat-to-dalal-street/articleshow/15790846.cms |access-date=14 December 2023 |work=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214110902/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/brand-new-threat-to-dalal-street/articleshow/15790846.cms |archive-date=14 December 2023 }}</ref>

== History ==
In the 1850s, local brokers traded informally under banyan trees near Horniman Circle in Mumbai. In 1875, they formed the Native Share and Stock Brokers’ Association, which later became the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), establishing Dalal Street as a centre for financial activity.<ref name="bse_milestones">{{cite web |title=History and Milestones |publisher=Bombay Stock Exchange |url=https://www.bseindia.com/static/about/History_Milestones.html |access-date=2025-07-18}}</ref>

In 1957, the BSE became the first Indian stock exchange to receive permanent recognition from the Government of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956.<ref name="bse_milestones"/>

In the late 1970s, the BSE initiated the construction of a new 29-storey building. Completed in 1980 and designed by architect Chandrakant Patel, the building was named Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers after a former BSE chairman. It remains the BSE’s headquarters.<ref name="sebi_order">{{cite web |title=SEBI Order: BSE Corporatisation and Demutualisation Scheme, 2005 |publisher=Securities and Exchange Board of India |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebi_data/docfiles/11147_t.html |access-date=2025-07-18}}</ref>

== Significance ==
Dalal Street is widely recognized as a central hub of India’s financial markets. It houses the headquarters of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), where the SENSEX - India’s first stock market index - was introduced in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/static/about/History_Milestones.html|title=BSE Milestones|website=BSE India|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), established in 1988 and granted statutory powers in 1992, also operates from its main office in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebi_data/docfiles/11147_t.html|title=History of SEBI|website=SEBI|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/contact-us.html|title=SEBI Contact Us|website=SEBI|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref> Numerous financial institutions and brokerage firms have established offices in the vicinity of Dalal Street, aligning with its status as a central location for Indian capital markets.

== Notable landmarks ==
* '''Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers''' – This 29-storey skyscraper, completed in 1980, houses the BSE headquarters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/static/about/History_Milestones.html|title=BSE Milestones|website=BSE India|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>

* '''Electronic Trading Floors''' – In 1995, India transitioned from an open outcry system to electronic trading. Both the BSE and other exchanges adopted screen-based systems, many operating from the Dalal Street area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/static/about/History_Milestones.html|title=BSE Milestones|website=BSE India|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>

==In the media==
The Mumbai based video game Mumbai Gullies is expected to feature the Dalal Street in the fictional map.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-27|title=What is Mumbai Gullies? |url=https://gameeon.in/what-is-mumbai-gullies/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=GameEon|language=en-US|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405214702/https://gameeon.in/what-is-mumbai-gullies/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ray |first=Bodhisatwa |date=2021-01-19|title=Mumbai Gullies, a GTA styled game from an Indian developer, set to launch soon|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/mumbai-gullies-a-gta-styled-game-from-an-indian-developer-set-to-launch-soon|access-date=2021-09-18|website=TechRadar|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]
* [[Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers]]
* [[Phiroze Jamshedji Jeejeebhoy]]
* [[Fort (area)|Fort (Mumbai)]]
* [[Economy of India]]
* [[Economy of Mumbai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bseindia.com/ Bombay Stock Exchange] — official web site
* [http://www.nseindia.com/ National Stock Exchange] official web site
* [https://www.dalalstreets.com DalalStreets.com] - official web site

{{Mumbai topics}}

[[Category:Streets in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Economy of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Financial districts in India]]
[[Category:Retail markets in India]]