https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Dr.Sanjeev+Narayani 2026-08-09T14:11:27Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neravy_T._R._Pattinam_Assembly_constituency&diff=521696 2026-05-08T10:27:03Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Started New Details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Puducherry legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | constituency_no =28<br /> | electors ={{formatnum:31277}}<br /> | union_territory = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]<br /> | name = Neravy-TR-Pattinam<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | map_image = Neravy-TR-Pattinam-assembly-constituency-28.png<br /> | district = [[Karaikal district|Karaikal]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]<br /> | established = 1964<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | mla = M. Nagathiyagarajam<br /> | party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Neravy -TR- Pattinam''' is a [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the Union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in [[India]].&lt;ref name=pyceo&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |title=Map showing the Assembly constituencies of the U.T. of Pondicherry |date= |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Chief Electoral Office, Puducherry |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608111413/https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Neravy T. R. Pattinam Assembly constituency is part of [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |- <br /> | [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || Nagamuttou Pillai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || S. Ramasamy || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || rowspan=2 |V. M. C. Varada Pillai || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || [[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || V. M. C. Varada Pillai || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |rowspan=3}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || V. Ganapathy <br /> |- <br /> | [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || V. M. C. V. Ganapathy<br /> |- <br /> | [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || rowspan=4 |V. M. C. Sivakumar || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]] || A. Geetha || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]] || [[M. Nagathiyagarajan]]&lt;ref name=election2021/&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2026]] <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.74}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.16}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2011|2011]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|39.30}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|31.41}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.96}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.44}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.67}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.72}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1985|1985]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.46}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.35}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|36.71}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.89}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1969|1969]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.88}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1964|1964]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.80}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T. R. Pattinam}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=Secular Progressive Alliance |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. S. M. Meenatchisundaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Maala |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ganesh |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29815|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2021 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T R Pattinam&lt;ref name=election2021&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13417-puducherry-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Nagathiyagarajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,496 |percentage=55.74 |change=-4.42 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V. M. C. S. Manoharen|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=8,985|percentage=34.55|change=33.60}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Geetha Anandan|party=Independent politician|votes=1,495|percentage=5.75|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=A. Mohamed Yousuf|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=471|percentage=1.81|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=186|percentage=0.72|change=-0.21}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=S. Sridhar|party=Independent politician|votes=140|percentage=0.54|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,511 |percentage=21.19 |change=-6.64 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=26,006|percentage=83.40|change=-1.45}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,183 |change =6.16 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.42 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2016 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T R Pattinam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Geetha |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,993 |percentage=60.16 |change=22.44 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,057 |percentage=32.33 |change=23.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. R. Udayakumar |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=373 |percentage=1.50 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Mohamed Thameem Ansari |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=334 |percentage=1.34 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kumaravelu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=237 |percentage=0.95 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=231 |percentage=0.93 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chelladurai |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=203 |percentage=0.81 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Z. Sultan Ghouse Hameed Malim |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=187 |percentage=0.75 |change=-0.33 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,936 |percentage=27.83 |change=26.24 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=24,922 |percentage=84.85 |change= -0.72 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,373 |change =11.50 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 20.86 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2011 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T R Pattinam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=8,860 |percentage=39.30 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Geetha |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,502 |percentage=37.72 |change=6.31 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. M. C. V. Ganapathy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,809 |percentage=12.46 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Er. M. Selvaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,065 |percentage=9.16 |change=-9.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Badouroudine |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=243 |percentage=1.08 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=358 |percentage=1.59 |change=0.42 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=22,542 |percentage=85.57 |change= -0.99 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,343 |change =44.81 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.90 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2006 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T R Pattinam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2006 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925222225/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=25 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,946 |percentage=31.41 |change=-15.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. M. C. V. Ganapathy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,762 |percentage=30.24 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Jayabal |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,965 |percentage=18.83 |change=-3.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,932 |percentage=18.62 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Vadivel |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=72 |percentage=0.46 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=U. Ganapathy |party=Independent politician |votes=71 |percentage=0.45 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=184 |percentage=1.17 |change=-19.46 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=15,748 |percentage=86.57 |change= 15.04 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,192 |change =-8.50 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.55 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2001 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T R Pattinam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2001 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927050359/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,672 |percentage=46.96 |change=-6.48 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. M. C. V. Ganapathy |party=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |votes=3,741 |percentage=26.33 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. M. C. Raja Alias V. M. C. Sivashanmuganathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,207 |percentage=22.57 |change=7.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Raja |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=589 |percentage=4.15 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,931 |percentage=20.63 |change=-1.96 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=14,209 |percentage=71.52 |change= -4.40 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,881 |change =6.44 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.71 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1996 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T R Pattinam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1996 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135105/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,595 |percentage=53.44 |change=5.63 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. T. P. Diravidamani |party=Independent politician |votes=4,385 |percentage=30.85 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. M. K. Balu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,159 |percentage=15.19 |change=-34.47 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,210 |percentage=22.59 |change=20.73 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=14,212 |percentage=78.01 |change= 2.09 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,678 |change =7.75 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.78 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1991 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T R Pattinam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1991 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135604/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. M. C. V. Ganapathy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,384 |percentage=49.67 |change=-2.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,145 |percentage=47.81 |change=2.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Gunasegaran |party=Pondicherry Mannila Makkal Munnani |votes=219 |percentage=1.70 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. A. Kannaiyan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=66 |percentage=0.51 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=239 |percentage=1.86 |change=-4.29 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=12,854 |percentage=75.92 |change= -5.01 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,334 |change =1.29 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.05 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T R Pattinam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1990 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130547/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Ganapathy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,102 |percentage=51.72 |change=-1.75 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,258 |percentage=45.57 |change=-0.96 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Ramalingam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=239 |percentage=1.74 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. M. Ameed Sultan |party=Independent politician |votes=74 |percentage=0.54 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=844 |percentage=6.15 |change=-0.78 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=13,732 |percentage=80.93 |change= -2.37 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,113 |change =30.38 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.75 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T R Pattinam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140417/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. M. C. Varada Pillai |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,788 |percentage=53.46 |change=10.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,038 |percentage=46.54 |change=-10.81 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=750 |percentage=6.93 |change=-7.77 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=10,826 |percentage=83.30 |change= 0.30 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,125 |change =14.34 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.88 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1980 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T R Pattinam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1980 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041541/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,315 |percentage=57.35 |change=22.63 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. M. C. Varada Pillai |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,953 |percentage=42.65 |change=16.22 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,362 |percentage=14.70 |change=12.70 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,268 |percentage=83.00 |change= 4.44 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,479 |change =-1.00 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Janata Party |swing= 20.64 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1977 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T R Pattinam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1977 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043330/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. M. C. Varada Pillai |party=Janata Party |votes=3,314 |percentage=36.71 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,134 |percentage=34.71 |change=0.99 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. K. S. M. Soma Sundaram |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,386 |percentage=26.43 |change=-33.46 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Jayabalan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=194 |percentage=2.15 |change=-3.74 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=180 |percentage=1.99 |change=-24.17 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,028 |percentage=78.57 |change= -8.14 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,595 |change =11.48 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -23.18 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1974 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T R Pattinam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1974 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917133352/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. M. C. Varada Pillai |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,313 |percentage=59.89 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. M. C. Siva Shanmuganathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,992 |percentage=33.73 |change=-20.15 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Abdul Jabbar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=522 |percentage=5.88 |change=-40.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Rethinavel |party=Independent politician |votes=44 |percentage=0.50 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,321 |percentage=26.16 |change=18.41 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=8,871 |percentage=86.71 |change= -2.96 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,401 |change =44.00 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.02 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1969 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T R Pattinam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1969 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140530/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ramasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,447 |percentage=53.88 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kaliappa Naicker |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,951 |percentage=46.12 |change=-10.67 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=496 |percentage=7.75 |change=-10.91 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,398 |percentage=89.67 |change= 3.21 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,223 |change =8.37 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.92 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1964 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Neravy T R Pattinam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1964 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515062755/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=15 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagamuttou Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,222 |percentage=56.80 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramassamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,163 |percentage=38.13 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ambiga Sudiramourthy |party=Indian People's Front |votes=288 |percentage=5.08 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,059 |percentage=18.67 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=5,673 |percentage=86.47 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,665 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Karaikal district]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}<br /> {{coord|10.868|79.831|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Puducherry]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Puducherry]]<br /> [[Category:Karaikal district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]<br /> [[Category:1964 establishments in Pondicherry]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dollars_Colony&diff=497525 2026-05-07T04:14:05Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Done - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Residential area of Bangalore, India}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> <br /> '''Dollars Colony''' is an upmarket residential locality in [[Bangalore]], India. It is situated towards the south of Bangalore Central Business District.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/mar/03/a-six-bhk-house-for-amit-shah-in-bengaluru-1781338.html|title=A six BHK house for Amit Shah in Bengaluru|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is located 874 meters above mean sea level. <br /> <br /> Many [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-Resident Indians]] stay there, the name Dollars Colony being thus due to the locality.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> This colony is actually in Nagashettyhalli area about 300 meters from Nagashettyhalli local bus stand. Adjacent to it and towards western side is the RMV (Raj Mahal Vilas) Phase II HIG Colony. There is the prestigious RMV club in the RMV II HIG Colony area having all the indoor games facilities and also has a function hall and attached catering. There is a tree park in the RMV II HIG Colony where people go in the morning and evening for walks in the park. The park has open air free manual gym which is an attractive item in the area.<br /> <br /> In this area there is a multi storeyed housing complex known as [[ Pebble Bay ]] consisting of six towers 22 storeys each composed of lavish three- or four-bedroom flats. This housing complex is well known in this area and has a club house and shopping store of its own.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/real-estate/the-top-five-expensive-neighbourhoods-in-bangalore/article19445345.ece|title=The top five expensive neighbourhoods in Bangalore|last=Roofandfloor|date=2017-08-14|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Google Map of Nagashettyhalli, Bangalore&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Nearby market places ==<br /> There are many markets in this area. The nearest is at about 0.5 km distance and known as Sanjay Nagar main road market. At about 1 km distance another prominent market is there known as New Bel Road market. In fact Nagashettyhalli area is dotted with small small shops in the main as well as cross roads in this area and all of them are accessible within a distance of 1 km.<br /> <br /> == Air ==<br /> The Bangalore airport is about 29 km from there and in normal traffic hours takes 35-40 minutes time by taxi.<br /> <br /> == Rail ==<br /> Lottegollahalli and Hebbal are the nearest railway stations. Bangalore City Junction is the major railway station and is {{convert|7|km}} distant. Yeshwanthpur Junction is another major railway station and is {{convert|3.9|km}} distant.<br /> <br /> == Road ==<br /> Bangalore, Yelahanka, Bommanahalli, Krishnarajapura, Kengeri, Hosakote, Dasarahalli, Devanahalli, Doddaballapura, Magadi, Nelamangala are the nearby by towns to Bangalore having road connectivity to Bangalore and Dollars Colony.<br /> <br /> == Bus ==<br /> Lottegollahalli Railway Colony Bus Station, Nagashettyhalli Bus Station, Devasandra (Rajmahal Vilas) Bus Station, Lottegollahalli Bus Station, Patelappa Layout Bus Station are the nearby by Local Bus Stops to Dollars Colony.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --&gt;<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in North Bengaluru]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mermaid_Garden&diff=517473 2026-05-06T22:31:08Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Started basic stub added tags!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Heritage site in Goa, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox monument<br /> | name = Mermaid Garden<br /> | native_name = ''Jardim da Sereia''<br /> | image = Mermaid Statue, Mermaid Garden, Panaji.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = Mermaid statue at the Mermaid Garden<br /> | location = [[Campal]], [[Panaji]], [[Goa]], India<br /> | designer = Vishnu Mahadev Cuncolkar<br /> | type = [[Statue]] in a garden<br /> | material = [[Porcelain]]<br /> | length = <br /> | width = <br /> | height = {{Convert|5|ft|m}}<br /> | weight = <br /> | visitors_num = <br /> | visitors_year = <br /> | begin = <br /> | complete = <br /> | dedicated = <br /> | open = {{circa}} 1940s—1950s<br /> | restore = 2012<br /> | dismantled = <br /> | dedicated_to = <br /> | pushpin map = <br /> | relief = <br /> | pushpin map alt = <br /> | pushpin label position = <br /> | map caption = <br /> | pushpin mapsize = <br /> | mapframe = yes&lt;!-- See [[#Mapframe maps]] for more information. --&gt;<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|15.5006202|73.8310372|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | website = <br /> | extra_label = <br /> | extra = <br /> }}<br /> '''Mermaid Garden''', also known as '''Jardim da Sereia''', is a public park and heritage site located in [[Campal]] locality of [[Panaji]], the capital of [[Goa]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scroll18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vaz |first=Renata |date=2018-12-22 |title=As Panjim turns 175, an art exhibition celebrates its rich past and flags the threats to its future |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/906188/as-panjim-turns-175-an-art-exhibition-celebrates-its-rich-past-and-flags-the-threats-to-its-future |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Scroll.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIVandal19&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-01-20 |title=Statue in city’s mermaid garden found vandalised |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/statue-in-citys-mermaid-garden-found-vandalised/articleshow/67606787.cms |access-date=2024-05-06 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIFacelift22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-01-06 |title=City’s mermaid garden set to receive facelift |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/citys-mermaid-garden-set-to-receive-facelift/articleshow/88736820.cms |access-date=2024-05-06 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The mermaid garden was set up under the mayoralty of [[Froilano de Mello]] in the 1940s&lt;ref name=&quot;HaywardMermaid18&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hayward |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=JuxjDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT51&amp;lpg=PT51&amp;dq=Mermaid+statue+panjim |title=Scaled for Success: The Internationalisation of the Mermaid |date=2018-07-26 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-86196-951-7 |page=51 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; or 1950s. Historian Sanjeev Sardesai suggests that the statue was sculpted by Vishnu Mahadev Cuncolkar. He further states that the garden served as a resting spot for seafarers whose ships were anchored nearby.&lt;ref name=&quot;SardesaiStatues20&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sardesai |first=Sanjeev |date=September 2, 2020 |title=Lesser known statues of goa |url=https://epaper.navhindtimes.in/PageImages/pdf/2020/09/02/02092020-md-ga-08.pdf |work=[[Navhind Times]] |access-date=2024-05-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Design==<br /> The central feature of the park is a [[porcelain]] statue of a [[mermaid]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HeraldNeglect20&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-09-24 |title=The weeds of neglect in the gardens of Panjim |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/the-weeds-of-neglect-in-the-gardens-of-panjim/165389/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=O Heraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is depicted as being bare breasted and is {{Convert|5|ft|m}} tall. The statue is placed in a shallow pond in a garden.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaywardMermaid18&quot; /&gt; The statue featured a lotus in her hand and is possibly inspired by ''[[The Little Mermaid (statue)|The Little Mermaid]]'' and the [[azulejo]]s featuring a mermaid at the [[Institute Menezes Braganza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SardesaiStatues20&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Significance==<br /> The garden is recognized as a significant part of Panaji's cultural and architectural heritage.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIVandal19&quot; /&gt; In 2018, it was featured in an art exhibition titled &quot;The Sun Also Sets,&quot; curated by Vivek Menezes, which sought to highlight the history of Panaji while drawing attention to the environmental and structural threats facing the city's landmarks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scroll18&quot; /&gt; The garden has been described as a site of &quot;melancholy&quot; and historical reflection within the Goan landscape.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outlook22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menezes |first=Vivek |date=2022-06-11 |title=Tears Of The Mermaid: The Melancholy Of Goa |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/tears-of-the-mermaid-the-melancholy-of-goa-magazine-201234 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Outlook India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Condition and restoration==<br /> The Mermaid Garden has faced periods of physical decline and neglect. It was restored by sculptor Ghaneshyam Chari in 2012 as part of preparations for the [[43rd International Film Festival of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIVandal19&quot; /&gt; It was during this time that it was discovered that the statue had 18 layers of paint, under which it was found to be made of porcelain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-27 |title=The sad mess of the Mermaid Garden and its resident mermaid |work=O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/the-sad-mess-of-the-mermaid-garden-and-its-resident-mermaid/154659/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2019, the mermaid statue was vandalized, resulting in the breakage of one of its arms.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIVandal19&quot;/&gt; By 2020, reports indicated that the park was poorly maintained, with overgrown weeds and wild vegetation obstructing the pathways and the central statue.&lt;ref name=&quot;HeraldNeglect20&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In early 2022, the Corporation of the City of Panaji (CCP) announced plans for a significant restoration of the garden as part of a broader effort to rejuvenate the city's public spaces. The proposed facelift included the installation of new illumination, the development of a pathway, and general landscaping to restore the site's aesthetic appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIFacelift22&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Panaji]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nita_Mukesh_Ambani_Cultural_Centre&diff=522263 2026-05-06T00:28:47Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Started A Article - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Cultural and exhibition space in Mumbai, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox venue<br /> | name = Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre<br /> | image = File:2023-0329-nmacc-night.jpg<br /> | image_upright = <br /> | image_caption = Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre at night<br /> | city = [[Mumbai]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | location = G Block, [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], [[Mumbai]] 400 098, [[India]]<br /> | type = [[Performing arts center|Performing-arts center]]<br /> | built = 2023<br /> | opened = 31 March 2023<br /> | public_transit = <br /> | capacity = 2000<br /> | owner = [[Nita Ambani]]<br /> | cost = ₹120 crores or $13 million (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Vaishnawi |title=This lavish property owned by Mukesh Ambani, Nita Ambani has diamond-studded ceiling; cost is… |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-this-lavish-property-owned-by-mukesh-ambani-nita-ambani-diamond-studded-ceiling-nmacc-cost-reliance-antilia-3061116 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | architect = TVS Design<br /> | website = {{URL|nmacc.com}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre (NMACC)''' is a performing arts and multi-disciplinary cultural and exhibition space located in the city of [[Mumbai]], [[India]], that opened on 31 March 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India's newest cultural destination 'Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre' opens on March 31 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/india-s-newest-cultural-destination-nita-mukesh-ambani-cultural-centre-opens-on-march-31-1.8439731 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The center was founded by [[Nita Ambani]], philanthropist and chairperson of the [[Reliance Foundation]], to &quot;preserve and promote Indian arts.&quot; The estimated cost of the NMACC is around [[₹]] 120 Crores or $13 million (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Vaishnawi |title=This lavish property owned by Mukesh Ambani, Nita Ambani has diamond-studded ceiling; cost is… |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-this-lavish-property-owned-by-mukesh-ambani-nita-ambani-diamond-studded-ceiling-nmacc-cost-reliance-antilia-3061116 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is part of the [[Jio]] World Centre complex in the [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] of Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre opens today; how to book tickets, show details and more |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/nita-mukesh-ambani-cultural-centre-opens-today-how-to-book-tickets-show-details-and-more-375477-2023-03-31 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Business Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre (NMACC), has made art into a shared, public spectacle. It has staged Broadway-calibre productions, numerous music performances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre completes one year of celebrating the best of India and the world - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/nita-mukesh-ambani-cultural-centre-completes-one-year-of-celebrating-the-best-of-india-and-the-world-19390101.htm |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en |date=31 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Cultural Centre was marked by the debut of the theatrical experience '''The Great Indian Musical: Civilisation to Nation''', celebrating Indian dance, drama, music and art by playwright and director [[Feroz Abbas Khan]].<br /> <br /> == Facility ==<br /> The Centre consists of a number of spaces including:<br /> * '''The Grand Theatre''', a 2000-seat space across three levels to host major traveling productions. It claims to be the &quot;most technologically advanced theatre in India&quot; and incorporates more than 8,400 [[Swarovski|Swarovski crystals]] in its design. The theatre was designed with special absorbent wood to reduce audio reflections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-06 |title=Mumbai to get major new venue for art and performance—funded by one of India's richest families |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/10/06/mumbai-to-get-major-new-cultural-centre-for-art-and-performancefunded-by-one-of-indias-richest-families |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''The Studio Theatre''', a 250-seat space that features telescopic seating and the ability to transform for different events. It uses a tension wire grid for rigging and lighting, said to be the first-of-its-kind in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munyal |first=Panna |date=2023-03-09 |title=Nita Ambani pours passion for the arts into Mumbai culture centre |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music-stage/2023/03/09/nita-ambani-pours-passion-for-the-arts-into-mumbai-culture-centre/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=The National |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre: Mumbai gets first-of-its-kind, multi-disciplinary space to celebrate art |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/nita-mukesh-ambani-cultural-centre-mumbai-gets-first-of-its-kind-multi-disciplinary-space-to-celebrate-art-12373702.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''The Cube''', a small 125-seat space with moveable stage and seating, used for small-scale but impactful performances &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * '''The Art House''', a four-storey dedicated art complex consisting of 16,000 sq. ft. of floor space.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Public art==<br /> The centre hosts several prominent [[public art]] installations including:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> : 1. Kamal Kunj – One of the largest commissioned [[Pichhwai|Pichwai paintings]] at 56 feet tall, with depictions of seasonal festivities.<br /> : 2. Clouds – A 90-piece set of [[stainless steel]] structure mirrors by [[Yayoi Kusama]], displayed on the ground.<br /> : 3. Seekers Paradise – An installation art piece by [[N. S. Harsha]].<br /> : 4. Closet Quarries I &amp; II – A painting by Reena Kallat using [[rubber stamp]]s, reflecting the names of craftsmen and symbols seen in [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] monuments.<br /> : 5. Earth’s Whisper – A work by [[Jagannath Panda]] around the idea ‘Contribution is Growth’<br /> : 6. Mechanism 12 – A work by Tanya Goel uses pigments from the sites of architectural demolitions in and around [[Delhi]]<br /> : 7. City Obscure – [[Vibha Galhotra]]’s cityscape of Mumbai takes up an entire wall and is made from leitmotif [[ghungroo]]s, small ankle bells in Indian culture.<br /> : 8. Arboretum I – A work by artist duo [[Thukral &amp; Tagra]], comprising illustrations of over 60 floral species from across India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=How artist duo Thukral and Tagra contrast natural with the digital in their latest show, Arboretum |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/jiten-thukral-sumir-tagra-arboretum-latest-art-show-8404624/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Apart from the prominent art installations listed above, the Cultural Centre has hosted various others public art exhibitions too.<br /> <br /> == Broadway Productions visiting India through NMACC ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! No. !! Production !! Opening Date !! Closing Date<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || ''The Sound of Music'' || 3 May 2023 || 25 June 2023<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || ''West Side Story'' || 16 August 2023 || 27 August 2023<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || ''Mamma Mia!'' || 29 November 2023 || 7 January 2024<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || ''Matilda the Musical'' || 16 May 2024 || 2 June 2024<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || ''The Little Prince'' || 25 September 2024 || 29 September 2024<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || ''Life of Pi'' || 5 December 2024 || 15 December 2024<br /> |-<br /> | 7 || ''The Phantom of the Opera'' || 5 March 2025 || 30 March 2025<br /> |-<br /> | 8 || ''The Nutcracker on Ice'' || 4 December 2025 || 14 December 2025<br /> |-<br /> | 9 || ''Wicked'' || 12 March 2026 || 29 March 2026<br /> |}<br /> <br /> India's first Broadway musical was staged at NMACC in May 2023.{{sfn|Bloomberg|2023}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{Cite news |last= |date=2023-05-19 |title=India Gets Its First Broadway Musical |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-05-19/ambani-family-brings-india-its-first-broadway-musical |access-date=2023-05-26}}<br /> <br /> {{Commons}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{Official website|https://nmacc.com}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Culture of Indian diaspora]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Performing arts centres in India]]<br /> [[Category:Contemporary art galleries in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- {{stub}} --&gt;</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marthoman_Cheriyapally,_Kothamangalam&diff=516589 2026-05-05T06:18:23Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Started first stub first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox church<br /> | name = Mar Thoma Jacobite Church, Kothamangalam<br /> | relics = Tomb of Mor [[Baselios Yeldo]]<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | caption = Main [[façade]] of Marthoma Malankara [[Syrian Orthodox]] Cheriyapally Kothamangalam<br /> | image = എൽദോ മൊർ ബസെലിയൊസ്.jpg<br /> | image_size = 300 px<br /> | location = {{flagicon|India}} [[Kothamangalam]], [[Ernakulam]], [[India]]<br /> | pushpin map = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|10.0625|76.629|display=inline,title}}<br /> | denomination = [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]<br /> | diocese = [[Malankara Syrian Orthodox Diocese of Angamaly|Angamali]]<br /> | province = Kothamangalam<br /> | archbishop = [[Baselios Joseph|H.B. Baselios Joseph Catholicos]]<br /> | auxiliary bishop = [[Mor Yulios Elias]]<br /> | mapframe-zoom = <br /> | consecration_year = <br /> | status = [[Church (building)|Major Church]], [[Pilgrim]]<br /> | style = [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala Architecture]]<br /> | year started = <br /> | year completed = 1455<br /> | website = https://www.cheriapally.org<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mar Thoma Cheriyapally''' is a [[Jacobite Syrians|Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox]] Church located in [[Kothamangalam]] town of [[Ernakulam]] district, [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The church is believed to have been established in 1455 by 18 families who separated from [[Martha Mariam Cathedral Kothamangalam|Marth Maryam Valiyapally]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} The church is famous for the feast of [[Baselios Yeldo|Mor Baselios Yeldo]], a [[Syriac Jacobites|Syriac Jacobite]] saint who preached in Kothamangalam. After his death, he was entombed in the altar room of this church. The church had witnessed many historic events of the [[Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church|Malankara]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> &lt;!--para here deleted as copied from http://www.cheriapally.org/organisations--&gt;<br /> &lt;!--Another one was copied from http://www.spiderkerala.net/resources/11396-Kothamangalam-Marthoma-Cheriapally-The-pride-of-Ernakulam-district.aspx--&gt;<br /> <br /> The present region of Kothamangalam was historically known as ''Malakhachira''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Journal of South Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boMMAQAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut|pages=84–85}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=In Quest of Kerala: Geography, places of interest, political history, social history, literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXIeAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Accent Publications|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; (മാലാഖച്ചിറ, which literally means &quot;Place of the Angel&quot;). According to church history, the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] Bishop, [[Baselios Yeldo|St. Baselios Yeldo]] [[Maphrian]] reached the church in the year 1685, on 11th of [[Kanyā|Kanni]] month of the [[Malayalam calendar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.syriacchristianity.info/bio/MorBaseliosYeldho.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508024756/http://www.syriacchristianity.info/bio/MorBaseliosYeldho.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 May 2015|title=St. Baselios Yeldho|website=www.syriacchristianity.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File: Front Architecture Kothamangalam Church.jpg|Front view of Church (Old photograph)<br /> File: Front Kothamangalam Church.jpg|Side view of church and Well<br /> File: Side View of Kothamangalam Church.jpg|Church entry <br /> File:Cemetery Kothamangalam Church.jpg|Cemetery <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Yeldo and Basil ==<br /> The name Yelda ([[East Syriac dialect|East Syriac]]) / Yeldo ([[West Syriac dialect|West Syriac]]) means [[Christmas]]. Yelda/Yeldo lent (Nativity lent) starts 15 December till 25 December. Various spellings are used to write Yeldo (യെൽദൊ) in English (Yeldho, Eldho, Eldo).<br /> <br /> [[Basil (name)|Basil]] is the short form for [[Baselios]], a [[Greek language|Greek]] word that literally means &quot;king&quot; or &quot;emperor&quot;, and is used to refer to [[Basil of Caesarea|St. Basil of Caesarea]].<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed-hover&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Kanni 20 Perunal.jpg|Kanni 20 Perunnal at Mar Thoma Jacobite Syrian Cheriapally, Kothamangalam<br /> File:Kanni 20 Perunal Night.jpg|Kanni 20 Perunal Night At Mar Thoma Jacobite Syrian Cheriapally, Kothamangalam<br /> File:Altar &amp; Tomb of Mar Baselios Yeldo.jpg|Main Madbaho (altar) and tomb of [[Baselios Yeldo|Mor Baselios Yeldho]].<br /> File:Tomb of St.Baselios Yeldo.jpg|Tomb of [[Baselios Yeldo|Mor Baselios Yeldo]]<br /> File:Manchal of Mar Baselios Yeldo.jpg|''Manchal'' ([[Palanquin]]) used by [[Baselios Yeldo|Mor Baselios Yeldo]].<br /> File:Malankara Syrian church altar.jpg|View from the ''Poomukham'' (front face) of the church.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Christianity}}<br /> * [[Baselios Yeldo]]<br /> * [[Marth Mariam Valiyapally Kothamangalam]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Marthoman Cheriyapally, Kothamangalam}}<br /> * [https://www.cheriapally.org/ Cheriapally.org]<br /> <br /> {{Christianity in Kerala}}<br /> {{Churches of Kerala}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Thomas Church, Kothamangalam}}<br /> [[Category:Churches in Kothamangalam, Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1455]]<br /> [[Category:Churches completed in the 1450s]]<br /> [[Category:15th-century churches in India]]<br /> [[Category:15th-century Oriental Orthodox church buildings]]<br /> [[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1450s]]<br /> [[Category:Kothamangalam, Kerala]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pooja_Umashankar&diff=525925 2026-04-28T21:27:50Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Started Page - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian-Sri Lankan actress (born 1981)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Pooja Umashankar<br /> | image = Pooja G Umashankar.jpg<br /> | caption = Pooja in 2012<br /> | birth_date = June 25, 1981<br /> | birth_name = Pooja Gauthami Umashankar<br /> | birth_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka<br /> | yearsactive = 2003–2024<br /> | education = [[Baldwin Girls' High School]], Bangalore&lt;br/&gt;[[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore]]<br /> | occupation = Model, Actress<br /> | spouse = {{marriage| Prashan David Vethakan | 2016}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Pooja Gauthami Umashankar''' is an [[Indians in Sri Lanka|Indian-Sri Lankan]] former actress who has primarily appeared in [[Tamil cinema|Indian Tamil]] and [[Sinhala cinema|Sri Lankan Sinhala]] cinema.<br /> <br /> ==Early and personal life==<br /> Pooja was born on June 25, 1981, in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pooja Umashankar Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Pooja Umashankar {{!}} Times of India Entertainment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Pooja-Umashankar/awards |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pooja's father, H. R. Umashankar, is an Indian [[Kannada Brahmin]] from [[Sringeri]], in the [[Chikkamagaluru]] district of [[Karnataka]] while mother, Sandhya, is a Sri Lankan [[Sinhala people|Sinhalese]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu&quot;/&gt; Her father worked with [[Hindustan Unilever]] in [[Valparai]] as a manager. After she did her pre-schooling in Sri Lanka, she came to India and went to Poornapragnya in Aldur, Chikmagalur and then to Nirmala Convent in [[Mysore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu&quot;/&gt; Later she continued her education at [[Baldwin Girls' High School]] in [[Bangalore]] and did graduation (B.Com.) and Post Graduation (MBA) at [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Pooja can speak [[Kannada]], [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[English language|English]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/30/stories/2007053002710200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052151/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/30/stories/2007053002710200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 December 2013 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=I am enjoying every moment of acting | date=30 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2016, she married Prashan David Vethakan, who is a Sri Lankan businessman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Actress Pooja gets married |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actress-pooja-gets-married/articleshow/56084641.cms |work=The Times of India |date=January 16, 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Pooja was introduced by a friend of her to cinematographer-turned-director [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]], who signed her for the role of [[Anglo-Indian]] girl in his Tamil venture ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu2007&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/04/27/stories/2007042700120200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527101959/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/04/27/stories/2007042700120200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 May 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Screen presence | date=27 April 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pooja said that at that time she planned to finish that film and return to her original job and did not take an acting career into consideration. She stated: &quot;I said to myself I'd act in just this film, see what it's like, make good use of the money and get back to studying&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu2007&quot;/&gt; She was soon offered a role opposite [[R. Madhavan]], which she could not decline and made her rethink her decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu2007&quot;/&gt; ''Ullam Ketkumae'''s massive delay meant that her second film, the romantic comedy ''[[Jay Jay]]'' (2004), directed by [[Saran (director)|Saran]], became her first official release.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/11/30/stories/2007113050060300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202113842/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/11/30/stories/2007113050060300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 December 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Oram Po… here she comes | date=30 November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pooja received favorable reviews for her performance in ''Jay Jay'';&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=434&amp;user_name=bbalaji&amp;review_lang=english&amp;lang=english &quot;Jay Jay – Tamil Movie Review&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113433/http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=434&amp;user_name=bbalaji&amp;review_lang=english&amp;lang=english |date=22 August 2018 }}. thiraipadam.com&lt;/ref&gt; G. Ulaganathan from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote: &quot;Spirited, lively, Pooja's sparkling eyes and smile do leave an impression&quot;. She next played the romantic interest of [[Ajith Kumar]] in another Saran film, ''[[Attahasam]]'', which, in spite of mixed critical response, went on to become a financial success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/23ss.htm |title=Ajith tastes success! |publisher=Ia.rediff.com |date=23 November 2004 |access-date=12 July 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718064044/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/23ss.htm |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pooja, too, met with criticism, with critics citing that she had &quot;only limited role&quot; and was &quot;wasted [...] in an insignificant and half-baked role&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/attakasam-review-tamil-13608855.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111194120/http://www.sify.com/movies/attakasam-review-tamil-13608855.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2014 |title=Movie Review:Attakasam |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=12 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pooja's subsequent release happened to be ''Ullam Ketkumae'' that featured her in one of the five leading roles alongside [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and [[Asin]]. The film fetched positive remarks and emerged as a [[sleeper hit]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ullam-ketkume-a-sleeper-hit-news-tamil-kkfv3Feggei.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005173945/http://www.sify.com/movies/ullam-ketkume-a-sleeper-hit-news-tamil-kkfv3Feggei.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 October 2012 |title='Ullam Ketkume' – A sleeper hit! |website=[[Sify]] |date=7 June 2005 |access-date=12 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; She went to appear in commercial Tamil films such as ''[[Thambi (2006 film)|Thambi]]'' and ''[[Pori]]''. In 2007, Pooja also appeared in a Malayalam film, ''Panthaya Kozhi'', before landing the lead female role in [[Bala (director)|Bala]]'s ''[[Naan Kadavul]]''. Her portrayal of Hamshavalli, a blind beggar, was critically appreciated and earned her several accolades, including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female)|Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Character Artiste]]. Following ''Naan Kadavul'', Pooja went on a sabbatical, appeared just in [[cameo role]]s in ''[[TN-07 AL 4777]]'', ''[[Drohi (2010 film)|Drohi]]'' and the Telugu film ''[[Orange (2010 Telugu film)|Orange]]''.<br /> <br /> Her big budget film ''[[Kusa Paba]]'' released in early 2012 and became the highest grosser ever in the history of Sri Lankan film industry.{{cn|date=February 2026}} Critics praised Pooja for her role of Pabawathi.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Film===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2003 || ''[[Jay Jay]]'' || Seema || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || <br /> |-<br /> | 2004 || ''[[Attahasam]]'' || Sapna || Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2005 || ''[[Jithan]]'' || Priya || Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]'' || Irene || Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2006 || ''[[Anjalika]]'' || Anjalika,&lt;br&gt;Uththara || [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thambi (2006 film)|Thambi]]'' || Archana || Tamil || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pattiyal]]'' || Sandhya || Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thagapansamy]]'' || Marikozhundhu Shanmugam || Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2007 || ''[[Pori (film)|Pori]]'' || Pooja || Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Panthaya Kozhi]]''<br /> |Chempakam<br /> |[[Malayalam]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yahaluvo]]'' || Manorani || Sinhala ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Asai Man Piyabanna]]'' || Ranmalee / Maleesha || Sinhala ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Oram Po]]'' || Rani || Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> | ''[[Naan Kadavul]]'' || Hamshavalli || Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2010 || ''[[Suwanda Denuna Jeewithe]]'' || Rashmi || Sinhala ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Drohi (2010 film)|Drohi]]'' || Roja || Tamil || Guest appearance<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Orange (2010 Telugu film)|Orange]]'' || Meenakshi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Guest appearance<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''Smoking Kills'' || Pooja || [[English language|English]] || Short film<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2012 || ''[[Kusa Paba]]'' || Pabawathi || Sinhala ||<br /> |- <br /> | ''Mirage'' || Priya || English || Short film<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''[[Vidiyum Munn]]'' || Rekha || Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2015|| ''[[Kadavul Paathi Mirugam Paathi]]'' || || Tamil || Guest appearance<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2016 || ''[[Paththini (Sinhala film)|Paththini]]'' || Kannagi (Paththini) || Sinhala || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sarigama]]'' || Mariya || Sinhala || <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2024 || ''[[Sihinayaki Adare]]'' || Jennifer Fernandez || Sinhala || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Minnu]]'' || || Sinhala || cameo role&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=තුන්පත් රෑනක සොඳුරු අනන්තය &quot;මින්නු&quot; |url=https://www.sarasaviya.lk/films-local/2024/02/15/26430/තුන්පත්-රෑනක-සොඳුරු-අනන්තය-“මින්නු”|work=www.sundaytimes.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Show !! Role !! Language !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Notes<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''[[Daskon (TV series)|Daskon]]'' <br /> | Princess Pramila <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sinhala <br /> |Teledrama<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''Derana City of Dance season 5''<br /> |Judge<br /> |Reality show<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''Aatam Paatam Kondatam''<br /> | Judge<br /> | Tamil<br /> | Reality show <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''Derana City of Dance season 6''||Judge||Sinhala||Reality show<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |''Dance Jodi Dance''||Judge||Tamil||Reality show<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {{BLP sources section|date=April 2023}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> <br /> !Year<br /> !Award <br /> !Category <br /> !Work<br /> !Result<br /> !Achievements<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2006<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Sarasaviya Awards]]<br /> | Most Popular Actress <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[Anjalika]]''<br /> | {{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Best Actress<br /> | {{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2007<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[Asai Man Piyabanna]]''<br /> | {{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | Most Popular Actress<br /> | {{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 2009<br /> | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]<br /> | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female)|Best Supporting Actress]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''[[Naan Kadavul]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2010<br /> | [[57th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]]<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | [[4th Vijay Awards|Vijay Awards]]<br /> | [[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |World Malayalee Council<br /> |Best Actress<br /> |<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2013<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Derana Film Awards]]<br /> | Most Popular Actress<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''[[Kusa Pabha]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | Best Actress<br /> | {{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | [[Hiru Golden Film Awards]]<br /> | Most Popular Actress<br /> | {{Nom}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Best Actress<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''[[Vidiyum Munn]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2014<br /> | [[61st Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> | {{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | [[8th Vijay Awards|Vijay Awards]]<br /> | {{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA - Tamil]]<br /> | {{Nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |BehindWood Gold Medals<br /> |Best Actress<br /> |<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016<br /> | [[SLIM-Nielsen Peoples Awards]]<br /> | Most Popular Actress<br /> |<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | [[Sarasaviya Awards]]<br /> | [[Sarasaviya Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]<br /> | ''[[Sarigama]]''<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017<br /> | [[Derana Film Awards]]<br /> | Most Popular Actress <br /> | [[Paththini (2016 film)|''Paththini'']]<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> |-<br /> | Janabhimani Honorary Award<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> | Honor From Sri Lankan Government&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://poojaumashankar.tumblr.com/post/168679335610/thank-you-independent-media-association-of-lanka|title=Honorary Award|website=poojaumashankar.tumblr.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> <br /> <br /> | 2018<br /> | [[Hiru Golden Film Awards]]<br /> | Most Popular Actress<br /> |<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |SLIM-Nielsen Peoples Awards<br /> |Most Popular Actress<br /> |<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |SLIM-Nielsen Peoples Awards<br /> |Most Popular Actress<br /> |<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |SLIM-Nielsen Peoples Awards<br /> |Most Popular Actress<br /> |<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|nm2661079}}<br /> * {{facebook|PoojaGauthamiUmashankar}}<br /> <br /> {{FilmfareTamilBestActress}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Umashankar, Pooja}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Sri Lankan actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Sri Lankan film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Indian people of Sri Lankan descent]]<br /> [[Category:Sri Lankan people of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Sinhalese artists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Chikmagalur district]]<br /> [[Category:Mount Carmel College, Bangalore alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian expatriates in Sri Lanka]]<br /> [[Category:Sri Lankan expatriates in India]]<br /> [[Category:Expatriate actresses in India]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagannath_Mandir,_Badahra_Mahant&diff=505082 2026-04-25T09:42:54Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> |name = Jagannath Mandir, Badahra Mahant<br /> |image = Jagannath Mandir Badahra Mahant Photo.jpg<br /> |alt = Jagannath Mandir, Badahra Mahant<br /> |established = '''1786'''<br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = Uttar Pradesh#India#Asia#World<br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> |coordinates = {{coord|27.137195|83.700909|type:landmark_region:|display=inline,title}}<br /> |country = {{IND}}<br /> |state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> |district = [[Maharajganj district]]<br /> |locale = [[Badahra Mahant]]<br /> |deity = [[Temple of ancient Lord Jagannath(Shri Krishna)]]<br /> |festivals = {{hlist|[[Sri Ramanavami]] | [[Chandan Yatra]] | [[Lord Jagannath Rath Yatra]] | [[Jhulotsav]] | [[Shri krishna Janmashtami]] | [[Vijaya Dashmi]] | [[Every Tuesday and Saturday is the discourse and kirtan]] etc.}}<br /> }}<br /> ''' The Temple of ancient Lord Jagannath (Shri Krishna)''' which is the center of faith&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=भगवान जगन्नाथ मंदिर में मिल रहा निराश्रितों को आश्रय |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj-finding-shelter-for-destitute-in-lord-jagannath-temple-20173210.html |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Dainik Jagran |publisher=हिन्दुस्तान टीम |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; in this region of [[Purvanchal|Eastern Uttar Pradesh]]. This temple is located on the right bank of the canal Narayani at 12&amp;nbsp;km from the Shikarpur situated on the [[Gorakhpur]]-[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]] Road, in the village of [[Badahra Mahant]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=भगवान जगन्नाथ का मंदिर जल संरक्षण की मिसाल |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj-administration-of-badahara-jagannath-temple-is-a-symbol-of-water-conservation-19709072.html |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Dainik Jagran |publisher=Jagran |date=30 October 2019 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=अखंड आरती के साथ बड़हरा महंथ में शुरू हुआ भगवान जगन्नाथ झूलोत्सव |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj/story-lord-jagannath-jholotsav-started-with-akhand-aarti-in-badhra-mahant-6913676.amp.html |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Hindustan |publisher=हिन्दुस्तान टीम |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhagwan Jagannath&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=बड़हरा महंथ में भगवान जगन्नाथ पंद्रह दिन एकांतवास में रहेंगे |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj/story-lord-jagannath-will-remain-in-seclusion-for-fifteen-days-in-the-barhra-mahant-6637439.amp.html |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Hindustan |publisher=ओंकार केसरा |date=14 June 2022 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=¨हदुओं की अस्मिता से जुड़ा है राम मंदिर निर्माण |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/maharajganj-event-s-18685332.html |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Dainik Jagran |publisher=Jagran |date=26 November 2018|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; also known is '''Thakur&amp;nbsp;Ji'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=इस मंदिर में ब्रिटिश हुकूमत के अंग्रेज अफसर आते थे मत्था टेकने, इसका इतिहास जानकर हो जाएंगे हैरान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/gorakhpur/lord-jagannath-temple-special-story-in-maharajganj |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Amar Ujala |publisher=Vivek Shukla |date=31 May 2020|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The Temple of ancient Lord Jagannath (Shri Krishna) in [[Badahra Mahant]] of [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj District]] holds significance as Vaishnava Ramanujdas, guided by a dream, established the deity's vigilance there in 1786. The temple, initially in a forested area under [[Nepal]]ese governance, gained prominence after Ramanujdas' penance. Following the king's request to restore Jagannath's vigilance, a grand temple was built, and regular worship ceremonies are conducted, including festivals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=11 Best Places to Visit in Maharajganj - ChaloGhumane.com |url=https://chaloghumane.com/uttarpradesh/maharajganj/best-places-to-visit-in-maharajganj/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |language=en |date=24 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == The Spiritual Legacy Of Jagannath Mandir ==<br /> It's fascinating to learn about the rich history and significance of the temple in [[Badahra Mahant]]. The dream of Vaishnava Ramanujdas and the subsequent establishment of Lord Jagannath's vigilance adds a spiritual depth to the temple's heritage. The regular celebrations and events contribute to the vibrant religious life in the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Hindustan Special: महराजगंज के इस मठ से जुड़ी है नेपाल के लोगों की आस्था, जानें क्या है 237 साल की परंपरा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-faith-of-the-people-of-nepal-is-attached-to-the-jagannath-temple-of-maharajganj-8834429.amp.html |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Hindustan |publisher=Pawan Kumar Sharma |date=11 October 2023 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=महराजगंज जनपद का अद्वितीय भगवान जगन्नाथ मंदिर - Medhaj News: ताजा हिंदी समाचार {{!}} Breaking News in Hindi {{!}} Latest Hindi News |url=https://medhajnews.in/unique-lord-jagannath-temple-of-maharajganj/amp/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Medhaj News |date=25 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Badahra Mahant]]<br /> *[[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]<br /> * [[List of Jagannath Temples outside Puri]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Maharajganj district]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Jagannath temples]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karaiyar&diff=508465 2026-04-21T19:50:33Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{pp|small=yes}}<br /> {{Short description|Maritime martial Tamil caste from Sri Lanka}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=March 2017}} {{Infobox caste<br /> | caste_name = Karaiyar<br /> | classification = <br /> | subdivisions = {{unbulleted list<br /> | Meelongi Karaiyar<br /> | Keelongi Karaiyar<br /> }}<br /> | languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]]<br /> | related = [[Tamil people]], [[Karava]], [[Pattanavar]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Tamils}}<br /> The '''Karaiyar''' (Tamil: கரையார்; literally &quot;people of the coast&quot;) are a Tamil maritime community or [[Meenavar]] historically associated with fishing, seafaring, naval warfare, and coastal governance in Tamilakam and Sri Lanka. The term is derived from the Tamil word ''karai'' (shore or coast), reflecting their traditional occupation and geographic distribution along littoral regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Karaiyar |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaiyar}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; '''Karaiyar''' is a [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] community found mainly on the northern and eastern coastal areas of [[Sri Lanka]], and globally among the [[Tamil diaspora]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJ7eCwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=karaiyar+diaspora&amp;pg=PT147|title=South Asian Christian Diaspora: Invisible Diaspora in Europe and North America|last=Raj|first=Selva J.|date=2016-04-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317052296|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> They are traditionally a seafaring community that is engaged in [[fishing]], [[Maritime transport|shipment]] and [[Sea trade|seaborne trade]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3aAB9IFVdkC|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|date=2000|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=9780774807593|pages=18–24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; They fish customarily in deep seas or on shore, and employ [[Gillnetting|gillnet]] and [[seine fishing]] methods.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; The Karaiyars were the major maritime traders and boat owners who among other things, traded with [[pearl]]s, [[chank]]s, [[tobacco]], and shipped goods overseas to countries such as [[India]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Indonesia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGRuAAAAMAAJ|title=Ethnic warfare in Sri Lanka and the UN crisis|last=Clarance|first=William|date=2007|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9780745325255|pages=44|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The community known for their [[maritime history]], are also reputed as a [[warrior]] caste who contributed as army and [[navy]] soldiers of [[List of Tamil monarchs|Tamil kings]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Das|first=Sonia N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVX0DAAAQBAJ|title=Linguistic Rivalries: Tamil Migrants and Anglo-Franco Conflicts|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190461782|pages=63, 236|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were noted as the army [[general]]s and navy [[Captain (naval)|captains]] of the [[Aryacakravarti dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Karaiyars emerged in the 1980s as strong representatives of [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|date=2000|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-0759-3|pages=19|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The nuclear leadership of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] have background in the wealthier enterprising section of the Karaiyars. Vellupillai Prabhakaran was of Melongi Karaiyar origin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Heiberg|first1=Marianne|title=Terror, Insurgency, and the State: Ending Protracted Conflicts|last2=O'Leary|first2=Brendan|last3=O'Leary|first3=Lauder Professor of Political Science and Director of the Solomon Asch Center for the Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict Brendan|last4=Tirman|first4=John|date=2007|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-3974-4|pages=268|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Historically, they have also been referred to as ''Kurukulam, Varunakulam'' and ''Karaiyalar''. Sharing similar origins and status are the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] [[Karava]] and the [[Pattanavar]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-88AAAAIAAJ|title=Caste Ideology and Interaction|last=McGilvray|first=Dennis B.|date=1982-09-02|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521241458|pages=17|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> The word &quot;Karaiyar&quot; is derived from the [[Tamil language]] word ''karai'' (&quot;coast&quot; or &quot;shore&quot;) and attaches the [[honorific]] [[suffix]] ''-ar'' (&quot;people&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dravidian Linguistics Association|title=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics|date=1990|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala.|pages=110|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Robert |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Compartive_Grammar_of_the_Dravidian_Or/37VoAAAAcAAJ |title=A Compartive Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-indian Family of Languages |date=1856 |publisher=Harrison |pages=190-192 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term ''Kareoi'' mentioned by 2nd century AD writer [[Ptolemy]], is identified with the Tamil word &quot;Karaiyar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vhIAAAAIAAJ|title=The History of the Pearl Fishery of the Tamil Coast|last=Arunachalam|first=S.|date=1952|publisher=Ananamalai University|pages=34|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other English, Portuguese and Dutch sources mentions them variously as ''Karaiar, Karayar, Careas'', ''Careaz'', and ''Carias''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Kurukulam'', ''Varunakulam'' and ''Arasakulam'' were historically one of the significant clans of the Karaiyars.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; Kurukulam, meaning &quot;clan of the ''Kuru''&quot;, may be a reference to their origin from [[Coromandel Coast|Kurumandalam]] (meaning &quot;realm of Kuru's&quot;) of [[Southern India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb4LAAAAIAAJ|title=Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction|last=Raghavan|first=M. D.|date=1971|publisher=Kalai Nilayam|pages=194|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They attribute their origin myth from the [[Kuru kingdom]], mentioned in Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGUEAAAAYAAJ|title=The Social Order of the Sinhalese Buddhist Sangha|last=Kemper|first=Steven E. G.|date=1973|publisher=University of Chicago.|pages=215|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NA5uAAAAMAAJ|title=Nēthrā: A Non-specialist Journal for Lively Minds|date=2000|publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies|pages=47|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some scholars derived ''Kurukulam'' from Kuru, the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name for [[Jupiter]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzPXAAAAMAAJ|title=The karmic theater: self, society, and astrology in Jaffna|last=Perinbanayagam|first=R. S.|date=1982|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|isbn=9780870233746|pages=30|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Varunakulam, meaning &quot;clan of ''Varuna''&quot;, is a reference to their maritime origin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; [[Varuna]] is the god of sea and rain, mentioned in [[Vedic Literature]], but also in [[Sangam literature]] as the principal deity of the ''Neithal [[Sangam landscape]]'' (i.e. [[Littoral zone|littoral]] landscape).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Xavier Thaninayagam|author-link=Xavier Thaninayagam|title=Tamil Culture: Its Past, Its Present and Its Future With Special Reference to Ceylon|date=1966|publisher=Academy of Tamil Culture|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arasakulam means &quot;clan of kings&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;<br /> Literary references<br /> Early Tamil Sangam literature refers to coastal populations inhabiting the ''Neithal'' (littoral) landscape, whose occupations included fishing, pearl diving, salt production, and maritime trade. Terms such as ''Karaiyavar'' (coastal people) appearing in classical works including ''Purananuru'' are interpreted by scholars as referring to coastal maritime communities that later came to be identified with groups such as the Karaiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hart |first=George |title=Poets of the Tamil Anthologies |publisher=University of California Press |year=1975}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India |publisher=Brill |year=1973}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tamil epic literature such as ''Silappatikaram'' and ''Manimekalai'' also describe coastal settlements, maritime trade, and fishing communities in port cities such as Kaveripoompattinam, providing literary evidence for organized coastal societies involved in seafaring and marine economies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Nilakanta Sastri |first=K.A. |title=A History of South India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1955}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Epigraphic and historical references ==<br /> Early inscriptions in Tamil and Sri Lanka refer to coastal maritime populations involved in naval and fishing activities. Historical records identify the Karaiyar as an influential coastal community with roles in naval warfare, maritime trade, and coastal administration, particularly during the medieval period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Indrapala |first=K. |title=The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Medieval chronicles such as the ''Yalpana Vaipava Malai'' and regional inscriptions refer to coastal chiefs and maritime groups associated with naval activity and control of coastal regions, which scholars identify with Karaiyar populations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Raghavan |first=M.D. |title=Tamil Culture in Ceylon |publisher=Kalai Nilayam |year=1962}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Maritime and naval role ==<br /> The Karaiyar historically played a significant role in naval warfare, fishing, and maritime trade. Their coastal settlements were strategically located along major trade routes, contributing to maritime commerce and political authority in coastal regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> European colonial records also describe Karaiyar communities as experienced seafarers and coastal inhabitants engaged in fishing and maritime occupations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Arasaratnam |first=Sinnappah |title=Maritime India in the Seventeenth Century |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{See also|Timeline of the Kurukulam}}<br /> <br /> === Ancient era ===<br /> The Karaiyar, are among the old coastal communities who inhabited the ''Neithal'' [[Sangam landscape]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp_la9QMGIQC|title=The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia|last=David|first=Kenneth|date=1977-01-01|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110807752|pages=203|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Sangam literature|ancient Tamil literature]] mentions several coastal populations, but does not contain any direct references to the Karaiyars.<br /> <br /> Migration of Karaiyars from [[South India]] to [[Sri Lanka]] started from around second century BCE.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The earliest reference to them could be the 1st century BCE [[Abhayagiri vihāra|Tamil Householders Terrace]], [[Pali]] inscription in [[Anuradhapura]] referring to several Tamil chiefs including one named &quot;''Dameda navika Karava''&quot;, translated as &quot;''Tamil Karayar sailor''&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb4LAAAAIAAJ|title=Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction|last=Raghavan|first=M. D.|date=1971|publisher=Kalai Nilayam|pages=53, 138|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pvpAAAAMAAJ|title=Ancient Anuradhapura: The Monastic City|last=Seneviratna|first=Anuradha|date=1994|publisher=Archaeological Survey Department, Government of Sri Lanka|isbn=9789559159025|pages=288|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Purananuru]]'' mentions &quot;Karaiyavar&quot;, but not as a coastal population; in the later literature, the word came to be identified with coastal people.<br /> <br /> === Medieval era ===<br /> Several inscriptions mention high-ranked military officials under the title ''Kurukulattaraiyan'' (meaning &quot;King of Kurukulam&quot;). An inscription in Tirumukkudal, [[Tamil Nadu]] mentions a notability named Kurukulattaraiyan who 'wore a golden anklet' as the commander of the army of [[Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa|Vijayabahu I]] (11th century AD) who ended the Chola rule in Sri Lanka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Raghavan|first=M. D.|title=The Karāva of Ceylon: Society and Culture|date=1961|publisher=K.V.G. De Sīlva|pages=5, 13, 195|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dravidian Settlements in Ceylon and the Beginnings of the Kingdom of Jaffna|last=Indrapala|first=Karthigesu|date=1965|publisher=University of London|pages=109–110, 371, 373|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another Kurukulattaraiyan, ''Choran'' ''Uyyaninraduvan'', the minister of [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan]] (13th century AD) is mentioned as gifting land and making offerings for the [[Ninra Narayana Perumal temple]] in an epigraphy of the temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Kanyakumari, Madras and Madurai Districts|last=Mahalingam|first=T. V.|date=1989|publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research|pages=156|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same minister is also mentioned in an inscription issued by [[Jatavarman Kulasekaran I]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Pāṇḍyan Kingdom from the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century|last=Sastri|first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta|date=1929|publisher=Luzac|pages=154–155|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to an account given in the ''[[Mukkara Hatana]]'' manuscript, a battalion of 7740 Karaiyar soldiers came from [[Coromandel Coast|Kurumandalam]] in Southern India, and defeated the [[Mukkuvar]]s (another coastal community) and [[Sri Lankan Moors|Sonakars]] (Tamil Muslims).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXdAAAAAIAAJ|title=A Short History of Hinduism in Ceylon: And Three Essays on the Tamils|last=Navaratnam|first=C. S.|publisher=Sri Sammuganatha Press|year=1964|pages=176|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Yalpana Vaipava Malai]]'' states that [[Parakramabahu VI of Kotte]] invited Karaiyar battalions to facilitate trade with other countries. The Karaiyars also formed alliances with coastal military castes from [[Tamil Nadu]] such as the [[Maravar]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUVuAAAAMAAJ|title=Life on the Outside: The Tamil Diaspora and Long-distance Nationalism|last=Fuglerud|first=Øivind|date=1999|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9780745314389|location=University of Oslo|pages=160|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Maravars who had strong influence in Northern Sri Lanka, established themselves as trading and sea lords and assimilated into the Karaiyar caste.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Historisation of the martial ideology of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam (LTTE)|last=Schalk|first=Peter|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=20|issue=2|year=1997|location=Uppsala University|pages=53|doi=10.1080/00856409708723295}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 13th century inscription of [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I]] in [[Tharangambadi]], [[Tamil Nadu]] makes a reference to the Karaiyars along with the mercantile guild ''Patinenvisayattar'' making food offerings to the Masilamaninathar temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSduAAAAMAAJ|title=Tarangampadi (Tranquebar) excavation &amp; conservation report, 2001-2002|last1=Subramanian|first1=T.|last2=Kannan|first2=R.|last3=Archaeology|first3=Tamil Nadu (India) Dept of|date=2003|publisher=Dept. of Archaeology, Govt. of Tamilnadu|pages=3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''Vaiya Padal'' mentions the voyage of a Karaiyar chief known as ''Meekāman'', who traveled with ships loaded with several castes and chiefs, including the Karaiyars who make reference as ''Varunakulaththar.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCUdAAAAMAAJ|title=India in Ceylonese History: Society, and Culture|last=Raghavan|first=M. D.|date=1964|publisher=Asia Publishing House|pages=53, 143|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCJSAQAAIAAJ|title=The cult of the goddess Pattini|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|date=1984|publisher=University Of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226616025|pages=571|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another Karaiyar chief also known as Meekāman is credited for leading a troop of [[Chola dynasty|Chola soldiers]] and defeating the powerful [[Mukkuvar]] chiefs ''Vediarasan'' and ''Meera''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tG1AAAAIAAJ|title=Tamil Culture|date=1953|publisher=Academy of Tamil Culture|pages=307|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to one version was this strife caused because of a [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] ruler who sent Meekaman to obtain a Naga [[gemstone]] for [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]] (the heroine of [[Silappatikaram]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; A destroyed fort at [[Neduntheevu]], the [[Delft Island fort]] is locally known as ''Meekaman kōttai'', and is thought to have been the fort of Meekaman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zH4aAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=mikamam|title=Journal of the Sri Lanka Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|last=Society|first=Sri Lanka Branch of the Royal Asiatic|date=1969|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, Sri Lanka Branch.|pages=2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Mattakallappu Manmiyam]], [[Kalinga Magha]] (founder of [[Aryacakravarti dynasty]]) gave the principality of [[Mannar District|Mannar]] to those of the Kurukulam lineage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Karaiyars in alliance with the [[Paravar]]s were in control of the port-based trade and the [[Pearl hunting|pearl fishery]] conducted in the [[Gulf of Mannar]] under the [[Jaffna Kingdom]], which were one of the worlds major pearl fisheries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJHYAAAAMAAJ|title=Soixante ans de pentecôtisme en Alsace (1930-1990): une approche socio-historique|last=Pfister|first=Raymond|date=1995|publisher=P. Lang|isbn=9783631486207|pages=165, 166, 174|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xc8oW6pedrwC|title=Portuguese Encounters with Sri Lanka and the Maldives: Translated Texts from the Age of Discoveries|last=Silva|first=Chandra Richard De|date=2009|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9780754601869|pages=109, 137|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Colonial era ===<br /> [[File:Statue of king Cankili II.JPG|thumb|Statue of king [[Cankili II]] in [[Jaffna]]]]<br /> The Karaiyars were by the Portuguese described as the most &quot;warlike&quot; tribe and their chiefs as most serious adversaries of the [[Portuguese Ceylon|colonial Portuguese]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmgMAQAAMAAJ|title=International quarterly for Asian studies|last=Seeland|first=Klaus|date=1993|publisher=Weltform Verlag.|pages=266|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Karaiyars revolted six times against the [[Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom|Portuguese in the conquest of the Jaffna kingdom]], who aligned and also commanded over the troops of [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayak Kingdom]], whose king was [[Raghunatha Nayak]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E08HAQAAIAAJ|title=Journal of Tamil Studies|date=1981|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|pages=44|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first revolt led by a Karaiyar chieftain who was defeated near [[Nallur, Jaffna|Nallur]] by [[Phillippe de Oliveira]] and his army.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The second revolt against them was led by the Karaiyar chief [[Migapulle Arachchi]], a [[Feudalism|feudal lord]] of [[Jaffna Kingdom]] who also led the third revolt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BFXAAAAMAAJ|title=Ceylon: The Portuguese Era, Being the History of the Island for the Period 1505-1658|last=Pieris|first=Paulus Edward|date=1914|publisher=Colombo apothecaries Company, Limited, printers|pages=130|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H0BuAAAAMAAJ|title=Von Jaffna nach Kilinocchi: Wandel des politischen Bewusstseins der Tamilen in Sri Lanka|last=Hellmann-Rajanayagam|first=Dagmar|date=2007|publisher=Ergon|isbn=9783899135442|pages=104, 134|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; A later revolt was started by the Karaiyars and the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayak troops]] of over 5000 men, commanded by the Karaiyar chief, ''[[Varunakulattan]]'', one described by the Portuguese as being of kingly status.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GD_6ka-aYuQC|title=Nayaks of Tanjore|last=Vriddhagirisan|first=V.|date=1995|publisher=University of Annamalai|isbn=9788120609969|pages=91|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlocAAAAMAAJ|title=The Tamils in Early Ceylon|last=Sivaratnam|first=C.|date=1968|pages=163|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Portuguese ordered [[Cankili II]], king of [[Jaffna Kingdom]], to surrender the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayak soldiers]] and Varunakulattan (who is described as &quot;''King'' ''of Careas''&quot;). However Cankili II did not surrender them as they had come on his request, and were later on defeated by the Portuguese.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4sluAAAAMAAJ|title=The Period of Eight Kings|last=Rambukwelle|first=P. B.|date=1996|publisher=P.B. Rambukwelle|isbn=9789559556527|pages=96|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upon defeat were significant numbers of Karaiyars along with the [[Nair]]s and [[Karava]]s appointed as [[Lascarins]] under Portuguese rule, and were converted to [[Catholicism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-xQ8qk9mgYC|title=Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Indentities|last=Wickramasinghe|first=Nira|date=2006|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824830168|pages=13|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Jaffna Peninsula|Jaffna region]], the Karaiyars were a dominant caste and were considered as upper-class in the social hierarchy, where conversion to Christianity of sections of them allowed them to grow closer to the Portuguese in power.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Eva Gerharz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7JEAwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-69280-5|page=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the expulsion of the Portuguese, was the growing [[Dutch Ceylon|Dutch rule]] revolted in 1658 in the [[Jaffna Peninsula|Jaffna region]] by the Christian Karaiyars and [[Madapalli]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGSGAAAAIAAJ|title=Rivalry and Conflict: European Traders and Asian Trading Networks in the 16th and 17th Centuries|last1=Veen|first1=Ernst van|last2=Blussé|first2=Leonard|date=2005|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=9789057891045|pages=116|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Dutch people|Dutch]] minister of the 17th century, [[Philippus Baldaeus]], described the Karaiyars, Madapallis and [[Sri Lankan Vellalar|Vellalars]] among the influential classes of the Christians.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Elite Karaiyars were appointed to the rank of [[Ceylonese Mudaliyars|Mudaliyars]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qExuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Sri Lankan Tamils: ethnicity and identity|last1=Manogaran|first1=Chelvadurai|last2=Pfaffenberger|first2=Bryan|date=1994|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=9780813388458|pages=34, 36|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Karaiyar dominance got weakened through the political rise of the [[Sri Lankan Vellalar|Vellalars]] under [[Dutch Ceylon|Dutch rule]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2puAAAAMAAJ|title=Ceylon and the Dutch, 1600-1800: External Influences and Internal Change in Early Modern Sri Lanka|last=Arasaratnam|first=Sinnappah|date=1996-01-01|publisher=n Variorum|isbn=9780860785798|pages=390|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XotuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=karaiyar|title=South Indian Studies|last=Soundra Pandian|first=Mathias Samuel|date=1997|publisher=Chithira Publishers|location=Madras Institute of Development Studies|pages=168|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Eva Gerharz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7JEAwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-69280-5|page=41}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For centuries have the Karaiyars had sea-trade relations with [[India]] but also [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]], which has been heavily restricted since [[British Ceylon|British rule]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Bound and the NonBound: Variations in Social and Cultural Structure in Rural Jaffna, Ceylon|last=Kenneth Andrew|first=David|year=1972|location=The University of Chicago|pages=142}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Modern era ===<br /> In the 20th century, the Karaiyar were the second largest group of voters among the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] after the Vellalar.&lt;ref name=&quot;SHH_BMM_2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=S. H. Hasbullah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grMjo9Opu14C|title=Sri Lankan Society in an Era of Globalization|author2=Barrie M. Morrison|publisher=SAGE|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7619-3221-5|pages=106–107}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Karaiyars formed around 10% of the population, while the dominant Vellalars constituted about 50% of the population. The Karaiyars dominated the political scene of the Tamils in the late 20th century through the liberation struggle for an independent [[Tamil Eelam]] state for Tamils as a result of government sponsored riots and acts such as the [[1958 anti-Tamil pogrom]] and the [[Policy of standardisation|Standardisation act]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hellmann-Rajanayagam|first=Dagmar|date=1993|title=The Jaffna Social System: Continuity and Change under Conditions of War|journal=Internationales Asienforum|language=en|volume=24|issue=3–4|pages=269–278}}&lt;/ref&gt; Educated Karaiyar youths from [[Jaffna Peninsula]] took to [[Militant|militancy]] as means of protest and formed separatist groups such as [[Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization|TELO]], [[Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students|EROS]], [[Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front|EPRLF]] and the world renowned [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]], also widely known as the Tamil Tigers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Samaranāyaka|first=Gāmiṇi|title=Political Violence in Sri Lanka, 1971-1987|date=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-1003-4|pages=230|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> That the core leadership of the LTTE had Karaiyar origin, (e.g. the leader of the LTTE, [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]] was a Melongi Karaiyar), enabled them to develop a strong [[Sea Tigers|Sea Tiger]] force due to their traditional knowledge on seafaring and the waterways of the [[Palk Strait]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hashim|first=Ahmed|title=When Counterinsurgency Wins: Sri Lanka's Defeat of the Tamil Tigers|date=2013-06-03|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-4452-6|pages=166|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They benefited greatly from their kinship and long trade relation with the seafaring and militant communities of the [[Coromandel Coast]], enabling them to set up training camps in coastal regions of [[Tamil Nadu]] and exploit the sea for weapon smuggling.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Markovits|first1=Claude|title=Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950|last2=Pouchepadass|first2=Jacques|last3=Subrahmanyam|first3=Sanjay|date=2006|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-231-4|pages=87|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Through their kinship to the Karaiyar landlord class in [[Batticaloa District|Batticaloa]] region, the LTTE also gained recruitment of Eastern Tamils.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Although having a significant Karaiyar representation, the LTTE promoted Tamil unity through anti-casteism and recruited without caste and regional distinctions, and thus ensured them to be the representative of the Tamil society as a whole compared to the other [[List of Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups|Tamil militant groups]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Derges|first=Jane|title=Ritual and Recovery in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka|date=2013-05-20|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-21487-5|pages=76|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Customs ==<br /> [[File:Karava Makara Kodiya.JPG|thumb|286x286px|The [[Karava heraldry|Makara flag]] of the Karaiyars]]<br /> The Karaiyars were assigned the western section (present day [[Gurunagar]]) and the [[harbor]]s of the [[Jaffna Kingdom]]. The Karaiyars formed the [[general]]s of the Jaffna kings and officered the [[navy]] of the [[Aryacakravarti dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS4OAQAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of the world's minorities|last=Skutsch|first=Carl|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781579584702|pages=1184|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They used the [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]] as emblem, the mount of their clan deity, the sea god [[Varuna]], which was also seen on their flags.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2FhAAAAMAAJ|title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka|date=1993|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka|pages=137|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kannaki Amman]] is one of the chief deity of the Hindu Karaiyars whereas [[Francis Xavier]] and [[Virgin mary]] are one of the chief saints of the Christian Karaiyars.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Karaiyars in [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Sri Lanka]] are classified into two groups: the ''Meelongi'' and the ''Keelongi''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbZIAAAAYAAJ|title=Merchants, markets and the state in early modern India|last=Subrahmanyam|first=Sanjay|date=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=198|isbn=978-0-19-562569-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Efn|1= Excerpt about the Karaiyar subcastes, from ''Merchants, markets and the state in early modern India'': The karaiyar had a less sharp distinction between melongi (i.e. those who aim high) and kilongi (those who aim low).}} The Melongi Karaiyars are some areas known as ''Thevar Karaiya''r and ''Kurukula Karaiyar'', who were descendants of commanders, while Keelongi Karaiyars were descendants of the army's soldiers and workers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=David|first=Kenneth|year=1973|title=Spatial Organization and Normative Schemes in Jaffna, Northern Sri Lanka|url=http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/3393|journal=Modern Ceylon Studies|publisher=University of Ceylon|volume=4: 1 &amp; 2}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Karaiyars in [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Sri Lanka]] like other castes are divided into ''kudi's'' or matrilineal clans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AO_WBQAAQBAJ|title=Life Beyond Survival: Social Forms of Coping After the Tsunami in War-affected Eastern Sri Lanka|last=Thurnheer|first=Katharina|date=2014-06-30|publisher=Transcript Verlag|isbn=9783839426012|pages=143|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Eastern Karaiyars almost exclusively also use the term ''Vaiyittu Var'' (Tamil for &quot;womb-tie&quot;) as a synonymous term for ''kudi'' or clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=McGilvray|first=Dennis B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgHIiEtdVFAC|title=Crucible of Conflict: Tamil and Muslim Society on the East Coast of Sri Lanka|date=2008-04-16|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822389187|location=|pages=26, 192|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The chieftains and village headmen of the Karaiyars held the title ''Pattankattiyar'', meaning &quot;''One who is crowned&quot;'' in Tamil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://agarathi.com/word/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF|title=பட்டங்கட்டி {{!}} அகராதி {{!}} Tamil Dictionary|website=agarathi.com|others=University of Madras Lexicon|access-date=2017-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0cqAAAAMAAJ|title=Modern Ceylon Studies|date=1975|publisher=Peradeniya Campus|location=University of Ceylon|pages=48|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other titles they used were ''Adappanar'', ''[[Mudaliar]]'', [[Pillai (surname)|''Pillai'']], ''Kurukulattan'' and ''Varunakulattan''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=K|first=Arunthavarajah|date=March 2014|title=The Administration of Jaffna Kingdom- A Historical View|url=http://ijbarr.com/downloads/2014/vol2-issue3/5.pdf|journal=International Journal of Business and Administration Research Review|publisher=University of Jaffna|volume=2|issue=3|pages=32|archive-date=6 December 2017|access-date=23 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005840/http://ijbarr.com/downloads/2014/vol2-issue3/5.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCFRAQAAIAAJ|title=Cambridge South Asian Studies|date=1965|publisher=Cambridge South Asian Studies|isbn=9780521232104|location=University of Cambridge|pages=27|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73msCkfD5V8C|title=Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order|last=Pandian|first=Jacob|date=1987|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9780861321360|pages=109|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Adappans along with the Pattankattiyar were headmen who were responsible of the [[harbor]]s and [[Pearl Fishery Coast|pearl fishery]] of the northern and western parts of [[Sri Lanka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNuAAAAMAAJ|title=Northern Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the 19th century|last=Bastiampillai|first=Bertram|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Godage International Publishers|isbn=9789552088643|pages=94|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xG5DAAAAYAAJ|title=Nān̲kāvatu An̲aittulakat Tamil̲ārāycci Makānāṭṭu nikal̲ccikaḷ, Yāl̲ppāṇam, Can̲avari, 1974|last=Vithiananthan|first=S.|date=1980|publisher=An̲aittulakat Tamil̲ārāycci Man̲r̲a Ilaṅkaik Kiḷai|pages=44, 47|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the hand of the powerful maritime trading clans of the Karaiyars, the emergence of [[Urban area|urban centers]] known as ''pattanam'' were seen. [[Pattanavar]] (literally meaning &quot;pattanam-residents&quot;), is an almost extinct caste name also used by the Karaiyars. [[Mudaliar]] (meaning &quot;capitalist&quot;) were conferred on the maritime elite trading clans of the Karaiyars as [[Imperial, royal and noble ranks|titles of nobility]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Domestic worker|domestic servants]] of the Karaiyars, who are known as ''Kudimakkal'' include the castes of [[Ambattan|''Ambattar'']], ''[[Vannar]]'', ''Maraiyar'' and ''Nattuvar''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ifjAAAAMAAJ|title=Kurukshetra|date=1976|publisher=Sri Lak-Indo Study Group|location=University of Michigan|pages=60|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They gave importance in their ritual roles as officiators under the wedding and funeral.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMWGiJLptNoC|title=Ritual and Recovery in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka|last=Derges|first=Jane|date=2013-05-20|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136214882|pages=77|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Tamils|India|Hinduism}}<br /> * [[Caste system in Sri Lanka]]<br /> * [[Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist|1}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Sri Lankan Tamil people}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil castes]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paradeep_Assembly_constituency&diff=524317 2026-04-19T19:38:35Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Started New Page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Paradeep}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Paradeep<br /> | state = [[Odisha]]<br /> | constituency_no = 101<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = 101-Paradeep.svg<br /> | map_caption = Paradeep Assembly constituency in [[Jagatsinghpur district]]<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | division = Central Division<br /> | district = [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]<br /> | established = 2009<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = Sampad Chandra Swain 2024.jpg<br /> | mla = [[Sampad Chandra Swain]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | electors = 2,20,649{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Paradeep''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Jagatsinghpur district]], [[Odisha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&amp;cid=101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419051223/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&amp;cid=101|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Paradeep (101) District: Jagatsinghpur|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This constituency includes [[Paradeep]], Kujang block and 7 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Amberi, Kolar, Samantarapur, Poragadei, Manijanga, Bodhei and Jadatira) of Tirtol block.&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The constituency was formed in 2008 Delimitation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Delimitation 2008 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and went for polls in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]].<br /> <br /> ==Elected members==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|51.55}}<br /> {{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.73}}<br /> {{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|59.15}}<br /> {{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.21}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Since its formation in 2009, 4 elections have been held till date.<br /> <br /> List of members elected Paradeep constituency are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Paradeep Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/paradeep.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paradeep Assembly Election Results 2024: Paradeep Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/paradeep-constituency-result-18101 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[Sampad Chandra Swain]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Sambit Routray]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Damodar Rout]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> Voting was held on 1 June 2024 in the 4th phase of the Odisha Assembly Election &amp; 7th phase of the Indian General Election. The counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Sampad Chandra Swain]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Geetanjali Routray by a margin of 15,787 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> |title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Paradeep}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Sampad Chandra Swain]]<br /> |votes = 84,518<br /> |percentage = 51.55<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Gitanjali Routray<br /> |votes = 68,731<br /> |percentage = 41.92<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Niranjan Nayak<br /> |votes = 7,610<br /> |percentage = 4.64<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 491<br /> |percentage = 0.3<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 15,787<br /> |percentage = 9.63<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,63,951<br /> |percentage = 74.3<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2019 ===<br /> In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sambit Routray]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Arindam Sarkhel by a margin of 20,992 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> |title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Paradeep}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Sambit Routray]]<br /> |votes = 69,871<br /> |percentage = 44.73<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Arindam Sarkhel<br /> |votes = 48,879<br /> |percentage = 31.29<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Sampad Chandra Swain]]<br /> |votes = 35,037<br /> |percentage = 22.43<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 495 <br /> |percentage = 0.32<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 20,992<br /> |percentage = 13.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,56,208<br /> |percentage = 73.73<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2014 ===<br /> In the 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Damodar Rout]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Arindam Sarkhel by a margin of 38,600 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise Odisha Assembly Election result 2014.|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Paradeep&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Odisha - Paradeep|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18101.htm?ac=101|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Damodar Rout]]<br /> |votes = 85,206<br /> |percentage = 59.15<br /> |change = {{up}}5.94<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Arindam Sarkhel<br /> |votes = 46,606<br /> |percentage = 32.35<br /> |change = {{up}}21.43<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Diptirekha Nayak<br /> |votes = 5,832<br /> |percentage = 4.05<br /> |change = {{up}}1.14<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 926<br /> |percentage = 0.64<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 38,600<br /> |percentage = 26.79<br /> |change = {{up}}2.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 144055<br /> |percentage = 76.63<br /> |change = {{up}}9.01<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 1,87,991<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2009 ===<br /> In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Damodar Rout]] defeated [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate Ramesh Samantaray by a margin of 30,351 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=30351 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Paradeep&lt;ref name=election2009&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Damodar Rout]]<br /> |votes = 66,863<br /> |percentage = 53.21<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Ramesh Samantaray<br /> |votes = 36,512<br /> |percentage = 29.05<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Pramod Kishore Jena<br /> |votes = 13,718<br /> |percentage = 10.92<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Sankhanada Behera<br /> |votes = 3,652<br /> |percentage = 2.91<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 30,351<br /> |percentage = 24.15{{efn|% of total valid votes}}<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,25,681<br /> |percentage = 67.62<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 1,85,874<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Jagatsinghpur district}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}<br /> {{coord|20.29|86.65|display=title}}<br /> <br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paradeep Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Paradeep Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Jagatsinghpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:2009 establishments in Orissa]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doodh_soda&diff=497585 2026-04-19T17:17:00Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Milk based soda drink}}<br /> {{Infobox drink<br /> | image = Doodh Soda.JPG<br /> | caption = Doodh soda made with Sprite and milk<br /> | image_alt = A glass of white carbonated liquid on a wooden table. Next to the glass are a cardboard milk box and plastic bottle of Sprite soda.<br /> | type = [[Soft drink]], [[carbonated milk]]<br /> | origin = England<br /> | ingredients = {{hlist|Soda|milk}}<br /> | related = {{hlist|[[Cream soda]]|[[dirty soda]]|[[egg cream]]|[[ice cream float]]|[[soda gembira]]|[[Milkis]]|[[Pilk]]}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Doodh soda''' ({{Lit|milk soda}} in [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]) is a cold drink made by mixing a lemon- or lime-flavored soda, such as [[Sprite (drink)|Sprite]] or [[7 Up]], with milk. A variant uses a [[cola]]-flavored soda, such as [[Pepsi]] and some use [[cream soda]] such as [[Pakola]]. It is popular in the [[Punjab]] region of both [[Pakistan]] and [[India]], and is especially popular during [[Ramadan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|first=Haneen J. |last=Iqbal |date=2021-04-16 |title=My Iftar Table Isn't Complete Without Doodh Soda |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/doodh-soda |access-date=2023-03-11 |magazine=[[Bon Appétit]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Imtiaz|first=Saba|date=2017-06-20|title=You Should Mix Soda with Milk|url=https://www.eater.com/2017/6/20/15793584/doodh-soda-doodh-7up-milk-pakistan|access-date=2023-03-11|website=[[Eater (website)|Eater]]|language=en|author-link=Saba Imtiaz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |first=Anne|last=Ewbank|title=Doodh Soda|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/doodh-soda-milk|access-date=2023-03-11|website=[[Atlas Obscura]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is considered to be healthier than regular soda, and is often paired with spicy foods.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=May 12, 2022|first= Sharon |last=Benjamin|title=A viral food trend that is a popular summer drink in Pakistan called 'doodh soda' |url=https://gulfnews.com/food/a-viral-food-trend-that-is-a-popular-summer-drink-in-pakistan-called-doodh-soda-1.1652361784604 |access-date=2023-03-11 |work=[[Gulf News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The combination of soda and milk was first created in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] England, and from there it spread to India and Pakistan through the [[British Empire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Struble|first=Cristine|date=2021-04-20|title=What Is Doodh Soda And What Does It Taste Like?|url=https://www.mashed.com/387786/what-is-doodh-soda-and-whats-it-taste-like/|access-date=2023-03-11|website=[[Mashed (website)|Mashed]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Similar drinks using 7 Up and Pepsi have been promoted in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Emery|first=David|date=2023-03-06|title=Is This Vintage '7-Up and Milk' Promotion Real?|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/7-up-and-milk/|access-date=2023-10-29|website=[[Snopes]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wiener-Bronner|first=Danielle|date=2022-12-01|title=Pepsi wants you to drink soda mixed with milk this holiday season|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/01/business/dirty-soda-pepsi/index.html|access-date=2023-10-29|website=[[CNN Business]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Pepsi-based version, nicknamed &quot;[[Pilk]]&quot; in the brand's marketing campaign, has been compared to Doodh soda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://runnermag.ca/2023/02/the-true-meaning-behind-dudh-soda-the-real-pilk/|title=The Runner &amp;#124; the true meaning behind dudh soda, the real &quot;pilk&quot;|website=The Runner|access-date=2024-01-28|author=Sandhu|date=2023-02-03|first=Sukhmani Kaur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thejuggernaut.com/doodh-soda-origins-pepsi-lindsay-lohan-ad|title=In Defense of Doodh Soda|website=The Juggernaut|access-date=2024-01-28|author=Ahsan|date=2022-12-23|first=Sadaf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Preparation ==<br /> There are multiple methods of creating doodh soda. One method is pouring boiling milk into a metal bucket submerged and spun in a container of iced water. Once chilled, the milk is mixed with the soda. Other times, vendors mix the drink by pouring between glasses, aerating the mixture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; At home, people create it by filling a glass with equal parts ice, soda, and milk.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Other ingredients are sometimes added in small amounts such as [[Rooh Afza]], fruit syrup, sugar, honey,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; or the zest of a lemon or lime.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> The drink gained mainstream popualrity due to its mention in the 2025 Indian film ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' by a character named Mohammed Aalam (played by [[Gaurav Gera]]) who rhymed it with a [[jingle]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Desk |first=Trending |date=2026-03-20 |title='Darling dil kyu toda, peelo Aalam soda': Dhurandhar's iconic line made doodh soda a viral drink at theatre stalls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/darling-dil-kyu-toda-peelo-aalam-soda-dhurandhars-iconic-line-made-dhoodh-soda-a-viral-drink-on-theatre-stalls/articleshow/129696627.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Pilk]]<br /> * [[Italian soda]]<br /> * [[Fanta cake]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{soft drink}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian drinks]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani drinks]]<br /> [[Category:Milk-based drinks]]<br /> [[Category:Soft drinks]]<br /> [[Category:Non-alcoholic mixed drinks]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:Carbonated drinks]]<br /> [[Category:Lemon sodas]]<br /> [[Category:Lemon-lime sodas]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malegaon_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=515420 2026-04-19T08:57:09Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Started first details added tags!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Maharashtra}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Malegaon<br /> | map_image = <br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | abolished = 2009<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> }}<br /> '''Malegaon Lok Sabha constituency''' was one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].&lt;ref name=delimitation1976&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2009, It is merged and become part of [[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> <br /> ==Members of Parliament==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=4|{{center|1952: ''Constituency did not exist''}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> | Yadav Narain Jadhav<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}&quot; | <br /> | [[Praja Socialist Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> | Madhavrao Laxmanrao Jadhav<br /> | rowspan=3 style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot;| <br /> | rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=2|[[Zamru Manglu Kahandole]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> | [[Haribahu Shankar Mahale]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}&quot;|<br /> | [[Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> | [[Zamru Manglu Kahandole]]<br /> | rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot;|<br /> | rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> | Sitaram Sayaji Bhoye<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> | [[Haribahu Shankar Mahale]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}&quot;|<br /> | [[Janata Dal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> | [[Zamru Manglu Kahandole]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot;|<br /> | [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> | [[Kacharu Bhau Raut]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> | [[Zamru Manglu Kahandole]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> | [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> | [[Haribahu Shankar Mahale]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}&quot;|<br /> | [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> | [[Harischandra Devram Chavan]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=4 align=center|''2008 Onwards : Constituency does not exist''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Malegaon]]<br /> * [[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency]]<br /> * [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency]]<br /> * [[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> {{coords|20.6|74.5|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Malegaon Lok Sabha constituency}}<br /> [[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chotila_Assembly_constituency&diff=494456 2026-04-16T04:33:05Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{expand list|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Chotila<br /> | mla = Shamjibhai Bhimjibhai Chauhan<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | state = Gujarat<br /> | district = [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]<br /> | established = 1972<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:261940}}&lt;ref name=election2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|2}}<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 63<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chotila''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=gjceo&gt;{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS &amp; Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a part of [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]] district.<br /> <br /> ==List of segments==<br /> This assembly seat represents the following segments&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> # Chotila Taluka<br /> # Muli Taluka<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br /> |Popatbhai Jinjariya<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> |[[Shamji Chauhan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br /> | [[Rutvik Makwana]]&lt;ref name=election2017/&gt;<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> |[[Shamji Chauhan|Shamji Bhimjibhai Chauhan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2022===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2022]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Shamji Chauhan]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 71,039<br /> |percentage = 42.52<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rutvik Makwana]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=43,332|percentage=25.94|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raju Karpada|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=45,397|percentage=27.17|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=15.35|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=167,079|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Chotila&lt;ref name=election2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Rutvik Makwana]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes =79960 <br /> |percentage =53.3 <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dervaliya Zinabhai Najabhai|votes=56073|percentage=37.3|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2581|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = {{formatnum:230619}}<br /> |ref= &lt;ref name=election2017/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2012===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]: Chotila&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Gujarat Assembly Elections : 2012 |publisher=ceo.gujarat.gov.in |accessdate=2015-03-11 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Shamji Chauhan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=72,111|percentage=50.13|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Devjibhai Govindbhai Fatepara]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=60,139|percentage=41.81|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=11,972|percentage=8.32|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,43,854|percentage=71.80|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Surendranagar district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}<br /> {{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|22.43|71.2|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Surendranagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br /> [[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shubh_Sukh_Chain&diff=535475 2026-04-14T10:41:51Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Put up basic info needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|National anthem of the Provisional Government of Free India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox anthem<br /> | title = {{transliteration|hi|Śubh Sukh Cain}}<br /> | transcription = <br /> | english_title = Auspicious Happiness<br /> | image = Seal of Azad Hind.svg<br /> | image_size = 150px<br /> | caption = <br /> | prefix = National<br /> | alt_title = <br /> | country = the [[Provisional Government of Free India]]<br /> | author = [[Abid Ali (Azad Hind Fauj)|Capt. Abid Ali]], Mumtaz Hussain<br /> | lyrics_date = 1943<br /> | composer = [[Ram Singh Thakuri|Capt. Ram Singh Thakuri]]<br /> | music_date = <br /> | adopted = 1943<br /> | until = 18 August 1945<br /> | sound =<br /> | sound_title = Audio<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shubh Sukh Chain''', also romanised as '''Śubh Sukh Cain''' ({{IPA|hi|ʃʊbʱ sʊkʰ tʃɛːn|lang}}; {{lit|Auspicious Happiness}}), was the national anthem of the [[Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]].<br /> <br /> The song was based on a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] poem [[Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata]] by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. When [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] shifted to Southeast Asia from Germany in 1943, he, with the help of Mumtaz Hussain, a writer with the Azad Hind Radio, and Colonel [[Abid Hasan|Abid Hasan Safrani]] of the [[Indian National Army|INA]], rewrote [[Tagore]]’s Jana Gana Mana into the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] Shubh Sukh Chain for use as the national anthem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://acrazymindseye.wordpress.com/2010/11/03/the-morning-song-of-india | title=The Morning Song of India | date=3 November 2010 | publisher=wordpress.com| accessdate=2010-11-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bose then went to what was then the INA broadcasting station at the Cathay Building in Singapore and asked [[Ram Singh Thakuri|Capt. Ram Singh Thakuri]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/freedom/19ram.htm | title=Capt. Ram Singh Thakuri's interview| publisher=Rediff on NET}}&lt;/ref&gt; to compose the music for a song translated from Rabindranath Tagore's original Bengali score. He asked him to give the song a martial tune.<br /> <br /> India attained independence on 15 August 1947, and the next morning [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] unfurled the tricolour on the ramparts of the Red Fort and addressed the nation. It was on this occasion that Captain Thakuri was invited to play the tune of Shubh Sukh Chain along with the members of his orchestra group.&lt;ref name=&quot;tribune2002&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title=A tribute to the legendary composer of National Anthem | newspaper=The Tribune | date=2002-05-04 | accessdate = 2008-11-10 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020504/windows/main2.htm | quote=Snippet: ''... Capt Ram Singh would be remembered for his composition of Jana Gana Mana, the original script of which was a little different. It was Sukh Chain Kee Barkha Barse, Bharat Bagiya Hai Jaga. ...''}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> During the [[Indian independence movement]], the song [[Vande Mataram]] was frequently sung at protest meetings, including the proclamation of the [[Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]] in Singapore in October 1943. Some Muslims were, however, not comfortable with the expressly Hindu metaphors used in the song, and disliked the book, [[Anandamath]], in which it had been first published. The leaders of the [[Indian National Army]] in Singapore were aware of this problem, and hoped that [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], the head of the INA and the Azad Hind, would settle it. [[Lakshmi Sahgal]], who was an INA member, favoured the selection of [[Jana Gana Mana]], which was composed by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and had been sung at sessions of the [[Indian National Congress]]. She arranged to have it sung at a women's meeting attended by Bose. Bose was taken by the song, which he thought was nationally representative. However, he did not like that the song was in [[Sanskritized]] Bengali, and commissioned a free translation to Hindustani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | last=Fay | first=Peter Ward | title=The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence 1942-1945 | publisher=University of Michigan Press | place=Ann Arbor | year=1995 | isbn=0-472-08342-2}}, pp. 230-234&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The translation, ''Shubh Sukh Chain'', was written by Captain [[Abid Hasan|Abid Hasan Safrani]], and its score composed by Captain [[Ram Singh Thakuri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tribune2002&quot; /&gt; It took Vande Mataram's place as the official national anthem of the Provisional Government, and was sung at all meetings, including at the final assembly before Bose's departure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | last=Fay | first=Peter Ward | title=The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence 1942-1945 | publisher=University of Michigan Press | place=Ann Arbor | year=1995 | isbn=0-472-08342-2}}, p. 380&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 24 January 1950,&lt;ref&gt;[http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm Volume XII. Tuesday, 24 January 1950. Online Transcript, Constituent Assembly Debates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173243/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; President-elect [[Rajendra Prasad]] announced the final decision that [[Jana Gana Mana]] would be the national anthem of India.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Jana Gana Mana]], the National Anthem of India<br /> * [[Vande Mataram]], the National Song of India<br /> * [[Amar Shonar Bangla]], the National Anthem of Bangladesh<br /> * [[Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja]], the March of Indian National Army<br /> * [[Abid Hasan]]<br /> * [[Ram Singh Thakuri|Capt. Ram Singh Thakuri]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Nationalanthemsofasia}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian patriotic songs]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Army]]<br /> [[Category:Azad Hind]]<br /> [[Category:Memorials to Rabindranath Tagore]]<br /> [[Category:Historical national anthems]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amader_Ei_Poth_Jodi_Na_Sesh_Hoy&diff=485755 2026-04-12T11:52:12Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Bengali Language Drama comedy romance}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Ei Poth Jodi Na Sesh Hoy (Zee Bangla).jpg<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2022|12|09}}<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2021|04|12}}<br /> | company = Crazy Ideas Media<br /> | camera = [[Multi camera]]<br /> | network = [[Zee Bangla]]<br /> | language = Bengali<br /> | country = India<br /> | num_seasons =<br /> | num_episodes = 453<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | alt_name = Amader Ei Poth Jodi Na Sesh Hoy<br /> | screenplay = Anandarupa<br /> | editor = Ayan, Dibakar &amp; Subhadeep<br /> | starring = Annwesha Hazra&lt;br /&gt;Writwik Mukherjee<br /> | producer = Swarnendu Samaddar&lt;br/&gt;Rupa Banerjee<br /> | runtime = 22 minutes<br /> | director = Krish Bose &lt;br/&gt;<br /> Swarnendu Samaddar<br /> | creative_director = Sougata Mukherjee &lt;br&gt; Swarnendu Samadder<br /> | story = Souvik Chakraborty<br /> | creator = Crazy Ideas Media<br /> | genre = [[Drama]] &lt;br&gt; [[Romance film|Romance]] &lt;br&gt; [[Comedy]] &lt;br&gt; [[Family]]<br /> | executive_producer = Priyajeet, Sourav &amp; Abhinandan &lt;br&gt; (Crazy Ideas) &lt;br&gt; Shromona Ghosh &amp; Raima Ganguly &lt;br&gt; (Zee Bangla)<br /> | cinematography = Vivek Ranjan Chatterjee<br /> | theme_music_composer = Nachiketa &amp; Ankita<br /> | voices = Samik<br /> | open_theme = <br /> | related = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Amader Ei Poth Jodi Na Sesh Hoy''' ({{Translation|''What If The Road Taken By Us Doesn't End''}}) is an Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Romance film|Romantic]] [[Comedy]] [[Drama]] television series that aired on the Indian Bengali General Entertainment Channel [[Zee Bangla]] and is also available on the digital platform [[ZEE5]]. It premiered on 12 April 2021 and starred Annwesha Hazra and Writwik Mukherjee. The series was produced by Crazy Ideas Media.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Urmi's journey is interesting and inspirational: Actress Annwesha Hazra on her upcoming show 'Ei Poth Jodi Na Sesh Hoy'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/urmis-journey-is-interesting-and-inspirational-actress-annwesha-hazra-on-her-upcoming-show-ei-poth-jodi-na-sesh-hoy/articleshow/81627651.cms|access-date=2022-07-05|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ঊর্মি, সাত্যকি আর কলকাতার গল্প নিয়ে আসছে 'এই পথ যদি না শেষ হয়'|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/aamader-ei-poth-jodi-na-sesh-hoy-new-serial-connects-story-integrally-kolkata-and-its-sentiment-yellow-taxi-272133-2021-04-06|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Aaj Tak Bangla|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='মহানায়কের বাইকের পিছনে আমি বসে, সত্যিই যদি পথ শেষ না হত...': অন্বেষা|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-anwesha-hazra-baged-a-new-role-as-a-taxi-driver-in-upcoming-mega-ei-poth-jodi-na-sesh-hoy-dgtl/cid/1270341|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Ananda Bazar|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-05|title=হলুদ ট্যাক্সির মনকেমন নিয়ে আসছে নতুন ধারাবাহিক|url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/television/a-new-serial-named-aamader-ei-poth-jodi-na-sesh-hoy-is-coming-347087.html|access-date=2021-04-11|website=TV9 Bangla|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Urmi Rakshit (Sarkar) is the granddaughter of a well-known industrialist, Rajat Shubhra Rakshit. After losing her father at a very young age in a car accident which also made her mother sick for a long time, she was brought up by her paternal aunt and uncle (Gayatree Rakshit and Hirak Subhra Rakshit) who pamper her. But unbeknownst to her, their motives are sinister. It is revealed to the viewers that they orchestrated the car accident in which Urmi's father was killed, and their goal is to keep Urmi under their control so they can ultimately take over her share of the family inheritance. Satyaki Sarkar is a taxi driver hailing from a middle-class joint family. He was a good student but had to give up his dreams in order to take care of his family, but he dreams of having his own app-cab company someday. They fall in love with each other. The rest of the story revolves around how they help each other and take an oath to stay beside each other throughout their lives.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> ===Main===<br /> * [[Anwesha Hazra|Annwesha Hazra]] as Urmi Sarkar (née Rakshit): Late Deepshubhra and Promita's daughter, Satyaki's wife, Hemanta and Shukla's declared daughter.<br /> * Writwik Mukherjee as Satyaki Sarkar aka Tukai: Hemanta and Shukla's son, Urmi's husband, Late Deepshubhra and Promita's son-in-law .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Writwik Mukherjee to play the male lead in 'Ei Poth Jodi Na Sesh Hoy' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/writwik-mukherjee-to-play-the-male-lead-in-ei-poth-jodi-na-sesh-hoy/articleshow/81870482.cms|access-date=2021-04-11|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Recurring===<br /> * Abanti Dutta as Promita Rakshit: Urmi's mother; Satyaki's mother-in-law; Late Deepshubhra's wife; Rajat's eldest daughter-in-law.<br /> * Sumanta Mukherjee as Rajat Shubhra Rakshit (Dadu): Urmi and Vicky's paternal grandfather; A businessman, founder and CEO of Rakshit Industries; Late Deepshubhra, Heerak Shubhra and Alok Shubhra's father; Promita, Gayatree and Kajol's father-in-law; Rama's friend.<br /> * Rajat Ganguly as Shobhon Rakshit: A famous businessman; Urmi's elder paternal granduncle; Damayantee's husband, Rajat's paternal elder cousin brother.<br /> * Tulika Basu as Damayantee Rakshit: Urmi's elder paternal grandaunt; Rajat's paternal elder cousin sister-in-law; Shobhon's wife.<br /> * Anindya Chakrabarti / Avrajit Chakraborty as Heerak Shubhra Rakshit: Urmi's middle uncle 'Kaka', Rajat's middle son, Gayatree's husband, Vicky's father, Rini's father-in-law.<br /> * Nabonita Dey as Gayatree Rakshit (née Ramanujan): Urmi's middle aunt 'Mamoni', Heerak's wife, Vicky's mother, Rini's mother-in-law, Rajat's middle daughter-in-law.<br /> * [[Arindya Banerjee]] / [[Biswabasu Biswas]] as Shubhra Bikash Rakshit aka Vicky: Urmi's elder cousin brother 'Dadabhai', Gayatree and Heerak's only son, Rini's husband, Hemanta and Shukla's declared son.<br /> * Priyam as Alok Shubhra Rakshit: Urmi's younger uncle 'Chhotokaka' aka 'Baghbabaji', Rajat's youngest son, Kajol's husband.<br /> * Debdyuti Ghosh as Kajol Rakshit: Alok's wife, Urmi's younger aunt 'Kakimoni', Rajat's youngest daughter-in-law. <br /> * [[Alokananda Roy]] / [[Kalyani Mondal]] / [[Kumkum Bhattacharya]] as Rama Sarkar: Satyaki's paternal grandmother aka 'Thammi Aunty', Late Ananta's wife, Hemanta and Sushanta's mother.<br /> * Phalguni Chatterjee as Diganta Sarkar: Satyaki's younger paternal granduncle 'Chhordadu', Minu's husband, Jayanta and Bini's father.<br /> * [[Manasi Sinha]] as Mrinalini Sarkar aka Minu: Satyaki's younger paternal grandaunt aka 'Chhoto Thammi'; Diganta's wife, Jayanta and Bini's mother.<br /> * Rohit Mukherjee as Hemanta Sarkar aka Hemu: Satyaki's father, Rama's elder son, Shukla's husband; Urmi's declared father.<br /> * Mayna Banerjee as Shukla Sarkar: Satyaki's mother; Rama's elder daughter-in-law, Hemanta's wife; Urmi's declared mother.<br /> * Pradip Dhar as Sushanta Sarkar aka Bappa: Satyaki's uncle aka 'Mejka', Rama's younger son; Moli's husband; Mumu and Gouri's father; Suman's father-in-law.<br /> * Suchandra Banerjee as Malini Sarkar aka Moli: Satyaki's paternal aunt aka 'Mejoma'; Bappa's wife; Mumu and Gouri's mother; Rama's younger daughter-in-law; Suman's mother-in-law<br /> * [[Dwaipayan Das]] as Jayanta Sarkar aka Chhoton: Satyaki's uncle aka 'Chhotka'; Diganta and Minu's son; Priya's husband; Bini's younger brother.<br /> * Smritika Majumder as Bandana Sarkar aka Bini: Satyaki's aunt, Diganta and Minu's daughter, Sudeep's wife, Mimi's mother.<br /> * Payel Deb as Nandini Chakraborty (née Sarkar) aka Mumu: Satyaki's younger cousin sister, Bappa and Moli's daughter, Gouri's elder sister, Suman's wife.<br /> * [[Mishmee Das]] as Rinita Rakshit aka Rini/Rita (née Biswas) - Satyaki's one-sided lover, neighbour and Satyaki's tuition student, Mimi's bestfriend, Vicky's wife '''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mishmee Das: 'এই পথ যদি না শেষ হয়'তে আর দেখা যাবে না রিনিকে, অভিনয় কেরিয়ারে ইতি 'ক্লান্ত' মিশমির?|url= https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ei-poth-jodi-na-sesh-hoi-fame-mishmee-das-takes-a-break-acting-to-start-a-new-chapter-of-her-life-31643173152277.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220126053426/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ei-poth-jodi-na-sesh-hoi-fame-mishmee-das-takes-a-break-acting-to-start-a-new-chapter-of-her-life-31643173152277.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 26 January 2022|work=Hindustan Times Bangla|date=26 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' '''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Rini aka actress Mishmee Das makes a comeback in 'Amader Ei Poth Jodi Na Sesh Hoy'|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/rini-aka-actress-mishmee-das-makes-a-comeback-in-amader-ei-poth-jodina-sesh-hoy/articleshow/91459178.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 10 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''<br /> * Arpan Paul as Rohit Sarkar aka Gouri: Satyaki's younger cousin brother, Bappa and Moli's son, Mumu's younger brother.<br /> * Tanushree Saha / Liza Sarkar as Riya Sarkar aka Mimi: Satyaki's youngest cousin sister, Bini and Sudeep's daughter.<br /> * [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] as Nantu: The worker of the garage from where Satyaki bought his taxi &quot;Bahandeb&quot;. He's like a family member of Sarkar Paribar and a younger brother to Urmi.<br /> * Kunal Banerjee as Piklu Biswas: Rini's cousin brother, Mimi's lover.<br /> * Arkajyoti Paul Chaudhury as Suman Chakraborty: Mumu's husband, Satyaki's younger cousin brother-in-law, Bappa and Moli's son-in-law, Gouri's elder brother-in-law.<br /> * Shuvanan Dutta as Abhik: Suman's friend <br /> * Ritoja Majumder as Sonali Biswas aka Sona: Shukla's elder sister, Satyaki's maternal aunt 'Sona Mashi'.<br /> * Poonam Basak as Jini: Urmi's friend turned foe cum competitor.<br /> * Chaitali Das as Babli: Urmi's close friend she also turned foe cum competitor.<br /> * Sanghasri Sinha Mitra as Shakuntala Roy: Mumu's Would-be mother in law, But they faced a situation and they rejected Mumu.<br /> * [[Arijita Mukhopadhyay]] as Miss Dutta aka Miss Bhayangkori: The admin head of a school where Satyaki works as a taxi driver.<br /> * Ananda Chowdhury as Sagnik Bose: Kajol's childhood and school friend.<br /> * Anindya Banerjee as Mr.Basu: lawyer who fights case against Satyaki.<br /> * Swarnendu Samaddar as Raja Dutta: a director.<br /> * Lama Halder as Sadananda Mitra: a former criminal minister, Urmi's declared brother.<br /> * Subrata Guha Roy as Ananda Chakroborty: Suman's father.<br /> * Aparajita Ghosh as Chanda Chakroborty: Suman's mother.<br /> * Rhine Ghosh as Parna: Suman's sister.<br /> * Ankita Biswas as Mohona Sengupta aka Meghbalika Mohona.<br /> * Monika Dey as Tojo's mother.<br /> * Riju Biswas as Mr. Pawan Bhatiya.<br /> * Judhajit Banerjee as Sudip: Satyaki's uncle, Diganta and Minu's son-in-law, Bini's husband, Mimi's father.<br /> * Nabomita Chatterjee as Priya Sarkar (née Sharma): Satyaki's aunt aka 'Chhotki'; Diganta and Minu's daughter-in-law; Jayanta's wife; Bini's younger sister-in-law.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/amader-ei-poth-jodi-na-shesh-hoy/0-6-3252/episodes/ '' Ei Poth Jodi Na Sesh Hoy''] at [[ZEE5]]<br /> <br /> {{Zee Bangla}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]<br /> [[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Findlay&diff=503234 2026-04-07T20:44:58Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox person<br /> | name = Hugh Findlay<br /> | image = Hugh_Findlay.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1822|6|9|mf=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Newmilns]], [[Ayrshire]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1900|3|1|1822|6|9|mf=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Fish Haven, Idaho]], [[United States]]<br /> | spouse = {{plainlist|<br /> * Isabella Ratray<br /> * Catherine Ann Partington<br /> * Mary Ellen Smith<br /> * Ane Marie Dorthea Nelson<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hugh Findlay''' (June 9, 1822{{Sndash}}March 2, 1900) was one of the first two [[Mormon missionary|Mormon missionaries]] to enter [[India]] and initiated Mormon missionary work in the [[Shetland Islands]].<br /> <br /> ==Conversion==<br /> Findlay was baptized in [[Dundee]], [[Scotland]],&lt;ref name=Hales/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Findlay lived on Barrack Street in Dundee, Scotland.&lt;/ref&gt; on July 1, 1844, by missionaries from [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. He married Isabella Rattray that same year.&lt;ref name=Pioneer&gt;&quot;The Mormons From Scotland and Wales: Others From Scotland&quot;. ''Our Pioneer Heritage''. Volume 13. Company E.&lt;/ref&gt; Between 1847 and 1848, Isabella and the two little boys she and Findlay had together, James and Ephraim, died in what was probably a [[diphtheria]] epidemic. Both boys were under two years old.<br /> <br /> [[Orson Pratt]] recorded the following about a case of &quot;miraculous healing&quot; involving Findlay in Scotland:[[File:Dundee Parish Church, St Mary's.jpg|thumb|180px|left|St Mary's Parish Church, Dundee, Scotland]]<br /> <br /> {{quote|I have a girl, aged three years, who had for eighteen months been afflicted with convulsive fits ... the child was fearful to behold, almost in continual convulsions by night and day. On the 25th of December last, Elder Hugh Findlay called and [[Anointing|anointed her with oil]] in the name of the Lord and prayed for her, and from that day until now she has never had a fit ... For the truth of which, witness our hands, ...|''James Davidson, Maria Davidson, Hugh Findlay''&lt;ref&gt;[[Orson Pratt|Pratt, Orson]]. ''Divine Authenticity of the Book of Mormon''. Numbers 1-3. Liverpool, 1850.&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> While in [[England]], Findlay engaged in public debates with [[anti-Mormon]] ministers from other faiths.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Theobald, John|title=The overthrow of infidel Mormonism: being a report of the Louth discussion which took place in the Guild Hall, Louth, Lincolnshire, August 28, 29, 30, &amp; September 2, 3, &amp; 6, 1850, between Mr. Hugh Findlay, Mormon elder, from Scotland, and Mr. John Theobald, Primitive Methodist local preacher, temperance advocate, anti-Mormon missionary, author of Mormonism Dissected, &amp;c., to which is added an account of the discussion which took place at Spondon, on the 26th of May, 1848, between Mr. Theobald and Mr. George Henry, Mormon delegate|year=1850|publisher=London : W. Horsell, Aldine Chambers|id=OCLC: 171289016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was serving as a [[district president]] (head of the [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] Conference)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Tullidge, Edward|authorlink=Edward Tullidge|title=Tullidge's Histories, vol. II|publisher=[[Press of the Juvenile Instructor]]|year=1889|page=14}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[England]] when [[Lorenzo Snow]] called him and William Willes to serve a mission in [[South Asia]].&lt;ref&gt;[[B. H. Roberts|Roberts, B.H.]] ''[[Comprehensive History of the Church]]''. Vol.3, Ch.88, p.389&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Christianity in India sidebar}}<br /> <br /> ==Mission==<br /> Findlay and Willes arrived in 1851, seeking to build on reports from early members of the [[Plymouth Brethren]] that India would be a fertile ground for [[Proselytism|proselytization]]. However, almost immediately they were met by opposition from the established Protestant denominations, the press, and military officers and chaplains.&lt;ref name=BYUstudies&gt;Britsch, R. Lanier. &quot;Latter-day Saint Mission to India&quot;. ''Brigham Young University Studies 12, No. 3 (1972)''. See {{cite web |url=http://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/pdfsrc/12.3Britsch.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-04-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529183842/http://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/pdfsrc/12.3Britsch.pdf |archivedate=2008-05-29 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Findlay labored first in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (now Mumbai); Willes travelled up the Ganges to [[Shimla|Simla]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last= Smith |first= George Albert |authorlink= George A. Smith |title= The rise, progress and travels of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints |url= https://archive.org/details/riseprogressand00smitgoog |edition= 2d. |year= 1872 |publisher= Printed at the Deseret News Office |location= Salt Lake City |oclc= 2070492 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:BombayKalbadevieRoad1890.jpg|thumb|left|Kalbadevi Road, an important road in Bombay, in the 19th Century.]]<br /> It took Findlay six months to baptize his first six converts. While in Bombay, he was restricted from all military areas ([[cantonment]]s) and was forbidden to preach to military personnel. In April 1852, he moved on to [[Poona]] (now Pune), 90 miles distant, where he was eventually granted permission to proselyte. The local cantonment commander reasoned that &quot;the less these people are opposed the less harm they would do.&quot;&lt;ref name=BYUstudies/&gt; Findlay was eventually able to organize a branch of twelve members in Poona by mid-September 1852, a mixture of &quot;[[European ethnic groups|European]], Eurasian, and [[Demographics of India|native]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''[[Millennial Star]]'' (London, England), Vol. XIV, pp. 635-36.&lt;/ref&gt; However, in October Findlay was asked to leave the cantonment. He found new quarters in a small shelter in Poona, where he continued to hold meetings with the branch. Several months later, he completed a chapel directly across the street.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Millennial Star]]'' (London, England), Vol. XIV, pp. 654-55.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After being banished from the cantonment, Findlay focused his efforts almost exclusively on the native population. He studied the [[Marathi language]] and spent considerable time discussing religion with a group of [[Brahmin]] intellectuals.&lt;ref name=BYUstudies/&gt;<br /> <br /> Findlay's brother Allan joined him as a missionary in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Tullidge, Edward|authorlink=Edward Tullidge|title=Tullidge's Histories, (volume II)|url=https://archive.org/details/tullidgeshistor00unkngoog|publisher=[[Press of the Juvenile Instructor]]|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|year=1889|page=[https://archive.org/details/tullidgeshistor00unkngoog/page/n80 60]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allan McPherson Findlay, a baker by trade,&lt;ref name=Thornton&gt;Ship Manifest. ''Ship Thornton''. 3 May 1856 Liverpool, England - 14 June 1856 New York, New York. See [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~tolleygenealogy/fthornton.html#findlay].&lt;/ref&gt; was born in New Milns, Scotland, in 1830, and was baptized in November 1846. He accepted Findlay's urgent request to join him in Bombay and Poona, without any official call from the church. He arrived on September 7, 1853, about two years after Findlay.&lt;ref name=JMH&gt;[[R. Lanier Britsch|Britsch, R. Lanier]]. &quot;The 1851-56 Mission to India&quot;. ''[[Journal of Mormon History]]'', Volume 27, Issue 2, Fall 2001&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hugh Findlay and his fellow missionaries ultimately found little success in India. He served in Poona and Bombay for several years, most of it alone.&lt;ref&gt;Britsch, R. Lanier. &quot;The Nobility of Failure&quot;. ''Speeches''. [[Brigham Young University Press]]. 1999. {{cite web |url=http://speeches.byu.edu/reader/reader.php?id=1702 |title=The Nobility of Failure - R. Lanier Britsch |accessdate=2006-02-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901164008/http://speeches.byu.edu/reader/reader.php?id=1702 |archivedate=2006-09-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Brigham Young ordered the mission closed in 1855.&lt;ref&gt;Hunter, Milton R. ''Brigham Young the Colonizer''. Third Edition. 1945, p. 89. {{ISBN|1-4179-6846-X}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Historians have concluded the mission's significance lies is in its failure to secure more than a handful of converts, in contrast with other missions at the time (in Scandinavia and the British Isles) that were extremely successful.&lt;ref&gt;Britsch, R. Lanier. ''Nothing More Heroic: The Compelling Story of the First LDS Missionaries in India'' Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Emigration and settling Utah==<br /> <br /> Findlay completed his mission and departed Bombay on March 15, 1855.&lt;ref name=Pioneer/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Andrew Jenson|Jensen, Andrew]]. ''Church Chronology: A Record of Important Events Pertaining to the History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints''. 1914, p. 53. {{ISBN|1-4179-6854-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; He and a few fellow Mormons emigrated by way of [[Hong Kong]] (where they baptized one convert) to the [[United States]], arriving later that year.&lt;ref name=JMH/&gt; He married 23-year-old Catherine Ann Partington&lt;ref&gt;According to Sons of the Utah Pioneers-Utah, Pioneer Companies, Catherine arrived in Salt Lake City on September 15, 1853, at age 20, as part of the McIawson Company with her father ([[Ralph Partington]]), two brothers (James and William) and her sister (Sarah).&lt;/ref&gt; on March 25, 1856, in the [[Endowment House]]. Brigham Young performed the ceremony.&lt;ref name=photo&gt;{{cite book |title= Pioneer Photographers of the Far West: A Biographical Dictionary, 1840-1865 |last =Palmquist |first= Peter E. |author2=Kailbourn, Thomas R. |year= 2000 |publisher= Stanford University Press |location= Stanford, Calif |isbn= 9780804738835 |oclc= 44089346 |pages= 228–229 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:FindlayMatches.jpg|thumb|left|Findlay's Match Manufactory, Main Street, Salt Lake City.]]<br /> The couple helped settle [[Riverdale, Utah]], where Hugh made a living by manufacturing and selling [[match]]es.&lt;ref name=Riverdale/&gt; They eventually had nine children together.&lt;ref name=Hales&gt;&quot;Hugh Findlay&quot;. ''Ancestors of Sarah Ellen HALES''. https://web.archive.org/web/20071001185011/http://www.geocities.com/halesnelsongen/aqwg05.htm. Accessed 13 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1857 Findlay began practicing plural marriage when he married 16-year-old Mary Ellen Smith, with whom he eventually had seven children.&lt;ref name=Hales/&gt; In 1858, he became Riverdale's first school teacher,&lt;ref name=Riverdale&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.riverdalecity.com/about/history.htm |title=Judkins, Lucille Child. &quot;A History of Riverdale&quot;. March 1972 |access-date=2006-02-08 |archive-date=2013-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219155732/http://www.riverdalecity.com/about/history.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and in 1860 he joined a bishopric in Riverdale as a counselor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= History of Utah |last= Whitney |first= Orson F. |authorlink= Orson F. Whitney |year=1904 |publisher= G. Q. Cannon |location= Salt Lake City |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C0cOAAAAIAAJ/page/n284 287] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_C0cOAAAAIAAJ }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also at one time the president of the &quot;17th Ward Silk Producing Society&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Home Manufacture&quot;. ''Our Pioneer Heritage''. Volume 12. The Year of 1868. Company E.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 1862, Hugh Findlay's 19-year-old brother-in-law, Jared Smith, was killed in the [[Morrisite War]]. Smith had been engaged to Ane Marie Dorthea Nelson, a 19-year-old Danish immigrant. The next month, Findlay married Ane Marie. They had three children together and raised them as if they were Jared's.<br /> <br /> By 1864, Findlay was in Salt Lake City manufacturing and selling matches at a store on Main Street.&lt;ref&gt;West side of Main Street, between 100 South and 200 South.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= Almanac for the Year 1864 |last= Phelps |first= W.W. |authorlink= W.W. Phelps |year= 1864 |publisher= Printed at Deseret News Office |location= Great Salt Lake City, Utah |quote= Hugh Findlay, First Prize Matches, wholesale and retail, west side of Main street, 14th ward; also blacking |page= 16}}&lt;/ref&gt; An 1865 ''Deseret News'' advertisement noted he sold other products as well, including [[Stereoscopy|stereoscopic boxes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= Advertisement |newspaper= Deseret News |location= Salt Lake City |date= February 15, 1865 |quote= SOMETHING NEW IN UTAH! AT FINDLEY'S [sic] MUSIC STORE. An Exhibition of the latest improvement of the Stereoscopia [sic] and Panoramic arts, comprising a Choice Selection of Transparent and Large Scenes, at once amusing and interesting to old and young. ... This Exhibition, with an extensive change of Views and rich Fittings, is offered for Sale, presenting a rare chance for remunerative speculation. A Few stereoscopic Boxes and Views For Sale, a pleasing parlor entertainment }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Allan emigrated to the U.S. via [[Liverpool, England]], sailing on the Ship Thornton to [[New York City]].&lt;ref name=Thornton/&gt; On the second day at sea, 26-year-old Allan married Jessie Ireland,&lt;ref&gt;See {{cite web |url=http://handcart.byu.edu/ |title=Willie Handcart Company Chronology |accessdate=2006-08-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819065019/http://handcart.byu.edu/ |archivedate=2006-08-19 }}. Accessed 13 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; a 28-year-old whom the ship's manifest identified as a [[spinster]], although they had been dating for about ten years.&lt;ref name=Thornton/&gt; They rendezvoused in New York with Allan and Hugh's mother (Mary McPherson Findlay), then headed west. Although they crossed the plains with the ill-fated [[Willie Handcart Company]],&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Immigration to Utah,&quot; ''[[Deseret News]]'', 15 October 1856, 254.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Journal History'', 9 November 1856, p. 25&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;James G. Willie Company (1856)&quot;. ''Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel, 1847–1868''. churchofjesuschrist.org. [https://history.churchofjesuschrist.org/blog/the-mormon-pioneer-overland-travel-database?lang=eng]. Accessed 13 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; all three survived and made it to [[Salt Lake City]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Lamentable Accident,&quot; ''[[Deseret Evening News]]'', 5 March 1891, 8.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Later life==<br /> <br /> In the Fall of 1869, [[Brigham Young]] called Findlay and his families to help settle the [[Bear Lake (Idaho-Utah)|Bear Lake]] country. They arrived on May 22, 1870, and along with [[Henry Howell (Latter Day Saints)|Henry Howell]] helped settle [[Fish Haven, Idaho]], where he later served as [[Bishop (Mormonism)|Bishop]].&lt;ref name=Hales/&gt; Ane Marie died in Fish Haven in 1872 at age 29.<br /> <br /> [[File:Lerwick.shetland.2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Lerwick]], main port in the Shetland Islands]]<br /> <br /> In 1878 the church called him to open a mission in the [[Shetland Islands]], an [[archipelago]] northeast of [[Scotland]]. He arrived on January 4, 1879, and on March 31 baptized the islands' first two converts.&lt;ref&gt;Jensen, Andrew. ''Church Chronology: A Record of Important Events Pertaining to the History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints''. 1914, p. 103. {{ISBN|1-4179-6854-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On May 5, 1879, [[Orson Pratt]] (who was also in the British Isles at the time) received a letter from [[John Taylor (Latter Day Saints)|John Taylor]], instructing him to obtain [[electroplate]]s for a new edition of the [[Doctrine &amp; Covenants]]. Findlay and three other men helped him divide the text into verses and supply references.&lt;ref&gt;Davis, Marguirite R. ''History of John Ryder''. The Yancey Family Surname Resource Center. See {{cite web|url=http://geocities.com/Heartland/Acres/7647/jrhist.htm |title=John Rider |accessdate=2010-10-10 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029062834/http://geocities.com/Heartland/Acres/7647/jrhist.htm |archivedate=October 29, 2009 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While in Shetland he was asked to preside over the Scotland Mission. One history records:<br /> <br /> {{quote|He had no money with which to pay his steamboat passage to Scotland, but, true to his unwavering faith, he packed his suitcase, ready to obey, and walked toward the wharf where he was to sail. As he passed the post office, he asked for his mail and received a letter from a strange lady who wrote him of her interest in articles he had written for the [[Millennial Star]] and enclosed for him a five-pound note which was equal to about twenty-five dollars in American money.&lt;ref name=Hales/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> He was released as president of the Scotland Mission in 1880. He returned to his families in Fish Haven, where he served as a [[Patriarch (Latter Day Saints)|Patriarch]]&lt;ref name=Hales/&gt; until his death on March 2, 1900.<br /> <br /> ==Articles==<br /> *{{Cite journal |last= Findlay |first= Hugh |date= 15 January 1882 |title= Ornaments and Dress in India |journal= [[Juvenile Instructor]] |volume= 17 |pages= 29 }}<br /> *{{Cite journal |last= Findlay |first= Hugh |date= 1 February 1882 |title= A Funeral to the East |journal= [[Juvenile Instructor]] |volume= 17 |pages= 43 }}<br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> *{{Cite book |last= Findlay |first= Hugh |title=&quot;The Mormons&quot; Or &quot;Latter-day-Saints&quot;: A Reply |year= 1853 |publisher= Dustur Ashkara Press |location= Bombay |oclc= 20471665 }}<br /> *{{Cite book |last= Findlay |first= Hugh |title= To the Marattas of Hindoostan: A Treatise on the True and Living God and His Religion |year=1855 |publisher= Gunput Crushnajee's Press |location= Bombay |language= Marathi |oclc= 20473523 }}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.riverdalecity.com/about/history.htm History of Riverdale, Utah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219155732/http://www.riverdalecity.com/about/history.htm |date=2013-12-19 }} Municipal History<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060901164008/http://speeches.byu.edu/reader/reader.php?id=1702 BYU Devotional speech]<br /> *[http://shetlopedia.com/Hugh_Findlay Hugh Findlay] on Shetlopedia (the Shetland Encyclopedia)<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Findlay, Hugh}}<br /> [[Category:1822 births]]<br /> [[Category:1900 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Mormon missionaries]]<br /> [[Category:American city founders]]<br /> [[Category:Converts to Mormonism]]<br /> [[Category:Mission presidents (LDS Church)]]<br /> [[Category:Mormon missionaries in England]]<br /> [[Category:Mormon missionaries in India]]<br /> [[Category:British missionaries in India]]<br /> [[Category:Mormon missionaries in Scotland]]<br /> [[Category:Mormon pioneers]]<br /> [[Category:Patriarchs (LDS Church)]]<br /> [[Category:People from Bear Lake County, Idaho]]<br /> [[Category:People from Newmilns]]<br /> [[Category:Scottish emigrants to the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Scottish expatriates in India]]<br /> [[Category:Scottish Latter Day Saints]]<br /> [[Category:Scottish leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]<br /> [[Category:Scottish Mormon missionaries]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Islam&diff=460311 2026-03-29T20:16:11Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: expanded page for clarity and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Islam |culture |width=20.0em}}<br /> The experiences of [[Muslim]] [[women]] ({{Langx|ar|مسلمات}} ''Muslimāt'', singular مسلمة ''Muslimah'') vary widely between and within different societies due to culture and values that were often predating Islam's introduction to the respective regions of the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Siraj 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Siraj |first=Asifa |date=October 2011 |title=Meanings of modesty and the hijab amongst Muslim women in Glasgow, Scotland |journal=[[Gender, Place &amp; Culture|Gender, Place &amp; Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography]] |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]] |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=716–731 |doi=10.1080/0966369X.2011.617907 |issn=1360-0524 |s2cid=144326780 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bodman&gt;{{cite book|title=Women in Muslim Societies: Diversity Within Unity|editor=Herbert L. Bodman |editor2=Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFzdA2Hini4C&amp;pg=PA2|pages=2–3|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|year=1998|isbn=978-1-55587-578-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the same time, their adherence to [[Islam]] is a shared factor that affects their lives to a varying degree and gives them a common identity that may serve to bridge the wide cultural, social, and economic differences between Muslim women.&lt;ref name=&quot;Siraj 2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=bodman /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ibrahim|first1=I. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgbVSWaX8KEC|title=A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam|last2=Abu-Harb|first2=Ibrahim Ali Ibrahim|date=1997|publisher=Darussalam|isbn=978-9960-34-011-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Among the influences which have played an important role in defining the social, legal, spiritual, and cosmological status of women in the course of [[History of Islam|Islamic history]] are the [[Islamic holy books|sacred scriptures of Islam]]: the Quran;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bouhdiba 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author-last=Bouhdiba |author-first=Abdelwahab |author-link=Abdelwahab Bouhdiba |year=2008 |chapter=The eternal and Islamic feminine |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIRsgQ5639oC&amp;pg=PA19 |title=Sexuality in Islam |location=London and New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |pages=19–30 |isbn=9780415439152}}&lt;/ref&gt; the ''[[Hadith|ḥadīth]]'', which are traditions relating to the deeds and aphorisms attributed to the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and his [[Sahaba|companions]];&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|publisher=Stacey International|year=1989|location=London|pages=141–143}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Ijma|ijmā']]'', which is a scholarly consensus, expressed or tacit, on a question of law;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 182&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|publisher=Stacey International|year=1989|location=London|page=182}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Qiyas|qiyās]]'', the principle by which the laws of the Quran and the ''[[sunnah]]'' or prophetic custom are applied to situations not explicitly covered by these two sources of legislation;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|publisher=Stacey International|year=1989|location=London|page=325}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''[[Fatwa|fatwā]]'', non-binding published opinions or decisions regarding religious doctrine or points of law. In the Islamic understanding, children are not held responsible; gender roles, obligations or restrictions become clear when a person reaches [[baligh|the age of maturity]].<br /> <br /> Islam considers men and women to be inherently different (although equal on a spiritual level), and thus have different responsibilities; the fulfillment of these responsibilities is a major part of the Islamic concept of justice.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The West considered the political, social and economic rights as the meticulous standard that would determine the comprehensive equality between men and women as human beings. On the contrary Islam declares that all human beings are equal considering the status, preferment and dignity but determine the different responsibilities of male and female. Because the responsibilities must take into consideration of varying natural inclinations and affinity of individuals, so that Islam determine and prefer the concept of ‘justice’ rather than ‘equality’.&quot; {{Cite web|title=Concept of Gender equality in Islam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331303711|access-date=2022-02-10|website=ResearchGate|language=en|archive-date=November 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101082136/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331303711|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Women are required to complete all the duties of a Muslim worshiper, including the completion of religious traditions, specifically the [[pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]] except for some religious duties such as [[Friday prayers]]. [[Islamic culture]] marked a movement towards liberation and equality for women, since prior Arab cultures did not enable women to have such freedoms. [[Muhammad]] asked women for advice and took their thoughts into account, specifically with regard to the Quran that addressed and solved many of their issues such as [[Al-Mujadila|Mujadila]]. Women were allowed to pray with men, take part in commercial interactions, and played a role in education. One of [[Muhammad's wives]], [[Aisha]], played a significant role in medicine, history and [[rhetoric]]. Muhammad said “Whoever has three daughters and he cares for them, he is merciful to them, and he clothes them, then Paradise is certainly required for him.” It was said, “O Messenger of Allah, what if he has only two?” he answered, “Even two.” Some people thought that if they had said to him one, he would have said even one.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.abuaminaelias.com/dailyhadithonline/2012/10/15/caring-even-one-daughter-bint/&lt;/ref&gt; when people were disappointed from birth of a girl he said that her likeness is to a fragrant flower and she will be guaranteed sustenance, challenging the people view of them in pre-Islamic Arabia. he was father of daughters.&lt;ref&gt;https://thaqalayn.net/hadith/36/3/49/6&lt;/ref&gt; he said “My brother Gabriel, used to advise me about women to such an extent, that I thought the husband does not have even the right to say &quot;Fie&quot; to his wife. He told me: &quot;O Mohammad, be wary of Allah about women for they are trusts from Allah unto you. Be kind with them and satisfy their heart to stay with you. It is not lawful for you to take back anything you have given your wives unless with their content and permission.”&lt;ref&gt;Mustadrak al-Wasa’il, v. 14, p. 252, no. 16627 https://al-islam.org/islam-and-interactions-social-life-abolfazl-sabouri/verses-traditions-about-family&lt;/ref&gt; throughout history women however, did not hold many religious titles, but some held political power with their husbands or on their own. The historic role of women in Islam is connected to societal [[Patriarchy|patriarchal ideals]], rather than actual ties to the Quran. [[Women's rights|The issue of women]] in Islam is becoming more prevalent topic of discussion in modern society.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2510|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622060604/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2510|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 22, 2010|title=Women and Islam – Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> <br /> Additional influences include pre-Islamic cultural traditions; secular laws, which are fully accepted in Islam so long as they do not directly contradict Islamic precepts;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|publisher=HarperOne|year=2004|isbn=978-0-06-073064-2|location=New York|pages=121–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; religious authorities, including government-controlled agencies such as the [[Indonesian Ulema Council]] and [[Turkey]]'s [[Presidency of Religious Affairs|Diyanet]];&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0427/p04s01-woeu.html|title=In Turkey, Muslim women gain expanded religious authority|last=Schleifer|first=Yigal|date=April 27, 2005|website=The Christian Science Monitor|access-date=June 10, 2015|archive-date=May 7, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507043011/http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0427/p04s01-woeu.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and spiritual teachers, which are particularly prominent in Islamic mysticism or [[Sufism]]. Many of the latter, including the medieval Muslim philosopher [[Ibn Arabi]], have themselves produced texts that have elucidated the metaphysical symbolism of the feminine principle in Islam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought|last=Murata|first=Sachiko|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-7914-0914-5|location=Albany|pages=188–202}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{TOC limit|3}}<br /> <br /> == Interactions and sources of law ==<br /> {{See|Urf|Islamic culture|Islamic advice literature}}<br /> In [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic]] [[Arab culture|Arabian culture]], marriage was generally contracted in accordance with the larger needs of the tribe and was based on the need to form alliances within the tribe and with other tribes. [[Virginity]] at the time of marriage was emphasized as a tribal honor.&lt;ref&gt;Amira Sonbol, ''Rise of Islam: 6th to 9th century'', Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures&lt;/ref&gt; Historian [[William Montgomery Watt]] states that all of Muhammad's marriages had the political aspect of strengthening friendly relationships and were based on the [[Jahiliyya|pre-Islamic Arabian custom]].&lt;ref&gt;Watt (1956), {{p.|287}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:PLATE8CX.jpg|thumb|Early costumes of (Free) [[Arab people|Arab]] women; It can provide clues in understanding some of the Quranic [[Urf]] related emphases [[Enjoining good and forbidding wrong|such as ma'ruf and munkar]] as well as sunnah and [[bid'a]] on favored female dressing.{{refn|group=note|A verse that demonstrates that the Quran is not overly concerned with form is found in Surah Al-A'raf-26; &quot;O Children of Adam! We have bestowed upon you a garment to cover your shame and adornment. But the garment of [[taqwa]] is the best of all. That is one of the signs of Allah, so that they may remember.&quot; }}{{refn|group=note|Sunnah originally meant a tradition that did not contain the definition of good and bad. Later, &quot;good traditions&quot; began to be referred to as sunnah and the concept of &quot;Muhammad's sunnah&quot; was established.&lt;ref name=&quot;Juynboll&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Juynboll |first=G. H. A. |date=1997 |title=Sunna |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |volume=9 |pages=878–879}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}]]<br /> <br /> === Primary ===<br /> ''Women'' (Arabic: ''Sūrat an-Nisāʼ'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com//isl/pick/004.htm |title=The Meaning of the Glorious Qur'ân,: 4. an-Nisa': Women |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2016-05-24 |archive-date=November 8, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011108201633/http://www.sacred-texts.com//isl/pick/004.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; is the [[List of chapters in the Quran|fourth chapter]] of the Quran. The title of the [[surah]] derives from the numerous references to women throughout the chapter,&lt;ref name=&quot;Haleem, M. A. S 2008&quot;&gt;Haleem, M. A. S. Abdel. ''The Qur'an''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print.&lt;/ref&gt; including verses 4:34&lt;ref name=&quot;Quran 4 U&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.quran4u.com/Tafsir%20Ibn%20Kathir/004%20Nisa.htm |title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Nisa |work=Quran 4 U |author=Ibn Kathir |publisher=[[Tafsir]] |access-date=December 27, 2019 |author-link=Ibn Kathir |archive-date=April 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430211757/http://www.quran4u.com/Tafsir%20Ibn%20Kathir/004%20Nisa.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|4:34}} and 4:127—4:130.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quran 4 U&quot; /&gt;{{rp|4:127–130}} [[Maryam (surah)|Maryam]] also takes its name from [[Mary in Islam|Mary]]. <br /> The Quran contains some verses that are presented by [[Islamic modernism]] as emphasizing the equality of men and women; that men and women have [[moral agency]] and that both will receive their rewards in the [[Afterlife#Islam|afterlife]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor=Mustafa Shah and Muhammad Abdel Haleem|title=The Oxford Handbook of Qur'anic Studies|chapter=Women and the Qur'an|author=Asma Afsaruddin|year=2020|quote=this Qur'anic verse took an unequivocal position: women and men have equal moral and spiritual agency in their quest for the good and righteous life in this world for which they reap identical rewards in the afterlife;|page=527|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ''Surely 'for' Muslim men and women, believing men and women, devout men and women, truthful men and women, patient men and women, humble men and women, charitable men and women, fasting men and women, men and women who guard their chastity, and men and women who remember Allah often, for 'all of' them Allah has prepared forgiveness and a great reward.'' (Qur'an 33:35).<br /> <br /> Within [[Sunni Islam]], women are provided a number of guidelines prescribed by the [[Quran]] and [[Hadith|''ḥadīth'' literature]], as understood by ''[[fiqh]]'' (Islamic jurisprudence), as well as under the interpretations derived from the ''ḥadīth'' that were agreed upon by the majority of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Ulama|Muslim scholars]] as authentic beyond doubt based on [[Hadith studies|''ḥadīth'' studies]].&lt;ref name=&quot;yvon&quot;&gt;Haddad and Esposito, (1998), Islam, Gender, and Social Change, Oxford University Press, {{pp.|xii|xx}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stowasser, B. F. (1994). Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation. Oxford University Press&lt;/ref&gt; Qur'anic interpretations and [[sharia|their application]] were shaped by the historical context of the Muslim world at the time they were written.&lt;ref name=&quot;yvon&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Secondary ===<br /> The above primary sources of influence on women of Islam may not deal with every single conceivable situation over time. This led to the development of jurisprudence and religious schools with Islamic scholars that referred to resources such as identifying authentic documents, internal discussions, and establishing a consensus to find the correct religiously approved course of action for Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;Motahhari, 1983&quot;&gt;Motahhari, Morteza (1983). Jurisprudence and Its Principles, translator:Salman Tawhidi, {{ISBN|0-940368-28-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamali, Mohammad Hashim 1991&quot;&gt;Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, Cambridge: Islamic Text Society, 1991. {{ISBN|0-946621-24-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; These formed the secondary sources of influence for women. Among them are ''[[Ijma|ijmā']]'', ''[[Qiyas|qiyās]]'', ''[[ijtihad]]'', and others, depending on the [[Islamic schools and branches|sect]] and the corresponding [[Madhhab|schools of Islamic law]]. Included in secondary sources are the ''[[Fatwa|fatwā]]'', which are often widely distributed, orally or in writing by Muslim clerics, to the masses in the local language and describe behavior, roles, and rights of women that conform to religious requirements. ''Fatwa'' are theoretically non-binding, but seriously considered and have often been practiced by most Muslims. The secondary sources classify the lawful and unlawful behaviors of Muslim men and women, which typically fall into the [[Ahkam|five categories]] (''al-ahkam al-khamsa''): ''[[wajib]]/[[fard]]'' (obligatory), ''[[mustahabb]]/mandub'' (recommended), ''[[mubah]]'' (neutral), ''[[makruh]]'' (disapproved), and ''[[haram]]'' (forbidden).&lt;ref name=CampoEoI&gt;{{cite book|last1=Campo|first1=Juan Eduardo|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|year=2009|location=New York |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|page=284|isbn=9781438126968|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&amp;q=Makruh+haram+halal&amp;pg=PA284|access-date=July 8, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is considerable controversy, change over time, and conflict between the secondary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Agrama, H. A. (2010). &quot;Ethics, tradition, authority: Toward an anthropology of the fatwa&quot;. ''American Ethnologist'', 37(1), {{pp.|2|18}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Romirowsky | first1 = Asaf | year = 2007 | title = Fatwa Rules to Live By | journal = Political Studies Review | volume = 19 | issue = 1/2| pages = 174–176 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Hosen | first1 = N | year = 2004 | title = Behind the scenes: fatwas of Majelis Ulama Indonesia (1975–1998) | journal = Journal of Islamic Studies | volume = 15 | issue = 2| pages = 147–179 | doi=10.1093/jis/15.2.147}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Gender roles and the position of women in Islamic community==<br /> {{Main|Gender roles in Islam|Islamic world}}<br /> <br /> Islam's basic view of women and men postulates a complementarity of functions: like everything else in the universe, humanity has been created in a pair (Sūrat al-Dhāriyāt, 51:49)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/051-qmt.php|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=July 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704231846/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/051-qmt.php|archive-date=July 4, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{snd}}neither can be complete without the other.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murata 1992 14&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought|last = Murata|first = Sachiko|publisher = [[State University of New York Press]]|year = 1992|isbn = 978-0-7914-0914-5|location = Albany|page = 14}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;In Islamic cosmological thinking, the universe is perceived as an equilibrium built on harmonious polar relationships between the pairs that make up all things.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murata 1992 14&quot; /&gt; Moreover, all outward phenomena are reflections of inward [[Noumenon|noumena]] and ultimately of God.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Murata 1992 14&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Battle of the Camel by Mirkhwand.jpg|thumb|A 15th century Persian miniature depicting the [[Battle of the Camel]] narrative, between [[Ali|'Alī]], and [[Aisha]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|publisher=Stacey International|year=1989|location=London, England|page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|author=Asma Sayeed|title=Camel, Battle of the |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021041521/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1000|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 21, 2020|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; after Ali's victory, Aisha withdrew from politics. Traditionalists used this story to argue that women should not play an active political role, while [[Islamic modernism|modernists]] used it to argue for gender equality, which they believed existed within the [[Sunnah|Islamic tradition]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|author=Ghazala Anwar|title= ʿĀʿishah |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021040641/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1009|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 21, 2020|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> The emphasis that Islam places upon the feminine/masculine polarity (and therefore complementarity) results in a separation of social functions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eaton 2000 92&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title = Remembering God: Reflections on Islam|last = Eaton|first = Gai|publisher = The [[Islamic Texts Society]]|year = 2000|isbn = 978-0-946621-84-2|location = Cambridge, England|pages = [https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/92 92]|url = https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/92}}&lt;/ref&gt; In general, a woman's sphere of operation is the home in which she is the dominant figure{{snd}}and a man's corresponding sphere is the outside world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eaton 2000 93&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title = Remembering God: Reflections on Islam|last = Eaton|first = Gai|publisher = The Islamic Texts Society|year = 2000|isbn = 978-0-946621-84-2|location = Cambridge, England|pages = [https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/93 93]|url = https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/93}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khalid |first=Umm |date=2023-11-29 |title=Understanding Why Women Belong in the Home |url=https://muslimskeptic.com/2023/11/29/women-home/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Muslim Skeptic |language=en-US |archive-date=September 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922214854/https://muslimskeptic.com/2023/11/29/women-home/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Women are highly respected in many aspects of domestic life such as being praised for their knowledge as ritual specialists, healers, caretakers, and those who arrange marriages in their community.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt; However, this separation is not, in practice, as rigid as it appears.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eaton 2000 92&quot; /&gt; There are many examples{{snd}}both in the early history of Islam and in the contemporary world{{snd}}of Muslim women who have played prominent roles in public life, including being [[Sultana (title)|sultanas]], [[#Politics|queens]], [[#Politics|elected heads of state]], and [[#Female employment|wealthy businesswomen]]. Moreover, it is important to recognize that in Islam, home and family are firmly situated at the centre of life in this world and of society: a man's work cannot take precedence over the private realm.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eaton 2000 93&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Contrary to main Islamic gender role concepts; some concubines, mothers, sisters and grandmothers of the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|sultans]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] exerted extraordinary political influence in a period called '[[Sultanate of Women]]'. Their power was not challenged by the [[ulema]] clergy.&lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Reign of Women |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/reign-women-1520-1683 |website=encyclopedia.com |access-date=27 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In some Turkish [[Sufi]] interpretations of Islam, such as [[Alevism]], prevalent gender roles and gender segregation does not exist in any aspects including religious rituals and clergy.&lt;ref name=&quot;apps.unive.it&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sufism and Gender in Contemporary Societies |url=https://apps.unive.it/server/eventi/55029/Program%20Sufism%20and%20Gender4.pdf |website=apps.unive.it |publisher=University of Venice |access-date=27 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Azak&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Azak |first1=Umut |title=Islam and secularism in Turkey: Kemalism, religion and the nation state |date=2010 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London |isbn=9780857713773}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cambridge.orgx&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Akyol |first1=Pelin |last2=Ökten |first2=Çağla |title=The role of religion in female labor supply: evidence from two Muslim denominations |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-demographic-economics/article/role-of-religion-in-female-labor-supply-evidence-from-two-muslim-denominations/D700154BC43C221223AA9A98D23BE7CD |journal=Journal of Demographic Economics |date=2024 |volume=90 |pages=116–153 |doi=10.1017/dem.2022.3 |access-date=23 November 2025|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Degruyter&gt;{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463225728-006/html | doi=10.31826/9781463225728-006 | chapter=Alevi Theology from Shamanism to Humanism | title=Alevis and Alevism | date=2010 | last1=Markussen | first1=Hege Irene | pages=65–90 | isbn=978-1-4632-2572-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Modern debate on the status of women in Islam ==<br /> Within the Muslim community, conservatives and [[Islamic feminists]] have used Islamic doctrine as the basis for discussion of women's rights, drawing on the [[Quran]], the ''[[hadith]]'', and the lives of prominent women in the early period of [[Muslim history]] as evidence.&lt;ref name=den /&gt; Where conservatives have seen evidence that existing gender asymmetries are divinely ordained, feminists have seen more egalitarian ideals in early Islam.&lt;ref name=den /&gt; Still, others have argued that this discourse is [[essentialism|essentialist]] and ahistorical, and have urged that Islamic doctrine not be the only framework within which discussion occurs.&lt;ref name=den&gt;Deniz Kandiyoti, &quot;Women, Islam and the State&quot;, ''Middle East Report'', No. 173, Gender and Politics. (November–December 1991), pp. 9–14.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Women in society sidebar |religion}}<br /> <br /> === Conservatives and the Islamic movement ===<br /> {{Main|Islamic revival|Islamism}}<br /> <br /> Conservatives reject the assertion that different laws prescribed for men and women imply that men are more valuable than women. Ali ibn Musa Al-reza reasoned that at the time of marriage a man has to pay something to his prospective bride, and that men are responsible for both their wives' and their own expenses but women have no such responsibility.&lt;ref&gt;Quoted in [[Grand Ayatollah]] Makarim Shirazi, Tafsir Nemoneh, on verse 4:12.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Mustafa Khattab|Dr. Mustafa Khattab]] in his book ''The Clear Quran'' writes:<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> The Quran makes it clear that men and women are equal before God and the Law (16:97 and 33:35). Abuses against some Muslim women (e.g. honour killing and forced marriages) are cultural practices in some Muslim countries that contradict Islamic teachings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khattab |first1=Mustafa |author1-link=Mustafa Khattab |title=The Clear Quran: A Thematic English Translation |date=2016 |publisher=Book of Signs Foundation |location=Lombard, Illinois, USA |isbn=978-0-9773009-6-9 |page=xx |edition=2nd |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> The nebulous [[Islamic revival|revivalist movement]] termed [[Islamism]] is one of the most dynamic movements within Islam in the 20th and 21st centuries. The experience of women in Islamist states has been varied. The progression of Muslim women's rights has been inhibited by religious extremist groups that use the disempowerment of women as a political agenda. When women are opposed to these infringements on their rights they are often subjected to abuse, violence, and shunned.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nations|first=United|title=Promoting Gender Equality in Muslim Contexts – Women's Voices Must Not Be Silenced|url=https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/promoting-gender-equality-muslim-contexts-womens-voices-must-not-be-silenced|access-date=2020-12-12|website=United Nations|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taliban treatment of women|Women in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan]] faced treatment condemned by the international community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=M. J. |last=Gohari |year=2000|title=The Taliban: Ascent to Power|location=Oxford|publisher= Oxford University Press| pages= 108–110}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/6185.htm|title=We're sorry, that page can't be found.|website=www.state.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Women were forced to wear the ''[[burqa]]'' in public,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gohari&quot;&gt;M. J. Gohari (2000). ''The Taliban: Ascent to Power''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 108–110.&lt;/ref&gt; not allowed to work,&lt;ref&gt;Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. [http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3ae6a84d0.html &quot;Chronology of Events January 1995 – February 1997.&quot;] UNHCR.org. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018053315/http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3ae6a84d0.html |date=October 18, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; not allowed to be educated after the age of eight,&lt;ref&gt;US Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/6185.htm &quot;Report on the Taliban's War Against Women.&quot;] State.gov (November 17, 2001).&lt;/ref&gt; and faced public flogging and execution for violations of the Taliban's laws.&lt;ref name=physicians&gt;{{cite web |url=http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/talibans-war-on-women.pdf |title= The Taliban's War on Women |access-date= June 8, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070702234326/http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/talibans-war-on-women.pdf |archive-date= July 2, 2007 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}&amp;nbsp;{{small|(857&amp;nbsp;KB)}}, Physicians for Human Rights, August 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rawa.us/movies/beating.mpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307140111/http://www.rawa.us/movies/beating.mpg| url-status=dead|title=A woman being flogged in public|archive-date=March 7, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Iranian women#Islamic Republic of Iran|position of women in Iran]], which has been a [[theocracy]] since its [[Islamic revolution of Iran|1979 revolution]], is more complex. Iranian Islamists are ideologically in favour of allowing female legislators in [[Majlis of Iran|Iran's parliament]]&lt;ref&gt;See, e.g., [[Tahereh Saffarzadeh]], [[Masumeh Ebtekar]], [[Marzieh Dabbaq]] and [[Zahra Rahnavard]].&lt;/ref&gt; and 60% of university students are women.&lt;ref&gt;Esfandiari, Golnaz. [http://www.parstimes.com/women/women_universities.html &quot;Iran: Number Of Female University Students Rising Dramatically.&quot;] Radio Free Europe/Free Liberty (November 19, 2003).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Liberal Islam, Islamic feminism, and other progressive criticism ===<br /> {{See also|Hermeneutics of feminism in Islam|Liberalism and progressivism within Islam}}<br /> After the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001, attacks]], international attention was focused on the condition of women in the Muslim world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/sr93.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195257/http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/sr93.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 29, 2013|title=United States Institute of Peace. Islam and Democracy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131004001219/http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/PW71-Women_Religious_Peacebuilding.pdf Women in Religious Peacebuilding] ''Peace Watch'' (August 2002).&lt;/ref&gt; Some critics noted gender inequality&lt;ref name=&quot;IslamInEurope&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kamguian, Azam. [http://www.ntpi.org/html/liberationofwomen.html &quot;The Liberation of Women in the Middle East.&quot;] NTPI.org.&lt;/ref&gt; and criticized Muslim societies for condoning this treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;IslamInEurope&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| publisher=[[The New York Review of Books]] | date=May 10, 2006 | title=Islam in Europe | author=Timothy Garton Ash | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19371}}&lt;/ref&gt; Liberal Muslims advocate using critical thinking [[ijtihad]] to evolve a more progressive form of Islam regarding women's status.&lt;ref&gt;Haddad, Moore, and Smith, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7A77E1aBrucC&amp;dq=women+islam+ijtihad&amp;pg=PA19 p. 19].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Islamic feminism|Islamic feminists]] seek [[gender equality]] and [[social justice]] within an Islamic context, drawing from both Islamic and global feminist values trying to align both. Some emphasize the adaptable nature of Sharia law, suggesting it can safeguard women's rights with political will.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1526868|title= The Role of Islamic Shari'ah in Protecting Women's Rights|date= September 2009|ssrn= 1526868|last1= Ha-Redeye|first1= Omar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.monitor.upeace.org/innerpg.cfm?id_article=789|last=Wagner|first=Rob L.|title=Saudi-Islamic Feminist Movement: A Struggle for Male Allies and the Right Female Voice|work=[[University for Peace]] (Peace and Conflict Monitor)|date=March 29, 2011|access-date=April 1, 2011|archive-date=April 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410054924/http://www.monitor.upeace.org/innerpg.cfm?id_article=789|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Madran, Margot. [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/569/cu1.htm &quot;Islamic feminism: what's in a name?&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320074746/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/569/cu1.htm |date=March 20, 2015 }} Al-Ahram Weekly Online, issue no. 569 ( January 17–23, 2002).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In response to growing civil rights for secular women, some Muslim women have advocated for their rights within Islamic societies. Malaysia serves as an example, where dual legal systems exist for secular and [[Sharia]] laws.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Berger|first=Sebastien|title=Malaysian Muslim women 'live under apartheid' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/malaysia/1512732/Malaysian-Muslim-women-live-under-apartheid.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/malaysia/1512732/Malaysian-Muslim-women-live-under-apartheid.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=September 3, 2011 |location=London |date=March 11, 2006}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, Marina Mahathir, daughter of Malaysia's former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, criticized unequal treatment of Malaysia's Muslim women in an editorial in the Malaysia Star. She highlighted legal disparities like polygamy's legality and biased child custody arrangements, which favored fathers for Muslims compared to shared-custody norms among non-Muslim parents.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt; Women's groups in Malaysia began campaigning in the 1990s to have female [[Sharia]] judges appointed to the [[Sharia]] legal system in the country, and in 2010 two female judges were appointed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=England|first=Vaudine|title=Malaysian groups welcome first Islamic female judges|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10567857 |work=BBC News |access-date=September 3, 2011|date=July 9, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Women versus Sharia and tradition ==<br /> [[File:Use of Sharia by country.svg|thumb|380px|Use, by country, of ''[[Sharia]]'' for legal matters relating to women:&lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{legend|#179C86|''Sharia'' plays no role in the judicial system.}}<br /> {{legend|#F6DD4F|''Sharia'' applies to Muslims in personal status issues only.}}<br /> {{legend|#706EA4|''Sharia'' is also used in criminal law.}}<br /> {{legend|#FF9950|Regional variations in the application of ''Sharia''}}<br /> ]]<br /> {{Main|Application of sharia by country|Status of women's testimony in Islam}}<br /> <br /> According to all schools of Islamic law, the injunctions of Sharia apply to all Muslims, male and female, who have reached the [[baligh|age of maturity]] and only to them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nasr 2004 125&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity|last = Nasr|first = Seyyed Hossein|publisher = HarperOne|year = 2004|isbn = 978-0-06-073064-2|location = New York|page = 125}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Quran especially emphasizes that its injunctions concern both men and women in several verses where both are addressed clearly and in a distinct manner, such as in Sūrat al-Aḥzāb at 33:35&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/033-qmt.php|title=Translations of the Qur'an, Surah 33: AL-AHZAB (The Clans, The Coalition, The Combined Forces)|work=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606204827/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/033-qmt.php|archive-date=June 6, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; ('Verily, men who surrender unto God, and women who surrender...').<br /> <br /> Most Muslim-majority countries, and some countries with a considerable population of Muslim minorities, follow a mixed legal system, with positive laws and state courts, as well as ''[[sharia]]''-based religious laws and religious courts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Otto2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Otto |first=Jan Michiel |title=Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9XaP-ufhPQC&amp;pg=PA8 |access-date=2013-10-19 |date=2008 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8728-048-2|pages=23–47}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those countries that use sharia for legal matters involving women, adopt it mostly for personal law; however, a few Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Yemen also have sharia-based criminal laws.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|first=Ann Elizabeth|last=Mayer|title=Law. Modern Legal Reform|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473#e0473-s5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473#e0473-s5|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 21, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Jan Michiel Otto, &quot;[a]nthropological research shows that people in local communities often do not distinguish clearly whether and to what extent their norms and practices are based on local tradition, tribal custom, or religion.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Jan Michiel |last1=Otto |year=2008 |title=Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries: Tensions and Opportunities for Dutch and EU Foreign Policy |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8728-048-2 |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/20694/Sharia%20and%20national%20Law%20in%20Muslim%20countries.pdf |page=30 |archive-date=October 9, 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009235043/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/20694/Sharia%20and%20national%20Law%20in%20Muslim%20countries.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In some areas, tribal practices such as ''[[Vani (custom)|vani]]'', [[Baad (practice)|Ba'ad]] and [[Honor killing|&quot;honor&quot; killing]] remain an integral part of the customary legal processes involving Muslim women.&lt;ref&gt;Alissa Rubin, ''Punishment of Elder's Misdeeds, Afghan Girl Pays the Price'', New York Times, February 16, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://tribune.com.pk/story/449221/vani-verdict/ Vani verdict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708212216/https://tribune.com.pk/story/449221/vani-verdict/ |date=July 8, 2017 }} The Tribune, Pakistan (October 9, 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; In turn, article 340 of the Jordanian Penal Code, which reduces sentences for killing female relatives over adultery, and is commonly believed to be derived from Islamic law, was in fact borrowed from [[French criminal law]] during the Ottoman era.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TD2iwzTWSz0C&amp;pg=PA113|page=113|title=Women and Islam: Social conditions, obstacles and prospects, Volume 2|editor=Haideh Moghissi|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-32420-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other than applicable laws to Muslim women, there is gender-based variation in the process of testimony and acceptable forms of evidence (See below) in legal matters.&lt;ref name=deah&gt;Donna E. Arzt, The Application of International Human Rights Law in Islamic States, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 2 (May 1990), pp. 202–230&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rpcp&quot;&gt;Rudolph Peters, Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-79226-4}}, pp. 15–29, 177–178&lt;/ref&gt; Some Islamic jurists have held that certain types of testimony by women may not be accepted. In other cases, the testimony of two women equals that of one man.&lt;ref name=deah /&gt;&lt;ref name=rpcp /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Dress code ===<br /> {{Main|Hijab|Islam and clothing|Intimate parts in Islam}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|Islamic feminist views on dress codes|Iranian protests against compulsory hijab}}<br /> [[File:Shinzō Abe and Malala Yousafzai (1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Malala Yousafzai]], Pakistani education activist and 2014 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, choosing a loose head scarf.]]<br /> A verse in the Surah [[Al-A'raf]]-26 gives the simplest and most fundamental purpose of dressing as covering one's ugly parts and emphasizes that [[fear of God]] is more important than covering oneself. Meanwhile [[Haya (Islam)|modesty]] is exalted in the Islamic understanding,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nasr 2004 195&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|publisher=HarperOne|year=2004|isbn=978-0-06-073064-2|location=New York|page=195}}&lt;/ref&gt; the opposite behavior is despised as [[fahisha]] by Islamic scholars alike as emblematic of a state of spiritual ignorance [[Jahiliyyah]]. In the specific context of women, the Quran at 24:31&lt;ref name=&quot;usc.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/024-qmt.php|title=Translations of the Qur'an, Surah 24: AL-NOOR (The Light)|work=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818132125/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/024-qmt.php|archive-date=August 18, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; speaks of women not to reveal their &quot;ornaments&quot; other than what is naturally visible for strangers outside the family,&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 413&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|publisher=Stacey International|year=1989|location=London|page=413}}&lt;/ref&gt; with expression -ornament- [[fiqh|interpreted by some scholars]] as the female body with the potential to encompass the entire body. <br /> <br /> All orthodox schools of Sharia law prescribe covering the body in public: specifically, to the neck, the ankles, and below the elbow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 413&quot; /&gt; However, none of the traditional legal systems actually stipulate that women must wear a veil:&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 413&quot; /&gt; It is only the wives of Muḥammad who are instructed to wear this article of clothing (33:59).&lt;ref name=&quot;usc.edu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 413&quot; /&gt; Historically, the [[awrah]] for a slave woman during the [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|era of slavery in the Muslim world]], who according to Islamic law was [[Slavery in Islam|a non-Muslim]], was different than that of the awrah of a free Muslim woman. The awrah of a female slave was defined as being between her navel and her knee.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;Anchassi, O. (2021). Status Distinctions and Sartorial Difference: Slavery, Sexual Ethics, and the Social Logic of Veiling in Islamic Law. Islamic Law and Society, 28(3), 125-155. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-bja10008&lt;/ref&gt; Consequently, slave women during the era of slavery in the Muslim world did not wear the hijab, and could be displayed with a bare chest.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> There is no doubt that some of the veiling-based clothing styles in the Islamic world were [[Urf|inherited from pre-Islamic Near Eastern societies]]. The practice of veiling is believed to have originated in Ancient Greece.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Story Behind the Veils {{!}} ONE Magazine |url=https://cnewa.org/magazine/the-story-behind-the-veils-30267/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=CNEWA |language=en-US |archive-date=November 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130081247/https://cnewa.org/magazine/the-story-behind-the-veils-30267/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iconography of the Virgin Mary in Christian art invariably shows her with her hair covered, and this tradition was followed in the modern era by both Georgian and Armenian Christians, as well as [[Mizrahi Jews|Oriental Jewish]]women; Catholic women did not attend church without covering their heads until the late twentieth century. Covering the hair was considered a natural part of life by women, a sign of modesty and, especially, a sign of reverence for God.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nasr 2004 195&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Çarşaf fermanı.jpg|thumb|upright=0.86|[[Abdulhamid II]]'s decree dated April 2, 1892, prohibited by the wearing of [[Çarşaf]].]]<br /> In the twenty-first century, there continues to be tremendous variance in how Muslim women dress, not least because the Islamic world is so geographically and culturally diverse. Laws passed in states (such as laïcist [[Secularism in Turkey|Turkey]] and [[Secularism in Tunisia|Tunisia]]) with twentieth-century Westernization campaigns —which mandated that women wear &quot;modern&quot;, Western-style clothing in the institutions where they work as civil servants- have been relaxed in recent years;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131011-hijab-ban-turkey-islamic-headscarf-ataturk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011184624/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131011-hijab-ban-turkey-islamic-headscarf-ataturk/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 11, 2013|title=Why Turkey Lifted Its Ban on the Islamic Headscarf|last=Smith|first=Roff|date=October 12, 2013|website=National Geographic|publisher=National Geographic Society|access-date=July 1, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21925753|title=Tunisia: Can niqabs and bikinis live side-by-side?|date=March 27, 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=July 1, 2016|archive-date=November 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117055428/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21925753|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; similarly, the end of communism in [[Islam in Albania|Albania]] and the Yugoslav republics also meant an end to highly restrictive secular apparel legislation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/rise-of-bosnian-mayor-with-a-head-scarf-challenging-assumptions-about-islam/2013/03/09/1d85bab8-7c4d-11e2-9a75-dab0201670da_story.html|title=Rise of Bosnian mayor with a head scarf challenging assumptions about Islam|last=Birnbaum|first=Michael|date=March 9, 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=July 1, 2016|archive-date=August 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822045515/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/rise-of-bosnian-mayor-with-a-head-scarf-challenging-assumptions-about-islam/2013/03/09/1d85bab8-7c4d-11e2-9a75-dab0201670da_story.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, it is now legal for women in these countries to wear clothes suggesting a modern Islamic identity—such as the headscarf colloquially known as the ḥijāb—in public, though not necessarily in all public institutions or offices of state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/10/turkey-lifts-decades-old-ban-headscarves-201310814177943704.html|title=Turkey lifts decades-old ban on headscarves|date=October 8, 2013|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=July 1, 2016|archive-date=September 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923125057/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/10/turkey-lifts-decades-old-ban-headscarves-201310814177943704.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/02/hijab-wearing-women-react-bosnia-court-ban-160202133259025.html|title=Hijab-wearing women react to Bosnia court ban|last=Gadzo|first=Mersiha|date=February 4, 2016|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=July 1, 2016|archive-date=June 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613142043/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/02/hijab-wearing-women-react-bosnia-court-ban-160202133259025.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Conversely, in a handful of states—notably Shia Iran—with modernist fundamentalist regimes, dress codes which became mandatory in the latter part of the twentieth-century, stipulating that women wear exclusively &quot;religious&quot;, as opposed to &quot;secular&quot;, garments in public are still in force.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://qz.com/326086/the-places-in-the-world-that-have-a-burqa-ban/|title=The places in the world that have a burqa ban|last=Kozlowska|first=Hanna|date=January 14, 2015|website=Quartz|publisher=Atlantic Media|access-date=July 1, 2016|archive-date=July 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713121153/http://qz.com/326086/the-places-in-the-world-that-have-a-burqa-ban/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, these countries are both theologically and culturally atypical within the Islamic world: Iran is the world's only Shī'a revolutionary state&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2016|last=Schleifer|first=Professor S Abdallah|publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre|year=2015&lt;!--|isbn=978-9975-428-37-2--&gt;|location=Amman|page=31}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in none of the others do the same restrictions on women's clothing in public apply, as the overwhelming majority of Muslim-majority countries have no laws mandating the public wearing of either secular or religious apparel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/09/22/168064.html|title=Bikinis and hijabs contrast on Albanian beach|date=September 22, 2011|work=Al Arabiya News|access-date=July 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821132628/https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/09/22/168064.html|archive-date=August 21, 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/06/lebanon-where-the-bikini-finds-sisterhood-with-the-hijab/|title=Lebanon: Where the Bikini Finds Sisterhood With the Hijab|last=Alami|first=Mona|date=June 2, 2010|work=Inter Press Service News Agency|access-date=July 1, 2016|archive-date=August 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818031824/http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/06/lebanon-where-the-bikini-finds-sisterhood-with-the-hijab/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://en.abna24.com/service/africa/archive/2015/06/24/697052/story.html|title=Morocco Bans Poster Calling on Tourists not to Wear Bikinis in Ramadan|date=June 24, 2015|work=Ahlulbayt (a.s.) News Agency|access-date=July 1, 2016|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801090028/https://en.abna24.com/service/africa/archive/2015/06/24/697052/story.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This issue has the potential to be a deeply controversial topic not only from a human rights perspective but also from an international legal perspective, as it undermines the principle of impartiality, such as judging by individuals who wear clothing that also carries [[symbol|religious symbolism]].&lt;ref&gt; A German Muslim woman has been barred from working as a lay judge because she wears a headscarf which was alleged to be in violation of the requirement of neutrality. The matter is now before the constitutional court.https://www.dw.com/en/german-lay-judge-challenges-a-headscarf-ban-in-court/a-69648119&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Young muslim woman in the Thar desert near Jaisalmer, India.jpg|thumb|A young Muslim woman in the [[Thar desert]] near [[Jaisalmer]], India. Veils are also known traditionally to provide [[Sun protective clothing|sun protection]].]]<br /> <br /> In a 2018 study done by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, Muslim American women were, &quot;the most likely&quot; when compared to other domestic religious communities to, &quot;wear a visible symbol that makes their faith identity known to others.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2018-full-report/|title=American Muslim Poll 2018: Full Report {{!}} ISPU|date=April 30, 2018|work=Institute for Social Policy and Understanding|access-date=2018-06-28|language=en-US|archive-date=April 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405095344/https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2018-full-report/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of the Muslim women surveyed by ISPU, 46% say they wear a visible symbol to mark their faith in public all the time (this includes the hijab), 19% some of the time, and 35% none of the time. The study did not find there to be any significant age or race difference.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The question of why Muslim women wear the hijab is still met with a variety of responses by Muslim American women, including the most popular, &quot;piety and to please God&quot; (54%), &quot;so others know they are Muslim&quot; (21%), and &quot;for modesty&quot; (12%). Only 1% said they wore it, &quot;because a family member or spouse required it&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Gender segregation ===<br /> {{Main|Islam and gender segregation}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|Mosque|Women's mosques|Islamic Bill of Rights for Women in the Mosque|Harem}}<br /> While Islam has sometimes been lauded for a [[#Comparison with other religions|historically more progressive]] portrayal of women, there are differing viewpoints on the fairness of its personal status laws and criminal code as they pertain to women.&lt;ref name=Kazemi&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kazemi|first=Farhad|title=Gender, Islam, and Politics|journal=Social Research|year=2000|volume=67|issue=2|pages=453–474}}&lt;/ref&gt; Certain values and interpretations continue to be a subject of debate, with the understanding that these values exhibit variations within the diverse contexts of different [[Islam by country|countries with Muslim majorities]]. Generally, however, male and female rights differ according to Islamic personal status laws.&lt;ref name=&quot;Siraj 2011&quot;/&gt; Some Islamic legal traditions allow men to engage in [[polygamy]] and marry [[Interfaith marriage|non-Muslim women]] belonging to [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Leeman 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Leeman |first=A. B. |date=2009 |title=Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions |url=https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Indiana Law Journal]] |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Maurer School of Law]] |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=743–772 |issn=0019-6665 |s2cid=52224503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123062516/https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |access-date=August 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Elmali-Karakaya 2020&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author-last=Elmali-Karakaya |author-first=Ayse |year=2020 |chapter=Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriages |editor1-last=Hood |editor1-first=Ralph W. |editor2-last=Cheruvallil-Contractor |editor2-first=Sariya |title=Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: A Diversity of Paradigms |volume=31 |pages=388–410 |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/9789004443969_020 |isbn=978-90-04-44348-8 |s2cid=234539750 |issn=1046-8064}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jahangir2017&quot; /&gt; while women are generally restricted from having multiple husbands and marrying non-Muslim men. Additionally, female inheritances are typically half of their male siblings'. Islamic criminal jurisprudence when it comes to [[Hudud]] punishment reliew heavily on witness testimony, and female testimonies alone are often not considered sufficient to convict a murderer, requiring a male testimony for validation in [[Hudud]] punishments but not for [[Ta'zir]] punishments which don't require witnesses&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Human Rights from an Islamic Worldview: An outline of Hudud, Ta'zir &amp; Qisas | url=https://www.islamawareness.net/Shariah/sh_article002.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Kazemi /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Elmali-Karakaya 2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{Multiple image|total_width=440|image1=Frauengebetsraum Khadija-Moschee.jpg|caption1=The ladies' prayer hall in the [[Khadija Mosque]] in [[Berlin]]; upper part reads: ''Only in the remembrance of Allah will your hearts find peace'' (in Arabic)|image2=Зеница 20190504 194702.jpg|caption2=Makhphil ({{Lang|bs|makfil}}), upper gallery plateau part of Bosnian mosques reserved only for women (except when [[Jumu'ah]]) who climb to it by stairs at side(s) of entrance; White/Nasser's mosque in [[Zenica]]}}<br /> <br /> [[Mahnaz Afkhami]] writes that the [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist worldview]] &quot;singles out women's status and her relations to society as the supreme test of the authenticity of the Islamic order.&quot; This is symbolized by the institutions of ''[[purdah]]'' (physical separation of the sexes) and ''[[awrah]]'' (concealing the body with clothing). As in much of the world, institutions suppressing women were becoming less powerful until the resurgence of Islamic fundamentalism at the end of the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;[[Mahnaz Afkhami]], &quot;Gender Apartheid, Cultural Relativism, and Women's Human Rights in Muslim Societies,&quot; in ''Women, gender, and human rights: a global perspective'', Marjorie Agosín, Editor, Rutgers University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-8135-2983-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Walid Phares]] writes that [[Marxism]] in the [[Soviet Union]] and China, as well as &quot;secular anticlericalism&quot; in [[Turkey]] forced women to &quot;integrate themselves into an antireligious society&quot; resulting in a backlash of &quot;gender apartheid&quot; by Islamic fundamentalists. He notes that other religions also have &quot;witnessed similar historical struggles.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Walid Phares]], ''The War of Ideas: Jihadism Against Democracy'', Macmillan, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zeKsxzEk5ywC&amp;pg=PA102 p. 102], {{ISBN|9780230602557}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some Turkish [[Sufi]] orders do not follow gender segregation. For example; an unveiled female figure, [[Cemalnur Sargut]], currently leads the Turkish branch of the [[Rifaʽi]] order.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Howe|first=Justine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Dv_DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Cemalnur+Sargut&amp;pg=PT186|title=The Routledge Handbook of Islam and Gender|publisher=Routledge|year=2020|isbn=9781351256544|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC Radio National 2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Poetry and worship with Sara Saleh, and Turkish Sufi Cemalnur Sargut | website=ABC Radio National | date=2003-10-10 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/soul-search/poetry-and-worship-with-sara-saleh,-and-turkish-sufi-cemalnur-s/13291998 | access-date=2021-10-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, The [[Bektashi order]] allows women to fill in religious roles or become [[dervish]]es.&lt;ref name=&quot;mdpi.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Bektaşi Female Leadership in a Transnational Context: The Spiritual Career of a Contemporary Female Dervish in Germany |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/14/8/970 |website=mdpi.com |publisher=MDPI Open Access Journals |access-date=27 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The incumbent head of the 'Alevi/Bektashi Culture Presidency' of Turkey is a female, Esma Ersin.&lt;ref name=&quot;alevibektasi.ktb.gov.tr&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ALEVİ - BEKTAŞİ KÜLTÜR VE CEMEVİ BAŞKANLIĞI |url=https://alevibektasi.ktb.gov.tr/ |website=alevibektasi.ktb.gov.tr |access-date=27 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== In prayer ====<br /> {{Main|Salah|Islam and gender segregation#In mosques}}<br /> <br /> There are location-variations for women within mosques and congregations. Within some [[Islamic schools and branches]], there are specific [[Salah|prayer]] variations for women. Women are ordered not to pray during their [[menstruation]] and for a length of time after childbirth ([[postpartum period]]). A majority of mosques worldwide have dedicated ladies-only prayer spaces. These include mosques in Muslim-majority countries like [[Indonesia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aryanti |first=Tutin |title=Gender and Sacred Space: Segregation in Indonesian Mosques |date=April 27, 2013 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3403392 |access-date=April 3, 2022 |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101082135/https://www.academia.edu/3403392 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Malaysia]], [[Turkey]], [[Saudi Arabia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=4 Beautiful Mosques in Saudi Arabia to Explore |url=https://www.visitsaudi.com/en/do/culture/4-stunning-mosques-in-saudi-arabia |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.visitsaudi.com |language=en |archive-date=January 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118201934/https://www.visitsaudi.com/en/do/culture/4-stunning-mosques-in-saudi-arabia |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[United Arab Emirates]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2022 |title=Ramadan 2022: UAE clarifies COVID-19 rules for worshippers |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/coronavirus/2022/03/30/Ramadan-2022-UAE-clarifies-COVID-19-rules-for-worshippers |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en |archive-date=April 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403070301/https://english.alarabiya.net/coronavirus/2022/03/30/Ramadan-2022-UAE-clarifies-COVID-19-rules-for-worshippers |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as mosques in countries where Muslims are a minority group, like Singapore,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura |url=https://ourmosques.commonspaces.sg/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=ourmosques.commonspaces.sg |archive-date=April 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403154926/https://ourmosques.commonspaces.sg/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Masjid Omar Kampong Melaka {{!}} Infopedia |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_688_2004-12-27.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg |archive-date=April 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403231448/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_688_2004-12-27.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[South Korea]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Seoul – Seoul Central Mosque |url=https://english.visitseoul.net/attractions/Seoul-Central-Mosque_/4864 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=english.visitseoul.net |language=en |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124044327/https://english.visitseoul.net/attractions/Seoul-Central-Mosque_/4864 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Japan and the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Besheer |title=Women are becoming more involved in U.S. mosques |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/08/04/women-are-becoming-more-involved-in-u-s-mosques/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Pew Research Center |date=August 4, 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=April 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403231450/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/08/04/women-are-becoming-more-involved-in-u-s-mosques/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In accordance with Islamic tradition, there is a practice of creating separate prayer spaces for men and women within mosques, which is derived from Hadith literature, including [[Sahih Muslim]]. Additionally, it is recorded that Muhammad encouraged the construction of separate entrances for men and women in mosques. This recommendation aimed to provide convenience and maintain a sense of propriety by allowing men and women to enter and exit the mosque without mingling through the same entrance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://islam.us/hadith/muslim/004.smt.html |access-date=2012-09-09 |title=Sahih Muslim, Book 4, Hadith 881 |publisher=Islam.us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015053054/http://islam.us/hadith/muslim/004.smt.html |archive-date=2011-10-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;al-Sunan al-Kubrá, vol. 1, p. 109.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legal matters==<br /> === Witness of woman ===<br /> {{Main|Status of women's testimony in Islam}}<br /> <br /> The following statement in the Quran is thought to be the general rule for finiancial cases in [[Islamic criminal jurisprudence|Islamic jurisprudence]] ; O believers! When you contract a loan for a fixed period of time, commit it to writing....with justice. Call upon two of your men to witness. If two men cannot be found, then one man and two women of your choice will witness so if one of the women forgets the other may remind her.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Baqarah – 282 |url=https://quran.com/en/al-baqarah/282 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{qref|4|11|b=y|s=y}}&lt;ref name=davidpowers&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Powers |first1=David S. | title=Islamic Inheritance System: A Socio-Historical Approach |journal=Arab Law Quarterly |volume=8 |issue=1 |year=1993 |pages=13–29 |jstor=3381490 |doi=10.1163/157302593X00285}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Property rights ===<br /> {{See also|Islamic inheritance jurisprudence#Women and inheritance|label 1=Women and inheritance in Islam}}<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|For men is a share from what the parents and near relatives leave, and for women is a share from what the parents and near relative leave from less from it or more, a legal share. (Al-Quran 4:7)}}<br /> <br /> The Quran grants inheritance rights to wife, daughter, and sisters of the deceased.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last = Glassé|first = Cyril|publisher = Stacey International|year = 1989|location = London|pages = 188–189}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, women's inheritance rights to her father's property are unequal to her male siblings, and varies based on number of sisters, stepsisters, stepbrothers, whether the mother is surviving, and other claimants. The Qur'an does not explicitly mention the shares of male relatives, such as the [[decedent]]'s son, but provides the rule that the son's share must be twice that of the daughter's. Muslim theologians explain this aspect of inheritance by looking at [[Sharia|Islamic law]] in its entirety, which bestows the responsibility and accountability on men to provide safety, protection and sustenance to women.&lt;sup&gt;[Qur'an 4:34]&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. A. Hussain&quot;&gt;[http://www.islam101.com/sociology/inheritance.htm Islamic Laws of Inheritance]{{spaced ndash}}Dr. Abid Hussain&lt;/ref&gt; A woman, according to Islamic tradition, does not have to give her pre-marriage possessions to her husband and receive a ''[[mahr]]'' (dower) which she then owns.&lt;ref name=&quot;badawi&quot;&gt;[[Jamal Badawi]], ''[http://www.institutealislam.com/the-status-of-woman-in-islam-by-dr-jamal-badawi/ The status of women in Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525170640/http://www.institutealislam.com/the-status-of-woman-in-islam-by-dr-jamal-badawi/ |date=May 25, 2022 }}''. June 4, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, any earnings that a woman receives through employment or business, after marriage, is hers to keep and need not contribute towards family expenses. This is because, once the marriage is consummated, in exchange for ''tamkin'' (sexual submission), a woman is entitled to ''nafaqa—''namely, the financial responsibility for reasonable housing, food and other household expenses for the family, including the spouse, falls entirely on the husband.&lt;ref name=&quot;musawah&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Doi, A. Rahman 1992&quot; /&gt; In traditional Islamic law, a woman is also not responsible for the upkeep of the home and may demand payment for any work she does in the domestic sphere.&lt;ref name=&quot;reliance1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.catheyallison.com/Reliance_of_the_Traveller.pdf |title=Reliance of the Traveller |author=[[Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri]], [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]] |page=?? |date=1368 |work=Amana Publications |access-date=May 14, 2020 |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819082808/http://www.catheyallison.com/Reliance_of_the_Traveller.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;relianceA2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dailyrollcall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/the-reliance-of-the-traveller.pdf|title=A Classic Manual of Islamic Scared Law|author=[[Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri]], [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]]|date=1368|page=??|work=Shafiifiqh.com|access-date=May 14, 2020|archive-date=July 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710183042/http://dailyrollcall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/the-reliance-of-the-traveller.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Ali al-Rida|Ali ibn Musa Ar-Ridha]] (jurist and grandson of Muhammad) wrote answer to a question regarding why women inheritance is half of man: The reason women are given half of what men receive from inheritance is because when a woman marries, she receives ([[mahr]]), whereas a man gives. Therefore, more has been allocated to men.&quot; Imam continued: &quot;Another reason for giving the male twice as much as the female is that the female is under the care of the male if she is in need, and it is his responsibility to support her and provide for her. However, a woman is not required to support a man, nor is she responsible for his expenses if he is in need. Therefore, more has been allocated to the man for this reason. This is in accordance with the saying of Allah (swt), the Mighty and Majestic: 'Men are the protectors and maintainers of women because Allah (swt) has given one more (strength) than the other and because they spend from their wealth.'&quot; (Surah An-Nisa 4:34).&lt;ref&gt;https://thaqalayn.net/hadith/37/1/173/5755&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Ja'far al-Sadiq|Ja'far al-sadiq]] (jurist and grandson of Muhammad): 'A woman has no obligation to pay blood money (Aqilah), nor is she responsible for financial maintenance, nor is she required to participate in [[jihad]].'&quot; Imam then listed other responsibilities beyond these and continued; &quot;These obligations are upon the man. Therefore, he was given two shares, and she was given one.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://thaqalayn.net/hadith/37/1/173/5757&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Property rights enabled some Muslim women to possess substantial assets and fund charitable endowments. In mid-sixteenth century Istanbul, 36.8% of charitable endowments (awqāf) were founded by women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = Women and Waqf: An Analysis of the Istanbul Tahrîr of 1546|last = Baer|first = Gabriel|date = 1983|journal = Asian and African Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; In eighteenth century Cairo, 126 out of 496 charitable foundations (25.4%) were endowed by women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = Bodies in Contact: Rethinking Colonial Encounters in World History|last = Burton &amp; Ballantyne|publisher = Duke University Press|year = 2005|isbn = 978-0-8223-3467-5|pages = [https://archive.org/details/bodiesincontact02unse/page/129 129–130]|chapter = Women, Property and Power in Eighteenth-Century Cairo (Author: Mary Ann Fay)|chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/bodiesincontact02unse/page/129}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 1770 and 1840, 241 out of 468 or 51% of charitable endowments in Aleppo were founded by women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = Women in the Ottoman Empire: Middle Eastern Women in the Early Modern Era|last = Zilfi|first = Madeline C.|publisher = Brill|year = 1997|isbn = 978-9004108042|pages = 131–132|chapter = Women and Waqf Revisited: The Case of Aleppo 1770–1840 (Author: Margaret L. Meriwether)}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bernard Lewis]] says that classical Islamic civilization granted free Muslim women relatively more property rights than women in the West, even as it sanctified three basic inequalities between master and slave, man and woman, believer and unbeliever.&lt;ref&gt;Bernard Lewis (2002), ''What Went Wrong?'', {{ISBN|0-19-514420-1}}, {{p.|82|83}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even in cases where property rights were granted in the West, they were very limited and covered only upper-class women.&lt;ref&gt;Joseph and Naǧmābādī, Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics, Brill Academic, pp. 137–138, {{ISBN|978-9004128187}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over time, while women's rights have improved elsewhere, those in many Muslim-dominated countries have remained comparatively restricted.&lt;ref&gt;Joseph and Naǧmābādī, Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics, Brill Academic, pp. 299–305, {{ISBN|978-9004128187}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Naila Kabeer (1999), Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment. Development and change, 30(3): 435–464&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sexual crimes and sins ===<br /> [[File:Kazakh wedding 3.jpg|thumb|A [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] wedding ceremony in a mosque]]<br /> ==== Zina ====<br /> {{Main|Zina}}<br /> <br /> Zina is an [[Sharia|Islamic legal]] term referring to unlawful sexual intercourse.&lt;ref name=Semerdjian&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|first=Elyse|last=Semerdjian|title=Zinah|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0984|url-access=subscription|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-date=February 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225223722/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0984|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Fiqh|traditional jurisprudence]], zina can include adultery (of married parties), fornication (of unmarried parties), prostitution, [[bestiality]], and, according to some scholars, rape.&lt;ref name=Semerdjian /&gt; The [[Quran]] disapproved of the promiscuity prevailing in Arabia at the time, and several verses refer to unlawful sexual intercourse, including one that prescribes the punishment of 100 lashes for fornicators.&lt;ref name=EI2&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|first=R. |last= Peters | year= 2012 | title=Zinā or Zināʾ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition= 2nd|publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8168 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Zina thus belong to the class of ''hadd'' (pl. ''[[hudud]]'') crimes, which have Quranically specified punishments.&lt;ref name=EI2 /&gt;<br /> <br /> Although stoning for zina is not mentioned in the Quran, all schools of traditional jurisprudence agreed on the basis of [[hadith]] that it is to be punished by stoning if the offender is ''muhsan'' (adult, free, Muslim, and having been married), with some extending this punishment to certain other cases and milder punishment prescribed in other scenarios. existence of stoning in sharia has been disputed by some modernist scholars.&lt;ref name=EI2 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Semerdjian /&gt; The offenders must have acted of their own free will.&lt;ref name=EI2 /&gt; According to traditional jurisprudence, zina must be proved by testimony of four adult, pious eyewitnesses to the actual act of penetration, or a confession repeated four times and not retracted later.&lt;ref name=EI2 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Semerdjian /&gt; Any Muslim who accuses another Muslim of zina but fails to produce the required witnesses commits the crime of false accusation (qadhf, القذف).&lt;ref name=&quot;aq97&quot;&gt;Quraishi, A. (1997). [http://ssrn.com/abstract=1524245 Her Honor: An Islamic Critique of the Rape Laws of Pakistan from a Woman-Sensitive Perspective], ''Michigan Journal of International Law'', {{vol.|18}}, {{No.|287}} (1997).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sas01&quot;&gt;Sidahmed, A. S. (2001). &quot;Problems in contemporary applications of Islamic criminal sanctions: The penalty for adultery in relation to women&quot;, ''British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies'', 28(2), {{pp.|187|204}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Esmaeili, H., &amp; Gans, J. (1999). &quot;Islamic law across cultural borders: the involvement of western nationals in Saudi murder trials&quot;, ''Denver Journal of International Law and Policy'' 28:145; see also {{qref|24|4|b=y}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Some contend that this [[Sharia]] requirement of four eyewitnesses severely limits a man's ability to prove [[zina]] charges against women, a crime often committed without eyewitnesses.&lt;ref name=&quot;aq97&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Cheema | first1 = M. H. | last2 = Mustafa | first2 = A. R. | year = 2008 | title = From the Hudood Ordinances to the Protection of Women Act: Islamic Critiques of the Hudood Laws of Pakistan | journal = UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near East Law | volume = 8 | pages = 1–101 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Kamali | first1 = M. H. | year = 1998 | title = Punishment in Islamic law: A critique of the ''hudud'' bill of Kelantan, Malaysia | journal = Arab Law Quarterly | volume = 13 | issue = 3| pages = 203–234 | doi=10.1163/026805598125826102}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike the other legal schools or [[Madhhab|Madhhabs]] the [[Maliki]] legal school allows unmarried woman's pregnancy to be used as evidence, but the punishment can be averted by a number of legal &quot;semblances&quot; (''shubuhat''), such as existence of an invalid marriage contract.&lt;ref name=EI2 /&gt; These requirements made zina virtually impossible to prove in practice.&lt;ref name=Semerdjian /&gt;<br /> <br /> Aside from &quot;a few rare and isolated&quot; instances from the pre-modern era and several recent cases, there is no historical record of stoning for zina being legally carried out.&lt;ref name=Semerdjian /&gt; Zina became a more pressing issue in modern times, as [[Islamist]] movements and governments employed polemics against public immorality.&lt;ref name=Semerdjian /&gt; After sharia-based criminal laws were widely replaced by European-inspired statutes in the modern era, in recent decades several countries passed legal reforms that incorporated elements of hudud laws into their legal codes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|first=Knut S.|last=Vikør|title=Sharīʿah|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor=Emad El-Din Shahin|year=2014|url=http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226|access-date=August 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054116/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iran witnessed several highly publicized stonings for zina in the aftermath of the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic revolution]].&lt;ref name=Semerdjian /&gt; In Nigeria local courts have passed several stoning sentences, all of which were overturned on appeal or left unenforced.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author= Gunnar J. Weimann|title=Islamic Criminal Law in Northern Nigeria: Politics, Religion, Judicial Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2joqx6vG74cC&amp;pg=PA77|page=77|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|year=2010|isbn=9789056296551}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the harsher punishments of the [[Hudood Ordinances]] have never been applied in Pakistan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Jan Michiel |last1=Otto |year=2008 |title=Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries: Tensions and Opportunities for Dutch and EU Foreign Policy |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8728-048-2 |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/20694/Sharia%20and%20national%20Law%20in%20Muslim%20countries.pdf |page=20 |archive-date=October 9, 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009235043/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/20694/Sharia%20and%20national%20Law%20in%20Muslim%20countries.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2005 [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that over 200,000 zina cases against women were underway at various levels in Pakistan's legal system.&lt;ref name=hrwpakistan&gt;[https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k5/pdf/pakist.pdf Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307043029/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k5/pdf/pakist.pdf |date=March 7, 2016 }} Human Rights Watch (2005)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Qazf and Li'an ====<br /> In 'qazf' when someone accuses a chaste woman without four witnesses then he is to be punished with being flogged with eighty lashes. His testimony will become inadmissible forever unless he repents and improves (24:4–5)<br /> <br /> However, in 'lian', when the husband accuses the wife of adultery without witnesses, he have to swear five times each to support his case. If he takes oaths she is to be punished with 100 flogging and [[stoning]] (disputed by modernist scholars)unless she too takes oaths in similar way to support her case, her oaths are upheld over his and she will not be punished(24:6–9).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/839596|title=Woman as a witness|date=November 12, 2010|access-date=April 8, 2018|archive-date=November 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101082136/https://www.dawn.com/news/839596|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Rape ====<br /> {{Anchor|Rape}}<br /> {{Main|Rape in Islamic law}}<br /> <br /> Rape can be defined as: &quot;Forcible illegal sexual intercourse by a man with a woman who is not legally married to him, without her free will and consent&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Noor&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Noor|first1=Azman Mohd|title=Rape: A Problem of Crime Classification in Islamic Law|journal=Arab Law Quarterly|date=January 1, 2010|volume=24|issue=4|pages=417–438|doi=10.1163/157302510X526724}}&lt;/ref&gt; Islamic primary law sources, like the legal systems of classical antiquity and the ancient Near East, does not contain a true equivalent of the modern [[Rape in Islam|concept of rape]], which based on the modern notions of individual inviolability of the body.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhy_CQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA16|pages=16–17|title=Sexual Violation in Islamic Law: Substance, Evidence, and Procedure|author=Hina Azam|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-107-09424-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Fiqh|Classical jurisprudence]], attempted to fill this gap by likening rape to defined crimes such as [[Zina|adultery]] and [[hirabah]]. However, some distinctions were made between rape and adultery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leaman 2013 78&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Controversies in Contemporary Islam |last=Leaman |first=Oliver |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-67613-7 |page=78}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In the case of rape, the adult male perpetrator (i.e. rapist) of such an act is to receive the ḥadd zinā, but the non-consenting or invalidly consenting female (i.e. rape victim) is to be regarded as innocent of zinā and relieved of the ḥadd punishment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = Feminism, Law, and Religion|last = Failinger|first = Marie A.|publisher = Ashgate|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1-4094-4421-3|location = Farnham, England|pages = 328–329|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Oliver Leaman]], the required testimony of four male witnesses having seen the actual penetration applies to illicit sexual relations (i.e. adultery and fornication), not to rape.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leaman78&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Controversies in Contemporary Islam |last=Leaman |first=Oliver |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-67613-7 |location=New York |page=78}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Rape charges can be brought and a case proven based on the sole testimony of the victim, providing that circumstantial evidence supports the allegations. ..... It (requirements for proof of rape as zina) happens either due to misinterpretation of the intricacies of the Sharia laws governing these matters, or cultural traditions; or due to corruption and blatant disregard of the law, or indeed some combination of these phenomena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leaman78&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> In Dubai, some women who made accusations of rape with a lack of proof have been charged with fornication or adultery however Dubai later amended there laws which rape victims won't be charged for fornication and adultery due to a lack of proof.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.guardiannews.com/world/2003/jan/04/france.jonhenley1 |title=French 'rape victim' faces jail for adultery |author=Jon Henley |newspaper=The Guardian |date=January 3, 2002 |access-date=January 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=New UAE law on unmarried parenting, sexual assault, extramarital affairs | date=December 6, 2021 | url=https://www.trenchlaw.com/explained-new-uae-law-on-unmarried-parenting-sexual-assault-extramarital-affairs/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Domestic violence ===<br /> {{See also|Islam and domestic violence}}<br /> The relationship between Islam and domestic violence is disputed by some Islamic scholars.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmed&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakhtiar&quot;&gt;Bakhtiar, Laleh.<br /> [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/world/americas/25iht-koran.4.5017346.html?_r=1&amp;pagewanted=all ''Verse in Koran on beating wife gets a new translation.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922140842/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/world/americas/25iht-koran.4.5017346.html?_r=1&amp;pagewanted=all |date=September 22, 2018 }} New York Times (March 25, 2007)&lt;/ref&gt; Some Muslims, such as [[Islamic feminism|Islamic feminist]] groups, argue that Muslim men misuse the text as an excuse for [[Islam and domestic violence|domestic violence]].&lt;ref name=&quot;issue&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/20/AR2006102001261.html|title=Clothes Aren't the Issue|last=Nomani|first=Asra Q.|date=October 22, 2006|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922033032/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/20/AR2006102001261_2.html?noredirect=on|archive-date=2018-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|A fragment of [[An-Nisa|Sūrat an-Nisā']]{{snd}}a chapter of Islam's sacred text entitled 'Women'{{snd}}featuring the Persian, Arabic, and Kufic scripts.]]<br /> {{blockquote|Men are the caretakers of women, as men have been provisioned by Allah over women and tasked with supporting them financially. And righteous women are devoutly obedient and, when alone, protective of what Allah has entrusted them with. And if you sense ill-conduct from your women, advise them, do not share their beds, and strike them. But if they change their ways, do not be unjust to them...... If you anticipate a split between them, appoint a mediator from his family and another from hers.....{{qref|4|34-35|c=y}}}}<br /> <br /> There are a number of translations of this verse from the Arabic original, and all vary to some extent.&lt;ref name=&quot;arabic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/4/34/default.htm|title=AYAH an-Nisa' 4:34|website=Islam Awakened|access-date=December 12, 2014|archive-date=November 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109091939/http://www.islamawakened.com/quran/4/34/default.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The word ''w'aḍribūhunna'' in this verse which is understood as &quot;beating&quot; or &quot;hitting&quot; or &quot;discipline&quot; in English— is derived from the Arabic root word ḍaraba, which has over fifty derivations and definitions, including &quot;to separate', &quot;to oscillate&quot; and &quot;to play music&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Prohibition of Domestic Violence in Islam|last=Kabbani|first=Shaykh Muhammad Hisham|publisher=World Organization for Resource Development and Education|year=2011|isbn=978-1-930409-97-2|location=Washington, DC|page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; The common conservative interpretations &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An Nisa (The women) verse 34 |url=https://quranx.com/4.34 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Quranx |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029092110/https://quranx.com/4.34 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last= |title=The Qur'an Arabic text(with corresponding english meanings) |publisher=Saheeh International |year=1997 |location=Jeddah, Saudi Arabia |page=105}}&lt;/ref&gt; translate and understand the word to mean as strike or beat in [[An-Nisa, 34|this verse]]. Some scholars&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Hajjar | first1 = Lisa | year = 2004 | title = Religion, state power, and domestic violence in Muslim societies: A framework for comparative analysis | journal = Law &amp; Social Inquiry | volume = 29 | issue = 1| pages = 1–38 | doi=10.1086/423688}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Treacher | first1 = Amal | year = 2003 | title = Reading the Other Women, Feminism, and Islam | journal = Studies in Gender and Sexuality | volume = 4 | issue = 1| pages = 59–71 | doi=10.1080/15240650409349215| s2cid = 144006049 }}&lt;/ref&gt; claim that Quran allows and domestic violence against women, when a husband suspects ''[[nushuz]]'' (disobedience, disloyalty, rebellion, ill conduct) in his wife at the third stage. with divorce and dowry (husband to woman) being forth stage. principal of kindness to wives and of no harm might in islam is to be taken to account.&lt;ref name=&quot;John C. Raines 2001 pages 201-203&quot;&gt;John C. Raines &amp; Daniel C. Maguire (Ed), Farid Esack, What Men Owe to Women: Men's Voices from World Religions, State University of New York (2001), see pp. 201–203&lt;/ref&gt; Other scholars claim wife beating, for ''nashizah'', is not consistent with modern perspectives of Quran and the principal of kindness to wives and of no harm.&lt;ref&gt;Jackson, Nicky Ali, ed. Encyclopedia of domestic violence. CRC Press, 2007. (see chapter on Quranic perspectives on wife abuse)&lt;/ref&gt; Some conservative translations suggest Muslim husbands are permitted to use ''light force'' on their wives, and others claim permissibly to strike them with a ''Miswak'' and chastise them. if the skin redden or harm is done, the husband has to pay a often heavy fine known as [[Blood money in Islam|diyah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmed&quot;&gt;Ahmed, Ali S. V.; Jibouri, Yasin T. (2004). ''The Koran: Translation.'' Elmhurst, NY: Tahrike Tarsile Qurān. {{ISBN?}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Following verses of Quran and Hadiths are most cited by secondary and tertiary sources on permissibility of domestic violence under Islamic law:<br /> * Steps recommended to Muslim husband for chastising his Muslim wife: {{qref|4|34|b=y}}<br /> * Aisha discusses wife beating with Allah's messenger: {{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|7|72|715}}<br /> * Muhammad hit A'isha on chest which caused her pain: {{Hadith-usc|Muslim|usc=yes|4|2127}}<br /> * Muhammad's statement that a man should not be questioned for beating his wife: {{Hadith-usc|abudawud|usc=yes|11|2142}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Muhammad's [[Farewell Sermon]] as recorded in al-Tabari's History he told people to be kind toward women.&lt;ref&gt;al-Tabari, ''History of Al-Tabari, Vol. IX: The Last Years of the Prophet'' tr. Poonawala, I.K. (Albany, NY, 1990) pp. 112–113&lt;/ref&gt; and in a Sahih Hadith collected by Abu Dawud he instructed husbands to discipline their wives, without severity (فَاضْرِبُوهُنَّ ضَرْبًا غَيْرَ مُبَرِّحٍ ''fadribuhunna darban ghayra mubarrih''; literal translation: &quot;beat them, a beating without severity&quot;) When asked by Ibn Abbas, the cousin and companion of Muhammad, Ibn Abbas replied back: &quot;I asked Ibn Abbas: 'What is the hitting that is Ghayr Al-Mubarrih (Without Severity) ?' He replied [with] the ''[[Miswak|siwak]]'' ([[teeth-cleaning twig]]) and the like'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Jami' Al Bayan An Ta'Wil Aayi al Qur'an|last=Al Tabari|first=Ibn Jarir|publisher=Dar al-Fikr|volume=5|page= 68}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There have been several [[fatwas]] and hadiths against domestic violence;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://canadiancouncilofimams.com/pages/EFkFEEAkEuvurqQPyi.shtml|title=CCI supports the Continuous Call to Eradicate Domestic Violence and calls to dedicate Dec 09 Friday sermons to the subject|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220011028/http://www.canadiancouncilofimams.com/pages/EFkFEEAkEuvurqQPyi.shtml|archive-date=February 20, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.com/fatwa-honour-killings-misogyny-domestic-violence.pdf|title=Fatwa on Honour Killings, Misogyny and Domestic Violence|date=October 13, 2014|work=Islamic Supreme Council of Canada|access-date=2018-09-22|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108045631/http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.com/fatwa-honour-killings-misogyny-domestic-violence.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Lebanese educator and journalist 'Abd al-Qadir al-Maghribi argued that perpetrating acts of domestic violence goes against Muḥammad's own example and injunction. In his 1928 essay, ''Muḥammad and Woman'', al-Maghribi said: &quot;He [Muḥammad] prohibited a man from beating his wife and noted that beating was not appropriate for the marital relationship between them&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kurzman 2002 207–214&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title = Modernist Islam 1840–1940: A Sourcebook|url = https://archive.org/details/modernistislamso00kurz|url-access = limited|last = Kurzman|first = Charles|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 2002|isbn = 978-0-19-515468-9|location = New York|pages = [https://archive.org/details/modernistislamso00kurz/page/n221 207]–214}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muḥammad underlined the moral and logical inconsistency in beating one's wife during the day and then praising her at night as a prelude to conjugal relations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kurzman 2002 207–214&quot; /&gt; According to another tradition, he forbade the beating of any woman with the words, &quot;Never beat God's handmaidens.&quot;'&lt;ref name=&quot;Engineer 2005 53&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Quran, Women and Modern Society|last = Engineer|first = Asghar Ali|publisher = New Dawn Press|year = 2005|isbn = 978-1-932705-42-3|location = New Delhi|page = 53}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Jonathan A.C. Brown]] gives some tendency examples across the Sunni schools of law on the 'Wife Beating Verse'. [[Ata ibn Abi Rabah|Ata' bin Abi Rabah]], counseled a husband not to beat his wife even if she ignored him but rather to express his anger in some other way. [[Al-Darimi|Darimi]], a teacher of both [[Tirmidhi]] and [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|Muslim bin Hajjaj]] as well as a leading early scholar in Iran, collected all the Hadiths showing Muhammad's disapproval of beating in a chapter entitled 'The Prohibition on Striking Women'. A thirteenth-century scholar from Granada, Ibn Faras, notes that one camp of ulama had staked out a stance forbidding striking a wife altogether, declaring it contrary to Muhammad's example and denying the authenticity of any Hadiths that seemed to permit beating. Even [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Hajar]], the pillar of late medieval Sunni Hadith scholarship, concludes that, contrary to what seems to be an explicit command in the Quran, the hadiths of Muhammad leave no doubt that striking one's wife to discipline her actually falls under the Sharia ruling of 'strongly disliked' or 'disliked verging on prohibited.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|last=Brown|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oneworld Publisher|year=2014|pages=275–276}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In recent years, numerous prominent scholars in the tradition of &quot;orthodox Islam&quot; have issued fatwas (legal opinions) against domestic violence. These include [[Muhammad Asad]], the Shī'ite scholar [[Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah]], who promulgated a fatwa on the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women in 2007, which states that Islam forbids men from exercising any form of violence against women;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/domestic-violence-fatwa-stirs-outrage-1.503419|title=Domestic violence fatwa stirs outrage|last=Abou el Magd|first=Nadia|date=October 28, 2008|website=The National|publisher=Mubadala Development Company|access-date=June 13, 2016|archive-date=August 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809101819/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/domestic-violence-fatwa-stirs-outrage|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shakyh [[Hisham Kabbani|Muhammad Hisham Kabbani]], the Chairman of the Islamic Supreme Council of America, who co-authored ''The Prohibition of Domestic Violence in Islam'' (2011) with Homayra Ziad;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Prohibition of Domestic Violence in America|last=Kabbani|first=Shaykh Muhammad Hisham|publisher=World Organization for Resource Development and Education|year=2011|isbn=978-1-930409-97-2|location=Washington, DC}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Cemalnur Sargut]], the president of the Turkish Women's Cultural Association (TÜRKKAD), who has stated that men who engage in domestic violence &quot;in a sense commit polytheism (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]'')&quot;: &quot;Such people never go on a diet to curb the desires of their ego...[Conversely] In his [[Masnavi|''Mathnawi'']] Rumi says love for women is because of witnessing Allah as reflected in the mirror of their being. According to [[Sufism|''tasawwuf'']], woman is the light of Allah's beauty shed onto this earth. Again in [the] ''Mathanawi'' Rumi says a man who is wise and fine-spirited is understanding and compassionate towards a woman, and never wants to hurt or injure her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/turkey-women-in-middle-east-sargut.html|title=Turkish teacher on why she embraces Sufi lifestyle|last=Asimović Akyol|first=Riada|date=March 24, 2015|work=Al-Monitor|access-date=June 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327002540/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/turkey-women-in-middle-east-sargut.html|archive-date=2015-03-27|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ====Current status====<br /> [[File:A comparison of acceptance of domestic violence in select Arab and Muslim majority countries, UNICEF 2013.png|thumb|Acceptance of domestic violence by women in some Islamic countries, according to UNICEF (2013)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.childinfo.org/attitudes_data.php Percentage of women aged 15–49 who think that a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife/partner under certain circumstances] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704112113/http://www.childinfo.org/attitudes_data.php |date=July 4, 2014 }} UNICEF (2013)&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> In practice, the legal doctrine of many Islamic nations, in deference to Sharia law, have refused to include, consider or prosecute cases of domestic violence, limiting legal protections available to Muslim women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Fluehr-Lobban | first1 = Carolyn | last2 = Bardsley-Sirois | first2 = Lois | year = 1990 | title = Obedience (Ta'a) in Muslim Marriage: Religious Interpretation and Applied Law in Egypt | journal = Journal of Comparative Family Studies | volume = 21 | issue = 1| pages = 39–53 | doi = 10.3138/jcfs.21.1.39 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Maghraoui, Abdeslam. &quot;Political authority in crisis: Mohammed VI's Morocco.&quot;Middle East Report 218 (2001): 12–17.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Critelli, Filomena M. &quot;Women's rights= Human rights: Pakistani women against gender violence.&quot; ''J. Soc. &amp; Soc. Welfare'' 37 (2010), pp. 135–142&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Oweis | first1 = Arwa |display-authors=etal | year = 2009 | title = Violence Against Women Unveiling the Suffering of Women with a Low Income in Jordan | journal = Journal of Transcultural Nursing | volume = 20 | issue = 1| pages = 69–76 | doi=10.1177/1043659608325848| pmid = 18832763 | s2cid = 21361924 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, for example, the highest court of United Arab Emirates (Federal Supreme Court) considered a lower court's ruling, and upheld a husband's right to &quot;chastise&quot; his wife and children with physical violence. Article 53 of the United Arab Emirates' penal code acknowledges the right of a &quot;chastisement by a husband to his wife and the chastisement of minor children&quot; so long as the assault does not exceed the limits prescribed by Sharia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/10/19/uae-spousal-abuse-never-right|title=UAE: Spousal Abuse Never a 'Right'|work=Human Rights Watch|access-date=May 25, 2016|date=October 19, 2010|archive-date=February 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226083817/https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/10/19/uae-spousal-abuse-never-right|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Lebanon, as many as three-quarters of all Lebanese women have suffered physical abuse at the hands of husbands or male relatives at some point in their lives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/86247/lebanon-move-to-take-domestic-violence-cases-out-of-religious-courts|title=Move to take domestic violence cases out of religious courts|work=IRIN|access-date=May 25, 2016|date=September 23, 2009|archive-date=August 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812051407/http://www.irinnews.org/report/86247/lebanon-move-to-take-domestic-violence-cases-out-of-religious-courts|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/06/lebanon-enact-family-violence-bill-protect-women|title=Lebanon: Enact Family Violence Bill to Protect Women|work=Human Rights Watch|access-date=May 25, 2016|date=July 6, 2011|archive-date=January 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120204019/https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/06/lebanon-enact-family-violence-bill-protect-women|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Afghanistan, over 85% of women report domestic violence;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/Afghanistan_brochure_0913_09032013.pdf Afghanistan – Ending Child Marriage and Domestic Violence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310070943/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/Afghanistan_brochure_0913_09032013.pdf |date=March 10, 2017 }} Human Rights Watch (September 2013), pp. 11–13&lt;/ref&gt; other nations with very high rates of domestic violence and limited legal rights include Syria, Pakistan, Egypt, Morocco, Iran, Yemen and Saudi Arabia.&lt;ref&gt;Moha Ennaji and Fatima Sadiq, ''Gender and Violence in the Middle East'', Routledge (2011), {{ISBN|978-0-415-59411-0}}; see pp. 162–247&lt;/ref&gt; In some Islamic countries such as Turkey, where legal protections against domestic violence have been enacted, serial domestic violence by husband and other male members of her family is mostly ignored by witnesses and accepted by women without her getting legal help, according to a Government of Turkey report.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/eng/dokumanlar/2008-TDVAW_Main_Report.pdf Domestic violence against women in Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021122654/http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/eng/dokumanlar/2008-TDVAW_Main_Report.pdf |date=October 21, 2013 }} Jansen, Uner, Kardam, et al.; Turkish Republic Prime Minister Directorate General Office (2009); see Chapter 6&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Women at a cafeteria in Istanbul.jpg|thumb|Women in an [[Istanbul]] cafeteria]]<br /> <br /> Turkey was the first country in Europe to ratify (on March 14, 2012) the Council of Europe [[Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release|url = http://www.endfgm.eu/en/news-and-events/news/press-releases/turkey-ratifies-the-convention-on-preventing-and-combating-violence-and-domestic-violence-again-0073/|title = Turkey ratifies the Convention on preventing and combating violence and domestic violence against women|date = March 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629051640/http://www.endfgm.eu/en/news-and-events/news/press-releases/turkey-ratifies-the-convention-on-preventing-and-combating-violence-and-domestic-violence-again-0073/ |archive-date=2015-06-29|publisher = End FGM European Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is known as the Istanbul Convention because it was first opened for signature in Turkey's largest city (on May 11, 2011).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.humanrights.ch/en/standards/ce-treaties/violence-against-women/|title = Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)|date = May 20, 2014|access-date = June 27, 2015|website = Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)|publisher = Information Platform humanrights.ch|archive-date = June 29, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629034315/http://www.humanrights.ch/en/standards/ce-treaties/violence-against-women/|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, Turkey became the first and only country to withdraw from the convention, after denouncing it on 20 March 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-26 |title=Erdoğan insists it's at his discretion to pull Turkey out of İstanbul Convention |url=https://bianet.org/haber/erdogan-insists-it-s-at-his-discretion-to-pull-turkey-out-of-istanbul-convention-241444 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Bianet |language=en |archive-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119090736/https://bianet.org/haber/erdogan-insists-it-s-at-his-discretion-to-pull-turkey-out-of-istanbul-convention-241444 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Three other European countries with a significant (≥c.20%) Muslim population—Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro—have also ratified the convention, while Macedonia is a signatory to the document.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=210&amp;CM=1&amp;DF=&amp;CL=ENG|title = Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence CETS No.: 210|date = June 27, 2015|access-date = June 27, 2015|website = Council of Europe|archive-date = August 18, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150818153518/http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=210&amp;CM=1&amp;DF=&amp;CL=ENG|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The aim of the convention is to create a Europe free from violence against women and domestic violence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130411020625/http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/convention-violence/Background%20info/The%20Istanbul%20Convention%20and%20the%20CEDAW%20framework_a%20comparison%20%28short%20version%29.pdf|archive-date = April 11, 2013|url = http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/convention-violence/Background%20info/The%20Istanbul%20Convention%20and%20the%20CEDAW%20framework_a%20comparison%20%28short%20version%29.pdf|title = The Istanbul Convention and the CEDAW framework: A comparison of measures to prevent and combat violence against women|access-date = June 27, 2015|website = Council of Europe|url-status = dead|df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; On December 10, 2014, the Serbian-Turkish pop star [[Emina Jahović]] released a video clip entitled ''Ne plašim se'' (&quot;I'm not scared&quot;) to help raise awareness of domestic violence in the Balkans. ''Ne plašim se'' highlighted the link between alcohol consumption and domestic abuse. The film's release date was timed to coincide with the United Nations' Human Rights Day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.balkanika.tv/en/news/id/528.html|title=Promo/ Emina Jahovic- Ne plasim se|website=Balkanika Music Television|access-date=September 8, 2017|archive-date=September 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909004514/http://www.balkanika.tv/en/news/id/528.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the United States, a recent 2017 study done by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that, &quot;Domestic violence occurs in the Muslim community as often as it does in Christian and non-affiliated communities, but Muslim victims are more likely to involve faith leaders&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; Data from the study demonstrates that among American Muslims 13% of those surveyed said they knew someone in their faith community who was a victim of domestic violence, a number similar to that of Catholics (15%), Protestants (17%), of non-affiliated (14%), and even the general public (15%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; Among Americans Muslims who knew of a domestic violence incident in the past year, the percentage of them who said the crime was reported to law enforcement (50%) is comparable to other groups and the general public as well. American Muslim respondents reported that a faith leader was informed of the domestic violence (likely for [[Blood money in Islam|diyah]]) about half the time, a significantly higher rate than any other faith group surveyed in the poll.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Female education ==<br /> {{See also|Madrasa#Female education|label 1=Religious education of Women in Islam}}<br /> [[File:Al-Qarawiyyin University, Fes, Morocco - Var 132.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Al Quaraouiyine|University of al-Qarawiyyin]] (Université Al Quaraouiyine) in the Moroccan city of Fes was founded as a mosque complex by a Muslim woman{{snd}}[[Fatima al-Fihri]], the educated daughter of a wealthy merchant{{snd}}in 859. According to UNESCO, it is the oldest university in the world which is still operational.&lt;ref name=&quot;Medina of Fez&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/170|title=Medina of Fez|website=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=July 4, 2016|archive-date=September 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919192617/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/170|url-status=live}}.&lt;/ref&gt; It was incorporated into Morocco's modern state university system in 1963.]]<br /> <br /> === The classical position ===<br /> The [[Quran]], [[Hadith|''ḥadīth'' literature]], and ''[[sunnah]]'' (the spoken or acted example attributed to Muhammad) advocate the rights of women and men equally to seek knowledge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa A.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Quran commands all Muslims to exert effort in the pursuit of knowledge, irrespective of their biological sex: it constantly encourages Muslims to read, think, contemplate and learn from the signs of God in nature.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 8&quot; /&gt; Moreover, Muhammad encouraged education for both males and females: he declared that seeking knowledge was a religious duty binding upon every Muslim man and woman.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa A.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like her male counterpart, each woman is under a moral and religious obligation to seek knowledge, develop her intellect, broaden her outlook, cultivate her talents and then use her potential to the benefit of her soul and her society.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 20&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa A.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Copyists made it evident that women were entitled to seek an education just as much as any man by stating in the ''ḥadīth'' literature that it is everyone's duty, whether male or female, to seek knowledge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Robinson|first=Francis|title=Education|year=2000|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139056144A028/type/book_part|work=The New Cambridge History of Islam|pages=495–531|editor-last=Irwin|editor-first=Robert|edition=1st|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/chol9780521838245.022|isbn=978-1-139-05614-4|access-date=2020-12-14|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Along with these ideals came with hesitation from some who believed an educated woman who could read and write was described as poisonous.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Many women throughout the [[Muslim world]] took this opportunity to receive education.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Muhammad's teachings were widely sought by both sexes, and accordingly at the time of his death it was reported that there were many female scholars of Islam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 9&quot; /&gt; Additionally, the [[wives of Muhammad]]—particularly [[Aisha]]—also taught both women and men; many of his [[Sahaba|companions]] and followers learned the Quran, ''ḥadīth'', and [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] (''fiqh'') from [[Aisha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa A.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|pages=20–21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because Islam recognizes that women are in principle wives and mothers, the acquisition of knowledge in fields which are complementary to these social roles was specially emphasized.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa A.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There exist also some women who didn't conform to [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Pre-Islamic Arab traditions]], such as:<br /> * [[Nusaybah bint Ka'ab]], a warrior who was known as ''The Shield of The Prophet. S''he fought in numerous battles like ''Uhud'', ''Hunain'', and ''Yamamah.''<br /> * [[Aisha]], a wife of prophet Muhammad, and a scholar.<br /> * [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]], the first wife of Prophet Muhammad who was a successful (and wealthy until after getting married when she donated most of her wealth to charity) business-woman.<br /> * [[Rufaida Al-Aslamia]], an Arab medical and social worker recognized as the first female Muslim nurse and the first female surgeon in Islam. She is the first known nurse in history.<br /> <br /> === History of women's education ===<br /> [[File:Ганифа Меликова среди учениц первой рус.-мусульм. шк. для девочек..jpg|thumb|Director of the first muslim school for girls Ganifa Melikova with schoolgirls. Baku]]<br /> James E. Lindsay states that Islam encouraged religious education of Muslim women.&lt;ref name=&quot;jel196&quot; /&gt; According to a ''ḥadīth'' in ''Saḥih Muslim'' variously attributed to Aisha and Muhammad, the women of the ''[[Ansar (Islam)|ansar]]'' were praiseworthy because shame did not prevent them from asking detailed questions about Islamic law.&lt;ref name=&quot;jel196&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World |first=James E. |last=Lindsay |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-313-32270-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/196 196] |quote=In addition, Muhammad is reported to have praised the women of Medina because of their desire for religious knowledge. &quot;How splendid were the women of the ansar; shame did not prevent them from becoming learned in the faith.&quot; |url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/196 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While it was not common for women to enroll as students in formal religious schools, it was common for women to attend informal lectures and study sessions at mosques, ''[[Madrasah|madrassa]]'' and other public places. For example, the attendance of women at the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]'s &quot;sessions of wisdom&quot; (''majālis al-ḥikma'') was noted by various historians, including Ibn al-Tuwayr, [[al-Musabbihi|al-Muṣabbiḥī]], and [[Imamah (Nizari Ismaili doctrine)|Imam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Virani|first1=Shafique N.|title=The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation|url=https://archive.org/details/ismailismiddleag00vira|url-access=limited|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-531173-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/ismailismiddleag00vira/page/n179 159]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, some Muslim women played an important role in the foundation of many religious educational institutions, such as [[Fatima al-Fihri]]'s founding of the al-Karaouine mosque in {{CE|859}}, from which later developed the [[University of al-Karaouine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lindsay2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World |first=James E. |last=Lindsay |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-313-32270-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|274}} Many royal women were founders of educational institutions, including ''madrassa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; In [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk Cairo]], women were responsible for endowing five ''madrassa'' and could even have the responsibility of being a supervisor of a madrasa administration if they had familial ties to a founder.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; According to the 12th-century Sunni scholar [[Ibn 'Asakir]], there were various opportunities for female education during the [[Islamic Golden Age]]. He writes that women could study, earn ''[[ijazah]]'' (religious degrees) and qualify as ''[[ulama]]'' and Islamic teachers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lindsay2005&quot; /&gt;{{rp|196, 198}} Similarly, [[al-Sakhawi]] devotes one of the twelve volumes of his [[biographical dictionary]] ''Daw al-Lami'' to female religious scholars between 700 and {{CE|1800}}, giving information on 1,075 of them.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor1-last=Nashat|editor1-first=Guity|editor2-last=Beck|editor2-first=Lois |title= Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800 |date=2003 |publisher= University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana|isbn=0-252-07121-2|page=69}}&lt;/ref&gt; Women of prominent urban families were commonly educated in private settings and many of them received and later issued ''ijazah'' in ''ḥadīth'' studies, calligraphy, and recitation of poetry.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapidus-210&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| last = Lapidus | first = Ira M. | author-link=Ira M. Lapidus | title = A History of Islamic Societies | publisher = Cambridge University Press|edition=Kindle | year = 2014| isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 | page=210}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Jonathan Porter |last=Berkey | author-link = Jonathan Berkey| year=2003 | title=The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800|url=https://archive.org/details/formationislamre00berk_681 |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/formationislamre00berk_681/page/n244 227]}}&lt;/ref&gt; There was a period of time where women scholars were vital to the transmission of the ''ḥadīth''. Important female scholars such as Shuhda, Zaynab, Aisha, and Fatimah were trained at a very young age and influenced heavily by family members who were also scholars or immersed in the knowledge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nadwi|first=Mohammad|title=Al-Muhaddithat: The Women Scholars in Islam|year=2007|pages=77–82}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each had an extensive following and made many contributions to teaching those of various backgrounds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt; Working women learned religious texts and practical skills primarily from each other, though they also received some instruction together with men in mosques and private homes.&lt;ref name=&quot;lapidus-210&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[Colonial Era|colonial era]], until the early 20th century, there was a gender struggle among Muslims living under the [[British Empire]]; educating women was viewed as a prelude to social chaos, a threat to the moral order, and man's world was viewed as a source of Muslim identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;francisrobinson&quot;&gt;Francis Robinson, [http://digirep.rhul.ac.uk/file/209b1bd6-9fc5-4192-4e25-9b49c6db72a7/6/OUPBrempid.pdf &quot;The British Empire and Muslim Identity in South Asia&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503022026/http://digirep.rhul.ac.uk/file/209b1bd6-9fc5-4192-4e25-9b49c6db72a7/6/OUPBrempid.pdf |date=May 3, 2014 }}, Oxford University Press, pp. 18–21; Francis Robinson (1982), Atlas of the Islamic World Since 1500, {{ISBN|978-0-87196-629-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim women in [[British India]], nevertheless, pressed for their rights independently of men; by the 1930s, 2.5&amp;nbsp;million girls had entered schools, of which 0.5&amp;nbsp;million were Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;francisrobinson&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Osman-hamdi-bey-girl-reciting-qu-ran-1880.jpg|thumb|''Girl Reciting the Qurān'' (''Kuran Okuyan Kız''), an 1880 painting by the Ottoman polymath [[Osman Hamdi Bey]], whose works often showed women engaged in educational activities&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.howtotalkaboutarthistory.com/artist-feature/artist-feature-osman-hamdi-bey/|title=Artist Feature: Who Was Osman Hamdi Bey?|date=April 27, 2017|website=How To Talk About Art History|access-date=June 13, 2018|archive-date=May 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521195002/http://www.howtotalkaboutarthistory.com/artist-feature/artist-feature-osman-hamdi-bey/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> === Women as educators ===<br /> The mid-14th century saw a rise in women's participation, such as the teaching of ''ḥadīth''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sayeed|first=Asma|title=Women and the Transmission of Religious Knowledge in Islam|publisher=Cambridge University|year=2013|isbn=9781107031586|location=New York|pages=144–169|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; This increase was due to the greater contribution to the education of women and greater encouragement in women's religious participation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sayeed|first=Asma.|date=2002|title=Women and Ḥadīth Transmission Two Case Studies from Mamluk Damascus|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1596142|journal=Studia Islamica|volume=95|issue=95|pages=71–94|doi=10.2307/1596142|jstor=1596142|issn=0585-5292|archive-date=November 1, 2022|access-date=December 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101082135/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1596142|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Contact with scholars as well as the mosque allowed women to learn and obtain the credentials to teach the ''ḥadīth''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nadwi|first=Mohammad|title=Al-Muhaddithat|publisher=Interface Publications|year=2007|isbn=9780955454530|location=Oxford|pages=59–96|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; This newfound movement allowed for greater mobilization on the role of women in the passage of knowledge. The expansion of women's religious involvement helped challenge the role of women in the domestic sector and paved the way for a greater expansion of knowledge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt; ''Ḥadīth'' transmission also allowed women to gain status by putting them in a pedigree that connected them to the time of Muhammad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nadia|first=Zunly|date=2017|title=Women Political Participation in the Era of Prophet Muhammad: Study on the Hadith Transmitters of the Women Companions|url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/292093860|journal=Al Albab|volume=6|pages=55–61|doi=10.24260/alalbab.v6i1.608|doi-access=free|archive-date=November 1, 2022|access-date=December 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101082137/https://core.ac.uk/reader/292093860|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Women who participated in the transmission of the ''ḥadīth'' were known as ''[[muhaddith]]at''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Traveling for knowledge ===<br /> One way that Islamic scholars obtained knowledge was through traveling.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Siddiqi|first=Muhammad Zubayr|title=Hadith Literature: Its Origin, Development and Special Features|publisher=Islamic Texts Society|year=1993|isbn=9780946621385|location=United Kingdom|pages=40–43|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; Traveling for knowledge is highly encouraged not only among men but also among female scholars.&lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot; /&gt; Women could travel with their ''[[mahram]]'' or relatives to other towns to learn and acquire education in the study of ''ḥadīth'' literature.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} Furthermore, women scholars also took journeys to different cities to teach the ''ḥadīth'' as well as other genera of knowledge, such as literature and law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=El-Ali|first=Leena|title=No Truth Without Beauty|publisher=Springer International Publishing|year=2021|isbn=9783030835811|pages=33–35|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; Students would undertake long journeys just to hear their teachings. Traveling for knowledge allows women scholars the ability to take part in religious teachings outside of their homes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot; /&gt; Through traveling and other venues, women hadiths were able to contribute a tremendous amount to the transmission of knowledge in the Islamic world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Women Scholars of Hadith | url=https://messageinternational.org/women-scholars-of-hadith/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Women and the Transmission of Religious Knowledge in Islam | chapter=The Classical Revival | series=Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization | date=2013 | pages=108–143 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | doi=10.1017/CBO9781139381871.004 | isbn=978-1-139-38187-1 | chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/women-and-the-transmission-of-religious-knowledge-in-islam/classical-revival/1F096B5D5FF5FDCA8978FDF7302E1D25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Famous ''muhaddithat'' ===<br /> ==== Zaynab bint al-Kamal ====<br /> [[Zaynab bint al-Kamal]] (1248–1339 CE) was a famous [[Hadith studies|''ḥadīth'' scholar]]. She is known to have obtained numerous ''[[ijazah]]'' (permission to teach the ''ḥadīth'') throughout her life, especially in her early years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt; At the age of one, she received her first ''ijazah'' from Abd al-Khaliq al-Nishtibri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot; /&gt; Her father was not a famous hadith transmitter, and there was no account of his role in her studies. However, it was noted that her uncle, Shams al-Din Muhammad, excelled in the field of transmission and was most likely the one that facilitated her studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt; Her reputation came from her association with al-Nishtibri, with students traveling far to hear her teachings. She was known as a reliable authority that encompassed different genera of studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mubarakpuri|first=Maulana Qazi Athar|title=Achievements of Muslim Women in the Religious and Scholarly Fields|publisher=Darul Ishaat|year=2005|pages=24–26|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; She held mixed classes in al-Madrasa al-Diya'iyyah, a congregational mosque, and her home.&lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot; /&gt; Students would come from afar to listen to her teachings. She is also known to travel to [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] and [[Medina]] to teach her works.&lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot; /&gt; In her later years, she continued to thrive as a teacher. She also repeated her cycle by giving out ''ijazah'' to her students during their early years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot; /&gt; In a field where male ''ḥadīth'' teachers predominate, her reputation helped pave the way for more female transmitters of the ''ḥadīth''. Furthermore, she acts as the last connection to the work of famous scholars that might have passed during her time.<br /> <br /> === Current situation ===<br /> [[File:Rania of Jordan at Davos.jpg|left|thumb|140px|Queen [[Queen Rania of Jordan|Rania Al Abdullah of Jordan]] is one of the Islamic world's most high-profile educational campaigners. Her foundation—established in 2013—is developing a number of education programmes, including online learning platform Edraak.org.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.queenrania.jo/en/media/press-releases/googleorg-announces-grant-queen-rania-foundation-towards-creation-k-12-arab|title=Google.org Announces Grant to the Queen Rania Foundation towards the Creation of a K-12 Arab Online Learning Platform|date=May 10, 2017|website=Queen Rania Al Abdullah|access-date=May 22, 2018|archive-date=May 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522111734/https://www.queenrania.jo/en/media/press-releases/googleorg-announces-grant-queen-rania-foundation-towards-creation-k-12-arab|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> [[File:Moments during Code Week 2017 in Burrel 21.jpg|thumb|Elementary schoolgirls from [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] member state Albania pictured during Code Week 2017 in Burrel, near [[Tirana]]. Between 2009 and 2015, Albania saw consistent and substantial improvements in all three [[PISA]] subjects.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/581881485943732892/Albania-PISA-2015-brief|title=Albania – PISA 2015 brief (English)|date=December 15, 2016|publisher=World Bank Group|access-date=June 6, 2018|archive-date=June 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173130/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/581881485943732892/Albania-PISA-2015-brief|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> ;Literacy<br /> <br /> In a 2013 statement, the [[Organization of Islamic Cooperation]] noted that restricted access to education is among the challenges faced by girls and women in the developing world, including OIC member states.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.oicun.org/71/20130508035638010.html Hope and despair for women in Islamic states] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210225918/http://www.oicun.org/71/20130508035638010.html |date=December 10, 2014 }} Ufuk Gokcen, OIC (January 19, 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; UNICEF notes that out of 24 nations with less than 60% female primary enrollment rates, 17 were Islamic nations; more than half the adult population is illiterate in several Islamic countries, and the proportion reaches 70% among Muslim women.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/files/FactsheetInvesting.pdf Investing in the Children of the Islamic World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019112822/http://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/files/FactsheetInvesting.pdf |date=October 19, 2013 }} UNICEF (2007)&lt;/ref&gt; UNESCO estimates that the literacy rate among adult women was about 50% or less in a number of Muslim-majority countries, including Morocco, Yemen, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Niger, Mali, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and Chad.&lt;ref name=unescolitstat&gt;[http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/UIS-literacy-statistics-1990-2015-en.pdf Adult and Youth Literacy, 1990–2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503213258/http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/UIS-literacy-statistics-1990-2015-en.pdf |date=May 3, 2013 }}, UNESCO (2012), {{ISBN|978-92-9189-117-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egypt had a female literacy rate of 64% in 2010, Iraq of 71% and Indonesia of 90%.&lt;ref name=unescolitstat /&gt; Literacy has been improving in Saudi Arabia since the 1970s, the female literacy rate in 2017 for women ages 15–24 was 99.3%, equivalent to the male literacy rate of 99.3%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=November 27, 2016|title=Saudi Arabia|url=http://uis.unesco.org/country/SA|access-date=2020-10-21|website=uis.unesco.org|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023222006/http://uis.unesco.org/country/SA|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Western ideals have had an influence over education in Muslim countries due to the increased demand of literacy in males and females.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Weiss|first=Anita|title=Islam, Globalization and Postmodernity|publisher=Routledge|year=1994|isbn=0-415-09366-X|page=129}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is evident that more women are making an effort to receive an education by attending primary and secondary school in Muslim countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Gender and participation in education<br /> <br /> Some scholars&lt;ref&gt;M. Steven Fish (2002), &quot;Islam and Authoritarianism&quot;, ''World Politics'' 55, October 2002, {{pp.|4|37}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Donno and Russett (2004), &quot;Islam, authoritarianism, and female empowerment&quot;, ''World Politics'', {{vol.|56}}, issue 04, July 2004, {{pp.|582|607}}&lt;/ref&gt; contend that Islamic nations have the world's highest gender gap in education. The 2012 [[World Economic Forum]] annual gender gap study finds the 17 out of 18 worst performing nations, out of a total of 135 nations, are the following members of [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organization of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC): [[Algeria]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], ([[Nepal]]&lt;ref&gt;Nepal, a South Asian nation, is not OIC member; provided here for completeness and accuracy of list per the cited source.&lt;/ref&gt;), [[Turkey]], [[Oman]], [[Egypt]], [[Iran]], [[Mali]], [[Morocco]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Syria]], [[Chad]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Yemen]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf The Global Gender Gap Report 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908170755/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf |date=September 8, 2013 }} World Economic Forum, Switzerland (2013)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Uludag-PSİ-2007 ing.jpg|thumb|A scene from a female-majority class at the Psychology Department of Uludağ University in Bursa, Turkey. In Turkey, 47.5% of staff at the top five universities are female, a higher proportion than for their equivalents in the United States (35.9%), Denmark (31%) and Japan (12.7%).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/global-gender-index-2013/2003517.article|title=Global Gender Index, 2013|last=Grove|first=Jack|date=May 2, 2013|work=Times Higher Education|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=July 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713053201/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/global-gender-index-2013/2003517.article|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> In contrast, UNESCO notes that at 37% the share of female researchers in Muslim-majority states compares well with other regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=UNESCO science report: towards 2030|publisher=UNESCO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDHwCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA96|page=37|isbn=9789231001291|date=November 9, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Turkey, the proportion of female university researchers is slightly higher (36%) than the average for the 27-member European Union as of 2012 (33%).&lt;ref&gt;[http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/she-figures-2012_en.pdf Gender in Research and Innovation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224062904/http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/she-figures-2012_en.pdf |date=February 24, 2021 }}, She Figures 2012, EU, page 26&lt;/ref&gt; Comparably, at 36.5%, the overall share of women researchers at universities and science centres in North Africa is above world (22.5%), European (33%) and developed country (26%) averages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sawahel|first=Wagdy|date=December 16, 2016|title=North Africa women researcher share among world highest|work=University World News|url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20161212121515275|access-date=May 11, 2021|archive-date=May 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511134009/https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20161212121515275|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Iran, women account for over 60% of university students.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|author=Roksana Bahramitash|title=Iran|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2013|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001/acref-9780199764464-e-0135|url-access=subscription|isbn=978-0-19-976446-4|access-date=January 14, 2017|archive-date=January 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116172800/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001/acref-9780199764464-e-0135|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in Malaysia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/jul/08/boris-johnson-women-university-husband|title = Boris Johnson criticised for suggesting women go to university to find husband|last = Topping|first = Alexandra|date = July 8, 2013|work = The Guardian|access-date = July 11, 2014|archive-date = February 6, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210206064122/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/jul/08/boris-johnson-women-university-husband|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Algeria,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2008/08/31/feature-01|title = Algerian women outpace men in academic achievement|last = Jameh|first = Said|date = August 31, 2008|work = Magharebia|access-date = July 11, 2014|archive-date = July 14, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174158/http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2008/08/31/feature-01|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in Saudi Arabia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/student/study-abroad/a-small-step-for-female-education-in-saudi-arabia-8681659.html|title = A small step for female education in Saudi Arabia|last = Buchanan|first = Rose Troup|date = July 5, 2013|work = The Independent|access-date = July 11, 2014|archive-date = September 23, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170923221355/http://www.independent.co.uk/student/study-abroad/a-small-step-for-female-education-in-saudi-arabia-8681659.html|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the majority of university students have been female in recent years, while in 2016 Emirati women constituted 76.8% of people enrolled at universities in the United Arab Emirates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/local/uae-women-rising-in-positions-of-power-and-influence|title=UAE women rising in positions of power and influence|last=Tashakova|first=Oksana|date=May 1, 2016|work=Khaleej Times|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=June 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607181848/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/local/uae-women-rising-in-positions-of-power-and-influence|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the University of Jordan, which is Jordan's largest and oldest university, 65% of students were female in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602132158/http://jordantimes.com/65-of-uj-students-are-females----tarawneh|archive-date=2015-06-02|url = http://jordantimes.com/65-of-uj-students-are-females----tarawneh|title = 65% of UJ students are females – Tarawneh|date = March 5, 2013|work = The Jordan Times|access-date = July 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In a number of OIC member states, the ratio of women to men in tertiary education is exceptionally high. Qatar leads the world in this respect, having 6.66 females in higher education for every male as of 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;renamed_from_1_on_20220313114035&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/world-economic-forum-global-gender-gap-index-2015-countries-with-the-highest-proportion-of-women-in-further-education-2015-11|title=Here are the 19 countries with the highest ratio of women to men in higher education|last=Martin|first=Will|date=November 22, 2015|work=Business Insider|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=February 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227011540/http://www.businessinsider.com/world-economic-forum-global-gender-gap-index-2015-countries-with-the-highest-proportion-of-women-in-further-education-2015-11|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other Muslim-majority states with notably more women university students than men include Kuwait, where 41% of females attend university compared with 18% of males;&lt;ref name=&quot;renamed_from_1_on_20220313114035&quot; /&gt; Bahrain, where the ratio of women to men in tertiary education is 2.18:1;&lt;ref name=&quot;renamed_from_1_on_20220313114035&quot; /&gt; Brunei Darussalam, where 33% of women enroll at university vis à vis 18% of men;&lt;ref name=&quot;renamed_from_1_on_20220313114035&quot; /&gt; Tunisia, which has a women to men ratio of 1.62 in higher education; and Kyrgyzstan, where the equivalent ratio is 1.61.&lt;ref name=&quot;renamed_from_1_on_20220313114035&quot; /&gt; Additionally, in Kazakhstan, there were 115 female students for every 100 male students in tertiary education in 1999; according to the World Bank, this ratio had increased to 144:100 by 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wageindicator.org/documents/publicationslist/publications-2010/An-Overview-of-Womens-Work-and-Employment-in-Kazakhstan.pdf|title=An Overview of Women's Work and Employment in Kazakhstan|last=van Klaveren|first=Maarten|date=March 2010|website=An Overview of Women's Work and Employment in Kazakhstan: Decisions for Life MDG3 Project Country Report No. 10|publisher=University of Amsterdam|display-authors=etal|access-date=June 20, 2015|archive-date=June 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620044140/http://www.wageindicator.org/documents/publicationslist/publications-2010/An-Overview-of-Womens-Work-and-Employment-in-Kazakhstan.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A notable development specific to the study of physics is that women in Muslim-majority countries enjoy significantly greater representation than their counterparts in the United States: in the US, women make up 21% of physics undergraduates and 20% of PhD students, while the equivalent figures for Muslim-majority nations are 60%+ and 47% respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=March 15, 2021|title=More Women Study Physics in Muslim Countries, Find Out Why...|work=MOST|url=https://www.mostresource.org/storybank/more-women-study-physics-in-muslim-countries-find-out-why/|access-date=May 1, 2021|archive-date=April 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422162534/https://www.mostresource.org/storybank/more-women-study-physics-in-muslim-countries-find-out-why/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Female physicists who studied in Muslim-majority states and then moved to the US for academic positions noted that when they were in their previous locations, &quot;they did not feel they had to suppress their femininity to have their intellect—and not their appearance—be the focus of the interaction.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=El-Deghaidy|first=Heba|date=March 8, 2021|title=Why More Women Study Physics in Muslim Countries|url=https://physics.aps.org/articles/v14/33|access-date=May 11, 2021|journal=Physics|volume=14|article-number=33|doi=10.1103/Physics.14.33|bibcode=2021PhyOJ..14...33E|doi-access=free|archive-date=May 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511001536/https://physics.aps.org/articles/v14/33|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Similarly, the very high (c.50%) female engineering enrolment rates in three diverse OIC member states—Tunisia, Jordan, and Malaysia—have prompted the incorporation of Women in Engineering in Predominately Muslim Countries ('WIEPMCS') at three American universities (Washington State, Purdue and Western Washington). The aim of this project is to 'shed light more generally on how context shapes women's successful participation in STEM in ways that inform our efforts to broaden participation in the US', where female enrolment rates in engineering are typically 15–20%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=September 7, 2016|title=US study into higher rates of female engineers in Muslim countries|work=The Engineer|url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/us-study-into-higher-rates-of-female-engineers-in-muslim-countries/|access-date=May 11, 2021|archive-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413132730/https://www.theengineer.co.uk/us-study-into-higher-rates-of-female-engineers-in-muslim-countries/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the United States, a recent study done by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that Muslim American women (73%) are more likely than Muslim American men (57%) to achieve higher education (post-high school education or higher).&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2017/|title=American Muslim Poll 2017 {{!}} ISPU|date=March 21, 2017|work=Institute for Social Policy and Understanding|access-date=2018-06-28|language=en-US|archive-date=November 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121165732/https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2017/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Economy and independent social integration ==<br /> === Female employment ===<br /> {{See also|Islamic economics in the world}}<br /> Some scholars refer to verse 28:23 in the Quran regarding Moses and two working women, and to [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], Muhammad's first wife, a merchant before and after converting to Islam, as indications that Muslim women may undertake employment outside their homes.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqy&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Laurie A. Brand (1998), ''Women, State and Political Liberalisation''. New York: Columbia University Press, {{p.|57|58}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{qref|28|23|c=y}}<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|When he arrived at the well of Midian, he found a group of people watering ˹their herds˺. Apart from them, he noticed two women holding back ˹their herd˺. He asked ˹them˺, &quot;What is the problem?&quot; They replied, &quot;We cannot water ˹our animals˺ until the ˹other˺ shepherds are done, for our father is a very old man.&quot;}}<br /> <br /> Traditional interpretations of Islam require a woman to have her husband's permission to leave the house and take up employment,&lt;ref name=&quot;musawah&quot;&gt;Ziba Mir-Hosseini (2009), Towards Gender Equality: Muslim Family Laws and the Shari'ah, Wanted: Equality and Justice in the Muslim Family (Editor: Zainah Anwar), Musawah, Kuala Lumpur, {{ISBN|978-983-2622-26-0}}, pp. 31–33&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Doi, A. Rahman 1992&quot;&gt;Doi, A. Rahman, &amp; Bewley, A. (1992). Women in Shari'ah. Ta-Ha, 4th ed., {{ISBN|978-1-84200-087-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elizabeth Fernea (1985), Women and the Family in the Middle East: New Voices of Change, University of Texas Press, {{ISBN|978-0-292-75529-1}}, pp. 264–269&lt;/ref&gt; though scholars such as [[Ali Gomaa|Grand Mufti Ali Gomaa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Does the woman have the right to work?|url=http://www.dar-alifta.org/Foreign/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=6810|quote=No one can object to a sensible and adult woman's legal right to engage in work that is lawful or to her right to be financially independent.|access-date=September 7, 2017|archive-date=September 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154406/http://www.dar-alifta.org/Foreign/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=6810|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Mohammad Ebrahim Jannaati|Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Ebrahim Jannaati]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jannaati.com/eng/?page=6|title=Selected Rulings|access-date=September 7, 2017|quote=Wife should seek her husband's permission for going out of home, if it is against his rights or else obtaining his permission is not required. So in this case, she can [without permission] go out for learning and teaching, doing social and political activities and visiting parent and relatives.|archive-date=August 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808035703/http://www.jannaati.com/eng/?page=6|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; have said that women do not require a husband's permission to leave the house and work.<br /> <br /> ==== History ====<br /> {{See also|Female figures in the Quran}}<br /> During medieval times, the [[labor force]] in [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Spanish Caliphate]] included women in diverse occupations and economic activities such as farming, construction workers, textile workers, managing slave girls, collecting taxes from [[prostitutes]], as well as presidents of [[guild]]s, [[creditor]]s and religious scholars.&lt;!--<br /> --&gt;&lt;ref name=Maya-400-1&gt;[[Maya Shatzmiller]] (1994), ''Labour in the Medieval Islamic World'', [[Brill Publishers]], {{ISBN|90-04-09896-8}}, {{pp.|6|7}}, 350–401;<br /> * Maya Shatzmiller (1997), &quot;Women and Wage Labour in the Medieval Islamic West: Legal Issues in an Economic Context&quot;, ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'' 40(2), {{pp.|174|206}} [175–177].&lt;!-- --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 12th century, [[Averroes|Ibn Rushd]] claimed that women were equal to men in all respects and possessed equal capacities to shine, citing examples of female warriors among the [[Arab]]s, [[Greeks]] and Africans to support his case.&lt;ref name=Ahmad&gt;{{cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Jamil |date=September 1994 |title=Ibn Rushd |journal=[[Al-Mawrid|Monthly Renaissance]] |volume=4 |issue=9 |url=http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=744 |access-date=2008-10-14 |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714113449/http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=744 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the early [[history of Islam]], examples of notable female Muslims who fought during the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]] and [[Fitna (word)|Fitna]] (civil wars) as soldiers or generals included [[Nusaybah bint Ka'ab]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.realnews247.com/girl_power.htm Girl Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115125020/http://www.realnews247.com/girl_power.htm |date=January 15, 2016 }}, ''[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]''&lt;/ref&gt; a.k.a. Umm Amarah, Aisha,&lt;ref name=&quot;Baghdad&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Black |first=Edwin |title=Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000 Year History of War, Profit, and Conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/bankingonbaghdad00edwi |url-access=registration |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2004 |isbn=0-471-70895-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/bankingonbaghdad00edwi/page/34 34]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kahula]] and Wafeira.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Woman's Record: Or, Sketches of All Distinguished Women, from 'The Beginning Till A.D. 1850, Arranged in Four Eras, with Selections from Female Writers of Every Age' |author=Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell |publisher=Harper Brothers |year=1853 |page=120}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Medieval [[Bimarestan]] or hospitals included female staff as female nurses. Muslim hospitals were also the first to employ female physicians, such as [[Ibn Zuhr|Banu Zuhr]] family who served the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad caliph]] ruler [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur]] in the 12th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_13.html|title=Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts: The Art as a Profession|website=Nlm.nih.gov|access-date=May 25, 2016|archive-date=April 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409150222/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_13.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was necessary due to the [[gender segregation and Islam|segregation]] of male and female patients in Islamic hospitals. Later in the 15th century, female surgeons were employed at [[Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu]]'s ''Cerrahiyyetu'l-Haniyye'' (Imperial Surgery).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Bademci | first1 = G. | year = 2006 | title = First illustrations of female 'Neurosurgeons' in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu | url = http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/neuro/v17n2/11.pdf | journal = Neurocirugía | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 162–165 | doi = 10.4321/s1130-14732006000200012 | pmid = 16721484 | doi-access = free | archive-date = October 29, 2022 | access-date = September 17, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221029130347/https://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/neuro/v17n2/11.pdf | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Garuda Indonesia ITB2014.jpg|thumb|Three female [[Garuda Indonesia]] employees (centre) pictured at the [[ITB Berlin]] tourism trade fair. The proportion of senior business roles held by women in Indonesia is 46%, the highest in [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] and well above the level of countries such as Brazil (19%), Germany (18%), India (17%) and Japan (7%).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hrinasia.com/hr-news/indonesia-has-the-highest-senior-business-roles-held-by-women-in-asean-at-46/|title=Indonesia has the Highest Senior Business Roles Held by Women in ASEAN at 46%|last=Jayaram|first=Savita V.|date=March 16, 2017|work=HR in Asia|access-date=May 20, 2018|archive-date=May 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520124714/http://www.hrinasia.com/hr-news/indonesia-has-the-highest-senior-business-roles-held-by-women-in-asean-at-46/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> ==== Modern era ====<br /> {{See also|Female labor force in the Muslim world}}<br /> Patterns of women's employment vary throughout the Muslim world: as of 2005, 16% of Pakistani women were &quot;economically active&quot; (either employed, or unemployed but available to furnish labor), whereas 52% of Indonesian women were.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf05/WomenOfOurWorld2005.pdf |title=Women of Our World 2005 |newspaper=PRB |access-date=2013-09-08 |archive-date=May 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506024550/http://www.prb.org/pdf05/WomenOfOurWorld2005.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a 2012 World Economic Forum report&lt;ref name=wef1125 /&gt; and other recent reports,&lt;ref&gt;Priscilla Offenhauer, [https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Women_Islamic_Societies.pdf Women in Islamic Societies: A Selected Review of Social Scientific Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223015547/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Women_Islamic_Societies.pdf |date=December 23, 2021 }}, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (2005), pp. 73–76&lt;/ref&gt; Islamic nations in the Middle East and North Africa region are increasing their creation of economic and employment opportunities for women; compared, however, to every other region in the world, the Middle East and North African region ranks lowest on economic participation, employment opportunity and the political empowerment of women. Ten countries with the lowest women labour force participation in the world—Jordan, Oman, Morocco, Iran, Turkey, Algeria, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Syria—are Islamic countries, as are the four countries that have no female [[Member of Parliament|parliamentarians]].&lt;ref name=wef1125&gt;[http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf The Global Gender Gap Report 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908170755/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf |date=September 8, 2013 }} World Economic Forum, Switzerland (2013), p. 11, 25&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Women are allowed to work in Islam, subject to certain conditions. For example, an acceptable circumstance is if a woman is in financial need and her employment does not cause her to neglect her important role as a mother and wife.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqy&quot;&gt;Al Qaradawy, Yusuf. ''[http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/Q_WI/default.htm The Status Of Women In Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101082137/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/Q_WI/default.htm |date=November 1, 2022 }}''. Chapter: The Woman as Member of the Society: When is a woman allowed to work?&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jamal A Page 13&quot; /&gt; It has been claimed that it is the responsibility of the Muslim community to organize work for women, so that she can do so in a Muslim cultural atmosphere, where her rights (as set out in the Quran) are respected.&lt;ref name=&quot;aqy&quot; /&gt; Islamic law however, permits women to work in Islamic conditions,&lt;ref name=&quot;aqy&quot; /&gt; such as the work not requiring the woman to violate Islamic law (e.g., serving alcohol), and that she maintain her modesty while she performs any work outside her home.<br /> <br /> In some cases, when women have the right to work and are educated, women's job opportunities may in practice be unequal to those of men. In [[Egypt]] for example, women have limited opportunities to work in the [[private sector]] because women are still expected to put their role in the family first, which causes men to be seen as more reliable in the long term.&lt;ref&gt;Assaad, R., 2003, Gender &amp; Employment: Egypt in Comparative Perspective, in Doumato, E.A. &amp; Posusney, M.P., ''Women and Globalization in the Arab Middle East: Gender, Economy and Society'', Colorado, Lynne Rienner Publishers&lt;/ref&gt;{{Page needed|date=October 2014}} In Saudi Arabia, it was illegal for Saudi women to drive until June 2018.&lt;ref&gt;Sebastian Maisel and John A. Shoup (2009), Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States, {{ISBN|978-0-313-34442-8}}, Greewood&lt;/ref&gt;{{Page needed|date=October 2014}} It is becoming more common for Saudi Arabian women to procure driving licenses from other [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] states such as the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://www.arabnews.com/news/450484|title = Saudi women seek driving licenses in UAE|last = Al-Mukthar|first = Rima|date = May 5, 2013|work = Arab News|access-date = July 13, 2014|archive-date = July 14, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714161521/http://www.arabnews.com/news/450484|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the International Business Report (2014) published by global accounting network Grant Thornton, Indonesia—which is the world's largest Muslim country by population—has ≥40% of senior business management positions occupied by women, a greater proportion than the United States (22%) and Denmark (14%).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://mic.com/articles/84601/the-countries-with-the-highest-number-of-female-executives-are-not-the-ones-you-d-expect|title = The Countries With the Highest Number of Female Executives Are Not the Ones You'd Expect|last = Kim|first = Victoria|date = March 7, 2014|work = World.Mic|access-date = June 20, 2015|archive-date = June 20, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150620051035/http://mic.com/articles/84601/the-countries-with-the-highest-number-of-female-executives-are-not-the-ones-you-d-expect|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prominent female business executives in the Islamic world include [[Güler Sabancı]], the CEO of the industrial and financial conglomerate [[Sabancı Holding]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.ft.com/content/c86feed0-0b38-11e1-ae56-00144feabdc0|title = 2. Güler Sabanci|date = November 15, 2011|work = The Financial Times|access-date = June 20, 2015|archive-date = June 8, 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120608071554/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c86feed0-0b38-11e1-ae56-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3dYj8IeFT|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ümit Boyner, a non-executive director at Boyner Holding who was the chairwoman of [[TÜSİAD]], the Turkish Industrialists and Businessmen Association, from 2010 to 2013;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://kurumsal.boyner.com.tr/board-of-directors.aspx|title = Board of Directors|access-date = June 20, 2015|website = Boyner|publisher = Boyner Holding|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094257/https://kurumsal.boyner.com.tr/board-of-directors.aspx|archive-date = March 4, 2016|url-status = dead|df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bernadette Ruth Irawati Setiady, the CEO of PT Kalbe Farma Tbk., the largest pharmaceutical company in the ASEAN trade bloc;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://thejakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/99-most-powerful-women-edition/|title = 99 Most Powerful Women Edition|date = October 1, 2011|work = The Jakarta Globe|access-date = June 20, 2015|archive-date = June 20, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150620044911/http://thejakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/99-most-powerful-women-edition/|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atiek Nur Wahyuni, the director of Trans TV, a major free-to-air television station in Indonesia;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216084253/http://www.transtv.co.id/index.php/about/management#.WbXORatOmR0|archive-date = December 16, 2013|url = http://www.transtv.co.id/index.php/about/management#.VYSyb6YWKdU|title = Management|access-date = June 20, 2015|website = TRANS TV – Milik Kita Bersama|url-status = dead|df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Elissa Freiha, a founding partner of the UAE-based investment platform WOMENA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://womena.co/team/|title = Meet the team|access-date = June 20, 2015|website = Meet the WOMENA team|publisher = Pan Arab Angels FZ LLC|archive-date = June 20, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150620052111/http://womena.co/team/|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.savoirflair.com/culture/7598-getting-to-know-womena-the-middle-easts-first-women-only-angel-investment-group-and-the-duo-behind-it-all|title = Womena: the Middle East's First Women-Only Angel Investor Group|date = November 11, 2014|access-date = June 20, 2015|website = Getting to Know Womena: The Middle East's First Women-Only Angel Investor Group and the Duo Behind It All|publisher = Savoir Flair|last = Tehini|first = Noor|archive-date = June 20, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150620065449/http://www.savoirflair.com/culture/7598-getting-to-know-womena-the-middle-easts-first-women-only-angel-investment-group-and-the-duo-behind-it-all|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== The classical position ====<br /> According to verse 4:32 of the Quran, both men and women have an independent economic position: 'For men is a portion of what they earn, and for women is a portion of what they earn. Ask God for His grace. God has knowledge of all things.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Women therefore are at liberty to buy, sell, mortgage, lease, borrow or lend, and sign contracts and legal documents.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 7&quot; /&gt; Additionally, women can donate money, act as trustees and set up a business or company.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 7&quot; /&gt; These rights cannot be altered, irrespective of marital status.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 7&quot; /&gt; When a woman is married, she legally has total control over the dower—the ''mahr'' or bridal gift, usually financial in nature, which the groom pays to the bride upon marriage—and retains this control in the event of divorce.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|publisher=Stacey International|year=1989|location=London|page=248}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Quranic principles, especially the teaching of ''zakāh'' or purification of wealth, encourage women to own, invest, save and distribute their earnings and savings according to their discretion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 7&quot; /&gt;{{Page needed|date=November 2016}} These also acknowledge and enforce the right of women to participate in various economic activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 7&quot; /&gt;{{Page needed|date=November 2016}}<br /> <br /> In contrast to many other cultures, a woman in Islam has always been entitled as per Sharia law to keep her family name and not take her husband's name.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Therefore, a Muslim woman has traditionally always been known by the name of her family as an indication of her individuality and her own legal identity: there is no historically practiced process of changing the names of women be they married, divorced or widowed.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; With the spread of western-style state bureaucracies across the Islamic world from the nineteenth century onwards, this latter convention has come under increasing pressure, and it is now commonplace for Muslim women to change their names upon marriage.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}<br /> <br /> === Economic equity ===<br /> The Islamic teaching of going out of one's way to treat women equitably in financial dealings is exemplified by a story featuring [[Abu Hanifa|Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān ibn Thābit ibn Zūṭā]] (700–767)—the founder of the Ḥanafī School of Law, who in his earlier life was a textile merchant in a garrison town—and a woman who came to his store offering to sell Abū Ḥanīfa a silk garment. The author and investment banker Harris Irfan narrates the story as follows:<br /> <br /> &quot;The lady offered to sell the garment to Abu Hanifa for 100 dirhams but Abu Hanifa would not buy it. 'It is worth more than a hundred', he told the surprised woman. 'How much?' he asked her again. She offered to sell it for 200 dirhams and he turned her down. Then she asked for 300, then 400, at which point the exasperated woman scolded him. 'You are mocking me', she declared, and prepared to walk away from the deal to try her luck elsewhere. So they summoned another merchant and he solemnly valued the garment at 500 dirhams. Rather than profit from the woman's ignorance, Abu Hanifa had opted to settle for a fair trade, a principle he would abide by all his life—that the greedy should be regulated from taking advantage of the vulnerable.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Heaven's Bankers: Inside the Hidden World of Islamic Finance|last=Irfan|first=Harris|publisher=Constable|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4721-2169-1|location=London|chapter= 2: The Nature of Money}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Politics ===<br /> [[File:Collage of voting women in the 2010s - Syrian, Algerian, Pakistani, Jordanian, Egyptian, Iranian.jpg|thumb|A collage of Muslim women voters in the 2010s from different countries]]<br /> [[File:Coin of Razia Sultana.jpg|thumb|The coins issued during the rule of [[Razia Sultana]]. She inherited and ruled the [[Sultanate of Delhi]] for 3 years in the early 13th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beale-p.392&quot;&gt;Beale, Thomas William and [[Henry George Keene (1826–1915)|Henry George Keene]]. ''An Oriental Biographical Dictionary.'' W.H. Allen (1894), [https://books.google.com/books?id=lxgaAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA392 p. 392].&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> {{See also|Sultana (title)|Female political leaders in Islam and in Muslim-majority countries|Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries}}<br /> Many classical Islamic scholars, such as [[al-Tabari]], supported female leadership.&lt;ref name=&quot;roald&quot;&gt;Anne Sofie Roald. ''Women in Islam: The Western Experience'', pp. 186–187.&lt;/ref&gt; In early Islamic history, women including Aisha, Umm Waraqa, and Samra Binte Wahaib took part in political activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;jwom&quot; /&gt; Ash-Shifa would later on become the head of Health and Safety in [[Basra]], Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=854 |title=Muslim Heritage in the Knowledge-Economy Conference in Jeddah |publisher=MuslimHeritage.com |date=February 8, 2008 |access-date=2013-09-08 |archive-date=November 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111114955/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=854 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Other historical Muslim female leaders include [[Shajarat ad-Durr]], who ruled [[Egypt]] from 1250 to 1257,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Jimmy Dunn writing as Ismail Abaza |url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/shajarat.htm |title=Shajarat (Shaggar, Shagar) al-Durr And her Mausoleum in Cairo |publisher=Touregypt.net |access-date=2013-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Razia Sultana]], who ruled the [[Sultanate of Delhi]] from 1236 to 1239,&lt;ref name=&quot;Beale-p.392&quot; /&gt; and [[Taj ul-Alam]], who ruled [[Aceh Sultanate]] from 1641 to 1675.<br /> <br /> This historical record contrasts markedly with that of (predominantly Taoist and Buddhist) Chinese-majority nations, where there were no women rulers in the period between the reign of the fierce empress [[Wu Zetian]] at the turn of the eighth century (690–705), and the inauguration of [[Tsai Ing-wen]] as President of the Republic of China in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/7d010c4e-9d1b-11e5-b45d-4812f209f861|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221232/https://www.ft.com/content/7d010c4e-9d1b-11e5-b45d-4812f209f861|archive-date=December 11, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Women of 2015: Tsai Ing-wen, Taiwanese presidential candidate|last=Bland|first=Ben|date=December 11, 2015|work=Financial Times|access-date=September 9, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah]], an Islamic institute that advises Egypt's ministry of justice, had said women can both be rulers and judges in an Islamic state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eng.dar-alifta.org/foreign/f.aspx?ID=882435|title=Result|website=Eng.dar-alifta.org|access-date=May 25, 2016|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015426/http://eng.dar-alifta.org/foreign/f.aspx?ID=882435|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Female heads of state in Muslim-majority countries during the modern era ====<br /> [[File:Benazir bhutto 1989 (square).jpg|thumb|[[Benazir Bhutto]] was the first elected female head of state in a Muslim-majority country, serving as the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] twice (1988–1990, 1993–1996).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/30/politics/gallery/benazir-bhutto/index.html|title=Photos: Pakistan's iron lady, Benazir Bhutto|date=December 1, 2013|work=CNN|access-date=July 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> In the modern era, [[Pakistan]] became the first Muslim-majority state with an elected female head of government (1988).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://tribune.com.pk/story/24581/what-benazir-did-not-do-for-women/|title = What Benazir did (not do) for women|last = Khan|first = Kashmali|date = June 30, 2010|work = The Express Tribune|access-date = July 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Currently [[Bangladesh]] is the country that has had females as [[head of government]] continuously the longest starting with [[Khaleda Zia]] in 1991.<br /> <br /> In the past several decades, a number of countries in which Muslims are a majority, including [[Turkey]] (Prime Minister [[Tansu Çiller]], 1993),&lt;ref&gt;[http://womenshistory.about.com/od/cillertansu/Tansu_iller.htm &quot;Tansu Çiller.&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127152747/http://womenshistory.about.com/od/cillertansu/Tansu_iller.htm |date=January 27, 2008 }} About.com.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pakistan]]'s [[Benazir Bhutto]] (1988–1996),&lt;ref&gt;Ali A. Mazrui, [http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/link.asp?id=knr8eal315k6y5y3 Pretender to Universalism: Western Culture in a Globalizing Age], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529161818/http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/link.asp?id=knr8eal315k6y5y3 |date=May 29, 2016 }} ''Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs'', Volume 21, Number 1, April 2001&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bangladesh]] (prime ministers [[Begum Khaleda Zia]], 1991–1996, 2001–2009) and [[Sheikh Hasina]] (1996–2001, 2009–2024), [[Indonesia]] (President [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]], 2001),&lt;ref&gt;Karon, Tony. [http://www.time.com/time/pow/printout/0,8816,169130,00.html &quot;Megawati: The Princess Who Settled for the Presidency.&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217200824/http://www.time.com/time/pow/printout/0,8816,169130,00.html |date=February 17, 2007 }} ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' (July 27, 2001).&lt;/ref&gt; Kosovo (President [[Atifete Jahjaga]], 2011),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/07/atifete-jahiaga-kosovo-president_n_846356.html|title = Atifete Jahiaga Elected As Kosovo's First Female President|last = Qena|first = Nebi|date = April 7, 2011|work = The World Post|access-date = July 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Kyrgyzstan]] (President [[Roza Otunbayeva]], 2010) have been led by women;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.ft.com/content/d956a5f6-f1bb-11e3-a2da-00144feabdc0|title = Kyrgyzstan: democracy under pressure|last = Rashid|first = Ahmed|date = June 13, 2014|work = Financial Times|access-date = July 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mauritius, which has a significant Muslim minority, elected a female Muslim ([[Ameenah Gurib]]) as president in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blog.timesunion.com/muslimwomen/6432/6432/|title=The new president of Mauritius is a Muslim woman|last=Haqqie|first=Aziza|date=June 14, 2015|work=Times Union|access-date=September 8, 2017|archive-date=September 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909052943/http://blog.timesunion.com/muslimwomen/6432/6432/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At one stage in the 1990s, over 300 million Muslims—at that time, between one-third and a quarter of the world's entire Islamic population—were simultaneously ruled by women when elected heads of state Tansu Çiller (the 22nd Prime Minister of Turkey), Khaleda Zia (the 9th Prime Minister of Bangladesh) and Benazir Bhutto (the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan) led their respective countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World|last=Robinson|first=Francis|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-521-66993-1|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435109/page/303 303]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435109/page/303}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Female legislators in Muslim-majority countries in the 21st century ====<br /> As well as elected heads of state, a number of other elected [[Muslim women political leaders|female politicians]] have attained exceptional levels of notability within the OIC in the twenty-first century. These include [[Louisa Hanoune]], the head of Algeria's Workers' Party and the first woman to be a presidential candidate in an Arab country (2004; Hanoune also ran for the same post in 2009 and 2014);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eng.babelmed.net/cultura-e-societa/98-algeria/89-louisa-hanoune-first-female-candidate-to-stand-for-the-algerian-presidential-elections.html|title=Louisa Hanoune, First female candidate to stand for the Algerian presidential elections|last=Dridi|first=Daikha|website=babel Med|access-date=September 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/only-woman-in-algeria-presidential-race-won-t-hold-back-1.600535|title=Only woman in Algeria presidential race 'won't hold back'|date=April 9, 2014|work=The National|access-date=September 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Susi Pudjiastuti]], Indonesia's Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (2014–2019) who is also a successful seafood and transportation entrepreneur who has been profiled in the Financial Times;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/08164102-6849-11e6-a0b1-d87a9fea034f|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221247/https://www.ft.com/content/08164102-6849-11e6-a0b1-d87a9fea034f|archive-date=December 11, 2022|url-access=subscription|title=At Work with the FT: Susi Pudjiastuti, Indonesia's fisheries chief|last=Chong|first=Liz|date=September 22, 2016|work=Financial Times|access-date=September 8, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Meral Akşener]], a veteran Turkish conservative nationalist politician who is the founder and leader of the İyi Party (2017–);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://time.com/4856463/turkey-meral-aksener-iron-lady-recep-tayyip-erdogan/|title=Turkey's 'Iron Lady' Meral Aksener Is Getting Ready to Challenge Erdogan|last=Malsin|first=Jared|date=July 14, 2017|magazine=Time|access-date=September 8, 2017|archive-date=September 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912171542/https://time.com/4856463/turkey-meral-aksener-iron-lady-recep-tayyip-erdogan/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and mezzo-soprano opera singer [[Dariga Nazarbayeva]], the Chairwoman of the Kazakhstan Senate and one of her country's wealthiest individuals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b2af5538-4bed-11e9-8b7f-d49067e0f50d|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221205/https://www.ft.com/content/b2af5538-4bed-11e9-8b7f-d49067e0f50d|archive-date=December 11, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Dariga Nazarbayeva: Kazakhstan's understudy president|last=Astrasheuskaya|first=Nastassia|date=March 22, 2019|work=Financial Times|access-date=May 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Several Muslim-majority nations have passed laws to incorporate more women in their parliaments and political processes. For example, Indonesia passed a law in 2013 that required political parties to field at least 30% women candidates in elections or pay a financial penalty, a law which was later amended to stipulate that at least one in three candidates on every party's electoral list must be female and parties which do not fulfill this criterion will be barred from contesting the election;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2779293.stm|title = Female quotas for Indonesia poll|date = February 19, 2003|work = BBC News|access-date = July 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-16/indonesia-penalizes-parties-in-fight-for-women-southeast-asia.html|title = Indonesia Penalizes Parties in Fight for Women: Southeast Asia|last = Ten Cate|first = Daniel|date = July 16, 2013|work = Bloomberg|access-date = July 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/dap-lawmaker-moots-30pc-quota-for-women-in-politics-as-malaysia-trails-indo|title=DAP lawmaker moots 30pc quota for women in politics as Malaysia trails Indonesia's democracy|last=Mok|first=Opalyn|date=October 31, 2014|work=The Malay Mail|access-date=May 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tunisia's mandated electoral lists composed of 50% women in both the 2011 and 2014 legislative elections;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25916831|title = Tunisia's Ennahda and Ettakattol women MPs celebrate|last = Kottoor|first = Naveena|date = January 28, 2014|work = BBC News|access-date = July 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://www.france24.com/en/20140502-tunisia-landmark-law-election-women-equality/|title = Tunisia passes landmark election law for November vote|date = May 2, 2014|work = France 24|access-date = July 12, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140727180809/http://www.france24.com/en/20140502-tunisia-landmark-law-election-women-equality/|archive-date = July 27, 2014|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in 2012, Algeria set a minimum parliamentary female membership requirement of 30%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bachelet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2012/5/un-women-welcomes-increased-number-of-women-in-algeria-s-parliament|title = UN Women welcomes increased number of women in Algeria's Parliament|date = May 16, 2012|access-date = July 12, 2014|website = UN Women welcomes increased number of women in Algeria's Parliament|publisher = United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women)|last = Bachelet|first = Michelle}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the May 2012 legislative elections, women constitute 31.6% of Algerian MPs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bachelet&quot; /&gt; In Senegal, 50% of local and national electoral lists have to be female as of 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18719787|title = Senegal's President Macky Sall wins national assembly landslide|date = July 5, 2012|work = BBC News|access-date = July 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/nov/15/senegal-gender-parity-law-mps-women|title = Has Senegal's gender parity law for MPs helped women?|last = Hirsch|first = Afua|date = November 15, 2012|work = The Guardian|access-date = July 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the passage of Law No. 46 of 2014, Egypt has required party lists to include a certain number of women;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timep.org/commentary/analysis/women-and-quotas-in-egypts-parliament/|title=Women and Quotas in Egypt's Parliament|last=Fracolli|first=Erin|date=January 5, 2017|website=[[The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy]]|access-date=May 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2018, Egypt's cabinet had eight female ministers out of a total of 35 (22.9%).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/52152/For-the-first-time-8-female-ministers-in-Egypt-s|title=For the first time, 8 female ministers in Egypt's Cabinet|date=June 14, 2018|work=Egypt Today|access-date=May 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kosovo has had a female quota for its assembly as far back as 2001, when it was ''de jure'' part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1682907.stm|title=Kosovo leads Europe in woman power|last=Wood|first=Nicholas|date=November 29, 2001|work=BBC News|access-date=May 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Muslim-majority (95.6%) Balkan republic guarantees women 30% of parliamentary seats as of 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/style-politics-kosovo-women-see-clinton-role-model-042203616.html|title=In style and politics, Kosovo women see Clinton as role model|date=April 20, 2016|agency=AFP}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since 2012 Saudi women have been allowed to vote in some elections.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4478130.stm Saudi women take part in election],&quot; ''[[BBC News]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Central Intelligence Agency. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118101507/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/ &quot;Saudi Arabia.&quot;] ''[[World Factbook]]'' (2007).&lt;/ref&gt; The Shura Council of Saudi Arabia now includes female members after a January 2013 decree by the Saudi King that created reserved parliamentary seats for women,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/01/11/259881.html Breakthrough in Saudi Arabia: women allowed in parliament] Al Arabiya (January 11, 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; while four women were appointed to Qatar's 41-member Shura Council in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ipu.org/news/news-in-brief/2017-11/ipu-welcomes-appointment-four-women-qatars-parliament|title=IPU welcomes appointment of four women to Qatar's Parliament|date=November 13, 2017|work=Inter-Parliamentary Union|access-date=May 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuwait granted its women the right to vote in the first half of the 1980s;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = African Women and Children: Crisis and Response|last = Rwomire|first = Apollo|publisher = Greenwood Press|year = 2001|isbn = 978-0-275-96218-0|location = Westport, CT|pages = [https://archive.org/details/africanwomenchil00rwom/page/8 8]|url = https://archive.org/details/africanwomenchil00rwom/page/8}}&lt;/ref&gt; this right was later rescinded, and then reintroduced in 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Olimat (2009), Women and Politics in Kuwait, Journal of International Women's Studies, 11(2), pp. 199–212&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, the United Arab Emirates has allocated 30% of its top government posts to women;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thearabweekly.com/Special-Focus/1631/Women-rise-to-leadership-roles-in-UAE|title=Women rise to leadership roles in UAE|last=Kumar|first=N. P. Krishna|date=August 21, 2015|work=The Arab Weekly|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=September 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916182430/http://www.thearabweekly.com/Special-Focus/1631/Women-rise-to-leadership-roles-in-UAE|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; as of February 2016, females accounted for 27.5% of the UAE's cabinet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/uae-ministers-welcome-increased-representation-of-women-in-cabinet-1.178151/|title=UAE ministers welcome increased representation of women in Cabinet|last=Dajani|first=Haneen|date=February 10, 2016|work=The National|access-date=May 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Sheikh Zoubir Bouchikhi, Imam of the Islamic Society of Greater Houston's Southeast Mosque, nothing in Islam specifically allows or disallows [[voting]] by women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IslamonLine.net | website=islamonline.net | date=November 23, 2006 | url=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE&amp;cid=1119503543618 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123031820/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE&amp;cid=1119503543618 | archive-date=2006-11-23 | url-status=dead | access-date=2020-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Until recently most Muslim nations were non-democratic, but most today allow their citizens to have some level of voting and control over their government. However, some Muslim countries gave women suffrage in the early 20th century. For example, [[Azerbaijan]] extended voting rights to women in 1918,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://teas.eu/news-us-library-congress-recalls-azerbaijani-women%E2%80%99s-suffrage|title=US Library of Congress recalls Azerbaijani women's suffrage|date=July 27, 2011|work=The European Azerbaijan Society|access-date=July 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715160057/http://teas.eu/news-us-library-congress-recalls-azerbaijani-women%E2%80%99s-suffrage|archive-date=July 15, 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; two years before it became part of Soviet Union. Females in Turkey similarly gained the right to vote in municipal and parliamentary elections in 1930 and 1934 respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ramirez |first1=Francisco O. |last2=Soysal |first2=Yasemin |author-link2=:de:Yasemin Soysal |last3=Shanahan |first3=Suzanne |date=1997 |title=The Changing Logic of Political Citizenship: Cross-National Acquisition of Women's Suffrage Rights, 1890 to 1990 |url=http://www.vanneman.umd.edu/socy699F/RamirezSS97.pdf |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=735–745 |doi=10.2307/2657357 |jstor=2657357 |issn=0003-1224 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kandiyoti &amp; Kandiyoti (1987), Emancipated but unliberated? Reflections on the Turkish case, Feminist studies, 317–338&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Muslim women and Islamophobia in non-Muslim majority countries ===<br /> [[File:Ina Rama, General Prosecutor of Albania.jpg|thumb|Judge [[Ina Rama]], who as [[Prosecutor General (Albania)|Prosecutor General]] (2007–2012) of OIC member state Albania was the highest judicial authority in the country's criminal legal system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/tough-prosecutor-shakes-albania-s-establishment|title=Tough Prosecutor Shakes Albania's Establishment|last=Likmeta|first=Besar|date=February 3, 2012|work=Balkan Insight|access-date=May 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> [[File:Shaheen Bagh women protesters 15 Jan 2020.jpg|thumb|The [[Shaheen Bagh protest]] in Delhi, against a controversial [[Citizenship Amendment Act|citizenship law]] widely perceived to be anti-Muslim, was a sit-in staged primarily by Muslim women.]]<br /> <br /> In the United States, Islamophobia, coupled with the 2016 presidential election which heightened anti-Muslim sentiment has particularly impacted on Muslim American women. In their 2018 American Muslim Poll, think tank [[Institute for Social Policy and Understanding]] (ISPU) reported, &quot;though roughly half of women of all backgrounds, including Muslim women, report experiencing some frequency of gender-based discrimination in the past year, Muslim women's more frequent complaints are racial (75%) and religious (69%) discrimination.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Most Muslim women (72%) and Muslim men (76%) reject the notion that &quot;most Muslims in America discriminate against women.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Further data collected by the ISPU has found that &quot;Muslim women are more likely than Muslim men to report experiencing religious discrimination in the last year (68% vs. 55%)&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;{{When|date=November 2021}} After the bombing of the World Trade Center, Muslim women were especially exposed to increased violence in public spaces.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alimahomed-Wilson|first=Sabrina|date=Spring 2017|title=Invisible Violence: Gender, Islamophobia, and the Hidden Assault on U.S. Muslim Women|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/womgenfamcol.5.1.0073|journal=Women, Gender, and Families of Color|volume= 5| issue = 1|pages=73–97|doi=10.5406/womgenfamcol.5.1.0073|jstor=10.5406/womgenfamcol.5.1.0073|s2cid=157235368|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Research showed that 85% of Muslim women experienced violence through verbal threats as well as 25% of Muslim women experiencing actual physical violence in public spaces.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt; ISPU also found that most American Muslim women (68%) agree that most people associate negative stereotypes with their faith identity. Among these, more than half (52%) &quot;strongly agree&quot; that being Muslim is correlated with negative stereotypes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Data shows that American Muslim women are actually more likely than Muslim men to fear for their safety from white supremacist groups (47% vs. 31%) and nearly one in five (19%) Muslim women say they have stress and anxiety enough to believe they need the help of a mental health professional as a result of the 2016 presidential elections, compared with only 9% of American Muslim men.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; Despite this deficit in security and greater likelihood for experienced religious-based discrimination, Muslim women are no more likely than Muslim men to change their appearance to be less identifiable as a Muslim (16% vs. 15%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; Additionally, despite many feeling stigmatized, a large majority of Muslim American women (87%) say they are proud to be identified as a member of their faith community.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the [[European Network Against Racism]] NGO, In addition to enhanced prevalence of Islamophobia among Muslim American women, Muslim European women also experienced heightened Islamophobia—especially, when they wear headscarves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Islamophobia researcher and convert to Islam Linda Hyokki points out that at an even higher risk of Islamophobia are Muslim women of color, as they are always susceptible to Islamophobia, with or without their headscarves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-islamophobia-researcher-linda-hyokki-europe-has-a-problem-with-religion|title=Interview with Islamophobia researcher Linda Hyokki: &quot;Europe has a problem with religion&quot; |website=Qantara.de – Dialogue with the Islamic World|date=December 19, 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, English Islamophobic monitoring company Tell Mama reported that there had been a 26% increase in Islamophobia in the UK, overwhelmingly affecting Muslim women more than Muslim men.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jul/20/record-number-anti-muslim-attacks-reported-uk-2017|title=Record number of anti-Muslim attacks reported in UK last year|last=Marsh|first=Sarah|date=July 20, 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-11-07|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, Muslim women disproportionately face the Islamophobic trope that women are seen as &quot;''inferior''&quot; in their religion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/02/how-to-tackle-islamophobia-the-best-strategies-from-around-europe/|title=Islamophobia is on the rise. This is how we can tackle it|website=World Economic Forum|date=February 27, 2019 |access-date=2019-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Research has found that media along with politics, particularly, in European society, perpetuate these stereotypes of Muslim women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Aside from seeing women as experiencing sexism within their religion, other Islamophobic stereotypes of Muslim women include seeing them as, &quot;either [...] oppressed or as dangerous&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sport ===<br /> {{Main|Muslim women in sport}}<br /> <br /> {{see also|Women and bicycling in Islam}}<br /> [[File:Medalists at the Women's 57 kg Taekwando.jpg|thumb|[[Taekwondo]] medallists from Spain, [[Great Britain|Britain]], [[Egypt]] and [[Iran]] at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], including two ''hijabi'' women]]<br /> <br /> In the Islamic conception, every human being has a responsibility towards oneself. Since human life is sacred and initially created by divine rather than human agency, people are responsible for trying to keep their bodies and souls healthy, and not causing themselves spiritual or physical harm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity|last = Nasr|first = Seyyed Hossein|publisher = HarperOne|year = 2004|isbn = 978-0-06-073064-2|location = New York|pages = 278–279}}&lt;/ref&gt; Consequently, sport has obvious attractions in Islam: traditions record that Muḥammad raced with his wife 'Ā'ishah, and that he encouraged parents to teach their children swimming, riding and archery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/1000-years-amnesia-sports-muslim-heritage|title = A 1000 Years Amnesia: Sports in Muslim Heritage|date =Spring 2012|access-date = June 30, 2015|website = MuslimHeritage.com|publisher = Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation|last = Al-Hassani|first = Salim}}&lt;/ref&gt; Persian miniatures show Muslim women jointly playing polo with men in the same field.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In the twenty-first century, some Muslim sociologists even argue that it should be obligatory for Muslim females to participate in sport of some kind.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.apceiu.org/en/m16.php?pn=1&amp;sn=6|title = Islam and Women's Sports|date =Summer 2006|access-date = June 30, 2015|website = APCEIU|publisher = Asia-Pacific Centre of Education for International Understanding|last = Pfister|first = Gertrud|archive-date = September 22, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180922113846/http://www.apceiu.org/en/m16.php?pn=1&amp;sn=6|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the same time, many Muslim women experience significant barriers to sports participation. These barriers include bans on the Islamic headscarf, commonly known as the hijab, cultural and familial barriers, and the lack of appropriate sports programs and facilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Dagkas|first1=Symeon|last2=Benn|first2=Tansin|last3=Jawad|first3=Haifaa|date=March 1, 2011|title=Multiple voices: improving participation of Muslim girls in physical education and school sport|journal=Sport, Education and Society|volume=16|issue=2|pages=223–239|doi=10.1080/13573322.2011.540427|s2cid=145084440|issn=1357-3322}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many Muslim female athletes have overcome these obstacles and used sports to empower themselves and others, such as through education, health and wellbeing, and a push for women's rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Dubey|first1=Bipin Kumar|last2=Dubey|first2=Binayak Kumar|last3=Acharya|first3=Jayashree|date=September 1, 2010|title=Participation in sport as an assessment of women empowerment|url=http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/44/Suppl_1/i62.2|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume=44|issue=Suppl 1|pages=i62|doi=10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.208|issn=1473-0480|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Islamic Solidarity Games ====<br /> The [[Islamic Solidarity Games]] is a large multi-sport event held every four years in which all qualifying athletes from [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] member countries can compete, regardless of their religious affiliation. The female International Athlete Ambassadors for [[2017 Islamic Solidarity Games|Baku 2017]]—the most recent edition of the games—included Tunisian Olympic medallist wrestler [[Marwa Amri]]; taekwondo icons [[Elaine Teo]] (Malaysia) and Taleen Al Humaidi (Jordan); and the Palestinian swimmer [[Mary Al-Atrash]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.baku2017.com/en/news/women-in-sports|title=Women in Sport|date=March 8, 2017|website=Baku 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709193423/https://www.baku2017.com/en/news/women-in-sports|archive-date=2017-07-09|url-status=dead|access-date=May 23, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.baku2017.com/en/games/ambassadors/international-athlete-ambassadors|title=International Athlete Ambassadors|website=Baku 2017|access-date=May 23, 2018}}{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The next edition of the Islamic Solidarity Games (2025) is scheduled to take place in Riyadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.sportanddev.org/latest/news/issa-confirms-november-dates-islamic-solidarity-games-riyadh-2025 | title=ISSA confirms November dates for Islamic Solidarity Games Riyadh 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Beauty ==<br /> Both the concept and the reality of beauty are important in the Islamic religion: beauty (iḥsān, also translated as &quot;virtue&quot;, &quot;excellence&quot;, and &quot;making beautiful&quot;) is the third element of the canonical definition of Islam after belief (īmān) and practice (islām).&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 182&quot; /&gt; At 53:31,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Translations of the Qur'an, Surah 53: AN-NAJM (The Star) |url=http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/quran/verses/053-qmt.php |website=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement |access-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023634/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/quran/verses/053-qmt.php |archive-date=February 15, 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Vision of Islam|last1=Murata |last2=Chittick|first1=Sachiko|first2=William C.|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84511-320-9|location=London &amp; New York|page=270}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Quran emphasises the importance of avoiding ugly actions, while at 10:26&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Translations of the Qur'an, Surah 10: YUNUS (Jonah) |url=http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/quran/verses/010-qmt.php |website=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement |access-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024230/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/quran/verses/010-qmt.php |archive-date=February 15, 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; it states: &quot;Those who do what is beautiful will receive the most beautiful and increase [or more than this].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Female beauty ===<br /> Female beauty is a central theme in Islam, which regards it as &quot;the most direct visible manifestation of God's beauty, gentleness, mercy and forgiveness&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Vision of Islam|last1=Murata|last2=Chittick|first1=Sachiko|first2=William C.|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84511-320-9|location=London &amp; New York|page=228}}&lt;/ref&gt; This theme is developed most famously in Islamic mysticism or Sufism. In her work ''The Mystical Dimensions of Islam'', [[Annemarie Schimmel]] records the position of [[Ibn Arabi|Ibn ʿArabī]]—who is generally regarded as the greatest Sufi—on &quot;perceiving the divine through the medium of female beauty and seeing the female as the true revelation of God's mercy and creativity&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mystical Dimensions of Islam|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|publisher=University North Carolina Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8078-9976-2|location=Chapel Hill|page=431}}&lt;/ref&gt; as follows:<br /> <br /> &quot;The closing chapter of the Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam, that on the Prophet Muhammad, centers around the famous tradition according to which the Prophet was given a love for perfumes and women and joy in prayer. Thus, Ibn 'Arabī could defend the idea that 'love of women belongs to the perfection of the gnostics, for it is inherited from the Prophet and is a divine love' (R 480). Woman reveals, for Ibn Arabī, the secret of the compassionate God. The grammatical fact that the word dhāt, 'essence', is feminine offers Ibn Arabī different methods to discover this feminine element in God.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Adornment ====<br /> '''Silk'''; According to all schools of Islamic law, only women are permitted to wear pure silken garments next to the skin, although the schools of law differ about almost every other detail concerning silk, such as the permissibility of men wearing silk mixed with other fibers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Islamic Arts|last=Bloom|first=Jonathan|publisher=Phaidon Press Limited|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7148-3176-3|location=London, England|pages=[https://archive.org/details/islamicarts00bloo/page/84 84]|url=https://archive.org/details/islamicarts00bloo/page/84}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Islamic tradition, silk is strongly associated with Heaven.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; The Quran speaks in several places of the sumptuous fabrics to be enjoyed by the virtuous in Paradise: their garments will be made of silk (22:23&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://al-quran.info/|title=The Quran|author1=Iman Mohammad Kashi|author2=Uwe Hideki Matzen|author3=Online Quran Project|website=The Quran|access-date=June 13, 2017|archive-date=January 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129090725/http://al-quran.info/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 35:33),&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; and they will recline on carpets lined with rich brocade (55:54).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Gold'''; Similarly, Sharia law requires that only women wear gold ornaments, such as jewelry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|publisher=Stacey International|year=1989|location=London|page=140}}&lt;/ref&gt; The intention behind this distinction is to help men maintain a state of sobriety, reserve, concentration, and spiritual poverty (the &quot;perfections of the centre&quot;),&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; while women, who symbolize unfolding, infinitude, and manifestation, are not bound by the same constraints.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Public versus private appearance ====<br /> [[File:Young Muslim Woman on Street - Sylhet - Bangladesh (12968288153).jpg|thumb|A [[Bengalis|Bengali]] woman wearing a pink [[niqab]]]]<br /> Clothing such as [[Hijab|ḥijābs]], [[Chador|chādors]], and [[burqa]]s are typically worn in public only. 32% of countries in the European Union have bans on traditional Muslim headgear for women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.justiceinitiative.org/publications/restrictions-muslim-women-s-dress-28-eu-member-states|title=Restrictions on Muslim Women's Dress in the 27 EU Member States and the United Kingdom|website=www.justiceinitiative.org|language=en|date=March 2022|access-date=November 5, 2019|archive-date=October 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022013417/https://www.justiceinitiative.org/publications/restrictions-muslim-women-s-dress-28-eu-member-states|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bans differ in enforcement, penalty for violation, and details of what type of headgear is considered &quot;publicly acceptable&quot; in countries with these bans in place.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/where-are-burqa-bans-in-europe/a-49843292|title=Where are 'burqa bans' in Europe?|date=August 1, 2019|publisher=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-11-07|archive-date=March 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317120136/https://www.dw.com/en/where-are-burqa-bans-in-europe/a-49843292|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United Nations Human Rights Committee has publicly condemned these bans due to their infringement of rights of women dressing a certain way for religious purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ijrcenter.org/2018/11/14/un-human-rights-committee-condemns-burqa-ban-countering-european-court/|title=UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE CONDEMNS &quot;BURQA BAN,&quot; COUNTERING EUROPEAN COURT|date=November 14, 2018|website=International Justice Resource Center|access-date=November 7, 2019|archive-date=May 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526221722/https://ijrcenter.org/2018/11/14/un-human-rights-committee-condemns-burqa-ban-countering-european-court/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim European women, specifically, have noted that their public wearing of Islamic headgear has posed obstacles when it comes to gaining employment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.enar-eu.org/IMG/pdf/factsheet9-european_lr_1_.pdf|title=Forgotten women: the impact of Islamophobia on Muslim women|website=european network against racism|access-date=November 7, 2019|archive-date=March 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307214031/http://www.enar-eu.org/IMG/pdf/factsheet9-european_lr_1_.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is common for women to wear [[Western culture|Western]]-style clothing in private. Global fashion retail chains including [[Zara (retailer)|Zara]] and [[Victoria's Secret]] have branches in [[OIC]] member states such as [[Saudi Arabia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zara.com/sa/|title=Zara Saudi Arabia – Official Website|publisher=Zara España, S.A.|access-date=July 1, 2016|archive-date=June 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623223733/http://www.zara.com/sa/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/victoria-s-secret-opens-new-stores-in-saudi-bahrain-412662.html#.V3W2qiMrLfY|title=Victoria's Secret opens new stores in Saudi, Bahrain|last=Broomhall|first=Elizabeth|date=July 27, 2011|work=arabianbusiness.com|access-date=July 1, 2016|archive-date=August 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816050056/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/victoria-s-secret-opens-new-stores-in-saudi-bahrain-412662.html#.V3W2qiMrLfY|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Effect of globalization on Muslim women's couture ====<br /> [[File:Sahabat (5761248957).jpg|thumb|Two Malaysian women wearing contrasting styles of clothing: the (post-)modern ''[[hijab]]'' on the one hand (left), and a variant of the traditional Islamic ''[[kebaya]]'' blouse-shirt combination on the other. The kebaya is derived from the Arabic ''[[abaya]]'' (meaning &quot;clothing&quot;) and is the national female dress of Indonesia.]]<br /> <br /> The fashion media sector within the Muslim world for both Western and Islamic fashion has grown tremendously since the 1990s. Local editions of magazines from Marie Claire to Cosmopolitan are now published in a wide range of OIC member states, including Turkey, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Indonesia, while fashion magazines specifically targeted at more overtly religious demographics are flourishing: the Turkish title Âlâ is reportedly outselling both Vogue and Elle within its home market,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/11/turkish-womens-magazine-searches-for-intersection-of-islam-and-fashion/248804/|title = Turkish Women's Magazine Searches for Intersection of Islam and Fashion|last = Letsch|first = Constanze|date = November 21, 2011|work = The Atlantic|access-date = July 9, 2015|archive-date = July 9, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150709202629/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/11/turkish-womens-magazine-searches-for-intersection-of-islam-and-fashion/248804/|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; while Aquila Style claims a total circulation of 30,000 in three [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] states.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://islaminindonesia.com/2013/12/19/1349/|title = Aquila: Magazine for 'Asian Cosmopolitan Muslim Women'?|date = December 19, 2013|access-date = July 9, 2015|website = Islam in Indonesia: A resource of Islam in the archipelago|last = Aqsha|first = Darul|archive-date = July 10, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150710024606/http://islaminindonesia.com/2013/12/19/1349/|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 2014–15 Thomson Reuters State of the Global Islamic Economy Report forecasted that expenditure on clothing in OIC member states would reach US$484&amp;nbsp;billion by 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/export/sites/trade/files/news/342150121095027/342150121095027_1.pdf|title = State of the Global Islamic Economy 2014–2015 Report|access-date = July 9, 2015|publisher = Thomson Reuters in collaboration with DinarStandard|archive-date = July 10, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150710011048/http://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/export/sites/trade/files/news/342150121095027/342150121095027_1.pdf|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Love ==<br /> Among classical Muslim authors, the notion of love was developed along three conceptual lines, conceived in an ascending hierarchical order: natural love, intellectual love, and divine love.&lt;ref name=EI2-ishk&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Arkoun, M.| year=1997 | title=ʿIs̲h̲ḳ|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition= 2nd|publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|volume=4|page=119}}&lt;/ref&gt; The notion of 'ishq or passionate love is absent in the [[Qur'an]] and was introduced by the [[Persians|Persian]] writer [[Ahmad Ghazali]].&lt;ref name=EI2-ishk /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Romantic love ===<br /> {{Main|Ishq}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Taj Mahal, Agra, India edit.jpg|thumb|The [[Taj Mahal]] near Agra in India was commissioned by the Moghul [[Shah Jahan|Emperor Shah Jahan]] (1628–1658) in memory of his wife [[Mumtaz Mahal]], and completed in 1648.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|publisher=Stacey International|year=1989|location=London, England|page=240}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is studded with numerous inscriptions, almost all of which are from [[Persian poetry]] and the Quran.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmed 1993 95–96&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Living Islam: From Samarkand to Stornoway|last=Ahmed|first=Akbar S.|publisher=BBC Books Limited|year=1993|isbn=0-563-36441-6|location=London|pages=95–96}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars have suggested that the Taj Mahal complex is a representation of paradise.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmed 1993 95–96&quot; /&gt;]]<br /> In traditional Islamic societies, love between men and women was widely celebrated,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World|last = Robinson|first = Francis|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1996|isbn = 978-0-521-66993-1|location = Cambridge|page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435109/page/197 197]|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435109/page/197}}&lt;/ref&gt; and both the popular and classical literature of the Muslim world is replete with works on this theme.{{sfn|Dahlén|2008}} Throughout Islamic history, intellectuals, theologians, and mystics have extensively discussed the nature and characteristics of romantic love (''ishq'').&lt;ref name=EI2-ishk /&gt; In its most common intellectual interpretation of the [[Golden age of Islam|Islamic Golden Age]], ''ishq'' refers to an irresistible desire to obtain possession of the beloved, expressing a deficiency that the lover must remedy to reach perfection.&lt;ref name=EI2-ishk /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Arab love story of [[Layla and Majnun|Lāyla and Majnūn]] was arguably more widely known amongst Muslims than that of Romeo and Juliet in (Northern) Europe,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; while the Persian author [[Jami|Jāmī]]'s retelling of the story of [[Yusuf and Zulaikha|Yusuf (Joseph) and Zulaykhā]]—based upon the narrative of [[Yusuf (surah)|Surat Yusuf]] in the Quran—is a seminal text in the Persian, Urdu, and Bengali literary canons. The growth of affection (''mawadda'') into passionate love (''ishq'') received its most probing and realistic analysis in ''[[The Ring of the Dove]]'' by the Andalusian scholar [[Ibn Hazm]].&lt;ref name=EI2-ishk /&gt; The theme of romantic love continues to be developed in the modern and even postmodern fiction from the Islamic world: ''[[The Black Book (Pamuk novel)|The Black Book]]'' (1990) by the Nobel Prize winner [[Orhan Pamuk]] is a nominal detective story with extensive meditations on mysticism and obsessive love, while another Turkish writer, [[Elif Şafak]], intertwines romantic love and Sufism in her 2010 book ''The Forty Rules of Love: A Novel of Rumi''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-forty-rules-of-love-by-elif-shafak-2021678.html|title = The Forty Rules of Love, By Elif Shafak|last = Adil|first = Alev|date = July 9, 2010|work = The Independent|access-date = July 16, 2015|archive-date = August 3, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190803105552/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-forty-rules-of-love-by-elif-shafak-2021678.html|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Sufism, romantic love is viewed as a metaphysical metaphor for the love of God. However, the importance of love extends beyond the metaphorical. This is evident in the romantic relationship between [[Rumi]], who is widely recognised as the greatest poet of [[Sufism]], and his mentor [[Shams Tabrizi]].{{sfn|Dahlén|2008}} [[Ibn Arabi|IbnʿArabī]] posited also that for a man, sex with a woman is the occasion for experiencing God's 'greatest self-disclosure' (the position is similar vice versa):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought|last = Murata|first = Sachiko|publisher = State University of New York Press|year = 1992|isbn = 978-0-7914-0914-5|location = Albany|page = 186}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;The most intense and perfect contemplation of God is through women, and the most intense union is the conjugal act.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = Islam and the Destiny of Man|last = Eaton|first = Charles Le Gai|publisher = The [[Islamic Texts Society]]|year = 1994|isbn = 978-0-946621-47-7|location = Cambridge, England|page = 63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> This emphasis on the sublimity of the conjugal act holds true for both this world and the next: the fact that Islam considers sexual relationships one of the ultimate pleasures of paradise is well-known; moreover, there is no suggestion that this is limited only for the sake of producing children.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought|last = Murata|first = Sachiko|publisher = State University of New York Press|year = 1992|isbn = 978-0-7914-0914-5|location = Albany|pages = 186–187}}&lt;/ref&gt; Accordingly, (and in common with civilisations such as the Chinese, Indian, and Japanese), the Islamic world has historically generated significant works of erotic literature and technique, and many centuries before such a genre became culturally acceptable in the West: Richard Burton's substantially ersatz 1886 translation of ''[[The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight]]'', a fifteenth-century sex manual authored by Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Nafzawi, was labelled as being 'for private circulation only' owing to the puritanical mores and corresponding censorship laws of Victorian England.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = Resonances of the Raj: India in the English Musical Imagination,1897–1947|last = Ghuman|first = Nalini|publisher = OUP USA|year = 2014|isbn = 978-0-19-931489-8|location = New York|page = 207}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Love of women ===<br /> Particularly within the context of religion—a domain which is often associated with sexual asceticism—Muḥammad is notable for emphasising the importance of loving women. According to a famous ḥadīth, Muḥammad stated: &quot;Three things of this world of yours were made lovable to me: women, perfume—and the coolness of my eye was placed in the ritual prayer&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murata 1992 183&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought|last=Murata|first=Sachiko|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-7914-0914-5|location=Albany|page=183}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is enormously significant because in the Islamic faith, Muḥammad is by definition the most perfect human being and the most perfect male: his love for and treatment of women shows that the perfection of the human state is connected with love for other human beings, not simply with love for God.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murata 1992 183&quot; /&gt; More specifically, it illustrates that male perfection lies in women and, by implication, female perfection in men.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murata 1992 183&quot; /&gt; Consequently, the love Muḥammad had for women is obligatory on all men, since he is the model of perfection that must be emulated.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murata 1992 186&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought|last=Murata|first=Sachiko|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-7914-0914-5|location=Albany|page=186}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prominent figures in Islamic mysticism have elaborated on this theme. [[Ibn Arabi|Ibn 'Arabī]] reflected on the above ḥadīth as follows: &quot;...he [Muḥammad] mentioned women [as one of three things from God's world made lovable to him]. Do you think that which would take him far from his Lord was made lovable to him? Of course not. That which would bring him near to his Lord was made lovable to him.&quot;<br /> <br /> &quot;He who knows the measure of women and their mystery will not renounce love for them. On the contrary, one of the perfections of the gnostic is love for them, for this is a prophetic heritage and a divine love. For the Prophet said, '[women] were made lovable to me.' Hence he ascribed his love for them only to God. Ponder this chapter—you will see wonders!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Murata 1992 186&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Ibn 'Arabī held that witnessing God in the female human form is the most perfect mode of witnessing: if Muḥammad was made to love women, it is because women reflect God.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murata 1992 185&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought|last=Murata|first=Sachiko|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-7914-0914-5|location=Albany|page=185}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[Gai Eaton]], there are several other ḥadīths on the same theme which underline Muḥammad's teaching on the importance of loving women:<br /> * &quot;The best of you is the one who is best to his wife.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam|last=Eaton|first=Gai|publisher=The Islamic Texts Society|year=2000|isbn=978-0-946621-84-2|location=Cambridge, England|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/90 90]|url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/90}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * &quot;The whole world is to be enjoyed, but the best thing in the world is a good woman.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam|last=Eaton|first=Gai|publisher=The Islamic Texts Society|year=2000|isbn=978-0-946621-84-2|location=Cambridge, England|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/96 96]|url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/96}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another well-known ḥadīth explicitly states that loving conduct towards one's wife is synonymous with advanced religious understanding:<br /> * &quot;The most perfect in faith amongst believers is he who is best in manner and kindest to his wife.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Islam For Beginners|last=Matar|first=N. I.|publisher=Writers and Readers Publishing, Incorporated|year=1992|isbn=978-0-86316-155-1|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamforbeginner00mata/page/81 81]|url=https://archive.org/details/islamforbeginner00mata/page/81}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sexuality ==<br /> {{Main|Sexuality in Islam}}<br /> <br /> === General appearance ===<br /> In contrast to Christianity—where sex is sanctified through marriage—in the Islamic conception, sexuality in and of itself is sacred and a blessing;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|publisher=HarperOne|year=2004|isbn=978-0-06-073064-2|location=New York|page=184}}&lt;/ref&gt; as per Ibn 'Arabī's formulation, sex is a sublime act which can draw its practitioners closer to God.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Islam and the Destiny of Man|last=Eaton|first=Charles Le Gai|publisher=The Islamic Texts Society|year=1994|isbn=978-0-946621-47-7|location=Cambridge, England|page=63}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marriage in Islam is a contract drawn up according to Sharia to legitimise sexual relations and protect the rights of both partners.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; However, in common with Christianity and Judaism, sexual activity outside of marriage is perceived as a serious sin in the eyes of God.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|publisher=Stacey International|year=1989|location=London|page=433}}&lt;/ref&gt; A high value is placed on female [[chastity]] and exhibitionism is prohibited.&lt;ref&gt;Nilüfer Göle, &quot;Snapshots of Islamic Modernities&quot;, ''Daedalus'', Vol. 129, No. 1 (Winter, 2000), pp. 91–117&lt;/ref&gt; (See: [[Haya (Islam)]] and [[fahisha]])<br /> <br /> Female sexual satisfaction is given significant prominence in the Islamic faith and its classical literature. As recorded by the British Muslim writer [[Ruqayyah Waris Maqsood]] in her book ''The Muslim Marriage Guide'': &quot;the early Muslims regarded sexual prowess and the ability to satisfy a woman as being an essential part of manhood. The niece of [[Aisha|'Ā'ishah bint Abī Bakr]], a scholarly and beautiful woman named [[A'isha bint Talhah|A'isha bint Talha]], married the pious Umar ibn Ubaydilah. On their wedding night he made love to her no fewer than seven times, so that when morning came, she told him: 'You are a perfect Muslim in every way, even in this!'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Muslim Marriage Guide|last=Maqsood|first=Ruqayyah Waris|publisher=Amana Publications|year=2000|location=Beltsville, MD|page=98}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Islam requires both husband and wife/wives to meet their conjugal duties. Religious qadis (judges) have admonished the man or women who fail to meet these duties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|publisher=Stacey International|year=1989|location=London|pages=357–358}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this context, the Muslim caliph [[Umar|Umar ibn Al-Khattab]] (584–644) believed that a married woman had the right to sex at least once every four days, while according to the hadith scholar, jurist and mystic Abu Talib al-Makki (d.996), &quot;if [a husband] knows that [his wife] needs more, he is obliged to comply&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Muslim Marriage Guide|last=Maqsood|first=Ruqayyah Waris|publisher=Amana Publications|year=2000|location=Beltsville, MD|page=97}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Recommendations and prohibitions ====<br /> Muhammad underlined the importance of [[foreplay]] and emotional intimacy in sexual relations, as the following hadith illustrates:<br /> <br /> &quot;[The Prophet Muḥammad said] 'Not one of you should fall upon his wife like an animal; but let there first be a messenger between you.' 'And what is that messenger?' they asked, and [the Prophet Muḥammad] replied: 'Kisses and words.'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Muslim Marriage Guide|last=Maqsood|first=Ruqayyah Waris Maqsood|publisher=amana publications|year=2000|location=Beltsville, MD|page=86}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Islamic luminaries expanded on this theme. The philosopher, mystic and jurist [[Al-Ghazali|Al-Ghazālī]] ({{circa|1058}}–1111) stated that &quot;Sex should begin with gentle words and kissing&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Muslim Marriage Guide|last=Maqsood|first=Ruqayyah Waris|publisher=amana publications|year=2000|location=Beltsville, MD|page=87}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the Indian scholar [[Murtada al-Zabidi|al-Zabīdī]] (1732–1790) added to this exhortation in his commentary on Al-Ghazālī's magnum opus, ''The Revival of the Religious Sciences'' (''Iḥiyāʾ ʿulūm ad-dīn''): &quot;This should include not only the cheeks and lips; and then he should caress the breasts and nipples, and every part of her body.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Classical Islamic scholars have written extensively about the art and desirability of husband and wife attaining simultaneous orgasms; [[Al-Ghazali]] gives the following counsel in his key work, ''[[The Revival of the Religious Sciences]]'' (''Iḥiyāʾ ʿulūm ad-dīn''):<br /> <br /> &quot;When he has come to his orgasm (''inzal''), he should wait for his wife until she comes to her orgasm likewise; for her climax may well come slowly. If he arouses her desire, and then sits back from her, this will hurt her, and any disparity in their orgasms will certainly produce a sense of estrangement. A simultaneous orgasm will be the most delightful for her, especially since her husband will be distracted by his own orgasm from her, and she will not therefore be afflicted by shyness.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Muslim Marriage Guide|last=Maqsood|first=Ruqayyah Waris|publisher=amana publications|year=2000|location=Beltsville, MD|page=99}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghazali.org/site/ihya.htm|title=Revival of Religious Sciences|last=Hozien|first=Muhammad|date=2013|website=ghazali.org|access-date=June 5, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After sex, as well as menstruation, Islam requires men and women to do [[ghusl]] (major ritual washing with water, ablutions), and in some Islamic communities duaa' (prayers seeking forgiveness and purification), as sex and menstruation are considered some of the causes that makes men and women religiously impure ([[najis]]).&lt;ref&gt;Janet L. Bauer, &quot;Sexuality and the Moral 'Construction' of Women in an Islamic Society&quot;, ''Anthropological Quarterly'', Vol. 58, No. 3. (July 1985), pp. 120–129&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=mht&gt;Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan Ṭūsī, ''Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions'', ICAS Press London, {{ISBN|978-1-904063-29-2}}, pp. 17–24&lt;/ref&gt; Some Islamic jurists suggest touching and foreplay, without any penetration, may qualify [[wudu]] (minor ritual washing) as sufficient form of religiously required ablution.&lt;ref&gt;Brannon Wheeler, &quot;Touching The Penis in Islamic Law&quot;, ''History of Religions'', Vol. 44, No. 2 (November 2004), pp. 89–119&lt;/ref&gt; Muslim men and women must also abstain from sex during a ritual fast, and during all times while on a pilgrimage to Mecca, as sexual act, touching of sexual parts and emission of sexual bodily fluids are considered ritually dirty.&lt;ref name=&quot;martinencylo&quot;&gt;Martin et al. (2003), ''Encyclopedia of Islam &amp; the Muslim World'', Macmillan Reference, {{ISBN|978-0-02-865603-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sexual intercourse is not allowed to a Muslim woman during [[menstruation]], [[postpartum period]], during fasting and certain religious activities, disability and in [[iddah]] after divorce or widowhood. Homosexual relations and same sex marriages are forbidden to both genders in Islam.&lt;ref name=jgschenker /&gt; In vitro fertilization (IVF) is acceptable in Islam; but ovum donation along with sperm donation, embryo donation are prohibited by Islam.&lt;ref name=scjs /&gt; These marriages meet with varying degrees of social approval, depending on the milieu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Inhorn | first1 = M.C. | year = 2006 | title = He Won't Be My Son | journal = Medical Anthropology Quarterly | volume = 20 | issue = 1| pages = 94–120 | doi=10.1525/maq.2006.20.1.94| pmid = 16612995 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Husain | first1 = Fatima A | year = 2000 | title = Reproductive issues from the Islamic perspective | journal = Human Fertility | volume = 3 | issue = 2| pages = 124–128 | doi = 10.1080/1464727002000198831 | pmid = 11844368 | s2cid = 20524040 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some debated [[fatwa]]s from Shia sect of Islam, however, allow third party participation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Serour | first1 = G. I. | year = 2005 | title = Religious perspectives of ethical issues in ART 1. Islamic perspectives of ethical issues in ART | journal = Middle East Fertility Society Journal | volume = 10 | issue = 3| pages = 185–190 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Clarke | first1 = M | year = 2006 | title = Islam, kinship and new reproductive technology | journal = Anthropology Today | volume = 22 | issue = 5| pages = 17–20 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-8322.2006.00460.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to some Hadiths like ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'', Islam permits only vaginal sex.&lt;ref name=&quot;scjs&quot;&gt;Editor: Susan Crocklin (1996). &quot;Religious views regarding gamete donation&quot;, in ''Family Building Through Egg and Sperm Donation''. Boston: Jones and Bartlett, {{ISBN|978-0-86720-483-4}}, pp 242–250&lt;/ref&gt;{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|8|3365}} There is disagreement among Islamic scholars on proper interpretation of Islamic law on permissible sex between a husband and wife, with claims that non-vaginal sex within a marriage is disapproved but not forbidden.&lt;ref name=scjs /&gt;&lt;ref name=jgschenker&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Schenker | first1 = Joseph | year = 2000 | title = Women's reproductive health: Monotheistic religious perspectives | journal = International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics | volume = 70 | issue = 1| pages = 77–86 | doi=10.1016/s0020-7292(00)00225-3 | pmid=10884536| s2cid = 40152542 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;G I Serour (1995), &quot;Traditional sexual practices in Islamic world&quot;, ''Global Bioethics'', Issue 1, pp. 35–47&lt;/ref&gt; Anal intercourse and sex during menstruation are prohibited, as is violence and force against a partner's will.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 357–358&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last = Glassé|first = Cyril|publisher = Stacey International|year = 1989|location = London|pages = 357–358}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, these are the only restrictions; as the Quran says at 2:223 (Sūratu l-Baqarah): 'Your women are your fields; go to your women as you wish'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 357–358&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Women's bodies, another interventions and restrictions===<br /> {{See|Islam and gender segregation|Hijab}}<br /> ==== Age of sexual competence ====<br /> {{Main|Baligh}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|Aisha#Age at marriage|Islam and children#Marriage|Child marriage}}<br /> [[Child marriage]], has come to be discouraged in most countries, but it persists to some extent in some select parts of the Muslim world.&lt;ref name=ali /&gt;<br /> The age of [[marriage in Islam]] for women varies with country. Traditionally, Islam has permitted marriage of girls below the age often, because [[Sharia]] considers the practices of [[Muhammad]] a basis for Islamic law. According to [[Sahih Bukhari]] and [[Sahih Muslim]], the two most authentic Sunni [[hadith]]s books, Muhammed married [[Aisha]], his third wife, when she was six and consummated the marriage when she reached the age of nine or ten. This version of events is rejected by [[Shia]] Muslims&lt;ref&gt;Ali, Kecia (2010), Marriage and slavery in early Islam, Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-674-05059-4}}, pp. 35–77&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ahmed, L. (1986). Women and the Advent of Islam. Signs, 11(4), 665–691&lt;/ref&gt; and disputed by some Sunni scholars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Age of Aisha (ra): Rejecting Historical Revisionism and Modernist Presumptions|url=https://yaqeeninstitute.org/faraz-malik/the-age-of-aisha-ra-rejecting-historical-revisionism-and-modernist-presumptions|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research|language=en|archive-date=January 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117154508/https://yaqeeninstitute.org/faraz-malik/the-age-of-aisha-ra-rejecting-historical-revisionism-and-modernist-presumptions|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some Islamic scholars suggest that it is not the calendar age that matters, rather it is the biological age of the girl that determines when she can be married under Islamic law. According to these Islamic scholars, [[marriageable age]] in Islam is when a girl has reached [[sexual maturity]], as determined by her nearest male guardian; this age can be, claim these Islamic scholars, less than 10 years, or 12, or another age depending on each girl.&lt;ref name=&quot;ali&quot;&gt;A.A. Ali, &quot;Child Marriage in Islamic Law&quot;, The Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University (Canada), August 2000; see pp. 16–18&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/04/12/saudi.child.marriage/ |title=Saudi judge refuses to annul 8-year-old's marriage |first1=Mohammed |last1=Jamjoom |work=CNN World |date=April 12, 2009 |access-date=July 31, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Surah An-Nisa – 4:6|url=https://quran.com/4/6?translations=131|access-date=2021-01-19|website=quran.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Surah An-Nur – 24:59|url=https://quran.com/24/59?translations=131|access-date=2021-01-19|website=quran.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some clerics and conservative elements of Muslim society,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/yemen1211ForUpload_0.pdf &quot;How Come You Allow Little Girls to Get Married?&quot; – Child Marriage in Yemen] Human Rights Watch, (2011); pp. 15–23&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irinnews.org/report/88589/yemen-deep-divisions-over-child-brides YEMEN: Deep divisions over child brides] IRIN, United Nations News Service, (March 28, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt; in various communities around the world,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/17/saudi.child.marriage/ | work=CNN | title=Top Saudi cleric: OK for young girls to wed | date=January 17, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2238321.stm | work=BBC News | first=Charles | last=Haviland | title=Battle over India's marriage age | date=September 5, 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/muslim-groups-oppose-ban-on-child-marriage/article5155367.ece Muslim groups oppose ban on child marriage] The Hindu (September 22, 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2009/03/18/68682.html Indonesian cleric arrested over child bride] Al Arabiya News, Indonesia (March 18, 2009)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/07/24/more-on-child-brides-after-a-political-fight-nigeria-will-continue-allowing-them/ &quot;More on child brides: After a political fight, Nigeria will continue allowing them&quot;], Max Fisher, ''The Washington Post'' (July 24, 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; have insisted that it is their Islamic right to marry girls below age 15.&lt;ref&gt;Bunting, A. (2005), &quot;Stages of development: marriage of girls and teens as an international human rights issue&quot;, ''Social &amp; Legal Studies'', 14(1), pp. 17–38&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2019, Saudi Arabia changed the law and raised the age of marriage to 18.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=December 23, 2019|title=Saudi Arabia moves to ban child marriage with a new ruling|language=en|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)]]|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/gcc/saudi-arabia-moves-to-ban-child-marriage-with-a-new-ruling-1.955310|access-date=July 31, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Menstruation =====<br /> {{Main|Culture and menstruation|Menstruation in Islam}}<br /> <br /> Muslim women are relieved from the duty of performing [[salah]] whilst she is menstruating or during postpartum period, because [[Body fluid|bodily fluids]] (in this case, blood) are considered ritually impure in Islam. According to some scholars, Muslim women may not enter a mosque. Some Muslim scholars suggest that the woman should stay in her house, or near her house, during this state.&lt;ref name=martinencylo /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1 = al Ṭūsī | first1 = Mohammad ibn Hasan ibn Ali Abu Ja'far (Sheikh al-Taifah) | translator-last = Ezzati | translator-first = Alireza | author-link1 = Shaykh Tusi | title = Al-nihayah: concise description of Islamic law and legal opinions | trans-title = Nihāyah fī mujarrad al-fiqh wa-al-fatāwá | publisher = ICAS Press | location = London | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-904063-29-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1= Hundt | first1= Gillian L. | last2= Beckerleg | first2= Susan | last3= Kassem | first3= Fatma | last4= Jafar | first4= Abdel M.A. | last5= Belmaker | first5= I. | last6= Saad. | first6= K. Abu | last7= Shoham-Vardi | first7= I. | title = Women's health custom made: building on the 40 days postpartum for Arab women | journal = [[Health Care for Women International]] | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 529–542 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/07399330050130313 | pmid = 11235284 | date = September 2000 | s2cid= 216590214 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Islamic jurists claim that this is an incorrect interpretation of Sharia, and suggest the Islamic intent was about hygiene, not about religious ritual cleanliness.&lt;ref name=martinencylo /&gt; Some scholars say that it is not permitted for menstruating women to read the Quran.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://central-mosque.com/index.php/Acts-of-Worship/menstruating-women-and-entering-mosque.html |title=Menstruation: Proofs for the Impermissibility of Women Touching the Quran or Entering the Mashaf |work=Central-Mosque.com|access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Others say it is possible, in some circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://abuaminaelias.com/may-a-menstruating-woman-visit-the-mosque-or-recite-the-quran/|title=Can a menstruating woman visit the mosque or recite the Quran?|author=Elias, Abu Amina|date=February 6, 2014|work=abuaminaelias.com|access-date=February 12, 2020|archive-date=February 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206233928/https://abuaminaelias.com/may-a-menstruating-woman-visit-the-mosque-or-recite-the-quran/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Contraception ====<br /> From very early times various methods of contraception have been practiced in Islam,&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 357–358&quot; /&gt; and Muslim jurists of the two major sects of Islam, Sunni and Shia, generally agree that contraception and family planning are not forbidden by Sharia; the use of contraceptive devices is permitted if the marital partners agree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 357–358&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hasna&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|year=2003|title=Islam, social traditions and family planning|journal=Social Policy &amp; Administration|volume=37|issue=2|pages=181–197|doi=10.1111/1467-9515.00333|last1=Hasna|first1=F}}&lt;/ref&gt; All the Islamic schools of law from the tenth to the nineteenth century gave contraception their serious consideration.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World|last=Robinson|first=Frances|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-521-66993-1|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435109/page/205 205–206]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435109/page/205}}&lt;/ref&gt; They dealt principally with coitus interruptus, the most common method, and unanimously agreed that it was licit provided the free wife gave her permission, because she had rights to children and to sexual fulfilment which withdrawal was believed to diminish.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; From the writings of the jurists it emerges that other methods of birth control—mostly intravaginal tampons—were also used by premodern women and the commonest view was that these should only be employed if the husband also agreed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Given the era and the fact that both Christian and Jewish tradition outlawed contraception, the attitude of Muslims towards birth control has been characterised as being remarkably pragmatic; they also possessed a sophisticated knowledge of possible birth control methods.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Medieval doctors like [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) regarded birth control as a normal part of medicine, and devoted chapters to contraception and abortion in their textbooks (although the permissibility of abortion within Islamic thought varies according to a number of factors; Islam views the family as sacred and children as a gift from God).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/contraception.shtml|title=Islamic views on contraception|date=September 7, 2009|website=BBC|access-date=June 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to medieval Muslims, birth control was employed to avoid a large number of dependents to safeguard property, to guarantee the education of a child, to protect a woman from the risks of childbirth—especially if she was young or ill—or simply to preserve her health and beauty.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Female infanticide =====<br /> Islam condemns female infanticide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/abortion/medical/infanticide_1.shtml|title=BBC – Ethics – Abortion: Female infanticide|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=May 25, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{blockquote |When the female (infant), buried alive, is questioned—For what crime she was killed?|[[Quran]] |{{qref|81|8}} | |}}<br /> <br /> In some Islamic populations, sex-selective female infanticide is of concern because of abnormally high boy to girl ratios at birth.&lt;ref name=fmesle /&gt; In Islamic [[Azerbaijan]], for example, the birth sex ratio was in the 105 to 108 range, before the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s. After the collapse, the birth sex ratios in Azerbaijan has sharply climbed to over 115 and remained high for the last 20 years.&lt;ref name=fmesle&gt;{{cite book|title=A Sharp Increase in Sex Ratio at Birth in the Caucasus. Why? How?|author1=France MESLÉ |author2=Jacques Vallin |author3=Irina Badurashvil |year=2007|pages=73–89|isbn=978-2-910053-29-1|publisher=Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography}}&lt;/ref&gt; The persistently observed 115 boys for every 100 girls born suggests [[sex-selective abortion]] of females in Azerbaijan in the last 20 years.&lt;ref name=theeconomist&gt;[https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21586617-son-preference-once-suppressed-reviving-alarmingly-gendercide-caucasus &quot;Gendercide in the Caucasus&quot;] ''The Economist'' (September 13, 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Michael, M; King, L; Guo, L; McKee, M; Richardson, E; Stuckler, D (2013), [http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1130041/1/3909713.pdf &quot;The mystery of missing female children in the Caucasus: an analysis of sex ratios by birth order&quot;], ''International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health'', 39 (2), pp. 97–102, {{ISSN|1944-0391}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[John Bongaarts]] (2013), &quot;The Implementation of Preferences for Male Offspring&quot;, ''Population and Development Review'', Vol. 39, Iss. 2, ppl. 185–208, June 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Other Muslim-majority countries with high birth sex ratio, implying&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.demographie.net/guilmoto/pdf/research%20note%20on%20BM%20in%20SE%20Europe4.pdf High Sex Ratio at Birth in Southeast Europe ] Christophe Z Guilmoto, CEPED, Université Paris-Descartes, France (2012)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stump, Doris (2011), [http://www.assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2011/ASEGAselectionprenatalee.pdf Prenatal Sex Selection], Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, Council of Europe&lt;/ref&gt; female sex-selective abortion, include [[Albania]] (112)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/publications/2012/Sex%20Imbalances%20at%20Birth.%20PDF%20UNFPA%20APRO%20publication%202012.pdf Sex Imbalances at Birth: Current trends, consequences and policy implications] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232549/http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/publications/2012/Sex%20Imbalances%20at%20Birth.%20PDF%20UNFPA%20APRO%20publication%202012.pdf |date=December 30, 2013 }} United Nations FPA (August 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Pakistan]] (111).&lt;ref&gt;Klasen, S. (1994), &quot;Missing women&quot; reconsidered, World Development, 22(7), 1061–1071&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/06/abandoned-aborted-or-left-for-dead-these-are-the-vanishing-girls-of-pakistan/258648/ Abandoned, Aborted, or Left for Dead: These Are the Vanishing Girls of Pakistan], Habiba Nosheen and Hilke Schellmann, June 19, 2012, ''The Atlantic''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Female genital mutilation ====<br /> [[File:Campaign road sign against female genital mutilation (cropped).jpg|thumb|A poster for a campaign against [[female genital mutilation]] ('FGM') in Christian-majority Uganda. In the African states of Tanzania, Nigeria and Niger, FGM is more prevalent amongst Christians than Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/fgm.activist.girls.in.uk.sunday.schools.are.being.cut.the.church.must.take.a.stand/38757.htm|title=Girls in UK Sunday schools are victims of FGM – the Church must take a stand|last=Borkett-Jones|first=Lucinda|date=July 12, 2014|work=Christian Today|access-date=July 1, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=El-Damanhoury|first=I.|date=September 2013|title=The Jewish and Christian view on female genital mutilation|journal=African Journal of Urology|doi=10.1016/j.afju.2013.01.004|volume=19|issue=3|pages=127–129|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; The highest levels of support for FGM can be found in Mali, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Gambia, Somalia, and Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/female-genital-mutilation/|title=Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Statistics|website=UNICEF DATA}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> {{Main|Female genital mutilation|Religious views on female genital mutilation}}<br /> <br /> ==== The classical position ====<br /> There is no mention of female circumcision—let alone other forms of female genital mutilation—in the Quran. Furthermore, Muḥammad did not subject any of his daughters to this practice, which is itself of real significance as it does not form part of his spoken or acted example.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Gomaa|first=Ali|date=2013|title=The Islamic view on female circumcision|journal=African Journal of Urology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=123–126|doi=10.1016/j.afju.2013.02.007|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, the origins of female circumcision are not Islamic: it is first thought to have been practiced in [[ancient Egypt]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 54&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|page=54}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alternatively, it has been suggested that the practice may be an old African puberty rite that was passed on to Egypt by cultural diffusion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|page=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Notwithstanding these facts, there is a belief amongst some Muslims—particularly though not entirely exclusively in (sub-Saharan) Africa—that female circumcision (specifically the cutting of the prepuce or hood of the clitoris) is religiously vindicated by the existence of a handful of ḥadīths which apparently recommend it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 54&quot; /&gt; However, these ḥadīths are generally regarded as inauthentic, unreliable and weak, and therefore as having no legislative foundation and/or practical application.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 58&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|page=58}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Islamic perspectives on FGM ====<br /> In answering the question of how &quot;Islamic&quot; female circumcision is, Haifaa A. Jawad—an academic specialising in Islamic thought and the author of ''The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach—''has concluded that &quot;the practice has no Islamic foundation whatsoever. It is nothing more than an ancient custom which has been falsely assimilated to the Islamic tradition, and with the passage of time it has been presented and accepted (in some Muslim countries) as an Islamic injunction.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|page=259}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Haifaa Jawad]], the argument which states that there is an indirect correlation between Islam and female circumcision fails to explain why female circumcision is not practiced in much of the Islamic world, and conversely is practiced in Latin American countries such as Brazil, Mexico and Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|pages=55, 59}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.womenaid.org/press/info/fgm/fgminfo.htm|title=Female Genital Mutilation : Information Paper FGM/40|website=womenaid.orgpublisher=Womenaid International|access-date=July 3, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, more than half of the cases documented by Unicef are concentrated in just 3 countries: Indonesia, Egypt, and Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=Prevalence of Female Genital Cutting - Scaled 2015 | url=https://www.womanstats.org/substatics/femalegenitalcutting_2015_2correctstatic.png | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331170321/http://www.womanstats.org/substatics/femalegenitalcutting_2015_2correctstatic.png | archive-date=2016-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/female-genital-mutilationcutting-global-concern/|title=Female Genital Mutilation: A global concern - 2016|date=February 3, 2016|website=UNICEF DATA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;endfgm.eu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| title=Female genital mutilation/cutting: A call for a global response | url=https://www.endfgm.eu/editor/files/2020/04/FGM_Global_-_ONLINE_PDF_VERSION_-_07.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045723/https://www.endfgm.eu/editor/files/2020/04/FGM_Global_-_ONLINE_PDF_VERSION_-_07.pdf | archive-date=2020-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The French intellectual, journalist, and translator Renée Saurel observed that female circumcision and FGM more generally directly contradict Islam's sacred text: &quot;The Koran, contrary to Christianity and Judaism, permits and recommends that the woman be given physical and psychological pleasure, pleasure found by both partners during the act of love. Forcibly split, torn, and severed tissues are neither conducive to sensuality nor to the blessed feeling given and shared when participating in the quest for pleasure and the escape from pain.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|page=128}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Egyptian feminist [[Nawal El Saadawi|Nawal El-Saadawi]] reasons that the creation of the clitoris per se is a direct Islamic argument against female circumcision: &quot;If religion comes from God, how can it order man to cut off an organ created by Him as long as that organ is not diseased or deformed? God does not create the organs of the body haphazardly without a plan. It is not possible that He should have created the clitoris in woman's body only in order that it be cut off at an early stage in life. This is a contradiction into which neither true religion nor the Creator could possibly fall. If God has created the clitoris as a sexually sensitive organ, whose sole function seems to be the procurement of sexual pleasure for women, it follows that He also considers such pleasure for women as normal and legitimate, and therefore as an integral part of mental health.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 129&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|page=129}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Sheikh Abbas|Sheikh Abbas el Hocine Bencheikh]], a diplomat and Rector of the L'institut Musulman at the Grande Mosquée de Paris, pointed to the total lack of Islamic theological justification for female circumcision: &quot;If circumcision for the man (though not compulsory) has an aesthetic and hygienic purpose, there is no existing religious Islamic text of value to be considered in favour of female excision, as proven by the fact that this practice is totally non-existent in most of the Islamic countries.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 58&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Mahmud Shaltut]], the former Sheikh of Al-Azhar in Cairo—one of the most important religious offices in Sunni Islam—also stated that female circumcision has no theological basis: &quot;Islamic legislation provides a general principle, namely that should meticulous and careful examination of certain issues prove that it is definitely harmful or immoral, then it should be legitimately stopped to put an end to this damage or immorality. Therefore, since the harm of excision has been established, excision of the clitoris of females is not a mandatory obligation, nor is it a Sunnah.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 129&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Initiatives to end FGM in the OIC ====<br /> In the twenty-first century, a number of high-ranking religious offices within the OIC have urged the cessation of all forms of FGM:<br /> # A 2006 international conference convened by Egypt's Dar al ifta—an influential body which issues legal opinions on Islamic law and jurisprudence—concluded &quot;that the [female genital] mutilation presently practised in some parts of Egypt, Africa, and elsewhere represents a deplorable custom which finds no justification in the authoritative sources of Islam, the Quran and the practice of the Prophet Muḥammad...all measures must be taken to put a halt to this unacceptable tradition.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gomaa|first=Ali|date=September 2013|title=The Islamic view on female circumcision|journal=African Journal of Urology|doi=10.1016/j.afju.2013.02.007|volume=19|issue=3|pages=123–126|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # A November 2006 conference at Al-Azhar University in Cairo held under the auspices of the Grand Mufti of Egypt passed a resolution—with the same legal weight as fatwa—that FGM was to be considered a punishable offence, because it constitutes &quot;an act of aggression and a crime against humanity&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.intact-network.net/intact/cp/files/1296995492_FGM%20&amp;%20Islam-%20GTZ.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102113456/http://www.intact-network.net/intact/cp/files/1296995492_FGM%20%26%20Islam-%20GTZ.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 2, 2017|title=Female Genital Mutilation and Islam |date=July 2009|website=International Network to Analyze, Communicate and Transform the Campaign against FGM/C|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH|access-date=July 3, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # In 2007 the Cairo-based Al-Azhar Supreme Council of Islamic Research, an entity belonging to what is generally regarded as one of the most significant theological universities in the OIC, ruled that female genital mutilation has no basis in Islamic law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.unfpa.org/news/convincing-egyptian-doctors-do-no-harm|title=Convincing Egyptian Doctors to 'Do No Harm'|date=May 7, 2010|work=United Nations Population Fund|access-date=July 3, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # In 2012, Professor Dr. [[Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu]]—the then Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation—urged countries to abolish female genital mutilation (FGM), saying the practice was against Islam and human rights: &quot;This practice is a ritual that has survived over centuries and must be stopped as Islam does not support it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.trust.org//item/20121204114600-k6dat/|title=OIC chief calls for abolition of female genital mutilation|date=December 4, 2012|work=Thomson Reuters Foundation News|access-date=July 3, 2016|archive-date=October 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005145807/http://news.trust.org//item/20121204114600-k6dat/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # In 2016, the OIC Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations reaffirmed its determination to eliminate FGM/C by 2030,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oicun.org/9/20160213110524453.html|title=US-OIC roundtable at the UN seeks ways to eradicate FGM/C|date=February 8, 2016|website=Organisation of Islamic Cooperation: Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations in New York|publisher=Organization of Islamic Cooperation Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations|access-date=July 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330211129/http://www.oicun.org/9/20160213110524453.html|archive-date=March 30, 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; in accordance with a global target set by the UN in the context of the [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<br /> <br /> ==== Recorded prevalence of FGM in the OIC ====<br /> According to UNICEF (2014), twenty-six of the twenty-nine countries in which female genital mutilation is classified as 'concentrated' are in sub-Saharan Africa: there was no recorded prevalence in any non-African [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] member state outside Yemen (19% prevalence) and Iraq (8%).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/SOWC_2015_Summary_and_Tables_210.pdf |title=The State of the World's Children 2015: Executive Summary |date=2014 |access-date=July 6, 2015 |website=84–89 |publisher=United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequent data confirms that female genital mutilation is not an exclusively African problem, and is found in several Islamic-majority countries of OIC, like [[Indonesia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;endfgm.eu&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Marriage ==<br /> {{See also|Marriage in Islam|Muhammad's wives}}<br /> === Family ===<br /> With the coming of the Quranic revelation, the family replaced the tribe as the basic unit of Arab society, and today the family is still the primary means of social organization in the Islamic world.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|publisher=HarperOne|year=2004|isbn=978-0-06-073064-2|location=New York|page=183}}&lt;/ref&gt; As in many other traditional societies, the family in Muslim-majority countries is not restricted to the nuclear model solely consisting of parents and children, but is instead typically made up of a larger extended family network which includes grandparents, uncles, aunts, in-laws and cousins.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding ====<br /> {{blockquote|Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; (that is) for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No-one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the (father's) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and (after) consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provide that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do. (Al-Quran 2:233)}}<br /> <br /> Muḥammad stated that if a woman dies in childbirth, she is counted as a martyr.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Charles le Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/88 |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge, England |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/88 88]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Motherhood ====<br /> A famous hadith of Muḥammad states that &quot;Heaven lies under the feet of mothers&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|publisher=HarperOne|year=2004|isbn=978-0-06-073064-2|location=New York|page=191}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam|last=Eaton|first=Charles le Gai|publisher=Islamic Texts Society|year=2000|isbn=978-0-946621-84-2|location=Cambridge, England|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/95 95]|url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/95}}&lt;/ref&gt; and accordingly—and like all traditional systems—Islam has honored the work of homemaker and mother as being of the highest value.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; While there is nothing in Islamic teachings that precludes women from working and receiving wages,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|publisher=HarperOne|year=2004|isbn=978-0-06-073064-2|location=New York|page=193}}&lt;/ref&gt; as per Seyyed Hossein Nasr's ''The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity'', &quot;Islamic society has never thought that working in an office is of a higher order of importance than bringing up one's children.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Legal framework ===<br /> {{Main|Islamic marital jurisprudence}}<br /> <br /> Marriage is the central institution of family life and society, and therefore the central institution of Islam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Terror's Source: The Ideology of Salafism and Its Consequences|last=Oliveti|first=Vincenzo|publisher=Amadeus Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-9543729-0-3|location=Birmingham, England|page=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; On a technical level, it is accomplished through a [[Islamic marriage contract|contract]] which is confirmed by the bride's reception of a dowry or ''mahr'', and by the witnessing of the bride's consent to the marriage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 259&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|publisher=Stacey International|year=1989|location=London|page=59}}&lt;/ref&gt; A woman has the freedom to propose to a man of her liking, either orally or in writing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa A.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|page=33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muḥammad himself was the subject of a spoken marriage proposal from a Muslim lady which was worded &quot;I present myself to you&quot;, although ultimately Muḥammad solemnized her marriage to another man.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa A.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|pages=33–34}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Within the marriage contract itself, the bride has the right to stipulate her own conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 35&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach|last=Jawad|first=Haifaa A.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-73458-2|location=London|page=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; These conditions usually pertain to such issues as marriage terms (e.g. that her husband may not take another wife), and divorce terms (e.g. that she may dissolve the union at her own initiative if she deems it necessary).&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 35&quot; /&gt; In addition, dowries—one on marriage, and another deferred in case of divorce—must be specified and written down; they should also be of substance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 35&quot; /&gt; The dowry is the exclusive property of the wife and should not be given away, neither to her family nor her relatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 35&quot; /&gt; According to the Quran (at 4:2),&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Translations of the Qur'an, Surah 4: AN-NISA (Women) |url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php|website=e=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|date=May 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501064500/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php|archive-date=May 1, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; the wife may freely choose to give part of their dowry to the husband.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jawad 1998 35&quot; /&gt; Fiqh doctrine says a woman's property, held exclusively in her name cannot be appropriated by her husband, brother or father.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-sharia/2016/06/24/7e3efb7a-31ef-11e6-8758-d58e76e11b12_story.html|title=Five myths about sharia|last=Quraishi-Landes|first=Asifa|date=June 24, 2016|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=June 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; For many centuries, this stood in stark contrast with the more limited property rights of women in (Christian) Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Accordingly, Muslim women in contemporary America are sometimes shocked to find that, even though they were careful to list their assets as separate, these can be considered joint assets after marriage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Bride procession Lombok Indonesia.JPG|thumb|A bridal procession accompanied by live music in Lombok, Indonesia. According to the National Statistical Bureau of Indonesia, the mean age of marriage for women was 22.3 years in 2010, an increase on the 1970 average of 19 years; the corresponding figures for men were 25.7 years and 23 years respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Himawan|first=Karel Karsten|date=October 23, 2017|title=Modernization and singlehood in Indonesia: Psychological and social impacts|journal=Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences|via=Elsevier B.V.|doi=10.1016/j.kjss.2017.09.008 |doi-broken-date=July 5, 2025 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> === Marriage ceremony and celebrations ===<br /> When agreement to the marriage has been expressed and witnessed, those present recite the [[Al-Fatiha]] prayer (the opening chapter of the Quran).&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 259&quot; /&gt; Normally, marriages are not contracted in mosques but in private homes or at the offices of a judge (''qāḍi'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 259&quot; /&gt; The format and content of the ceremony (if there is one) is often defined by national or tribal customs, as are the celebrations (''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'urs'') that accompany it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 259&quot; /&gt; In some parts of the Islamic world these may include processions in which the bride gift is put on display; receptions where the bride is seen adorned in elaborate costumes and jewelry; and ceremonial installation of the bride in the new house to which she may be carried in a litter (a type of carriage).&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 259&quot; /&gt; The groom may ride through the streets on a horse, followed by his friends and well-wishers, and there is always a feast called the ''walīmah''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 259&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Historical commonality of divorce ===<br /> In contrast to the Western and Orient world where divorce was relatively uncommon until modern times, divorce was a more common occurrence in certain parts of the late medieval [[Muslim world]]. In the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] and [[Ottoman Empire]], the rate of divorce was high.&lt;ref name=Rapoport&gt;{{Cite book|title=Marriage, Money and Divorce in Medieval Islamic Society|url=https://archive.org/details/marriagemoneydiv00rapo_098|url-access=limited|first=Yossef|last=Rapoport|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-521-84715-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/marriagemoneydiv00rapo_098/page/n14 2]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Chebel|first=Malek|title=L'islam explique par Malek Chabel|year=2009|publisher=Perrin|isbn=978-2-262-02982-1|page=113}}&lt;/ref&gt; The work of the scholar and historian Al-Sakhawi (1428–1497) on the lives of women show that the marriage pattern of Egyptian and Syrian urban society in the fifteenth century was greatly influenced by easy divorce, and practically untouched by polygamy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Marriage, Money and Divorce in Medieval Islamic Society|url=https://archive.org/details/marriagemoneydiv00rapo_098|url-access=limited|last=Rapoport|first=Yossef|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0-521-84715-X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/marriagemoneydiv00rapo_098/page/n17 5]–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World|last=Robinson|first=Frances|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-521-66993-1|location=Cambridge, England|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435109/page/194 194]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435109/page/194}}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier Egyptian documents from the eleventh to thirteenth centuries also showed a similar but more extreme pattern: in a sample of 273 women, 118 (45%) married a second or third time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Edward Lane's careful observation of urban Egypt in the early nineteenth century suggests that the same regime of frequent divorce and rare polygamy was still applicable in these last days of traditional society.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; In the early 20th century, some villages in western [[Java]] and the [[Malay Peninsula]] had divorce rates as high as 70%.&lt;ref name=Rapoport /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Polygyny ===<br /> {{See also|Islamic marital jurisprudence|Concubinage in Islam|Polygyny in Islam}}<br /> Marriage customs vary in Muslim dominated countries. Islamic law allows [[Polygyny|polygamy]] where a Muslim man can be married to four wives at the same time, under restricted conditions,&lt;ref name=mizan&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Ghamidi | first1 = Javed Ahmed | translator-last = Saleem | translator-first = Shehzad | author-link = Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title = Polygamy | journal = Renaissance: A Monthly Islamic Journal | url = http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=336 | location = Pakistan }} Translated from ''[[Mizan|Mīzān]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; but it is not widespread.&lt;ref name=&quot;enc&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title = The New Encyclopedia of Islam | year = 2002 | publisher = AltaMira Press | isbn = 0-7591-0189-2 | page = [https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/page/477 477] | url = https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/page/477 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As the [[Sharia]] demands that polygamous men treat all wives equally, classical Islamic scholars opined that it is preferable to avoid [[Polygyny in Islam|polygamy]] altogether, so one does not even come near the chance of committing the forbidden deed of dealing unjustly between the wives.&lt;ref name=&quot;polygamyinislam.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://polygamyinislam.com/2014/11/04/opinions-of-classical-islamic-scholars-on-polygyny/ |title=Opinions of classical Islamic scholars on polygyny &amp;#124; Polygamy in Islam |access-date=2014-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141229190458/http://polygamyinislam.com/2014/11/04/opinions-of-classical-islamic-scholars-on-polygyny/ |archive-date=December 29, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The practice of polygamy is allowed, but not recommended.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ali-Karamali 2008 142&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Ali-Karamali|first=Sumbul|title=The Muslim Next Door: The Qur'an, the Media, and that Veil Thing|year=2008|publisher=White Cloud Press|location=Ashland, Oregon|isbn=978-0-9745245-6-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimnextdoorth00alik/page/142 142]|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimnextdoorth00alik/page/142}}&lt;/ref&gt; In some countries, polygamy is restricted by new family codes, for example the ''Moudawwana'' in Morocco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Chebel | first = Malek | title = L'islam expliqué par Malek Chebel | page =112 | publisher = Perrin | location = Paris | year = 2009 | isbn = 9782262029821 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iran allow Shia men to enter into additional temporary marriages, beyond the four allowed marriages, such as the practice of ''sigheh'' marriages,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last = Sciolino | first = Elaine | title = Love finds a way in Iran: 'Temporary Marriage' | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/04/world/love-finds-a-way-in-iran-temporary-marriage.html?pagewanted=all&amp;src=pm | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = October 4, 2000 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Nikah Mut'ah]] in Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1= Ehsanzadeh-Cheemeh | first1= Parvaneh | last2= Sadeque | first2= Abul | last3= Grimes | first3= Richard M. | last4= Essien | first4= E. James | title = Sociocultural dimensions of HIV/AIDS among Middle Eastern immigrants in the US: bridging culture with HIV/AIDS programmes | journal = [[Perspectives in Public Health]] | volume = 129| issue = 5 | pages = 228–233 | publisher = [[SAGE Publishing|Sage]] | doi = 10.1177/1466424008094807 | pmid = 19788166 | date = September 2009 | s2cid= 25012894 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last = Fisher | first = Max | title = Egypt: 'Some girls have been married 60 times by the time they turn 18' | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/08/06/some-girls-have-been-married-60-times-by-the-time-they-turn-18/ | newspaper = The Washington Post | date = August 6, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A marriage of pleasure, where a man pays a sum of money to a woman or her family in exchange for a temporary spousal relationship, is found and considered legal among Shia faith, for example in Iran after 1979. Temporary marriages are forbidden in [[Sunni Islam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elizabeth Fernea 1985&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Fernea (1985), Women and the Family in the Middle East: New Voices of Change, University of Texas Press, {{ISBN|978-0-292-75529-1}}, pp. 258–269&lt;/ref&gt; Among Shia, the number of temporary marriages can be unlimited, recognized with an official temporary marriage certificate, and divorce is unnecessary because the temporary marriage automatically expires on the date and time specified on the certificate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1= Ghori | first1= Safiya | title = The application of religious law in North American courts: a case study of''_mutʿa'' marriages | journal = Journal of Islamic Law and Culture | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–40 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/15288170701878219 | date = 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Payment to the woman by the man is mandatory, in every temporary marriage and considered as [[mahr]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Haeri | first1 = Shahla | title = Law of desire: temporary marriage in Shiʼi Iran | year = 1989 | publisher = Syracuse University Press | isbn = 978-0-8156-2483-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/lawofdesiretempo0000haer }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1= Haeri | first1= Shahla | title = Temporary marriage and the state in Iran: an Islamic discourse on female sexuality | journal = [[Social Research (journal)|Social Research]] | volume = 59 | issue = 1 | pages = 201–223 | publisher = [[The New School for Social Research]] | jstor = 40970689 | date =Spring 1992 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The minimum duration of a temporary marriage is debated between scholars, with some saying the minimum duration is as low as 3 days and others saying it is as high as one year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Esposito |first1=John |title=Mutah in the Oxford Dictionary of Islam |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1662 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828005559/http://oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1662 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 28, 2016 |website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=November 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its practitioners cite [[Sharia]] law as permitting the practise. Women's rights groups have condemned it as a form of legalized prostitution.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jervis|first=Rick|title=Pleasure marriages regain popularity in Iraq|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-05-04-pleasure-marriage_x.htm|work=USA Today|access-date=September 3, 2011|date=May 4, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1= Williams | first1= Juliet A. | title = Temporary marriage and the state in Iran: an Islamic discourse on female sexuality | journal = [[Signs (journal)|Signs]] | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 611–632 | publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] | date =Spring 2009 | jstor = 10.1086/593354 | doi= 10.1086/593354 | s2cid= 144737322 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Polyandry ===<br /> {{See also|Islamic marital jurisprudence}}<br /> Polyandry, the practice of a woman having more than one husband (even temporarily, after payment of a sum of money to the man or the man's family), by contrast, is not permitted.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1= Oraegbunam | first1= I.K. | last2 = Udezo | first2 = B.O. | title = Women's rights in matrimonial jurisprudence under Islamic family law in Nigeria: a need for reform | journal = Journal of Religion and Human Relations | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 101–111 | publisher = [[African Journals OnLine]] | date = 2012 | url = http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jrhr/article/view/86984 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1= Hassouneh-Phillips | first1= Dena | title = Polygamy and wife abuse: A qualitative study of Muslim women in America | journal = [[Health Care for Women International]] | volume = 22 | issue = 8 | pages = 735–748 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/073993301753339951 | date = November 2001 | s2cid= 57777571 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, during the pre-Islamic period, women were able to practice polyandry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Leila |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bg61 |title=Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate |date=1992 |publisher=Yale University Press |jstor=j.ctt32bg61 |isbn=978-0-300-04942-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Endogamy ===<br /> Muḥammad quite deliberately did not recommend [[cousin marriage]] as his ''sunnah'' or path to be followed; out of his thirteen wives, only one—the seventh, Zaynab bint Jahsh, a divorcée said by historians to have been very beautiful—was his cousin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Muslims Marriage Guide|last=Maqsood|first=Ruqayyah Waris|publisher=Amana Publications|year=2000|location=Beltsville, MD|page=46}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rest of his wives came from diverse social and even religious backgrounds, with Safiyya bint Huyayy and Rayhana bint Zayd being of Jewish origin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Muslim Marriage Guide|last=Maqsood|first=Ruqayyah Waris|publisher=amana publications|year=2000|location=Beltsville, MD|pages=38–39}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite this, [[endogamy]] is common in some Muslim-majority countries. The observed endogamy is primarily [[Consanguinity|consanguineous]] marriages, where the bride and the groom share a biological grandparent or other near ancestor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Tadmouri | first1 = G.O. | last2 = Nair | first2 = P. | last3 = Obeid | first3 = T. | last4 = Al Ali | first4 = M.T. | last5 = Al Khaja | first5 = N. | last6 = Hamamy | first6 = H.A. | year = 2009 | title = Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs | journal = Reprod Health | volume = 6 | issue = 17| pages = 1–9 | doi = 10.1186/1742-4755-6-17 | pmid = 19811666 | pmc = 2765422 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;joseph&quot;&gt;Joseph, S. E. (2007). Kissing Cousins, Current Anthropology, 48(5), pp. 756–764&lt;/ref&gt; The most common observed marriages are first cousin marriages, followed by second cousin marriages. Consanguineous endogamous marriages are most common for women in Muslim communities in the Middle East, North Africa and Islamic Central Asia.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.santafe.edu/media/cms_page_media/344/Brecia_Young.pdf Consanguineous marriages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094221/http://www.santafe.edu/media/cms_page_media/344/Brecia_Young.pdf |date=September 24, 2015 }} Brecia Young (2006)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Hamamy | first1 = H. | last2 = Alwan | first2 = A. | year = 1994 | title = Hereditary disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 72 | issue = 1| pages = 145–151 | pmc = 2486500 | pmid = 8131251 }}&lt;/ref&gt; About 1 in 3 of all marriages in Saudi Arabia, Iran and Pakistan are first cousin marriages; while overall consanguineous endogamous marriages exceed 65 to 80% in various Islamic populations of the Middle East, North Africa and Islamic Central Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;joseph&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;R. Hussain (1999), Community perceptions of reasons for preference for consanguineous marriages in Pakistan, Journal of Biosocial Science, 31, pp. 449–461&lt;/ref&gt; Consanguineous endogamous marriages are common for women in Islam.&lt;ref&gt;Khlat, M. (1997). Endogamy in the Arab world. Oxford Monographs on Medical Genetics, 30, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-509305-6}}; pp. 63–82&lt;/ref&gt; Consanguineous marriage rates in the Muslim world range from 5–9% in Malaysia to &gt;50% in Saudi Arabia.&lt;ref name=&quot;hh09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |pmc = 3419292|year = 2011|last1 = Hamamy|first1 = H.|title = Consanguineous marriages: Preconception consultation in primary health care settings|journal = Journal of Community Genetics|volume = 3|issue = 3|pages = 185–192|pmid = 22109912|doi = 10.1007/s12687-011-0072-y}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |pmc = 2765422|year = 2009|last1 = Tadmouri|first1 = G. O.|title = Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs|journal = Reproductive Health|volume = 6|article-number = 17|last2 = Nair|first2 = P.|last3 = Obeid|first3 = T.|last4 = Al Ali|first4 = M. T.|last5 = Al Khaja|first5 = N.|last6 = Hamamy|first6 = H.A.|pmid = 19811666|doi = 10.1186/1742-4755-6-17 | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Over 65% of all marriages in Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are endogamous and consanguineous arranged marriages; more than 40% of all marriages are endogamous and consanguineous in Mauritania, Libya, Sudan, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Syria, Yemen, Kuwait, UAE and Oman.&lt;ref name=&quot;hh09&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | doi=10.1097/GIM.0b013e318217477f|pmid = 21555946| title=Consanguineous marriages, pearls and perils: Geneva International Consanguinity Workshop Report| journal=Genetics in Medicine| volume=13| issue=9| pages=841–847| year=2011| last1=Hamamy| first1=Hanan| last2=Antonarakis| first2=Stylianos E.| last3=Cavalli-Sforza| first3=Luigi Luca| last4=Temtamy| first4=Samia| last5=Romeo| first5=Giovanni| last6=Kate| first6=Leo P. Ten| last7=Bennett| first7=Robin L.| last8=Shaw| first8=Alison| last9=Megarbane| first9=Andre| last10=Van Duijn| first10=Cornelia| last11=Bathija| first11=Heli| last12=Fokstuen| first12=Siv| last13=Engel| first13=Eric| last14=Zlotogora| first14=Joel| last15=Dermitzakis| first15=Emmanouil| last16=Bottani| first16=Armand| last17=Dahoun| first17=Sophie| last18=Morris| first18=Michael A.| last19=Arsenault| first19=Steve| last20=Aglan| first20=Mona S.| last21=Ajaz| first21=Mubasshir| last22=Alkalamchi| first22=Ayad| last23=Alnaqeb| first23=Dhekra| last24=Alwasiyah| first24=Mohamed K.| last25=Anwer| first25=Nawfal| last26=Awwad| first26=Rawan| last27=Bonnefin| first27=Melissa| last28=Corry| first28=Peter| last29=Gwanmesia| first29=Lorraine| last30=Karbani| first30=Gulshan A.|s2cid = 15331772| display-authors=29|url = http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/5266/| doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Forbidden marriages ===<br /> In the interests of transparency, clandestine marriages are not permitted under Islamic law; weddings must be public—a commitment made before society.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Neroznikova|first=Ekaterina|date=March 1, 2017|title=Convert and love: Russia's Muslim wives|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/convert-and-love-russia-s-muslim-wives/|access-date=May 2, 2021|website=openDemocracy}}&lt;/ref&gt; The European Council for Fatwa and Research has ruled that a state registration of a marriage between Muslims, if attended by two witnesses, fulfills the minimum requirements for a religious marriage under the Sharia because it demonstrates (a) mutual consent; and (b) a public declaration of commitment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Some marriages are forbidden between Muslim women and Muslim men, according to Sharia.&lt;ref&gt;Akrami &amp; Osati (2007), &quot;Is consanguineous marriage religiously encouraged? Islamic and Iranian considerations&quot;, ''Journal of Biosocial Science'', 39(02), 313–316&lt;/ref&gt; In the Quran, [[Surah]] [[An-Nisa]] gives a list of forbidden marriages.{{qref|4|22-24|b=y|s=y}} Examples for women include marrying one's [[Stepchild|stepson]], biological son, biological father, biological brother (including half-brother from either side), biological [[Niece and nephew|nephew]], biological uncle, [[Milk kinship|milk son or milk brother]], husband of her biological daughter, a [[stepfather]] who has had sexual relations with her biological mother, and [[Parent-in-law|father-in-law]].&lt;ref&gt;Shaw, A. (2001), Kinship, cultural preference and immigration: consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 7(2), 315–334&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Leila Ahmed (1993), ''Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate'', {{ISBN|978-0-300-05583-2}};{{Page needed|date=July 2015}} See also: {{qref|4|23|b=y}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are disputes between [[Hanafi]]s, Malikis, Shafi'is and Hanabalis schools of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence on whether and which such marriages are irregular but not void if already in place (''fasid''), and which are void (''batil'') marriages.&lt;ref&gt;J.N.D. Anderson, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/609279 &quot;Invalid and Void Marriages in Hanafi Law&quot;], ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London, Vol. 13, No. 2 (1950), pp. 357–366&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Interfaith marriages and women ===<br /> {{Main|Interfaith marriage in Islam}}<br /> <br /> [[Interfaith marriage]]s are recognized between Muslims and non-Muslim [[People of the Book]] (usually enumerated as Jews, Christians, and [[Sabians]]).&lt;ref name=ODI&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ahl al-Kitab|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001|isbn=9780195125580}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, in [[Islamic culture]] and traditional Islamic law [[Sex segregation and Islam|Muslim women have been forbidden from marrying Christian or Jewish men]], whereas Muslim men have been permitted to marry Christian or Jewish women.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leeman 2009&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Elmali-Karakaya 2020&quot;/&gt; Although historically [[Sunni Islam]] prohibited Muslim women to marry Non-Muslim men in interfaith marriages, in various parts of the world interfaith marriages between Muslim women and Non-Muslim men take place at substantial rates, contravening the traditional Sunni understanding of ''[[ijma]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leeman 2009&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Elmali-Karakaya|first=Ayse|date=November 24, 2020|title=Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriage|url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004443969/BP000031.xml|journal=Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion |volume=31|language=en|pages=388–410|doi=10.1163/9789004443969_020|isbn=9789004443969|s2cid=234539750|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States, for example, about one in ten Muslim women are married to non-Muslim men, including about one in six Muslim women under 40 and about one in five, or 20% of, Muslim women who describe themselves as less devoutly religious.&lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--&gt; |date=July 25, 2017 |title=Roughly one-in-ten married Muslims have a non-Muslim spouse |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/identity-assimilation-and-community/pf_2017-06-26_muslimamericans-02new-04/ |url-status=live |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |series=The Pew Forum on Religion &amp; Public Life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016061221/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/identity-assimilation-and-community/pf_2017-06-26_muslimamericans-02new-04/ |archive-date=October 16, 2018 |access-date=August 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tradition of [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam|reformist and progressive Islam]] permits marriage between Muslim women and Non-Muslim men;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leeman 2009&quot;/&gt; Islamic scholars opining this view include [[Khaleel Mohammed]], [[Hassan Al-Turabi]], among others.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jahangir2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Jahangir |first=Junaid |date=March 21, 2017 |title=Muslim Women Can Marry Outside The Faith |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html |url-status=live |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325020231/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html |archive-date=March 25, 2017 |access-date=August 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayse Elmali-Karakaya says in her 2020 study, that impact of Muslim women's marriage to non-Muslims men has been found to be positive. Elmali-Karakaya says since Muslim women's feelings of being an ambassador of Islam and Muslims in their inter-religious family, interfaith marriages help expansion of their religious knowledge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Sharia law, it is legal for a Muslim man to marry a Christian or Jewish woman, or a woman of any of the divinely-revealed religions, while a Muslim woman is not permitted to marry outside her religion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 259&quot; /&gt; A significant number of non-Muslim men have entered into the Islamic faith to satisfy this aspect of the religious law where it is in force.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 259&quot; /&gt; With deepening globalisation, it has become more common for Muslim women to marry non-Muslim men who remain outside Islam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 259&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/12/2012122795639455824.html|title='Halal' interfaith unions rise among UK women|last=Abbass|first=Rudabah|date=December 31, 2012|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=June 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; These marriages meet with varying degrees of social approval, depending on the milieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 259&quot; /&gt; However, conversions of non-Muslim men to Islam for the purpose of marriage are still numerous, in part because the procedure for converting to Islam is relatively expeditious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/society-girl-santa-joins-the-ranks-of-religious-converts-1176073.html|title=Society girl Santa joins the ranks of religious converts|last=Kossoff|first=Julian|date=October 3, 1998|work=The Independent|access-date=June 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Additionally, according to Islamic law, if a Muslim man wishes to marry a Christian or Jewish woman, he must get to know her parents and ask for permission to marry their daughter. She must also be devout in her faith and chaste.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The majority of Muslim scholars have historically read Surah 60, verse 10, which forbids female converts from returning to their non-Muslim husbands, as an injunction against any Muslim women marrying non-Muslim men.&lt;ref&gt;Ali, Kecia (December 21, 2015). ''Sexual ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Quran, hadith, and jurisprudence'' (Expanded &amp; revised&amp;nbsp;ed.). London. p.&amp;nbsp;14. {{ISBN|978-1-78074-853-5}}. {{OCLC|934433002}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Kecia Ali]] argues that such interpretations unfairly presume that women are inherently subordinate to their husbands, which, if true, could result in children being brought up as non-Muslims if their father is non-Muslim. Additionally, the Quranic verse in question mentions unbelievers, but not people of the Jewish or Christian faiths, whom the Quran ''does'' identify as suitable partners for Muslim men. The Quran thus does not give any general guidance on whether Muslim women may marry &quot;non-Muslim&quot; men, but rather &quot;discusses specific categories of potential spouses.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ali, Kecia|title=Sexual ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Quran, hadith, and jurisprudence|date= 2015|isbn=978-1-78074-853-5|edition=Expanded &amp; revised|location=London|publisher=Oneworld Publications|page=20|oclc=934433002}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Behavior and rights within marriage ===<br /> {{Main|Rights and obligations of spouses in Islam|Islam and domestic violence}}<br /> <br /> Islamic law and practice recognize gender disparity, in part, by assigning separate rights and obligations to a woman in married life. A woman's space is in the [[private sphere]] of the home, and a man's is in the [[public sphere]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hessini, L. 1994&quot;&gt;Hessini, L., 1994, &quot;Wearing the Hijab in Contemporary Morocco: Choice and Identity,&quot; in Göçek, F. M. &amp; Balaghi, S., ''Reconstructing Gender in the Middle East: Tradition, Identity &amp; Power'', New York, Columbia University Press&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Suad Joseph and Afsāna Naǧmābādī, ''Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures: Family, Body, Sexuality'', Volume 3, pp 224–227, 250–281&lt;/ref&gt; Women must primarily fulfill marital and maternal responsibilities,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmed, L. 1992&quot;&gt;Ahmed, L., 1992, ''Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate'', New Haven, Yale University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; whereas men are financial and administrative stewards of their families.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hessini, L. 1994&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qref|4|34|b=y}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Sayyid Qutb]], the Quran &quot;gives the man the right of guardianship or superiority over the family structure to prevent dissension and friction between the spouses. The equity of this system lies in the fact that God both favoured the man with the necessary qualities and skills for the 'guardianship' and also charged him with the duty to provide for the structure's upkeep.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haddad/Esposito9&quot;&gt;Amherst Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and John L. Esposito (1998), ''Islam, Gender, and Social Change'', Oxford University Press, pp. 20–38&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Quran considers the love between men and women to be a [[Islamic symbols#Symbols in the Holy Scriptures|Sign of God]].{{qref|30|21|b=y|s=y}} This said, the Quran also permits men to first admonish, then lightly tap, if he suspects ''nushuz'' (disobedience, disloyalty, rebellion, ill conduct) in his wife.&lt;ref name=&quot;John C. Raines 2001 pages 201-203&quot;&gt;John C. Raines &amp; Daniel C. Maguire (Ed), Farid Esack, What Men Owe to Women: Men's Voices from World Religions, State University of New York (2001), see pp. 201–203&lt;/ref&gt;{{qref|4|34|b=y|s=y}}&lt;ref&gt;Hajjar, Lisa, &quot;Religion, state power, and domestic violence in Muslim societies: A framework for comparative analysis.&quot; ''Law &amp; Social Inquiry'' 29.1 (2004); pp. 1–38&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Islam, there is no [[coverture]], an idea central in European, American as well as in non-Islamic Asian common law, and the legal basis for the principle of marital property. An Islamic marriage is a contract between a man and a woman. A Muslim man and woman do not merge their legal identity upon marriage, and do not have rights over any shared marital property. The assets of the man before the marriage, and earned by him after the marriage, remain his during marriage and in case of a divorce, and this ruling is the same for the wife.&lt;ref&gt;''Ahmad v. Ahmad'', No. L-00-1391, 2001 WL 1518116 (Ohio Ct. App. November 30, 2001)&lt;/ref&gt; A divorce under Islamic law does not require redistribution of property. Rather, each spouse walks away from the marriage with his or her individual property. Divorcing Muslim women who did not work outside their home after marriage do not have a claim on the collective wealth of the couple under Islamic law, except for deferred [[mahr]]—an amount of money or property the man agrees to pay her before the woman signs the marriage contract.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jamal A Page 13&quot;&gt;Jamal Nasir, ''The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation'', 3rd ed., 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sameena Nazir and Leigh Tomppert, Ed., ''Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa'', Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005&lt;/ref&gt; The Quran states:<br /> {{blockquote|And for you is half of what your wives leave if they have no child. But if they have a child, for you is one fourth of what they leave, after any bequest they [may have] made or debt. And for the wives is one fourth if you leave no child. But if you leave a child, then for them is an eighth of what you leave, after any bequest you [may have] made or debt. And if a man or woman leaves neither ascendants nor descendants but has a brother or a sister, then for each one of them is a sixth. But if they are more than two, they share a third, after any bequest which was made or debt, as long as there is no detriment [caused]. [This is] an ordinance from Allah, and Allah is Knowing and Forbearing.<br /> (Al-Quran 4:12)}}<br /> <br /> In case of husband's death, a portion of his property is inherited by his wives according to a combination of Sharia laws. If the man did not leave any children, his wives receive a quarter of the property and the remaining three-quarters is shared by the blood relatives of the husband (for example, parents, siblings).&lt;ref name=sd2010&gt;{{cite book | last=Dahlgren | first=Susanne | title=Contesting realities the public sphere and morality in southern Yemen | publisher=Syracuse University Press | location=Syracuse, N.Y | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-8156-3246-7 | pages=158–159 and footnote}}&lt;/ref&gt; If he had children from any of his wives, his wives receive an eighth of the property and the rest is for his surviving children and parents.&lt;ref name=sd2010 /&gt; The wives share as inheritance a part of movable property of her late husband, but they do not share anything from immovable property{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} such as land, real estate, farm or such value. A woman's deferred [[mahr]] and the dead husband's outstanding debts are paid before any inheritance is applied.&lt;ref name=eh2002 /&gt; Sharia mandates that inheritance include male relatives of the dead person, that a daughter receive half the inheritance as a son, and a widow receives less than her daughters.&lt;ref name=eh2002&gt;{{cite book | last=Emadi | first=Hafizullah | title=Repression, resistance, and women in Afghanistan | publisher=Praeger | location=Westport, Conn. | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-275-97671-2 | page=37}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Roald | first=Anne | title=Women in Islam: the Western experience | url=https://archive.org/details/womenislamwester00roal | url-access=limited | publisher=Routledge | location=London; New York | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-415-24895-2 | page=[https://archive.org/details/womenislamwester00roal/page/n160 142]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{better source needed|date=December 2016}}<br /> <br /> === Divorce ===<br /> {{Main|Divorce (Islamic)|At-Talaq}}<br /> <br /> In Islam, a woman may only divorce her husband under certain conditions. These are many and include neglect, not being supported financially, the husband's impotence, apostasy, madness, dangerous illness or some other defect in the marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity|last = Nasr|first = Seyyed Hossein|publisher = HarperSanFrancisco|year = 2004|isbn = 978-0-06-073064-2|location = New York|pages = 184}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 100–101&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last = Glassé|first = Cyril|publisher = Stacey International|year = 1989|location = London|pages = 100–101}}&lt;/ref&gt; Divorce by mutual consent has only to be agreed upon by both parties to become effective.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 100–101&quot; /&gt; If a Muslim woman wishes to divorce her husband she has two options under [[Sharia]] law: seek a ''tafriq'', or seek a ''khul''. A ''tafriq'' is a divorce for certain allowable reasons. This divorce is granted by a ''qadi'', a religious judge, in cases where the ''qadi'' accepts her claims of abuse or abandonment. If a tafriq is denied by the ''qadi'', she cannot divorce. If a tafriq is granted, the marriage is dissolved and the husband is obligated to pay her the deferred [[mahr]] in their marriage contract. The second method, by far more common in wife-initiated divorces, ''khul'' is a divorce without cause, by mutual consent. This divorce requires a husband's consent and it must be supported by consideration that passes from the wife to the husband. Often, this consideration almost always consists of the wife relinquishing her claim to the deferred mahr. In actual practice and outside of Islamic judicial theory, a woman's right to divorce is often extremely limited compared with that of men in the Middle East.&lt;ref name=&quot;divorceenc&quot;&gt;Joseph and Najmabadi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4Uyypm6T7ZsC&amp;dq=women+divorce+rights+islam&amp;pg=RA1-PA100 p99].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In contrast to the comparatively limited methods of divorce available to a woman, Islam allows a Muslim husband to unilaterally divorce his wife, as ''talaq'', with no requirement to show cause; however, in practice there is variance by country as to whether there are any additional legal processes when a husband divorces his wife by this method. For example, the Tunisian Law of Personal Status (1957) makes repudiation by a husband invalid until it has been ratified by a court, and provides for further financial compensation to the wife.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 100–101&quot; /&gt; Similar laws have been enacted elsewhere, both within an interpretive framework of traditional Sharia law, and through the operation of civil codes not based upon the Sharia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 100–101&quot; /&gt; However, upon talaq, the husband must pay the wife her deferred mahr.&lt;ref&gt;Wael B. Hallaq, &quot;Sharia: Theory, Practice, Transformations&quot; 271 (2009)&lt;/ref&gt; Some Muslim-majority countries mandate additional financial contributions to be made to the wife on top of the mahr: for example, the Syrian Law of Personal Status (1953) makes the payment of maintenance to the wife by the husband obligatory for one year after the divorce, which is thus a legal recourse of the wife against the husband.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassé 1989 100–101&quot; /&gt; The husband is free to marry again immediately after a divorce, but the woman must observe ''[[iddah]]'', that is wait for 3 lunar months&lt;ref&gt;{{qref|2|228|b=y}}&lt;/ref&gt; before she can remarry after divorce, to establish paternity, in case she discovers she is pregnant. In case of death of her husband, the ''iddah'' period is 4 lunar months and 10 days before she can start conjugal relations with another Muslim man.&lt;ref&gt;{{qref|2|234|b=y}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | contribution = Iddah | year = 2003 | editor-link = John Esposito | title = The Oxford Dictionary of Islam | editor-last = Esposito | editor-first = John | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | isbn = 0-19-512558-4 | contribution-url = http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e971 | title-link = The Oxford Dictionary of Islam | access-date = October 18, 2013 | archive-date = May 2, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502125308/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e971 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Shehzad Saleem. ''[http://www.renaissance.com.pk/Marislaw2y4.html The Social Directives of Islam: Distinctive Aspects of Ghamidi's Interpretation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403024603/http://www.renaissance.com.pk/Marislaw2y4.html |date=April 3, 2007 }}'', [[Al-Mawrid|Renaissance]]. March 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Obligations during divorce ====<br /> A verse relating to obligation of women during divorce is 2:228:&lt;ref name=&quot;McLarney&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = McLarney | first1 = E | year = 2010 | title = The private is political: Women and family in intellectual Islam | url = https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/6636/1/HibaRa%27uf.pdf | journal = Feminist Theory | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 129–148 | doi = 10.1177/1464700110366805 | hdl = 10161/6636 | s2cid = 143362336 | hdl-access = free }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{blockquote |Divorced women remain in waiting for three periods, and it is not lawful for them to conceal what Allah has created in their wombs if they believe in Allah and the Last Day. And their husbands have more right to take them back in this [period] if they want reconciliation. And due to the wives is similar to what is expected of them, according to what is reasonable. But the men have a degree over them [in responsibility and authority]. And Allah is Exalted in Might and Wise. (Al-Quran 2:228) {{citation needed|date=February 2020}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://islamawakened.com/quran/2/228|title=al-Baqarah 2:228|via=www.islamawakened.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> <br /> This verse not only explains the divorce rights of women in Islam, it sets out ''[[iddah]]'' to prevent illegal custody of divorcing husband's child by a woman, specifies that each gender has divorce rights, and that men are a degree above women.&lt;ref name=&quot;McLarney&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Syed, J. (2010). &quot;An historical perspective on Islamic modesty and its implications for female employment&quot;. ''Equality, Diversity and Inclusion'', 29(2), {{pp.|150|166}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sherif-Trask, B. A. H. I. R. A. (2004). &quot;Muslim families in the United States&quot;. ''The Handbook of Contemporary Families'', {{pp.|394|408}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Religious life ==<br /> {{Further|Islam and gender segregation|Women's mosques}}<br /> [[File:Sultan Abdul Majid mosque in Byblos, Lebanon (for women only).JPG|thumb|A women-only mosque in [[Byblos]], Lebanon]]<br /> <br /> According to a saying attributed to Muhammad in the hadith Sahih Bukhari, women are allowed to go to mosques.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Do not stop Allah's women-slave from going to Allah's Mosques.&quot; ({{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|2|13|23}}.)&lt;/ref&gt; However, as Islam spread, Muslim authorities stressed the fears of unchastity from interaction between sexes outside their home, including the mosque. By pre-modern period it was unusual for women to pray at a mosque.&lt;ref name=m616&gt;Mattson, Ingrid. &quot;Women, Islam, and Mosques.&quot; In ''Encyclopedia of Women And Religion in North America'' (Rosemary Skinner Keller, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Marie Cantlon, ed.). Indiana University Press (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=we2KvdT3zOsC&amp;dq=mosques+separate+men+women&amp;pg=PA615 p. 616]. {{ISBN|0-253-34688-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; By the late 1960s, women in urban areas of the Middle East increasingly began praying in the mosque, but men and women generally worship separately.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Mattson|first= Ingrid|title=Women, Islam, and Mosques in: ''Encyclopedia of Women And Religion in North America'' (Rosemary Skinner Keller, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Marie Cantlon, ed.) Indiana University Press |year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=we2KvdT3zOsC&amp;q=mosques+separate+men+women&amp;pg=PA616 |pages=615–17|publisher= Indiana University Press|isbn= 0-253-34685-1}} {{ISBN|0-253-34688-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Muslims explain this by citing the need to avoid distraction during prayer prostrations that raise the buttocks while the forehead touches the ground.&lt;ref name=smith&gt;Smith, Jane L. ''Islam in America''. Columbia University Press (2000): [https://books.google.com/books?id=e3zrCarDGxAC&amp;dq=mosques+separate+men+women&amp;pg=PA111 p111]. {{ISBN|0-231-10967-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) Separation between sexes ranges from men and women on opposite sides of an aisle, to men in front of women (as was the case in the time of Muhammad), to women in second-floor balconies or separate rooms accessible by a door for women only.&lt;ref name=smith /&gt; Some scholars believe women in the state of ritual impurity, such as menstruation, are forbidden from entering the prayer hall of the mosque.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Mattson|first= Ingrid|title=Women, Islam, and Mosques in ''Encyclopedia of Women And Religion in North America'' (Rosemary Skinner Keller, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Marie Cantlon, ed.) Indiana University Press |year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=we2KvdT3zOsC&amp;q=mosques+separate+men+women&amp;pg=PA616|page=616 |publisher= Indiana University Press|isbn= 0-253-34685-1}}{{ISBN|0-253-34688-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Mumbai 03-2016 13 Haji Ali Dargah.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Haji Ali Dargah]] in [[Mumbai]], India; entry of women to the sanctum of the shrine was restricted starting 2012 until an intervention by the [[Bombay High Court]] in 2016]]<br /> Today, Muslim women do indeed attend mosques. In fact, in the United States, a recent study by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that American Muslim women attend the mosque at extremely similar rates (35%) to those of American Muslim men (45%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; ISPU also found that 87% of Muslim American women say that they &quot;see their faith identity as a source of happiness in their life.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2018-key-findings/|title=American Muslim Poll 2018: Key Findings {{!}} ISPU|date=April 30, 2018|work=Institute for Social Policy and Understanding|access-date=2018-06-28|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Female religious scholars were relatively common from early Islamic history throughout the 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Abou-Bakr|first=Omaima|title=Articulating Gender: Muslim Women Intellectuals in the Pre-Modern Period|journal=Arab Studies Quarterly|date=2010|volume=32|issue=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mohammad Akram Nadwi]], a Sunni religious scholar, has listed 8,000 female jurists, and orientalist [[Ignaz Goldziher]] estimates 15 percent of medieval hadith scholars were women.&lt;ref name=reconsideration&gt;[[Carla Power|Power, Carla]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/magazine/25wwlnEssay.t.html &quot;A Secret History.&quot;] ''[[New York Times]]'' (February 25, 2007).&lt;/ref&gt; Women, during early history of Islam, primarily obtained their knowledge through community study groups, [[ribat]] retreats and during [[hajj]] when the usual restrictions imposed on female education were more lenient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Nadwī|first=Muḥammad Akram|title=Al-Muḥaddithāt: The Women Scholars in Islam|date=2007|publisher=Interface Publications|location=Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the 16th century, however, female scholars became fewer.&lt;ref name=reconsideration /&gt; In the modern era, while female activists and writers are relatively common, there has not been a significant female jurist in over 200 years.&lt;ref&gt;[[Khaled Abou El Fadl]]. [http://www.themodernreligion.com/women/recognition.html &quot;In Recognition of Women.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016043833/http://www.themodernreligion.com/women/recognition.html |date=October 16, 2006 }} Themodernreligion.com. Originally published (in a slightly different form) in ''[[The Minaret]]'' (July/Aug 1991) and reprinted in ''Voices'' vol. 1, no. 2 (Dec/Jan 1992).&lt;/ref&gt; Opportunities for women's religious education exist, but cultural barriers often keep women from pursuing such a vocation.&lt;ref name=reconsideration /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Women as imams|Women's right to become imams]], however, is disputed by many. A fundamental role of an ''imam'' (religious leader) in a mosque is to lead the ''[[salat]]'' (congregational prayers). Generally, women are not allowed to lead mixed prayers.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} However, some argue that Muhammad gave permission to [[Umm Waraqa]] to lead a mixed prayer at the mosque of Dar.&lt;ref name=&quot;jwom&quot;&gt;[[Javed Ahmed Ghamidi]], [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_24-4-2005_pg7_13 &quot;Religious leadership of women in Islam&quot;], April 24, 2005, [[Daily Times (Pakistan)|''Daily Times'', Pakistan]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], (Bayrut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al- 'Arabi, n.d.) vol. 5, 3:1375&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Hui people|Hui]] women are self-aware of their relative freedom as Chinese women in contrast to the status of Arab women in countries like [[Saudi Arabia]] where Arab women are socially and religiously expected to wear encompassing clothing. Hui women point out these restrictions as &quot;low status&quot;, and feel better to be Chinese than to be Arab, claiming that it is Chinese women's advanced knowledge of the Quran which enables them to have equality between men and women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&amp;q=chinese+satisfaction+arab+strict+lives&amp;pg=PA203|title=The history of women's mosques in Chinese Islam: a mosque of their own|author1=Maria Jaschok |author2=Jingjun Shui |year=2000|publisher=Routledge|page=203|isbn=0-7007-1302-6|access-date=2011-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sufi female mystics ===<br /> Sufi Islam teaches the doctrine of ''tariqa'', meaning following a spiritual path in daily living habits. To support followers of this concept, separate institutions for men (''ta'ifa, hizb, rabita'') and women (''khanqa, rabita, derga'') were created. Initiates to these groups pursued a progression of seven stages of spiritual discipline, called ''makamat'' (stations) or ''ahwal'' (spiritual states).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Chebel|first=Malek|title=L'islam explique par Malek Chabel|year=2009|publisher=Perrin|isbn=978-2-262-02982-1|page=138}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Rabiah al-Basri]] is an important figure in Islamic Mysticism called [[Sufism]]. She upheld the doctrine of &quot;disinterested love of God&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Ziauddin Sardar |author2=Zafar Abbas Malik |name-list-style=amp |title=Islam: A graphic guide|year=2009|publisher=Totem|isbn=978-1-84831-084-1|page=93}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Current female religious scholars ===<br /> There are a number of prominent female Islamic scholars. They generally focus on questioning gender-based interpretations of the [[Quran]], the traditions of Muhammad and early Islamic history. Some notable Muslim women scholars are: [[Azizah al-Hibri]], [[Amina Wadud]], [[Fatima Mernissi]], [[Riffat Hassan]], Laila Ahmad, Amatul Rahman Omar,&lt;ref&gt;Amatul Rahman Omar, [http://islamusa.org/?page_id=2 &quot;Authors of 'The Holy Qur'an, English Translation' – First English Translation by a Woman&quot;], ''The Holy Qur'an, English Translation'', 1990&lt;/ref&gt; [[Farhat Hashmi]], [[Aisha Abdul-Rahman]], and [[Merryl Wyn Davies]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Ziauddin Sardar |author2=Zafar Abbas Malik |name-list-style=amp |title=Islam: A graphic guide|year=2009|publisher=Totem|isbn=978-1-84831-084-1|pages=160–162}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable women in Islam ==<br /> === Saints, scholars, and spiritual teachers ===<br /> Women have played an integral part in the development and spiritual life of Islam since the inception of Islamic civilisation in the seventh century AD. [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], a businesswoman who became Muhammad's employer and first wife,&lt;ref&gt;Karen Armstrong, ''Muhammad: Prophet for Our Time'', HarperPress, 2006, pp. 37–38 {{ISBN|0-00-723245-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; was also the first Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last = Glassé|first = Cyril|publisher = Stacy International|year = 1989|location = London|page = 280}}&lt;/ref&gt; There have been a few number of female saints in the Islamic world spanning the highest social classes (a famous example being [[Jahanara Begum|Princess Jahānārā]], the daughter of the [[Mughal emperors|Moghul emperor]] [[Shāh Jahān]]) and the lowest (such as Lallā Mīmūna in Morocco);&lt;ref name=&quot;Annemarie Schimmel 1994, p.199&quot;&gt;Annemarie Schimmel, Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam, State University of New York Press, 1994, p. 199&lt;/ref&gt; some of them, such as [[Rabia of Basra|Rābi'a of Basra]] (who is cited reverentially in [[Al-Ghazali|Muḥammad al-Ghazālī]]'s classic ''The Revival of Religious Sciences'') and Fāṭima of Cordoba (who deeply influenced the young Ibn 'Arabī) have been pivotal to the conceptualisation of Islamic mysticism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Annemarie Schimmel 1994, p.199&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Recognized as one of the most esteemed women in Islamic history, [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] is honored as the mother of [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]]. She is revered in Islam as the only woman named in the Quran, which refers to her seventy times and explicitly identifies her as the greatest woman to have ever lived.&lt;ref&gt;Qur'an 3:42; cited in Stowasser, Barbara Freyer, &quot;Mary&quot;, in: ''Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān'', General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;J.D. McAuliffe, ''Chosen of all women''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;J.-M. Abd-el-Jalil, ''Marie et l'Islam'', Paris 1950&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to Khadijah and Maryam, [[Fatima|Fatima bint Muhammad]] holds a revered place in Islamic history. Muhammad is said to have regarded her as the preeminent woman. She is often viewed as an ultimate [[archetype]] for Muslim women and an example of compassion, generosity, and enduring suffering.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fedele|first=Valentina|date=2018|title=FATIMA (605/15-632 CE)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jt91DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA56|website=Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=56|isbn=9781440848506|access-date=August 28, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Qutbuddin|first=Tahera|date=2006|title=FATIMA (AL-ZAHRA') BINT MUHAMMAD (CA. 12 BEFORE HIJRA-11/CA. 610–632)|url=https://archive.org/details/MedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603|editor-last=Meri|editor-first=Josef W.|encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|pages=248–250|isbn=978-0415966900}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her name and her epithets remain popular choices for Muslim girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first1=Mohammad Ali |last1=Amir-Moezzi |first2=Jean |last2=Calmard |date=1999|title=FĀṬEMA|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fatema-sister-of-imam-hosayn|website=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=August 28, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iranians celebrate Fatima's birth anniversary on 20 [[Jumada al-Thani]] as the [[Mother's Day]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 April 2014 |title=Iran marks Mother's Day |url=http://en.mehrnews.com/detail/News/102655}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Today, some notable personalities of the Islamic world include the Turkish Sufi teacher Cemalnur Sargut—a disciple of the novelist and mystic [[Samiha Ayverdi]] (1905–1993),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.cemalnur.org/contents/detail/cemalnur-sargut-biography/736|title = Cemalnur Sargut: Official Biography|access-date = July 11, 2014|website = Biography}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amatul Rahman Omar, the first woman to translate the Qur'an into English,&lt;ref&gt;Amatul Rahman Omar, [http://islamusa.org/?page_id=2 &quot;First Woman to Translate the Qur'an into English&quot;], ''The Holy Qur'an, English Translation'', 1990. {{ISBN|0-9766972-3-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Shaykha Fariha al Jerrahi, the guide of the [[Nur Ashki Jerrahi Sufi Order|Nur Ashki Jerrahi]] Sufi Order.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://nurashkijerrahi.org/lineage/fariha-fatima/|title = LINEAGE &gt; FARIHA FATIMA AL-JERRAHI|access-date = July 11, 2014|website = &lt;nowiki&gt;Fariha Fatima al-Jerrahi | Nur Ashki Jerrahi Community&lt;/nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Female converts to Islam ===<br /> [[File:Diana Haddad (8619111489).jpg|alt=|thumb|Lebanese-Emirati musician [[Diana Haddad]] is one of the Arab world's most popular singers, and an artist who is known for her international collaborations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/mawazine-2016-diana-haddad-spreads-the-joy-1.220392?videoId=5770738884001|title=Mawazine 2016: Diana Haddad spreads the joy|last=Saeed|first=Saeed|date=May 28, 2016|work=The National|access-date=May 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; After studying the religion, Haddad converted to Islam in 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;والدها مسيحي ووالدتها مسلمة&quot;.. قصة اعتناق ديانا حداد للإسلام |url=https://www.masrawy.com/arts/zoom/details/2022/7/4/2253816/-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85- |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=مصراوي.كوم |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Notable recent female converts to Islam include the German former [[MTV]] VJ and author [[Kristiane Backer]],&lt;ref&gt;Karen Armstrong, From MTV to Mecca: How Islam Inspired My Life, Arcadia Books Ltd and Awakening Publications, 2012, p. 135&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MTV to Mecca – DW – 07/07/2009 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/former-german-mtv-host-promotes-islam-with-new-autobiography/a-4461534 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; American singer and cultural icon [[Janet Jackson]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-09-18 |title=Janet Jackson converts to Islam |url=https://au.entertainment.yahoo.com/a/29570420/janet-jackson-converts-to-islam/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Verification needed|date=June 2025}} Anglo-French writer, broadcaster and academic [[Myriam François]], formerly François-Cerrah,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Media |first=M. V. |date=2014-08-16 |title=Don't call me 'convert' nor 'revert' for that matter |url=https://muslimvillage.com/2014/08/16/54595/dont-call-convert-revert-matter/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=MuslimVillage.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; award-winning German actress, model and fashion designer [[Wilma Elles]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 4, 2016|title=Wilma Elles Neden Müslümanlığı Seçti?|work=Hürriyet|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/wilma-elles-musluman-oldu-40035321|access-date=May 11, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malaysian model [[Felixia Yeap]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anugrah |date=2014-07-06 |title=Former Playboy Bunny Coverts to Islam; Says She Also Considered Christianity |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/former-playboy-bunny-coverts-to-islam-says-she-also-considered-christianity.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=The Christian Post |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malaysian VJ [[Marion Caunter]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marion Rose Caunter Sah Jadi Isteri SM Nasarudin |url=http://www.murai.com.my/article/default.asp?article_id=8598&amp;c=1&amp;s=1 |access-date=September 15, 2023 |website=murai.com |archive-date=December 19, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219122043/http://www.murai.com.my/article/default.asp?article_id=8598&amp;c=1&amp;s=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Czech model Markéta Kořínková,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.expats.cz/prague/article/weekly-czech-news/czech-beauty-queen-converts-to-islam/|title=Czech Beauty Queen Converts to Islam|last=Park|first=Dave|date=February 29, 2016|website=expats.cz|publisher=Howlings SRO|access-date=June 22, 2016|archive-date=July 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704194744/http://www.expats.cz/prague/article/weekly-czech-news/czech-beauty-queen-converts-to-islam/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canadian solo motorcycle adventurer Rosie Gabrielle,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 9, 2020|title=Canadian solo traveller Rosie Gabrielle converts to Islam after spending time in Pakistan|work=Dawn|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1184402|access-date=May 1, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Belgian model and former Miss Belgium candidate Lindsey van Gele,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2014/09/140060/former-candidate-for-miss-belgium-converts-to-islam/|title = Former candidate for Miss Belgium converts to Islam|date = September 25, 2014|work = Morocco World News|access-date = July 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Albanian model Rea Beko,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thashethe.me/rea-beko-e-adhuroj-gaddafi-n/|title=Rea Beko: E adhuroj Gaddafi-n|date=March 23, 2011|work=Thashethe.me|access-date=May 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/libyan-leaders-unique-brand-of-diplomacy-has-italy-spellbound-2066128.html|title=Libyan leader's unique brand of diplomacy has Italy spellbound|last=Popham|first=Peter|date=August 31, 2010|work=The Independent|access-date=May 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Russian model and former Miss Moscow [[Oksana Voevodina]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ph/news/world/russian-beauty-queen-converts-to-islam-marries-malaysias-king/ar-BBQfl6s|title=Russian beauty queen converts to Islam, marries Malaysia's king|date=November 29, 2018|work=msn news|access-date=May 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; the German model Anna-Maria Ferchichi (née Lagerblom),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/prominente/article8163658/Oezils-Freundin-ist-zum-Islam-uebergetreten.html|title=Özils Freundin ist zum Islam übergetreten|last=Schwester|first=Connors|date=June 24, 2010|website=Die Welt|access-date=May 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; the American supermodel [[Princess Salwa Aga Khan|Kendra Spears]] (Princess Salwa Aga Khan),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/kendra-spears-married-wedding-to-prince-rahim|title=Kendra Spears: Model To Princess|last=Milligan|first=Lauren|date=September 2, 2013|work=Vogue|access-date=May 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Australian model and Miss World Australia finalist Emma Maree Edwards,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nissa|first=Rima Sekarani Imamun|date=March 12, 2020|title=Emma Maree Edwards, Satu-satunya Hijabers di Miss World Australia|work=suara.com|url=https://www.suara.com/lifestyle/2020/03/12/154009/emma-maree-edwards-satu-satunya-hijabers-di-miss-world-australia|access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; South African model Wendy Jacobs,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/96/1220/feat6.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026084702/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/96/1220/feat6.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 26, 2020|title=Newsmakers|date=November 30, 2000|work=Asiaweek.com|access-date=May 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Lithuanian model-turned-actress Karolina 'Kerry' Demirci;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&amp;n=lithuanian-model-stays-away-from-turkish-cuisine-2011-04-15|title = Lithuanian model and expat stars in Turkish TV series|last = Gence|first = Hakan|date = April 15, 2011|work = Hürriyet Daily News|access-date = June 19, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150619045525/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&amp;n=lithuanian-model-stays-away-from-turkish-cuisine-2011-04-15|archive-date = June 19, 2015|url-status = dead|df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Serbian model and fashion designer [[Ivana Sert]] stated her intention to become a Muslim in 2014 after she read the Quran in English.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://www.ensonhaber.com/ivana-sert-musluman-olacagim-2014-07-25.html|title = Ivana Sert: Müslüman olacağım ('Ivana Sert: I will be a Muslim')|date = July 25, 2014|work = En Son Haber|access-date = June 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Turkish actress, author and model (Miss Turkey 2001) [[Tuğçe Kazaz]] converted from Islam to Eastern Orthodox Christianity in 2005, and then converted back to Islam in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogans-toilet-isnt-golden-eccentric-turkish-model-confirms.aspx?pageID=238&amp;nID=84719&amp;NewsCatID=338|title=Erdoğan's toilet isn't golden, eccentric Turkish model confirms|date=June 29, 2015|website=Hürriyet Daily News|publisher=Doğan Media Group|access-date=June 19, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Women constitute a significantly larger or growing proportion of individuals who choose to convert to Islam in numerous Western countries. According to researchers based at Swansea University, of the approximately 100,000 people who entered the Muslim faith in the United Kingdom between 2001 and 2011, 75% were women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/women--islam-the-rise-and-rise-of-the-convert-6258015.html|title = Women &amp; Islam: The rise and rise of the convert|last = Peppiatt|first = Richard|date = November 6, 2011|work = The Independent|access-date = July 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States, more Hispanic women convert to Islam than Hispanic men,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://wlrn.org/post/why-so-many-latinos-are-becoming-muslims|title=Why So Many Latinos Are Becoming Muslims|last=Padgett|first=Tim|date=October 9, 2013|work=WLRN|access-date=July 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; with these women being &quot;mostly educated, young and professional&quot;;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://womensenews.org/2013/07/latina-converts-islam-growing-in-number/|title=Latina Converts to Islam Growing in Number|last=Naili|first=Hajer|date=July 15, 2013|work=Women's eNews|access-date=May 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; the share of overall female converts to Islam in the US rose from 32% in 2000 to 41% in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319085650/http://faithcommunitiestoday.org/sites/faithcommunitiestoday.org/files/The%20American%20Mosque%202011%20web.pdf|archive-date=2015-03-19|url = http://faithcommunitiestoday.org/sites/faithcommunitiestoday.org/files/The%20American%20Mosque%202011%20web.pdf|title = The American Mosque 2011: Report Number 1 from the US Mosque Study 2011|date = January 2012|access-date = July 13, 2015|website = Faith Communities Today|publisher = Cooperative Congregations Studies Partnership|last = Bagby|first = Ihsan}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Brazil, approximately 70% of converts to Islam are women, most of whom are young and relatively well-educated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://worldcrunch.com/culture-society/muslim-and-happy-in-brazil|title=Muslim And Happy In ... Brazil|last=Bourcier|first=Nicolas|date=April 23, 2015|work=Worldcrunch|access-date=May 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Young females constitute an estimated 80% of converts to Islam in Lithuania.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = Islam in the Nordic and Baltic Countries|last = Larsson|first = Göran|publisher = Routledge|year = 2013|isbn = 978-0-415-84536-6|location = New York|page = 121}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Susanne Leuenberger of the Institute of Advanced Study in the Humanities and the Social Sciences at the University of Bern, females make up around 60–70% of conversions to Islam in Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.con-spiration.de/texte/english/2010/leuenberger-e.html#sl|title = Various Motives: Conversion to Islam in Europe|access-date = July 13, 2015|website = Public Con-Spiracy for the Poor (CS)|publisher = Ernst Förster SJ|last = Leuenberger|first = Susanne|archive-date = April 1, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160401065436/http://www.con-spiration.de/texte/english/2010/leuenberger-e.html#sl|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[United Kingdom|Britain]], according to an article in the British Muslims Monthly Survey, the majority of new Muslim converts were women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to The Huffington Post, &quot;observers estimate that as many as 20,000 Americans convert to Islam annually&quot;. Most of them are women and [[African Americans]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-08-24|title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572|access-date=2020-11-26|website=HuffPost|language=en|archive-date=2021-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Why do Western Women Convert?|url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion|access-date=8 May 2016|work=[[Standpoint (magazine)|Standpoint]]|date=26 April 2010|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Female conversion literature ====<br /> In the twenty-first century, a number of semi-autobiographical books by Western female converts to Islam have enjoyed a measure of mainstream success. These include former MTV and NBC Europe presenter Kristiane Backer's ''From MTV to Mecca: How Islam Inspired My Life'' (Arcadia Books, 2012);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ali|first=Amber|date=November 20, 2012|title=Book Review : From MTV to Mecca|work=Asian Image|url=https://www.asianimage.co.uk/columnists/10059118.book-review-from-mtv-to-mecca/|access-date=May 6, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Esselborn|first=Priya|date=July 7, 2009|title=Former German MTV host promotes Islam with new autobiography|work=DW|url=https://www.dw.com/en/former-german-mtv-host-promotes-islam-with-new-autobiography/a-4461534|access-date=May 6, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Spanish journalist [[Amanda Figueras]] Fernández's ''Por qué el islam: Mi vida como mujer, europea y musulmana'' (Ediciones Península, 2018);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=El-Haimoud|first=Mouna|date=May 9, 2020|title='The simplest things opened my eyes to Islam': Writer shares experience of being Spanish Muslim woman|work=Arab News|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1672256/lifestyle|access-date=May 6, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; and French author Mathilde Loujayne's ''Big Little Steps: A Woman's Guide to Embracing Islam'' (Kube Publishing, 2020).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lodi|first=Hafsa|date=December 27, 2019|title=French author Mathilde Loujayne pens a thoughtful book on Islam from Dubai|work=The National|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/books/french-author-mathilde-loujayne-pens-a-thoughtful-book-on-islam-from-dubai-1.956564|access-date=May 6, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Comparison with other religions ==<br /> {{Main|Islam and other religions}}<br /> <br /> {{Further|Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia}}<br /> Since [[History of Islam|its inception in the Arabian Peninsula during the 7th century CE]], Islam has had contact and coexistence with other [[Major religious groups|major world religions]], and this phenomenon intensified as the religion transcended its Arabian origins to spread over a wide geographical area: from the Adriatic region, where Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity took root, to the Hinduism- and Buddhism-dominated land masses of India and South-East Asia, Muslim populations have both influenced and been influenced by the pre-existing spiritual traditions that they encountered. Prominent examples of these processes include the syncretist philosophy of ''[[Din-i Ilahi|dīn-i-ilāhī]]'' (&quot;religion of God&quot;), an amalgam of several religions devised by Emperor [[Akbar]] (1542–1605) that was practiced at the [[Mughul]] Court in India;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|publisher=Stacey International|year=1989|location=London|page=72}}&lt;/ref&gt; the crypto-Christianity of Kosovo, a belief system that created a tradition of joint Catholic-Muslim households which persisted into the twentieth century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Kosovo: A Short History|last=Malcolm|first=Noel|publisher=Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=978-0-333-66612-8|location=London and Basingstoke|pages=129–134}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When analysing both Islam in general and the topic of women in Islam in particular, the views of scholars and commentators are profoundly shaped by certain cultural lenses. Those coming from a Western background, such as the Switzerland-born writer [[Gai Eaton|Charles le Gai Eaton]], tend to compare and contrast Islam with Christianity; Eaton concluded that Islam, with certain important qualifications, was &quot;essentially patriarchal&quot;. Conversely, those coming from an East Asian background tend to emphasize similarities between Islam and religions such as Taoism, which stress complementarity between the sexes: according to the Japanese scholar Sachiko Murata, it was mandatory for her to use the ''[[I Ching]]'' as a means of &quot;[conceptualizing] Islamic teachings on the feminine principle without doing violence to the original texts.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought|last=Murata|first=Sachiko|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-7914-0914-5|location=Albany|page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The historical strength of various Muslim-led polities—which, unlike other comparable non-Western entities such as China and Japan, were adjacent to &quot;Christian&quot; Europe and/or perceived to be in competition with Western powers—meant that the question of women in Islam has not always been approached objectively by those professing expertise in the subject. This can be viewed as part of the &quot;[[Orientalism|Orientalist]]&quot; academic discourse (as defined by [[Edward Said]]) that creates a rigid East-West dichotomy in which dynamic and positive values are ascribed to Western civilization; by contrast, &quot;Oriental&quot; societies (including but certainly not limited to Islamic ones) are depicted as being &quot;stationary&quot; and in need of &quot;modernizing&quot; through imperial administrations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology|last=Abercrombie|first=Nicholas|publisher=Penguin|year=2000|isbn=978-0-14-051380-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Eve's role in the Fall ===<br /> {{Main|Adam and Eve}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Istanbul, Topkapı Palace Museum MS Revan Köşkü 1536 fol 16v Adam and Hawwa, Iblis, and Ridwan.png|thumb|[[Persian miniature]] depicting the expulsion of Adam and Eve, observed by the [[Angels in Islam|angel]] [[Riḍwan]], the Serpent, the Peacock, and [[Iblis]]]]<br /> In contrast with the [[Genesis creation narrative|Biblical account]] of [[Fall of man|the Fall]], in the Islamic tradition [[Eve in Islam|Eve]] (''Ḥawwā'') did not tempt [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] (''Ādam'') to eat the forbidden fruit; instead, they were tempted together by [[Iblis|the Devil]] (''al-Shayṭān'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Kvam 1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Kvam |editor1-first=Kristen E. |editor2-last=Schearing |editor2-first=Linda S. |editor3-last=Ziegler |editor3-first=Valarie H. |year=1999 |chapter=Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux3bSDa2rHkC&amp;pg=PA178 |title=Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |pages=178–248 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9 |isbn=9780253212719 |jstor=j.ctt2050vqm.9}}&lt;/ref&gt; This means that Eve was not the cause of Adam's expulsion from [[Jannah|paradise]]: he was also responsible, and therefore both men and women are faced equally with its consequences.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kvam 1999&quot;/&gt; This has a number of important implications for the Islamic understanding of womanhood and women's roles in both religious and social life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity|last = Nasr|first = Seyyed Hossein|publisher = HarperSanFrancisco|year = 2004|isbn = 978-0-06-073064-2|location = New York|page = 15}}&lt;/ref&gt; For one, in Islam, women are not seen as a source of evil as a result of the Fall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eaton 2000 88&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title = Remembering God: Reflections on Islam|last = Eaton|first = Gai|publisher = The Islamic Texts Society|year = 2000|isbn = 978-0-946621-84-2|location = Cambridge, England|pages = [https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/88 88]|url = https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/88}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Moreover, the Biblical statement that Eve was created from Adam's rib (the famous 'third rib') finds no echo in the Quranic account: both male and female were created 'from one soul' (Sūrah 4:1).&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eaton 2000 88&quot; /&gt; Similarly, the concept that (as per Genesis 3:16)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/genesis/3-16.htm|title=Genesis 3:16 To the woman He said: &quot;I will sharply increase your pain in childbirth; in pain you will bring forth children. Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you.&quot;|website=biblehub.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; the pains of childbirth are a punishment for Eve's sin is alien to the Quran.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eaton 2000 88&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === The Virgin Mary ===<br /> The [[Mary in Islam|Virgin Mary]] (Maryām) is considered by the Quran to hold the most exalted spiritual position amongst women. A chapter of the Quran ([[Maryam (sura)|Sūrat Maryam]], the nineteenth sura) is named after her, and she is the only woman mentioned by name in the Quran; Maryām is mentioned more times in the Quran than in the New Testament.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam: Second Edition|url = https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed00espo_768|url-access = limited|last = Esposito|first = John L.|publisher = Oxford University Press US|year = 2011|isbn = 978-0-19-979413-3|page = [https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed00espo_768/page/n96 76]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the miraculous birth of Christ from a virgin mother is recognised in the Quran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity|last = Nasr|first = Seyyed Hossein|publisher = HarperSanFrancisco|year = 2004|isbn = 978-0-06-073064-2|location = New York|pages = 40–41}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Polygamy ===<br /> [[Polygamy]] is not exclusive to Islam; the [[Old Testament]] describes numerous examples of polygamy among devotees to God and historically, some [[Christians|Christian]] groups have practiced and continue to practice polygamy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nyamai|first=Faith|date=February 10, 2018|title=Christian men can marry more than one wife, says cleric|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/-Christian-men-can-marry-more-than-one-wife/1056-4299848-dtv96mz/index.html|website=Nation|access-date=June 4, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mamdani|first=Zehra|date=February 28, 2008|title=Idaho Evangelical Christian polygamists use Internet to meet potential spouses|url=https://www.deseret.com/2008/2/28/20073463/idaho-evangelical-christian-polygamists-use-internet-to-meet-potential-spouses|website=Deseret News|access-date=June 4, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Wilber|first=David|date=August 30, 2021|title=Monogamy: God's Creational Marriage Ideal|url=https://davidwilber.com/videos/monogamy-gods-creational-marriage-ideal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Deressa|first=Yonas |title=The Ministry of the Whole Person|year=1973|publisher=Gudina Tumsa Foundation|language=en|page=350}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Rig Veda]] mentions that during the [[Vedic period]], a man could have more than one wife.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vedic&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6TVLlPvuMAC&amp;pg=PA478 |title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, Volume 1; Volume 5 |page=478|isbn=9788120813328 |last1=MacDonell |first1=Arthur Anthony |last2=Keith |first2=Arthur Berriedale |year=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers }}&lt;/ref&gt; The practice is attested in epics like [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]]. The [[Dharmashastras]] permit a man to marry women provided that the first wife agree to marry him. Despite its existence, it was most usually practiced by men of higher status.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/514 514]|isbn=9780823931804 |last1=James g. Lochtefeld |first1=PhD |date=2001 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Traditional [[Hindus|Hindu]] law allowed polygamy if the first wife could not bear a child.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGV3noHZ1QMC&amp;pg=PA153 |title=Religion and Personal law in secular India: A call to judgment |page=153|isbn=978-0253214805 |last1=Larson |first1=Gerald James |year=2001 |publisher=Indiana University Press }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MMS&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-00Ip4W1BUC&amp;pg=PA40 |title=Life in North-eastern India in Pre-Mauryan times |pages=39–40|last1=Singh |first1=Madan Mohan |year=1967 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In traditionally multi-confessional [[India]], polygamy is actually more widespread amongst other religious communities: the 1961 census found that the incidence of polygamy was the least amongst Muslims (5.7%), with Hindus (5.8%), [[Jainism in India|Jains]] (6.7%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (7.9%) and [[Adivasi]]s (15.25%) all more likely to have at least two wives.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://scroll.in/article/669083/muslim-women-and-the-surprising-facts-about-polygamy-in-india|title=Muslim women and the surprising facts about polygamy in India|last=Venkataramakrishnan|first=Rohan|date=July 8, 2014|work=Scroll.in|access-date=June 9, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, India's third [[National Family Health Survey]] (2006) found that a number of socioeconomic reasons were more likely to explain the prevalence of polygamy than the religion of the parties involved. This survey also found that a polygamous Hindu was likely to have (as a statistical average) 1.77 wives; a Christian, 2.35; a Muslim, 2.55; and a Buddhist, 3.41.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Polygamous Marriages in India|url=https://paa2010.populationassociation.org/papers/100754|website=Population Association of America (PAA)|access-date=June 4, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kapur|first=Mallika|date=July 16, 2015|title=Some Indian men are marrying multiple wives to help beat drought|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/16/asia/india-water-wives/|website=CNN|access-date=June 4, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Shrines and mosques ==<br /> From the earliest centuries of Islam, Muslims have visited shrines and mosques to pray, meditate, ask forgiveness, seek cures for ailments, and seek grace—a blessing or spiritual influence (''barakah'') sent down by God.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|publisher=Stacey International|year=1989|location=London, England|page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these structures are named after women. Although women are not restricted from entering mosques, it is quite uncommon to see women gathering in mosques to pray. When women do travel to mosques, they are usually accompanied by their husband or other women at times of the day where there is not a large population of other men. While prayer is mostly done at home for women, when they are attending prayers at public worship places such as a mosque, they are to be separated from the other men present. Women must also be dressed appropriately or they may be reprimanded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mazumdar|first=Shampa and Sanjoy|title=Rethinking Public and Private Space: Religion and Women in Muslim Society|date=Winter 2001|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43031047|journal=Journal of Architectural and Planning Research|volume= 18| issue = 4|pages=307–308|jstor=43031047}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === The Virgin Mary ===<br /> {{Main|Mary in Islam}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Meryemana (4).JPG|thumb|The ''Meryemana'' or wishing wall at the [[House of the Virgin Mary]] in Ephesus, Turkey. Pilgrims' most frequent wishes include those for good health, peace and happiness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/virgin-marys-house-the-place-where-wishes-come-true.aspx?pageID=238&amp;nID=70627&amp;NewsCatID=375|title=Virgin Mary's house the place where wishes come true|date=August 20, 2014|work=Hürriyet Daily News|access-date=July 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; This devotional site is one of many that is sacred to both Christians and Muslims.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/LASTHOME.HTM|title=Mary's Last Earthly Home?|last=Lawton|first=Kim A.|date=December 8, 1996|website=EWTN.com|publisher=Eternal Word Television Network|access-date=July 4, 2016|archive-date=August 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820154709/https://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/LASTHOME.HTM|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> The [[Mary in Islam|Virgin Mary]] ('Maryam' in Arabic) has a particularly exalted position within the Islamic tradition, extolled as she is for being the mother of Jesus, whom Muslims revere as a prophet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopaedia of Islam|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|publisher=Stacey International|year=1989|location=London|pages=260–261}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maryam is the only woman mentioned by name in Islam's sacred text; an entire chapter or sūra of the Quran—the nineteenth, [[Maryam (surah)|Sūrat Maryam]]—bears her name.<br /> <br /> Accordingly, the Virgin Mary is synonymous with numerous holy sites in the Islamic faith:<br /> # The [[House of the Virgin Mary]] near Selçuk, Turkey. This is a shrine frequented by both Christians and Muslims. It is known as ''Panaya Kapulu'' (&quot;the Doorway to the Virgin&quot;) in Turkish. Pilgrims drink water from a spring under her house which is believed to have healing properties. Perhaps the shrine's most distinctive feature is the ''Mereyemana'' or wishing wall on which visitors attach their written wishes; because the House of the Virgin Mary is increasingly famous internationally, these messages are composed in English, Italian, Japanese, Chinese, French and Spanish, as well as Turkish.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/virgin-marys-house-the-place-where-wishes-come-true.aspx?pageID=238&amp;nID=70627&amp;NewsCatID=375|title=Virgin Mary's house the place where wishes come true|date=August 20, 2014|work=Hürriyet Daily News|access-date=June 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/visitors-ask-virgin-mary-to-bring-car-.aspx?pageID=238&amp;nID=93183&amp;NewsCatID=393|title=Visitors ask Virgin Mary to bring car|date=December 29, 2015|work=Hürriyet Daily News|access-date=June 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # The Virgin Mary Monastery in the province of Giresun, Turkey. This is one of the oldest monasteries in the area and has been active since the fourth century A.D.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/virgin-mary-monastery-to-draw-sumelas-visitors.aspx?pageID=238&amp;nID=99841&amp;NewsCatID=379|title=Virgin Mary Monastery to draw Sümela's visitors|work=Hürriyet Daily News|access-date=June 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # The Virgin Mary Mosque in Tartous, Syria. This was officially inaugurated in June 2015 as a symbol of peace and religious tolerance. Antoine Deeb—the representative of the Tartous and Lattakia Patriarchate—stated that naming the mosque after the Virgin Mary 'shows that Islam and Christianity share the messages of peace and love.'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bowker |first1=James |last2=Hourani |first2=Noura |title=Mosque of Virgin Mary in Tartus plays on 'sectarian nerve' |url=https://syriadirect.org/news/mosque-of-virgin-mary-in-tartus-plays-on-%E2%80%98sectarian-nerve%E2%80%99/ |website=Syria Direct |access-date=July 13, 2020 |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714014331/https://syriadirect.org/news/mosque-of-virgin-mary-in-tartus-plays-on-%E2%80%98sectarian-nerve%E2%80%99/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # The Virgin Mary Mosque in Melbourne, Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-30/national-mosque-open-day-public-welcomed-inside-melbourne-mosque/6888224|title=National Mosque Open Day: Public welcomed inside Melbourne mosque to quash Islam misconceptions|last=Rawlinson|first=Clare|date=October 30, 2015|work=ABC News|access-date=June 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Medjugorje, Bosnia and Herzegovina. This site is associated with a number of Marian apparitions forecast by a Muslim mystic by the name of Hasan Shushud that were reported in the late twentieth century by local Catholics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.medjugorjemiracles.com/2011/10/a-muslim-mystic-foresaw-medjugorje/|title=A Muslim mystic foresaw Medjugorje!|date=October 18, 2011|website=Medugorje Miracles|access-date=June 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # The [[Fort Santa Cruz, Oran|Chapel of Santa Cruz]] at Oran, Algeria. The chapel's tower contains a large statue of the Virgin Mary, which is styled as ''Notre Dame du Salut de Santa Cruz''. The historian James McDougall notes in his acclaimed ''A History of Algeria'' (2017) that to this day, the women of Oran &quot;still climb up to the church the [French] settlers built...in 1959, at Santa Cruz, to light candles to ''lalla Maryam'', the Virgin whose statue still looks benignly over their city from the mountaintop.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c8b8bdce-67d3-11e7-9a66-93fb352ba1fe|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221215/https://www.ft.com/content/c8b8bdce-67d3-11e7-9a66-93fb352ba1fe|archive-date=December 11, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=A History of Algeria by James McDougall — war and peace|last=Ghilès|first=Francis|date=July 14, 2017|work=Financial Times|access-date=July 22, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Hala Sultan ===<br /> [[Hala Sultan Tekke]], Larnaca, Cyprus is an ancient site revered because it contains the burial place of Muḥammad's paternal aunt Hala Sultan (Umm Haram in Arabic), although other scholars believe that she was in fact Muḥammad's wet nurse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hürriyet Daily News&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/restored-mosque-brings-hope-for-cyprus-divide.aspx?pageID=438&amp;n=restored-mosque-brings-hope-for-cyprus-divide-2005-12-14|title=Restored mosque brings hope for Cyprus divide|date=December 14, 2005|work=Hürriyet Daily News|access-date=June 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to legend, Hala Sultan died after falling off her mule and breaking her neck during the first Arab incursions into Cyprus around 647 A.D. The same night, a divine power supposedly placed three giant stones where she lay. In 1760, Hala Sultan's grave was discovered by Sheikh Hasan; he began spreading the word about her healing powers, and a tomb was built there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hürriyet Daily News&quot; /&gt; The complex—comprising a mosque, mausoleum, minaret, cemetery and living quarters for men and women—was constructed in its present form while the island was still under Ottoman rule, and completed in around 1816.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hürriyet Daily News&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the archaeologist Tuncer Bağışkan, during the Ottoman period in Cyprus, Ottoman-flagged ships used to fly their flags at half-mast when off the shores of Larnaca, and salute Hala Sultan with cannon shots.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/restored-mosque-brings-hope-for-cyprus-divide.aspx?pageID=438&amp;n=restored-mosque-brings-hope-for-cyprus-divide-2005-12-14|title=Restored mosque brings hope for Cyprus divide|date=June 28, 2016|work=Hürriyet Daily News|access-date=June 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This tekke is also notable for being the burial place of the grandmother of the late King Hussein of Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hürriyet Daily News&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sayeda Zainab ===<br /> The granddaughter of Muḥammad is the patron saint of Cairo, the Arab world's largest city and a regional cultural hub. She also has the following mosques named for her:<br /> # The Sayeda Zainab mosque in Cairo, Egypt. The original structure was built in 1549; the modern mosque dates back to 1884.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cairobserver.com/post/38093758860/cairos-patron-saint-sayeda-zainab#.V3KRLCMrKL3|title=Cairo's Patron Saint: Sayeda Zainab|date=December 26, 2012|website=Cairo Observer|access-date=June 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1898, the square in front of the mosque also took her name.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cairobserver.com/post/38093758860/cairos-patron-saint-sayeda-zainab#.V3LRDiMrKL3|title=Cairo's Patron Saint: Sayeda Zainab|date=December 26, 2012|website=Cairo Observer|access-date=June 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The mosque was expanded in 1942 and renovated in 1999 following an earthquake seven years earlier.&lt;ref name=&quot;cairobserver.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cairobserver.com/post/38093758860/cairos-patron-saint-sayeda-zainab#.V3LROiMrKL3|title=Cairo's Patron Saint: Sayeda Zainab|date=December 26, 2012|website=Cairo Observer|access-date=June 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is an annual feast dedicated to Sayeda Zainab which celebrates her birth; the celebration features ecstatic mystical whirling inside the shrine, while outside there are fairground attractions such as merry-go-round rides.&lt;ref name=&quot;cairobserver.com&quot; /&gt; Historically, the coffee shops around the square and the mosque were places where some of Egypt's most notable writers and journalists met and exchanged ideas.&lt;ref name=&quot;cairobserver.com&quot; /&gt; There is a notable silver shrine inside the mosque.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cairobserver.com/post/38093758860/cairos-patron-saint-sayeda-zainab#.V3LROiMrKL3|title=Cairo' Patron Saint: Sayeda Zainab|date=December 26, 2012|website=Cairo Observer|access-date=June 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Sunni Muslim tradition, this mosque houses the tomb of Sayeda Zainab.<br /> # The [[Sayyidah Zainab Mosque, Damascus|Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque]] in the city of Sayeda Zainab, a southern suburb of Damascus, Syria. According to Shia Muslim tradition, it is in fact this mosque which contains the tomb of Muḥammad's granddaughter. It has been a destination of mass pilgrimage for Muslims since the 1980s. The dome is gold-leafed.<br /> <br /> === Fātimah al-Ma'sūmah ===<br /> Fātimah al-Ma'sūmah was the sister of the eighth Imam and the daughter of the seventh Imam in 'Twelver' Shī'ism. Her [[Fatima Masumeh Shrine|shrine]] is located in [[Qom]], a city which is one of the most important Shī'ah centres of theology. During the [[Safavid dynasty]], the women of this family were very active in embellishing the Shrine of Fatima Masumeh. In times of war, Safavid royal women found refuge in Qom, and likely compared their situation to that of Fatima Masumeh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Shah 'Abbas: The Remaking of Iran.|last=Canby|first=Sheila R.|publisher=The British Museum Press.|year=2009|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rabi'āh al-'Adawiyyah ===<br /> One of the most famous saints in Islam, Rabi'āh al-'Adawiyyah ('Rabi'āh') extolled the way of ''maḥabbah'' ('divine love') and ''uns'' ('Intimacy with God'). Her mystical sayings are noted for their pith and clarity; some have become proverbs throughout the Islamic world. The [[Rabaa Al-Adawiya Mosque|famous mosque]] in Cairo, which is named in Rabi'āh's honour, is notable for being the burial site of former Egyptian president Anwar Sadat. The mosque was badly damaged during the 2013 post-military coup unrest in Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zainabsalbi.com/who-is-rabaa-adawiya/|title=Who is Rabaa Adawiya?|last=Salbi|first=Zainab|date=April 15, 2015|website=Zainab Salbi|access-date=June 29, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816081425/http://www.zainabsalbi.com/who-is-rabaa-adawiya/|archive-date=August 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has since been rebuilt.<br /> <br /> === Ruqayyah bint Ali ===<br /> Ruqayyah bint Ali was the daughter-in-law of Muḥammad's cousin and son-in-law 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib. Legend has it that the [[Bibi Pak Daman]] ({{lit|the chaste lady}}) mausoleum—located in Lahore, Pakistan—named after her contains not just her grave but those of five other ladies from Muḥammad's household. These females were amongst the most important women who brought Islam to South Asia. It is said that these ladies came here after the event of the [[battle of Karbala]] on the 10th day of the month of [[Muharram]] in 61 AH (October 10, CE 680). Bibi Pak Daman is the collective name of the six ladies believed to interred at this mausoleum, though it is also (mistakenly) popularly used to refer to the personage of Ruqayyah bint Ali alone. They preached and engaged in missionary activity in the environs of Lahore. It is said that [[Data Ganj Bakhsh]], considered a great Sufi saint of the South Asia, was himself a devotee of the Bibi Pak Daman shrine and received holy knowledge from this auspicious shrine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The female voice in Sufi ritual: devotional practices of Pakistan and India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfiDLtPDkPIC|quote=... Among the women who brought Islam to the subcontinent are the Bibi Pak Daman, or the Pur Women ... Upon arrival in Lahore, they engaged in missionary activity ... Data Ganj Bakhsh Hujwiri ... was a devotee of the shrines of the Bibi Pak Daman ...|author=Shemeem Burney Abbas|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-70515-9|date = 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|islam|women}}<br /> {{columns-list|<br /> * [[Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam]]<br /> * [[Mary in Islam]]<br /> * [[Concubinage#Muslim world]]<br /> * [[Concubinage in Islam]]<br /> * [[History of Concubinage in the Muslim world]]<br /> * [[Female figures in the Quran]]<br /> * [[Female political leaders in Islam and in Muslim-majority countries]]<br /> * [[Gender roles in Islam]]<br /> * [[Houri]]<br /> * [[Islam and humanity]]<br /> * [[Islamic feminism]]<br /> * [[Islamic schools and branches]]<br /> * [[Islamic sexual jurisprudence]]<br /> * [[Muslim women in sport]]<br /> * [[Muhammad's wives]]<br /> * [[Muslim women in science and technology]]<br /> * [[Sex segregation and Islam]]<br /> * [[Sharia#Women]]<br /> * [[Haya (Islam)]]<br /> * [[Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries]]<br /> * [[Women in Arab societies]]<br /> * [[World Hijab Day]]<br /> * [[Women as imams]]<br /> * [[Women in the Quran]]<br /> * [[Zenana]]<br /> * [[Mahr]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{NoteFoot}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> {{refbegin|2}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Abou El Fadl|first1=Khaled|author-link=Khaled Abou El Fadl|editor1-last=Owens|editor1-first=Erik C.|editor2-last=Carlson|editor2-first=John David|editor3-last=Elshtain|editor3-first=Eric P.|title=Religion and the Death Penalty: A Call for Reckoning|date=2004|publisher=W. B. Eerdmans Publishing|location=Grand Rapids, MI|isbn=0-8028-2172-3|chapter=The Death Penalty, Mercy, and Islam: A Call for Retrospection|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/religiondeathpen0000unse}}<br /> * {{cite book| last=Dahlén | first=Ashk | author-link=Ashk Dahlén | title= &quot;Female Sufi Saints and Disciples: Women in the life of Jalāl al-din Rumi&quot;, Orientalia Suecana, vol. 57 |location=Uppsala |publisher= Uppsala University Press | year=2008 }}<br /> * {{cite book| last=Friedmann | first=Yohanan | author-link=Yohanan Friedmann | title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition |location=Cambridge|publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Ghamidi|first1=Javed Ahmed|author-link1=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi|title=Mizan|title-link=Mizan|date=2001|publisher=Al-Mawrid}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Glassé|first1=Cyril|title=New Encyclopedia of Islam|date=2001|publisher=AltaMira|location=Walnut Creek, CA|isbn=0-7591-0189-2|edition=Rev.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas}}<br /> * {{cite book|editor1-last=Haddad|editor1-first=Yvonne Yazbeck|editor-link=Yvonne Haddad|editor2-last=Esposito|editor2-first=John L.|editor-link2=John Esposito|title=Islam, Gender &amp; Social Change|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-511357-8}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Haddad|first1=Yvonne Yazbeck|author-link=Yvonne Haddad|last2=Moore|first2=Kathleen M.|last3=Smith|first3=Jane I.|title=Muslim Women in America: The Challenge of Islamic Identity Today|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-517783-5|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimwomeniname00hadd}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Hessini|first1=Leila|editor1-last=Göçek|editor1-first=Fatma Müge|editor2-last=Balaghi|editor2-first=Shiva|title=Reconstructing Gender in the Middle East: Tradition, Identity, and Power|chapter=Wearing the Hijab in Contemporary Morocco: Choice and Identity|date=1994|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-231-10122-8|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/reconstructingge0000unse}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Joseph|first1=Suad|author-link=Suad Joseph|last2=Najmabadi|first2=Afsaneh|author-link2=Afsaneh Najmabadi|title=Encyclopedia of Women &amp; Islamic Cultures.|date=2005|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9004128182}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Levy|first=Reuben|author-link=Reuben Levy|title=The Social Structure of Islam | location = London | publisher=Routledge | year = 1999|isbn=0-415-20910-2}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * [[Bernadette Andrea|Andrea, Bernadette]], ''Women and Islam in Early Modern English Literature'', Cambridge University Press, 2008 ({{ISBN|978-0-521-867641}}): Bernadette Andrea: Books<br /> * [[Leila Ahmed|Ahmed, Leila]], ''Women and Gender in Islam: Historical roots of a modern debate'', Yale University Press, 1992<br /> * [[Karen Armstrong|Armstrong, Karen]]. ''[[The Battle for God]]: Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam'', London, HarperCollins/Routledge, 2001<br /> * [[Alya Baffoun|Baffoun, Alya]]. ''Women and Social Change in the Muslim Arab World'', In Women in Islam. Pergamon Press, 1982.<br /> * {{cite book |editor1-last=Beck |editor1-first=Lois |editor2-last=Keddie |editor2-first=Nikki |title=Women In the Muslim World |date=1978 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780674954816}}<br /> * [[John Esposito|Esposito, John]] and Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, ''Islam, Gender, and Social Change'', Oxford University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-19-511357-8}}<br /> * Hambly, Gavin. ''Women in the Medieval Islamic World'', [[Palgrave Macmillan]], 1999, {{ISBN|0-312-22451-6}}<br /> * Joseph, Suad (ed.) ''Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures''. Leiden: Brill, Vol 1–4, 2003–2007.<br /> * {{cite book |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn=978-1-55587-442-1 |last=Roded |first=Ruth |title=Women in Islamic biographical collections: from Ibn Saʻd to Who's Who |year=1994}}<br /> * Svensson, Jonas. ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303727470_Women%27s_human_rights_and_Islam_A_study_of_three_attempts_at_accommodation Women's Human Rights and Islam. A Study of Three Attempts at Accommodation]'', [[Almquist &amp; Wiksell]], 2001,<br /> * Mehmood, Maryyum. May 18, 2021. Mapping Muslim Moral Provinces: Framing Feminized Piety of Pakistani Diaspora. Religions 12: 356; Vol. 2 iss. 5. {{doi|10.3390/rel12050356|doi-access=free}} MDPI,<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{sister project links|c=Category:Women in Islam|d=yes|auto=yes}}<br /> &lt;!-- -----------------------------------------------------------<br /> <br /> Please do not add advocacy websites, commercial websites, blogs, forums, and other inappropriate links here. For why, read [[BP:EL]] guidelines of Bharatpedia, particularly [[BP:ELNO]] section.<br /> <br /> ---------------------------------------------------------------&gt;<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190217095457/http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson3/lesson3.php?s=0 George Mason University Archive, Islam{{snd}}Women in World History, Roy Rosenzweig Center]<br /> * [http://www.arabstudiesjournal.org/ Arab Studies Journal]{{snd}}a peer reviewed publication that frequently covers topics relating to women in Islam.<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140310030248/http://www.brill.com/sites/default/files/ftp/downloads/EWIO_Preview_2012.pdf The Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures]{{snd}}Brill, The Netherlands.<br /> * [https://archive.today/20120905140132/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2510?_hi=2&amp;_pos=2 Oxford Islamic Studies Online]{{snd}}numerous entries dealing with the role of women in Islamic societies.<br /> * [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/492570089 Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics], Editors: Joseph and Naǧmābādī, Brill, The Netherlands, {{ISBN|978-9004128187}}.<br /> <br /> {{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Africa topic|Women in|titlestyle = background:#FFCBDB}}<br /> {{Asia topic|Women in|titlestyle = background:#FFCBDB}}<br /> {{North America topic|Women in|titlestyle = background:#FFCBDB}}<br /> {{South America topic|Women in|titlestyle = background:#FFCBDB}}<br /> {{Oceania topic|Women in|titlestyle = background:#FFCBDB}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Islam and women| ]]<br /> [[Category:Women's rights in Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Muslim women| ]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamia_Masjid_Trehgam&diff=505530 2026-03-28T03:48:05Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: started</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mosque in Kupwara, Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> {{Infobox religious building<br /> | name = Jamia Masjid Trehgam<br /> | native_name = جامع مسجد ترہگام<br /> | native_name_lang = ur<br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]<br /> | image = File:Jamia masjid trehgam.jpg<br /> | map_size = 250<br /> | map_relief = 1<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|34.51168|74.17144|format=dms|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br /> | location = [[Trehgam]], [[Kupwara]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | district = [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]]<br /> | type = [[Congregational mosque]]<br /> | founded_by = Syed Ibrahim Bukhari<br /> | established = 15th-century ''(first)''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> 20th-century ''(reconst.)''<br /> | dome_quantity = 2<br /> | minaret_quantity = 2<br /> }}<br /> '''Jamia Masjid Trehgam''' ({{Langx|ur|جامع مسجد ترہگام|4=Grand Mosque of Trehgam}}) is a [[congregational mosque]] located in the village of [[Trehgam]] in [[Kupwara district]], in the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Traditionally attributed to Syed Ibrahim Bukhari and believed to have been first established in the 15th century (with later reconstruction in the 20th century), the mosque serves as an important religious and community centre for the local Muslim population .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-05-14 |title=Unity in diversity: Grand mosque and Hindu temple share common yard in Kupwara’s Trehgam village |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/unity-in-diversity-grand-mosque-and-hindu-temple-share-common-yard-in-kupwaras-trehgam-village/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History and Cultural Significance ==<br /> The mosque is situated in a common courtyard alongside a Hindu temple and a Sufi shrine, thereby symbolizing communal harmony and shared heritage in the region. The available public record does not provide a precise date of construction for Jamia Masjid Trehgam. The adjoining temple is reported by local residents to be several centuries old, with some accounts suggesting a history of around 400 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-05-15 |title=Unity in diversity: Grand mosque &amp; Hindu temple share common yard in Trehgam village |url=https://risingkashmir.com/unity-in-diversity-grand-mosque-hindu-temple-share-common-yard-in-trehgam-village/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218133437/https://risingkashmir.com/unity-in-diversity-grand-mosque-hindu-temple-share-common-yard-in-trehgam-village/ |archive-date=2025-02-18 |access-date=2025-10-13 |work=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The co-existence of the [[mosque]], [[Hindu temple|temple]], and [[Dargah|shrine]] within a single compound is described in multiple reports as a long-standing feature of the village.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 May 2014 |title=Village in Kashmir unites people of different faiths |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/village-in-kashmir-unites-people-of-different-faiths-114051700867_1.html |website=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Local oral traditions suggest that the shared courtyard was maintained intentionally by successive generations to preserve interfaith harmony in the area. The arrangement has continued through various social and political changes in the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-05-16 |title=Symbolising harmony, grand mosque, temple share common yard in J-K's Kupwara |url=https://theprint.in/india/symbolising-harmony-grand-mosque-temple-share-common-yard-in-j-ks-kupwara/1576237/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Local oral traditions attribute the establishment of the mosque to Syed Abdullah Bukhari, whose shrine stands beside the mosque.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DAR |first=KHURSHEED |date=2025-03-25 |title=The Living Soul of Trehgam |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/the-living-soul-of-trehgam/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Religious and social role ==<br /> The mosque functions as a [[Congregational mosque|Friday congregational mosque]] (Jamia masjid) for the local Muslim population. Media sources report that it remains active in conducting [[Salah|daily prayers]], [[Friday prayer|Friday sermons]], and religious activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Hindu temple-Mosque share common yard in Kupwara, promotes harmony |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news/jammu-and-kashmir-hindu-temple-mosque-share-common-yard-in-kupwara-promotes-harmony/details |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=India Blooms |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The shared compound and visible proximity with a temple is also sometimes leveraged in local narratives to advance communal unity and religious coexistence. Community leaders and clerics from both faiths have been quoted in media sources emphasizing the location’s symbolic value as a representation of peace and mutual respect.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Islam<br /> }}<br /> <br /> * [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar]]<br /> * [[Jamia Masjid, Sopore]]<br /> * [[Jamia Masjid, Shopian]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Mosques in India|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mosques in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Kupwara district]]<br /> <br /> {{India-mosque-stub}}</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Rann_of_Kutch&diff=462403 2026-03-25T08:18:27Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: quick enhance details to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Salt marsh located near the Great Rann of Kutch in Kutch, Gujarat, India}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Rann of Kutch|Great Rann of Kutch}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Little Rann of Kutch<br /> | type = [[Salt marsh]]<br /> | image_map = Map GujDist Kuchchh.png<br /> | map_caption = Map of Gujarat showing the Little Rann of Kutch and Great Rann of Kutch<br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | coordinates = 23.45°N 70.85°E<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = District<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kutch District|Kutch]]<br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Little Rann of Kutch'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/needed-in-the-little-rann-of-kutch-a-marketing-strategy-worth-its-salt-to-help-the-agariyas/489339/0 Needed in the Little Rann of Kutch, a marketing strategy worth its salt to help the Agariyas] (2 page article online); by Adam Halliday; Jul 15, 2009; Indian Express Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rti-revelation-govt-has-no-data-on-little-r/418466/ RTI revelation: govt has no data on Little Rann of Kutch] (2 page article online); by Kamran Sulaimani; Feb 03, 2009; Indian Express Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt; ({{ipa|gu|ɾən...kət͡ːʃʰ|ipa}}) is a [[salt marsh]] which is part of the [[Rann of Kutch]] in [[Kutch district]], [[Gujarat]], India.<br /> <br /> ==Attractions==<br /> [[File:Asiatic Wild ass.jpg|thumb|alt=|[[Indian wild ass|Asiatic Wild ass]], popularly known as Shekhar in the local language, in Little Rann of Kutch]]<br /> [[File:IndianWildAss1.jpg|thumb|Indian wild ass herd in Little Rann of Kutch]]<br /> <br /> === Indian wild ass sanctuary ===<br /> The Little Rann of Kutch is home to the [[Indian wild ass]] (khur). To conserve this species, the [[Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary]] (IWAS) was created in 1971 and covers nearly five thousand km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://forests.gujarat.gov.in/wild-ass-sanctuary.htm|title=Wild Ass Sanctuary|website=forests.gujarat.gov.in|access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The sanctuary is also home to many species of migratory birds, such as the [[sarus crane]], [[duck]]s, the [[Dalmatian pelican]], and [[flamingo]]s, as well as land birds like the [[sandgrouse]], the [[francolin]] and the [[Great Indian bustard|Indian bustard]]. It is also home to various mammals such as the [[Indian wolf]], the [[White-footed fox|desert fox]] and the [[nilgai]].<br /> <br /> ===Kutch biosphere reserve===<br /> In 2008, to project [[Kutch]] as an international nature destination, the [[Government of India|Government of Gujarat]] designated the area as the [[Kutch Biosphere Reserve]]. Biosphere reserves under the UNESCO [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]] aim to promote sustainable development in the surrounding area, which is reserved for [[Conservation (ethic)|conservation]] and [[research]]. Such reserves are protected under the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972|Wildlife Protection Act]], the [[Indian Forest Act, 1927|Indian Forest Act]] and the [[Forest Conservation Act, 1980|Forest Conservation Act]]. The government provides funds for the conservation of the landscape's biological diversity and its cultural heritage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Earth/Flora--Fauna/Kutch-gets-biosphere-reserve-status/articleshow/3261967.cms|title=Kutch gets biosphere reserve status - The Greater and Little Rann of Kutch have finally got the much-awaited status of the biosphere reserve|website=Economic Times|last=Kaushik|first=Himanshu|date=22 July 2008|access-date=25 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The reserve's vegetation is mainly [[Xerophyte|xerophytic]] as groundwater is scarce. The 74 elevated plateaus (also called islands or bets) have around 253 flowering species. According to some estimates, about 70,000 to 75,000 birds nest in an area of about 250 acres.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2105/|title=Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch|date=2015|website=UNESCO|access-date=30 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kutchs-wild-ass-habitat-may-soon-get-herita/206928/ Kutch’s wild ass habitat may soon get heritage label] (2 Page article online); by DP Bhattacharya; Jul 26, 2007; Indian Express Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy ==<br /> [[File:Salt Well Kutch Gujarat India 1891.jpg|thumb|Salt well in Kutch in 1891]]<br /> <br /> ===Salt panning===<br /> Salt panning is a crucial seasonal activity in the Rann of Kutch, producing the majority of India's inland salt. During the monsoon season, the underwater table of the Kutch is filled with saltwater. After the water recedes in October, salt workers temporarily settle and use diesel pumps to pump the saltwater into fields. Then, the natural climate conditions allow evaporation of the water, leaving only the salt crystals. Salt panning workers face severe health issues due to working in the harsh conditions in the fields continuously for 6–7 months.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mukherjee|first=Sugato|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/10/the-salt-farmers-of-the-rann-of-kutch/|title=The Salt Farmers of the Rann of Kutch|date=3 October 2016|work=The Diplomat|access-date=31 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, as a means of financially supporting the salt pan workers and promoting a move from diesel to solar-powered pumps, the government of Gujarat allowed the state to purchase excess solar power generated during the off-season. Using solar-powered as opposed to diesel pumps can reduce the cost of salt production by one-third.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Pathak|first=Maulik|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/gujarat-govt-to-buy-solar-power-from-salt-pan-workers-1549458047228.html|title=Gujarat government to buy solar power from salt pan workers|date=6 Feb 2019|work=LiveMint|access-date=31 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ginger prawn fishing===<br /> Prawn fishing plays a role in the economy due to its high demand in domestic and international markets. A species of [[Metapenaeus|ginger prawn]], ''[[Metapenaeus kutchensis]]'', is endemic to the area, and its fishing is highly seasonal. During the [[monsoon season]], which begins around July, the Little Rann is flooded and temporarily connected to the [[Gulf of Kutch]], allowing passage of ginger prawn juveniles into the Rann. This marks the beginning of the prawn fishing season, which lasts from August to September. Fishermen are mostly seasonal workers, spending the majority of the year as salt pan workers.<br /> <br /> Ginger prawn fishing dates back to the early 16th century, when it was practiced by Muslim subsistence fishermen during the [[Mughal Dynasty|Mughal dynasty]]. Their method, known as &quot;[[Pagadia fishing]]&quot; due to its being carried out by hand and barefoot, continues to be practiced by traditional fishermen in the region. Commercial prawn fishing only began in the mid-1900s after the use of [[Bottom trawling|bottom trawls]] became common.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=Gyanaranjan Dash |author2=Swatipriyanka Sen |author3=M Koya |author4=KR Sreenath |author5=Suresh Kumar Mojjada |author6=HM Bhint |date=2012|title=Ginger Prawn Fishery in Gulf of Kutch: A Seasonal Livelihood for the Traditional Fishermen|url=https://www.asianagrihistory.org/pdf/research/ginger-prawn-16-4.pdf|journal=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute|volume=Asian Agri-History Vol. 16, No. 4|pages=1–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Dam===<br /> [[Government of Gujarat|The Government of Gujarat]] is planning to dam the 1.26&amp;nbsp;km stretch of Hadakiya Creek to use the water for recreational and fisheries purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Eye on 2019 polls? Tycoon discusses with Modi, Amit Shah Asia's biggest Rann Sarovar sweet water lake in Gujarat|url=https://www.counterview.net/2018/05/eye-on-2019-polls-tycoon-discusses-with.html|access-date=9 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Arid Forest Research Institute]] (AFRI)<br /> * [[Great Rann of Kutch]]<br /> * [[Indian wild ass]]<br /> * [[Kutch District]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{WWF ecoregion|name=Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh |id=im0901}} This text was originally published in the book Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment from Island Press. Also see: {{NatGeo ecoregion|id=im0901|name=Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh}}<br /> <br /> {{GeoSouthAsia}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|23.3000|N|71.2000|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Little Rann Of Kutch}}<br /> [[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]<br /> [[Category:Flooded grasslands and savannas]]<br /> [[Category:Grasslands of India]]<br /> [[Category:Landforms of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Marshes of India]]<br /> [[Category:Salt marshes]]<br /> [[Category:Geography of Kutch district]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharad_Pawar&diff=451053 2026-03-24T10:57:54Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Content updated and refined</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Peacock|date=October 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Sharadchandra Pawar<br /> | image = Sharad Pawar addressing the National Conference on Cooperatives for the celebration of International Year of Cooperatives, 2012, in New Delhi on May 15, 2012 (cropped).jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = Pawar in May 2012<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1940|12|12}}&lt;ref name=LSMPBio&gt;{{cite web |title=Detailed Profile: Shri Sharad Chandra Govindrao Pawar |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=327|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606235155/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=327|archive-date=6 June 2020 |website=[[India.gov.in]] |access-date=17 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Baramati]], Bombay Province, then part of British India&lt;ref name=LSMPBio /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | term_start = 3 April 2014<br /> | predecessor = [[Y. P. Trivedi]]<br /> | constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]<br /> | office2 = 9th [[International Cricket Council|President of the &lt;br /&gt; International Cricket Council (ICC)]]<br /> | term_start2 = 2010<br /> | term_end2 = 2012<br /> | predecessor2 = [[David Morgan (cricket administrator)|David Morgan]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Alan Isaac]]<br /> | office1 = [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|President of the Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]<br /> | term_start1 = 8 February 2024<br /> | term_end1 = <br /> | predecessor1 = ''Office established''<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | office3 = 28th [[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Union Minister of Agriculture]]<br /> | primeminister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br /> | term_start3 = 23 May 2004<br /> | term_end3 = 26 May 2014<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Rajnath Singh]]<br /> | successor3 = [[Radha Mohan Singh]]<br /> | office4 = 9th [[Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (India)|Union Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]<br /> | primeminister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br /> | term_start4 = 22 May 2004<br /> | term_end4 = 19 January 2011<br /> | predecessor4 = [[Sharad Yadav]]<br /> | successor4 = [[K. V. Thomas]]<br /> | office5 = 9th [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start5 = 19 March 1998<br /> | term_end5 = 26 April 1999<br /> | 1blankname5 = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]<br /> | 1namedata5 = [[G. M. C. Balayogi]]<br /> | primeminister5 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br /> | predecessor5 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br /> | successor5 = [[Sonia Gandhi]]<br /> | office6 = 15th [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Union Minister of Defence]]<br /> | primeminister6 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]<br /> | term_start6 = 26 June 1991<br /> | term_end6 = 6 March 1993<br /> | predecessor6 = [[Chandra Shekhar]]<br /> | successor6 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]<br /> | office7 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start7 = 16 May 2009<br /> | term_end7 = 3 April 2014<br /> | predecessor7 = ''Constituency established''<br /> | successor7 = [[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]]<br /> | constituency7 = [[Madha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madha, Maharashtra]]<br /> | term_start8 = 10 May 1996<br /> | term_end8 = 16 May 2009<br /> | predecessor8 = Bapusaheb Thite<br /> | successor8 = [[Supriya Sule]]<br /> | constituency8 = [[Baramati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramati, Maharashtra]]<br /> | term_start9 = 18 November 1991<br /> | term_end9 = 1993<br /> | predecessor9 = [[Ajit Pawar]]<br /> | successor9 = Bapusaheb Thite<br /> | constituency9 = [[Baramati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramati, Maharashtra]]<br /> | term_start10 = 31 December 1984<br /> | term_end10 = March 1985<br /> | predecessor10 = [[Shankarrao Bajirao Patil]]<br /> | successor10 = [[Sambhajirao Kakade]]<br /> | constituency10 = [[Baramati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramati, Maharashtra]]<br /> | office11 = 6th [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]<br /> | term_start11 = 6 March 1993<br /> | term_end11 = 14 March 1995<br /> | predecessor11 = [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]<br /> | successor11 = [[Manohar Joshi]]<br /> | term_start13 = 26 June 1988<br /> | term_end13 = 25 June 1991<br /> | predecessor13 = [[Shankarrao Chavan]]<br /> | successor13 = [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]<br /> | term_start14 = 18 July 1978<br /> | term_end14 = 17 February 1980<br /> | predecessor14 = [[Vasantdada Patil]]<br /> | successor14 = [[A. R. Antulay]]<br /> | office15 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start15 = February 1967<br /> | term_end15 = January 1985<br /> | predecessor15 = Malatibai Madhavrao Shirole<br /> | successor15 = ''Vacant''<br /> | constituency15 = [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]<br /> | term_start16 = March 1985<br /> | term_end16 = June 1991<br /> | predecessor16 = ''Vacant''<br /> | successor16 = [[Ajit Pawar]]<br /> | constituency16 = [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]<br /> | office17 = [[Member of Legislative Council|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]<br /> | term_start17 = 1993<br /> | term_end17 = 1996<br /> | party = [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]] {{small|(2024–present)}}<br /> | otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(1958–1999)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Nationalist Congress Party]] {{small|(1999–2024)}}<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Pratibhatai Pawar|1967}}<br /> | children = [[Supriya Sule]] (daughter)<br /> | profession = {{hlist|Politician|cricket administrator}}<br /> | website = {{URL|sharadpawar.com}}<br /> | birthname = Sharadchandra Govindrao Pawar<br /> | date = 29 October<br /> | year = 2010<br /> | source = https://web.archive.org/web/20040905133307/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=327<br /> | honorific_prefix = &lt;!-- Do not add any styles/titles here per [[WP:NCIN]] --&gt;<br /> | honorific_suffix = &lt;!-- Do not add any styles/titles here per [[WP:NCIN]] --&gt;<br /> | relations = {{unbulleted list|[[Ajit Pawar]] (nephew) | [[Rohit Rajendra Pawar]] (grand-nephew)}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sharadchandra Govindrao Pawar'''{{efn|{{langx|mr|शरदचन्द्र गोविन्दराव पवार|Śaradacandra Govindarāva Pavāra}}}} (born 12 December 1940)&lt;ref name=LSMPBio /&gt; is an Indian [[politician]] who has served as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] since 2014, representing the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar]]. Pawar has served three terms as the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] and held cabinet positions in the [[Union Council of Ministers]], including [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] under [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] and [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]] under [[Manmohan Singh]]. He founded the original NCP in 1999; however, following a party split in [[2023 Nationalist Congress Party split|July 2023]], he now leads the NCP (Sharadchandra Pawar) faction, following a split from the [[Indian National Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Our party is Sharad Pawar, our symbol is Sharad Pawar', say his supporters |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/our-party-is-sharad-pawar-our-symbol-is-sharad-pawar-say-his-supporters-2882797 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pawar has been involved in several coalition governments and political alliances in Maharashtra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-05-05 |title=Power play of Sharad Pawar: The Chanakya and his moves |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/power-play-of-sharad-pawar-the-chanakya-and-his-moves/articleshow/99965891.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Born in [[Baramati]], [[Maharashtra]], Sharadchandra is the patriarch of the Pawar family, which includes several prominent political figures, including his daughter [[Supriya Sule]], nephew [[Ajit Pawar]], and grandnephew [[Rohit Rajendra Pawar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Aron2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Sunita|last=Aron|title=The Dynasty: Born to Rule|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUywDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT9|date=1 April 2016|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-85827-10-5|chapter=The pawar power play}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=30 September 2019|title= ठाकरे आणि पवार यांच्यासह 'या' 11 कुटूंबियांच्या हातात महाराष्ट्राचं 'राजकारण', जाणून घ्या |url=https://policenama.com/maharashtra-assembly-election-dynasty-politics-political-family-thackeray-pawar-rane-shinde-chavan-congress-bjp-ncp/|access-date=16 January 2022|website=पोलीसनामा (Policenama)|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=All in Pawar family: 5 members either in Lok Sabha or state assembly|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/all-in-pawar-family-5-members-either-in-ls-or-state-assembly-6091430/lite/|access-date=8 May 2022|website=Indian Express|date=28 October 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Maharashtra: Amid a pandemic, the Pawar family political soap opera takes centre stage|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maharashtra-amid-a-pandemic-the-pawar-family-political-soap-opera-takes-centre-stage/articleshow/77552404.cms|access-date=8 May 2022|website=The Economic Times|date=14 August 2020 |last1=Kumar |first1=Krishna }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Pawar served as the President of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) from 2005 to 2008 and of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) from 2010 to 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8778604.stm|title=Pawar takes over as ICC president|date=1 July 2010|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also headed the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]] from October 2013 to January 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/84795/sharad-pawar-steps-down-as-president-of-mumbai-cricket-association | title=Sharad Pawar steps down as president of Mumbai Cricket Association | work=Cricbuzz | access-date=18 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He received the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India’s second-highest civilian honor, in 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NCP chief Sharad Pawar conferred Padma Vibhushan award |url=https://www.business-standard.com/multimedia/photo-gallery/general/ncp-chief-sharad-pawar-conferred-padma-vibhushan-award-4068.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701054345/https://www.business-standard.com/multimedia/photo-gallery/general/ncp-chief-sharad-pawar-conferred-padma-vibhushan-award-4068.htm |archive-date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=www.business-standard.com |publisher=Business Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life and family==<br /> Sharad Pawar was one of ten children born to Govindrao Pawar and Shardabai Pawar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=डेस्क |first=स्पेशल |date=12 December 2023 |title=पढाई में अच्छे नहीं थे शरद पवार, रिपोर्ट कार्ड पर पिता के साइन करवाने में खाते थे खौफ; निकाला था ये उपाय |url=https://www.jansatta.com/jansatta-special/sharad-pawar-83rd-birthday-age-biography-education-wife-ncp/3112127/ |access-date=5 Feb 2024 |work=Jansatta |language=Hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;, a middle-class agricultural family in Baramati. He completed his secondary education at Maharashtra Education Society's High School and later earned a Bachelor's degree in Commerce from Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce, Pune.<br /> <br /> Between 1937 and 1952, Govindrao Pawar was elected to the district local board three times&lt;ref name=&quot;Phadnis2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Phadnis |last2=Chatterji |last3=Gadgil |title=Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7QvviGoJsC&amp;pg=PA23 |year=2009 |publisher=Business Standard Books |isbn=978-81-905735-4-2 |pages=72, 75}}&lt;/ref&gt;. He also managed his family's farm located in Katewadi, ten kilometers from Baramati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=More |first=Pravin |date=December 2017 |title=Contribution of Sharadchandra Pawar in Developing Modern India |url=https://spjcpabal.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/5.-More-2017_18.pdf |journal=International Journal of Multifaceted and Multilingual Studies |pages=49 |issn=2394-207X |access-date=28 January 2025 |archive-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723021216/https://spjcpabal.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/5.-More-2017_18.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sharad Pawar completed his education up to the 10th standard (SSC) under the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] at Maharashtra Education Society's High School in Baramati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pawar |first=Sharad |date=2014 |title=Sharad Pawar Affidavit |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/AffidavitPDFs/RS/RS2014/pawar.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Pawar married Pratibhatai Pawar ([[née]] Shinde), daughter of test cricketer [[Sadashiv Shinde]], in 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kothari |first=Maitry |title=Who was Sadashiv Shinde, ex-leg spinner of Team India, Sharad Pawar's father-in-law? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-who-was-sadashiv-shinde-ex-leg-spinner-of-team-india-sharad-pawar-s-father-in-law-ajit-pawar-maharashtra-3050496 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their daughter, [[Supriya Sule]], represents the [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati constituency]] in the [[18th Lok Sabha]] and serves as the working president of the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar.]]<br /> <br /> Several members of the Pawar family have held political roles within the government of Maharashtra. The family has two Members of Parliament and two Members of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|state Legislative Assembly]]. Among them, [[Ajit Pawar]] was the deputy [[chief minister]] of Maharashtra.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nepotism is active in Maharashtra too |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nepotism-is-active-in-maharashtra-too-1240419 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=dnaindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=29 September 2019 |title=पवार कुटुंबात सध्या कोण, काय करतंय? {{!}} Sakal |url=https://www.esakal.com/maharashtra/ncp-leader-sharad-pawar-family-information-marathi-219384 |access-date=16 January 2022 |website=www.esakal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=ठाकरे आणि पवार यांच्यासह 'या' 11 कुटूंबियांच्या हातात महाराष्ट्राचं 'राजकारण', जाणून घ्या |url=https://policenama.com/maharashtra-assembly-election-dynasty-politics-political-family-thackeray-pawar-rane-shinde-chavan-congress-bjp-ncp/ |website=policenama.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Pratap Govindrao Pawar|Pratap Pawar]], Pawar's younger brother, is chairman and managing director of the Marathi daily newspaper ''[[Sakal]]''. Pawar’s nephew, [[Ajit Pawar]], served as the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] a record six times. He [[2026 Baramati Learjet 45 crash|died in a plane crash]] in[[Baramati]] on 28 January 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;BakshiSharma1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Shiri Ram Bakshi|author2=Sita Ram Sharma|author3=S. Gajrani|title=Contemporary Political Leadership in India:Sharad Pawar :The Maratha legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iP433CnEW_gC|year=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-007-9|pages=123–130}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following Ajit Pawar's death, his widow and Rajya Sabha MP, [[Sunetra Pawar]], was sworn in as the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra on 31 January 2026. [[Rohit Rajendra Pawar]], Pawar's grand-nephew, represents the [[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency]] in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/after-parth-its-rohit-one-more-son-set-to-rise-in-pawar-dynasty/235214/|title=Rohit Pawar|last=Pawar|first=Rohit|website=Theprint.in|date=15 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> ===Early career===<br /> Pawar began his political career in 1956, organising a protest march for [[Goa liberation movement|Goan Independence]] in [[Loni, Ahmednagar|Pravaranagar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BakshiSharma1998&quot;/&gt; Although his older lawyer brother belonged to the [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]], Pawar preferred the Congress Party and joined the Youth Congress in 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;BakshiSharma1998&quot;/&gt; He later became the president of the [[Pune district|''Poona'' district]] (now Pune district) Youth Congress in 1962, and by 1964 had become one of two secretaries of the [[Maharashtra Pradesh Youth Congress|Maharashtra Youth Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-02 |title=Sharad Pawar, the Congress leader who challenged leadership of Sonia Gandhi |url=https://mathrubhumi.com/news/india/sharad-pawar-the-congress-leader-who-challenged-leadership-of-sonia-gandhi-1.8523274 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503174849/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/sharad-pawar-the-congress-leader-who-challenged-leadership-of-sonia-gandhi-1.8523274 |archive-date=2023-05-03 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1967–1978===<br /> In 1967, Pawar was nominated as the candidate for the [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]] constituency of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] over more established members by the undivided [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |date=2023-02-22 |title=राजकारणातील अजेयी! 56 वर्षांपूर्वी शरद पवारांनी मिळवला होता निवडणुकीत पहिला विजय |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/maharashtra-politics-sharad-pawar-first-election-victory-from-baramati-assembly-seat-in-1967-know-the-history-1154079 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; He won the election and represented the constituency from 1967 to 1990. In 1969, when the Congress Party split after the [[1969 Indian presidential election]], he opted for the [[Indian National Congress (R)|Congress (R)]] faction of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], along with his mentor [[Yashwantrao Chavan]].<br /> <br /> As the MLA of [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]] in the early 1970s, he oversaw the building of [[Irrigation tank|percolation tanks]] during a [[Famine in India#1972 Maharashtra drought|severe drought]] in Maharashtra. He was also heavily involved in the politics of the local cooperative sugar mills and other member-run [[Cooperative movement in India|cooperative societies]].<br /> <br /> In the early 1970s, the Chief Minister at the time, [[Vasantrao Naik]], had been in power for almost a decade, and there was jockeying for succession among different factions of the state Congress party. Prominent leaders such as [[Shankarrao Chavan]], another member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, and other emerging leaders were among those positioning themselves for influence and potential leadership roles. At that time, looking to the future leadership of the party, [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] persuaded Naik to bring Pawar into his cabinet as the state Home Affairs Minister in March 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lele1981&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Jayant|last=Lele|title=Elite Pluralism and Class Rule: Political development in Maharashtra, India|url=https://archive.org/details/elitepluralismcl0000lele|url-access=registration|date=15 December 1981|publisher=University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division|isbn=978-1-4875-8657-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/elitepluralismcl0000lele/page/176 176], 235}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1978-1987===<br /> {{Main|Sharad Pawar ministry (1978-1980)}}<br /> In the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 Lok Sabha elections]], the Congress Party, under [[Indira Gandhi]], lost power to the Janata Alliance. Taking responsibility for the loss of a large number of seats in Maharashtra, Chief Minister [[Shankarrao Chavan]] resigned shortly afterwards and was replaced by [[Vasantdada Patil]]. Later that year, the Congress Party split again, with Pawar's mentor [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] joining one faction, [[Indian National Congress (U)|Congress (U)]], and Indira Gandhi leading her faction, [[Indian National Congress|Congress (I)]]. Pawar joined the Congress (U) faction. In the [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|state assembly elections held early in 1978]], the two Congress parties ran separately but then allied to keep power for Vasantdada Patil. This was in response to the rise and success of the [[Janata Party]], which emerged as the minority government after the election. Pawar served as Minister of Industry and Labour under the Patil government.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|jstor=4369264|title=Workers' Safety of No Account|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=15|issue=48|pages=2008–2010|last1=Subrahmanyam|first1=K. V.|year=1980}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 1978, Pawar broke away from the [[Congress (Urs)|Congress (U)]] party to form a coalition government with the Janata Party. In the process, at the age of 38, he became the youngest [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]].&lt;ref&gt;Palshikar, S., Birmal, N. and Ghotale, V., Centre for Advanced Studies, Dept. of Politics and Public Administration, University of Pune, 2010, CAS Occasional Paper Series: No. 4. page 8 [https://www.unipune.ac.in/dept/mental_moral_and_social_science/politics_and_public_administration/ppa_webfiles/pdf/OccasionalPaper-CAS/Coalition%20_CAS_%20Prof%20Palshikarnewx.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/devendra-fadnavis-maharashtra-chief-minister-first-bjp-leader-224867-2014-10-28|title=Devendra Fadnavis set to be Maharashtra's 19th CM|date=29 October 2014 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=8 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/assembly-elections-2014/maharashtra-news/Second-youngest-CMs-daughter-will-be-youngest-resident-of-Varsha/articleshow/44964945.cms|title=Second youngest CM's daughter will be youngest resident of Varsha |website=The Times of India|date=29 October 2014 |access-date=8 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; This [[First Pawar ministry|Progressive Democratic Front]] (PDF) government was dismissed in February 1980, following [[Indira Gandhi]]'s return to power.<br /> <br /> In the 1980 elections, Congress (I) won the majority in the state assembly, and [[Abdul Rehman Antulay|A.R. Antulay]] took over as chief minister. Pawar took over the Presidency of his own [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|Congress (S)]] party in 1983. For the first time, he won the [[Lok Sabha]] election from the [[Baramati]] parliamentary constituency in 1984. He also won the state assembly election of March 1985 from Baramati and preferred to return to state politics, resigning his Lok Sabha seat. Congress (S) won 54 seats out of 288 in the state assembly, and Pawar became the [[leader of the opposition]] of the Progressive Democratic Front coalition, which included the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], PWP, and the [[Janata Party|Janata party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unipune.ac.in&quot;&gt;Palshikar, S., Birmal, N. and Ghotale, V., Centre for Advanced Studies, Dept. of Politics and Public Administration, University of Pune, 2010 CAS Occasional Paper Series: No. 4. page 10 [https://www.unipune.ac.in/dept/mental_moral_and_social_science/politics_and_public_administration/ppa_webfiles/pdf/OccasionalPaper-CAS/Coalition%20_CAS_%20Prof%20Palshikarnewx.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1987–1990===<br /> Pawar's return to Congress (I) in 1987 has been cited as a reason for the rise of the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] during that period.&lt;ref name=&quot;unipune.ac.in&quot;/&gt; At the time, Pawar stated that his decision was driven by &quot;the need to save the Congress Culture in [[Maharashtra]]&quot;. In June 1988, [[Prime Minister of India]] and Congress President [[Rajiv Gandhi]] inducted then Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Shankarrao Chavan]] into his Union Cabinet as Finance Minister; Pawar was chosen to replace Chavan as the Chief Minister. Pawar had the task of checking the rise of the Shiv Sena in state politics, which was a potential challenge to the dominance of the Congress in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bagaria|first=Amit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJeHDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=pawar&amp;pg=PT156|title=Mr President: Yes, Prime Minister|date=12 February 2019|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64429-325-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1989 Lok Sabha elections, Congress won 28 seats out of 48 in Maharashtra. In the state assembly elections of February 1990, the alliance between the Shiv Sena and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] posed a tough challenge to Congress. Congress fell short of an absolute majority in the state assembly, winning 141 seats out of 288. Pawar was sworn in as chief minister again on 4 March 1990, with the support of 12 independent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members of the legislative assembly]] (MLAs).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}<br /> <br /> ===Early 1990s===<br /> During his 1991 election campaign, former Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] was [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassinated]]. The party elected [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]] as the party president. It was expected that the party president would become the prime minister in the event of a Congress victory.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/22/world/assassination-in-india-indians-express-anger-revulsion-and-disbelief.html|title=ASSASSINATION IN INDIA; Indians Express Anger, Revulsion and Disbelief|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 April 2009|date=22 May 1991 | first=Sanjoy | last=Hazarika}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/24/world/assassination-india-replacing-dynasty-congress-party-scrambling-deal-with-its.html|title=Assassination in India: Replacing a Dynasty; Congress Party Is Scrambling to Deal With Its Dependence on One Family|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=5 April 2009|date=24 May 1991 | first=Barbara | last=Crossette}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The [[Indian National Congress#Structure and composition|Congress Parliamentary Party]] (party MPs) unanimously elected P.V. Narasimha Rao as their leader, and he was sworn in as prime minister on 21 June 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sitapati2018&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Vinay|last=Sitapati|title=The Man who Remade India: A Biography of P.V. Narasimha Rao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUxUDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-069285-8|page=98}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rao named Pawar as the defence minister. On 26 June 1991, Pawar took over that portfolio and held it until March 1993. After Pawar's successor in Maharashtra, [[Sudhakarrao Naik]], stepped down following the [[Bombay riots]], Rao asked Pawar to serve again as chief minister of the state. Pawar was sworn in as chief minister for his fourth term on 6 March 1993. Almost immediately, Mumbai experienced a series of [[1993 Bombay bombings|bomb blasts]], on 12 March 1993. Pawar's response to the blasts attracted controversy. More than a decade later, Pawar admitted that he had &quot;deliberately misled&quot; people following the bombings by saying that there were &quot;13 and not 12&quot; explosions, and had added the name of a Muslim-dominated locality to show that people from both communities had been affected.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pawar&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=To keep the peace, I misled people on '93 blasts: Pawar|work=The Indian Express|location=India|date=12 August 2006|url=http://www.indiaexplained.com/fullstory.php?content_id=10419|access-date=16 March 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716192416/http://www.indiaexplained.com/fullstory.php?content_id=10419|archive-date=16 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; He attempted to justify this deception by claiming that it was a move to prevent communal riots, by falsely portraying that both the Hindu and Muslim communities in the city had been adversely affected. He also admitted to lying about evidence recovered and misleading people into believing that it pointed to the [[Tamil Tigers]] as possible suspects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pawar&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mid-to-late 1990s===<br /> In 1993, the Deputy Commissioner of the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]], [[G. R. Khairnar]], made a series of accusations against Pawar for being involved in corruption and protecting criminals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=G R Khairnar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/G-R-Khairnar/articleshow/30881132.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 February 2011|date=10 December 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Mhasawade|first=Shashank|title=HC reinstates Khairnar with full benefits|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970705/18650923.html|publisher=Indian Expr5, 2011|work=Indian Express|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219125848/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970705/18650923.html|archive-date=19 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though Khairnar could not produce any evidence in support of his claims, it inevitably affected Pawar's popularity. Notable social worker [[Anna Hazare]] started a fast-unto-death to demand the expulsion of 12 officers of the Maharashtra state forest department who had been accused of corruption. The opposition parties accused Pawar's government of trying to shield the corrupt officers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=5 April 2011 |title=Indian activist Anna Hazare begins anti-graft fast |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12968151 |work=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[1994 Gowari stampede]] occurred at [[Nagpur]], during the [[Winter Session of Maharashtra State Assembly|winter session]] of the state assembly, and killed 114 people. [[Nagpur Police]] were trying to disperse almost 50,000 [[Gowari]] and [[Vanjari_caste|Vanjari]] protesters using [[baton charge]]s, but the police created panic and triggered a stampede amongst protesters.&lt;ref name=&quot;TIE19981231&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dani exonerates Pawar; Govt rejects report |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981231/36550294.html |date=31 December 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511073706/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981231/36550294.html |archive-date=11 May 2008 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=Express News Service |access-date=12 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Allegations were made that the mishap occurred because the welfare minister, Madhukarrao Pichad, did not meet with the delegation of the Vanjari people in time. Though Pichad, accepting responsibility for the mishap, stepped down, this incident was another setback to Pawar's government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Hindu: Latest News today from India and the World, Breaking news, Top Headlines and Trending News Videos. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After 16 years of [[protest]] by the [[Namantar Andolan]] (Name-change Movement), the state government finally renamed [[Marathwada University]] to [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]] on 14 January 1994, the compromise new name being an expansion of the old name (''Namvistar'') rather than a complete change of name (''Namanatar''). As chief minister, Pawar announced a few developments in university departments.&lt;ref&gt;Damle, J. S. (2001). Beyond Economic Development: A Case Study of Marathwada, Mittal Publications, pp. 140–146&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clarify|reason=did Pawar make few (very little) developments, or did he make few (a few) developments?|date=January 2025}}<br /> <br /> New elections to the [[Vidhan Sabha]] were held in 1995. The Shiv Sena-BJP coalition was leading Congress in the polls, and there was widespread rebellion in the Congress party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2004-11-05 |title=Campaign Expenditures in the United States, 1995-1996: Detailed Report File |url=https://doi.org/10.3886/icpsr03587 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=ICPSR Data Holdings}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiv Sena-BJP won 138 seats while Congress retained only 80 seats in the state assembly. Pawar had to step down, and Shiv Sena leader [[Manohar Joshi]] took over as chief minister on 14 March 1995. Until the Lok Sabha elections of 1996, Pawar served as the [[Opposition (parliamentary)|Leader of the Opposition]] in the state assembly. In the 1996 general elections, Pawar won the Baramati seat in the Lok Sabha and left the state assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |chapter=Financing the 1996 Presidential General Election |date=2016-07-01 |title=Financing the 1996 Election |pages=79–110 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315501857-11 |access-date=2026-02-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-50185-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 1997, Pawar unsuccessfully challenged [[Sitaram Kesri]] for the post of [[President of the Indian National Congress]]. In the mid-term parliamentary elections of 1998, Pawar not only won his constituency, Baramati, but also led Congress to a win by a large majority{{Clarify|reason=vague|date=January 2016}} of Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituencies. Congress was aligned with the [[Republican Party of India (Athvale)]] and the [[Samajwadi Party]] for the Lok Sabha elections in Maharashtra. The Congress party won 33 Lok Sabha seats outright, and the allied Republican Party of India won 4 more, for a total of 37 out of 48 in the state. Pawar served as Leader of the Opposition in the 12th Lok Sabha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Ujjwal Kumar |chapter=The First General Elections |date=2019-10-10 |title=Election Commission of India |pages=44–125 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199494255.003.0002 |access-date=2026-02-17 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-949425-5 |last2=Roy |first2=Anupama}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Formation of the Nationalist Congress Party===<br /> In 1999, after the 12th Lok Sabha was dissolved and elections to the 13th Lok Sabha were called, Pawar, [[P. A. Sangma]], and [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]] demanded that the party propose someone native-born as the prime ministerial candidate, instead of the Italian-born [[Sonia Gandhi]], who had entered party politics and replaced Kesri as Congress president. This led to the trio's expulsion from the party by the [[Congress Working Committee]] (CWC).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kidwai2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Rasheed|last=Kidwai|title=Sonia: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CobDtBQVGgC&amp;pg=PR9|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341686-9|page=109}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response, Pawar and Sangma founded the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in June 1999. Despite the falling out, the new party aligned with the Congress party to form a coalition government in Maharashtra after the [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999 state assembly elections]] to prevent the Shiv Sena-BJP combine from returning to power.&lt;ref&gt;Palshikar, S., Birmal, N. and Ghotale, V., Centre for Advanced Studies, Dept. of Politics and Public Administration, University of Pune, 2010 CAS Occasional Paper Series: No. 4. page 14 [https://www.unipune.ac.in/dept/mental_moral_and_social_science/politics_and_public_administration/ppa_webfiles/pdf/OccasionalPaper-CAS/Coalition%20_CAS_%20Prof%20Palshikarnewx.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; Pawar, however, did not return to state politics and [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] of Congress was chosen as chief minister, with [[Chagan Bhujbal]] representing the NCP as deputy chief minister.<br /> <br /> ===Minister of Agriculture in UPA government===<br /> [[File:Shri Sharad Pawar assumes the charge of Union Minister for Agriculture, Food &amp; Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution in New Delhi on May 24, 2004.jpg|thumb|Pawar assumes the charge of Union Minister for Agriculture, Food &amp; Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution in New Delhi on 24 May 2004]]<br /> <br /> After the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, Pawar joined the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) government headed by Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] as the [[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Minister of Agriculture]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Baru2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Sanjaya|last=Baru|title=The Accidental Prime Minister: The Making and Unmaking of Manmohan Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zbs0AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT6|date=5 July 2015|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-638-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; He retained his portfolio when the UPA coalition government was reelected in 2009. He faced several crises and controversies during his tenure as Agriculture Minister. Critics also point out that during his tenure as the Minister of Agriculture, he spent more time on cricket in his role as the President of BCCI than on his ministerial duties.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phadnis2009&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Wheat imports ====<br /> In 2007, the BJP asked for Pawar's resignation after alleging he was involved in a multi-crore Indian rupee (INR) scam involving wheat imports. In May 2007, a tender floated by the [[Food Corporation of India]] (FCI) for the procurement of wheat was cancelled when the lowest bid received was for US$263/ton. The government subsequently allowed private traders to purchase wheat directly from farmers that year, resulting in a paucity of wheat to stock FCI granaries. By July 2007, the shortage at FCI had become large enough to require the import of wheat at a much higher price of 320–360 USD/ton. Taking advantage of this, traders who had domestically purchased wheat at 900 INR/ton earlier were now offering the same to FCI at 1,300 INR/ton.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailypioneer.com/indexn12.asp?main_variable=NATION&amp;file_name=nt2%2Etxt&amp;counter_img=2 BJP seeks Pawar's resignation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811075111/http://www.dailypioneer.com/indexn12.asp?main_variable=NATION&amp;file_name=nt2.txt&amp;counter_img=2|date=11 August 2007}} The Pioneer – 13 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : National : Wheat import scandalous: BJP |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/13/stories/2007071354361500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716040146/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/13/stories/2007071354361500.htm |archive-date=2007-07-16 |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=www.hindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Agricultural produce prices====<br /> As the Minister of Agriculture, Pawar was consistently accused of colluding in the extreme hike in prices of agricultural produce:<br /> * '''Wheat import in 2007''' – The [[Bombay High Court]] issued notices to Union Agriculture Minister Pawar, questioning the decision to import defective red wheat, and asking for a directive to submit details of the procurement of the crop from different states and the exact process of importing it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Clarification-on-wheat-imports-sought/article15734959.ece|title=Clarification on wheat imports sought|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 February 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Wheat scam notice to Pawar |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071129/asp/nation/story_8606448.asp |date=29 November 2007 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107090636/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071129/asp/nation/story_8606448.asp |archive-date=7 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Sugar prices in 2009''' – Opposition parties, including the BJP and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], accused Pawar of engineering a steep rise in the price of sugar to the advantage of hoarders and importers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Sandeep|title=Sugar scam brewing, says Brinda Karat |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/07/stories/2009080760021100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810185210/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/07/stories/2009080760021100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2009 |date=7 August 2009 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Wheat, Sugar, Rice, and Bean prices in 2009–2010''' – The opposition accused Pawar of being responsible for the issue of spiralling prices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=BJP demands Sharad Pawar's resignation, CBI probe into 'scams' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_bjp-demands-sharad-pawar-s-resignation-cbi-probe-into-scams_1338819 |date=24 January 2010 |website=Dnaindia.com |publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=7 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Farmer suicides====<br /> Since the 1990s, India has witnessed a high number of farmer suicides-over 10,000 each year, totaling more than 200,000 between 1997 and 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indiatribune.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=5389:every-12-hours-one-farmer-commits-suicide-in-india&amp;catid=106:magazine Every 12 hours, one farmer commits suicide in India]. Indiatribune.com (6 November 2010). Retrieved on 21 May 2014. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828052301/http://www.indiatribune.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=5389:every-12-hours-one-farmer-commits-suicide-in-india&amp;catid=106:magazine |date=28 August 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, as the Minister of Agriculture, Pawar was criticised for downplaying the rate of farmer suicide in the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sud2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Surinder|last=Sud|title=The Changing Profile of Indian Agriculture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUvKm-C1qDIC&amp;pg=PP7|year=2009|publisher=Business Standard Books|isbn=978-81-905735-5-9|page=87}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, he claimed at that time that his department was taking the necessary steps to reduce the numbers.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140521164325/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/farmer-suicide-is-a-normal-thing-pawar/12245-4-single.html Farmer suicide is a normal thing: Pawar – IBNLive]. Ibnlive.in.com. Retrieved on 21 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anttila |first=Ahti |date=2013-01-17 |title=Alternative technologies in cervical cancer screening |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/isrctn23885553 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=isrctn.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; His ministry initiated a series of government inquiries to look into the causes of farmers' suicides in 2012. In 2013, Pawar admitted that the suicides were a serious issue with many factors being responsible, and he said the government was increasing investment in agriculture and raising the minimum prices of crops to increase farmers' income.&lt;ref&gt;Stephenson, W. (22 January 2013). &quot;Indian farmers and suicide: How big is the problem?&quot; BBC News. Retrieved from [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21077458]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Promotion of endosulfan====<br /> Even though the pesticide [[endosulfan]] has been banned, India is slow to phase it out.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=no source on the current phasing out of endosulfan in India, could be outdated}} Despite its known [[Endosulfan#Health effects|negative health effects]], Pawar remarked that endosulfan has not yet proved dangerous. This remark prompted activist Dr [[Vandana Shiva]] to call him a corrupt minister.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/18/stories/2011041854300700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421075151/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/18/stories/2011041854300700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2011 |title=Tamil Nadu News: India should join consensus on Endosulfan ban: Vandana Shiva |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 April 2011 |access-date=26 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://agrariancrisis.in/2011/06/28/ban-endosulfan/ |title=Indian Agrarian Crisis – Ban Endosulfan |publisher=Agrariancrisis.in |access-date=26 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426020742/http://agrariancrisis.in/2011/06/28/ban-endosulfan/ |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article381407.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103235042/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article381407.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2014 |title=Kerala: Ban endosulfan, says Vandana Shiva |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=17 April 2011 |access-date=26 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Other issues ====<br /> In 2012, Pawar gave up the chairmanship of the Empowered Group of Ministers investigating the [[2G spectrum case]], days after his appointment by the prime minister, fearing that his association with the decision-making process would drag him into the 2G Spectrum controversy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pawar-quits-as-chairman-of-telecom-egom/969590/ | title= Pawar quits as chairman of telecom EGoM| date=3 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011, he resigned from the committee that was reviewing the draft of the anti-corruption [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013|Lokpal bill]] after his involvement was criticised by the [[anti-corruption]] campaigner, [[Anna Hazare]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sardesai2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Rajdeep|last=Sardesai|title=2014: The Election That Changed India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJBuBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT6|date=22 May 2015|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-010-2|pages=6–}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Career since 2014===<br /> In January 2012, Pawar announced that he would not contest the [[2014 Lok Sabha elections]], to make way for young leadership.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NCP-chief-Sharad-Pawar-to-make-way-for-GenNext-in-2014/articleshow/11667896.cms |title=NCP chief Sharad Pawar to make way for GenNext in 2014 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130085834/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-29/india/30675770_1_ajit-pawar-ncp-leaders-supriya-sule |archive-date=30 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pawar is at present a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]]. He was elected to the body in April 2014 for a six-year term. He lost his ministerial position after the BJP-led NDA defeated the ruling UPA government, in which Pawar was the minister of agriculture, in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general elections]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wallace2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Wallace|title=India's 2014 Elections: A Modi-led BJP Sweep|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7aICwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA284|date=7 July 2015|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-93-5150-188-6|page=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pawar's NCP also lost power in Maharashtra after the [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014 assembly elections]]. The BJP won a plurality of seats in the new assembly and initially formed a minority government with outside support from the NCP.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Maha twist: Sharad Pawar's NCP offers outside support to BJP, Shiv Sena waiting in the wings |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/maharashtra/story/maharashtra-elections-results-ncp-sharad-pawar-bjp-government-223810-2014-10-19 |date=19 October 2014 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=28 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The BJP's estranged ally, the Shiv Sena, later joined the BJP-led government, and that government then did not need the support of the NCP. In May 2017, Pawar ruled out being a candidate for the June [[2017 Indian presidential election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Presidential Election 2017: Sharad Pawar rules himself out, says don't want to retire from politics |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/presidential-election-2017-sharad-pawar-rules-himself-out-says-dont-want-to-retire-from-politics/693464/ |date=30 May 2017 |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |access-date=31 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 2019 elections to the Lok Sabha, Pawar's NCP and the Congress party had a seat-sharing arrangement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Raj Thackeray, Dhananjay Munde in demand to campaign for Cong |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/maharashtra/raj-thackeray-dhananjay-munde-in-demand-to-campaign-for-cong/articleshow/68833350.cms |work=April 11 |agency=PTI |date=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, despite ideological differences, the BJP and Shiv Sena once again contested the elections together under the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) banner.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Opinion Poll: BJP-Shiv Sena may lose 8 seats in Maharashtra, Congress-NCP to improve figures |url=https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/opinion-poll-lok-sabha-elections-2019-bjp-shiv-sena-seats-maharashtra-congress-ncp-sharad-pawar-devendra-fadnavis--article-216712.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417175255/https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/opinion-poll-lok-sabha-elections-2019-bjp-shiv-sena-seats-maharashtra-congress-ncp-sharad-pawar-devendra-fadnavis--article-216712.html|archive-date=17 April 2019 |issue=23 March |publisher=News Nation |date=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The election resulted in a landslide victory for [[Narendra Modi]]'s BJP. Out of the 48 seats in [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]], the Congress party won only one seat in the state, whereas the NCP won five seats from its stronghold of western Maharashtra.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.esakal.com/loksabha-2019/result |title=Lok Shaba 2019 Results in Marathi |website=www.esakal.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523092022/https://www.esakal.com/loksabha-2019/result |archive-date=23 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 2019 Lok Sabha elections were followed by elections to the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Vidhan Sabh]]a in October 2019.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Predictions for the state's ruling BJP–Shiv Sena alliance to win by a large margin led to a steady stream of defections from the NCP to the ruling alliance. Pawar campaigned for the NCP-Congress alliance during the 2019 Maharashtra assembly elections, during which the alliance increased its seat count compared to the previous election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Koustav |title=66 rallies, 54 seats: Sharad Pawar shows how to counter BJP in elections |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election/story/66-rallies-54-seats-sharad-pawar-shows-how-to-counter-bjp-in-elections-1612879-2019-10-25 |access-date=29 January 2020 |work=India Today |issue=25 October 2019 |date=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Against predictions, the actual voting left the ruling alliance with fewer seats than in 2014. Differences between the Shiv Sena and the BJP led to a month of [[2019 Maharashtra political crisis|political drama]], with Pawar and his family playing a pivotal role. The drama ended with the NCP coming back into power on 28 November 2019, as part of a [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|coalition]] between Shiv Sena, Congress, and the NCP, led by the Shiv Sena chief, [[Uddhav Thackeray]], as the new [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|chief minister of Maharashtra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-10-08 |title=Uddhav Thackeray says he will support any CM face declared by Congress, NCP (SP) to 'save' Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/will-support-any-cm-face-declared-by-congress-ncp-sp-to-save-maharashtra-uddhav-thackeray/article68732326.ece |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2020, Pawar was re-elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rajya Sabha election 2020: Sharad Pawar, Ramdas Athawale among 37 elected unopposed, polls to 18 seats on March 26 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-election-2020-sharad-pawar-ramdas-athawale-among-37-elected-unopposed-polls-to-18-seats-on-march-26/1902883/ |date=19 March 2020 |newspaper=Financial Express |agency=PTI |access-date=9 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sharad Pawar, the founder and chief of the NCP since 1999, announced his decision to step down from his post and also his unwillingness to contest elections in the future, at the launch of the second edition of his political memoirs 'Lok Maze Sangati' ('People Accompany Me'). Sharad Pawar has had a long period of public life from 1 May 1958 to 1 May 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Abhinay |title=Sharad Pawar steps down as NCP chief, says 'one has to stop somewhere' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sharad-pawar-steps-down-as-ncp-chief/article66802976.ece |access-date=4 May 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=2 May 2023 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sharad Pawar withdrew his decision to step down as national leader of the National Congress Party, citing the &quot;strong sentiments&quot; his resignation had evoked among party workers as well as leaders across the country. The [[octogenarian]] leader clarified that he would focus on assigning new responsibilities through organisational changes and on creating new leadership.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Deshpande/ Banerjee |first1=Abhinay/ Shoumojit |title=Sharad Pawar takes back decision to resign as NCP chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sharad-pawar-takes-back-his-decision-to-resign-as-ncp-national-president/article66816361.ece |access-date=6 May 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=5 May 2023 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2023 Ajit Pawar's rebellion===<br /> {{Main|2023 Nationalist Congress Party split}}<br /> <br /> In July 2023, Ajit Pawar rebelled against Sharad Pawar, joined the ruling BJP-Shiv Sena government, and took oath as Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra. A majority of NCP's sitting MLAs deserted the party in support of Ajit Pawar. He claimed to the Election Commission that he was the president of the NCP.{{Attribution needed|date=January 2025}} Later, in his followers' first public meeting, he claimed ownership over the party, including both its name and election symbol. This rebellion resulted in a tussle in the party between those who stayed loyal to Sharad Pawar and those who supported Ajit Pawar, similar to the [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis|2022 Shiv Sena political crisis]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sharad-pawar-vs-ajit-pawar-battle-for-ncp-symbol-amid-ajit-pawars-ncp-control-push-loyalist-mlas-moved-to-a-hotel-4181713&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN3_3b3fn_AhVrbmwGHQFyD_4Q0PADKAB6BAgxEAE&amp;usg=AOvVaw0DcZwwfgRvYfYWHdB_Lj_O Unknown]{{Dead link | date=April 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, he launched the Sharad Pawar Inspire Fellowship for agriculture graduates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sharad Pawar Inspire Fellowship: लेखकांना 'घडवण्या'चा अनोखा उपक्रम |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/editorial/ravivar-mata/yashwantrao-chavan-center-launched-sharad-pawar-inspire-fellowship/articleshow/116099769.cms |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, in late 2024, Pawar, while addressing a meeting in [[Baramati]], stated that he might not seek re‑election to the [[Rajya Sabha]] when his term ended in April 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=Sharad Pawar, 83, to retire from politics? NCP stalwart reveals future plan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/sharad-pawar-hints-at-retirement-maharashtra-assembly-election-2628354-2024-11-05 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, to the contrary he contested the [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]] and was re-elected unopposed to the [[Rajya Sabha]] for a third consecutive term.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-03-10 |title=Sharad Pawar, Ramdas Athawale among 26 elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-26-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-maharashtra-bihar-tamil-nadu/article70723983.ece |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Member of the coordination committee of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===<br /> Pawar has been appointed a member of the Coordination Committee of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] at its Mumbai convention on 1 September 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-07-19 |title=Opposition alliance named 'INDIA', 11-member coordination committee to decide on all important issues |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/opposition-alliance-named-india-to-hold-third-meeting-in-mumbai/articleshow/101860451.cms |access-date=2023-09-01 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mritunjay |title=Sharad Pawar, Tejashwi, Raghav Chadha Named In I.N.D.I.A's 13-Member Coordination Panel |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/india-coordination-committee-announcement-members-arvind-kejriwal-mamata-banerjee-nitish-kumar-1626766 |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=ABP Live |date=September 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The coordination committee will decide the national agenda, common campaign issues and common program of the country's main opposition alliance (I.N.D.I.A.).<br /> <br /> ==Electoral performance==<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Election candidature history<br /> |-<br /> ! |Election<br /> ! |Year<br /> ! colspan = &quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! |Constituency<br /> ! colspan = &quot;3&quot; |Opponent<br /> ! |Result<br /> ! |Margin<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]<br /> <br /> |{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br /> |B.S. Kakade<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|N/A}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}<br /> |Vijay Hanumantrao More<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|N/A}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> | Vijay Hanumantrao More<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|18,638}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> | Marutrao Dhondiba Chopade<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|28,369}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | Shahajiraje Mugutrao Kakade<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|18,044}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}<br /> | Marutrao Dhondiba Chopade<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|88,223}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan = &quot;7&quot;|[[Loksabha]]<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}<br /> |rowspan = &quot;6&quot;|[[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Shankarrao Bajirao Patil]]<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|140,532}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]^<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |Dr. Pratibha Lokhande<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|4,59,659}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}<br /> |[[Shankarrao Bajirao Patil]]<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|160,501}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | Viraj Babulal Kakade<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|268,184}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (pre–2023)}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |Dr. Pratibha Lokhande<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|298,903}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (pre–2023)}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |Prithviraj Sahebrao Jachak<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|422,975}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (pre–2023)}}<br /> |rowspan = &quot;1&quot;|[[Madha Lok Sabha constituency|Madha]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |[[Subhash Deshmukh]]<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|314,459}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|[[Rajyasabha]]<br /> |[[2014 Rajya Sabha elections|2014]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (pre–2023)}}<br /> |rowspan = &quot;3&quot;|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|-}}<br /> |- <br /> |[[2020 Rajya Sabha elections|2020]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (pre–2023)}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|-}}<br /> |- <br /> |[[2026 Rajya Sabha elections|2026]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{yes2|Won}}<br /> |{{yes2|-}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Sports administration==<br /> Pawar has held leadership roles in several [[Sport|sports]] organizations, including:<br /> * [[Mumbai Cricket Association]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/Sharad-Pawar-resigns-as-MCA-president/article16896357.ece|title=Sharad Pawar resigns as MCA president|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 February 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Maharashtra]] Wrestling Association<br /> * [[Maharashtra]] Kabbadi Association<br /> * [[Maharashtra]] Kho Kho Association<br /> * [[Maharashtra]] Olympics Association<br /> * [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]], President 2005–2008<br /> * [[International Cricket Council]] Vice President&lt;ref&gt;[http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/about-icc/executive.html International Cricket Council – ICC Events, ICC Cricket Rankings, Live Cricket Scores, ODI Fantasy League, Test Predictor] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107065507/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/about-icc/executive.html |date=7 January 2009 }}. Icc-cricket.yahoo.com (3 July 1951). Retrieved on 30 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[International Cricket Council]] President&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8778604.stm | work=BBC News | title=Pawar takes over as ICC president | date=1 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Educational institutions==<br /> In 1972, Pawar founded Vidya Pratishthan. The organization operates schools and colleges specializing in information technology and biotechnology in Baramati and other locations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About us|url=https://vidyapratishthan.com/vpc/?page_id=18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425160027/https://vidyapratishthan.com/vpc/?page_id=18|archive-date=25 April 2024|date=2011|website=Vidya Pratishthan|access-date=23 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GojeGornale2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Amol C.|last1=Goje|first2=Shivanand S.|last2=Gornale|first3=Pravin L.|last3=Yannawar|title=Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference on Emerging Trends in Information Technology (eIT-2007)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHwsuHUFq0EC&amp;pg=PA3|date=September 2011|publisher=I. K. International Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-89866-63-1|pages=3–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pawar is associated with the ''Hon. Sharad Pawar Public School,''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.sppskalwan.org/info/about-us |date=2015 |website=Hon. Sharad Pawar Public School |access-date=30 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065801/http://www.sppskalwan.org/info/about-us |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clarify|reason=In what capacity he is associated with this school, is he a member of any committee or he is a trustee.|date=January 2022}} under the ''Shree Gurudatta Education Society'';{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} Sharad Pawar International School, Pune and the [[Sharad Pawar Cricket Academy]], near Mumbai. Pawar is the current president of the century-old educational organisation [[Rayat Shikshan Sanstha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 April 2024 |title=Rayat Shikshan Sanstha Administrative Setup |url=http://rayatshikshan.edu/Content.aspx?ID=958&amp;PID=956|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121052036/http://rayatshikshan.edu/Content.aspx?ID=958&amp;PID=956|archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=Rayat Shikshan Sanstha}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Update after|2022|1|17|reason=Is this statement is still showing present situation, is he still chief of Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, clarify, add year.}}<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> {{Criticism section|date=May 2025}}<br /> <br /> ===Criminal links===<br /> In 1992–93, then-Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Sudhakarrao Naik]] made a statement that the state leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] party and erstwhile-Chief Minister Pawar had asked him to &quot;go easy on [[Pappu Kalani]]&quot;, a well-known criminal turned politician.&lt;ref name=fear&gt;{{cite news|title=The F-factor: Kalani certain of clean sweep |first=Gouri |last=Shah |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/880573.cms |date=11 October 2004 |access-date=24 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025171356/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/880573.cms |archive-date=25 October 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiv Sena chief, [[Bal Thackeray]], later concurred with these allegations.&lt;ref name=express2&gt;{{cite news | title = Thackeray blames Pawar for rise in crime | agency = PTI | work = [[The Indian Express]] | url = http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19981118/32250044.html | date = 18 November 1998 | access-date = 22 February 2009 | archive-date = 21 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120121091206/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19981118/32250044.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Further, Chief Minister Naik also alleged that it was possible that Kalani and [[Hitendra Thakur]], another criminal-turned-politician from [[Virar]], had been given tickets to the contest election for the Maharashtra State Legislature at the behest of Pawar, who also put in a word for Naik with the police when the latter was arrested for his role in post-[[Demolition of the Babri Masjid]] riots in Mumbai.&lt;ref name=express1&gt;{{cite news | title = Pawar men rattled by Naik's outburst | first = Prafulla | last = Marpakwar | work = [[The Indian Express]] | url = http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970507/12750503.html | date = 7 May 1997| access-date = 22 February 2009| url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140219130604/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970507/12750503.html | archive-date = 19 February 2014 | df = dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Pawar is also alleged to have close links with the underworld don [[Dawood Ibrahim]]<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pawar's Time Of Reckoning|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200790|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202180500/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200790|archive-date=2 February 2014|publisher=Outlook India|access-date=6 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; through Ibrahim's henchman Lakhan Singh, based in the [[Middle East]], and a close relationship with [[Shahid Balwa]], who is also a suspect in the [[2G spectrum case]]. These allegations were strengthened by the revelation of the involvement of [[Vinod Goenka]], Balwa's business partner, in a controversial commercial project in [[Yerwada]], Pune, which was being constructed under the same survey number as Pawar's family friend, Atul Chordia, had constructed the Panchshil Tech Park. BJP leader [[Eknath Khadse]] alleged that it was Balwa who had applied for environmental clearance for the two projects, a charge that Chordia refuted. Coincidentally, Chordia's Panchshil Pvt. Ltd. has Pawar's daughter, [[Supriya Sule]], and her husband, Sadanand, as investors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Will Maharashtra forgive Sharad Pawar? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post_will-maharashtra-forgive-sharad-pawar_1581568 |website=DNA India |access-date=6 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314185021/http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post_will-maharashtra-forgive-sharad-pawar_1581568 |archive-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The state government's decision to hand over a 3-acre plot of the Yerwada police station for &quot;redevelopment&quot; to Balwa was retracted following Balwa's arrest. For several years, confusion existed about the number of blasts in the [[1993 Bombay bombings|1993 Bombay Bombings]], whether they were 12 or 13 in number. This was because Pawar, the then chief minister of [[Maharashtra]], stated on television that day that there had been 13 blasts, and included a Muslim-dominated locality in the list. He later revealed that he had lied on purpose and that there had been only 12 blasts, none of them in Muslim-dominated areas; he also confessed that he had attempted to mislead the public into believing that the blasts could be the work of the [[LTTE]], a Sri Lankan militant organization, when in fact intelligence reports had already confirmed to him that Mumbai's Muslim underworld (known as the &quot;D-Company,&quot; a reference to [[Dawood Ibrahim]]) were the perpetrators of the serial blasts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=1993 Mumbai Blasts: When Sharad Pawar made up a thirteenth blast |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/1993-mumbai-blasts-when-sharad-pawar-made-up-a-thirteenth-blast |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Land allotment===<br /> On 27 October 2007, the Bombay High Court served notices to institutions headed by Pawar, [[Ajit Pawar]], and Sadanand Sule (Pawar's son-in-law), along with a corresponding notice served to the Maharashtra Krishna Valley Development Corporation (MKVDC) on why special privileges were given to Pawar and his family. This was done in consideration of [[Public Interest Litigation]] No. 148 of 2006, filed by Shamsunder Potare, alleging that the said 2002 land allocations in Pune were illegal. The institutions and properties mentioned include:<br /> * Two {{convert|141.15|acre|ha|adj=on}} plots were allotted to Vidya Pratishthan, an educational society headed by Sharad Pawar.<br /> * A {{convert|2|acre|ha|adj=on}} plot allotted to Anant Smriti Pratishthan, headed by Ajit Pawar, the Maharashtra state minister for irrigation and Pawar's nephew.<br /> * A {{convert|32.12|acre|ha|adj=on}} plot allotted to Lavasa Corporation, owned by Sule. Sule handed over his share in 2006.{{clarify|date=November 2014}}{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}<br /> * A {{convert|1|acre|ha|adj=on}} plot allotted to Shivajinagar Agriculture College.<br /> * A {{convert|3|acre|ha|adj=on}} plot allotted to the Sharadchandraji Scout and Guide Training Institute.<br /> <br /> These allocations were allegedly made by NCP leader and minister Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar, who was in charge of MKVDC at the time.&lt;ref name=tribune1&gt;{{cite news|title=Pawar in trouble over land allotment |first=Shiv |last=Kumar |publisher=[[Tribune India]] |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071028/nation.htm#3 |date=27 October 2007 |access-date=22 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331060225/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071028/nation.htm |archive-date=31 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ndtv1&gt;{{cite news|title=HC notices to Sharad Pawar, family |first=Shloka |last=Nath |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070030856 |date=27 October 2007 |access-date=22 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230042334/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070030856 |archive-date=30 December 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pawar was served a [[contempt of court]] notice on 1 May 2008 in connection with this case for issuing statements to the press even though the matter was ''subjudice'' at the time. Also, in connection with the case, the respondents were instructed not to create third-party interests in the disputed property and to undertake any developments at their own risk.&lt;ref name=bhc1&gt;{{cite news | title = CIVIL APPLICATION NO.101/2007 in PIL NO.148/2006 | author = Judge Bilal Nazki and Judge S. A. Bobde | publisher = [[Bombay High Court]] | url = http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/data/civil/2008/CAI361008120308.pdf<br /> | date = 12 March 2008 | access-date = 7 November 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131018053333/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/data/civil/2008/CAI361008120308.pdf<br /> | archive-date = 18 October 2013 | df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=toi1&gt;{{cite news| title = Notice to Sharad Pawar for contempt | author = Times of India | work = [[Times of India]] | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Notice_to_Sharad_Pawar_for_contempt/rssarticleshow/2999716.cms | date = 1 May 2008 | access-date = 7 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===IPL exemption from tax controversy===<br /> In 2010, in the case of tax exemptions of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), Shiv Sena MLA [[Subhash Desai]] alleged that the state cabinet decided in January to impose the tax, before the year's IPL season started, but the decision was not implemented because of NCP chief Pawar's association with the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tax-exemptions-for-rich-costs-govt-rs-4-6l-cr/articleshow/11149543.cms|title=Tax exemptions for rich costs govt Rs 4.6L cr |website=The Times of India|date=18 December 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bombay High Court in August 2010 said there was &quot;''nothing on record''&quot; to show that the Union Minister influenced the Maharashtra government's decision to exempt Indian Premier League matches from entertainment tax.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-24/news/27613804_1_entertainment-tax-ipl-exemption|title=No proof to show Pawar influenced IPL exemption from tax: HC|date=24 August 2010|website=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015132453/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-24/news/27613804_1_entertainment-tax-ipl-exemption|archive-date=15 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Asset declaration===<br /> In 2011, Pawar declared his assets to be worth {{INRConvert|120|m|nolink=yes|year=2011}} as part of a mandatory disclosure, but his critics claimed that his wealth far exceeded the stated amount.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-most-hated-politicians/20111207.htm India's Most Hated Politicians: Sharad Pawar], Rediff.com, 7 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Abhay Vaidya &amp; Partha Sarathi Biswas. [http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_sharad-pawar-fooled-all-with-rs12-crore-assets-disclosure_1586905 Sharad Pawar fooled all with Rs12 crore assets disclosure]. DNA, 14 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, it was alleged that the Pawar family indirectly held a 16% stake in the City Corporation, which had bid {{INRConvert|11.76|b|nolink=yes|year=2010}} for the Pune franchise of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). Pawar and his family denied the allegations, but the bidders' board of the IPL contradicted their claims.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131015191606/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-06/india/28313302_1_deshpande-bid-pawar-sule-lap-finance IPL bidder's January 31 board resolution contradicts Pawar &amp; Sule's claims]. The Times of India, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100608162801/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ipl-controversy-refuses-to-shed-pawar--family/122045-37-64.html Pawar &amp; family get entangled in IPL mess], IBNLive 25 June 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_ipl-scam-most-serious-blow-to-sharad-pawar-s-power-credibility_1392793 IPL scam most serious blow to Sharad Pawar's power, credibility], DNA, 7 June 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Nira Radia's allegations===<br /> In 2011, under investigation of the [[2G spectrum case]], [[Radia tapes controversy|Nira Radia]] told the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) that Agriculture Minister Pawar may be controlling the controversial DB Realty. According to the reports, she also told the investigative agency that Pawar may have spoken with former telecom minister [[A. Raja]] about the allocation of spectrum and licence to [[Etisalat#Etisalat – India|Swan Telecom]]. Radia also said that she had no documentary proof to support her allegations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Sharad-Pawar-controlls-DB-Realty-Niira-Radia-to-CBI/Article1-685047.aspx |title=Hindustan Times - Archive News |access-date=31 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915021903/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Sharad-Pawar-controlls-DB-Realty-Niira-Radia-to-CBI/Article1-685047.aspx |archive-date=15 September 2012 }} Sharad Pawar {{sic|controlls|expected=controls}} DB Realty: Niira Radia to CBI, Hindustan Times 14 April 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Pawar has denied any link with former DB managing director [[Shahid Balwa]], who is now in CBI custody.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 February 2011 |title=Pawar denies links with DB Realty's Shahid Balwa |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pawar-denies-links-with-db-realtys-shahid-balwa/articleshow/7475400.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128161708/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pawar-denies-links-with-db-realtys-shahid-balwa/articleshow/7475400.cms |archive-date=28 January 2025 |access-date=28 January 2025 |work=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Lavasa===<br /> Pawar is alleged to have demanded compensation for allowing the planned city of [[Lavasa]] to be constructed. When Lavasa Corporation was receiving necessary clearances from the government of Maharashtra, relatives of Pawar had part-ownership of the company developing the project.&lt;ref name=nepotism1&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/special_lavasa-trail-reinforces-the-sharad-pawar-connection-and-ipl-link_1486204|title=Lavasa trail reinforces the Sharad Pawar connection &amp; IPL link|first=Abhay|last=Vaidya|publisher=DNA|date=26 December 2010|place=Pune|access-date=21 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pawar's daughter and son-in-law had more than 20% ownership between 2002 and 2004, and they later sold their stakes.&lt;ref name=nepo&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article859868.ece|title=Symbolic of luxury, Lavasa is built on irregularities|first=Amruta|last=Byatnal|date=31 October 2010|access-date=21 February 2011|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A nephew of his was chairman of Maharashtra Krishna Valley Development Corporation (MKVDC) when the MKVDC signed off on lease agreements for Lavasa and allowed it to store water and build dams.&lt;ref name=nepotism1/&gt;&lt;!-- added following two references from pricing scandals, where they didn't seem to belong --&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/33283 Sharad Pawar's, Ajit Pawar's and Supriya Sule's names also prominently figure in the multi-crore Lavasa land scam]. Downtoearth.org.in (15 April 2011). Retrieved on 30 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Medha Patkar slams Pawar over alleged involvement in Lavasa project|work=Indian Express|date=22 December 2010|location=Aurangabad}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Comments on the 2010 Pune bombing===<br /> After the [[2010 Pune bombing]] of German Bakery, Pawar appeared to take the incident lightly. He told the reporters, &quot;It is not alright to arrive at a conclusion that the entire Pune city has been targeted. The place where the blast took place is an isolated area.&quot; He added, &quot;When I was Chief Minister, Mumbai saw 11 simultaneous blasts, but everything returned to normal soon.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/9-killed-foreigners-among-57-injured-in-pune-bakery-blast-67272-2010-02-12|title=Not alright to say entire Pune targeted, says Pawar|newspaper=India Today, Headlines Today Bureau|date=13 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Slapping incident===<br /> Pawar was slapped by a youth named Harvinder Singh at the [[New Delhi]] Municipal Corporation Centre while leaving the premises after attending a literary function on 24 November, 2011.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-15868349 BBC News – India agriculture minister Sharad Pawar slapped]. Bbc.co.uk (24 November 2011). Retrieved on 6 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; The attacker, who was previously said to have also assaulted former telecom minister [[Sukh Ram]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-11-19 |title=Sukhram assaulted in court after sentencing, police thrash attacker |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/sukhram-assault-146261-2011-11-18 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; was later arrested in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Singh Sengar |first=Mukesh |date=13 November 2019 |editor-last=Varma |editor-first=Shylaja |title=Man Who Slapped Sharad Pawar In 2011 Arrested By Delhi Police |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/man-who-slapped-sharad-pawar-in-2011-arvinder-singh-arrested-by-delhi-police-2131794 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418020501/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/man-who-slapped-sharad-pawar-in-2011-arvinder-singh-arrested-by-delhi-police-2131794 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=28 January 2025 |work=New Delhi Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Turban controversy===<br /> In 2018, Pawar asked party members to felicitate him with the ''pagadi'' ([[Pagri (turban)|turban]]) of social reformer [[Mahatma Phule]], instead of the usual [[Puneri Pagadi]] worn by [[peshwa]]s (prime ministers) of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]]. In response to criticism that he was &quot;trying to stir up anti-[[Brahmin]] sentiment&quot; and &quot;appeal to [[Dalit]]s&quot;, Pawar said that he wasn't rejecting any section of society but honouring his idols- Phule, [[Babasaheb Ambedkar]], and [[Shahu of Kolhapur|Shahu Maharaj]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pawar clarifies stand on controversial rejection of 'Puneri pagdi', says it was not rejection of any section of society |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pawar-clarifies-stand-on-controversial-rejection-of-puneri-pagdi-says-it-was-not-rejection-of-any-section-of-society/story-wzDkdmAORApkrPaZ3EujpN.html |date=17 June 2018 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=1 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Amid controversy, NCP chief Sharad Pawar raises 'pagadi' issue again |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/amid-controversy-ncp-chief-sharad-pawar-raises-pagadi-issue-again-5220792/ |date=17 June 2018 |newspaper=The Indian Express |agency=Express News Service |access-date=1 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=शाहू फुलेंचा अभिमान म्हणून फुले पगडीचा आग्रह धरला; शरद पवार यांचे स्पष्टीकरण |trans-title=Turban is Meant to Honour Mahatma Phule |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-PUN-IFTM-so-the-fule-insist-on-the-turban-sharad-pawars-explanation-5896932-NOR.html |date=17 June 2018 |newspaper=[[D B Corp Ltd.|Dainik Divya Marathi]] |language=mr |access-date=1 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Details of Criminal Cases===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Criminal Cases where accused<br /> |-<br /> ! IPC Sections !! Criminal Cases(brief)<br /> |-<br /> | IPC Section-409 || charges related to criminal breach of trust by public servant, or by banker, merchant or agent<br /> |-<br /> | IPC Section-406 || charges related to criminal breach of trust<br /> |-<br /> | IPC Section-465 || charges related to forgery<br /> |-<br /> | IPC Section-467 || charges related to Forgery of valuable security, will, etc.<br /> |-<br /> | IPC Section-468 || charges related to Forgery for purpose of cheating<br /> |-<br /> | IPC Section-471 || charges related to Using as genuine a forged document or electronic record<br /> |-<br /> | IPC Section-34 || charges related to Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention<br /> |-<br /> | IPC Section-120B || charges related to Punishment of criminal conspiracy <br /> |-<br /> | IPC Section-420 ||charges related to Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards and honours ==<br /> [[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Shri Sharadchandra Govindrao Pawar, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 30, 2017.jpg|thumb|The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Sharad Pawar, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 30 March 2017]]<br /> * [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2017) – In 2017, Pawar was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian award, on the recommendation of the [[Narendra Modi]]-led BJP government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Anandan|first1=Sujata|title=More to Pawar's Padma award than meets the eye?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/more-to-pawar-s-padma-award-than-meets-the-eye/story-tN4f4lvg6m8ybW8F5vsRwL.html|access-date=9 May 2018|issue=2 February 2017|work=Hindustan Times|date=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The timing of the award was questioned by observers, and some attributed it to the political motivations of the [[BJP]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Manoj |first=C.J. |title=Padma award to Sharad Pawar: Political observers question timing |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/padma-award-to-sharad-pawar-political-observers-question-timing/articleshow/56787616.cms |date=26 January 2017 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=4 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Newsmakers Achievers Awards 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nominations are open for Afternoon Voice's 14th Newsmakers Achievers Awards 2022 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/nominations-are-open-for-afternoon-voices-14th-newsmakers-achievers-awards-202220220317103718/ |website=ANI News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Honoured Lokmat Parliamentary lifetime achievement award in the hands of Vice President [[Venkaiah Naidu|M Venkaiah Naidu]] for parliamentarians who bring about progress, create hope and are a source of inspiration and pride for the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-12-12 |title=Naidu to honour eight parliamentarians for their contribution |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/Dec/12/naidu-to-honour-eight-parliamentarians-for-their-contribution-1910631.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Health==<br /> In 1999, Pawar was diagnosed with [[oral cancer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pawar underwent surgery due to effects of gutkha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/pawar-underwent-surgery-due-to-effects-of-gutkha/articleshow/16302090.cms |date=18 July 2002 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; and had [[oral surgery]] in April 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Soondas |first=Anand |date=4 April 2004 |title=Party pale after Pawar illness |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/party-pale-after-pawar-illness/cid/753492 |access-date=6 April 2021 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2021, he underwent surgery for his [[gallbladder]] problem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Zara |title=NCP chief Sharad Pawar to undergo surgery for gallbladder stones |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/ncp-chief-sharad-pawar-to-undergo-surgery-for-gallbladder-stones-101617004965700.html |date=29 March 2021 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=6 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[First Sharad Pawar ministry]]<br /> * [[Political families of Maharashtra]] <br /> {{Portal bar|politics|Biography|India}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * P. K. Ravindranath (1 February 1992) ''Sharad Pawar- the making of a modern maratha'' South Asia Books. {{ISBN|81-85674-46-9}}<br /> * Page 23 of the Times of India, New Delhi, India, Tuesday, 11 December 2006<br /> * [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7940665.stm Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]''<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130201155344/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=327 Profile at government of India website]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{Twitter}}<br /> <br /> Article based on personal experience with [https://satyajett.com/baramati/sharad-pawar-house-museum-books/ Sharad Pawar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817193449/https://satyajett.com/baramati/sharad-pawar-house-museum-books/ |date=17 August 2018 }}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-off}}<br /> {{s-bef | before = [[Vasantdada Patil]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl | title = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]| years = 18 July 1978 – 17 February 1980}}<br /> {{s-aft | after =[[A R Antule]]}}<br /> {{s-bef | before = [[Shankarrao Chavan]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl | title = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]| years = 26 June 1988 – 25 June 1991}}<br /> {{s-aft | after =[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]}}<br /> {{s-bef | before = [[Chandra Shekhar]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl | title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]| years = 26 June 1991 – 6 March 1993}}<br /> {{s-aft | after =[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]}}<br /> {{s-bef | before = [[Shankarrao Chavan]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl | title = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]| years = 6 March 1993 – 14 March 1995}}<br /> {{s-aft | after =[[Manohar Joshi]]}}<br /> {{s-bef | before = [[Rajnath Singh]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl| title = [[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Minister of Agriculture]]| years = 23 May 2004 - 26 May 2014}}<br /> {{s-aft | after = [[Radha Mohan Singh]]}}<br /> {{s-bef | before = [[Sharad Yadav]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl| title = [[Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (India)|Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]| years = 23 May 2004 - 19 January 2011}}<br /> {{s-aft | after = [[K. V. 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Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Rajasthan&diff=487373 2026-03-22T22:05:56Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Architecture in the Indian state of Rajasthan}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br /> [[File:Jaisalmer forteresse.jpg|thumb|[[Jaisalmer Fort]], originally including the whole city, dominating the more recent city sections below.]]<br /> [[Image:Nagda2.jpg|thumb|One of the [[Sahasra Bahu Temples]] built during the 10th century CE.]]<br /> The architecture of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]] has usually been a regional variant of the style of [[Indian architecture]] prevailing in north India at the time. Rajasthan is especially notable for the forts and palaces of the many [[Rajput]] rulers, which are popular tourist attractions.<br /> <br /> Most of the population of Rajasthan is [[Hindu]], and there has historically been a [[Jainism in Rajasthan|considerable Jain minority]]; this mixture is reflected in the many temples of the region. [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]], or &quot;Solaṅkī style&quot; is a distinctive style that began in Rajasthan and neighbouring [[Gujarat]] around the 11th century, and has been revived and taken to other parts of India and the world by both Hindus and Jains. This represents the main contribution of the region to [[Hindu temple architecture]]. The [[Dilwara Temples|Dilwara Jain Temples]] of [[Mount Abu]] built between the 11th and 13th centuries CE are the best-known examples of this style. <br /> [[File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Screen wall (6133975257).jpg|thumb|Screen of the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] mosque in [[Ajmer]]]]<br /> [[File:Jaipur 03-2016 19 City Palace complex.jpg|thumb|[[City Palace, Jaipur|City Palace]] at [[Jaipur]] was designed by [[Vidyadhar Bhattacharya|Vidyadhar Bhattarcharya]] and built between 1729 and 1732. The architecture of the palace shows clear [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] influences on its Rajput Architecture.]]<br /> <br /> The [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] mosque in [[Ajmer]] (no longer in religious use) is an important early example of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] in a state not otherwise notable for this.<br /> <br /> ==Common features==<br /> The generally arid climate has made [[stepwell]]s (''baoli'' or ''bawdi'') more common than in other parts of India, as well as the distinctive covered ''[[taanka]]'' underground tanks.<br /> [[File:Chittorgarh-Kalika Mata Temple-03-20131014.jpg|thumb|'''Dedicated to the Hindu gods Meera bai, Krishna and Vishnu'''. It was constructed between 1599 and 1608 AD by Queen Kanakwati.]]<br /> Stone carved [[Jaali|''jali'']] screens are very common, both in temples and secular buildings. As well as palaces, many cities have surviving large townhouses or ''[[haveli]]'' from the last few centuries. <br /> <br /> ==Forts and palaces==<br /> [[File:Ahar Cenotaphs.JPG|thumb|Some of the [[Ahar Cenotaphs]] outside Udaipur]]<br /> {{See also|List of palaces in Rajasthan}}<br /> The [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan]] ([[Amer Fort|Amer]], [[Chittor Fort|Chittor]], [[Gagron Fort|Gagron]], [[Jaisalmer Fort|Jaisalmer]], [[Kumbhalgarh]], [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]]), a group of six forts built by various [[Rajput]] kingdoms and principalities during the medieval period are among the best examples of Rajput Architecture. The ensemble is also a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. Other forts include the [[Mehrangarh Fort]] and [[Jaigarh Fort]].<br /> <br /> The [[City wall of Jaipur|walled]] city of [[Jaipur]] was formed in 1727 by [[Jai Singh II]], and is &quot;a unique example of traditional Hindu [[town planning]]&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Michell, 288&lt;/ref&gt; following the precepts set out in much older Hindu texts. Subsequently, the [[City Palace, Jaipur|City Palace]], [[Hawa Mahal]], [[Rambagh Palace]], [[Jal Mahal]] and [[Albert Hall Museum]] were also built. [[Udaipur]] also has several palaces, including the [[Bagore-ki-Haveli]], now a museum, built by an 18th-century chief minister.<br /> <br /> The rulers of the [[princely state]]s of Rajasthan continued the tradition of building elaborate palaces almost until independence, with examples such as the [[Lalgarh Palace]] in [[Bikaner]], [[Monsoon Palace]] in [[Udaipur]], and [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]] in [[Jodhpur]]. Many of these are in versions of [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]], often using European architects.<br /> <br /> ===Cenotaphs===<br /> A number of the Rajput dynasties built groups of [[cenotaph]] memorials for their members, mostly using the [[chatri]] form, and often at the traditional site for cremations. These include the [[Ahar Cenotaphs]] outside Udaipur, and [[Bada Bagh]] near [[Jaisalmer]]. Individual examples include the [[Jaswant Thada]] at [[Jodphur]], Gaitore at [[Jaipur]] and [[Chaurasi Khambon ki Chhatri, Bundi]]; there are [[Chhatri#In_Rajasthan|many others]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> ===Ancient===<br /> Rajasthan has significant sites of the [[Bronze Age]] [[Indus Valley civilization]], in particular at [[Kalibangan]] and [[Sothi (archaeology)|Sothi]]. The ruined [[Bairat Temple|Bairat Stupa]] is the state's main [[Mauryan]] and Buddhist site, and appears to have been exceptional at this date, as a large circular shrine or temple around a small stupa.&lt;ref&gt;Michell, 280&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Hindu temples===<br /> [[File:Baroli temple.jpg|thumb|[[Baroli Temples]] ]]<br /> <br /> Notable early Hindu temples include the early 9th-century [[Harshat Mata Temple]] at [[Abhaneri]], where there is also an early stepwell, the [[Chand Baori]], the earliest parts of which are of similar date.&lt;ref&gt;Michell, 273&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Harshnath Temple]] in [[Sikar District]] is from around 973, according to an inscription.&lt;ref&gt;[http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Harsh%20-%20Harshnath%20Temple.html &quot;Harshnath Temple&quot;], ASI&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Badoli]] or [[Baroli Temples]] are an important group of nine 10th-century Hindu temples in the south-east of the state, no longer in religious use, and with much of the sculpture now in museums, especially the one at [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]].&lt;ref&gt;Michell, 279, 296&lt;/ref&gt; Another group is the two late 10th-century [[Sahasra Bahu Temples]] at [[Nagda, Rajasthan|Nagda]].&lt;ref&gt;Michell, 287&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The small but richly-carved Hindu [[Ambika Mata temple]] in Jagat, built before 960, is an example of the previous [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] style transitioning into [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]].&lt;ref&gt;Michell, 288&lt;/ref&gt; On the exteriors, this style is distinguished from other north Indian temple styles of the period in &quot;that the external walls of the temples have been structured by increasing numbers of projections and recesses, accommodating sharply carved statues in niches. These are normally positioned in superimposed registers, above the lower bands of moldings. The latter display continuous lines of horse riders, elephants, and [[kīrttimukha]]s. Hardly any segment of the surface is left unadorned.&quot; The main [[shikhara]] tower usually has many ''[[urushringa]]'' subsidiary spirelets on it, and two smaller side-entrances with porches are common in larger temples.&lt;ref&gt;Hegewald&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The style mostly fell from use in Hindu temples in its original regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat by the 13th century, especially as the area had fallen to the Muslim [[Delhi Sultanate]] by 1298. But, unusually for an Indian temple style, it continued to be used by Jains there and elsewhere, with a notable &quot;revival&quot; in the 15th century.&lt;ref&gt;Harle, 239–240; Hegewald&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The five [[Kiradu temples]], of the 11th or 12th century, are examples.&lt;ref&gt;Michell, 295–96&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Jagdish Temple, Udaipur]] (completed 1651) is an example of a Hindu temple using the Māru-Gurjara style at a late date; in this case a commission of [[Jagat Singh I]], ruler of [[Udaipur State|Mewar]].&lt;ref&gt;Michell (1990), 311&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Jain temples===<br /> {{multiple image<br /> |image1 = Ranakpur Jain Temple Ceiling detail.jpg<br /> |caption1=Mandapa ceiling in the [[Ranakpur Jain Temple]]<br /> |image2 = Delwada.jpg<br /> |caption2 = ''Luna Vasahi'', [[Dilwara temples]]<br /> |width2= 140<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Māru-Gurjara architecture is especially popular in [[Jain temple]]s. Interiors are if anything even more lavishly decorated, with elaborate carving on most surfaces. In particular, Jain temples often have small low domes carved on the inside with a highly intricate rosette design. Another distinctive feature is &quot;flying&quot; arch-like elements between pillars, touching the horizontal beam above in the centre, and elaborately carved. These have no structural function, and are purely decorative. The style developed large pillared halls, many open at the sides, with Jain temples often having one closed and two pillared halls in sequence on the main axis leading to the shrine.&lt;ref&gt;Hegewald; Harle, 219–220&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Significant older [[Jain temple]]s, or groups of temples, include the [[Dilwara temples]] on [[Mount Abu]], the [[Ranakpur Jain temple]],&lt;ref&gt;Michell, 305–306&lt;/ref&gt; the group at [[Osian, Jodhpur]], including the [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian]] (also early Hindu temples),&lt;ref&gt;Michell, 301–302&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mirpur Jain Temple]] (in fact one of four there), the disputed [[Kesariyaji]] temple at [[Rishabhdeo]], and the [[Suswani Mataji]] temple at [[Morkhana]].<br /> <br /> The [[Kirti Stambha]] at [[Chittor Fort]] is a spectacular 12th-century tower, carved in Māru-Gurjara style, erected by a Jain merchant.<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;180&quot; heights=&quot;160&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Buddhist Temple Viratnagar.jpg|Remains of the [[Bairat Temple|Bairat stupa]], 3rd century BCE<br /> File:Jagat 22-76 (cropped).jpg|[[Ambika Mata temple]] in Jagat, Rajasthan, by 960<br /> File:Worshippers leaving the temple in Ranakpur.jpg|[[Ranakpur Jain temple]]<br /> File:Dev Somnath Temple, Dungarpur.jpg|Dev Somnath Temple<br /> File:Deshnoke Karni Mata.jpg|Detailed Stone work, Karni Mata Temple, Bikaner Rajasthan<br /> File:Umaid Bhawan palace, Jodhpur 02.jpg|The [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]] at [[Jodhpur]] built between 1929 and 1942 is one of the largest royal palaces in the world. It was designed by [[Henry Vaughan Lanchester]] in a blend of [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] and traditional Rajasthani styles.<br /> File:Laxmi Niwas Palace.jpg|[[Lalgarh Palace]], [[Bikaner]], designed in the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]] by [[Samuel Swinton Jacob]].<br /> File:Albert Hall ( Jaipur ).jpg|The [[Albert Hall Museum]] was designed by [[Samuel Swinton Jacob]], and was opened as public museum in 1887.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Rajasthanis}}<br /> *''[[Johad]]''<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}<br /> * {{Cite journal|last=Hegewald|first=Julia A. B.|title=The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora|journal=Ars Orientalis|volume=45|issue=20191029|doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005|issn=2328-1286|year=2011|doi-access=free}}<br /> *Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1990, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book |last=Atherton |first=Cynthia Packert |title=The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan |publisher=BRILL |year=1997 |isbn=9004107894}}<br /> <br /> {{commons category|Architecture of Rajasthan}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> {{Architecture of India}}{{Rajasthan}}{{-}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Architecture of Rajasthan| 01]]<br /> [[Category:Indian architectural styles|Rajasthani]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Rajasthan|Arch]]<br /> [[Category:Indian architecture by state or union territory|Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthani arts]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asif_Nawaz_Janjua&diff=448040 2026-03-19T06:57:23Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: General improvements and edits</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Pakistan army general (1937–1993)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Asif Nawaz Janjua<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[General (Pakistan)|General]] <br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]], [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]], [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]], [[Psc (military)|psc]]<br /> | image = Asif Nawaz Janjua.png<br /> | office = 4th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]<br /> | term_start = 16 August 1991<br /> | term_end = 8 January 1993<br /> | president = [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]<br /> | primeminister = [[Nawaz Sharif]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Mirza Aslam Beg]]<br /> | successor = [[Abdul Waheed Kakar]]<br /> | birth_name = Asif Nawaz Janjua<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1937|1|3}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Chakri Rajgan]], [[Jhelum District]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1993|1|8|1937|1|3}}<br /> | death_place = [[Rawalpindi Cantonment]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]<br /> | death_cause = [[Cardiac arrest]]<br /> | relatives = {{ubl|[[Khadijah Shah]] (granddaughter)|Shuja Nawaz (brother)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/03-Oct-2015/pakistan-s-armed-forces-second-to-none |title='Pakistan's armed forces second to none' |work=DailyTimes |access-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309024500/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/03-Oct-2015/pakistan-s-armed-forces-second-to-none |archive-date=9 March 2016 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;|[[Amna Nawaz]] (niece)}}<br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Pakistan Military Academy]], [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]]|([[Master of Science|MSc]] in [[War studies]])}}<br /> | nickname = ''Soldier's Soldier''<br /> | branch = {{Army|PAK}}<br /> | serviceyears = 1955–1993<br /> | rank = [[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|10px]] [[File:General of Armies insignia.svg|30px]] [[General (Pakistan)|General]]<br /> | unit = [[19th Punjabis|5th]] [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]]<br /> | commands = [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[V Corps (Pakistan)]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Commandant]] [[PMA Kakul]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[7th Infantry Division (Pakistan)]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Chief of Staff]] [[II Corps (Pakistan)]]<br /> | battles = {{tree list}}<br /> *[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br /> *[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br /> **[[Battle of Chamb]]<br /> *[[:Category:Terrorist incidents in Karachi|Political violence in Karachi]]<br /> *[[Operation Blue Fox]]<br /> *[[Somali Civil War]]<br /> **[[UNOSOM I]]<br /> {{tree list/end}}<br /> | mawards = [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]] (Military)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]](Military)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Sitara-e-Basalat]] with BAR&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Sword of Honour (Pakistan)|Sword of Honour]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''General''' '''Asif Nawaz Janjua'''{{efn|[[Urdu]]: {{nq|آصف نواز جنجوعہ}}}} (3 January 1937 – 8 January 1993) was an officer in the [[Pakistan Army]], serving as its fourth [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] from 16 August 1991 until his untimely death in 1993. His tenure is regarded as contributing to [[civilian control of the military|civilian control]] over the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]. Janjua was one of only four high-ranking officers to have died in active service, alongside Admiral [[Hasan Hafeez Ahmed]] (1975), General [[Zia-ul-Haq]] (1988), and Air Chief Marshal [[Mushaf Ali Mir]] (2002).<br /> <br /> His unexpected death was initially surrounded by uncertainty, with some speculating foul play after high levels of [[arsenic poisoning]] were detected in his body. His family requested for further investigation, including the exhumation of his body and an autopsy conducted with the assistance of international experts from France, Britain, and the United States. The cause of death was supposedly a [[heart attack]]. In April 1993, Janjua's widow Nuzhat, publicly alleged that her husband had been poisoned. She claimed that the assassins were Director General [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]] [[Imtiaz Ahmed (brigadier)|Brigadier Imtiaz]], [[Shahbaz Sharif]], and [[Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan]].<br /> <br /> Born in the [[Jhelum District]] of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], Janjua came from a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Janjua Rajput]] family. He was educated at [[St Mary's Cambridge School]] and later received military training at the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] and the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]. Throughout his career, he was recognised for his discipline and leadership, culminating in the award of the [[Sword of Honour (Sandhurst)|Sword of Honour]] at Sandhurst.<br /> <br /> During his military career, Janjua participated in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], where he was involved in key battles such as the [[Battle of Chamb]]. He progressed through the ranks, holding various significant positions, including [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] and [[Corps Commander]] of [[V Corps (Pakistan)|V Corps]]. He played a role in overseeing military operations, particularly in Karachi and [[Sindh]], during a period of rising instability in the country.<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> ===Early life, and between the Indo-Pakistani wars (1965–71)===<br /> <br /> Asif Nawaz Janjua was born in a small village, called [[Chakri Rajgan]], which is located in the [[Jhelum District]] in [[Punjab]] in Pakistan into a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Janjua Rajput]] clan, on 31 January 1937.{{rp|81}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefield, Burki, 2015&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|author-link1=Shahid Javed Burki|editor1-last=Woronov|editor1-first=Jon|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=2015|publisher=[[Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefield]]|location=New York|isbn=9781442241480|pages=657|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=asif%20nawaz%20born&amp;amp;pg=PA81|access-date=20 March 2018|language=en-us|format=google books|chapter={{small|§Asif Nawaz (1937-1993)}}}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|441}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford University Press, Nawaz, 2008&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last1=Nawaz|first1=Shuja|title=Crossed swords : Pakistan, its army, and the wars within|date=2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=[[Karachi]]|isbn=9780195476606|pages=665|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Asif+Nawaz+rajput|access-date=20 March 2018|language=en-us|format=snippet view}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|29}} He was a [[military brat]] and his father, Raja Abdul Ghafoor Khan, had served as an [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]] in the [[British Indian Army]], retiring at the rank of [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]].{{rp|441}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last1=Nawaz|first1=Shuja|title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within|date=2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780195476606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Cambridge+School|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> He was educated at the [[St Mary's Cambridge School]] on [[Murree Road]] in [[Rawalpindi]]. Two [[Irish people|Irish]] teachers there who taught him the value of life and humanity, Father Francis and May Flanagan, had a significant influence on his upbringing and future career.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;The Independent, Pakistan Desk, 1993&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news|last1=Ahmad|first1=Rashid|title=Obituary: General Asif Nawaz|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-general-asif-nawaz-1477887.html|access-date=20 March 2018|work=[[The Independent]]|agency=|publisher=The Independent, Pakistan|date=11 January 1993|archive-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005062651/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-general-asif-nawaz-1477887.html|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After his [[Matriculation in Pakistan|matriculation]], he went to join the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] in 1954, and was one of very few cadets to be selected to attend the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Royal Military Academy]] at [[Sandhurst, Berkshire|Sandhurst]] in the United Kingdom.{{rp|2}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|title=Defence Journal|date=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYXfAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=1954|access-date=20 March 2018|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After completing his initial military training, he [[Passing out (military)|passed out]] from the academy in 1957 and was conferred the [[Sword of Honour (Sandhurst)|Sword of Honour]] by the academy's commandant.{{rp|441}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford University Press, Nawaz, 2008&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Upon returning to Pakistan, [[Second Lieutenant|2nd-Lt.]] Janjua joined the [[19th Punjabis|5th ''Sherdils'' Battalion]] of the [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]] on 31 March 1957.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ISPR (ARMY DIVISION)&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web|title=COLONEL IN CHIEF – PUNJAB REGIMENT|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/colonel-in-chief-punjab-regiment/|website=www.pakarmymuseum.com|publisher=ISPR (ARMY DIVISION)|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011745/http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/colonel-in-chief-punjab-regiment/|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 1965, [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] Nawaz saw action in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|second war]] with India in 1965 on the [[Line of Control|northern front]].{{rp|2}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|title=Defence Journal|date=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYXfAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=1965+wars|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 1971, Major Janjua fought in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with India in 1971 after taking over the command of his [[19th Punjabis|5th Battalion]] and saw [[Battle of Chamb|combat in the Chamb sector]] against the [[Indian Army]].{{rp|441}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within|date=2008|isbn=9780195476606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Fazilka|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en|last1=Nawaz|first1=Shuja|publisher=Oxford University Press }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> After the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with India in 1971, Major Janjua continued his [[military service]] and graduated from the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]] in [[Quetta]], where he excelled in his studies.{{rp|441}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Excerpts from&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book|title=Excerpts from Crossed Swords|isbn = 9780195476606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Fazilka&amp;amp;pg=PA441|access-date=21 March 2018|last1 = Nawaz|first1 = Shuja|year = 2008| publisher=Oxford University Press }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 1976–77, [[Colonel|Col.]] Janjua attended the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] where he attained his [[Master of Science|MSc]] in [[War studies|War Studies]].{{rp|441}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Excerpts from&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===War and command appointments in the military===<br /> <br /> In 1977, [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] Janjua was appointed as [[Chief of Staff]] of the [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]] stationed in [[Multan]] under the command of its field commander, [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] [[Muhammad Shariff|M. Shariff]].{{rp|441}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Excerpts from&quot;/&amp;gt; In 1982, he was promoted as [[two-star rank]] army general, and escaped from [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law appointments]] by [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]].{{rp|81}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefield, Burki, 2015&quot; /&amp;gt; From 1982 to 1985, [[Major-General]] Janjua was posted in [[Peshawar Cantonment|Peshawar]] and served as the [[General officer commanding|GOC]] of the [[7th Infantry Division (Pakistan)|7th Infantry Division]], posted with the [[XI Corps (Pakistan)|XI Corps]].{{rp|81}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefield, Burki, 2015&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 1985, [[Major-General|Maj-Gen.]] Janjua was appointed as [[Commandant]] of the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] in [[Kakul]] which he served until 1988.{{rp|81}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefield, Burki, 2015&quot; /&amp;gt; In 1988, he was among the last army generals who were approved for the [[three-star rank]] promotion by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Mohammad Khan Junejo|Mohammad Junejo]], and was appointed as Corps Commander of the Sindh-based [[V Corps (Pakistan)|V Corps]] by then-[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] Gen. [[Mirza Aslam Beg]].{{rp|81}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefield, Burki, 2015&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> When General Nawaz took command of his Corps in Karachi it had begun to be embroiled in operations against [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|MQM]] militants in the city. He would soon come to oversee law and order operations by his Corps in the disturbed city of Karachi. As V Corps was also responsible for security in all of Sindh, it had been embroiled in anti-dacoity and law and order operations in Sindh since the early 1980s. The province had destabilised in the wake of the anti-[[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]].<br /> <br /> In April 1991, [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] Janjua was moved to [[Rawalpindi Cantonment|Rawalpindi]] when he was appointed at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] as the [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] (CGS), the [[second-in-command]] of the army, under the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] Gen. [[Mirza Aslam Beg]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ARashid&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Chief of Army Staff==<br /> {{Main|Civilian control of the military|United Nations intervention in Somalia|Indo Pakistani relation|Operation Clean-up|News channels in Pakistan}}<br /> In 1991, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] approved the timely retirement of Gen. [[Mirza Aslam Beg]], and there were four senior army generals who were in the race for promotion to [[Four-star rank|four-star]] appointment in the [[Pakistani military]], included with seniority:<br /> <br /> *[[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] Asif Nawaz, the [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] based in [[Rawalpindi Cantonment|Rawalpindi]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Asia recorder&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> *Lt-Gen. [[Shamim Alam Khan|Shamim Alam]], the field commander of the [[XXXI Corps (Pakistan)|XXXI Corps]], stationed in [[Bahawalpur]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in Pakistan.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Asia recorder&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> *Lt-Gen. [[Zulfiqar Akhtar Naz|Z.A. Naz]], the field commander of the [[I Corps (Pakistan)|I Corps]], stationed in [[Mangla]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in Pakistan.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Asia recorder&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> *Lt-Gen. [[Hamid Gul]], the field commander of the [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]], [[Multan]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in Pakistan.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Asia recorder&quot;&amp;gt;''Asian recorder.'' Published by K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1991&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The senior most military officer in the military, Lt-Gen. Janjua's recommendation came from the former [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman joint chiefs]] Gen.[[Rahimuddin Khan]] when the second most senior military officer, Lt-Gen. [[Shamim Alam Khan|Shamim Alam]] was eventually elevated as the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Nawaz, Crossed Swords, (2007)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lt Gen. Janjua was confirmed to this four-star promotion by [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]] on 11 June 1991.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ARashid&quot;&amp;gt;Ahmed Rashid. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-general-asif-nawaz-1477887.html &quot;Obituary: General Asif Nawaz &quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005062651/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-general-asif-nawaz-1477887.html |date=5 October 2017 }} ''The Independent'', 11 January 1993&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_199106/ai_n18312067/ &quot;New and improved&quot;] ''The Economist'', June 1991&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> His command over the army came when the [[Pressler amendment|military embargo]] had been placed by the United States due to the suspicion about his country's [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|clandestine atomic bomb program]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/09/world/gen-asif-nawaz-of-pakistan-56-a-champion-of-democracy-dies.html &quot;Gen. Asif Nawaz of Pakistan, 56, A Champion of Democracy, Dies&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929131803/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/09/world/gen-asif-nawaz-of-pakistan-56-a-champion-of-democracy-dies.html |date=29 September 2022 }} ''[[The New York Times]]'', 9 January 1993&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Gen. Janjua immediately made a press release through the [[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]] where he committed to preventing [[Military interventionism|military interference]] in [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]] when he noted that the &quot;army's image had been tarnished and its officers corrupted in [[Martial law in Pakistan|Pakistan's 25 years of martial law]].&quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&amp;gt; Gen. Janjua, who had pro-western views, worked together with [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman joint chiefs]] [[Shamim Alam Khan|Gen. Shamim]] and his [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|JS HQ]] to improve [[Pakistan - US relations|bilateral relations]] between Pakistan and the United States when he agreed to [[Pakistan Armed Forces deployments|deploy]] the combat brigades of the [[Pakistan Army]] in [[Somalia]] as part of the [[United Nations intervention in Somalia|UN Mission]] to end the [[Somali Civil War|civil war in the country]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> His political views reflected political [[liberalism]] and he tried to improve the [[:Category:India–Pakistan military relations|military-to-military relations]] with the [[Indian Army]] when he successfully took Pakistan out of what he saw as the dead-end [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization|policy of Islamism]] by former conservative [[Zia ul-Haq|President Zia]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ARashid&quot;/&amp;gt; During Nawaz's tenure, the army took on the surprising role of becoming a protector of a free press and the liberal values of criticism.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ARashid&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> As an army chief, Gen. Janjua played a crucial role in providing [[Military aid to the civil power|military aid]] to the civilian [[Government of Pakistan]] when he deployed the [[Pakistan Army Rangers]] to aid the [[Sindh Police]] against the [[Operation Blue Fox|dacoits and gangs]] in [[Karachi]] and rural [[Sindh]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ARashid&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Janjua died on 8 January 1993, while he was jogging near his home in [[Rawalpindi]]. The death was ruled a [[heart attack]] and no autopsy was conducted before the burial, in line with Muslim customs. <br /> <br /> In April 1993, Janjua's widow Nuzhat, claimed that her husband had been poisoned by [[Imtiaz Ahmed (brigadier)|Brigadier Imtiaz]], head of the [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]], [[Shahbaz Sharif]], and [[Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite magazine|title=Night of the Generals|date=31 October 1993|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19931031-mystery-shrouds-former-pak-army-chief-general-asif-nawaz-janjua-death-poisoning-suspected-811732-1993-10-31|first=Shekhar|last=Gupta|author-link=Shekhar Gupta|magazine=[[India Today]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndIAAwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;dq=Brigadier+Imtiaz+Asif+Nawaz&amp;amp;pg=PA403|title=Nothing But!: Book Five: All Is Fair in Love and War|page=403|author=Brigadier Samir Bhattacharya|year=2014|publisher=Partridge |isbn=978-1-4828-1731-7 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> His family commissioned a private forensic test on hair from his hairbrush, which was conducted in the United States. The tests revealed 67 micrograms of arsenic in his hair, significantly higher than the normal level of 4 micrograms. According to the lab report, &quot;The arsenic... falls within the range considered toxic,&quot; indicating elevated levels of arsenic in the hair. The forensic toxicologist stated that the arsenic level by itself is not enough to determine the cause of death but raises a flag that further analysis is warranted.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;apnews.com&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=General's Death Remains a Mystery in Pakistan |url=https://apnews.com/article/8003d8f23d78c1dbfe575bf0d2995352 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=AP NEWS |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929204135/https://apnews.com/article/8003d8f23d78c1dbfe575bf0d2995352 |url-status=live|date=28 September 1993}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Initially, the government deployed police at his grave to prevent his body from being exhumed. There were rumours that Janjua's stomach was removed prior to his burial.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa-feb00-2.html|title=The ISI Role in Pakistan's Politics|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|author=Bidanda M. Chengappa|date=February 2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_E7RZnm-k9AC&amp;amp;q=%22Brig%20(retd)%20Imtiaz%22|title=Asian Recorder|volume=40|year=1994}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was later reported that Janjua's family members had hired private security guards to protect his grave, fearing his body would be tampered with.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA333071.pdf#page=65|title=The Facts of the Case|page=65|date=21 July 1993|publisher=[[Foreign Broadcast Information Service]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> As a result, his body was exhumed, and an [[autopsy]] was conducted by French, British, and American doctors. The cause of death was determined to be a heart attack.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/14/world/no-poison-found-in-pakistan-officer-s-body.html|title=No Poison Found in Pakistan Officer's Body|date=14 December 1993|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=8 March 2016|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308074011/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/14/world/no-poison-found-in-pakistan-officer-s-body.html|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A Supreme Court investigation also ruled that Janjua died of natural causes, without performing an autopsy.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;apnews.com&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Janjua was among just four senior officers to have died while in active service, alongside Admiral [[Hasan Hafeez Ahmed]] (1975), General [[Zia-ul-Haq]] (1988), and Air Chief Marshal [[Mushaf Ali Mir]] (2002).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian Air Force meets 294 accidents in almost 58 years |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/915311-indian-air-force-meets-294-accidents-in-almost-58-years |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=The News |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928234657/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/915311-indian-air-force-meets-294-accidents-in-almost-58-years |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> Former Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]], then described Asif Nawaz as &quot;a true professional soldier,&quot; and further stated that &quot;he did what he said he would do – he kept the army out of politics.&quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;/&amp;gt; Unlike many of his predecessors, Asif Nawaz was incorruptible and often talked of how he would relax when he retired, unlike other generals who plunged into politics.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ARashid&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and decorations ==<br /> {| style=&quot;margin:1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Basalat.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=10 years Service Medal (Pakistan Armed Forces).png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=20 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=30 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png|width=130}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Jamhuriat Tamgha 1988.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha Pakistan.svg|width=130}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]'''<br /> '''(Military)'''<br /> <br /> (''Order of Excellence'')<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]'''<br /> '''(Military)'''<br /> <br /> (''Crescent of Excellence'')<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot;| '''[[Sitara-e-Basalat]]'''<br /> (''Star of Valour'')<br /> <br /> '''with BAR'''<br /> | '''[[Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]'''<br /> (''War Star 1971'')<br /> |'''[[Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''<br /> (''War Medal 1965'')<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''[[Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]'''<br /> (''War Medal 1971'')<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|10 Years Service Medal]]'''<br /> |'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|20 Years Service Medal]]'''<br /> |'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|30 Years Service Medal]]'''<br /> |'''[[Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''<br /> <br /> (''100th Birth Anniversary of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'')<br /> <br /> '''1976'''<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Tamgha-e-Qayam-e-Jamhuria]]'''<br /> (''Republic Commemoration Medal'')<br /> <br /> '''1956'''<br /> |'''[[Hijri Tamgha]]'''<br /> (''Hijri Medal'')<br /> <br /> '''1979'''<br /> |'''[[Tamgha-e-Jamhuriat]]'''<br /> (''Democracy Medal'')<br /> <br /> '''1988'''<br /> |colspan=&quot;1&quot;| '''[[Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha]]'''<br /> (''Resolution Day''<br /> <br /> ''Golden Jubilee Medal'')<br /> <br /> '''1990'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * &quot;[[Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within]] (Oxford Pakistan Paperbacks)&quot; by Shuja Nawaz, Publisher: Oxford University Press<br /> * {{Cite magazine|title=Night of the Generals|date=31 October 1993|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19931031-mystery-shrouds-former-pak-army-chief-general-asif-nawaz-janjua-death-poisoning-suspected-811732-1993-10-31|first=Shekhar|last=Gupta|author-link=Shekhar Gupta|magazine=[[India Today]]}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100824194032/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=152 Official profile at Pakistan Army website]<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-mil}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Shamim Alam Khan]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]]|years=1991}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=Farrakh Khan}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Mirza Aslam Beg]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]|years=1991–1993}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Abdul Waheed Kakar]]}}<br /> {{end}}<br /> <br /> {{Pakistan Army Staff Chief}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nawaz, Asif}}<br /> [[Category:1937 births]]<br /> [[Category:1993 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jhelum]]<br /> [[Category:Government Gordon College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]<br /> [[Category:Punjab Regiment officers]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani prisoners of war]]<br /> [[Category:National Defence University (Pakistan) alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of the National Defence University (Pakistan)]]<br /> [[Category:Chiefs of the General Staff (Pakistan)]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Pakistan Military Academy]]<br /> [[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani democracy activists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jhelum District]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asif_Nawaz_Janjua&diff=447966 2026-03-19T06:57:23Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: General improvements and edits</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Pakistan army general (1937–1993)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Asif Nawaz Janjua<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[General (Pakistan)|General]] <br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]], [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]], [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]], [[Psc (military)|psc]]<br /> | image = Asif Nawaz Janjua.png<br /> | office = 4th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]<br /> | term_start = 16 August 1991<br /> | term_end = 8 January 1993<br /> | president = [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]<br /> | primeminister = [[Nawaz Sharif]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Mirza Aslam Beg]]<br /> | successor = [[Abdul Waheed Kakar]]<br /> | birth_name = Asif Nawaz Janjua<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1937|1|3}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Chakri Rajgan]], [[Jhelum District]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1993|1|8|1937|1|3}}<br /> | death_place = [[Rawalpindi Cantonment]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]<br /> | death_cause = [[Cardiac arrest]]<br /> | relatives = {{ubl|[[Khadijah Shah]] (granddaughter)|Shuja Nawaz (brother)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/03-Oct-2015/pakistan-s-armed-forces-second-to-none |title='Pakistan's armed forces second to none' |work=DailyTimes |access-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309024500/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/03-Oct-2015/pakistan-s-armed-forces-second-to-none |archive-date=9 March 2016 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;|[[Amna Nawaz]] (niece)}}<br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Pakistan Military Academy]], [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]]|([[Master of Science|MSc]] in [[War studies]])}}<br /> | nickname = ''Soldier's Soldier''<br /> | branch = {{Army|PAK}}<br /> | serviceyears = 1955–1993<br /> | rank = [[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|10px]] [[File:General of Armies insignia.svg|30px]] [[General (Pakistan)|General]]<br /> | unit = [[19th Punjabis|5th]] [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]]<br /> | commands = [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[V Corps (Pakistan)]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Commandant]] [[PMA Kakul]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[7th Infantry Division (Pakistan)]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Chief of Staff]] [[II Corps (Pakistan)]]<br /> | battles = {{tree list}}<br /> *[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br /> *[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br /> **[[Battle of Chamb]]<br /> *[[:Category:Terrorist incidents in Karachi|Political violence in Karachi]]<br /> *[[Operation Blue Fox]]<br /> *[[Somali Civil War]]<br /> **[[UNOSOM I]]<br /> {{tree list/end}}<br /> | mawards = [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]] (Military)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]](Military)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Sitara-e-Basalat]] with BAR&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Sword of Honour (Pakistan)|Sword of Honour]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''General''' '''Asif Nawaz Janjua'''{{efn|[[Urdu]]: {{nq|آصف نواز جنجوعہ}}}} (3 January 1937 – 8 January 1993) was an officer in the [[Pakistan Army]], serving as its fourth [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] from 16 August 1991 until his untimely death in 1993. His tenure is regarded as contributing to [[civilian control of the military|civilian control]] over the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]. Janjua was one of only four high-ranking officers to have died in active service, alongside Admiral [[Hasan Hafeez Ahmed]] (1975), General [[Zia-ul-Haq]] (1988), and Air Chief Marshal [[Mushaf Ali Mir]] (2002).<br /> <br /> His unexpected death was initially surrounded by uncertainty, with some speculating foul play after high levels of [[arsenic poisoning]] were detected in his body. His family requested for further investigation, including the exhumation of his body and an autopsy conducted with the assistance of international experts from France, Britain, and the United States. The cause of death was supposedly a [[heart attack]]. In April 1993, Janjua's widow Nuzhat, publicly alleged that her husband had been poisoned. She claimed that the assassins were Director General [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]] [[Imtiaz Ahmed (brigadier)|Brigadier Imtiaz]], [[Shahbaz Sharif]], and [[Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan]].<br /> <br /> Born in the [[Jhelum District]] of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], Janjua came from a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Janjua Rajput]] family. He was educated at [[St Mary's Cambridge School]] and later received military training at the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] and the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]. Throughout his career, he was recognised for his discipline and leadership, culminating in the award of the [[Sword of Honour (Sandhurst)|Sword of Honour]] at Sandhurst.<br /> <br /> During his military career, Janjua participated in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], where he was involved in key battles such as the [[Battle of Chamb]]. He progressed through the ranks, holding various significant positions, including [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] and [[Corps Commander]] of [[V Corps (Pakistan)|V Corps]]. He played a role in overseeing military operations, particularly in Karachi and [[Sindh]], during a period of rising instability in the country.<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> ===Early life, and between the Indo-Pakistani wars (1965–71)===<br /> <br /> Asif Nawaz Janjua was born in a small village, called [[Chakri Rajgan]], which is located in the [[Jhelum District]] in [[Punjab]] in Pakistan into a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Janjua Rajput]] clan, on 31 January 1937.{{rp|81}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefield, Burki, 2015&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|author-link1=Shahid Javed Burki|editor1-last=Woronov|editor1-first=Jon|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=2015|publisher=[[Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefield]]|location=New York|isbn=9781442241480|pages=657|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=asif%20nawaz%20born&amp;amp;pg=PA81|access-date=20 March 2018|language=en-us|format=google books|chapter={{small|§Asif Nawaz (1937-1993)}}}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|441}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford University Press, Nawaz, 2008&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last1=Nawaz|first1=Shuja|title=Crossed swords : Pakistan, its army, and the wars within|date=2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=[[Karachi]]|isbn=9780195476606|pages=665|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Asif+Nawaz+rajput|access-date=20 March 2018|language=en-us|format=snippet view}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|29}} He was a [[military brat]] and his father, Raja Abdul Ghafoor Khan, had served as an [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]] in the [[British Indian Army]], retiring at the rank of [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]].{{rp|441}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last1=Nawaz|first1=Shuja|title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within|date=2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780195476606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Cambridge+School|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> He was educated at the [[St Mary's Cambridge School]] on [[Murree Road]] in [[Rawalpindi]]. Two [[Irish people|Irish]] teachers there who taught him the value of life and humanity, Father Francis and May Flanagan, had a significant influence on his upbringing and future career.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;The Independent, Pakistan Desk, 1993&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news|last1=Ahmad|first1=Rashid|title=Obituary: General Asif Nawaz|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-general-asif-nawaz-1477887.html|access-date=20 March 2018|work=[[The Independent]]|agency=|publisher=The Independent, Pakistan|date=11 January 1993|archive-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005062651/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-general-asif-nawaz-1477887.html|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After his [[Matriculation in Pakistan|matriculation]], he went to join the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] in 1954, and was one of very few cadets to be selected to attend the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Royal Military Academy]] at [[Sandhurst, Berkshire|Sandhurst]] in the United Kingdom.{{rp|2}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|title=Defence Journal|date=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYXfAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=1954|access-date=20 March 2018|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After completing his initial military training, he [[Passing out (military)|passed out]] from the academy in 1957 and was conferred the [[Sword of Honour (Sandhurst)|Sword of Honour]] by the academy's commandant.{{rp|441}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford University Press, Nawaz, 2008&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Upon returning to Pakistan, [[Second Lieutenant|2nd-Lt.]] Janjua joined the [[19th Punjabis|5th ''Sherdils'' Battalion]] of the [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]] on 31 March 1957.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ISPR (ARMY DIVISION)&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web|title=COLONEL IN CHIEF – PUNJAB REGIMENT|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/colonel-in-chief-punjab-regiment/|website=www.pakarmymuseum.com|publisher=ISPR (ARMY DIVISION)|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011745/http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/colonel-in-chief-punjab-regiment/|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 1965, [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] Nawaz saw action in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|second war]] with India in 1965 on the [[Line of Control|northern front]].{{rp|2}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|title=Defence Journal|date=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYXfAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=1965+wars|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 1971, Major Janjua fought in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with India in 1971 after taking over the command of his [[19th Punjabis|5th Battalion]] and saw [[Battle of Chamb|combat in the Chamb sector]] against the [[Indian Army]].{{rp|441}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within|date=2008|isbn=9780195476606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Fazilka|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en|last1=Nawaz|first1=Shuja|publisher=Oxford University Press }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> After the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with India in 1971, Major Janjua continued his [[military service]] and graduated from the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]] in [[Quetta]], where he excelled in his studies.{{rp|441}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Excerpts from&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book|title=Excerpts from Crossed Swords|isbn = 9780195476606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;q=Fazilka&amp;amp;pg=PA441|access-date=21 March 2018|last1 = Nawaz|first1 = Shuja|year = 2008| publisher=Oxford University Press }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 1976–77, [[Colonel|Col.]] Janjua attended the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] where he attained his [[Master of Science|MSc]] in [[War studies|War Studies]].{{rp|441}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Excerpts from&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===War and command appointments in the military===<br /> <br /> In 1977, [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] Janjua was appointed as [[Chief of Staff]] of the [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]] stationed in [[Multan]] under the command of its field commander, [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] [[Muhammad Shariff|M. Shariff]].{{rp|441}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Excerpts from&quot;/&amp;gt; In 1982, he was promoted as [[two-star rank]] army general, and escaped from [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law appointments]] by [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]].{{rp|81}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefield, Burki, 2015&quot; /&amp;gt; From 1982 to 1985, [[Major-General]] Janjua was posted in [[Peshawar Cantonment|Peshawar]] and served as the [[General officer commanding|GOC]] of the [[7th Infantry Division (Pakistan)|7th Infantry Division]], posted with the [[XI Corps (Pakistan)|XI Corps]].{{rp|81}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefield, Burki, 2015&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 1985, [[Major-General|Maj-Gen.]] Janjua was appointed as [[Commandant]] of the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] in [[Kakul]] which he served until 1988.{{rp|81}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefield, Burki, 2015&quot; /&amp;gt; In 1988, he was among the last army generals who were approved for the [[three-star rank]] promotion by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Mohammad Khan Junejo|Mohammad Junejo]], and was appointed as Corps Commander of the Sindh-based [[V Corps (Pakistan)|V Corps]] by then-[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] Gen. [[Mirza Aslam Beg]].{{rp|81}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Rowman &amp;amp; Littlefield, Burki, 2015&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> When General Nawaz took command of his Corps in Karachi it had begun to be embroiled in operations against [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|MQM]] militants in the city. He would soon come to oversee law and order operations by his Corps in the disturbed city of Karachi. As V Corps was also responsible for security in all of Sindh, it had been embroiled in anti-dacoity and law and order operations in Sindh since the early 1980s. The province had destabilised in the wake of the anti-[[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]].<br /> <br /> In April 1991, [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] Janjua was moved to [[Rawalpindi Cantonment|Rawalpindi]] when he was appointed at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] as the [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] (CGS), the [[second-in-command]] of the army, under the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] Gen. [[Mirza Aslam Beg]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ARashid&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Chief of Army Staff==<br /> {{Main|Civilian control of the military|United Nations intervention in Somalia|Indo Pakistani relation|Operation Clean-up|News channels in Pakistan}}<br /> In 1991, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] approved the timely retirement of Gen. [[Mirza Aslam Beg]], and there were four senior army generals who were in the race for promotion to [[Four-star rank|four-star]] appointment in the [[Pakistani military]], included with seniority:<br /> <br /> *[[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] Asif Nawaz, the [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] based in [[Rawalpindi Cantonment|Rawalpindi]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Asia recorder&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> *Lt-Gen. [[Shamim Alam Khan|Shamim Alam]], the field commander of the [[XXXI Corps (Pakistan)|XXXI Corps]], stationed in [[Bahawalpur]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in Pakistan.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Asia recorder&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> *Lt-Gen. [[Zulfiqar Akhtar Naz|Z.A. Naz]], the field commander of the [[I Corps (Pakistan)|I Corps]], stationed in [[Mangla]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in Pakistan.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Asia recorder&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> *Lt-Gen. [[Hamid Gul]], the field commander of the [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]], [[Multan]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in Pakistan.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Asia recorder&quot;&amp;gt;''Asian recorder.'' Published by K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1991&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The senior most military officer in the military, Lt-Gen. Janjua's recommendation came from the former [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman joint chiefs]] Gen.[[Rahimuddin Khan]] when the second most senior military officer, Lt-Gen. [[Shamim Alam Khan|Shamim Alam]] was eventually elevated as the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Nawaz, Crossed Swords, (2007)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lt Gen. Janjua was confirmed to this four-star promotion by [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]] on 11 June 1991.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ARashid&quot;&amp;gt;Ahmed Rashid. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-general-asif-nawaz-1477887.html &quot;Obituary: General Asif Nawaz &quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005062651/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-general-asif-nawaz-1477887.html |date=5 October 2017 }} ''The Independent'', 11 January 1993&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5037/is_199106/ai_n18312067/ &quot;New and improved&quot;] ''The Economist'', June 1991&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> His command over the army came when the [[Pressler amendment|military embargo]] had been placed by the United States due to the suspicion about his country's [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|clandestine atomic bomb program]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&amp;gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/09/world/gen-asif-nawaz-of-pakistan-56-a-champion-of-democracy-dies.html &quot;Gen. Asif Nawaz of Pakistan, 56, A Champion of Democracy, Dies&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929131803/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/09/world/gen-asif-nawaz-of-pakistan-56-a-champion-of-democracy-dies.html |date=29 September 2022 }} ''[[The New York Times]]'', 9 January 1993&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Gen. Janjua immediately made a press release through the [[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]] where he committed to preventing [[Military interventionism|military interference]] in [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]] when he noted that the &quot;army's image had been tarnished and its officers corrupted in [[Martial law in Pakistan|Pakistan's 25 years of martial law]].&quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&amp;gt; Gen. Janjua, who had pro-western views, worked together with [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman joint chiefs]] [[Shamim Alam Khan|Gen. Shamim]] and his [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|JS HQ]] to improve [[Pakistan - US relations|bilateral relations]] between Pakistan and the United States when he agreed to [[Pakistan Armed Forces deployments|deploy]] the combat brigades of the [[Pakistan Army]] in [[Somalia]] as part of the [[United Nations intervention in Somalia|UN Mission]] to end the [[Somali Civil War|civil war in the country]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> His political views reflected political [[liberalism]] and he tried to improve the [[:Category:India–Pakistan military relations|military-to-military relations]] with the [[Indian Army]] when he successfully took Pakistan out of what he saw as the dead-end [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization|policy of Islamism]] by former conservative [[Zia ul-Haq|President Zia]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ARashid&quot;/&amp;gt; During Nawaz's tenure, the army took on the surprising role of becoming a protector of a free press and the liberal values of criticism.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ARashid&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> As an army chief, Gen. Janjua played a crucial role in providing [[Military aid to the civil power|military aid]] to the civilian [[Government of Pakistan]] when he deployed the [[Pakistan Army Rangers]] to aid the [[Sindh Police]] against the [[Operation Blue Fox|dacoits and gangs]] in [[Karachi]] and rural [[Sindh]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ARashid&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Janjua died on 8 January 1993, while he was jogging near his home in [[Rawalpindi]]. The death was ruled a [[heart attack]] and no autopsy was conducted before the burial, in line with Muslim customs. <br /> <br /> In April 1993, Janjua's widow Nuzhat, claimed that her husband had been poisoned by [[Imtiaz Ahmed (brigadier)|Brigadier Imtiaz]], head of the [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]], [[Shahbaz Sharif]], and [[Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite magazine|title=Night of the Generals|date=31 October 1993|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19931031-mystery-shrouds-former-pak-army-chief-general-asif-nawaz-janjua-death-poisoning-suspected-811732-1993-10-31|first=Shekhar|last=Gupta|author-link=Shekhar Gupta|magazine=[[India Today]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndIAAwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;dq=Brigadier+Imtiaz+Asif+Nawaz&amp;amp;pg=PA403|title=Nothing But!: Book Five: All Is Fair in Love and War|page=403|author=Brigadier Samir Bhattacharya|year=2014|publisher=Partridge |isbn=978-1-4828-1731-7 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> His family commissioned a private forensic test on hair from his hairbrush, which was conducted in the United States. The tests revealed 67 micrograms of arsenic in his hair, significantly higher than the normal level of 4 micrograms. According to the lab report, &quot;The arsenic... falls within the range considered toxic,&quot; indicating elevated levels of arsenic in the hair. The forensic toxicologist stated that the arsenic level by itself is not enough to determine the cause of death but raises a flag that further analysis is warranted.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;apnews.com&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=General's Death Remains a Mystery in Pakistan |url=https://apnews.com/article/8003d8f23d78c1dbfe575bf0d2995352 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=AP NEWS |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929204135/https://apnews.com/article/8003d8f23d78c1dbfe575bf0d2995352 |url-status=live|date=28 September 1993}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Initially, the government deployed police at his grave to prevent his body from being exhumed. There were rumours that Janjua's stomach was removed prior to his burial.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa-feb00-2.html|title=The ISI Role in Pakistan's Politics|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|author=Bidanda M. Chengappa|date=February 2000}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_E7RZnm-k9AC&amp;amp;q=%22Brig%20(retd)%20Imtiaz%22|title=Asian Recorder|volume=40|year=1994}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was later reported that Janjua's family members had hired private security guards to protect his grave, fearing his body would be tampered with.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA333071.pdf#page=65|title=The Facts of the Case|page=65|date=21 July 1993|publisher=[[Foreign Broadcast Information Service]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> As a result, his body was exhumed, and an [[autopsy]] was conducted by French, British, and American doctors. The cause of death was determined to be a heart attack.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/14/world/no-poison-found-in-pakistan-officer-s-body.html|title=No Poison Found in Pakistan Officer's Body|date=14 December 1993|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=8 March 2016|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308074011/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/14/world/no-poison-found-in-pakistan-officer-s-body.html|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A Supreme Court investigation also ruled that Janjua died of natural causes, without performing an autopsy.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;apnews.com&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Janjua was among just four senior officers to have died while in active service, alongside Admiral [[Hasan Hafeez Ahmed]] (1975), General [[Zia-ul-Haq]] (1988), and Air Chief Marshal [[Mushaf Ali Mir]] (2002).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian Air Force meets 294 accidents in almost 58 years |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/915311-indian-air-force-meets-294-accidents-in-almost-58-years |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=The News |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928234657/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/915311-indian-air-force-meets-294-accidents-in-almost-58-years |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> Former Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]], then described Asif Nawaz as &quot;a true professional soldier,&quot; and further stated that &quot;he did what he said he would do – he kept the army out of politics.&quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;/&amp;gt; Unlike many of his predecessors, Asif Nawaz was incorruptible and often talked of how he would relax when he retired, unlike other generals who plunged into politics.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ARashid&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and decorations ==<br /> {| style=&quot;margin:1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Basalat.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=10 years Service Medal (Pakistan Armed Forces).png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=20 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=30 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png|width=130}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Jamhuriat Tamgha 1988.png|width=130}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha Pakistan.svg|width=130}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]'''<br /> '''(Military)'''<br /> <br /> (''Order of Excellence'')<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]'''<br /> '''(Military)'''<br /> <br /> (''Crescent of Excellence'')<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot;| '''[[Sitara-e-Basalat]]'''<br /> (''Star of Valour'')<br /> <br /> '''with BAR'''<br /> | '''[[Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]'''<br /> (''War Star 1971'')<br /> |'''[[Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''<br /> (''War Medal 1965'')<br /> | colspan=&quot;1&quot; | '''[[Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]'''<br /> (''War Medal 1971'')<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|10 Years Service Medal]]'''<br /> |'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|20 Years Service Medal]]'''<br /> |'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|30 Years Service Medal]]'''<br /> |'''[[Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''<br /> <br /> (''100th Birth Anniversary of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'')<br /> <br /> '''1976'''<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Tamgha-e-Qayam-e-Jamhuria]]'''<br /> (''Republic Commemoration Medal'')<br /> <br /> '''1956'''<br /> |'''[[Hijri Tamgha]]'''<br /> (''Hijri Medal'')<br /> <br /> '''1979'''<br /> |'''[[Tamgha-e-Jamhuriat]]'''<br /> (''Democracy Medal'')<br /> <br /> '''1988'''<br /> |colspan=&quot;1&quot;| '''[[Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha]]'''<br /> (''Resolution Day''<br /> <br /> ''Golden Jubilee Medal'')<br /> <br /> '''1990'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * &quot;[[Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within]] (Oxford Pakistan Paperbacks)&quot; by Shuja Nawaz, Publisher: Oxford University Press<br /> * {{Cite magazine|title=Night of the Generals|date=31 October 1993|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19931031-mystery-shrouds-former-pak-army-chief-general-asif-nawaz-janjua-death-poisoning-suspected-811732-1993-10-31|first=Shekhar|last=Gupta|author-link=Shekhar Gupta|magazine=[[India Today]]}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100824194032/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=152 Official profile at Pakistan Army website]<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-mil}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Shamim Alam Khan]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]]|years=1991}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=Farrakh Khan}}<br /> |-<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Mirza Aslam Beg]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]|years=1991–1993}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Abdul Waheed Kakar]]}}<br /> {{end}}<br /> <br /> {{Pakistan Army Staff Chief}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nawaz, Asif}}<br /> [[Category:1937 births]]<br /> [[Category:1993 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jhelum]]<br /> [[Category:Government Gordon College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]<br /> [[Category:Punjab Regiment officers]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani prisoners of war]]<br /> [[Category:National Defence University (Pakistan) alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of the National Defence University (Pakistan)]]<br /> [[Category:Chiefs of the General Staff (Pakistan)]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Pakistan Military Academy]]<br /> [[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani democracy activists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jhelum District]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veta_(1986_film)&diff=544178 2026-03-18T18:24:40Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Put up basic post w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1986 film by Kondandarami Reddy}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Veta<br /> | image = Veta film poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]<br /> | producer = M. Tirupathi Reddy<br /> | writer = '''Screenplay''':&lt;br/&gt;A. Kodandarami Reddy&lt;br/&gt;'''Dialogues''':&lt;br/&gt;[[Paruchuri brothers]]<br /> | based_on = ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]'' by [[Alexander Dumas]]<br /> | starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Jaya Prada]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Sumalatha]]<br /> | music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]<br /> | cinematography = [[V. S. R. Swamy]]<br /> | editing = M. Vellaiswamy<br /> | studio = Samyuktha Movies<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1986|5|28}}&lt;ref name = &quot;Veta (1986) IndianCine.ma&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://indiancine.ma/ABLL/info | website = indiancine.ma | title = Veta | access-date = 12 December 2021 | archive-date = 10 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220110073633/https://indiancine.ma/ABLL/info | url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Veta''''' ({{translation|''Hunt''}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Historical drama|period]] [[Action film|action]] film directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy|A. Kondandarami Reddy]]. The film stars [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Jaya Prada|Jayaprada]], and [[Sumalatha]] in lead roles. Produced by Samyuktha Movies, it is an adaptation of [[Alexandre Dumas]]' novel ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]''. The music was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy]], with cinematography by [[V. S. R. Swamy]].<br /> <br /> The film brought together the successful team behind the 1983 blockbuster [[Khaidi (1983 film)|''Khaidi'']], including Chiranjeevi, Samyuktha Movies, director Kodandarami Reddy, composer Chakravarthy, and writers [[Paruchuri brothers]]. However, ''Veta'' failed to replicate the success of its predecessor and was a commercial failure at the box office.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sri Atluri |date=15 March 2006 |title=Interview with Mega director Kodandarami Reddy |url=https://telugucinema.com/nostalgia/interview-with-mega-director-kodandarami-reddy |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=ఆ సినిమా ఫ్లాప్ అవడంతో దుప్పటి కప్పుకుని వెక్కివెక్కి ఏడ్చిన చిరంజీవి! |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/these-are-the-flop-movies-in-megastar-chiranjeevi-s-40-years-film-career-111713 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=[[ABP Desam]] |language=te |quote=మెగాస్టార్ ఎన్నో ఆశలు పెట్టుకున్న 'వేట' చిత్రం బాక్సాఫీస్ వద్ద డిజాస్టర్ అయింది. 'ఖైదీ' కాంబినేషన్ కావడంతో, అంతకు మించి హిట్ అవుతుందని చిరు హోప్స్ పెట్టుకున్నారు. ఎన్నో అంచనాలతో వచ్చిన సినిమా ఊహించని విధంగా ఫ్లాప్ అవడం ఆయన్ను బాగా కలిచివేసింది. ఆ బాధను తట్టుకోలేక ఇంట్లో దుప్పటి కప్పుకుని వెక్కివెక్కి ఏడ్చినట్లు చిరు ఓ ఇంటర్వూలో స్వయంగా వెల్లడించారు. దాన్నుంచి బయటపడటానికి చాలా రోజులు పట్టిందని చెప్పారు.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Set in 1939 during the [[British Raj|British rule of India]], Pratap is a sailor in love with a wealthy woman. However, her [[Parallel and cross cousins|cross-cousin]] Jayaram, who serves in the British army, also desires to marry her. When the ship's captain is poisoned by two crew members, Jayaram uses his influence to falsely accuse Pratap, resulting in his deportation to the secluded [[Cellular Jail|Andaman Jail]].<br /> <br /> Trapped in prison for thirteen years, Pratap eventually escapes, diving into the [[Andaman Sea]] where he is rescued by two sailors. Consumed by thoughts of vengeance against those who wronged him, Pratap teams up with Mahendra Bhupathi, a fellow inmate and former zamindar who also seeks revenge against Jayaram. Mahendra, on his deathbed, reveals the location of a hidden treasure on Malabar Island.<br /> <br /> Pratap escapes from prison by substituting himself for Mahendra's dead body in a burial sack. After retrieving the treasure, Pratap reinvents himself as a wealthy zamindar. He finds Mahendra’s daughter, Jyothirmayi, who is also seeking vengeance, and provides her shelter. With calculated precision, Pratap infiltrates the nobility and systematically destroys those who betrayed him.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Chiranjeevi]] as Prathap, a sailor<br /> * [[Jaya Prada]] as Saroja<br /> * [[Sumalatha]] as Jyothirmayi<br /> * [[Jaggayya]] as Mahendra Bhupathi<br /> * [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Benarjee<br /> * [[Nutan Prasad]] as Chowdappa<br /> * [[Mohan Sharma]] as Jayaram<br /> * [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]]<br /> * [[Mada Venkateswara Rao|Mada]]<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> ''Veta'' is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] adaptation of [[Alexandre Dumas]]' novel ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]'', which has been adapted into several films in [[French language|French]] and [[English language|English]]. The Telugu version, translated in the 1950s, follows a man wrongfully imprisoned due to a conspiracy who seeks revenge against his betrayers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-30 |title=Veta Movie: మెగాస్టార్ వేట గురించి ఈ విషయాలు మీకు తెలుసా? |url=https://telugu.filmyfocus.com/interesting-facts-about-chiranjeevi-veta-movie |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Filmy Focus |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was Tirupathi Reddy's idea to adapt this story as a film in Telugu and the writers Paruchuri Brothers adapted the story as pre-independence era.&lt;ref name=tiru&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_tirupathireddy_2008_2.php|page=2|title=Interview with Tirupathi Reddy|website=Telugucinema|access-date=11 January 2025|date=8 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011085234/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_tirupathireddy_2008_2.php|last=Sri|archive-date=11 October 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the development phase of ''Veta'', it was reported that [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] had shown interest in the film's story. Despite his initial interest and exploration of various adaptations, Balakrishna was unable to participate in the film. Consequently, the film was produced with Chiranjeevi in the lead role. Subsequently, the film was produced by the head of Samyuktha Movies, Tirupati Reddy, who pitched the story to Chiranjeevi and director A. Kodandarami Reddy. ''Veta'' was made with a significant budget of around {{Indian Rupee}}1 [[crore]]. ''Veta'' featured Chiranjeevi in new looks, with him working for 60 days on the film. [[Jaya Prada]], his co-star, worked for 38 days.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Veta<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[K. Chakravarthy]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | caption =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 1986<br /> | recorded = 1986<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 22:06<br /> | language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | label = [[Lahari Music]]<br /> | producer = K. Chakravarthy<br /> | prev_title =<br /> | prev_year = <br /> | next_title =<br /> | next_year = <br /> }}<br /> The music was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy]] and released through Saptaswar music label.&lt;ref name = &quot;Veta (1986) IndianCine.ma&quot; /&gt; Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]], [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] and [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].&lt;ref name = &quot;Veta (1986) IndianCine.ma&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Track list&lt;ref name = &quot;Veta (1986) IndianCine.ma&quot; /&gt;<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 22:06<br /> <br /> | title1 = O Raani<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]<br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]<br /> | length1 = 4:29<br /> <br /> | title2 = Singari Eedu<br /> | lyrics2 = Veturi<br /> | extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki &amp; Chorus<br /> | length2 = 4:22<br /> <br /> | title3 = O Ledi Koona<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]<br /> | extra3 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> | length3 = 4:18<br /> <br /> | title4 = Oorevitammaa Perevitammaa<br /> | lyrics4 = [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]<br /> | extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela &amp; Chorus<br /> | length4 = 4:35<br /> <br /> | title5 = Eduru Choosina Jaabili<br /> | lyrics5 = Veturi<br /> | extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela<br /> | length5 = 4:22<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''Veta'' was released on 28 May 1986 with high expectations, due to its association with the successful team behind [[Khaidi (1983 film)|''Khaidi'']] (1983), including Chiranjeevi, director Kodandarami Reddy, composer Chakravarthy, and writers Paruchuri brothers. However, the film was a box office failure and did not live up to the expectations set by its predecessor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2006, Kodandarami Reddy reflected on the film's failure, attributing its poor performance to the elevated expectations set by the success of ''Khaidi'', coupled with the audience's dissatisfaction with the plot, particularly the heroine's marriage to another character.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tirupathi Reddy too opinionated the same.&lt;ref name=tiru /&gt; Chiranjeevi also expressed his deep disappointment, acknowledging the emotional toll the film's failure took on him and revealing that it took a considerable time for him to recover. In recent years, however, some viewers have re-evaluated ''Veta'', now considering it an underrated film.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0246313|title=Veta}}<br /> <br /> {{The Count of Monte Cristo}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1986 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in 1939]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on The Count of Monte Cristo]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]<br /> [[Category:1986 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br /> [[Category:1986 action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:1980s action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1980s masala films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]<br /> [[Category:1986 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Army in films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about treasure hunting]]<br /> [[Category:Films about prison escapes]]<br /> [[Category:Films set on ships]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in the Indian Ocean]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Navy in films]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anantha_(film)&diff=486345 2026-03-17T23:37:09Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Post</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Tamil-language anthology drama film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Anantha <br /> | image = Anantha poster.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Promotional release poster<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = [[Suresh Krissna]]<br /> | writer = [[Pa. Vijay]] (dialogue)<br /> | screenplay = Suresh Krissna<br /> | story = Suresh Krissna<br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer = <br /> | starring = {{plainlist|*[[Jagapathi Babu]]<br /> *[[Suhasini Maniratnam]]<br /> *[[Y. G. Mahendran]] <br /> }}<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = Sanjay B L<br /> | editing = S Richard<br /> | music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br /> | studio = AP International<br /> | distributor = [[JioHotstar]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|2026|1|13|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Anantha''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[anthology film|anthology]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Suresh Krissna]] and starring [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], and [[Y. G. Mahendran]]. The film is based on the lives of followers of [[Sathya Sai Baba]]. The film was released on [[JioHotstar]] on 13 January 2026 to mixed reviews.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{Expand section|February 2026|date=February 2026}}<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Jagapathi Babu]] as Vardhan Rao<br /> *[[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Annapurna<br /> *[[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Mahadevan<br /> *[[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Sita<br /> *[[Abhirami Venkatachalam]] as Meenakshi<br /> *[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Vasudevan<br /> *[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Meenakshi's father<br /> * Arjun as Doctor<br /> * Dhathsha Dayal as Meenakshi's mother<br /> * Jasiq as Annapurna's son <br /> * Videsh Anand as Annapurna's son<br /> *[[Uday Mahesh]] as [[Puttaparthi]] Doctor<br /> * Rajendra Kumar Pydipati A. S. as Flight passenger<br /> * Temper Vamsi as Vicky{{efn|Although the character was unnamed in the end credits, the name was revealed in the film.}}<br /> * Rama Rao Jadhav as Robber<br /> *[[Mohan Raman]] as Doctor (uncredited)<br /> }}<br /> [[Sathya Sai Baba]] is shown in archive footage.<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film was made with a similar cast and crew to [[Suresh Krissna]]'s unreleased venture ''Charukesi''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/20/suresh-krisnna-y-gee-mahendras-charukesi-first-look-out|title=Suresh Krisnna-Y Gee Mahendra's Charukesi first look out|first=Akshay|last=Kumar|date=20 June 2025|website=Cinema Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, &quot;''Anantha'' is made for a specific audience: Sathya Sai Baba devotees and those drawn to devotional narratives. For them, it will likely resonate. For others, it's a tough sit&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/anantha/ottmoviereview/126558207.cms|title=Anantha Movie Review: Faith anthology for the already faithful|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Abhinav|last=Subramanian|date=16 January 2026|accessdate=17 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, &quot;Overall, ''Anantha'' is a devotional drama with a few emotionally well-crafted scenes. Though the film is largely preachy and focused on showcasing the greatness of Sai Baba, it works as a niche watch&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/anantha-review-suhasinis-film-is-all-about-faith-and-divine-intervention/acc2b7e07f368|title=Anantha Review: Suhasini's film is all about faith and divine intervention|website=OTTPlay}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' wrote that the film's strength is the heart-touching devotional scenes and that the slow-moving screenplay and easily predictable story are its weaknesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/suresh-krishnas-anantha-cinema-review-1200466|title=சுரேஷ் கிருஷ்ணாவின் “அனந்தா” - சினிமா விமர்சனம்|date=16 January 2026|website=www.dailythanthi.com|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|38854883}}<br /> <br /> {{Suresh Krissna}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Suresh Krissna]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian anthology films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2026 Indian films]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norbulingka_Institute&diff=522463 2026-03-16T11:27:01Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Tibetan institute, Dharamshala}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> :''You may have been looking for [[Norbulingka|Norbulingka Palace]].''<br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> |name = Norbulingka Institute<br /> |image = Norbulingka Institute, with Dhauladhar range in the background.jpg<br /> |caption = Norbulingka Institute, with [[Dhauladhar]] range in the background.<br /> |established = 1995<br /> |location = [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Norbulingka Institute''', founded in 1995 by Kelsang and [[Kim Yeshi]] at Sidhpur, near [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]], [[India]], is dedicated to the preservation of the Tibetan culture in its literary and artistic forms.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The institute is named after [[Norbulingka]], the traditional summer residence of the [[Dalai Lama]], in [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]]. The ground plan is based on the proportions of Avalokitesvara, the thousand-armed god of compassion, with the temple as the head.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> [[File:Thangkaschilder.jpg|220x220px|thumb|A [[thangka]] painter, Norbulingka Institute]]<br /> Norbulingka Institute is dedicated to handing down tradition and restoring standards by providing training, education and employment for Tibetans. It supports an environment in which Tibetan community and family values can flourish. It reconciles the traditional creatively and respectfully with the modern, and seeks to create an international awareness of Tibetan values and their expression in art and literature. Norbulingka produces high quality, traditionally crafted art objects, as well as clothing and home furnishings. Free guided tours of the institute are available to visitors every day except Sunday. Workshop are also offered for those wishing to study Tibetan arts. The institute also runs two guesthouses—Norling Guesthouse and Chonor House. <br /> <br /> The Norbulingka Institute charges an entry fee of Rs. 50 for Tibetans and Indians. For International visitors, the entry fee is Rs. 200 per person. All proceeds from all Norbulingka's projects go directly back into the institute to further our endeavors to preserve Tibetan culture. <br /> Norbulingka's art studios include Tibetan statue making, [[thangka]] painting, screen-printing, applique and tailoring, woodcarving, wood painting, papermaking, and wood and metal craft.<br /> <br /> The Academy of Tibetan Culture, established in 1997, offers a three-year course of higher education in traditional Tibetan studies, as well as English, Chinese, and world history.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.norlingaotc.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616124848/http://www.norlingaotc.org/ |date=16 June 2013 }} Academy of Tibetan Culture Website.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Research Department of Norbulingka houses the team composing the official biography of the Dalai Lama, of which nine volumes in Tibetan have already been published. The research section is also compiling a comprehensive encyclopedia of Tibetan culture.<br /> <br /> [[File:Tibetan prayer flags, Norbulingka Gardens, Norbulingka Institute, Sidhpur, Dharamsala.jpg|left|thumb|Tibetan prayer flags, Norbulingka Gardens.]]<br /> [[File:Deden Tsuglakhang 01.jpg|right|thumb|''Seat of Happiness Temple'', Norbulingka Institute.]]<br /> The institute also has the two-storeyed 'Seat of Happiness Temple' (Deden Tsuglakhang) built in 1985 and set amidst the Japanese inspired Norbulingka gardens. It is known for its 1,173 murals of Buddha, frescoes of all the [[Dalai Lama]]s and drawings chronicling the life of the [[14th Dalai Lama]]. In the main hall stands the 4 mt high gilded copper Buddha [[Sakyamuni]] statue, made by institute's master statue-maker, the late Chenmo Pemba Dorje, and one of largest such statues outside Tibet. Around the temple are workshops of artisans and apprentices that produce various art objects, which are sold at the Norbulingka Shop, for the benefit of Tibetan refugees.<br /> <br /> The Losel Doll Museum has [[diorama]] displays of traditional Tibetan scenes, using miniature Tibetan dolls in traditional costumes.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&amp;dq=Norbulingka+Institute&amp;pg=PA514 Norbulingka Institute] ''Frommer's India'', by Pippa De Bruyn, Keith Bain, Niloufer Venkatraman, Shonar Joshi. Published by Frommer's, 2008. {{ISBN|0-470-16908-7}}. ''Page 514''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&amp;dq=Norbulingka+Institute&amp;pg=PA488 The Norbulingka Institute ] ''The Rough Guide to India'', by David Abram, Rough Guides, Nick Edwards, Rough Guides (Firm), Mike Ford, Devdan Sen, Beth Wooldridge. Published by Rough Guides, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84353-089-9}}. ''Page 488''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A short distance from the institute lies the Dolma Ling Buddhist nunnery,&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=T7ZHUhSEleYC&amp;dq=Norbulingka+Institute&amp;pg=PA330 Norbulingka Institute] ''India'', by Joe Bindloss, Sarina Singh, James Bainbridge, Lindsay Brown, Mark Elliott, Stuart Butler. Published by Lonely Planet, 2007. {{ISBN|1-74104-308-5}}. ''Page 330''.&lt;/ref&gt; and the Gyato Monastery, temporary residence of the 17th Karmapa, [[Ogyen Trinley Dorje]].<br /> <br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * ''The Norbulingka Institute'', by Portal to Asian Internet Resources (Project), Published by The Norbulingka Institute. 1995.<br /> * ''Norbulingka: The First Ten Years of an Adventure'', by Jeremy Russell, Nor-glin Bod kyi rig gźun gces skyon khan, Dharmsala, India. Published by Norbulingka Institute, 2006.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Norbulingka Institute}}<br /> * [http://www.norbulingka.org/ Norbulingka Institute website]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616124848/http://www.norlingaotc.org/ Academy of Tibetan Culture Website]<br /> *[http://www.tibet.org/norling/ Norbulingka Institute] at ''[[Central Tibetan Administration]]''<br /> <br /> {{coord|32.1982|76.3586|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tibetology]]<br /> [[Category:Heritage organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]]<br /> [[Category:Tibetan art]]<br /> [[Category:Tibetan painting]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1995]]<br /> [[Category:Education in Dharamshala]]<br /> [[Category:History organisations based in India]]<br /> [[Category:1995 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:India–Tibet relations]]<br /> [[Category:Tibetan diaspora in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Dharamshala]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Poonen_Lukose&diff=516645 2026-03-13T12:22:52Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Started first article first draft!</p> <hr /> <div>{{refimprove|date=October 2024|reason=Several incomplete and unclear references; missing footnotes}}<br /> {{cleanup|date=October 2024|reason=Poorly applied and formatted bulleted lists}}<br /> {{Short description|Indian doctor; first female Surgeon General in world}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Mary Poonen Lukose<br /> | image = Mary Poonen Lukose.svg<br /> | imagesize = 250px<br /> | caption = A vector drawing of Mary Poonen Lukose<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1886|07|30}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Aymanam]], [[Kottayam]], [[Travancore]], [[British Indian Empire]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1976|10|02|1886|08|02}}<br /> | death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br /> | restingplace = <br /> | restingplacecoordinates = <br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = Gynecologist, obstetrician<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | known for = Medical service<br /> | spouse = K. K. Lukose<br /> | domesticpartner = <br /> | children = Grace Lukose, K. P. Lukose<br /> | parents = T. E. Poonen<br /> | website = <br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]]&lt;br&gt;''Vaidyasasthrakusala''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mary Poonen Lukose''' (2 August 1886 - 2 October 1976) was an Indian gynecologist, obstetrician and the first female Surgeon General in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.streeshakti.com/bookM.aspx?author=13 | title=Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976) | publisher=Stree Shakti | date=2015 | access-date=15 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was the founder of a ''Tuberculosis Sanatorium'' in [[Nagarcoil]] and the ''X-Ray and Radium Institute'', [[Thiruvananthapuram]], served as the head of the Health Department in the [[Travancore|Princely State of Travancore]] and was the first woman legislator of the [[Travancore|state]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt; The [[Government of India]] awarded her the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Shri&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2015 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Mary Poonen was born to a rich [[Saint Thomas Anglicans|Anglican Syrian Christian]] family as the only child&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary Poonen Lukose - Robin Jeffrey&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jeffrey |first1=Robin |title=Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala became 'a Model' |date=27 July 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-12252-3 |pages=92–93, 98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENC-DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA92 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose - Hektoen bio&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://hekint.org/2017/01/28/mary-poonen-lukose/ | title=Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose | author=K.S. Mohindra, PhD | journal=Hektoen International - A Journal of Medical Humanities | year=2015 | volume=VII | issue=2 | issn=2155-3017}}&lt;/ref&gt; on 2 August 1886&lt;ref name=&quot;The Doctors behind the Poonen Road, Secretariate, Trivandrum&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.doctorshangout.com/profiles/blogs/the-doctors-behind-the-poonen | title=The Doctors behind the Poonen Road, Secretariate, Trivandrum | publisher=Doctors' Hangout | date=2015 | access-date=15 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413180818/http://www.doctorshangout.com/profiles/blogs/the-doctors-behind-the-poonen | archive-date=13 April 2013 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Aymanam]]&amp;mdash;a small village later made famous by being the setting of the novel ''[[The God of Small Things]]''&amp;mdash;&lt;ref name=&quot;God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://scribblesofsoul.com/god-of-small-things-by-arundhati-roy/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716213448/http://scribblesofsoul.com/god-of-small-things-by-arundhati-roy/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=16 July 2010 | title=God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy | publisher=Scribbles of Soul | date=2015 | access-date=15 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the princely state of [[Travancore]] (modern day [[Kerala]]), in the [[British Indian Empire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | url=http://samyukta.info/archives/vol_2_2/article/k%20rajashekharan%20nair/a%20pioneer%20in%20medicine.htm | title=A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976) | author=Nair, K. Rajasekharan | journal=Samyukta - A Journal of Women's Studies | date=July 2002 | volume=II | issue=2 | pages=117–121 | access-date=15 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153319/http://samyukta.info/archives/vol_2_2/article/k%20rajashekharan%20nair/a%20pioneer%20in%20medicine.htm | archive-date=8 December 2015 | url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt; Her father, T. E. Poonen, was a medical doctor, the first medical graduate in Travancore and the Royal Physician of Travancore state.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Doctors behind the Poonen Road, Secretariate, Trivandrum&quot; /&gt; Her mother had health issues due to which Mary was brought up by British governesses. She completed her schooling at [[Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum|Holy Angel's Convent High School, Thiruvananthapuram]] and topped the matriculation examination. However, she was denied admission for science subjects at the Maharajas College, Thiruvananthapuram (present day [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]]) for being a woman and had to pursue studies in history on which she graduated (BA) in 1909.<br /> <br /> As Indian universities did not offer admission to women for medicine, she moved to London and secured MBBS from the London University.She continued in the UK to obtain MRCOG (gynecology and obstetrics) from [[Rotunda Hospital]], Dublin and underwent advanced training in pediatrics at the [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt; Later she worked in various hospitals in the UK and simultaneously pursued music studies to pass the London Music Examination.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Medical career ==<br /> Dr Mary Poonen returned to India in 1916, the year her father died.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose - Hektoen bio&quot; /&gt; She took up the post of an obstetrician at the ''Women and Children Hospital'', at Thycaud in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/6950/12/12_chapter%205.pdf | title=The Changing Social Conception of Old Age | publisher=Shodhganga | date=2015 | access-date=15 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also worked as the superintendent of the hospital, replacing a westerner who had returned to her native place after marriage.&lt;ref name=&quot;A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt; Poonen's initial appointment was blocked as the role had traditionally been occupied by European staff, although this was overturned and she was paid on the same salary as European staff.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frenz |first=Margret |date=2021 |title=To Be or Not To Be … a Global Citizen: Three doctors, three empires, and one subcontinent |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1226 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X20000256 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A year later, she married lawyer Kunnukuzhiyil Kurivilla Lukose (K. K. Lukose)&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.geni.com/people/Dr-Mary-Lukose/6000000027154730394 | title=Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose | publisher=Genie | date=2015 | access-date=15 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary Poonen Lukose - Robin Jeffrey&quot; /&gt; She went by the name Dr Mary Poonen Lukose following her marriage. During her tenure at Thycaud Hospital, she initiated a midwifery training program for the children of local midwives in order to win over their support and delivered her own first born child, Grace, at the hospital in 1918.&lt;ref name=&quot;A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt; She performed the first [[Caesarean section|Caesarian section]] in Travancore before 1920, often operating under the light of hurricane lamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trailblazer – the story of Dr Mary Poonen Lukose |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2019/07/17/trailblazer-dr-mary-poonen-lukose.html |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=OnManorama}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Poonen Lukose - Hektoen International |url=https://hekint.org/2017/01/28/mary-poonen-lukose/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=hekint.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1922 she was nominated to the legislative assembly of Travancore,&lt;ref name=&quot;Her-Self: Gender and Early Writings of Malayalee Women&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xyr6gXmva-gC&amp;q=Dr.+Mary+Poonen+Lukose&amp;pg=PA128 | title=Her-Self: Gender and Early Writings of Malayalee Women | publisher=Popular Prakashan | author=J. Devika | year=2005 | pages=181 | isbn=9788185604749}}&lt;/ref&gt; known as ''Sree Chitra State Council'', becoming the first woman legislator in the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt; Two years later, she was promoted as the ''Acting Surgeon General'' of the state of Travancore, making her the first woman to be appointed as the surgeon general in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Evolution of Modern Medicine in Kerala&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://nmji.in/archives/Volume%2016-1%20Jan%20Feb%202003/book%20reviews/Evolution_of_Modern.htm | title=Evolution of Modern Medicine in Kerala | publisher=National Medical Journal of India | date=2003 | access-date=15 June 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208054506/http://nmji.in/archives/Volume%2016-1%20Jan%20Feb%202003/book%20reviews/Evolution_of_Modern.htm | archive-date=8 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; She continued at the hospital till 1938 during which time she was nominated to the state assembly continuously till 1937.&lt;ref name=&quot;A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt; In 1938, she became the Surgeon General, in charge of 32 government hospitals, 40 government dispensaries and 20 private institutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose - Hektoen bio&quot; /&gt; She is considered to be the first woman appointed as a surgeon general in the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Doctors behind the Poonen Road, Secretariate, Trivandrum&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Then and Now&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://pazhayathu.blogspot.ae/2015/04/when-posting-of-woman-in-govt-service.html | title=Then and Now | publisher=Pazhayathu | work=Blog | date=20 May 2014 | access-date=15 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first woman surgeon general in the US was appointed only in 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose - Hektoen bio&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Lukose was one of the founders of the Thiruvananthapuram chapter of the [[Young Women's Christian Association]] (YWCA) and became its founder president in 1918,&lt;ref name=&quot;YWCA of Trivandrum&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ywcatrivandrum.in/?page_id=229 | title=YWCA of Trivandrum | publisher=YWCA | date=2015 | access-date=15 June 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082317/http://ywcatrivandrum.in/?page_id=229 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a position she retained till 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt; She served as the Chief Commissioner of the Girl Guides in India&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose - Hektoen bio&quot; /&gt; and was also a founder member of the [[Indian Medical Association]] and the Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India (FOGSI), which started as ''Obstetric and Gynaecological Society''.&lt;ref name=&quot;A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt; As the surgeon general of the state, she is reported to have founded the Tuberculosis Sanatorium in Nagarcoil, one of the first sanatoriums in India, which later grew to become the [[Kanyakumari Government Medical College]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Welcome to Our Institution&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.kkmc.ac.in/ | title=Welcome to Our Institution | date=2015 | access-date=15 June 2015 | archive-date=9 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509202215/http://www.kkmc.ac.in/ | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She also founded the ''X-Ray and Radium Institute'' in Thiruvananthapuram.&lt;ref name=&quot;A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> In 1917 Mary Poonen married Kunnukuzhiyil Kurivilla Lukose (K. K. Lukose),&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose&quot; /&gt; an [[Indian Orthodox]] Christian lawyer who would later become a judge of the High Court of Travancore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary Poonen Lukose - Robin Jeffrey&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt; She nicknamed him Judgie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-08 |title=The good doctor of Travancore |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/talking-point/opinion-the-good-doctor-of-travancore-111641444664607.html |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They had two children, the eldest, Dr Grace Lukose (1919-1954), a medical doctor and assistant Professor of Surgery at [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]], New Delhi, who died in her mid 30s in an accident, trying to free a relation whose hair had become entangled in an electric fan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lukose, Grace Mary (1918 - 1954)&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E005273b.htm | title=Lukose, Grace Mary (1918 - 1954) | publisher=Lives Online | date=2015 | access-date=15 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The youngest, son K. P. Lukose, grew up to become a consul general, permanent representative of India to the United Nations and the Indian ambassador to Bulgaria.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Doctors behind the Poonen Road, Secretariate, Trivandrum&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt; Her husband died in 1947 and her two children also preceded her in death. She died on 2 October 1976 at the age of 90.&lt;ref name=&quot;A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> == Recognition and commemoration ==<br /> She was a recipient of the title, Vaidyasasthrakusala, from [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]], the last Maharaja of Travancore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976)&quot; /&gt; The [[Government of India]] awarded her the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Shri&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A biography ''Trailblazer – The Legendary Life and Times of Dr Mary Poonen Lukose, Surgeon General of Travancore'' edited by Leena Chandran was published in 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Trailblazer,' autobiography on Dr Mary Poonen Lukose is a class apart |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2020/01/22/trailblazer-autobiography-dr-mary-poonen-lukose-class-apart.html |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=OnManorama}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * [[Kanyakumari Government Medical College]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> {{portal|India|Medicine}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> *  Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations, K.K.N.Kurup. p. 86. K.K.N.Kurup. p. 86. mittal publications. 1988. pp. K.K.N.Kurup. p. 86. states that first women doctor and surgeon of Kerala is Dr. Ayathan Janaki Ammal, Ayathan Janaki is the first Malayali lady doctor and surgeon of Kerala, First female doctor and surgeon of Kerala, and also the first female doctor from thiyya community.(Dr. Ayathan Janaki Ammal). please refer modern Kerala and history of Kerala.<br /> * {{Cite book|last1=Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan|first1=Malayalam Memoir (2013)|title=Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan, edited by V.R.Govindhanunni|last2=V.R.Govindhanunni, Kozhikode|publisher=Mathrubhumi books}}<br /> * Gopalan, Kausallya (1932). Kausallya Gopalan (1932) Biography written by Vagbhatananda guru. published by Mathrubhumi Press, Calicut in 1932.<br /> * Ente ammayude ormadaykk (1901) Biography of Kallat Chiruthammal. Calicut: DR.Ayathan Gopalan., Spectator press. 1901.<br /> * Malabar Manual. william logan. 1951.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations, K.K.N.Kurup. p. 86. K.K.N.Kurup. p. 86. mittal publications. 1988. pp. K.K.N.Kurup. p. 86.<br /> ^ Malabar Manual. william logan. 1951.<br /> * {{cite journal | title=A Pioneer Medicine-Dr. Mary Poonen Lukose (1886-1976) | author=Nair, K. Rajasekharan | journal=Samyukta - A Journal of Women's Studies |date=July 2002 | volume=II | issue=2 | pages=117–121}}<br /> <br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Lukose, Mary Poonen}}<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]<br /> [[Category:1886 births]]<br /> [[Category:1976 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Kottayam district]]<br /> [[Category:Malayali people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian gynaecologists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women gynaecologists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women surgeons]]<br /> [[Category:University College Thiruvananthapuram alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Madras alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Medical doctors from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Women scientists from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagercoil&diff=445361 2026-03-11T23:27:54Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: page fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Nagercoil<br /> | settlement_type = [[Municipal corporation]]<br /> | image_skyline = {{multiple image|perrow = 1/2/2|align = center|total_width=275|caption_align=center|<br /> | image1 = Nagercoil Clock Tower.jpg<br /> |image4 = Nagaraja Temple, Nagercoil.JPG<br /> | image3 = St. Xavier's Church, Kottar.JPG<br /> | image2 = Nagercoil Junction Railway Station.JPG<br /> }}<br /> | image_caption = '''Clockwise from top:'''<br /> [[Nagercoil Clock Tower]], St. Xavier's Cathedral, [[Nagaraja Temple, Nagercoil|Nagaraja Temple]], [[Nagercoil Junction railway station]]<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | nicknames = Granary of South Travancore, Greenest City of Tamilnadu, City of Temple Jewels, Southernmost City of India{{cn|date=February 2026}}<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = Nagercoil in Tamil Nadu<br /> | pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|8|10|30|N|77|25|50|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]<br /> | named_for = &quot;Temple of the [[Nāga]]s&quot;<br /> | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]<br /> | governing_body = [[Nagercoil Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | leader_title1 = Mayor<br /> | leader_name1 = Magesh<br /> | leader_title2 = Deputy Mayor<br /> | leader_name2 = Mary Princy<br /> | leader_title3 = Corporation Commissioner<br /> | leader_name3 = Nishant Krishna&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commissioner |url=https://nagercoilcorporation.in/commissioner/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Nagercoil Corporation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br /> | leader_title4 = Member of Parliament<br /> | leader_name4 = [[Vijay Vasanth]]<br /> | leader_title5 = <br /> | leader_name5 = <br /> | unit_pref = <br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 61.36<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 82<br /> | population_total = 289,916<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nagercoilcorporation.in/about-nagercoil-corporation/|title=Nagercoil corporation }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = 96.99%&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Census2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/490-nagercoil.html|website=Tamil Nadu Population Census data 2011|publisher=Tamil Nadu Government|access-date=2 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br /> | blank2_info_sec2 = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/tamil-nadu/nagercoil-23976/|title=Nagercoil climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Nagercoil weather averages - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])}}<br /> | blank3_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]<br /> | blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|2477.7|mm|in}}<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Deputy mayor<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | demographics1_info2 = <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 629001,629002,629003,629004<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 91-4652 &amp; 91-4651<br /> | registration_plate = TN-74 &amp; TN-75<br /> | leader_title = Member of Legislative Assembly<br /> | leader_name = [[M. R. Gandhi]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nagercoil''', natively spelt as '''Nāgarkovil''' ({{IPA|ta|n̪aːhɐɾkoːʋil|lang}}, &quot;Temple of the [[Nāga]]s&quot;, or Nagaraja-Temple), is a [[municipal corporation]] and the administrative headquarters of [[Kanyakumari District]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] state, India. Situated close to the tip of the [[Indian peninsula]], it lies on an undulating terrain between the [[Western Ghats]] and the [[Arabian Sea]].&lt;ref name=&quot;test&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cleartrip.com/india/nagercoil/|title=Nagercoil Tourism, Nagercoil Travel Guide - Cleartrip|website=Cleartrip Tourism}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401660/Nagercoil|title=Nagercoil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Nagaraja_temple.JPG|thumb|Nagaraja Temple at Nagercoil]]<br /> <br /> Nagercoil is a centre for a range of economic activities in the small but densely populated [[Kanyakumari District]]. Economic activities in and around the city include [[tourism]], [[Wind power|wind energy]], [[IT services]], marine fish production and exports, rubber and cloves plantations, agro-crops, floral production, manufacture of fishnets, rubber products among other activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kanyakumari District Statistical Handbook |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s38fe0093bb30d6f8c31474bd0764e6ac0/uploads/2018/04/2018041097.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> 'Nagercoil Cloves' is a distinct quality of dried cloves in the spices market, noted for its aroma and medicinal value.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Cultivation of Spices |date = 11 February 2003| publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press |isbn = 9788178330648|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tKiCwAAQBAJ&amp;q=cloves+nagercoil+spices+board&amp;pg=PT115 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Cloves]], pepper and other spices are grown in estates in the [[Western Ghats]], outside the town.<br /> <br /> Nagercoil is also the nearest city to the [[ISRO Propulsion Complex]], [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/swadeshi-success/article9731146.ece|title=Swadeshi success|website=Frontline|date=21 June 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2011 |title=Site Evaluation Report for KKNPP Units 3 to 6 |url=https://www.npcil.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/SER_KKNPP_3_6_21jun2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213222240/https://www.npcil.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/SER_KKNPP_3_6_21jun2012.pdf |archive-date=Dec 13, 2022 |website=npcil.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The city, along with the district of Kanyakumari, stands at the top in many [[Human Development Index]] parameters in Tamil Nadu state, including education, per capita income, health indices, etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kanniyakumari-tops-hdi-rankings/article18470625.ece|title=Kanniyakumari tops HDI rankings|first=T.|last=Ramakrishnan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The municipality of Nagercoil was upgraded as a Municipal corporation on the eve of its 100th year as a city on 14 February 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadus-hosur-nagercoil-to-become-corporations/articleshow/67976076.cms|title=Tamil Nadu's Hosur, Nagercoil to become corporations |website=The Times of India|date=13 February 2019 |access-date=2019-02-14 |first=Julie |last=Mariappan }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> Nagercoil derives from the Tamil expression ''Nagaraja koyil'', meaning &quot;temple of Nagas&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Nagercoil Corporation |url=https://nagercoilcorporation.in/about-nagercoil-corporation/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Nagercoil Corporation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{Main|Kottar}}<br /> Nagercoil was formerly known as Kottar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/nagercoil/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101213640/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/nagercoil/ |archive-date=1 November 2025 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=Nagercoil Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{Main|Demographics of India|Demographics of Tamil Nadu|Demographics of Kerala}}<br /> <br /> According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Nagercoil had a population of 289,916 with a female-male sex ratio of 1.05, well above the national average of 0.929 females/male.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/time-to-ensure-scientific-disposal-of-garbage/article2859659.ece|title=Time to ensure scientific disposal of garbage|first=P. s Suresh|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A total of 20,241 were under the age of six, constituting 10,119 males and 10,122 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 4.19% and 0.17% of the population respectively. The literacy rate of the city was 96.99%.&lt;ref name=&quot;dashboard&quot;/&gt; The city had a total of 59,997 households. There were a total of 76,345 workers, comprising 244 cultivators, 1,155 main agricultural labourers, 2,271 in household industries, 67,050 other workers, 5,625 marginal workers, 110 marginal cultivators, 361 marginal agricultural labourers, 447 marginal workers in household industries and 4,707 other marginal workers.&lt;ref name=2011census&gt;{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Nagercoil|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=703039|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150440/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=703039|archive-date=24 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption = Languages of Nagercoil (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;language&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu (Urban) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10259/download/13371/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-3300.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value1 = 96.78 |color1 = royalblue<br /> |label2 = [[Malayalam]] |value2 = 1.51 |color2 = cornflowerblue<br /> |label3 = [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]] |value3 = 0.60 |color3 = skyblue<br /> |label4 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value4 = 0.55 |color4 = steelblue<br /> |label5 = Others |value5 = 0.57 |color5 = gray<br /> |thumb=right<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> {{Main|Economy of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> The city is one among the 50 Indian cities to be ranked in the World Startup Index of 1,000 cities.&lt;ref name=&quot;startupblink.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.startupblink.com/|title=Global Map of Startups &amp; Ecosystem Rankings |website=StartupBlink }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The major software companies present in Nagercoil are CapeStart Inc., [[Hinduja Global Solutions]], [[Navigant Consulting]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hinduja-global-solutions-opens-centre-at-nagercoil-in-tn-110050600195_1.html|title=Hinduja Global Solutions opens centre at Nagercoil in TN|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=6 May 2010 |agency=Press Trust of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/technology/nasdaq-to-work-with-indian-fintech-cos-to-build-next-gen-local-products/59626463|title=Nasdaq to work with Indian fintech cos to build next gen local products |first=Nilesh |last=Christopher|newspaper=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The city also has small aerospace manufacturing plants and satellite fabricating firms serving the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]s facility in [[ISRO Propulsion Complex]], Mahendragiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/jan/13/chandrayaan-2-set-for-bungee-jump-test-in-mahendragiri-hills-of-tamil-nadu-1752404.html|title=Chandrayaan-2 set for bungee jump test in Mahendragiri hills of Tamil Nadu|website=The New Indian Express |date=13 January 2018 |author=SV Krishna Chaitanya }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/091016/noorul-islam-university-hands-over-nano-satellite-to-isro.html|title=Noorul Islam University hands over nano satellite to ISRO|date=9 October 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Regional Academic Centre for Space by Indian Space Research Organisation, one among the only six incubation centres for Space Startups in India, is under construction in Nagercoil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/sep/19/isro-to-fund-research-in-twelve-cities-1874006.html|title=ISRO to fund research in twelve cities|website=The New Indian Express |date=19 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/isro-opens-first-its-six-693349.html|title=ISRO opens first of its six planned incubation centres|date=18 September 2018|website=Deccan Herald |first=Rasheed |last=Kappan}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Integral Coach Factory]] has a small scale windmill unit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ICF-to-install-windmills/articleshow/4102273.cms|title=ICF to install windmills |website=The Times of India|date=10 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Also, the District Industries Centre (DIC) in [[Konam, Nagercoil]] operates under the [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises]], India (MSME).<br /> <br /> The export of 95 tons of fruits and vegetables to the Gulf Countries through the Thiruvananthapuram airports is a major source of revenue for the city, with food processing companies generating a daily revenue of ₹16.7 [[lakh]] (1.67 million) and an annual revenue of ₹6.1&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/export-of-perishables-hit/article19519988.ece|title=Export of perishables hit|first=S. Anil|last=Radhakrishnan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The flower market of [[Thovalai]] exports 350 tons of Flowers to Kerala, Europe and Middle Eastern countries generating an annual revenue of ₹250 [[crore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/offbeat/thovalai-flowers-gearing-up-for-onam-kanyakumari-onam-season-1.2188380|title=Thovalai flowers gearing up for Onam|website=Mathrubhumi |date=Aug 24, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229140140/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/offbeat/thovalai-flowers-gearing-up-for-onam-kanyakumari-onam-season-1.2188380 |archive-date=Feb 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/traders-stare-at-losses-as-kerala-floods-hit-business/article24718837.ece|title=Traders stare at losses as Kerala floods hit business|first=P.|last=Sudhakar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/worst-onam-for-thovalai-flower-market-in-recent-times/articleshow/65536468.cms|title=Worst Onam for Thovalai flower market in recent times |website=The Times of India|date=25 August 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The major cottage industries like fish-net manufacturing, rubber industries, and jewellery manufacturing are industries serving the domestic and export markets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/nagercoil-temple-jewellery-made-with-peculiar-stones-gets-gi-tag-geographical-indications-tag/articleshow/65095824.cms|title=Nagercoil temple jewellery made with peculiar stones gets Geographical Indications tag |website=The Times of India|date=23 July 2018 |author=D Vincent Arockiaraj }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Fishermen-thirst-for-scientific-solutions/article14849043.ece|title=Fishermen thirst for scientific solutions|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; The minor [[cottage industries]] include surgical gloves, [[coir]]-making, floral trade, handloom-weaving, cashew nut, spices, food-processing units, and lace-making (export-oriented).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Form casteless society, youth told |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/03/stories/2004100303550300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041014200124/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/03/stories/2004100303550300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2004|date=3 October 2004|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nagercoil has the highest [[per capita income]] of ₹2,76,454 (US$3,800), making it among the richest small cities in India{{according to whom|date=April 2025}}.<br /> <br /> ===Energy===<br /> {{Main|Wind power in India}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Aralvaimozhi-Aerial.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Wind farm in [[Muppandal]] and Aralvaimozhi region near Nagercoil]]<br /> The city has an installed windmill capacity of 1500 MW catering to 20% of the state's renewable electricity needs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jairaj |first=Amala Devi &amp; Bharath |date=2017-09-27 |title=The way the wind blows |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-way-the-wind-blows/article19763982.ece |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muppandhal has emerged as the wind power hub, with plant owners eager to cash in on the ₹2.90 per unit purchase price being offered by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/State-betters-its-record-in-windmill-energy-production/article14808974.ece|title=State betters its record in windmill energy production|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> {{Main|Architecture of Kerala|Architecture of Tamil Nadu|Tamil architecture}}<br /> <br /> [[File:A view of Nagercoil.jpg|thumb|left|170px|View of Nagercoil buildings]]<br /> [[File:Suchindram - Thanumalayan Temple5.jpg|thumb|right|The Thanumalayan Temple Pond and its adjoining streets inhabited since the 16th century]]<br /> The architecture of Nagercoil consists of an eclectic combination of architectural styles, ranging from those that predate the creation of the town, from the early [[Dravidian architecture]] and [[Kerala Architecture]], to English [[Gothic Revival]], to the 21st century contemporary. Although there are prehistoric and classical structures in the city, the architectural history of Nagercoil effectively begins with the first small settlements from 3&amp;nbsp;AD. The Roman naturalist and writer [[Pliny the Elder]] mentions Nagercoil as a commercial metropolis, having trade links with his contemporaneous Roman merchants, who traded and stayed in unique rock-walled, clay-roofed structures. This legacy can be found in some of the town's old heritage structures like the [[Nagaraja Temple, Nagercoil]]. The temple has two main deities, Krishna (revered as Ananda Krishna) and Nagaraja. The upadevathas are Shiva, Subrahmanya Swami, Ganesha, Devi, and Dwarapalaka. As an ancient tradition, the priests are Namboothiri Brahmins who are referred by the Pambumekkat mana in Thrissur, Kerala. Later on, Dravidian and Kerala architectural styles began to appear in the area. This can be attributed to the construction of the [[Thanumalayan Temple]] in the 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/br/2002/01/29/stories/2002012900150300.htm|title=History of Suchindram temples|website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 14th century [[St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Kottar]] serves as a testimony to the mix of Roman and native architecture{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}. While Saint Xavier was doing missionary work at Kottar and its neighbourhood, he averted an invasion of Padagas and thus protected the people of the Venad kingdom from that attack which was appreciated by the king, Unni Kerala Varma{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}. In recognition of Xavier's services, the king allotted him a piece of land to construct a Catholic church, as a gesture of goodwill, as per the church records. There was already a small church, in the same place where St. Xavier's church stands at present, dedicated to Mary the Mother of God, since AD 1544.<br /> <br /> The artistic influence of Kerala and British architecture marvels are seen in the Nagercoil Palace, [[Nagercoil Clock Tower]], [[CSI Home Church, Nagercoil|Home Church]], [[Scott Christian College]], [[Scott Christian Higher Secondary School|Scott School]], [[Carmel Higher Secondary School]], [[St. Joseph's Convent Higher Secondary School|St. Joseph Convent]], Sethu Lakshmi Bai School, Nagercoil Court, The Concordia Seminary, Filter House, [[Catherine Booth Hospital|The Salvation Army Catherine Booth Hospital]] and many more heritage structures in and around the town{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}.<br /> <br /> The Nagercoil Clock Tower is the most visible to the outside world, situated in the heart of the town, which was built to commemorate the visit of Sri Moolam Thirunal, the ruler of [[Travancore]], in 1893,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clock Tower |url=https://nagercoilcorporation.in/clock-tower/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Nagercoil Corporation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was designed by Hogeorf and S. Horesly of England. The Maharajah himself inaugurated it on 15 February of that year. The pendulum of the clock was made in Derbyshire by Smith of Derby Group, [[London]]. The clock is attached to a 60-foot-long chain with a weight, operated with pulleys through gravitational force. The clock in the Nagercoil Clock Tower was presented to the Maharajah by Rev. James Duthie. of the London Missionary Society.&lt;ref name=&quot;OnlineKanyakumari.Com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nagercoil Clock Tower - Nagercoil Mani Medai |url=http://www.onlinekanyakumari.com/nagercoil-clock-tower-tower-junction-mani-medai-manimedai/|publisher=OnlineKanyakumari.Com|access-date=16 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The total cost for constructing the Nagercoil Clock Tower was ₹ 3,258, 9 Chakrams and 12 Kasu. The Maharajah of Travancore donated ₹ 1017, and the balance was donated by the public.&lt;ref name=&quot;OnlineKanyakumari.Com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Politics==<br /> {{Main|Politics of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {|cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;float:left; border-collapse:collapse; border:2px white solid; font-size:x-small; font-family:verdana;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#659ec7; color:black;&quot;|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;'''Municipal officials'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:white; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px #747170 solid; font-size:x-small; font-family:verdana;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |Commissioner<br /> | Nishant Krishna I.A.S.<br /> |-<br /> |District Collector<br /> |Alagu Meena ''I.A.S''<br /> |-<br /> |Superintendent of Police<br /> |&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;Dr.Stalin ''I.P.S''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Law==<br /> <br /> === Kanniyakumari District Police Department ===<br /> <br /> The Kanniyakumari District Police Department&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eservices.tnpolice.gov.in/CCTNSNICSDC/pdfs/rti/rtidistricts/rtisouthzone/Kanniyakumari.pdf |title=KANNIYAKUMARI DISTRICT: EXTRACT OF RULE 4(1)(b) OF THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT 2005 |website=eservices.tnpolice.gov.in |access-date=2025-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; operates under the leadership of the [[Superintendent of Police (India)]], [[Tamil Nadu Police]] and is supported by two [[Additional Superintendent of Police]] (Addl. SPs).<br /> <br /> '''Structure'''<br /> <br /> [[Superintendent of Police (India)]] (SP) – Overall in charge of the district police.<br /> <br /> [[Additional Superintendent of Police]] (2) – Assist the SP in administrative and operational functions.<br /> <br /> [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]] (Dy. SPs)<br /> &lt;li&gt;Four Dy. SPs overseeing the four police sub-divisions (Kanniyakumari Sub Division, Nagercoil Sub Division, Thuckalay Sub Division &amp; Colachel Sub Division).<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;One Dy. SP for Armed Reserve.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;One Dy. SP for District Crime Record Bureau (DCRB).<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;One Dy. SP for District Crime Branch (DCB).<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;One Dy. SP for Prohibition Enforcement Wing.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;One Dy. SP for Economic Offences Wing – II (Nagercoil).&lt;/li&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Personnel'''<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;Inspectors of Police: 39 (35 + 4)&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Sub-Inspectors of Police: 134 (94 + 40)&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Police Personnel: 1,686 (1,586 + 100)&lt;/li&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Nagercoil Sub-Division Police Stations'''<br /> &lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Kottar]] Police Station&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Vadasery]] Police Station&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;[[Aralvaimozhy]] Police Station&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Bhoothapandy Police Station&lt;/li&gt; <br /> &lt;li&gt;Nesamony Nager Police Station&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Asaripallam Police Station(under the control of Nesamonynager Circle)&lt;/li&gt; <br /> &lt;li&gt;Central Crime Station, Nagercoil&lt;/li&gt; <br /> &lt;li&gt;All Women Police Station (AWPS), Nagercoil, <br /> &lt;li&gt;Traffic Investigation Police Station&lt;/li&gt; <br /> &lt;li&gt;Traffic Regulation Wing, Nagercoil. &lt;/li&gt; <br /> &lt;/ol&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Specialized Wings and Units'''<br /> <br /> In addition to the Police Stations, the following specialized wings and units operate under the control of the [[Superintendent of Police (India)]], Kanniyakumari District:<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;District Crime Records Bureau (DCRB) – Maintains crime records and assists in investigations.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;District Crime Branch (DCB) – Handles serious crimes and special investigations.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;Economic Offences Wing – II (Nagercoil) – Investigates financial frauds and economic offenses.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;Prohibition Enforcement Wing – Monitors and prevents illegal liquor trade.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;Social Justice and Human Rights Unit – Ensures the protection of human rights and social justice cases.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;Finger Print Bureau – Assists in forensic investigations using fingerprint analysis.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;Short Hand Bureau – Records and documents police proceedings and legal matters.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;Police Photographic Section – Provides photographic evidence and documentation for investigations.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;Mobile Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL) – A mobile unit assisting in crime scene analysis and forensic investigations.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> {{Main|Education in Kerala|Education in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> Tamil is the official language in Nagercoil and is spoken by the majority of the population. In addition to Tamil, English and Malayalam are widely spoken. There are many schools and colleges in Nagercoil that are known for their national reputation and were established more than 150 years ago; colleges such as [[Scott Christian College]] (est. 1809),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.scottchristian.org/wp/about-us/ |title=About Us |website=Scott Christian College |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617125545/http://www.scottchristian.org/wp/about-us/ |archive-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[South Travancore Hindu College]] (est. 1952), Holy Cross College (est. 1965), [[Women's Christian College, Nagercoil|Women Christian College]] and schools such as Scott Christian Higher Secondary School (est. 1819), Duthie Girls School (est. 1819), [[St. Joseph's Convent Higher Secondary School]] (est. 1910), [[Carmel Higher Secondary School]] (est. 1922), S.L.B. Government Higher Secondary School (est. 1924), S.M.R.V. Higher Secondary School (est. 1919).<br /> <br /> Also, there are several private primary, secondary, and higher secondary schools, [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), and [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) schools in the city that provide learning diversity to the local &amp; surrounding students.<br /> <br /> There are various approved higher education and skill development institutions in and around the city, including [[autonomous]] colleges, aided colleges, and self-financing colleges serving diverse fields like [[Science]] and [[Technology]], [[Commerce]], [[Economics]], [[Arts]], [[Humanities]], [[Medical]], [[Engineering]], and [[Management studies]].<br /> <br /> There is a Government ITI, Government Polytechnic, [[University College of Engineering, Nagercoil]], and Government Arts And Science College which are all situated in [[Konam, Nagercoil]].<br /> <br /> There are two Government Medical Institutes in Nagercoil, [[Kanyakumari Government Medical College]], [[Acharipallam]], and Government Ayurvedic College, [[Kottar]].<br /> ==literacy rate==<br /> The literacy rate is at 96.99%&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011.co.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803927-nagercoil-tamil-nadu.html|title=Nagercoil Town Population Census 2011 - 2023|website=Census 2011 India}}&lt;/ref&gt; higher than the national average of 74.04%&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/literacy.php|title=Literacy Rate of India |website=Census 2011 India}}&lt;/ref&gt; and state average of 80.09%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/tamil+nadu.html|title=Tamil Nadu Population {{!}} Sex Ratio {{!}} Literacy|website=Census 2011 India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> <br /> At [[Vadasery]], a locality in Nagercoil, unique Temple jewellery is made.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/a-dazzle-in-the-dark/article3290876.ece|title=A dazzle in the dark|first=Kausalya|last=Santhanam|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vadasery Temple jewellery has [[Geographical Indication]]s (GI) registry of the Government of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/nagercoil-temple-jewellery-made-with-peculiar-stones-gets-gi-tag-geographical-indications-tag/articleshow/65095824.cms|title=temple jewellery: Nagercoil temple jewellery made with peculiar stones gets Geographical Indications tag &amp;#124; Trichy News |website=The Times of India|date=23 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; These jewels are used by classical dancers in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Onam]] is a festival which is widely celebrated among the [[Malayalam]]-speaking population by drawing the [[Onam#Pookkalam (Flower Rangoli)|'athapoo']] on the floor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/15/stories/2005091505880200.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-09-15|title=Tamil Nadu / Nagercoil News : Onam - day of flowers, feast, fun and frolic}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Onam-festivities-begin-in-Kanyakumari/article14821829.ece|title=Onam festivities begin in Kanyakumari|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Navaratri]] is uniquely celebrated here with an inter-state tradition &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/essential-kerala/two-states-three-gods-faith-navarathri-thiruvananthapuram-padmanabhapuram-deities.html|title=South India's unique Navaratri tradition: when gods travel to Kerala|website=Onmanorama |date=October 1, 2016 |first=Maya |last=Menon}}&lt;/ref&gt; in which the idols of Goddess Munuthithanankai Amman from [[Suchindrum]], Goddess Saraswati from [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]] and Lord Kumaraswamy from [[Kumarakovil]] travel to [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. A ceremonial welcome is given to the idols of the Gods by the officials and representatives of the Government of [[Kerala]]. After the ten days of [[Navratri]] festival, they return to the respective temples with great celebrations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/navaratri-suchindram-temple-deity-taken-to-padmanabhapuram-palace/article7749253.ece|title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Nagercoil News : Navaratri : Suchindram temple deity taken to Padmanabhapuram Palace|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/essential-kerala/2018/10/08/tvm-ready-to-welcome-navarathri-idols.html|title=Thiruvananthapuram ready to welcome Navratri idols from Tamil Nadu|website=Onmanorama}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Nanjil Nadu Cuisine==<br /> {{AI-generated|section=Cuisine|date=August 2025}}<br /> '''[[Nanjil Nadu]] Cuisine''', hailing from the Southern coastal region of [[Tamil Nadu]], especially Nagercoil, is a blend of Tamil and Kerala culinary traditions. Known for its abundant use of coconut and coconut oil, this cuisine stands out with its distinct and rich flavours. The dishes are often infused with aromatic spices and tamarind. Some dishes are listed below:<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;'''Nanjil Fish Curry'''<br /> A signature dish of the region, this [[curry]] is made with freshly caught fish, tamarind, and coconut-based spices, delivering a tangy and spicy flavour.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;'''[[Avial]]'''<br /> A classic South Indian dish, [[Avial]] is a medley of vegetables cooked with grated coconut and yoghurt, tempered with curry leaves and coconut oil.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;'''Nendran Chips'''<br /> These crispy [[banana chips]], made from ripe or raw [[Nendran banana]], are fried to perfection in coconut oil, making them a popular snack.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;'''Venthaya Curry'''<br /> A unique [[fenugreek]] based curry with a slightly bitter yet aromatic taste, often prepared with tamarind and coconut milk.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;'''Munthiri Kothu'''<br /> A traditional sweet made of rice flour, jaggery, and roasted mung beans, deep-fried in small clusters, resembling grape bunches.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;'''Karupatti Mittai'''<br /> A wholesome candy made using palm jaggery ([[karupatti]]) and nuts, offering a delightful natural sweetness.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;'''Kottar Rice Murukku'''<br /> A crunchy snack made of rice flour, this spiral-shaped savoury is a local speciality of [[Kottar]], a locality in Nagercoil.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;'''Nungu Sarbath'''<br /> A refreshing summer drink made with ice apple (nungu, [[Borassus flabellifer]]), flavoured syrups, and sometimes [[basil seeds]], providing a cooling effect.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;'''Pazha Bajji'''<br /> Deep-fried banana fritters are a sweet and crispy snack made with ripe bananas coated in a spiced batter.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;'''Thenkuzhal Mittai''' is a delicious sweet which is a deep-fried, sugar-coated version of Thenkuzhal Murukku, similar to Manoharam Mittai, where crispy rice flour tubes are coated in jaggery or sugar syrup, giving them a crunchy yet sweet taste.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;'''[[Parrota]]'''<br /> A flaky, layered flatbread, often served with spicy curries or meat dishes, making it a favourite street food in Nagercoil.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;'''Kothu Parrota''' is another popular dish that consists of flaky parotta (layered flatbread) that is shredded and stir-fried with eggs, spices, onions, tomatoes, and sometimes chicken, meat, or vegetables. It is cooked on a hot griddle with a rhythmic chopping motion using metal spatulas, giving it a signature texture and flavor.<br /> <br /> &lt;li&gt;'''Maravazhi Kilangu ([[Tapioca]] / [[Cassava]]) with Fish Curry''' is another classic dish, which satisfies the appetite of the people in this region. It combines soft, boiled tapioca with a spicy, flavorful fish curry, creating a delicious and comforting meal.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> <br /> === Bus transport ===<br /> There are three main bus stands in the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bus stand |url=https://nagercoilcorporation.in/busstand/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Nagercoil Corporation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * '''Nagercoil Municipal Corporation Christopher Bus Stand''' ([[Vadasery]]): The terminus, spread over an area of 9.49 acres, serves as a hub for transportation and commercial activities in the region. It features 52 bus bays, which accommodate a variety of buses including Mofussil buses and long-distance buses. These buses connect Nagercoil with major cities across [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]], facilitating both local commuting and intercity travel.<br /> <br /> In addition to the bus bays, the terminus houses essential facilities such as a reservation counter for ticketing services. It also includes numerous commercial and refreshment outlets, providing amenities to travellers and visitors alike.<br /> Overall, the terminus plays a crucial role in Nagercoil's transportation infrastructure, offering convenience and connectivity for passengers travelling within the state and to neighbouring [[Kerala]].<br /> <br /> Frequent bus services to [[Marthandam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Valliyur]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Kovilpatti]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Madurai]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Dindigul]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tiruchendur]] available from here. Also scheduled long distances buses to [[Chennai]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Krishnagiri]], [[Hosur]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Palani]], [[Pollachi]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Ooty]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Velankanni]], [[Kodaikanal]], [[Trichy]], [[Ariyalur]], [[Virudhachalam]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[Pudukkottai]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Vellore]], [[Chittoor]], [[Tirupati|Tirupathi]] operated from here. The terminus is well utilized by buses belonging to the [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] (TNSTC), [[State Express Transport Corporation]] (SETC), and [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]].<br /> *''' Anna Bus Stand''' ([[Meenakshipuram, Nagercoil]]): The terminus, spanning 2.31 acres, is a pivotal hub for local bus services within Kanyakumari district and to Tirunelveli district. It features 25 bus bays, facilitating the operation and organization of various bus routes connecting different parts of these districts.<br /> <br /> Local buses primarily serve the commuting needs of residents within the [[Kanyakumari]] district, offering reliable transportation options for daily travel and commuting purposes. Additionally, buses to Tirunelveli district provide connectivity for inter-district travel, enabling passengers to reach destinations across both districts efficiently.<br /> <br /> As a central point for bus operations, the terminus enhances accessibility and convenience for travelers, ensuring smooth connectivity between different areas within [[Kanyakumari]] and to the neighbouring [[Tirunelveli]] district.<br /> <br /> The town bus routes to surrounding localities are to [[Vadasery]], [[Parvathipuram, Tamil Nadu|Parvathipuram]], Vetturnimadam, Asaripallam, Chunkankadai, Villukuri, [[Thuckalay]], [[Karungal]], Thingalnagar, Mulagumoodu, Chettikulam, [[Kottar]], Ramanputhur, Konam, Eathamozhi, [[Rajakkamangalam]], Manavalakurichi, [[Colachel]], Midalam, Enayam, Parakkai, Thengamputhur, Puthalam, Manakudy, Kovalam, [[Thovalai]], [[Suchindram]], Vazhukkamparai, Thamaraikulam, [[Mylaudy]], Kottaram, etc.<br /> <br /> * '''Vadasery Omni Bus Stand''': Intrastate and Interstate private buses are operated from here.<br /> <br /> === Rail transport ===<br /> There are two railway stations in the city<br /> <br /> *[[Nagercoil Junction railway station|Nagercoil Junction Railway station (NCJ)]]<br /> <br /> The main railway station (Also called Kottar Railway Station) of the city and one of the most important railway stations in Tamil Nadu coming under NSG–3 category. It consists of 6PF (02 under progress) and 12 tracks. The railway station is located on [[Thiruvananthapuram–Nagercoil–Kanyakumari line|Kanyakumari- Trivandrum BG Line]] and [[Nagercoil–Tirunelveli line|Nagercoil- Tirunelveli BG Line]]. Direct trains to many parts of the state like [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai]], [[Kanniyakumari Terminus railway station|Kanyakumari]], [[Rameshwaram]], [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore]], [[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tirunelveli Junction railway station|Tirunelveli]], and long-distance trains to other state cities like [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Mangalore Junction railway station|Mangalore]], [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu]], [[Varanasi]] [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Delhi]], [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]], [[Dibrugarh railway station|Dibrugarh]], [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|Bangalore]], [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station|Katra]], [[Kacheguda]], [[Howrah]], are also operated from here/passing through this station.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50 Departures from Nagercoil SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/nagercoil-junction-ncj/801 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> *[[Nagercoil Town railway station|Nagercoil Town Railway station (NJT)]]<br /> <br /> The station lies on [[Thiruvananthapuram–Nagercoil–Kanyakumari line|Kanyakumari- Trivandrum BG Line]]. Many important express trains and local trains to Trivandrum halt here. Also, some trains skip the main station due to loco rake reversal halt here.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=23 Departures from Nagercoil Town SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/nagercoil-town-njt/4793 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Air transport ===<br /> <br /> The nearest airport is [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]], which is around 70&amp;nbsp;km from the city centre. It has two Terminals, Domestic (Terminal 1) and International (Terminal 2).<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> <br /> {{Main|List of people from Nagercoil}}<br /> <br /> ==Sports==<br /> Nagercoil has the distinction of housing one of the two [[Sports Authority of India]] Centers in the state, the other being in [[Chennai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/13/stories/2004021301190300.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-02-13|title=Sports Authority of India sub-centre coming up near Nagercoil}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/index2.asp?slid=211&amp;sublinkid=118&amp;langid=1|title=Regional Centres}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are plans to make the city hub for sports in [[South India]] by merging it with the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kochi]] Centers with headquarters in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2011/jun/17/city-may-lose-sai-sub-centre-to-nagercoil-263436.html|title=City may lose SAI sub-centre to Nagercoil|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT) maintains Aringar Anna Outdoor Stadium in [[Vadasery]] and SDAT indoor Stadium in [[Konam, Nagercoil]]. It also has a swimming pool.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/content.php?token=hasb|title=SDAT Nagercoil|website=SDAT}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nagercoil also has various sports clubs that promote various sports activities.<br /> <br /> Nagercoil Fencing Club&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nfcfencing.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426064103/http://www.nfcfencing.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 April 2019 |title=NFC FENCING|website=nagercoilfencingclub}}&lt;/ref&gt; promotes fencing sports in Nagercoil.<br /> <br /> Also, there are various Non-govt sports clubs like The District Club, The Nagercoil Club, The Tirnity club and Ramavarmapuram Club.&lt;ref&gt;web|url=http://www.districtclubnagercoil.com/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * [http://www.kanyakumari.tn.nic.in Official website of Kanyakumari district] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030405151840/http://www.kanyakumari.tn.nic.in/ |date=5 April 2003 }}<br /> <br /> {{Regions of Kanyakumari}}<br /> {{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Nagercoil| ]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th_Mahratta_Light_Infantry&diff=458011 2026-03-11T21:19:21Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: small changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Regiment of the British Indian Army}}{{more citations needed|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Military Unit<br /> |unit_name=5th Mahratta Light Infantry<br /> |image=A sepoy of the 5th Mahratta Light Infantry, 1943 (c).jpg<br /> |caption=A soldier of the 5th Mahratta Light Infantry in 1943.<br /> |dates= 1922 - 1947<br /> |country= [[British India]]<br /> |allegiance= <br /> |branch= [[British Indian Army]]<br /> |type= Infantry<br /> |role=<br /> |size=<br /> |command_structure=<br /> |garrison= <br /> |garrison_label=Regimental Centre<br /> |equipment=<br /> |equipment_label=<br /> |nickname=<br /> |patron=<br /> |motto=<br /> |colors=<br /> |colors_label= <br /> |march=<br /> |mascot=<br /> |battles= <br /> |anniversaries=<br /> |decorations=<br /> |battle_honours=<br /> &lt;!-- Commanders --&gt;<br /> |current_commander=<br /> |current_commander_label=<br /> |ceremonial_chief= <br /> |ceremonial_chief_label=<br /> |colonel_of_the_regiment=<br /> |colonel_of_the_regiment_label=<br /> |notable_commanders=<br /> &lt;!-- Insignia --&gt;<br /> |identification_symbol=<br /> |identification_symbol_label=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''5th Mahratta Light Infantry''' was a regiment of the [[British Indian Army]]. It was formed in 1922,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Barr |first1=James S. |title=A Brief History of the Mahratta Light Infantry |date=1945 |publisher=G. Claridge |pages=3-4 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_Brief_History_of_the_Mahratta_Light_In/wNigAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; when <br /> the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. The regiment fought in [[World War II]] and raised 30 battalions. After the war it was allocated to the [[Indian Army]] in 1947, being renamed the [[Maratha Light Infantry]].<br /> <br /> ==Formation 1922==<br /> *1st [[Battalion]] ex [[103rd Mahratta Light Infantry]] served in [[North Africa Campaign]] and [[Allied invasion of Italy]] during World War II. [[Sepoy]] [[Namdeo Jadhav]] was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] (VC) in Italy in 1945.<br /> *2nd Battalion ex [[105th Mahratta Light Infantry]] served in [[Eritrea]] and North Africa until June 1942 when it bore the full brunt of the German attack on [[Tobruk]], sustaining very heavy casualties so that after the surrender of Tobruk the survivors became prisoners of war.<br /> *3rd Battalion ex [[110th Mahratta Light Infantry]] served in Eritrea, North Africa and Italy during World War II. [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] [[Yeshwant Ghadge]] was awarded the Victoria Cross posthumously in [[Italy]] in 1944.<br /> *4th Battalion ex [[116th Mahrattas]] served on the border of India and Burma during World War II, most notably in the defense of [[Battle of Imphal|Imphal]]. <br /> *5th Battalion ex [[117th Mahrattas]]. This battalion was designated 'Royal' in recognition of its exemplary service in Mesopotamia in World War I. This honour of a single battalion was unknown in the British Army and very rarely bestowed in the Indian Army. During World War II it served in the Middle East before becoming a Machine Gun battalion in Italy. <br /> *6th Battalion Mahratta Light infantry was created in June 1940 and in October 1942 joined its sister battalion, the 4th, in 49 Brigade in the defense of Imphal.<br /> *10th (Training) Battalion ex [[114th Mahrattas]]. During World War II it trained hundreds of young soldiers to supply the needs of its sister active service and other battalions of the Regiment.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1922]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|R]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1947]]<br /> <br /> {{India-mil-unit-stub}}<br /> {{UK-mil-unit-stub}}<br /> {{BritishIndia-mil-stub}}</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thathri&diff=470724 2026-03-06T00:13:55Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Town and tehsil in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Thathri<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang =<br /> | other_name =<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Town / [[Tehsil]]<br /> | image_skyline = Thathri Town.jpg<br /> | image_alt = Thathri Town<br /> | image_caption = Thathri Town in 2018<br /> | pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir<br /> | pushpin_label_position = center<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = New Thathri on Google Maps<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|33|08|43|N|75|47|28|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> {{maplink |frame=yes<br /> |frame-lat=33.149|frame-long=75.79<br /> |frame-width=300 |frame-height=310 |frame-align=center<br /> |text= '''Thathri''' in J &amp; K<br /> |zoom=15<br /> |type=shape |id=Q24935095<br /> |stroke-colour=#C60C30<br /> |stroke-width=2<br /> |title=Thathri<br /> }}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]] <br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] <br /> | subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary Constituency<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur]]<br /> | subdivision_type4 = [[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name4 = [[Doda district|Doda]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date =<br /> | founder = [[Waaz Khan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Who is Waaz Khan | website=Official website of Thathri — Town in Doda district | date=23 September 2023 | url=https://www.thathri.com/2023/09/who-is-waaz-khan-spiritual-pioneer-of.html | access-date=24 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | government_type =<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank =<br /> | area_total_km2 = 1.50<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 662<br /> | population_total = 59,955<br /> | population_blank1_title = Male<br /> | population_blank1 = 31,627<br /> | population_blank2_title = Female<br /> | population_blank2 = 28,328<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = Thathrian&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Demonym of Thathri |url=https://www.thathri.com/p/demonym-of-thathri.html |website=Official website of Thathri — Town in Doda district |access-date=15 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_footnotes =.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/thathri-tehsil-doda-jammu-and-kashmir-63|title=Thathri Tehsil Population, Religion, Caste Doda district, Jammu and Kashmir - Census India|website=www.censusindia.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official Language<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Spoken<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Gujari language|Gujari]], [[Urdu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 182203<br /> | registration_plate = JK06 <br /> | blank_name_sec1 = [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|Sub-divisional magistrate (SDM)]]<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = Er. Masood Ahmed Bichoo (JKAS)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Ayoob | first=Haseena | title=M.A. Bichoo Assumes Charge as SDM Thathri | website=[[The Chenab Times]] | date=19 September 2023 | url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/09/19/m-a-bichoo-assumes-charge-as-sdm-thathri/ | access-date=19 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | blank_name_sec2 = [[District Development Council|DDC Member]] <br /> | blank_info_sec2 = Sandeep Singh Manhas ([[BJP]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BJP clears ex-Minister, MLA in 2nd list of 46 candidates|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/bjp-clears-ex-minister-mla-in-2nd-list-of-46-candidates/|date=16 Nov 2020|work=Daily Excelsior|access-date=3 Jan 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = BDC Chairperson {{refn|name=definition of BDC|Block Development Councillor}}<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = Vacant<br /> | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Deputy superintendent of police|DySP]]<br /> | blank2_info_sec2 = Shahid Nahiem Ahmed&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Ayoob | first=Anzer | title=Long-Pending Demand of Doda's Thathri Subdivision Fulfilled: DySP Post Established | website=The Chenab Times | date=28 July 2024 | url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2024/07/28/long-pending-demand-of-dodas-thathri-subdivision-fulfilled-dysp-post-established/ | access-date=20 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.thathri.com}}<br /> | footnotes=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Thathri''' is a town and a [[notified area committee]] in [[Doda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://doda.gov.in/district/profilemain.htm Historical Origin Of District Doda] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215230954/http://doda.gov.in/district/profilemain.htm |date=15 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/lat_long/jammu-and-kashmir/thathri.html|title=Thathri Lat Long or Coordinates &amp;#124; Latitude and Longitude of Thathri, Jammu And Kashmir|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the [[Subdivision in India|sub division]] and [[tehsil]] headquarter of Thathri. Thathri valley is located in the foothills of the [[Himalaya]]n mountains, about 85&amp;nbsp;km from [[Batote]]. Apart from having ample forests, the town contains many small streams flowing through its various parts. It is located on the banks of the [[Chenab River]] and the town area is spread over 1.50 sq. Km².&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ulbjammu.org/thathri.php Thathri Municipal Committee - Urban Local Bodies Jammu]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The word '''Thathri''' is derived from the Kashmiri word &quot;Thath&quot; (ٹہاٹھ).<br /> <br /> The word thathri is derived from 'thath', which locally means a heap of wood or timber collected on the bank of the river Chenab in earlier times. The activities of collection of wood and timber were performed by local people of ancient Thathri (now called Upper Thathri) and from other villages like Tipri, Badanoo, Barshalla, Jangalwar, and Phagsoo. The locals earned their living by working as labourers in the collection of wood in the form of huge heaps of wood and timber, which were later on transported to Jammu by different agencies, both government and private. So the name thathri has its origin from the word 'thath', which could still be narrated today from the records of forest departments and revenue departments. So far as the transportation of wood or timber through Chenab water to the last stop at the bank of the Chenab river at Thathri continued till the construction of the Dool Hasti power project dam. After that, this tradition was discontinued and wood and timber were directly transported through trucks and other vehicles from the source of timber in the present day district of Kishtwar to other parts of Jammu and Kashmir.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Thathri: Where History Whispers from Timber Heaps | website=Official website of Thathri — Town in Doda district | date=2023-05-07 | url=https://www.thathri.com/2024/02/thathri-where-history-whispers-from.html | access-date=2024-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Thathri Town.jpg|thumb|left|Thathri Town (East to West) in 2019]]<br /> In ancient times, it was filled with the paddy fields of nearby villagers. As more and more people built their houses in place of these fields and finally it became a village. Over time, the population increased by people coming and settling here from nearby villages and also from places as far as Tral, Baramulla in Kashmir and the people who now settled in Thathri made it a center of business. The reasons for Kashmiri population settling here in the past in 17th or 18th century is matter of ambiguity between historians. However [[Sumantra Bose]] says it was repression by feudal class that drew people to the district of Doda.&lt;ref name=&quot;sned&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR21 |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 2011 the population census reported that Thathri contained at least 93 villages.<br /> Thathri was formerly a part of Tehsil Bhadarwah, until it separated as a new Tehsil in 1981. In 2010 Thathri was upgraded to a town. On 23 July 2014 it was upgraded to Subdivision, and is now divided into five Tehsils as Thathri, Phagsoo, Kahara, Chiralla and Bhela. The first municipal elections of Thathri town were held in October 2018.<br /> <br /> On 22 July 2017, a flash flood affected Thathri, killing 6 people and washing away 6 homes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/monsoon-active-across-india-6-killed-in-jk-flash-floods/articleshow/59714097.cms|title=Monsoon active across India, 6 killed in J&amp;K flash floods &amp;#124; India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 July 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thathri town, the headquarters of Thathri tehsil, is an underdeveloping town in Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir as of 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Thathri deserves district status, separate assembly constituency: TDF|url=https://news.statetimes.in/thathri-deserves-district-status-separate-assembly-constituency-tdf/|date=17 November 2019|publisher=State Times|access-date=21 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thathri is a historical and commercially important town in the Thathri subdivision. It is located along the left bank of [[Chenab river]] and [[National Highway 244 (India)|National Highway 244]] passes through the town.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Yusafzai | first=Tahir Nadeem Khan | title=Flash floods wreak havoc in Thathri town of J&amp;K’s Doda | website=[[Greater Kashmir]] | date=2024-06-28 | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/chenab-valley/flash-floods-wreak-havoc-in-thathri-town-of-jks-doda/ | access-date=2025-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 1 February 2023, Thathri suffered from [[2023 Thathri land subsidence|land subsidence]] that resulted in 300 people being displaced and 23 homes being declared unsafe; eight days later, another landslide blocked the highway that passes through the town.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ganai |first1=Naseer |title=Jammu &amp; Kashmir: One House Collapses, Several Develop Cracks In J&amp;K's Doda, Villagers Fear Another Joshimath In Making |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/jammu-and-kashmir-one-house-collapses-several-develop-cracks-in-jk-doda-villagers-fear-another-joshimath-in-making-news-259375 |access-date=8 February 2023 |work=Outlook (Indian magazine) |date=4 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Fresh Landslide Strikes Batote-Kishtwar National Highway at Thathri {{!}} News&amp;nbsp;— Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/fresh-landslide-strikes-batote-kishtwar-national-highway-at-thathri/videoshow/97793925.cms |access-date=11 February 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=10 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of 2025, demand for [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir#NewDist|district status in Thathri subdivision]] is increasing with number of arguments with the present district.&lt;ref name=&quot;district&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ayoob|first=Anzer|title=Why Thathri needs district status?|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2020/09/07/why-thathri-needs-district-status/|date=7 September 2020|publisher=The Chenab Times|access-date=8 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last=Excelsior | first=Daily | title=Create Bhaderwah, Thathri two districts: Rao | website=[[Daily Excelsior]] | date=2025-01-15 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/create-bhaderwah-thathri-two-districts-rao/ | access-date=2025-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of March 2025, the Jammu and Kashmir administration rejected an immediate proposal by the Chenab Times Foundation to grant Thathri district status, stating no administrative reorganization is currently planned, though future consideration remains possible.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.scoopnews.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=136511 |title=J&amp;K administration declines immediate creation of Thathri and Bhaderwah districts |publisher=Scoop News |date=2025-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Thathri town is located in the foothills of the Lesser Himalayas, 34&amp;nbsp;km far from [[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir|Doda]] city and 30&amp;nbsp;km from [[Kishtwar]] and Batote-Kishtwar [[National Highway 244 (India)|National Highway 244]] passes through the town.<br /> <br /> Thathri’s urban layout features a network of notable streets that define its residential, cultural, and administrative character. Key routes include Al-Nahr Street, which traces a rain-fed rivulet near R.P. Gate on the National Highway; Al-Bakr Avenue, originating at the historic Abu Bakr Masjid and linking dense residential zones with the circular road; and Chenab Avenue, extending from Eid Gah through central Thathri toward EPS School. Harmony Crescent Street and Falah Street serve major residential and institutional areas, with the latter connecting NH-244 to the Government Degree College. Munawar Avenue reflects local heritage through its association with Master Munawar Din, while the Circular Road forms the town’s primary transport spine along the Chenab River. Silver Colony—popularly known as Court Road—hosts key administrative offices, complemented by nearby Sabil Street, which provides short-route access to civic institutions. Peace Lane, Noble Street, and Riverside Lane contribute to the town’s upper and lower residential connectivity, the last leading to the Government Girls’ Higher Secondary School. Mandir Street highlights the town’s religious diversity as it runs from Mandir Mohalla toward Upper Thathri, and Shanti Noor Street links mixed-use residential areas near Royal Mobile Care with higher neighborhoods, collectively forming the core structure of Thathri’s internal road network.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Streets of Thathri |url=https://www.thathri.com/p/streets-of-thathri.html |website=Official website of Thathri — Town in Doda district |access-date=24 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Climate==<br /> {{Weather box<br /> |metric first= yes<br /> |single line= yes<br /> |location= Thathri, Jammu and Kashmir, India<br /> <br /> |Jan high C=7.6<br /> |Feb high C=10.7<br /> |Mar high C=16.1<br /> |Apr high C=21.4<br /> |May high C=25.5<br /> |Jun high C=29.3<br /> |Jul high C=30.4<br /> |Aug high C=29.8<br /> |Sep high C=27.8<br /> |Oct high C=22.9<br /> |Nov high C=16.3<br /> |Dec high C=9.9<br /> <br /> |Jan low C=-1.9<br /> |Feb low C=0.7<br /> |Mar low C=4.1<br /> |Apr low C=7.8<br /> |May low C=11.1<br /> |Jun low C=15.2<br /> |Jul low C=18.5<br /> |Aug low C=17.6<br /> |Sep low C=12.9<br /> |Oct low C=6.1<br /> |Nov low C=1<br /> |Dec low C=-1.3<br /> <br /> |precipitation colour= green<br /> |Jan precipitation mm=11.8<br /> |Feb precipitation mm=28.5<br /> |Mar precipitation mm=39.6<br /> |Apr precipitation mm=23.3<br /> |May precipitation mm=21<br /> |Jun precipitation mm=27.3<br /> |Jul precipitation mm=29.3<br /> |Aug precipitation mm=29.8<br /> |Sep precipitation mm=2.5<br /> |Oct precipitation mm=10.7<br /> |Nov precipitation mm=9.4<br /> |Dec precipitation mm=13.4<br /> <br /> |source 1= ''World Weather Online''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldweatheronline.com/jangalwar-weather-averages/jammu-and-kashmir/in.aspx|title=Thathri, India Weather Averages - Monthly Average High and Low Temperature - Average Precipitation and Rainfall days |publisher=World Weather Online |access-date=20 Jun 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> The population of Thathri [[tehsil]] as of the 2011 census is 59,955, of which 31,627 are men and 28,328 are women, living in 6,797 households spread across a total of 93 villages and 33 panchayats.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the 2011 census, the list of villages in Thathri along with their population is shown in the table below:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:750px; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |+Name of Villages with Population in Thathri<br /> |-<br /> !S. No.<br /> !Village <br /> !Administrative Division<br /> !Population<br /> |- <br /> !1<br /> |Agrika<br /> |Thathri<br /> |100.<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |Amrit Garh<br /> |Thathri<br /> |266.<br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> |Bachhra<br /> |Thathri<br /> |205.<br /> |-<br /> !4<br /> |[[Badanoo]]<br /> |Thathri<br /> |450.<br /> |-<br /> !5<br /> |Bajah<br /> |Thathri<br /> |567.<br /> |-<br /> !6<br /> |Banola<br /> |Thathri<br /> |530.<br /> |-<br /> !7<br /> |Barshala<br /> |Thathri<br /> |1,403.<br /> |-<br /> !8<br /> |Bathri<br /> |Thathri<br /> |2,548<br /> |-<br /> !9<br /> |Bhalara<br /> |Thathri<br /> |708<br /> |-<br /> !10<br /> |Bhatola <br /> |Kahara (Thathri) <br /> |917<br /> |-<br /> !11<br /> |Bhatoli <br /> |Thathri <br /> |504<br /> |-<br /> !12<br /> |[[Bhella]] <br /> |Thathri <br /> |1,657<br /> |-<br /> !13<br /> |Bolian <br /> |Thathri <br /> |1,011<br /> |-<br /> !14<br /> |Botagra <br /> |Thathri <br /> |1,063<br /> |-<br /> !15<br /> |Budhi <br /> |Thathri <br /> |323<br /> |-<br /> !16<br /> |Chagnu <br /> |Thathri <br /> |269<br /> |-<br /> !17<br /> |Chegsu <br /> |Thathri <br /> |647<br /> |-<br /> !18<br /> |Chira <br /> |Thathri <br /> |542<br /> |-<br /> !19 <br /> |Chuteri <br /> |Thathri <br /> |152<br /> |-<br /> !20 <br /> |Dadian <br /> |Thathri <br /> |240<br /> |-<br /> !21<br /> |DaronKerani <br /> |Thathri <br /> |344<br /> |-<br /> !22<br /> |Daronjamani <br /> |Thathri <br /> |287<br /> |-<br /> !23<br /> |Darori <br /> |Thathri <br /> |101<br /> |-<br /> !24<br /> |Dehra <br /> |Thathri <br /> |200<br /> |-<br /> !25<br /> |Deyoki <br /> |Thathri <br /> |567<br /> |-<br /> !26<br /> |Dhaliah <br /> |Thathri <br /> |284<br /> |-<br /> !27<br /> |DharYotha <br /> |Thathri <br /> |2,096<br /> |-<br /> !28<br /> |Dichhal <br /> |Thathri <br /> |608<br /> |-<br /> !29<br /> |[[Phagsoo|Fagsu(Phagsoo)]]<br /> |Thathri <br /> |2,709<br /> |-<br /> !30<br /> |Galoo <br /> |Thathri <br /> |399<br /> |-<br /> !31<br /> |Ghaba <br /> |Thathri <br /> |704<br /> |-<br /> !32<br /> |Goela <br /> |Kahara (Thathri) <br /> |803<br /> |-<br /> !33<br /> |Gosti <br /> |Thathri <br /> |1,017<br /> |-<br /> !34<br /> |Grondra <br /> |Thathri <br /> |261<br /> |-<br /> !35<br /> |Gugara <br /> |Thathri <br /> |731<br /> |-<br /> !36<br /> |Gurekra <br /> |Thathri <br /> |385<br /> |-<br /> !37<br /> |Hagona <br /> |Thathri <br /> |220<br /> |-<br /> !38<br /> |Halaran <br /> |Kahara (Thathri) <br /> |194<br /> |-<br /> !39<br /> |Hanejo <br /> |Thathri <br /> |196<br /> |-<br /> !40<br /> |Herani <br /> |Thathri <br /> |273<br /> |-<br /> !41<br /> |HojaBola <br /> |Thathri <br /> |673<br /> |-<br /> !42<br /> |Indlu <br /> |Thathri <br /> |411<br /> |-<br /> !43<br /> |Indrala <br /> |Thathri <br /> |868<br /> |-<br /> !44<br /> |Jagota <br /> |Thathri <br /> |406<br /> |-<br /> !45<br /> |Jhandani <br /> |Thathri <br /> |271<br /> |-<br /> !46<br /> |[[Jangalwar]] <br /> |Thathri <br /> |623<br /> |-<br /> !47<br /> |Jasolah <br /> |Thathri <br /> |122<br /> |-<br /> !48<br /> |Jhajka <br /> |Thathri <br /> |161<br /> |-<br /> !49<br /> |Jia <br /> |Kahara (Thathri) <br /> |190<br /> |-<br /> !50<br /> |[[Joura, Jammu and Kashmir|Joura Kalan]]<br /> |Thathri <br /> |939<br /> |-<br /> !51<br /> |[[Joura, Jammu and Kashmir|Joura Khurd]]<br /> |Thathri <br /> |1,108<br /> |-<br /> !52<br /> |Kahi Trankal<br /> |Thathri <br /> |1,049<br /> |-<br /> !53<br /> |Kahla <br /> |Thathri <br /> |333<br /> |-<br /> !54<br /> |Kandote <br /> |Thathri <br /> |990<br /> |-<br /> !55<br /> |Kanso <br /> |Thathri <br /> |475<br /> |-<br /> !56<br /> |Kathawa <br /> |Thathri <br /> |687<br /> |-<br /> !57<br /> |Kawani <br /> |Thathri <br /> |284<br /> |-<br /> !58<br /> |Kemega <br /> |Thathri <br /> |165<br /> |-<br /> !59<br /> |Kencha <br /> |Kahara (Thathri) <br /> |754<br /> |-<br /> !60<br /> |Kolai <br /> |Thathri <br /> |144<br /> |-<br /> !61<br /> |KothiBala <br /> |Thathri <br /> |173<br /> |-<br /> !62<br /> |KothiPain <br /> |Thathri <br /> |127<br /> |-<br /> !63<br /> |Kundi <br /> |Thathri <br /> |279<br /> |-<br /> !64<br /> |Kuthiara <br /> |Thathri <br /> |729<br /> |-<br /> !65<br /> |Madren <br /> |Thathri <br /> |75<br /> |-<br /> !66<br /> |[[Mahri, Jammu and Kashmir|Mahri]] <br /> |Thathri <br /> |272<br /> |-<br /> !67<br /> |Malanu <br /> |Kahara (Thathri) <br /> |553<br /> |-<br /> !68<br /> |Malota <br /> |Thathri <br /> |766<br /> |-<br /> !69<br /> |Nagni <br /> |Thathri <br /> |337<br /> |-<br /> !70<br /> |Nai <br /> |Thathri <br /> |230<br /> |-<br /> !71<br /> |[[Nandana, Jammu and Kashmir|Nanadna]] <br /> |Thathri <br /> |1,052<br /> |-<br /> !72<br /> |Natwas <br /> |Thathri <br /> |94<br /> |-<br /> !73<br /> |Panthan <br /> |Thathri <br /> |277<br /> |-<br /> !74<br /> |Parnot <br /> |Thathri <br /> |783<br /> |-<br /> !75<br /> |Pemasa <br /> |Thathri <br /> |562<br /> |-<br /> !76<br /> |Piykal <br /> |Thathri <br /> |448<br /> |-<br /> !77<br /> |Puneja <br /> |Thathri <br /> |1,167<br /> |-<br /> !78<br /> |[[Ranote]] <br /> |Kahara (Thathri) <br /> |371<br /> |-<br /> !79<br /> |Renkha <br /> |Thathri <br /> |350<br /> |-<br /> !80<br /> |RukaliKalan<br /> |Thathri <br /> |480<br /> |-<br /> !81<br /> |RukaliKhurd <br /> |Thathri <br /> |195<br /> |-<br /> !82<br /> |Sahan <br /> |Thathri <br /> |288<br /> |-<br /> !83<br /> |Seesol<br /> |Thathri <br /> |130<br /> |-<br /> !84<br /> |Shahrote <br /> |Thathri <br /> |598<br /> |-<br /> !85<br /> |Shakla <br /> |Thathri <br /> |81<br /> |-<br /> !86<br /> |ShamDalain<br /> |Thathri<br /> |328<br /> |-<br /> !87<br /> |Sharni <br /> |Thathri <br /> |357<br /> |-<br /> !88<br /> |[[Shibnote]]<br /> |Thathri <br /> |243<br /> |-<br /> !89<br /> |Sichal <br /> |Kahara (Thathri) <br /> |1,340<br /> |-<br /> !90<br /> |Sunarthawa <br /> |Thathri <br /> |938<br /> |-<br /> !91<br /> |Suranga<br /> |Thathri<br /> |502<br /> |-<br /> !92<br /> |Tanta<br /> |Thathri<br /> |2,324<br /> |-<br /> !93<br /> |Thalela <br /> |Thathri <br /> |2,014<br /> |-<br /> !94<br /> |Thatri <br /> |Thathri <br /> |4,938<br /> |-<br /> !95<br /> |Garh<br /> |Thathri<br /> |61<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Nearby villages==<br /> Thathri is the single town in Thathri subdivision of [[Doda district]] in the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in [[India]]. It is the main town for the Thathri subdivision and also the Tehsil headquarters. Thathri village promoted as town in 2010. It is approximately 36&amp;nbsp;km from the district headquarters at [[Doda district|Doda]].<br /> Nearby villages include [[Zea Abad (Thathri)|Zea Abad]] (0.05&amp;nbsp;km) Barshala (1.2&amp;nbsp;km), Sharote (2.5&amp;nbsp;km), Bagh(0.1&amp;nbsp;km). Drabshala (5.2&amp;nbsp;km), Tanta (10.5&amp;nbsp;km), Premnagar (12&amp;nbsp;km), and Bhatyass (15&amp;nbsp;km). The nearest towns are Doda (36&amp;nbsp;km), Bhaderwah (60&amp;nbsp;km), Bhalessa (Gandoh) (30.5&amp;nbsp;km) and Kishtwar (30.3&amp;nbsp;km).<br /> <br /> ==Noon chai==<br /> [[Noon chai]] in kashmiri (commonly known in [[Hindi]]/[[Urdu]] as ''Namkeen Chai'') or Pink Tea is a famous beverage of the people of Thathri. Villagers often start their workdays by sipping a cup of tea at their homes or hotels. Noon Chai (''noon means salt'', '''chai means tea'') is eaten with traditional Kashmiri breads and pastries like lavasa, sheermaal, kandir chot, bakarkhani and kulcha. It is traditionally made from special tea leaves, milk, salt, and cooked in a samavar. A pinch of baking soda is added to help give it more of a pronounced pink color. A recent variant preparation of this tea also includes sugar but it is not traditionally consumed in Thathri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Famous tea beverage of Thathri|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2018/03/26/famous-tea-beverage-of-thathri/|date=26 March 2018|publisher=[[The Chenab Times]]|access-date=22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Notable people ==<br /> Thathri has been home to several notable figures who have contributed to its cultural and spiritual heritage.<br /> <br /> === Waaz Khan ===<br /> [[Waaz Khan]], born Ali Muhammad in the 1930s in [[Tral]], Jammu and Kashmir, was an Islamic preacher and spiritual leader who played a significant role in the [[Chenab Valley]]. He was gifted a small piece of land in Thathri by a local contractor, Maqbool Ahmed. Waaz Khan’s teachings emphasized the [[Tawhid]], moral integrity, and community unity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Walking with Faith: The Enduring Legacy of Waaz Khan in Chenab Valley | website=[[Kashmir Times]] | date=18 January 2025 | url=https://kashmirtimes.com/opinion/comment-articles/walking-with-faith-timeless-legacy-of-waaz-khan | access-date=20 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Taskeen Badanvi === <br /> Taskeen Badanvi, born Jalal Ud Din, is a poet from [[Badanoo]] village in Thathri. He is known for his significant contributions to literature through his poetry in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Bhadarwahi language]], and [[Urdu]] languages. He has been recognized with several accolades from literary organizations and is affiliated with the [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Taskeen Badanvi | website=Official website of Thathri — Town in Doda district | date=11 January 2023 | url=https://www.thathri.com/2023/01/taskeen-badanvi.html?m=1 | access-date=20 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mangta Sheikh ===<br /> Mangta Sheikh was a contractor and ropeway engineer from [[Phagsoo|Figsoo village]], Thathri. He was involved in various infrastructure projects, particularly in the field of ropeway construction, across Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Uttarakhand, and Chandigarh. Sheikh’s career began in his late twenties when he met Austrian engineer Florian Kropivnik, who mentored him. Over time, he contributed to several ropeway projects, including the restoration of the Gulmarg ropeway in 2003. Sheikh received his contractor license from the Public Works Department in 1986 and worked on numerous projects throughout his career. He died in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=منگتا شیخ (1947-2024): ڈوڈاہُک افسانوی روپ وے کنٹریکٹر | date=29 January 2025 | url=https://ks.thechenabtimes.com/29/01/2025/1973/ | access-date=29 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Jamia Masjid Thathri]]<br /> * [[Jantroon Dhar]]<br /> * [[Doda district|Doda]]<br /> * [[Bunjwah]]<br /> * [[Bhalessa]]<br /> * [[Gandoh]]<br /> * [[Chiralla]]<br /> * [[2023 Thathri land subsidence|Thathri Disaster 2023]]<br /> * [[Thathri–Gandoh National Highway]]<br /> * [[Kandi Canal]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{wiktionary}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Doda district]]<br /> [[Category:Doda district]]<br /> [[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korattur_Aeri&diff=510523 2026-03-04T01:57:39Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox body of water<br /> | name = Korattur Aeri<br /> | image = கொரட்டூர் ஏரியிலுள்ள பூநாரைகள்.jpg<br /> | caption = Korattur Lake<br /> | alt = View of Korattur Lake<br /> | image_bathymetry = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Chennai<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake within Chennai<br /> | caption_bathymetry = <br /> | location = [[Korattur]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]<br /> | coords = {{coord|13.12330|80.18047|display=inline,title}}<br /> | type = [[Lake]]<br /> | inflow = <br /> | outflow = <br /> | catchment = <br /> | basin_countries = India<br /> | length = <br /> | width = <br /> | area = {{convert|990|acre|abbr=on}} (water spread area: {{convert|700|acre|abbr=on}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news <br /> | last = Lakshmi <br /> | first = K. <br /> | title = Three more lakes to be added to city’s drinking water sources<br /> | newspaper = The Hindu <br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | pages = 3<br /> | language = <br /> | publisher = Kasturi &amp; Sons<br /> | date = 26 November 2019<br /> | url = https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20191126/281642487021545<br /> | accessdate = 2 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> | depth = <br /> | max-depth = <br /> | volume = <br /> | residence_time = <br /> | shore = <br /> | elevation = <br /> | islands = Vembu Pasumai Thittu <br /> | cities = Chennai<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Korattur Aeri''', or '''Korattur Lake''', also known as '''Vembu Pasumai Thittu''', is a lake spread over 990 acres in [[Korattur]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It is located to the north of the [[West Line, Chennai Suburban|Chennai–Arakkonam railway line]]. It is one of the largest lakes in the western part of the city.<br /> <br /> Korattur Aeri is one of a chain of three water bodies, including the Ambattur Aeri and the Madhavaram Aeri, where surplus water from one is transported to another. The water from the lake had been supplied to Chennai residents for a brief period when there was a shortage in the late 1970s. However, over the years, the lake has been contaminated with sewage and industrial effluents from surrounding areas such as Pattaravakkam, Athipet and Ambattur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_ResidentsInLakeBeautification&quot;&gt;{{cite news <br /> | last = Lakshmi <br /> | first = K. <br /> | title = Residents to have hand in beautification of Korattur lake <br /> | newspaper = The Hindu<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | pages = <br /> | language = <br /> | publisher = <br /> | date = 30 July 2013 <br /> | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/residents-to-have-hand-in-beautification-of-korattur-lake/article4968680.ece<br /> | accessdate = 18 Aug 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Developments==<br /> In 2013, the Water Resources Department decided to rejuvenate and beautify the lakes in Ambattur, Madhavaram and Korattur with parks and walkways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_ResidentsInLakeBeautification&quot;/&gt; The total project costs {{INR}} 600 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmbatturTalk_LifeForLakes&quot;&gt;{{cite news <br /> | last = <br /> | first = <br /> | title = Life for Lakes: Work on Rejuvenating Water Bodies to Pick Up <br /> | newspaper = Ambattur Talk<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | pages = 1, 2<br /> | language = <br /> | publisher = <br /> | date = 13–19 March 2016<br /> | url = <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, the corporation identified and removed about 550 encroachments along the bank of the lake and the bund will be strengthened to a distance of 3&amp;nbsp;kilometers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu_ResidentsFaceOffWithPolice&quot;&gt;{{cite news <br /> | last = <br /> | first = <br /> | title = Residents face off with police at Korattur lake<br /> | newspaper = The Hindu<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | pages = 4<br /> | language = <br /> | publisher = Kasturi &amp; Sons<br /> | date = 13 October 2018<br /> | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/residents-face-off-with-police-at-korattur-lake/article25209666.ece<br /> | accessdate = 14 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Flora and fauna==<br /> This Lake is an important wildlife refuge in northern and western parts of [[Chennai]], together with the much larger [[Puzhal Lake]] and the like-sized [[Madhavaram Lake]] and [[Ambattur Lake]]. According to the Care Earth Trust, a city-based biodiversity research organisation, nearly 40 bird species are present in these lakes, including [[common tailorbird]], the [[purple-rumped sunbird]], and the migratory [[Asian openbill stork]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news <br /> | last = <br /> | first = <br /> | title = Soon, lakes in western suburbs will attract birdwatchers <br /> | newspaper = The Hindu<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | pages = <br /> | language = <br /> | publisher = Kasturi &amp; Sons<br /> | date = 15 July 2018<br /> | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/soon-lakes-in-western-suburbs-will-attract-birdwatchers/article24423150.ece<br /> | accessdate = 20 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A good part of greenery and natural vegetation was present in this lake, even till the last decade. Much natural vegetation once existed in the lake and its bund. [[Palmyrah]], [[date palm]], [[umbrella thorn]] trees dot the bund. Inside the lake, [[water hyacinth]] is to be seen. This apart, many aquatic vegetation, [[Nymphaeaceae|water lily]] and wetland rushes are present in the water body.<br /> <br /> The lake has a multitude of birds, and is a major attraction for wildlife enthusiasts.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> *[[Water management in Chennai]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Chennai Topics}}<br /> {{Hydrography of Chennai}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lakes of Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Lakes of Tamil Nadu]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santhi_Nivasam_(1960_film)&diff=532916 2026-03-03T20:39:25Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Put up some entry w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1962 film by C. S. Rao}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Santhi Nivasam<br /> | image = Santhi Nivasam 1960 poster.jpg<br /> <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[C. S. Rao]]<br /> | screenplay = C. S. Rao&lt;br /&gt;[[Samudrala Jr.]]<br /> | based_on = {{Based on|''Santhi Nivasam''|[[Palagummi Padmaraju]]}}<br /> | producer = Sundarlal Nahatha&lt;br /&gt;T. Ashwadanarayana<br /> | starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rajasulochana]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kantha Rao (actor)|Kantha Rao]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Devika]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Kamal Ghosh]]<br /> | editing = N. M. Shankar&lt;br /&gt;C. Hari Rao<br /> | music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br /> | studio = Sri Productions<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|1960|1|14}}<br /> | runtime = 197 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> }}<br /> '''''Santhi Nivasam''''' ({{translation|Abode of peace}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[C. S. Rao]]. The film stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Rajasulochana]], [[Kantha Rao (actor)|Kantha Rao]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] and [[Devika]]. It is an adaptation of [[Palagummi Padmaraju]]'s Telugu play of the same name, which itself was based on [[B. S. Ramiah]]'s [[Tamil language|Tamil]] play ''Malliyam Mangalam''.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Santhi Nivasam'' was released on 14 January 1960. The film was a commercial success, running for over 100 days in several theatres. It was remade twice in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Gharana (1961 film)|Gharana]]'' (1961) and ''[[Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1988 film)|Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani]]'' (1988).<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The film centers on a wealthy, conscientious joint family living in a grand house named Santhi Nivasam. The head of the family, Ramadasu, is a reserved man, and his wife, Santhamma, is a domineering figure. They have four children: three sons and a daughter. The eldest son, Ranga, has died, leaving his widow, Rama, and their two young children in the family home. The second son, Raju, frequently travels for work and manages the family's affairs. His wife, Lakshmi, is devoted to him and holds him in high regard. The youngest son, Gopi, is carefree and mischievous. The daughter, Chitti, is prideful and married to Simhalu, whom she refuses to live with due to his father's insanity.<br /> <br /> Tensions run high in the household as Santhamma often mistreats her daughters-in-law, incited by Chitti's malicious behavior. Meanwhile, Raju reconnects with his childhood friend, Ragini, and begins spending time with her, which raises suspicions. Gopi, on the other hand, falls in love with Radha, the daughter of Advocate Seetapati Rao, who is tormented by her stepmother, Vimalamma. Gopi confides in Lakshmi, with whom he shares a close bond, about his relationship with Radha.<br /> <br /> Chitti schemes to create misunderstandings between Raju and Lakshmi, leading Raju to question their relationship. Unaware of Vimalamma's intentions, Radha and Gopi get married in a playful ceremony. On the night of the wedding, Lakshmi, exhausted due to her pregnancy, is picked up by Gopi, further fueling Raju's suspicions about their relationship. Misled by Chitti, Raju becomes estranged from Lakshmi and begins spending most of his time with Ragini, misunderstanding her sibling-like affection for him.<br /> <br /> As the situation deteriorates, Santhamma's cruelty towards her daughters-in-law intensifies, leading Rama to contemplate leaving the household. Gopi, determined to restore peace, confronts his father, Ramadasu, who then reasserts his authority in the household. Santhamma is reprimanded, and Chitti is sent back to live with Simhalu. Lakshmi later gives birth to a baby boy.<br /> <br /> The family's troubles escalate when Ramadasu learns of Raju's lavish spending and decides to cut him off financially. Enraged, Raju returns home and accuses Lakshmi of infidelity. Distraught, Lakshmi attempts suicide, but Gopi intervenes and vows to bring Raju back. Gopi confronts Raju at Ragini's house, but Raju, still misled by Chitti, attacks him and wrongfully accuses Lakshmi. Ragini then reveals the true nature of her relationship with Raju, which devastates him.<br /> <br /> In the midst of this turmoil, Simhalu uncovers Chitti's deceit, including her theft of a necklace Raju had gifted to Lakshmi. With the truth revealed, Raju realizes his mistakes and is overcome with remorse. Gopi, heartbroken by the family's disarray, contemplates self-sacrifice, but Raju intervenes in time and pleads for forgiveness from Lakshmi. The film concludes with the family reuniting and finding happiness once again.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> *[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Gopi<br /> *[[Rajasulochana]] as Radha&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Kantha Rao (actor)|Kantha Rao]] as Raju<br /> *[[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as Ragini<br /> *[[Devika]] as Lakshmi&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[V. Nagayya]] as Ramadasu&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Narasimhalu&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Ramana Reddy]] as Captain Paramanandaiah&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt;<br /> *K. V. S. Sarma as Seetapati Rao&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Santamma&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt;<br /> *Surabhi Balasaraswathi as Chitti&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Ramani&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Development ===<br /> The actors Vallam Narasimha Rao and [[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] acquired the Telugu rights of [[S. V. Sahasranamam]]'s Tamil play ''Malliyam Mangalam'', which was written by [[B. S. Ramiah]], for their first stage production made under the Rekha &amp; Murali Arts banner. The Telugu version, ''Santhi Nivasam'', was written by Palagummi Padmaraju. The play, which starred Padmanabhan and Meenakumari, was an immense success, and caught the attention of producers Sundarlal Nahata, T. Aswathanarayana and director [[C. S. Rao]], who saw &quot;immense potential&quot; in it and bought the film rights. [[Samudrala Jr.]] was hired to make changes, such as expanding the story and creating new characters for the film adaptation, which was also titled ''Santhi Nivasam'' and was produced under Sri Productions. He also worked as a dialogue writer and lyricist. Cinematography was handled by [[Kamal Ghosh]] (with J. Sathyanarayana serving as &quot;operative cameraman&quot;), editing by N. M. Shankar and C. Hari Rao.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting and filming ===<br /> [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] was chosen to play Gopi, reprising the role originally played by Padmanabham in the Telugu play. This role was rewritten for the film as the male lead, unlike the play where it was a supporting role. C. S. Rao, who used to enact scenes for his actors, accidentally slipped during one such exercise on the doormat before Ragini's ([[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]) house set while entering, but immediately managed to balance himself. [[Kantha Rao (actor)|Kantha Rao]], who portrayed Gopi's older brother Raju, believed this was intentional and part of the story, and did exactly the same when filming the scene. After this, C. S. Rao told Kanta Rao, &quot;Any way, it now turned into a symbolic shot for the critics. For the first time you are entering into another woman’s house and the slip represents your fall and the balancing act symbolises your control.&quot; Except for two songs which were shot at [[Brindavan Gardens]] in [[Mysore]], the rest of the film was completed in one schedule.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The soundtrack was composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], and the lyrics were written by Samudrala Ramanujacharya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Santhi Nivasam (1960) |url=https://mio.to/album/Shanti+Nivasam+%281960%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181114055643/https://mio.to/album/Shanti+Nivasam+(1960) |archive-date=14 November 2018 |access-date=14 November 2018 |website=Music India Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shanthi Nivasam (1960)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CAV/info |access-date=26 August 2021 |website=indiancine.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of the songs were adapted from [[Hindi]] songs; &quot;Aasalu Theerchave&quot; was based on &quot;Meethi Meethi Baton Se&quot; from ''[[Qaidi No. 911]]'', &quot;Chakkanidaana&quot; was based on the title song of ''[[Dil Deke Dekho]]'', &quot;Raave Radha Rani Raave&quot; was based on &quot;Jhumta Mausam&quot; from ''[[Ujala (film)|Ujala]]'', and &quot;Come Come&quot; was based on &quot;Tim Tim Tim&quot; from ''[[Mausi]]''. &quot;Sri Raghuram&quot;, &quot;Kalanaina Nee Valape&quot; and &quot;Ragala Saragala&quot; were original compositions.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt; The song &quot;Sri Raghuram&quot; is based on Hamsadhwani raga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-hindu-friday-review-hyderabad-books-ragalu-cine-geetalu-dr-kodati-sambaiah-carnatic-ragas-in-telugu-films/article26553378.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403103423/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-hindu-friday-review-hyderabad-books-ragalu-cine-geetalu-dr-kodati-sambaiah-carnatic-ragas-in-telugu-films/article26553378.ece|archive-date=3 April 2024|access-date=3 April 2024|date=16 March 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Ragalu, Cine Geetalu: Confluence of two genres|last=Chandaraju|first=Aruna}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Aasalu Theerchave<br /> | writer1 = <br /> | lyrics1 = <br /> | music1 = <br /> | extra1 = [[Jikki]]<br /> | length1 = 2:19<br /> | title2 = Chakkanidaana<br /> | note2 = <br /> | writer2 = <br /> | lyrics2 = <br /> | music2 = <br /> | extra2 = [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]], Swarnalatha<br /> | length2 = 3:13<br /> | title3 = Come Come<br /> | note3 = <br /> | writer3 = <br /> | lyrics3 = <br /> | music3 = <br /> | extra3 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], Jikki<br /> | length3 = 3:17<br /> | title4 = Kalanaina Nee Valape<br /> | note4 = <br /> | writer4 = <br /> | lyrics4 = <br /> | music4 = <br /> | extra4 = [[P. Leela]]<br /> | length4 = 3:42<br /> | title5 = Lavokkintayu<br /> | note5 = <br /> | writer5 = <br /> | lyrics5 = <br /> | music5 = <br /> | extra5 = Ghantasala<br /> | length5 = 1:57<br /> | title6 = Raave Radha Rani Raave<br /> | note6 = <br /> | writer6 = <br /> | lyrics6 = <br /> | music6 = <br /> | extra6 = Ghantasala, Jikki<br /> | length6 = 3:21<br /> | title7 = Ragala Saragala<br /> | note7 = <br /> | writer7 = <br /> | lyrics7 = <br /> | music7 = <br /> | extra7 = Ghantasala, [[P. Susheela]]<br /> | length7 = 3:09<br /> | title8 = Selayeti Jaalulaga<br /> | note8 = <br /> | writer8 = <br /> | lyrics8 = <br /> | music8 = <br /> | extra8 = P. Leela<br /> | length8 = 6:06<br /> | title9 = Sri Raghuram<br /> | note9 = <br /> | writer9 = <br /> | lyrics9 = <br /> | music9 = <br /> | extra9 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]], P. Susheela<br /> | length9 = 3:10<br /> | total_length = 30:14 &lt;!-- Automatically generated with User:JPxG/TrackSum.js --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> ''Santhi Nivasam'' was released on 14 January 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 January 1960 |title=శాంతి నివాసం |language=te |pages=8 |work=[[Andhra Prabha]] |url=https://pressacademy.ap.gov.in/archives/NIC%20Data/STATE_CENTRAL_LIBRARY_AFZALGUNJ/ANDHRAPRABHA/801565_ANDHRAPRABHA_14_01_1960_Volume_No_23_Issue_No_14/00000008.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822041104/https://pressacademy.ap.gov.in/archives/NIC%20Data/STATE_CENTRAL_LIBRARY_AFZALGUNJ/ANDHRAPRABHA/801565_ANDHRAPRABHA_14_01_1960_Volume_No_23_Issue_No_14/00000008.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was a commercial success, running for over 100 days in several theatres.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt; It was remade in Hindi as ''[[Gharana (1961 film)|Gharana]]'' (1961),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Krishnaswamy |first=S. |date=27 December 1964 |title=The Tried Subject |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHc6AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=santhi+nivasam |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |volume=85 |pages=47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=7 October 2020 |title=Best Raaj Kumar Movies |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/best-raaj-kumar-movies-44083.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624031036/https://www.filmfare.com/features/best-raaj-kumar-movies-44083.html |archive-date=24 June 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and dubbed in [[Malayalam]] as ''Shantinivas'' (1962).&lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;BFTP&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=31 December 2015 |title=Santhinivasam (1960) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/santhinivasam-1960/article8050118.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181114072200/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/santhinivasam-1960/article8050118.ece |archive-date=14 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1960 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1960 films]]<br /> [[Category:1960 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1961 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on adaptations]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by C. S. Rao]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films based on plays]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naseem_Bano_(artist)&diff=520707 2026-02-21T10:26:04Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Started initial details v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian craftswoman}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | image = Naseem Banoo.jpg<br /> | caption = Bano in 2024<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|12|01|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Lucknow]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Lucknow University]]<br /> | occupation = [[Textile artist]], [[craftswoman]]<br /> | known_for = Traditional Anokhi Chikankari<br /> | father = Hassan Mirza<br /> | relatives = [[Rehana Begum]] (sister)<br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Naseem Bano''' (born 1 December 1962) is an Indian craftswoman of ''Anokhi Chikankari'', a traditional embroidery style from [[Lucknow]]. The Anokhi [[Chikankari]] was developed by her father, [[Hassan Mirza]], a national award recipient. She received the [[Padma Shri]] award in the field of art in 2024 from the [[president of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-26 |title=लखनऊ की नसीम बानो को पद्मश्री, विदेशियों को भी सिखाती हैं अनोखी चिकनकारी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-padma-shri-award-list-naseem-bano-from-lucknow-will-get-padma-shri-award-for-unique-chikankari-8020069.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Bano was born on 1 December 1962 in Lucknow. She obtained her graduation degree from the [[University of Lucknow]] in 1996. She learned the art of embroidery from her father Hassan Mirza a national awardee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Smt. Naseem Bano |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202427.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2024-04-22 |title=&quot;It has given me immense happiness&quot;: Chikankari artist Naseem Bano on being honoured with Padma Shri |url=https://theprint.in/feature/it-has-given-me-immense-happiness-chikankari-artist-naseem-bano-on-being-honoured-with-padma-shri/2052381/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-01-29 |title='Anokhi Chikankari' helps her bag award for craftsmanship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/anokhi-chikankari-helps-her-bag-award-for-craftsmanship/articleshow/107215487.cms |access-date=2024-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bano, Naseem}}<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br /> [[Category:1962 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Lucknow]]<br /> [[Category:Indian embroiderers]]<br /> [[Category:Women in craft]]<br /> [[Category:Indian textile artists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian artisans]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century women textile artists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century women textile artists]]<br /> [[Category:Women artists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Indian weavers]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gairatganj_tehsil&diff=499622 2026-02-06T13:57:53Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: New - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Gairatganj tehsil<br /> |native_name =<br /> |native_name_lang =<br /> |settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]<br /> |image_skyline =<br /> |imagesize =<br /> |image_alt =<br /> |image_caption = <br /> | image =<br /> &lt;!-- maps and coordinates --&gt;<br /> |pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India<br /> |pushpin_label_position = right<br /> |pushpin_map_alt =<br /> |pushpin_mapsize =<br /> |pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|23.24|N|77.13|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> |coordinates_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;<br /> |subdivision_type = Country<br /> |subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Raisen district]]<br /> |government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]<br /> |governing_body = [[Council]]<br /> &lt;!-- area --&gt;<br /> |area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> |area_rural_footnotes = <br /> | area_rural_km2 =<br /> |area_rank =<br /> | area_blank1_title =<br /> | area_blank1_km2 =<br /> |area_note =<br /> |width_mi =<br /> |elevation_min_rank =<br /> &lt;!-- population --&gt;<br /> |population_as_of = <br /> |population_footnotes = <br /> |population_total =<br /> <br /> | population_density_km2 =<br /> |population_density_sq_mi=<br /> |population_urban_footnotes =<br /> |population_urban =<br /> | population_density_urban_km2 =<br /> |population_density_urban_sq_mi =<br /> |population_rural_footnotes =<br /> |population_rural =<br /> | population_density_rural_km2 =<br /> |population_density_rural_sq_mi =<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> &lt;!-- time zone(s) --&gt;<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> &lt;!-- postal codes, area code --&gt;<br /> |postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)<br /> |postal_code = <br /> |area_code_type = &lt;!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --&gt;<br /> |area_code = <br /> | geocode =<br /> |registration_plate = <br /> &lt;!-- blank fields (section 1) --&gt;<br /> | blank_name_sec1 = <br /> | blank_info_sec1 = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 =<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = <br /> &lt;!-- blank fields (section 2) --&gt;<br /> | blank_name_sec2 =<br /> | blank_info_sec2 =<br /> &lt;!-- website, footnotes --&gt;<br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> |iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]<br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gairatganj tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Raisen district]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2022-07-10|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh. The assembly constituency is Sanchi.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> <br /> {{Empty section|date=November 2022}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Raisen district]]<br /> <br /> {{Bhopal-geo-stub}}</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etcetera_Entertainment&diff=498673 2026-02-02T04:48:55Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: New - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film studio}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Etcetera Entertainment<br /> | logo = <br /> | type = <br /> | industry = [[Entertainment]]<br /> | foundation = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br /> | founder = V. Mathiyazhagan<br /> | location_city = [[Chennai]]<br /> | products = [[Films]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Etcetera Entertainment''' is an Indian film production and distribution company headed by V. Mathiyazhagan.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Etcetera Entertainment began producing and distributing Tamil films in 2015, notably working on [[Samuthirakani]]'s ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' (2016) and [[Atharvaa]]'s ''[[Semma Botha Aagathey]]'' (2018). The film also produced four films with actor [[Dhruvva]] in the lead role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/a-chat-with-thilagar-fame-dhruvva/|title=A Chat with Thilagar fame Dhruvva &amp;#124; RITZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, the studio bought the rights of the long-delayed ''[[Kolaiyuthir Kaalam]]'' from [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]'s K Productions, and prepared the film for release. During the promotions for the film's release, the film's lead actress [[Nayanthara]] initially distanced herself from the project, calling it an &quot;incomplete&quot; film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/14/producer-mathiyalagan-reveals-reason-behind-the-non-release-of-nayantharas-kolaiyuthir-kaalam-12286.html|title=Producer Mathiyalagan reveals reason behind the non-release of Nayanthara's Kolaiyuthir Kaalam|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the early 2020s, the studio ran into financial trouble following the failure of several of its films. Mathiazhagan filed a police complaint against [[Atharvaa]] for failing to compensate as promised for losses experienced during the making of ''[[Semma Botha Aagathey]]'' (2018). Atharvaa had initially committed to work on a venture titled ''Minnal Veeran'' by A. R. K. Saravan for Etcetera Entertainment free of cost, but later refused to do so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-atharvaas-minnal-veeran-take-off/articleshow/66865001.cms|title=Will Atharvaa's 'Minnal Veeran' take off?|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.xappie.com/entertainment-view/atharvaa-in-trouble-producer-mathiazhagan-files-complaint-25556|title=Atharvaa in trouble: Producer Mathiazhagan files complaint - Tamil Movie News|website=Xappie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result of the financial trouble, ''[[Maha (film)|Maha]]'' starring [[Hansika Motwani]] went through [[production hell]] before releasing belatedly in 2022. Prior to the release of the film, Madhiazhagan and the film's director Jameel publicly argued about whether the film was complete or not.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/hansikas-maha-producers-respond-to-allegations-from-director/articleshow/82822973.cms|title=Hansika's 'Maha' producers respond to allegations from director|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, projects such as [[Arvind Swami]]'s ''Pulanaivu'' and [[Arun Vijay]]'s ''Boxer'' were indefinitely put on hold.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/theemai-thaan-vellum-revived-arvind-swami-101191|title='Theemai Thaan Vellum' revived with Arvind Swami|date=4 May 2019|website=The News Minute}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2020, Mathiazhagan announced plans of working as an actor, and revealed that he would make his debut with a role in ''Boxer''. He also revealed that he was working on a film co-starring [[Sathyaraj]], choreographer Bobby Antony's directorial debut, as well as on ventures by directors G. R. Adithya and Savari Muthu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jun/24/producer-mathiyalagan-turns-actor-with-boxer-2160481.html|title=Producer Mathiyalagan turns actor with 'Boxer'|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/producer-mathiyalagan-turns-villain-in-arun-vijays-boxer.html|title=Producer Mathiyalagan turns Villain in Arun Vijay's Boxer|date=24 June 2020|website=Behindwoods}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/arun-vijay-opens-up-about-next-film-boxer.html|title=Arun Vijay opens up about next film Boxer|date=3 December 2018|website=Behindwoods}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> ===As producer===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year || Film || Director || Cast|| Notes || Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''[[Thilagar]]'' || G. Peruma Pillai || [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Dhruvva]], [[Mrudhula Bhaskar]] || || &lt;ref&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thilagar-review-lot-of-gun-powder-no-explosion/article7016057.ece&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Raja Manthiri]]'' || Usha Krishnan || [[Kalaiyarasan]], [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Shaalin Zoya]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Raja-Mandhiri-review-Sibling-revelry/article14399243.ece|title=Raja Mandhiri review: Sibling revelry|date=24 June 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' || [[Samuthirakani]] || [[Samuthirakani]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Namo Narayana]]|| || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Appa-All-message-and-no-movie/article14465393.ece|title=Appa: All message and no movie|date=1 July 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''[[Kadhal Kasakuthaiya]]'' || Dwarakh Raja || Dhruvva, Venba, [[Charle]] |||| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kadhal-kasakkuthaya/movie-review/60420458.cms|title=Kadhal Kasakkuthaya Review {2.5/5}: The writing seems unable to maintain a rhythm resulting in an uneven film that is engaging only in bit and parts|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Semma Botha Aagathey]]'' || [[Badri Venkatesh]] || [[Atharvaa]], [[Mishti]], [[Anaika Soti]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/semma-botha-aagathey/movie-review/64796000.cms|title=Semma Botha Aagathey Review {2.5/5}: The movie is most fun in the scenes that involve the dead body|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Marainthirunthu Paarkum Marmam Enna]]'' || R. Raheshe || Dhruvva, [[Aishwarya Dutta]], Anjana Prem || || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/marainthirunthu-parkum-marmam-enna/movie-review/65430213.cms|title=Marainthirunthu Parkum Marmam Enna Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Marainthirunthu Parkum Marmam Enna by Times of India|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''[[Kolaiyuthir Kaalam]]'' || [[Chakri Toleti]] || [[Nayanthara]], [[Bhumika Chawla]], [[Prathap Pothen]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/aug/10/kolaiyuthir-kaalam-movie-review-a-textbook-example-on-how-slasher-flicks-shouldnt-be-made-13556.html|title=Kolaiyuthir Kaalam Movie Review: A textbook example on how not to make a slasher flick|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2021 || ''[[Devadas Brothers]]'' || Janakiraman || Dhruvva, Ajai Prasath, [[Sanchita Shetty]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/devadas-brothers/movie-review/85897155.cms|title=Devadas Brothers Movie Review: Devadas Brothers is an uneven message movie|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2022 || ''[[Kallan]]'' || Chandra Thangaraj || [[Karu Pazhaniappan]], Nikita, Maya Chandran || || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kallan/movie-review/90298859.cms|title=Kallan Movie Review: An interesting plot let down by uninspiring events|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2022 || ''[[Maha (film)|Maha]]'' || U. R. Jameel || [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Sujith Shankar]] || || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maha/movie-review/93054898.cms|title=Maha Movie Review: Even STR and Hansika can't save this underwhelming thriller|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2024 || ''[[Saamaniyan]]'' || R. Raheshe || [[Ramarajan]], [[Radharavi]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]] || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Khaimara'' || Gautham VP || [[Priyanka Upendra]], [[Priyamani]] || Filming || <br /> |-<br /> | ''Boxer'' || Vivek || [[Arun Vijay]], [[Ritika Singh]] || Filming|| <br /> |-<br /> | ''Pulanaivu'' || [[Santhosh P. Jayakumar]] || [[Arvind Swami]], [[Regina Cassandra]] || Filming|| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===As distributor===<br /> *''[[Eli (2015 film)|Eli]]'' (2015)<br /> *''[[Vaalu]]'' (2015)<br /> *''[[Pichaikkaran]]'' (2016)<br /> *''[[Iru Mugan]]'' (2016)<br /> *''[[Devi 2]]'' (2019)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.etceteraentertainment.in/ Official website]<br /> *{{IMDb name|0596207}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Film production companies based in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:2015 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]<br /> [[Category:Mass media companies established in 2015]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Library_damage_resulting_from_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake&diff=477569 2026-01-31T16:36:40Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Started New Pg W/ Infobox...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> [[Image:Meulaboh.jpg|thumb|right|An aerial view of the coastal city of Meulaboh, Indonesia, after the tsunami. The public library in Meulaboh was destroyed.]]<br /> '''Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake''' was reported in six Asian countries. On December 26, the massive [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] struck off the northwest coast of the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Sumatra]]. The resulting [[tsunami]]s killed more than 180,000 people. In addition to the loss of human lives, cultural institutions were destroyed in several Asian nations. [[Library|Libraries]] on the eastern coast of [[Sri Lanka]] and the northern province of [[Aceh]] on Sumatra were most severely affected by the disaster.<br /> <br /> == India ==<br /> {{2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami}}<br /> Damage to libraries in [[India]] has not been well documented. Water damage was reported at Madras University Library in [[Chennai]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ala.org/ala/alonline/currentnews/newsarchive/2005abc/january2005ab/tsunami.htm American Library Association. (2005). South Asian libraries hit hard by tsunami. ''American Libraries.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050919154444/http://www.ala.org/ala/alonline/currentnews/newsarchive/2005abc/january2005ab/tsunami.htm |date=2005-09-19 }} Retrieved October 28, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Asian Development Bank]] reports extensive damage to schools in the Indian states of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. A government assessment found that 252 schools in Tamil Nadu need complete reconstruction, 19 need major repairs and 49 need minor repairs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.adb.org/features/2004-earthquake-and-tsunami-day-suffering-brought-world-together |title=Asian Development Bank, United Nations and World Bank. (2005, March 8). ''India post tsunami recovery program: Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment.'' |access-date=2015-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106104239/http://www.adb.org/features/2004-earthquake-and-tsunami-day-suffering-brought-world-together |archive-date=2015-01-06 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] and [[Nicobar Islands]], 78 teachers are listed as killed or missing. Further, 25 percent of primary schools, 33 percent of upper primary schools, and 31 percent of senior secondary schools were seriously damaged, indicating that school libraries in the region also suffered damage.&lt;ref&gt;UNICEF. ''Children eager to return to schools in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.'' Retrieved December 5, 2007, from http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/index_25059.html ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607215010/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/index_25059.html |date=June 7, 2011 }})&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Indonesia ==<br /> The Sumatran province of [[Aceh]] was severely damaged by the earthquake and resulting tsunami. An estimated 167,736 Indonesians were killed and 25% of Achenese lost their source of livelihood.&lt;ref&gt;UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery. ''Human toll''. Retrieved October 28, 2006, from http://www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/humantoll.asp ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703224410/http://www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/humantoll.asp |date=July 3, 2007 }})&lt;/ref&gt; [[Banda Aceh]], Aceh's capital, was the closest major city to the earthquake's epicenter, and many of its major libraries suffered extensive damage.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ifla.org/V/press/tsunami-Indonesia1.htm International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). (2005, March 29)] Retrieved October 18, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Aceh Provincial Library (BPD) was inundated with three meters of water. Twenty three staff members were killed, including the library's director, Bachtiar Azis, who is listed as missing along with his family. In addition to loss of life, the BPD suffered physical damage and a near total loss of its collection. Concrete and steel fences surrounding the two-story building were mostly destroyed, however, the building itself remained standing. All library materials housed on the first floor were swept away by the waves and the floor was covered in 30&amp;nbsp;cm-thick mud. These lost materials comprise most of its children's, young adult and adult collections. The water did not reach the second floor, but looting resulted in the loss of most materials and equipment. A collection of books received under legal deposit and housed on the second floor was left undisturbed and survived the disaster and looting intact.&lt;ref name=&quot;ALA | Tsunami-Report from Indonesia&quot;&gt;[http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/iro/iroactivities/tsunamiindonesianreport.cfm ALA | Tsunami-Report from Indonesia&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] ( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605053402/http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/iro/iroactivities/tsunamiindonesianreport.cfm |date=June 5, 2011 }})&lt;/ref&gt; Despite these losses, the BPD reopened to the public in May 2005.&lt;ref&gt;McKenzie, Amelia. Books for Aceh project. ''Gateways''. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from {{cite web |url=http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/gateways/issues/77/story15.html |title=Books for Aceh Project – GATEWAYS – National Library of Australia |accessdate=2011-12-26 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314020017/http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/gateways/issues/77/story15.html |archivedate=March 14, 2012 }} ()&lt;/ref&gt; As of August 2005, repairs were still being made to the building, the library lacked computers for its ''warintek'' (information technology section), and most areas of the library needed furnishing and collection replacement.<br /> <br /> Of Aceh's eight [[public library|public libraries]], two were destroyed. These libraries were located in the hard-hit cities of [[Meulaboh]] and [[Sigli]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Baba, Zawiyah 2005 PPM&quot;&gt;Baba, Zawiyah, Hasbullah Atan, Rohani Rustam, and Abdul Hamid Abdul Rahman. (2005). Report of Librarians' Association of Malaysia (PPM) Iqra' Mission to Aceh, North Sumatra, Indonesia, 2–5 August 2005. ''Alexandria'',17(3):167–175.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mobile library units, or ''perpustakaan keliling'', are used to serve rural areas of Aceh. Days before the earthquake and tsunami, the BPD had received two newly built mobile library units from the [[National Library of Indonesia]]. Both of these were destroyed along with the rest of the mobile libraries parked on the BPD's carport. In July 2005, the National Library donated two replacement mobile units, however the new BPD director noted that further units were needed to adequately serve outlying regions of the province.&lt;ref name=&quot;ALA | Tsunami-Report from Indonesia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Baba, Zawiyah 2005 PPM&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Aceh Documentation and Information Center]], known for its collection of rare books and manuscripts chronicling the heritage of Aceh, was destroyed. Only half of the building remained standing, and the entire collection was swept away. A team from the [[National Library of Indonesia]] visiting in January 2005 was able to salvage only three books and one sheet of the genealogy of the [[Muslim]] kings of Aceh. These were taken to [[Jakarta]] for restoration.&lt;ref name=&quot;ALA | Tsunami-Report from Indonesia&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Provincial Archives Agency]] lost 80 percent of the photographs in its collection.&lt;ref name=Utomo&gt;[http://www.ica.org/biblio/Djoko%20Utomo%20abstract%20ENG_2.pdf Utomo, Djoko. ''Recovering from the tsunami: The consequences for record keeping.''] {{dead link|date=December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Secretariat Office of the Aceh Province lost 160 boxes of records.&lt;ref name=Utomo/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Aceh branch of the National Land Register Agency was inundated with water. Roughly 629 boxes of materials certifying individual land ownership in the province were damaged. Due to the efforts of a team of conservators from Japan and archivists from the National Archives in Jakarta, many of these land register documents were preserved.&lt;ref&gt;Sakamoto, Isamu. (2005). Disaster from great earthquake off Sumatra and subsequent tsunamis including damage to cultural heritage. ''International Preservation News'', 36:16–19.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Damage to school libraries has not been well documented. The Indonesia National Library reports that SMA 1, a high school in Banda Aceh, was not damaged by flood waters as it is located on the second floor, however, did experience some earthquake damage. Overall, 2,364 teachers and staff members were killed and 2,240 schools were destroyed on Sumatra and its outlying islands.&lt;ref&gt;UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery. ''Indonesia''. Retrieved October 28, 2006, from http://www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/indonesia.asp ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314171442/http://www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/indonesia.asp |date=March 14, 2007 }})&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Central Library at the Ar-Raniri Institute for Islamic Studies, a public Islamic University in Banda Aceh, lost its information servers due to theft and seawater damage.&lt;ref&gt;Sakamoto, Isamu. (2005, December 2005). ''One step forward-relief work for damaged documents at Aceh, Indonesia.'' Retrieved October 28, 2006, from {{cite web |url=http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/iflapac/pdf/sakamoto.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-12-26 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220155824/http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/iflapac/pdf/sakamoto.pdf |archivedate=February 20, 2012 }} ()&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Baiturrahman Grand Mosque Library in Banda Aceh lost its entire collection. Due to the [[mosque|mosque's]] central location and importance to the community, a concerted effort was made to clear and repair this complex of buildings immediately after the tsunami. As of August 2005 the library had reopened with 1,200 books in its collection.&lt;ref name=&quot;ALA | Tsunami-Report from Indonesia&quot;/&gt;<br /> The library of the Agricultural Information Institute of Banda Aceh was inundated with water from the tsunami but its physical structure remained intact.&lt;ref name=&quot;ALA | Tsunami-Report from Indonesia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.washington.edu/SoutheastAsia/Acehlibs.html Libraries in Jeopardy from the Aceh Tsunami] ( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205051802/http://www.lib.washington.edu/SoutheastAsia/Acehlibs.html |date=February 5, 2012 }})&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Library and Museum of the Ali Hasymy Educational Foundation survived intact as the tsunami did not reach this area of Banda Aceh.&lt;ref name=&quot;ALA | Tsunami-Report from Indonesia&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Malaysia ==<br /> According to a Malaysian professor of [[library science]], damage to libraries was minimal in [[Malaysia]].&lt;ref&gt;Whelan, Debra Lau. (2005). Libraries in tsunami's path need aid. ''School Library Journal''. Available from {{cite web |url=http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA499367.html |title=Library Journal |accessdate=2011-12-26 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204170336/http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA499367.html |archivedate=February 4, 2012 }} ()&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Maldives ==<br /> All of the 199 inhabited islands comprising the [[Maldives]] atolls were affected by the tsunami.&lt;ref name=&quot;portal.unesco.org&quot;&gt;[http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=38155&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO | Education – The Maldives was the only country where the effects of the tsunami were felt across the entire country rather than in certain parts or regions/atolls. 82 people are reported dead and 26 are missing&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324090336/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D38155%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |date=March 24, 2012 }})&lt;/ref&gt; The Maldives Library Association was not able to survey all public libraries across the atoll, however, a representative indicated some libraries were destroyed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/iro/iroactivities/destructionmaldiveslib.cfm |title=Destruction of Maldives Libraries |publisher=ALA |date=2004-12-26 |accessdate=2012-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Forty-six percent of schools in the Maldives were damaged, and nine schools were destroyed.&lt;ref name=&quot;portal.unesco.org&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Thailand ==<br /> Damage to libraries in [[Thailand]] has not been well documented. The Ministry of Education has reported that five schools were destroyed and 51 schools were damaged.&lt;ref&gt;Asian Disaster Preparedness Center. ''The economic impact of the 26 December 2004 earthquake &amp; Indian Ocean tsunami in Thailand.'' Retrieved October 18, 2006, from {{cite web |url=http://www.adpc.net/maininforesource/dms/thailand_assessmentreport.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-12-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929195440/http://www.adpc.net/maininforesource/dms/thailand_assessmentreport.pdf |archivedate=September 29, 2011 }} ()&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sri Lanka ==<br /> More than 35,000 [[Sri Lanka]]ns were killed and 516,000 people were displaced as a result of the tsunami.&lt;ref&gt;UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery. ''Sri Lanka''. Retrieved October 28, 2006, from http://www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/srilanka.asp&lt;/ref&gt; Roughly 60 percent of the coastal area of Sri Lanka was severely affected by the tsunami. Libraries across the country were damaged, and it is estimated that 1.2 million volumes of books and other reading materials were destroyed in the disaster. Out of the 950 public libraries in Sri Lanka, 55 libraries were affected and 28 were destroyed.&lt;ref name=&quot;ndl.go.jp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/iflapac/pdf/amarasiri.pdf |title=Amarasiri, Upali. (2005). &quot;Tsunami affected libraries in Sri Lanka: Rebuilding process and challenges.&quot; |accessdate=2012-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several libraries were used as refuge centres or hospitals in the aftermath of the tsunami, and surviving furniture and collections suffered as a result.<br /> <br /> One estimate of damage to school libraries in Sri Lanka indicates that of the 9,790 schools in the country, 182 schools were directly affected by the tsunami and an additional 282 schools were damaged because of their use as refugee camps after the tsunami.&lt;ref name=&quot;ndl.go.jp&quot;/&gt; While not all of these schools had a full-fledged library, most had a book closet or other collection of materials. At least 165 school libraries were damaged by the tsunami.&lt;ref&gt;Premila Gamage and Maria Cotera. (2005). Rising from the rubble: The Sri Lanka Library Association rehabilitation project. ''Impact:''50-52.&lt;/ref&gt; Compounding the damage, many schools had large collection of textbooks on hand for distribution to students at the beginning of the school year in January. Damage reports range from furniture damage to lost collections to complete destruction of the physical building.<br /> <br /> Sri Lankan government departments lost public records to the tsunami. In the Southern province, all electoral registers were destroyed, along with 600,000 land deeds from the Department of the Surveyor General.&lt;ref&gt;Amarasiri, Upali. (2005). Rising from the wreckage: Development of tsunami-affected libraries in Sri Lanka. ''IFLA News'', 31(4):307–314.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sixty-eight libraries affiliated with religious institutions and at least three museums were damaged by the tsunami.&lt;ref&gt;Premila Gemage and Maria Cotera. (2005). Rising from the rubble: The Sri Lanka Library Association rehabilitation project. ''Impact:''50-52.&lt;/ref&gt; Many of these libraries were attached to [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[temple]]s and contained valuable collections of palm leaf manuscripts and documents relating to [[Ayurveda]], the Indian medical tradition adopted in ancient Sri Lanka.&lt;ref name=&quot;ndl.go.jp&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[National Maritime Museum (Galle)|National Maritime Museum]] in [[Galle]] lost 90 percent of its collection, mostly artifacts salvaged from underwater wrecks and archaeology sites. The museum also lost all of its computers and other technical equipment.&lt;ref&gt;International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). (2005, January 27). ''Libraries completely missing: Tsunami and Sri Lanka's East Coast.'' Retrieved October 18, 2006, from {{cite web |url=http://www.ifla.org/V/press/tsunami-SriLanka-report7.htm |title=Tsunami and Sri Lanka's East Coast |accessdate=2006-11-02 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205051721/http://archive.ifla.org/V/press/tsunami-SriLanka-report7.htm |archivedate=February 5, 2017 }} ()&lt;/ref&gt; The collection housed in the Martin Wickramasinghe Folk Museum of Koggala survived relatively unscathed, however the children's library attached to the museum was severely damaged along with most of the museum's furniture. The Maritime Archaeology Unit of the Central Cultural Fund was also severely damaged, resulting in the loss of artifacts from an 18th-century Dutch shipwreck that were eventually to be donated to a museum.&lt;ref&gt;Gamage, Premila. (2005). Tsunami devastates Sri Lankan libraries. ''International Leads'', 19(1):1–2.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the weeks following the disaster, the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]] cooperated with UNESCO, the [[Sri Lanka Library Association]], the National Library and Documentation Center of Sri Lanka and other organizations to create the Sri Lanka Disaster Management Committee for Libraries, Information Services and Archives (SL DMC-LISA). The committee worked to secure funding for temporary libraries and computer equipment and began reviewing architectural plans for rebuilding libraries. Further initiatives were developed to encourage &quot;twinning&quot; or pairing of Sri Lankan libraries with donors.&lt;ref&gt;Ashling, Jim. (2005). Support for libraries in tsunami aftermath. ''International Report:''24-25.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to working with the disaster committee, the Sri Lanka Library Association targeted five libraries for rebuilding with the intent of creating model institutions. As of 2006, three of these libraries had re-opened, while progress on the other two was delayed due to political instability in the region.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.slla.org.lk/naclis-2006/pub/annual%20rep2006.pdf Sri Lanka Library Association – Annual Report 2005-2006] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090423/http://www.slla.org.lk/naclis-2006/pub/annual%20rep2006.pdf |date=September 27, 2007 }})&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of destroyed libraries]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Destroyed heritage}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Preservation (library and archival science)]]<br /> [[Category:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Sri_Kalika_Maharani_Temple&diff=537104 2025-12-27T07:30:36Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Put up the bio needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu temple in Bokaro, Chhattisgarh}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Sri Sri Kalika Maharani Temple<br /> | image = Kalika Mandir Panorama view.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Kalika temple panorama view<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.6559342|86.1794213|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | native_name = <br /> {{lang|hi|श्री श्री मां काली महारानी मंदिर}}<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | state = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | district = [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]<br /> | locale = [[Chira Chas]] at [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]]<br /> | elevation_m = 210<br /> | deity = [[Kali]]<br /> | festivals= [[Kali Puja]], [[Diwali]]<br /> | architecture = [[Mandir]]<br /> | temple_quantity = 2<br /> | monument_quantity= 2<br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | year_completed = 2010-2012 <br /> | creator = Shree Shivananda Sinha<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sri Sri Kalika Maharani Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]] is a [[Hindu]] temple at [[Chira Chas]], built by Aashiyaan Estate Developers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://aashiyanestate.com/upcoming.html|title=Aashiyan Estate|author=Aashiyan Estate|date=11 August 2012|work=Aashiyan Estate Website|accessdate=11 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314175115/http://aashiyanestate.com/upcoming.html|archivedate=14 March 2012|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The temple is spread over half an acre and is dedicated to Goddess [[Kali]]. The mini township of Kalika Vihar is named after this temple.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The construction of the temple began in July, 2010. It took less than 3 years to complete the entire structure. The temple was opened to public on July 14, 2012. The temple is situated at Kalika Vihar, Aashiyan Garden, Phase - 3, [[Chira Chas]]. Before the foundation was laid, a nine-day Ramayana recital was held, along with a religious '[[Yagna]]'. On the map, the temple can be found at {{Coord|23.65|N|86.17|E|}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/#lat=23.6559342&amp;lon=86.1794213&amp;z=18&amp;l=0&amp;m=b|title=Sri Sri Kalika Maharani Temple |publisher= Wikimapia |date= |accessdate=2012-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; The temple is famous in [[Jharkhand]] and its opening was covered by major newspapers. During excavation of the Foundation in the initial phase of construction, laborers found an [[Indian Cobra]] which is considered a good omen, symbolizing Lord [[Shiva]]. Legend has it, that Goddess [[Kali]] grants the wishes of those, who pray at this temple.<br /> <br /> ==Dimensions==<br /> The temple is a two storeyed structure with a tall 'Stupa' which is over 90 feet tall. over 50 feet is breadth, the temple is over 160 feet long. The temple is based on a unique design, imitating a lotus flower with five petals. Each petal houses an entrance to the temple. The temple is designed on a pentagonal scheme and has five nodes in its superstructure.<br /> <br /> ==Temple==<br /> [[File:Kalika Ma Idol Gif.gif|thumb|Kalika Ma Idol inside the temple]]<br /> The main temple houses statues of goddess Ma [[Kali]].<br /> The main temple of Kali is based on the first floor, while the basement (over 4000 square feet) would house a large prayer and Yagya hall. The idol is a beautiful representation of Kali in her [[Sita]] [[avatar]]. A small temple, dedicated to Lord [[Hanuman]], is located at the entrance to the temple. Along with Sri Ram Mandir Temple,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://rammandirbokaro.com/|title=Official Website of Sri Ram Mandir, Bokaro |author=Late Parmanand Tripathi|date=15 September 2012|work= Sri Ram Mandir - Official Website|accessdate=15 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; at Sector 1, this temple has risen to prominence in [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]].<br /> <br /> ==Facilities==<br /> The basement prayer hall can be used for [[Hindu]] religious ceremonies and would protect the worshipers from the elements. The temple houses a seating area for devotees. A dedicated parking space is provided for the convenience of visitors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/node/166549|title=Newspaper Article on foundation laying ceremony |author=Prabhat Khabar Newspaper|date=9 June 2012 |work= Prabhat Khabar Newspaper Website|accessdate=14 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Directions to the temple==<br /> [[File:Map to Sri Kalika Maharani Temple.jpg|thumb|Map to Sri Kalika Maharani Temple, Bokaro]]<br /> To reach the temple, the devotees should travel towards Bokaro Hotel from Patharkata Chowk. Turn left towards Chinmaya School and turn right by Asha Lata Kendra. Devotees should continue on this road, crossing the Chira Chas bridge. One should then travel straight to Chira Chas school and then turn left. After traveling a distance of 30 feet, one should then turn right (by the board of Kalika Vihar Phase -3), and then enter the Aashiyana Garden/Kalika Vihar Phase - 3 campus where the temple is located.<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> <br /> === Pictorial timeline of construction ===<br /> &lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> Image:Kalika Temple as in December 2011.jpg|Kalika Temple as in December, 2011<br /> Image:Kalika Temple at Kalika Vihar at Chira Chas Bokaro.JPG|Kalika Temple as in March, 2012<br /> Image:Kalika Temple as in August 2012.JPG|Kalika Temple as in August, 2012<br /> Image:Kalika Mandir Panorama view.jpg|Completed Kalika Temple as in February, 2013<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === Temple ===<br /> &lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> Image:Kalika Mandir Dias View.JPG|The view from the dias of Kalika Mandir at Chira Chas<br /> Image:Offering to Kalika Devi Tiff.tif|The offering table where '[[aarti]]' is placed<br /> Image:Kalika Mandir Temple Entrance 2.JPG|The towering spire of Kalika Temple<br /> Image:Mandir Entrance.JPG|Entrance to Sri Sri Kalika Maharani Temple<br /> Image:Temple by the riverine.JPG|View of the temple from an elevated platform<br /> Image:Hanuman Temple at entrance.JPG|[[Hanuman]] temple at the entrance<br /> Image:Ma_Kalika_at_Kalika_Mandir_Bokaro_Steel_City.jpg|Ma Kalika at the temple with offerings<br /> Image:Kalika_Temple_at_night_and_morning.jpg|Kalika Temple at night and day<br /> Image:Lion_Statue_at_entrance_to_Kalika_Temple_Bokaro_Steel_City.jpg|Lion Statue at the entrance<br /> Image:Ganesh and Bhairava Kalika Temple Bokaro Steel City.jpg|[[Ganesh]] and [[Kartikeya]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Rajrappa]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> {{external media<br /> | float=left<br /> | width = 400px<br /> | image1=[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kalika_Mandir_Temple_Entrance_2.JPG/768px-Kalika_Mandir_Temple_Entrance_2.JPG Picture of Sri Sri Kalika Maharani Temple], from [http://wikimapia.org/#lat=23.6560373&amp;lon=86.1794939&amp;z=19&amp;l=0&amp;m=b&amp;v=8 here] ''retrieved 8.03.2012'' <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Hindu temples in Jharkhand}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Jharkhand]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shishupala_Vadha&diff=535052 2025-12-22T11:28:36Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Put up initial pg w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{italic title}}{{Short description|Sanskrit epic poem}}<br /> {{Infobox religious text<br /> | image = File:Krishna kills Shishupala.jpg<br /> |caption = [[Krishna]] slays [[Shishupala]] (c. 1850)<br /> | author = [[Māgha]]<br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | language = [[Sanskrit]]<br /> | verses = 20 cantos<br /> | period = c. 7th century<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Shishupala Vadha''' ({{langx|sa|शिशुपालवध}}, [[IAST]]: ''Śiśupāla-vadha'', ''lit.'' &quot;the slaying of Shishupala&quot;) is a work of classical [[Sanskrit poetry]] (''[[kāvya]]'') composed by [[Māgha]] in the 7th or 8th century. It is an [[epic poem]] in 20 ''sarga''s ([[canto]]s) of about 1800 highly ornate stanzas,&lt;ref name=indica/&gt; and is considered one of the five Sanskrit ''mahakavya''s, or &quot;great epics&quot;. It is also known as the ''Māgha-kāvya'' after its author. Like other ''kavya''s, it is admired more for its exquisite descriptions and lyrical quality than for any dramatic development of plot. Its 19th canto is noted for verbal gymnastics and wordplay; see the section on [[#Linguistic_ingenuity|linguistic ingenuity]] below.<br /> <br /> ==Contents==<br /> As with most Sanskrit ''kāvya'', the plot is drawn from one of the epics, in this case the [[Mahabharata]]. In the original story, [[Shishupala]], king of the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]] in central India, after insulting [[Krishna]] several times in an assembly, finally enrages him and has his head struck off. The 10th-century literary critic [[Kuntaka]] observes that Magha arranges the story such that the sole purpose of [[Vishnu]]'s [[avatar]]hood as Krishna is the slaying of the evil Shishupala. Magha also invents a conflict in Krishna's mind, between his duty to destroy Shishupala, and to attend Yudhishthira's ceremony to which he has been invited; this is resolved by attending the ceremony to which Shishupala also arrives and is killed.<br /> <br /> The following description of the plot of the ''Shishupala Vadha'' is drawn from [[A. K. Warder]].&lt;ref name=warder/&gt; The evil Shishupala has previously clashed with Krishna many times, such as when the latter eloped with [[Rukmini]] who was betrothed to him, and defeated the combined armies of Shishupala and Rukmini's brother [[Rukmi]]. When the story begins, Sage [[Narada]] reminds Krishna that while he had previously (in the form of [[Narasimha]]) killed [[Hiranyakashipu]], the demon has been reborn as Shishupala and desires to conquer the world, and must be destroyed again.&lt;ref name=warder/&gt;<br /> Meanwhile, [[Yudhiṣṭhira]] and his brothers, having conquered the four directions and killed [[Jarasandha]], wish to perform the [[rajasuya]] yajña (ceremony) and Krishna has been invited. Unsure what to do (Canto II), Krishna takes the counsel of his brother [[Balarama]] and of [[Uddhava]]. While Balarama suggests attacking declaring war on Shishupala immediately, Uddhava points out that this would involve many kings and disrupt Yudhishthira's ceremony (where their presence is required). Instead, he suggests ensuring that Shishupala attends the ceremony as well. Pleased with this plan, Krishna sets out (Canto III) with his army to [[Indraprastha]] where the ceremony will be held. On the way, he sees Mount [[Girnar|Raivataka]] (Canto IV), decides to camp there (Canto V), and all seasons simultaneously manifest themselves for his pleasure (Canto VI). His followers' enjoyment (Canto VII) and [[Rasa Lila|water sports]] (Canto VIII) are then described, as are nightfall (Canto IX), drinking and a general festival of love (Canto X) and dawn (Canto XI). These cantos, containing exquisite and detailed descriptions that are unrelated to the action, are usually the most popular with Sanskrit critics. The army resumes its march in Canto XII, and Krishna finally enters the city (Canto XIII). The ceremony takes place, and at the end, at [[Bhishma]]'s advice, the highest honour (''arghya'') is bestowed on Krishna (Canto XIV). Shishupala is enraged at this (Canto XV), and makes a long speech on (what he considers) Krishna's bad qualities. He leaves the assembly. In Canto XVI, he sends a messenger to Krishna. Krishna declares war (Canto XVII), and the armies fight (Canto XVIII), with the various complex formations of the armies being matched by the complex forms Māgha adopts for his verses in Canto XIX. Finally, Krishna enters the fight (Canto XX), and after a long battle, strikes off Shishupala's head with [[Sudarshana Chakra]], his discus.&lt;ref name=warder/&gt;&lt;ref name=altplot/&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite what may appear to be little subject matter, the cantos of this work are in fact longer than those of other epics.&lt;ref name=warder/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Appraisal==<br /> The poet seems to have been inspired by the ''[[Kirātārjunīya]]'' of [[Bharavi]], and intended to emulate and even surpass it. Like the ''Kirātārjunīya'', the poem displays rhetorical and metrical skill more than the growth of the plot&lt;ref name=das/&gt; and is noted for its intricate wordplay, textual complexity and verbal ingenuity. It has a rich vocabulary, so much so that the (untrue) claim has been made that it contains every word in the Sanskrit language.&lt;ref name=mwenc/&gt;<br /> The narrative also wanders from the main action solely to dwell on elegant descriptions, with almost half the cantos having little to do with the proper story&lt;ref name=wwj/&gt; e.g. while describing the march of an army, cantos 9 to 11 take a detour to describe nature, sunrise and sunset, the seasons, courtesans preparing to receive men, the bathing of nymphs, and so on.&lt;ref name=datta/&gt; Because of these descriptions, the Śiśupālavadha is an important source on the history of Indian ornaments and costumes, including its different terms for dress as ''paridhāna'', ''aṃśuka'', ''vasana'', ''vastra'' and ''ambara''; upper garments as ''uttarīya''; female lower garments as ''nīvī'', ''vasana'', ''aṃśuka'', ''kauśeya'', ''adhivāsa'' and ''nitambaravastra''; and ''kabandha'', a waist-band.&lt;ref name=costumes/&gt;<br /> Magha is also noted for technique of developing the theme, &quot;stirring intense and conflicting emotions relieved by lighter situations&quot;.&lt;ref name=gadkari/&gt; The work is primarily in the vīra (heroic) [[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]] (mood).&lt;ref name=warder/&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 20th stanza of the fourth canto, Māgha describes the simultaneous setting of the sun and the rising of the moon on either side of the Meru mountain as like a mighty elephant with two bells dangling on either side of his body. This striking imagery has earned Māgha the sobriquet of ''Ghaṇṭāmāgha'', &quot;Bell-Māgha&quot;.&lt;ref name=bellmagha/&gt; His similes are also highly original, and many verses from the work are of independent interest, and are quoted for their poetic or moral nature.&lt;ref name=wwj/&gt;&lt;ref name=quarterly/&gt;&lt;ref name=singlequote/&gt;&lt;ref name=sculpturequote/&gt;&lt;ref name=mallinatha/&gt;<br /> <br /> Whereas Bhāravi glorifies [[Shiva]], Māgha glorifies Krishna; while Bhāravi uses 19 metres Māgha uses 23, like Bhāravi's 15th canto full of contrived verses Māgha introduces even more complicated verses in his 19th.&lt;ref name=wwj/&gt;<br /> A popular Sanskrit verse about Māgha (and hence about this poem, as it his only known work and the one his reputation rests on) says:<br /> :उपमा कालिदासस्य भारवेरर्थगौरवम् ।<br /> :दण्डिन: पदलालित्यं माघे सन्ति त्रयो गुणाः ॥<br /> : upamā kālidāsasya, bhāraverarthagauravam,<br /> : daṇḍinaḥ padalālityaṃ — māghe santi trayo guṇāḥ<br /> :<br /> : &quot;The similes of [[Kalidasa]], [[Bharavi]]'s depth of meaning, [[Daṇḍin]]'s wordplay — in Māgha all three qualities are found.&quot;<br /> <br /> Thus, Māgha's attempt to surpass Bharavi appears to have been successful; even his name seems to be derived from this feat: another Sanskrit saying goes ''tāvat bhā bhāraveḥ bhāti yāvat māghasya nodayaḥ'', which can mean &quot;the lustre of the sun lasts until the advent of [[Maagha]] (the coldest month of winter)&quot;, but also &quot;the lustre of Bharavi lasts until the advent of Māgha&quot;.&lt;ref name=lustre/&gt; However, Māgha follows Bhāravi's structure too closely, and the long-windedness of his descriptions loses the gravity and &quot;weight of meaning&quot; found in Bhāravi's poem. Consequently, Māgha is more admired as a poet than the work is as a whole, and the sections of the work that may be considered digressions from the story have the nature of an anthology and are more popular.&lt;ref name=warder/&gt; His work is also considered to be difficult, and reading it and [[Meghadūta]] can easily consume one's lifetime, according to the saying (sometimes attributed to [[Mallinātha]]) ''māghe meghe gataṃ vayaḥ''. (&quot;In reading Māgha and [[Meghadūta|Megha]] my life was spent&quot;, or also the unrelated meaning &quot;In the month of [[Magha (month)|Magha]], a bird flew among the clouds&quot;.)<br /> <br /> ==Linguistic ingenuity==<br /> Besides its poetry, the poem also revels in wordplay and ingeniously constructed verses. The second canto contains a famous verse with a string of adjectives that can be interpreted differently depending on whether they are referring to politics (''rāja-nīti'', king's policy) or grammar.&lt;ref name=cardona280/&gt; The entire 16th canto, a message from Shishupala to Krishna, is intentionally ambiguous, and can be interpreted in two ways: one favourable and pleasing (a humble apology in courteous words), the other offensive and harsh (a declaration of war).&lt;ref name=warder/&gt;&lt;ref name=bronner&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For instance:&lt;ref name=bronner/&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> {{Col-begin}}<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> [[Devanagari]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> कृतगोपवधूरतेर्घ्नतो &lt;br/&gt;<br /> वृषमुग्रे नरकेऽपि संप्रति । &lt;br/&gt;<br /> प्रतिपत्तिरधःकृतैनसो &lt;br/&gt;<br /> जनताभिस्तव साधु वर्ण्यते ॥<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> [[IAST]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> kṛta-gopa-vadhū-rater ghnato&lt;br/&gt;<br /> vṛṣam ugre narake 'pi saṃprati&lt;br/&gt;<br /> pratipattir adhaḥkṛtainaso &lt;br/&gt;<br /> janatābhis tava sādhu varṇyate<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> which can mean either of:<br /> {{Col-begin}}<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> You delighted the cowherds and their wives<br /> by killing Demon Buffalo and cracking down on crime.<br /> Now your action against the formidable demon Naraka<br /> is winning the enthusiastic approval of the people.<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> By having sex with the wives of the cowherds<br /> you acted criminally and slaughtered justice.<br /> Now that your career has hit rock bottom,<br /> the people say you got what you deserved.&lt;ref name=bronner/&gt;<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> The 19th canto, especially, like the 15th canto of ''[[Kirātārjunīya]]'', contains ''[[Chitra-kavya|chitrakavya]]'' or decorative composition, with many examples of [[constrained writing]]. Its third stanza, for instance, contains only the consonant 'j' in the first line, 't' in the second, 'bh' in the third, and 'r' in the fourth:&lt;ref name=das/&gt; <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> {{Col-begin}}<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> [[Devanagari]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> जजौजोजाजिजिज्जाजी &lt;br/&gt;<br /> तं ततोऽतितताततुत् । &lt;br/&gt;<br /> भाभोऽभीभाभिभूभाभू- &lt;br/&gt;<br /> रारारिररिरीररः ॥<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> [[IAST]]&lt;br/&gt;<br /> jajaujojājijijjājī &lt;br/&gt;<br /> taṃ tato'titatātatut &lt;br/&gt;<br /> bhābho'bhībhābhibhūbhābhū- &lt;br/&gt;<br /> rārārirarirīraraḥ &lt;br/&gt;<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> {{quote|&quot;Then the warrior, winner of war, with his heroic valour, the subduer of the extremely arrogant beings, he who has the brilliance of stars, he who has the brilliance of the vanquisher of fearless elephants, the enemy seated on a chariot, began to fight.&quot;&lt;ref name=wwj/&gt;}}<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> He progresses to just two consonants in the 66th stanza:&lt;ref name=wonder/&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> {{Col-begin}}<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> भूरिभिर्भारिभिर्भीराभूभारैरभिरेभिरे । &lt;br/&gt;<br /> भेरीरेभिभिरभ्राभैरभीरुभिरिभैरिभाः ॥<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> bhūribhirbhāribhirbhīrābhūbhārairabhirebhire &lt;br/&gt;<br /> bherīrebhibhirabhrābhairabhīrubhiribhairibhāḥ<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> {{quote|&quot;The fearless elephant, who was like a burden to the earth because of its weight, whose sound was like a kettle-drum, and who was like a dark cloud, attacked the enemy elephant.&quot;}}<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> By the 114th stanza, this is taken to an extreme, with a celebrated example involving just one consonant:&lt;ref name=wonder/&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> {{Col-begin}}<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> दाददो दुद्ददुद्दादी दाददो दूददीददोः । &lt;br/&gt;<br /> दुद्दादं दददे दुद्दे दादाददददोऽददः ॥<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> dādado duddaduddādī dādado dūdadīdadoḥ &lt;br/&gt;<br /> duddādaṃ dadade dudde dādādadadado'dadaḥ<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> {{quote|&quot;Sri Krishna, the giver of every boon, the scourge of the evil-minded, the purifier, the one whose arms can annihilate the wicked who cause suffering to others, shot his pain-causing arrow at the enemy.&quot;}}<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> The same canto also contains increasingly ingenious palindromes. The 44th stanza, for instance, has each line a palindrome:<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> {{Col-begin}}<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> वारणागगभीरा सा साराभीगगणारवा । &lt;br/&gt;<br /> कारितारिवधा सेना नासेधा वारितारिका ॥<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> vāraṇāgagabhīrā sā sārābhīgagaṇāravā / &lt;br/&gt;<br /> kāritārivadhā senā nāsedhā vāritārikā<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> {{quote|&quot;It is very difficult to face this army which is endowed with elephants as big as mountains. This is a very great army and the shouting of frightened people is heard. It has slain its enemies.&quot;&lt;ref name=wonder/&gt;}}<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> The 88th stanza is a palindrome as a whole (syllable-for-syllable), with the second half being the first half reversed. This is known as ''pratiloma'' (or ''gatapratyāgata'') and is not found in Bharavi:&lt;ref name=kumaradasa/&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> {{Col-begin}}<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> तं श्रिया घनयानस्तरुचा सारतया तया । &lt;br/&gt;<br /> यातया तरसा चारुस्तनयानघया श्रितं ॥<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> taṃ śriyā ghanayānastarucā sāratayā tayā &lt;br/&gt;<br /> yātayā tarasā cārustanayānaghayā śritaṃ<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> The 34th stanza is the 33rd stanza written backwards, with a different meaning. Finally, the 27th stanza is an example of what has been called &quot;the most complex and exquisite type of [[palindrome]] ever invented&quot;.&lt;ref name=gardner/&gt; It may also be thought of as a syllabic [[Sator Square]]. Sanskrit aestheticians call it ''sarvatobhadra'', &quot;perfect in every direction&quot; — it yields the same text if read forwards, backwards, down, or up:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> {{Col-begin}}<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> <br /> सकारनानारकास-&lt;br/&gt;<br /> कायसाददसायका ।&lt;br/&gt;<br /> रसाहवा वाहसार-&lt;br/&gt;<br /> नादवाददवादना ॥<br /> <br /> &lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> sakāranānārakāsa-&lt;br/&gt;<br /> kāyasādadasāyakā&lt;br/&gt;<br /> rasāhavā vāhasāra-&lt;br/&gt;<br /> nādavādadavādanā.&lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; width:200px;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;color:red;&quot;<br /> | sa || kā || ra || nā || nā || ra || kā || sa<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | kā || ya || sā || da || da || sā || ya || style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | kā<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | ra || sā || ha || vā || vā || ha || sā || style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | ra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | nā || da || vā || da || da || vā || da || style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | nā<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=8 | (and the lines reversed)<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | nā || da || vā || da || da || vā || da || style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | nā<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | ra || sā || ha || vā || vā || ha || sā || style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | ra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | kā || ya || sā || da || da || sā || ya || style=&quot;color:red;&quot; | kā<br /> |- style=&quot;color:red;&quot;<br /> | sa || kā || ra || nā || nā || ra || kā || sa<br /> |}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> {{quote|&quot;[That army], which relished battle (''rasāhavā'') contained allies who brought low the bodes and gaits of their various striving enemies (''sakāranānārakāsakāyasādadasāyakā''), and in it the cries of the best of mounts contended with musical instruments (''vāhasāranādavādadavādanā'').&quot;}}<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> The 29th stanza can be arranged into the shape of a &quot;drum&quot; (''muraja-citra''):&lt;ref name=wonder/&gt;&lt;ref name=ingalls&gt;{{Cite journal| last1 = Ingalls | first1 = D. H. H.| jstor = 604080| year = 1989| publisher = American Oriental Society| title = Ānandavardhana's Devīśataka| pages = 565–575| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society| volume = 109| issue = 4| doi = 10.2307/604080}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> {{Col-begin}}<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> &lt;br/&gt;<br /> सा सेना गमनारम्भे&lt;br/&gt;<br /> रसेनासीदनारता ।&lt;br/&gt;<br /> तारनादजनामत्त &lt;br/&gt;<br /> धीरनागमनामया ॥<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; width:200px;&quot; <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#ff0000;&quot;| sā || style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;| se || style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;| nā || style=&quot;color:#ff33ff;&quot;| ga || style=&quot;color:#ff33ff;&quot;| ma || style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;| nā || style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;| ra || style=&quot;color:#ff0000;&quot;| mbhe<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;| ra || style=&quot;color:#ff0000;&quot;| se || style=&quot;color:#ff33ff;&quot;| nā || style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;| sī || style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;| da || style=&quot;color:#ff33ff;&quot;| nā|| style=&quot;color:#ff0000;&quot;| ra || style=&quot;color:#0000ff;&quot;| tā<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#6699ff;&quot;| tā || style=&quot;color:#ff33ff;&quot;| ra || style=&quot;color:#ff0000;&quot;| nā || style=&quot;color:#6699ff;&quot;| da || style=&quot;color:#6699ff;&quot;| ja || style=&quot;color:#ff0000;&quot;| nā || style=&quot;color:#ff33ff;&quot;| ma || style=&quot;color:#6699ff;&quot;| tta<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#ff33ff;&quot;| dhī || style=&quot;color:#6699ff;&quot;| ra|| style=&quot;color:#6699ff;&quot;| nā || style=&quot;color:#ff0000;&quot;| ga || style=&quot;color:#ff0000;&quot;| ma || style=&quot;color:#6699ff;&quot;| nā || style=&quot;color:#6699ff;&quot;| ma || style=&quot;color:#ff33ff;&quot;| yā<br /> |} <br /> &lt;small&gt;The &lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;first&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000ff&quot;&gt;second&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;color:#6699ff&quot;&gt;third&lt;/span&gt;, and &lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff33ff&quot;&gt;fourth&lt;/span&gt; lines give the same text when read along a &quot;drum&quot; pattern.<br /> &lt;/small&gt;<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> {{quote|&quot;That army was very efficient and as it moved, the warrior heroes were very alert and did their duties with great concentration. The soldiers in the army made a loud sound. The army was adorned with intoxicated and restive elephants. No one was there with any thought of pain.&quot;}}<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 118th stanza, each half contains the same ''pāda'' twice, but with different meanings. This is known as ''samudga'':&lt;ref name=kumaradasa/&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> {{Col-begin}}<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> सदैव संपन्नवपू रणेषु &lt;br/&gt;<br /> स दैवसंपन्नवपूरणेषु । &lt;br/&gt;<br /> महो दधे 'स्तारि महानितान्तं &lt;br/&gt;<br /> महोदधेस्तारिमहा नितान्तम् ॥<br /> {{Col-break}}<br /> sadaiva saṃpannavapū raṇeṣu &lt;br/&gt;<br /> sa daivasaṃpannavapūraṇeṣu &lt;br/&gt;<br /> maho dadhe 'stāri mahānitāntaṃ &lt;br/&gt;<br /> mahodadhestārimahā nitāntam <br /> {{col-end}}<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Magha-chakrabandha-iast.svg|thumb|right|450px|alt=caption|Illustration of ''cakrabandha'' constraints, with hidden message. (See [[:File:Magha-chakrabandha-devanagari.svg|Devanagari version]].)]]<br /> The canto also includes stanzas which can be arranged into the shape of a sword,&lt;ref name=sword/&gt; zigzags, and other shapes.<br /> <br /> Finally, it ends with a stanza (120th) in the extremely difficult &quot;wheel design&quot; known as ''cakra-vṛtta'' or ''cakrabandha'',&lt;ref name=kumaradasa/&gt; wherein the syllables can be arranged in the form of a wheel with six spokes.&lt;ref name=figurative/&gt;&lt;ref name=jaina&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/annalsofthebhand014496mbp#page/n91/mode/2up Illustration]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> सत्वं मानविशिष्टमाजिरभसादालम्ब्य भव्यः पुरो &lt;br/&gt;<br /> लब्धाघक्षयशुद्धिरुद्धरतरश्रीवत्सभूमिर्मुदा ।&lt;br/&gt;<br /> मुक्त्वा काममपास्तभीः परमृगव्याधः स नादं हरे- &lt;br/&gt;<br /> रेकौघैः समकालमभ्रमुदयी रोपैस्तदा तस्तरे ॥ &lt;br/&gt;<br /> &lt;br/&gt;<br /> satvaṃ mānaviśiṣṭamājirabhasādālambya bhavyaḥ puro&lt;br/&gt;<br /> labdhāghakṣayaśuddhiruddharataraśrīvatsabhūmirmudā /&lt;br/&gt;<br /> muktvā kāmamapāstabhīḥ paramṛgavyādhaḥ sa nādaṃ hare- &lt;br/&gt;<br /> rekaughaiḥ samakālamabhramudayī ropaistadā tastare //<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> In the figure, the &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;first&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;second&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;third&lt;/span&gt; lines are read top-to-bottom along the &quot;spokes&quot; of the wheel, sharing a common central syllable, while the fourth line is read clockwise around the circumference (starting and ending where the third line ends), sharing every third syllable with one of the first three lines. Further, the large syllables in bold (within the [[Annulus (mathematics)|annuli]]), read clockwise, spell out ''śiśupālavadha-māgha-kāvyamidaṃ'' (&quot;This is Śiśupālavadha, a poem by Māgha&quot;).<br /> <br /> ==Derivatives==<br /> Māgha influenced [[Ratnākara]]'s ''[[Haravijaya]]'',&lt;ref name=vienna/&gt; an epic in 50 cantos that suggests a thorough study of the ''Shishupalavadha''.&lt;ref name=wwj/&gt; The Dharmashramabhyudaya, a Sanskrit poem by Hari[s]chandra in 21 cantos on [[Dharmanatha]] the 15th [[tirthankara]], is modeled on the Shishupalavadha.&lt;ref name=mukherjee/&gt;<br /> <br /> The oldest known commentary on the ''Śiśupālavadha'' is that by Vallabhadeva, known as the ''Sandehaviṣauṣadhi''. The commentary by [[Mallinātha]] is known as the ''Sarvaṅkaṣā'',&lt;ref name=german/&gt; and, as on the other five ''mahakavya''s, is considered the pre-eminent one. There are numerous other commentaries on it from different parts of the country, illustrating its importance.&lt;ref name=pathak/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Marathi people|Marathi]] writer Bhaskarabhatta Borikar, of the early 14th century, wrote a Shishupala Vadha in Marathi (1308).&lt;ref name=datta/&gt;{{rp|1186}}<br /> <br /> == Editions ==<br /> * ''The Śiśupâlavadha of Mâgha: with the commentary (Sarvankashâ) of Mallinâtha'', edited by Pandit Durgāprasād and Pandit Śivadatta of Jeypore. Bombay, Nirnaya Sagar Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ttb-_LurpSUC First edition 1888], [https://archive.org/details/sisupalavadhamaghasarvankashamallinathaed.panditsivadattadurgaprasadanirnaya1888_202003_50_G/page/n2/mode/2up 1888]. Revised by Vāsudev Lakshmaṇ Śāstrī Paṇśīkar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=l7tHAQAAMAAJ Third edition 1902], [https://archive.org/stream/TFIC_ASI_Books/SisupalavadhaOfMagha#page/n5/mode/2up Fourth edition 1905], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.8964/page/n5/mode/2up 1905], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282357/mode/2up 1905], [https://archive.org/details/sisupalavadhamaghasarvankashamallinathapanditsivadattadurgaprasadawasudevlaxmans_202003_859_X/page/n1/mode/2up Seventh edition 1917], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.429338/page/n3/mode/2up Tenth edition 1933]. Revised by Nārāyaṇ Rām Āchārya Kāyvatīrth [https://archive.org/details/TheSisupalavadhaOfMagha1940PanditSivadatta/page/n1/mode/2up Eleventh edition 1940]<br /> * With the commentary of Mallinatha, and with notes by Pandit Jibananda Vidyasagar's sons Ashubodh Vidyabhushan and Nityabodha Vidyaratna. [https://archive.org/stream/Complete_Works_of_Jibananda_Vidyasagara/Sisupalavadha_of_Magha_-_Jibananda_Vidyasagara_1920_HR#mode/2up Sixth edition 1920], [https://archive.org/details/SisupalavadhaOfMagha1920/ 1920], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.292829/page/n3/mode/2up 1920], [https://archive.org/details/sisupalavadhamaghasarvankashamallinathajivanandvidyasagar1920_202003_138_o/mode/2up 1920].<br /> * With the commentaries of both Mallinatha and Vallabhadeva, Kashi Sanskrit Series No. 69, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.292664/page/n3/mode/2up 1929], [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.654/mode/2up 1929], [https://archive.org/details/sisupalavadhamaghasarvankashamallinathasandeshasishaushadhivallabhaed.jagnnathsa 1929].<br /> * With the commentary (''Sandeha-Vishaushadhi'') of Vallabhadeva, edited by Ram Chandra Kak and Harabhatta Shastri. [https://archive.org/details/sisupalavadhamaghavishaushadhivallabhaed.devaramachandrakakharabhattashastriuniversityofjk_202003_0_H/page/n4/mode/2up 1935].<br /> * The 8th and 9th sargas, with the ''Sarvankasha'' commentary of Mallinatha and the ''Alka'' Hindi Tika by Ram Kumar Acharya. Published by Chowkhamba. [https://archive.org/details/sisupalavadhaofmaghawithsarvankshaalkasanskrithinditikaramkumaracharyachowkambha89sarga_202003_34 8th and 9th sargas]<br /> * Cantos 1–4, with the commentary of Mallinatha and an introduction, notes and translation by M. S. Bhandare. Bombay, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382679/page/n1/mode/2up 1932].<br /> * Cantos 1–4, with extensive notes and “questions and answers”. Published by [https://archive.org/details/sisupalavadharahasyaprasnottariashokchandragoudasahstrichowkambhasargas14_202003_32/page/n73/mode/1up Chowkhamba].<br /> * Rājakuṇḍa, Māghakāvyadurghaṭa [https://archive.org/details/maghakavyadurghata/mode/2up manuscript]<br /> * [[Paul Dundas]] (2017). ''The Killing of Shishupala'', [[Murty Classical Library of India]], Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-66039-7}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=wwj&gt;{{citation | year=1985 | title = History of Indian literature | author1=Moriz Winternitz | author2=Subhadra Jha (transl.) | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-0056-4 | pages=72–77 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&amp;dq=%22served%20as%20model%22&amp;pg=PA72}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=warder&gt;{{citation | year=1994 | title = Indian kāvya literature: The ways of originality (Bāna to Dāmodaragupta) | author1=A. K. 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Sharp | page=327 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZtIAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=shishupala&amp;pg=PA327}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=singlequote&gt;{{citation | year=1992 | title = Nature of Indian culture | author1=Ramnarayan Vyas | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | isbn=978-81-7022-388-7 | page=56 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fmYAdJHqd3cC&amp;dq=shishupala&amp;pg=PA56}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=sculpturequote&gt;{{citation | year=2006 | title = Woman in Indian sculpture | author1=Manohar Laxman Varadpande | publisher=Abhinav Publications | isbn=978-81-7017-474-5 | page=90 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IOKruosrc8IC&amp;dq=%22shishupalavadha%22&amp;pg=PA90}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=mallinatha&gt;{{citation | year=2002 | title = Mallinātha | author1=P. G. Lalye | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=978-81-260-1238-1 | page=108 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0FfADSV6o4C&amp;dq=sisupalavadha&amp;pg=PA108}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=german&gt;{{citation | year=1903 | author=R. Simon | contribution=Magha, Shishupalavadha II, 90 | title = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Volume 57 | publisher=Kommissionsverlag F. Steiner | page=520 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-IOAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=%22sisupalavadha%22&amp;pg=PA520}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=sword&gt;{{citation | year=1971 | title = A glossary of Indian figures of speech | author1=Edwin Gerow | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | isbn=978-3-11-015287-6 | page=180 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLsy-NVKMBAC&amp;dq=%22sisupalavadha%22&amp;pg=PA180}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=altplot&gt;{{citation | year=1869 | title = Ancient and mediaeval India, Volume 2 | author1=Mrs. Manning (Charlotte Speir) | publisher=Wm. H. Allen | pages=134–136 | isbn = 9780524045268 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IL4OAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA134}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=wonder&gt;{{citation | year=2002 | title = The wonder that is Sanskrit | author1=Sampadananda Mishra | author2=Vijay Poddar | publisher=Sri Aurobindo Society | isbn=978-1-890206-50-5 | pages=36– | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/14339015/The-wonder-that-is-Sanskrit| author1-link = Sampadananda Mishra }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=kumaradasa&gt;{{citation | year=2000 | title = Janakiharana of Kumaradasa | author1=C.R. Swaminathan | author2=V. Raghavan | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-0975-8 | page=130 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cbqo4PshqQcC&amp;dq=magha&amp;pg=PA130}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=figurative&gt;{{citation | year=1975 | title = Figurative Poetry in Sanskrit Literature | author1=Kalanath Jha | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-2669-4 | page=63 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu9LX3o7nL0C&amp;pg=PA63}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/2_kavya/maghspvu.htm Transliterated text] at GRETIL<br /> * [https://books.google.com/books?id=IRp1PKX0BXoC&amp;pg=PA444 Description of Mount Raivataka] from ''Shishupala vadha'', translated by K. Krishnamoorthy<br /> ; The Shishupala story<br /> * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02035.htm Translation of the Mahabharata], sections XXXV–XLIV of the second book provide the basis for the story<br /> * [https://books.google.com/books?id=4BFhucEZbsMC&amp;lpg=PA298&amp;pg=PA283 Translation by Paul Wilmot], part of the [[Clay Sanskrit Library]] translation, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-9406-7}}.<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sanskrit poetry]]<br /> [[Category:Epic poems in Sanskrit]]<br /> [[Category:7th-century Sanskrit literature]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priya_Sisters&diff=452834 2025-12-17T17:21:22Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Priya Sisters<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | landscape = &lt;!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --&gt;<br /> | background = group_or_band<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | alias = <br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- {{birth date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | origin = [[Chittoor]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[India]]<br /> | death_date = &lt;!-- {{death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) --&gt;<br /> | death_place = <br /> | genre = [[Carnatic music]]<br /> | occupation = Singers<br /> | instrument = <br /> | years_active = &lt;!-- YYYY–YYYY (or –present) --&gt;<br /> | label = <br /> | associated_acts = <br /> }}<br /> '''Shanmukhapriya and Haripriya''', popularly known as the '''Priya Sisters''', are [[Carnatic music]] singers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= Cascade of musical charms|author= Velcheti Subrahmanyam|url= http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2896228.ece|newspaper= The Hindu|access-date=18 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> They attended Little Flower School in Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh. They started learning Carnatic music from their father, Sri V.V.Subbaram, at an early age. In order to nurture their musical talent, their father shifted base to Chennai. Later they became the disciples of the renowned duo [[Radha Jayalakshmi|Radha and Jayalakshmi]] who were disciples of the legendary [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]]. They learnt many nuances and subtleties of music during the five-year tenure under [[Radha Jayalakshmi|Radha and Jayalakshmi]] including the advice that the singing should be so clear that the listener should be able to notate the entire kriti.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/04/04/stories/2008040451310200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409025206/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/04/04/stories/2008040451310200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2008|title=We owe it to Radha-Jayalakshmi|date=4 April 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Improving their repertoire was a major project and learning, a continuous process. Hence they joined Professor T.R.Subramaniam. They learnt many pallavis and kritis from him.<br /> <br /> They are part of the trend of duo singing in [[Carnatic music]], which started in the 1950s, with performers like [[Radha Jayalakshmi]], [[Soolamangalam Sisters]] and later continued by [[Bombay Sisters]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/article95639.ece|title=Sisters in song|date=30 January 2010|work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Priya Sisters are conferred with title &quot;Sangeetha Vipanchi&quot; by Sangeetha Bharathi music School, Auckland during their classical music concert &quot;Priya Ragam&quot; held on 10 November 2013 in Auckland, New Zealand&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140518094427/http://priyasisters.com/ Official site]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090209222516/http://www.indiamusicinfo.com/profiles/carnatic/priyasisters.html Artist Profiles : Shanmukha Priya and Hari Priya]<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]<br /> [[Category:Carnatic singers]]<br /> [[Category:People from East Godavari district]]<br /> [[Category:Sibling musical duos]]<br /> [[Category:Indian musical duos]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women classical singers]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roddam_mandal&diff=530712 2025-12-03T05:52:04Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Started New Entry - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Roddam mandal<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = te<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Mandal<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|14.10|N|77.43|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = Sri Sathya Sai<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br /> | parts = Roddam<br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 45,903<br /> | population_as_of = 2001<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = UnOfficial<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 515123<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 08555<br /> | registration_plate = AP<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes =<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> }}<br /> '''Roddam mandal''' is in [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/<br /> |title=List of Sub-Districts<br /> |publisher=Census of India<br /> |accessdate=2007-05-29<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Anantapur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=6 June 2017|pages=414|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> According to [[Indian census]], 2001, the demographic details of Roddam mandal is as follows:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ourvillageindia.org/Place.aspx?TID=46&amp;DID=22&amp;SID=28 Roddam mandal at Our Village India.org]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Total Population: 68,903 in 9,631 Households<br /> * Male Population: 46,386 and Female Population: 22,517<br /> * Children Under 6 Yrs: 10,335 (Boys – 15,186 and Girls - 12,149)<br /> * Total Literates: 37,670<br /> <br /> == Villages ==<br /> The following is the list of villages in Roddam mandal.<br /> 1: YT Reddy Palli,<br /> 2: M.Kothapalli (mulakalachruvu),<br /> 3: Naranagepalli,<br /> 4: Moparlapalli,<br /> 5: Thadngipalli,<br /> 6: Peddaguvvala Palli (Nandagokulam),<br /> 7: Gonimekala Palli,<br /> 8: Maruva Palli,<br /> 9: Doddagatta,<br /> 10: Reddy Palli,<br /> 11: Patharla Palli,<br /> 12: Chinnakodi Palli,<br /> 13: Peddakodi Palli,<br /> 14: Turakala patnam,<br /> 15: Kurla Palli,<br /> 16: Basine Palli,<br /> 17: Kandukurla Palli,<br /> 18: Lakkasani Palli,<br /> 19: Padamantur,<br /> 20: Cherukuru,<br /> 21: Chinnamanthur<br /> 22: Nalluru,<br /> 23: Kallu kunta,<br /> 24: Bucherla,<br /> 25: Cholemarri,<br /> 26: Peddipalli,<br /> 27: Sanipalle,<br /> 28: Boksam palli,<br /> 29: roddakampalli,<br /> 30: kottala,<br /> 31: gourajupalli,<br /> 32: maravapalli,<br /> 33: kogira,<br /> 34: rachuru,<br /> <br /> == Features ==<br /> * The population in this village is around 3,500 and having 2,200 voters.<br /> * The major crops in this village are Ground nuts, onion, rice&amp; silk<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mandals in Sri Sathya Sai district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Munim_Choudhury&diff=484221 2025-11-13T07:06:51Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Distinguish|Abdul Munim Chowdhury}}{{Short description|Meghalaya politician}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[Moulvi]]<br /> | name = Abdul Munim Choudhury<br /> | native_name = আব্দুল মুনিম চৌধুরী<br /> | office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 1957<br /> | term_end = 1967<br /> | constituency = [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Moulvi M. Ali]]<br /> | successor = [[Prafulla Choudhury]]<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = Bagbari, [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]], [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet district]] (now [[Assam]], India)<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | relatives = [[Najib Ali Choudhury]] (great-grandfather)<br /> | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes|religion=[[Islam]]|denomination=[[Sunni]]|jurisprudence=[[Hanafi]]|movement=[[Deobandi]]}}<br /> }}<br /> [[Moulvi]] '''Abdul Munim Choudhury''' ({{langx|bn|আব্দুল মুনিম চৌধুরী}}) was an Indian [[Bengalis|Bengali]] politician and [[Islamic scholar]]. He twice served as member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for the [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]] constituency.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Assam Election Results, 1962 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3992-assam-1962/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=11 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and family==<br /> Choudhury was born into a scholarly [[Bengali Muslim]] family of [[Chowdhury|Choudhuries]] in the village of Bagbari in [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]] (then under [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet district]]). His ancestors had either migrated from [[Ghor Province]] in [[Afghanistan]] during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]], or were descended from Shah Umar Yemeni, one of the 360 companions of the [[Sufi]] saint [[Shah Jalal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rahman2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Rahman|first1=Md. Matiur|last2=Bhuiya|first2=Abdul Musabbir|title=Teaching of Arabic language in Barak Valley: a historical study (14th to 20th century)|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/92871/7/07_chapter%203.pdf |year=2009|publisher=Assam University|location=Silchar|pages=59–60}}&lt;/ref&gt; Choudhury's great-grandfather, [[Najib Ali Choudhury]], was an [[Islamic scholar]] who had founded [[Madinatul Uloom Bagbari]], the first modern [[madrasa]] in the Sylhet region, and his grandfather Ghulam Rab Choudhury was also an Islamic scholar. Choudhury was educated in the Islamic tradition and received the title of [[Moulvi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LaskarBarbhuiya2019&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Laskar|first1=Ali Haidar|last2=Barbhuiya|first2=Atiqur Rahman|title=Indigenous People of Barak Valley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SLMDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT86|year=2019|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64678-800-2|page=86}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to a handwritten manuscript by his grandfather's elder brother [[Abdul Hai Choudhury]], the family was descended from Gawhar Khan, a nobleman from [[Badakhshan]]. Khan was said to have given up his wealth to his younger brother, and become a [[da'i]] in [[Mughal Empire|Hindustan]], taking with him a handwritten ancestral [[mus'haf]] by Mir Husayn (dating to 1056 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] / 1647 CE), gilded by Muhammad Yusuf Ali. The emperor granted him [[jagir]]s near the village of Kaliganj, near present-day [[Karimganj district]].&lt;ref name=tajul&gt;{{citation|author=Qasemi, Ataur Rahman|publisher=[[Madinatul Uloom Bagbari]]|editor=Choudhury, Tajul|title=একটি উজ্জল ইতিহাস|language=bn|year=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> In 1948, Choudhury was appointed the first Shaykhul Hadith (Professor of [[Hadith]]) at the [[Madinatul Uloom Bagbari]] madrasa.&lt;ref name=tajul/&gt;<br /> <br /> He was associated with the [[Indian National Congress]]. He won a seat in the [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]] constituency after participating in the [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/karimganj-south.html|title=Karimganj South (Assam) Assembly Constituency Elections|website=Elections.in|access-date=6 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-off}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Moulvi M. Ali]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]]|years=1962–1967}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Prafulla Choudhury]]}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Abdul Munim}}<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Assam MLAs 1962–1967]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:People from Karimganj district]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Assam MLAs 1957–1962]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_My_Agent:_Bollywood&diff=492826 2025-10-18T21:27:13Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Starting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian drama series}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Call My Agent Bollywood poster.jpg<br /> | image_upright =<br /> | image_size =<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | caption =<br /> | alt_name =<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | genre = [[Drama]] [[Comedy]]<br /> | creator =<br /> | based_on = [[Call My Agent!]]<br /> | inspired_by = &lt;!-- {{Based on|work|author}} --&gt;<br /> | developer =<br /> | writer = [[Hussain Dalal]]&lt;br /&gt;Abbas Dalal<br /> | screenplay = Hussain Dalal&lt;br /&gt;Abbas Dalal<br /> | story =<br /> | director = [[Shaad Ali]]<br /> | creative_director =<br /> | presenter =<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Rajat Kapoor]]<br /> * [[Aahana Kumra]]<br /> * [[Ayush Mehra]]<br /> * [[Soni Razdan]]<br /> * [[Suchitra Pillai]]<br /> * Priyasha Bhardwaj<br /> }}<br /> | narrated =<br /> | theme_music_composer =<br /> | opentheme =<br /> | endtheme =<br /> | composer = Pranaay&lt;br /&gt;Roy<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 6<br /> | list_episodes =<br /> | executive_producer = Sohail Abbas&lt;br /&gt;Praver Awal&lt;br /&gt;Mrinalini Jain&lt;br /&gt;Prasoon Garg&lt;br /&gt;Pooja Batura Pathak<br /> | producer = [[Sameer Nair]]&lt;br /&gt;Rishi Negi&lt;br /&gt;Deepak Segal<br /> | news_editor =<br /> | location = &lt;!-- Nation the series was primarily filmed in, if different from the nation of origin. --&gt;<br /> | cinematography = Sunita Radia<br /> | animator =<br /> | editor = Farooq Hundekar<br /> | camera = &lt;!-- Either single-camera or multi-camera --&gt;<br /> | runtime = &lt;!-- Reliable source required --&gt;<br /> | company = [[Applause Entertainment]]&lt;br&gt;[[Banijay Group|Banijay Asia]]<br /> | budget =<br /> | network = [[Netflix]]<br /> | released = {{Start date|2021|10|29|df=y}}<br /> | related = &lt;!-- To be used only for remakes, spin-offs, and adaptations --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Call My Agent: Bollywood''''' is an Indian [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series based on the [[France 2|France 2 TV network]] series ''[[Call My Agent!|Call My Agent! (Dix Pour Cent (Ten Percent))]]''. The [[Netflix]] show is directed by [[Shaad Ali]], written by [[Hussain Dalal]] and Abbas Dalal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Deshpande|first=Shefali|date=2021-10-30|title=Review {{!}} 'Call My Agent: Bollywood' Is Dull and Disappointing|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/call-my-agent-bollywood-review-netflix-show-rajat-kapoor-soni-razdan-aahana-kumra|access-date=2021-10-31|website=TheQuint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title='Call My Agent: Bollywood' review: Just say 'non'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1008694/call-my-agent-bollywood-review-just-say-non|access-date=2021-10-31|website=Scroll.in|date=29 October 2021 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> <br /> === Main ===<br /> * [[Aahana Kumra]] as Amal<br /> * [[Ayush Mehra]] as Mehershad<br /> * [[Rajat Kapoor]] as Monty<br /> * [[Soni Razdan]] as Treasa<br /> * Radhika Seth as Nia&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=IANS|title=Radhika Seth Makes Acting Debut With Netflix's Call My Agent: Bollywood|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/web-series/social-media-influencer-radhika-seth-makes-acting-debut-with-netflix-s-call-my-agent-bollywood-1488880|access-date=2021-10-31|website=ABP Live|date=20 October 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recurring ===<br /> * [[Tinnu Anand]] as Soumyajit Dasgupta<br /> * Priyasha Bhardwaj as Sonia<br /> * Rohan Joshi as Jignesh<br /> * Merenla Imsong as Nancy<br /> * Anuschka Sawhney as Jasleen<br /> * [[Suchitra Pillai]] as Suchitra<br /> * Raghav Lekhi as Sid<br /> * Aban Deohans as Stuti<br /> * [[Ujjwal Gauraha]] as Assistant Director<br /> <br /> ===Special appearances===<br /> * [[Dia Mirza]] as herself<br /> * [[Ali Fazal]] as himself<br /> * [[Richa Chadda]] as herself<br /> * [[Lara Dutta]] as herself<br /> * [[Sarika]] as herself<br /> * [[Akshara Haasan]] as herself<br /> * [[Lillete Dubey]] as herself<br /> * [[Ila Arun]] as herself<br /> * [[Farah Khan]] as herself<br /> * [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] as himself<br /> * [[Jackie Shroff]] as himself<br /> * [[Nandita Das]] as herself<br /> * [[Sameer Saxena (filmmaker)|Sameer Saxena]] as himself<br /> * [[Hussain Dalal]] as himself<br /> <br /> ==Episodes==<br /> ===Season 1 (2021)===<br /> {{Episode table|background = #fdd835 |overall = 6 |series = 6 |title = 20 |guests= |airdate = 16 |country = India |overallT = Story |seriesT = Episode |episodes=<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 1<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 1<br /> |Title = Episode 1<br /> |Guests = [[Dia Mirza]]<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|29|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary =<br /> |LineColor = ffff6b<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 2<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 2<br /> |Title = Episode 2<br /> |Guests = [[Lillete Dubey]], [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] and [[Ila Arun]]<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|29|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary =<br /> |LineColor = ffff6b<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 3<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 3<br /> |Title = Episode 3<br /> |Guests = [[Sarika]], [[Akshara Haasan]] and [[Farah Khan]]<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|29|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary =<br /> |LineColor = ffff6b<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 4<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 4<br /> |Title = Episode 4<br /> |Guests = [[Lara Dutta]]<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|29|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary =<br /> |LineColor = ffff6b<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 5<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 5<br /> |Title = Episode 5<br /> |Guests = [[Richa Chadha]], [[Ali Fazal]]<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|29|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary =<br /> |LineColor = ffff6b<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 6<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 6<br /> |Title = Episode 6<br /> |Guests = [[Nandita Das]], [[Jackie Shroff]]<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|29|df=y}}<br /> |ShortSummary =<br /> |LineColor = ffff6b<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> According to a review of [[Scroll.in]] by Nandini Ramnath entitled &quot;...Just say 'non'&quot;, calling it &quot;...the vapid and barely funny Hindi remake&quot; and referring to &quot;... the ART talent company in Mumbai.&quot; Ramnath pointed out that the &quot;...company is located in the southern end of the city, far away from the northern suburbs where much of Hindi cinema is created. It's the first sign of just how delinked the remake is from reality&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1008694/call-my-agent-bollywood-review-just-say-non|title='Call My Agent: Bollywood' review: Just say 'non'|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|date=29 October 2021 |access-date=April 1, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; A review by [[Cinema Express]] by Shilajit Mitra entitled &quot;...An amateurish series that puts fun on hold&quot;, secondly entitled &quot;Four talent agents bug their clients — and us — in this Netflix series&quot;. Opening with &quot;Netflix India has been banging away at a genre it thinks is ultra lucrative: the film industry comedy. It's a tough sell&quot; and concluding &quot;These agents need critics... someone to tell them they aren't any good&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2021/Oct/30/call-my-agent-bollywood-review-an-amateurish-series-that-puts-fun-on-hold-27573.html|title=Call My Agent: Bollywood Review: An amateurish series that puts fun on hold|first=Mitra|last=Shilajit|website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=30 October 2021 |access-date=April 1, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; As noted by [[Pinkvilla]] review by Radhika Seth; &quot;Waited for this moment for so many years&quot;, her performance lauded by fans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusive-radhika-seth-response-call-my-agent-bollywood-waited-moment-so-many-years-942147|title=EXCLUSIVE: Radhika Seth on response of Call My Agent: Bollywood: Waited for this moment for so many years|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|date=16 November 2021 |access-date=April 1, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a [[Dmtalkies]] review by Anoushka Sinha; &quot;While the star-studded episodes manage to pique the audience's interest in the show, it fails to make them deeply connect with the agents who are core to the storyline. Except for a few cliché comments on how &quot;ruthless this industry gets&quot; or the minimal attention given to the lives of struggling actors, the series misses out on most things that the audience would like to know about Bollywood.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dmtalkies.com/call-my-agent-bollywood-season-1-review-2021-indian-netflix-series/|title='Call My Agent Bollywood' Review – What To Expect From Behind The Scenes Of Bollywood|last=Sinha|first=Anoushka|date=2 November 2021 |access-date=April 1, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=tt13282662}}<br /> * {{Netflix title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Netflix television dramas]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi cinema in fiction]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy-drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:2020s LGBTQ-related comedy television series]]<br /> [[Category:2020s LGBTQ-related drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:2020s workplace comedy television series]]<br /> [[Category:2020s workplace drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:Lesbian-related television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Television series about actors]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valangai&diff=458485 2025-09-18T21:17:28Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: refined intro and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Agricultural caste of Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> '''Valangai''' or the '''right hand'''{{Clarify|reason=Is this a translation of what Valangai mean?|date=September 2025}} refers to a caste-based division of communities in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] that was in vogue from ancient times right up to the 19th and even the early decades of the 20th century AD. Since India's independence, the differences have practically vanished.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghuryep359&quot;&gt;[[#G. S. Ghurye|G. S.Ghurye]], Pg 359&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;empire_perspectives&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History| last=E. Alcock| first=Susan| pages=269|author2=Terence N. D'Altroy |author3=Kathleen D. Morrison |author4=Carla M. Sinopoli<br /> | year=2001| publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77020-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''Valangai'' or right-handed faction was made up of castes with an agricultural basis while the ''[[Idangai]]'' was made of metal workers, weavers, etc. i.e. castes involved in manufacturing.&lt;ref name=&quot;mcc_magazine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmi.ac.in/gift/Epigraphy/epig_tambarammore.htm|title=More inscriptions from the Tambaram area |access-date=2008-09-21|publisher=Madras Christian College Magazine|year=1975|author=Gift Siromoney|work=Madras Christian College Magazine, Vol. 44, 1975}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Valangai faction was numerically superior to the ''[[Idangai]]'' or left-handed faction. There were 6 castes in the ''Idangai'' faction as opposed to sixty in the ''Valangai'' faction.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghuryep359&quot; /&gt; The ''Valangai'' faction was better organized, politically, than the ''Idangai''.&lt;ref name=&quot;politcalorganization&quot;&gt;[[#Caste Ideology and Interaction|Caste Ideology and Interaction]], Pg 105&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Jean-Antoine Dubois]] on ''Valangai'' writes, The ''[[Paraiyars]]'' are its chief support, as a proof of which they glory in the title ‘Valangai-Mougattar’, or friends of the Right-hand.{{Clarify|date=October 2024 |reason=&quot;Chief support of what? This is a very strange quote.&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;Hindu manners, customs and ceremonies. Dubois, J. A. (Jean Antoine),1899(Page.25.)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] period, the left and right-hand factions comprised ninety-eight castes each, but by the 19th century, the right-hand faction was made of 60 castes, and the left-hand, only six.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Caste system in India]]<br /> * [[Idangai]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> * {{cite book | title=Caste and Race in India| last= Ghurye| first= G. S. | year=1991| publisher= Popular Prakashan| location=Bombay|ref=G. S. Ghurye}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian castes]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Agriculture in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:South Indian communities]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]<br /> <br /> {{India-ethno-stub}}</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dabangg_(soundtrack)&diff=495228 2025-09-10T01:07:50Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Starting</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2010 soundtrack album to Dabangg by Sajid–Wajid and Lalit Pandit}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Dabangg<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | longtype = to ''Dabangg''<br /> | artist = [[Sajid–Wajid]] and [[Lalit Pandit]]<br /> | cover = Dabangg album cover.jpg<br /> | released = 20 August 2010<br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 47:39<br /> | language = Hindi&lt;!--Do not link per WP:OL--&gt;<br /> | label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br /> | producer = [[Sajid–Wajid]]&lt;br&gt;[[Lalit Pandit]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai]]<br /> | prev_year = 2010<br /> | next_title = [[No Problem (2010 film)|No Problem]]<br /> | next_year = 2010<br /> | chronology = [[Sajid–Wajid]]<br /> | misc = {{Extra chronology<br /> |artist = [[Lalit Pandit]]<br /> |type = Soundtrack<br /> |prev_title = [[Horn 'Ok' Pleassss]]<br /> |prev_year = 2025<br /> <br /> |title = Dabangg<br /> |year = 2010<br /> |next_title = [[Dulha Mil Gaya]]<br /> |next_year = 2010<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Dabangg''''' ({{Translation|Fearless}}) is the [[soundtrack]] to the 2010 film of the [[Dabangg|same name]]. Directed by [[Abhinav Kashyap|Abhinav Singh Kashyap]] (in his directorial debut), the film is produced by [[Arbaaz Khan]] (in his debut as a film producer) and [[Malaika Arora|Malaika Arora Khan]] under [[Arbaaz Khan Productions]], with [[Dhilin Mehta]] serving as the co-producer and distributor of the film under [[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision]] banner. Khan's elder brother [[Salman Khan]] starred in the lead role.<br /> <br /> The soundtrack album featured five original songs, four [[remix]] versions, an alternate version of the track and a theme song, totalling up to 10 tracks in the album.&lt;ref name=&quot;list&quot; /&gt; The item number &quot;[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]&quot; is written and composed by [[Lalit Pandit]], while the music director duo [[Sajid–Wajid]] (Khan's norm collaborator) composed the remainder of it, and [[Faiz Anwar]] and [[Jalees Sherwani]] writing lyrics for those tracks.&lt;ref name=&quot;list&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dabangg: Soundtrack listing and details|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/audiolisting/13793/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219085618/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/audiolisting/13793/index.html|archive-date=19 December 2010|access-date=25 August 2015|website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt; The background score is composed by [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]. The film's music album was launched on 20 August 2010 through digital formats, even before few of the tracks were aired in radio stations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-08-16|title=Salman Khan's 'Dabangg': Music Out On August 20!|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/salman-khans-dabangg-music-out-on-august-5/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Koimoi|language=en-US|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207122441/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/salman-khans-dabangg-music-out-on-august-5/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same day, a physical launch was conducted in [[Delhi]], with the presence of the cast and crew.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Garima|date=23 August 2010|title=Dabangg's expensive promotion|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dabanggs-expensive-promotion/articleshow/6270740.cms?referral=PM|access-date=27 August 2010|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207191613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dabanggs-expensive-promotion/articleshow/6270740.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], which purchased the marketing rights of the film's music album for {{INRConvert|90|m|year=2010}},{{efn|The average exchange rate in 2010 was 45.09 [[Indian rupee]]s ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).&lt;ref name=&quot;Money Exchange&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true|title=Rupee vs dollar: From 1990 to 2012|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=18 May 2012|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321115240/http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true|archive-date=21 March 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;|name=exchange2010}} released the physical copies of the album into the stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=13 September 2010|title=Audio rights of Dabangg sold for Rs. 9 crore|work=[[CNBC]]|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/surpassed-all-expectationsdabangg-shree-ashtavinayak_484239.html|url-status=live|access-date=25 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916064126/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/surpassed-all-expectationsdabangg-shree-ashtavinayak_484239.html|archive-date=16 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The album opened to positive response from critics and audiences. Commercially, the tracks set records in sales of physical CDs and through digital downloads;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dabangg music has an attitude - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/dabangg-music-has-an-attitude/articleshow/6512571.cms|access-date=2022-02-07|website=The Times of India|date=8 September 2010|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207192419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/dabangg-music-has-an-attitude/articleshow/6512571.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; songs including &quot;[[Tere Mast Mast Do Nain]]&quot; and &quot;[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]&quot; opened exceptionally from listeners and became chartbusters, topping the music, radio and streaming charts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-01|title=RIP Wajid Khan: The man who made music of Salman Khan's films 'dabangg'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/rip-wajid-khan-the-man-who-made-salman-khan-s-music-dabangg/story-Vjx600TzogjjilTYn18ybP.html|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207133700/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/rip-wajid-khan-the-man-who-made-salman-khan-s-music-dabangg/story-Vjx600TzogjjilTYn18ybP.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Singer [[Mamta Sharma]] who crooned the latter, gained immense popularity after the track's success.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 29, 2021|title=Mamta Sharma makes Indore dance to Munni Badnaam at Mind Rocks 2019|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/mamta-sharma-makes-indore-dance-to-munni-badnaam-at-mind-rocks-2019-1558602-2019-06-29|access-date=2022-02-07|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207133825/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/mamta-sharma-makes-indore-dance-to-munni-badnaam-at-mind-rocks-2019-1558602-2019-06-29|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-11-25|title=Irony enters the Bollywood mix|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/nov/25/bollywood-irony-pastiche-dabangg-endhiran|access-date=2022-02-07|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111944/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/nov/25/bollywood-irony-pastiche-dabangg-endhiran|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the album won three awards each at [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]] (including one for [[GiMA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]), [[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine]], [[Producers Guild Film Awards|Producers Guild]], Lions Gold, BIG STAR IMA, two [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|BIG Star Entertainment]], five [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]] and seven awards each at [[3rd Mirchi Music Awards|Mirchi Music]] at [[GiMA Awards]].<br /> <br /> Sajid–Wajid renewed his association as composer in ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' (2012) and ''[[Dabangg 3]]'' (2019), the future instalments of the [[Dabangg (film series)|''Dabangg'' franchise]]. The track &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot; was recreated as &quot;Munna Badnam Hua&quot; for the latter, and the titular track &quot;Hud Hud Dabangg&quot; was re-created twice as &quot;Dabangg Reloaded&quot; in the former, and &quot;Hud Hud&quot; (the same name as the original) in the latter. However, music enthusiasts gave mixed opinions for the soundtrack albums of both the films, due to its quality being deteriorated due to their comparisons with that of the original.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-30|title=Salman Khan Hints At Making Changes In Chulbul Pandey For Dabangg 4, Is It Antim Effect?|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/salman-khan-hints-at-making-changes-in-chulbul-pandey-for-dabangg-4-is-it-antim-effect/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Koimoi|language=en-US|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207135010/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/salman-khan-hints-at-making-changes-in-chulbul-pandey-for-dabangg-4-is-it-antim-effect/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Composition ==<br /> Like their previous films of Khan, the tracks in ''Dabangg'' were composed in mind with the on-screen and off-screen persona of the star, implying that it would resonate with the star's fanbase.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-02-03|title=Bhai the way!|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/bhai-the-way/story-kT8vtapc06nfniA7Iill3M.html|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207113535/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/bhai-the-way/story-kT8vtapc06nfniA7Iill3M.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In an interview with Devansh Patel of ''Bollywood Hungama'', the duo stated that &quot;''Dabangg'' is a very rural subject in terms of its music. We were confident that we would do something as wacky as the script.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Patel|first=Devansh|date=2010-08-31|title=&quot;Salman Khan has brilliant taste for music&quot; – Wajid|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/salman-khan-has-brilliant-taste-for-music-wajid/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207184051/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/salman-khan-has-brilliant-taste-for-music-wajid/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; About composing the track &quot;[[Tere Mast Mast Do Nain]]&quot;, Wajid had stated that &quot;This song was already made when the film came to us. Before I could finish singing one line to Salman ''bhai'', he said, '''kamaal track hai'' (great song), this is a super hit song!' He takes such an active interest that the music making process becomes far more enjoyable. It also makes things easy because if he likes the song, it is finalised for the film.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The duo worked on the [[Programming (music)|programming]] and [[Arrangement (music)|arrangements]] of the film's background score, while Sandeep Shirodkar worked on the composition.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The title track &quot;Hud Hud Dabangg&quot; was composed even before the duo heard the full script and had composed in front of the producers and director, which they appreciated. Wajid said that &quot;the song was made on just a mere character sketch of Salman, but was improved with Kashyap's vision&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The track &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot; is said to be inspired by an old [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] [[folk song]] &quot;Launda Badnaam Hua Naseeban Tere Liye&quot;. Director Abhinav Kashyap accepted using the folk song saying that he, being from [[Uttar Pradesh]], was familiar with the song since childhood so he suggested the very song to be improvised and rephrased to fit the film's requirement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Kamra|first=Diksha|date=16 September 2010|title=Folk inspiration for Munni Badnaam|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Folk-inspiration-for-Munni-Badnaam/articleshow/6564833.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210081602/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Folk-inspiration-for-Munni-Badnaam/articleshow/6564833.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=10 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been stated that particular composition and lyrics (i.e. the rephrasing) were copied from the Pakistani song &quot;Ladka Badnaam Hua&quot; from the film ''[[Mr. Charlie]]'' (1992) performed by [[Umer Shareef]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Priyanka|date=11 October 2010|title=Dabangg: Shame! Shame!|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dabangg-Shame-Shame/articleshow/6722958.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live|access-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303063235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dabangg-Shame-Shame/articleshow/6722958.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=3 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Larka Badnam hua - Mr Charlie Umar Sharif 1992 Film | date=5 October 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00-27KL52Ns |language=en |access-date=2022-03-08 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308052814/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00-27KL52Ns |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Critical reception ==<br /> ''Dabangg'''s soundtrack received generally positive reviews from music critics. Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the album 3 stars and said, &quot;[it] delivers what it promised. One expected a masala soundtrack and this is what one gets with a couple of item song sequences, a couple of theme tracks and two love songs which are actually the highlight of the film. A soundtrack that has something in store for mass as well as class.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tuteja|first=Joginder|date=10 September 2010|title=Dabangg: Music review|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/515346|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108235535/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/515346|archive-date=8 January 2014|access-date=4 August 2010|website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atta Khan of ''Planet Bollywood'' gave it a rating of 6 out of 10, and called the soundtrack &quot;simple, catchy, easy on the ears and fun&quot; and further wrote &quot;''Dabangg'' further showcases their ability to connect with the mass audience. In other words it delivers thanks to their knowledge of 'what is required' and their ability to attract strong singers such as [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;pb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Atta|title=Dabangg: Music review|url=http://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=m080610115118|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926004704/http://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=m080610115118|archive-date=26 September 2010|access-date=9 August 2010|website=Planet Bollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In a 3-star rating, critic Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' praised Sajid–Wajid's composition, saying &quot;the soundtrack scores high on energy quotient&quot;. He picked the track &quot;Chori Kiya Re Jiya&quot; as the best from the album, calling it &quot;[pleasure] to the ears&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;FF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Devesh|date=20 August 2010|title=Dabangg&amp;nbsp;– Music review|url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/dabangg-1322.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310100308/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/dabangg-1322.html|archive-date=10 March 2012|access-date=10 August 2010|website=[[Filmfare]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruchika Kher of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 3 stars saying that the album &quot;has mass appeal, entertaining and apt for the film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-08-09|title=Music Review: Dabangg|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-review-dabangg/story-QPJ8p8AacDHeyVnZxJJVeO.html|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111949/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/music-review-dabangg/story-QPJ8p8AacDHeyVnZxJJVeO.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Giving 7.5 stars out of 10, Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' called it as the &quot;customary Salman Khan soundtrack&quot;, but added &quot;Sajid-Wajid and Lalit Pandit manage to make it more enjoyable than the previous ones in that line&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2010-08-20|title=Dabangg – Music Review|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2010/08/05/dabangg-music-review/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Music Aloud|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207112001/https://www.musicaloud.com/2010/08/05/dabangg-music-review/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Milliblog''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s Karthik Srinivasan stated &quot;Two listenable tracks is a lot for this soundtrack&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-08-04|title=Dabangg (Music review), Hindi – Sajid-Wajid &amp; Lalit Pandit by Milliblog!|url=https://milliblog.com/2010/08/04/dabangg-music-review-hindi-sajid-wajid-lalit-pandit/|access-date=2022-02-07|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207112003/https://milliblog.com/2010/08/04/dabangg-music-review-hindi-sajid-wajid-lalit-pandit/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Komal Nahta]] called the film's music as &quot;one of the highlights&quot; and said &quot;Every song is a wonderfully composed number so that the three music directors emerge as three additional heroes of the film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-09-10|title=Dabangg Review By Komal Nahta|url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/dabangg-review-salman-khan-by-komal-nahta/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Koimoi|language=en-US|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111955/https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/dabangg-review-salman-khan-by-komal-nahta/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Charts and sales ==<br /> The album performed well on the charts after its release. The tracks &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot; and &quot;Munni Badnaam&quot; were successful, and entered the list of top 20 most frequently played songs on radio in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 September 2010|title=Preview: Dabangg|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&amp;ID=ENTEN20100152237&amp;subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&amp;keyword=bollywood&amp;nid=49876|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907185813/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&amp;ID=ENTEN20100152237&amp;subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&amp;keyword=bollywood&amp;nid=49876|archive-date=7 September 2010|access-date=7 September 2010|website=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2010, the track &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot; reached number-one on the [[Official Charts Company|Official Asian Download Chart]] in the [[United Kingdom]] based on legal downloads in that country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=4 September 2010|title=Chart Archive Top 40 Asian Download Chart Archive|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20100829/asian/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181053/http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20100829/asian/|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=14 September 2010|website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The audio CDs of ''Dabangg''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s soundtrack priced at {{INRConvert|175}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Sajid-Wajid, Jalees Sherwani - Dabangg|date=September 2010|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/13392868-Sajid-Wajid-Jalees-Sherwani-Dabangg|language=en|access-date=2022-02-07|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111949/https://www.discogs.com/release/13392868-Sajid-Wajid-Jalees-Sherwani-Dabangg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Sajid-Wajid, Jalees Sherwani - Dabangg|date=August 2010|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/14940672-Sajid-Wajid-Jalees-Sherwani-Dabangg|language=en|access-date=2022-02-07|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111947/https://www.discogs.com/release/14940672-Sajid-Wajid-Jalees-Sherwani-Dabangg|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; reportedly shown a varied interest among the audience with a record of 5 lakh CDs were sold before the film's release.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-01-13|title=Music goes virtual|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/music-goes-virtual/story-0170lXBWXUAO1ktUplVVnI.html|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207113537/https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/music-goes-virtual/story-0170lXBWXUAO1ktUplVVnI.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Dabangg'', as well as the physical soundtrack of ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009) set records in music CD sales, before the decline of CDs and physical formats, which attributed due to the advent of digital downloads and music streaming platforms.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Additionally, the audio of ''Dabangg'' saw more than million digital downloads.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Award<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Category<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Recipients<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Result<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |21 December 2010<br /> |Most Entertaining Song<br /> |&quot;[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;{{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 December 2010|title=Nominations of BIG Star Entertainment Awards|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-big-star-entertainment-awards/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210091242/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-big-star-entertainment-awards/|archive-date=10 February 2018|access-date=10 February 2018|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=22 December 2010|title=Dabangg bags five awards at Big Star Entertainment Awards|publisher=[[NDTV]]|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/dabangg-bags-five-awards-at-big-star-entertainment-awards-597968|url-status=dead|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416103800/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/dabangg-bags-five-awards-at-big-star-entertainment-awards-597968|archive-date=16 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Most Entertaining Singer&amp;nbsp;– Male<br /> |{{sort|Ali Khan|[[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]}} for &quot;[[Tere Mast Mast Do Nain]]&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |Most Entertaining Singer&amp;nbsp;– Female<br /> |{{sort|Sharma|[[Mamta Sharma]]}} for &quot;[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Most Entertaining Music<br /> |{{sort|Wajid|[[Sajid–Wajid]]}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Screen Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |6 January 2011<br /> |[[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> |{{sort|Wajid|[[Sajid–Wajid]]}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;{{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=3 January 2011|title=Nominations for 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141248/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|access-date=4 February 2018|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SAW&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=6 January 2011|title=Winners of 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141254/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|access-date=4 February 2018|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=8 January 2011|title=Star Screen Awards: B-Town's Big Night|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/star-screen-awards-btown-s-big-night/734801/|url-status=live|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204141300/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/star-screen-awards-btown-s-big-night/734801/|archive-date=4 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br /> |{{sort|Sharma|[[Mamta Sharma]]}} for &quot;[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Choreography<br /> |{{sort|Khan|[[Farah Khan]]}} for &quot;[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |Best New Talent In Music<br /> |{{sort|Sharma|[[Mamta Sharma]]}} for &quot;[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Zee Cine Awards 2011|14 January 2011]]<br /> |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> |[[Sajid–Wajid]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;{{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=1 January 2011|title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2011|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-zee-cine-awards-2011/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204152713/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-zee-cine-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|access-date=4 February 2018|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=14 January 2011|title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2011|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-zee-cine-awards-2011/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204152719/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-zee-cine-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|access-date=4 February 2018|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=15 January 2011|title=Hrithik, SRK top Zee Cine Awards|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-srk-top-zee-cine-awards/story-QRCWE64VdmhhjEmJJNR1fJ.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204152306/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hrithik-srk-top-zee-cine-awards/story-QRCWE64VdmhhjEmJJNR1fJ.html|archive-date=4 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]<br /> |Sandeep Shirodkar<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa – Song of the Year]]<br /> |&quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> |[[Faiz Anwar]] for &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer - Female|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br /> |[[Shreya Ghoshal]] for &quot;Chori Kiya Re Jiya<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mamta Sharma]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer - Male|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> |[[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] for &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Filmfare Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |29 January 2011<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> |[[Sajid–Wajid]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;{{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;ff11nom&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=14 January 2011|title=Nominations for 56th Filmfare Awards 2010|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-56th-filmfare-awards-2010/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095332/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-56th-filmfare-awards-2010/|archive-date=4 February 2018|access-date=4 February 2018|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ff11&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=All Filmfare Awards Winners|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095338/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|archive-date=4 February 2018|access-date=4 February 2018|work=[[Filmfare]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=29 January 2011|title=Udaan, Dabangg top winners at Fimfare Awards|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Udaan-Dabangg-top-winners-at-Fimfare-Awards/articleshow/7385103.cms|url-status=live|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111015515/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Udaan-Dabangg-top-winners-at-Fimfare-Awards/articleshow/7385103.cms|archive-date=11 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Jatin–Lalit|Lalit Pandit]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br /> |[[Mamta Sharma]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> |Faiz Anwar for &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Apsara Film &amp; Television Producers Guild Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |12 January 2011<br /> |[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> |[[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] for &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;{{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=6th Apsara Producers Guild Awards Nominees|url=http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_nominees.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204103303/http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_nominees.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|access-date=4 February 2018|publisher=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=6th Apsara Producers Guild Awards Winners|url=http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_winners.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204103309/http://starguildawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_winners.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|access-date=4 February 2018|publisher=Producers Guild Film Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=12 January 2011|title=Salman named best actor, Dabangg best film at Apsara Awards|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/salman-named-best-actor-dabangg-best-film-at-apsara-awards-news-bollywood-lblx4mfaddbsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204103254/http://www.sify.com/movies/salman-named-best-actor-dabangg-best-film-at-apsara-awards-news-bollywood-lblx4mfaddbsi.html|archive-date=4 February 2018|access-date=4 February 2018|website=[[Sify]]|agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br /> |[[Mamta Sharma]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> |[[Sajid–Wajid]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> |Faiz Anwar for &quot;Tere Mast Mat Do Nain&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Choreography<br /> |[[Farah Khan]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Stardust Awards]]<br /> |6 February 2011<br /> |[[Stardust Award for New Musical Sensation - Female|New Musical Sensation – Female]]<br /> |[[Mamta Sharma]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=22 January 2011|title=Nominations of Stardust Awards 2011|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-stardust-awards-2011/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204145957/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-stardust-awards-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|access-date=4 February 2018|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=9 February 2011|title=StardustAwardWinner2011|url=http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/7594/358/lang,english/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212170913/http://www.magnamags.com/content/view/7594/358/lang,english/|archive-date=12 February 2011|access-date=4 February 2018|url-status=usurped|work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=7 February 2011|title=Pix: Big B, Madhuri at Stardust Awards|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-stardust-awards-night/20110207.htm#1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204150905/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-stardust-awards-night/20110207.htm|archive-date=4 February 2018|access-date=4 February 2018|work=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;6&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[12th IIFA Awards|23–25 June 2011]]<br /> |[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> |[[Sajid–Wajid]] and [[Jatin–Lalit|Lalit Pandit]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;{{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nominations Floriana IIFA Awards 2011 Popular Awards Nominations&amp;nbsp;– 1|url=http://www.iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114155916/http://www.iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations.html|archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=4 February 2018|publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|International Indian Film Academy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nominations Floriana IIFA Awards 2011 Popular Awards Nominations&amp;nbsp;– 2|url=http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations2.html#toplist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508103106/http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations2.html#toplist|archive-date=8 May 2012|access-date=4 February 2018|publisher=International Indian Film Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nominations Floriana IIFA Awards 2011 Popular Awards Nominations&amp;nbsp;– 3|url=http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations3.html#toplist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127155033/http://iifa.com/toronto2011/nominations3.html#toplist|archive-date=27 November 2012|access-date=4 February 2018|publisher=International Indian Film Academy Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IIFA Through the Years&amp;nbsp;– IIFA 2011 : Toronto, Canada|url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2011/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204101051/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2011/|archive-date=4 February 2018|access-date=4 February 2018|publisher=International Indian Film Academy|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> |[[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] for &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br /> |[[Mamta Sharma]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[IIFA Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]<br /> |[[Farah Khan]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[IIFA Award for Best Sound Re-Recording|Best Sound Re-Recording]]<br /> |Leslie Fernades<br /> |-<br /> |[[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> |Faiz Anwar for &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;13&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[3rd Mirchi Music Awards|Mirchi Music Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |[[3rd Mirchi Music Awards|27 January 2011]]<br /> |[[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Best Album of the Year]]<br /> |''Dabangg''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;{{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Intro Note|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210093229/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/index.html|archive-date=10 February 2018|access-date=10 February 2018|publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]]|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Winners|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/winers.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210093003/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/winers.php|archive-date=10 February 2018|access-date=10 February 2018|publisher=Radio Mirchi|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Listener's Choice|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/listners_choice.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210092926/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/listners_choice.html|archive-date=10 February 2018|access-date=10 February 2018|publisher=Radio Mirchi|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=29 January 2011|title=Mirchi Music Awards 2010 Winners|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2010-Winners/articleshow/7378687.cms|url-status=live|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180210092701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2010-Winners/articleshow/7378687.cms|archive-date=10 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nominees|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130070949/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|archive-date=30 January 2011|access-date=30 September 2018|publisher=Radio Mirchi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Best Male Vocalist]]<br /> |[[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] for &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Best Female Vocalist]]<br /> |[[Aishwarya Nigam]] and [[Mamta Sharma]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Background Score<br /> |Sandeep Shirodkar<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Best Upcoming Singer of the Year – Female]]<br /> |[[Mamta Sharma]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Best Music Director of the Year]]<br /> |[[Sajid–Wajid]] for &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Item Number<br /> |&quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Best Song of the Year]]<br /> |&quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot;{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Best Female Vocalist of the Year]]<br /> |[[Shreya Ghoshal]] for &quot;Chori Kiya Ra Jiya&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Best Music Director of the Year]]<br /> |[[Jatin–Lalit|Lalit Pandit]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Best Lyricist of the Year]]<br /> |Faiz Anwar for &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Song Recording<br /> |Abani Tanti for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Journalist National Awards<br /> |22 November 2010<br /> |Best Female Debut Singer<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Mamta Sharma]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kalakar Awards<br /> |4 November 2010<br /> |Best Female Debut Singer<br /> |{{won}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=4 November 2010|title=Award time for Prachi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/award-time-for-prachi/story-g7dD2F0VjFyqBeV9Xj6E0L.html|access-date=5 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207083509/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/award-time-for-prachi/story-g7dD2F0VjFyqBeV9Xj6E0L.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[NDTV]] Poll<br /> |1 January 2011<br /> |Best Song of the Year<br /> |&quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |{{won}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;13&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |30 October 2011<br /> |[[GiMA Award for Best Film Album|Best Film Album]]<br /> |''Dabangg''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;{{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nominations of Global Indian Music Academy Awards 2011|url=https://gima.co.in/oty-film-music-nominees.php?y=2011|access-date=4 August 2020|website=Global Indian Music Academy Awards|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518130230/https://gima.co.in/oty-film-music-nominees.php?y=2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Winners of Global Indian Music Academy Awards 2011|url=https://gima.co.in/oty-winners_2011.php|access-date=4 August 2020|website=Global Indian Music Academy Awards|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518144003/https://gima.co.in/oty-winners_2011.php|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=GIMA Awards 2011|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/features/features/gima-awards-2011|access-date=2022-02-07|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207083538/https://www.radioandmusic.com/features/features/gima-awards-2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[GiMA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br /> |[[Sajid–Wajid]] and [[Jatin–Lalit|Lalit Pandit]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[GiMA Award for Best Music Debut|Best Music Debut - Female]]<br /> |[[Mamta Sharma]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[GiMA Award for Best Engineer - Film Album|Best Engineer - Film Album]]<br /> |Eric Pillai<br /> |-<br /> |[[GiMA Award for Best Engineer - Theatre Mix|Best Engineer - Theatre Mix]]<br /> |Leslie Fernades<br /> |-<br /> |[[GiMA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]<br /> |[[Sandeep Shirodkar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Red FM Most Popular Song on Radio<br /> |&quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[GiMA Award for Best Music Arranger and Programmer|Best Music Arranger and Programmer]]<br /> |[[Sandeep Shirodkar]] for &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot;{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[GiMA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br /> |Faiz Anwar for &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[GiMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br /> |[[Mamta Sharma]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[GiMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br /> |[[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] for &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[GiMA Award for Best Film Song|Best Song]]<br /> |&quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;6&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |BIG STAR IMA Awards<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |25 February 2011<br /> |Best Music Composer<br /> |[[Sajid–Wajid]] for &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;{{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BIG Live, STAR India and The Indian Music Academy join hands to launch - BIG STAR IMA Awards 2011|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/big-live-star-india-and-the-indian-music-academy-join-hands-launch-big-star-ima-awards-2|access-date=2022-02-07|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207094341/https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/big-live-star-india-and-the-indian-music-academy-join-hands-launch-big-star-ima-awards-2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Album of the Year<br /> |''Dabangg''<br /> |-<br /> |Best Dance Song of the Year<br /> |&quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Female Playback Singer<br /> |[[Mamta Sharma]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Music Composer<br /> |[[Jatin–Lalit|Lalit Pandit]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Background Score<br /> |[[Sandeep Shirodkar]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lions Gold Awards<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |11 January 2011<br /> |Favourite Sensational Singer<br /> |[[Mamta Sharma]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;{{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 January 2011|title=Winners of Lions Gold Awards 2010|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/lions-gold-awards-2010/winners-lions-gold-awards-2010-0|access-date=4 August 2020|website=Pinkvilla|archive-date=9 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509182359/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/lions-gold-awards-2010/winners-lions-gold-awards-2010-0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Favourite Music Director<br /> |[[Sajid–Wajid]]<br /> |-<br /> |Favourite Choreographer<br /> |[[Farah Khan]] for &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[FICCI Frames|FICCI Frames Excellence Honours Awards]]<br /> |26 March 2011<br /> |Best Music Director<br /> |[[Sajid–Wajid]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-03-26|title=Winners of Ficci Frames Excellence Honours awards|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-ficci-frames-excellence-honours-awards/|access-date=2022-02-07|language=en|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622012321/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-ficci-frames-excellence-honours-awards/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Aaj Tak Awards<br /> |3 January 2012<br /> |Best Song<br /> |&quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot;<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|title=Dabangg is still ruling hot! Wins 5 awards by Aaj Tak|url=http://www.filmsntv.com/2011/01/dabangg-is-still-ruling-hot-wins-5.html|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Films &amp; TV World|language=en|archive-date=4 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704065559/http://www.filmsntv.com/2011/01/dabangg-is-still-ruling-hot-wins-5.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Rajiv Gandhi Achievers Awards<br /> |15 December 2010<br /> |Best Bollywood Remix<br /> |Romeo and DJ Deepesh for &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot;<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rajiv Gandhi Achiever's Award 2010|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/rajiv-gandhi-achievers-award-2010/rajiv-gandhi-achievers-award-2010-2/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019054541/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> The success of the film was attributed to the music album which helped in boosting the film's collections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bollywood and Beyond|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/aug/17/bollywoodand-beyond-2345606.html|access-date=2022-02-07|website=The New Indian Express|date=17 August 2021 |archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111952/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/aug/17/bollywoodand-beyond-2345606.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nair|first=Vipin|date=2019-12-30|title=Bollywood music: A decade of highs and lows|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood-music-a-decade-of-highs-and-lows/article30435226.ece|access-date=2022-02-07|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111115155/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood-music-a-decade-of-highs-and-lows/article30435226.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-10|title=Dabangg turns 11: Salman Khan's different avatar to plot; 5 things that turned the cop drama into a franchise|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/dabangg-turns-11-salman-khan-s-different-avatar-plot-5-things-turned-cop-drama-franchise-889393|access-date=2022-02-07|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207115050/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/dabangg-turns-11-salman-khan-s-different-avatar-plot-5-things-turned-cop-drama-franchise-889393|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Tere Mast Mast Do Nain&quot; and &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot; eventually occurred in several year-end lists due to the commercial response of the tracks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-12-30|title=Top 10 Bollywood songs|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/top-10-bollywood-songs/story-UZtCGrN4pzN6uhStZZw41N.html|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111954/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/top-10-bollywood-songs/story-UZtCGrN4pzN6uhStZZw41N.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prashant Pawan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' listed the two tracks in the first two positions,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The best Hindi film songs of 2010|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-ten-songs-of-2010/20101228.htm|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Rediff|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111955/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-ten-songs-of-2010/20101228.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; as was Hindustan Times.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot; was listed as one of the &quot;100 Greatest Bollywood Songs of All Time&quot; published by [[BBC]]'s survey report.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC Asian Network - Christmas Specials, 100 Greatest Bollywood Songs - Part 1|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03nbsb2|access-date=2022-02-07|website=BBC|language=en-GB|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111944/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03nbsb2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC Asian Network - Christmas Specials, 100 Greatest Bollywood Songs - Part 2|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03nbsdm|access-date=2022-02-07|website=BBC|language=en-GB|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111947/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03nbsdm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The track was played in a dance marathon in [[Australia]] with over 1,200 people danced non-stop to the track at [[Melbourne Park]], eventually leading to be listed in the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-03-14|title=After rocking charts, 'Munni' makes a world record - Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/news/after-rocking-charts-munni-makes-a-world-record/762116/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019054537/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/after-rocking-charts-munni-makes-a-world-record/|archive-date=19 October 2023|access-date=2022-02-07|website=The Indian Express|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Munni Badnam Hui Enters Guinness World Record|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/munni-badnam-hui-enters-guinness-world-record-618932|access-date=2022-02-07|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111949/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/munni-badnam-hui-enters-guinness-world-record-618932|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Baradwaj Rangan]] listed the track in &quot;10 best dance numbers of Bollywood that you could remember watching on the big-screen&quot;, an article that was published on the ''[[Film Companion]]'' website on 10 September 2020, coinciding with a decade of ''Dabangg''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=2020-09-10|title=Dabangg Turns 10, As Does 'Munni Badnaam Hui': Remembering 10 Songs Down The Decade That Make You Miss The Big Screen|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/dabangg-turns-10-as-does-munni-badnaam-hui-remembering-10-songs-down-the-decade-that-make-you-miss-the-big-screen-baradwaj-rangan-bollywood-music/|website=[[Film Companion]]|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129163255/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/dabangg-turns-10-as-does-munni-badnaam-hui-remembering-10-songs-down-the-decade-that-make-you-miss-the-big-screen-baradwaj-rangan-bollywood-music/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, was mentioned in a new school music curriculum at [[England]] about [[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood]], [[Indian folk music|Indian folk]], [[Indian classical music|classical]] and [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra music]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Bhangra beats, Indian classical songs &amp; Bollywood hits make it to England schools' music curriculum|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bhangra-beats-indian-classical-songs-bollywood-hits-make-it-to-england-schools-music-curriculum/articleshow/81721830.cms|access-date=2022-02-07|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207113115/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bhangra-beats-indian-classical-songs-bollywood-hits-make-it-to-england-schools-music-curriculum/articleshow/81721830.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the track &quot;[[Sheila Ki Jawani]]&quot; featuring [[Katrina Kaif]] was released, parallels were drawn between Katrina and Malaika in &quot;[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]&quot;, as well as between the item numbers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sify&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=25 September 2010|title=Jokes in the time of a floundering Games|newspaper=Sify Sports|url=http://www.sify.com/sports/jokes-in-the-time-of-a-floundering-games-news-others-kjzmuccjjie.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001045923/http://sify.com/sports/jokes-in-the-time-of-a-floundering-games-news-others-kjzmuccjjie.html|archive-date=1 October 2010|accessdate=12 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Nagpaul-D'Souza|first=Dipti|date=26 December 2010|title=Munni vs Sheila: The way of the 'Item Bomb'|newspaper=Indian Express|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/munni-vs-sheila-the-way-of-the-item-bomb/729468/1|accessdate=22 December 2011|archive-date=31 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231063743/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/munni-vs-sheila-the-way-of-the-item-bomb/729468/1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, newspapers reported increased rivalry between the two actors, which was supposedly highlighted by various incidents.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Wangoo|first=Anupama|date=26 December 2011|title=Sheila steals Munni's thunder|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Sheila-steals-Munnis-thunder/articleshow/7164852.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701180033/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-26/chandigarh/28217169_1_munni-badnaam-hui-malaika-arora-jawani|archive-date=1 July 2012|access-date=22 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The two actors were later invited to perform their respective numbers at parties and other occasions, adding to the rivalry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kapoor|first=Reena|date=16 July 2011|title=An end to this 'Kat' fight|newspaper=The Asian Age|url=http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/end-kat-fight-138|accessdate=12 January 2012|archive-date=19 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719161658/http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/end-kat-fight-138|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=4 December 2010|title=Munni-Sheila battle heats up|newspaper=Mid-Day|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20100162156&amp;keyword=bollywood&amp;subcatg=MOVIESINDIA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206074900/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20100162156&amp;keyword=bollywood&amp;subcatg=MOVIESINDIA|archive-date=6 December 2010|accessdate=12 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mamta Sharma]], who sang &quot;[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]&quot; gained popularity after the raging response of the track, who later received several offers from films. She later, quit her career as a playback singer, owing to the criticism that, she was getting typecasted on singing item numbers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-10|title=Mamta Sharma On Stopping Singing Songs Like 'Munni Badnaam Hui': &quot;I Felt I Was Getting Typecast...&quot;|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/mamta-sharma-on-stopping-singing-songs-like-munni-badnaam-hui-i-felt-i-was-getting-typecast/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Koimoi|language=en-US|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207134956/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/mamta-sharma-on-stopping-singing-songs-like-munni-badnaam-hui-i-felt-i-was-getting-typecast/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The track &quot;Tere Naina Maar Hi Daalenge&quot; also composed by [[Sajid–Wajid]] and sung by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]], for the [[Salman Khan]]-starrer ''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]'' (2014), had similarities to &quot;[[Tere Mast Mast Do Nain]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-01-07|title=What is killing Salman Khan?|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/what-is-killing-salman-khan-305405/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Bollywood Life|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111956/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/what-is-killing-salman-khan-305405/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the composer [[Lalit Pandit]], the track &quot;Munni Badnaam Hui&quot; got positive response from across the globe, and also stated that [[American pop]] singer [[Madonna]] danced to the song. He said:&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=[EXCLUSIVE] Did you know Madonna grooved to Malaika's Munni Badnaam? Composer Lalit Pandit shares details|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/article/exclusive-did-you-know-madonna-grooved-to-malaika-aroras-munni-badnaam-composer-lalit-pandit-shares-details/740332|access-date=2022-02-07|website=www.zoomtventertainment.com|date=2 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207132725/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/article/exclusive-did-you-know-madonna-grooved-to-malaika-aroras-munni-badnaam-composer-lalit-pandit-shares-details/740332|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Actually when the song had released, just after a little while, I was told that Madonna had finished her concert in New York and she took her band and team to a club in [[New York City|New York]] called [[The Blue]]. In the Blue, they were playing this song ''Munni Badnaam'', she heard that, and apparently, she danced to this song many times. And she had it put again and again. So that was the first happy news about the song I got, it was an internationally connected incident. And then of course, the song went on to win all the awards that year. I have done many scores in my life and won so many awards as I did in ''Munni Badnaam''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> == Future ==<br /> For the second and third instalments of the [[Dabangg (film series)|''Dabangg'' franchise]] — ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' (2012) and ''[[Dabangg 3]]'' (2019), [[Sajid–Wajid]] and [[Sandeep Shirodkar]] composed the songs and score, respectively, thereby continuing their association with the first film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 1, 2020|first=Vibha|last=Maru|title=Wajid Khan dedicates Hud Hud Dabangg song to brother Sajid. Old video goes viral|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/wajid-khan-dedicates-hud-hud-dabangg-song-to-brother-sajid-old-video-goes-viral-1684269-2020-06-01|access-date=2022-02-07|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111945/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/wajid-khan-dedicates-hud-hud-dabangg-song-to-brother-sajid-old-video-goes-viral-1684269-2020-06-01|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-01|title=Wajid Khan, who co-composed music for 'Dabangg', 'Ek Tha Tiger,' dies at age 42|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/wajid-khan-who-co-composed-music-dabangg-ek-tha-tiger-dies-age-42-125671|access-date=2022-02-07|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111946/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/wajid-khan-who-co-composed-music-dabangg-ek-tha-tiger-dies-age-42-125671|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The track &quot;Hud Hud Dabangg&quot; was recreated in the former under the title &quot;Dabangg Reloaded&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-21|title=5 BTS moments to relive the magic of Salman Khan aka Chulbul Pandey in Dabangg|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/5-bts-moments-relive-magic-salman-khan-aka-chulbul-pandey-dabangg-971678|access-date=2022-02-07|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207113501/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/5-bts-moments-relive-magic-salman-khan-aka-chulbul-pandey-dabangg-971678|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Music Review of Salman Khan's Dabangg 2|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/music-review-of-salman-khans-dabangg-2-630009|access-date=2022-02-07|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207111945/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/music-review-of-salman-khans-dabangg-2-630009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in the latter, under the same title, with [[Shabab Sabri]] and [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], singing the track instead of [[Sukhwinder Singh]], who crooned for the original version and its recreation &quot;Dabangg Reloaded&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-10-31|title=Dabangg 3 Song Hud Hud: Salman Khan's first song speaks volumes about Chulbul Pandey's swag; Check it out|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/dabangg-3-song-hud-hud-salman-khan-s-first-song-speaks-volumes-about-chulbul-pandey-s-swag-check-it-out-482934|access-date=2022-02-07|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207135112/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/dabangg-3-song-hud-hud-salman-khan-s-first-song-speaks-volumes-about-chulbul-pandey-s-swag-check-it-out-482934|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; For ''Dabangg 2'', two tracks &quot;Pandeyji Seeti Maare&quot; and &quot;Fevicol Se&quot; were used in place of the original track ([[Malaika Arora]] featured in the former), while &quot;[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]&quot; was recreated as &quot;Munna Badnam Hua&quot; for ''Dabangg 3'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-01|title=Dabangg 3's Munna Badnaam Hua: Salman Khan is back with another dance track|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dabangg-3-munna-badnaam-hua-salman-khan-dance-track-6144952/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207134936/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dabangg-3-munna-badnaam-hua-salman-khan-dance-track-6144952/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; featuring [[Warina Hussain]] and [[Salman Khan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Music review: Dabangg 3 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/music-review-dabangg-3/articleshow/72536785.cms|access-date=2022-02-07|website=The Times of India|date=19 December 2019|language=en|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207191612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/music-review-dabangg-3/articleshow/72536785.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The original track's singer, [[Mamta Sharma]] also sang these tracks. In place of &quot;[[Tere Mast Mast Do Nain]]&quot;, &quot;Dagabaaz Re&quot;, &quot;[[Habibi Ke Nain]]&quot; and &quot;Awaara&quot; were composed for the two instalments. Music critics gave mixed reviews for the soundtracks for both the films criticising the quality of the tracks got deteriorated in comparison with the original film.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nair|first=Vipin|date=2019-12-19|title='Dabangg 3' music review: Third time's a charm|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dabangg-3-music-review-third-times-a-charm/article30350789.ece|access-date=2022-02-07|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207113344/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dabangg-3-music-review-third-times-a-charm/article30350789.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Track listing ==<br /> {{track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | note8 = Remix<br /> | extra8 = Rahat Fateh Ali Khan<br /> | lyrics8 = Faiz Anwar<br /> | length8 = 5:01<br /> | title9 = Humka Peeni Hai<br /> | note9 = Remix<br /> | extra9 = Wajid, Master Saleem, Shabab Sabri<br /> | lyrics9 = Jalees Sherwani<br /> | length9 = 4:27<br /> | title10 = Dabangg<br /> | extra10 = [[Salman Khan]]<br /> | length10 = 2:48<br /> | headline = ''Dabangg'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<br /> | length7 = 4:05<br /> | note1 = Solo<br /> | music1 = [[Sajid–Wajid]]<br /> | music3 = Sajid–Wajid<br /> | music2 = [[Lalit Pandit]]<br /> | music4 = Sajid–Wajid<br /> | music5 = Sajid–Wajid<br /> | music6 = Sajid–Wajid<br /> | music9 = Sajid–Wajid<br /> | music10 = Sajid–Wajid<br /> | music8 = Sajid–Wajid<br /> | music7 = Lalit Pandit<br /> | lyrics10 = —<br /> | title8 = Tere Mast Mast Do Nain<br /> | lyrics7 = Lalit Pandit<br /> | total_length = 47:39<br /> | title4 = Hud Hud Dabangg<br /> | title1 = [[Tere Mast Mast Do Nain]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Faiz Anwar]]<br /> | length1 = 5:59<br /> | title2 = [[Munni Badnaam Hui]]<br /> | extra2 = [[Mamta Sharma]], [[Aishwarya Nigam]], [[Master Saleem]]<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Lalit Pandit]]<br /> | length2 = 5:07<br /> | title3 = Chori Kiya Re Jiya<br /> | extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Jalees Sherwani]]<br /> | length3 = 4:48<br /> | extra4 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Sajid–Wajid|Wajid]]<br /> | extra7 = Mamta Sharma, Aishwarya Nigam<br /> | lyrics4 = Jalees Sherwani<br /> | length4 = 4:13<br /> | title5 = Tere Mast Mast Do Nain<br /> | note5 = Duet<br /> | extra5 = Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Shreya Ghoshal<br /> | lyrics5 = Faiz Anwar<br /> | length5 = 5:56<br /> | title6 = Humka Peeni Hai<br /> | extra6 = Wajid, Master Saleem, Shabab Sabri<br /> | lyrics6 = Jalees Sherwani<br /> | length6 = 5:15<br /> | title7 = Munni Badnaam Hui<br /> | note7 = Remix<br /> | note10 = Theme<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{IMDb title|qid=Q733065|id=tt1620719}}<br /> {{Dabangg}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:2010 soundtrack albums]]<br /> [[Category:Filmi soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Action film soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]<br /> [[Category:Soundtracks by Indian artists]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa_Hindi_2021&diff=531473 2025-09-10T01:07:40Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Started New Post - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian reality television program}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | list_episodes = 1<br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = [[Zee Studios|Zee Studios Television]]&lt;br&gt; The Content Team<br /> | editor = <br /> | camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = 90 minutes<br /> | company = Zee Studios Television<br /> | network = [[Zee TV]]<br /> | num_seasons = 30<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2021|10|16|df=y}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2022|03|06|df=y}}<br /> | related = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2018]]<br /> * [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]<br /> }}<br /> | num_episodes = 40 &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | image = <br /> | director = Amit Puri<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | genre = Singing reality television<br /> | creator = [[Gajendra Singh (producer)|Gajendra Singh]]<br /> | based_on = <br /> | developer = [[Gajendra Singh (producer)|Gajendra Singh]]<br /> | writer = <br /> | creative_director = Neeraj Sharma<br /> | country = India<br /> | presenter = [[Aditya Narayan]]<br /> | judges = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Vishal Dadlani]]<br /> * [[Himesh Reshammiya]]<br /> * [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br /> }}<br /> | voices = <br /> | narrated = <br /> | theme_music_composer = [[Amaal Malik]]<br /> | opentheme = Sa Re Ga Ma Pa<br /> | endtheme = <br /> | composer = <br /> }}<br /> '''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2021''' was the 30th season of the longest running singing reality show of India '''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]''' that aired on 16 October 2021 to 6 March 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zee-tv-announces-new-season-of-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-210721%3famp|ZEE TV announces new season of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|https://www.bestmediainfo.com/lite/2021/07/himesh-reshammiya-and-vishal-dadlani-return-as-judges-for-sa-re-ga-ma-pa/|Himesh Reshammiya and Vishal Dadlani return as judges for Sa Re Ga Ma Pa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Auditions==<br /> The channel started taking auditions for the 30th season from 15 July 2021 through &quot;Missed Call Based Link Providing Method&quot; and invites young aspiring singers to take part on the show. The auditions gets closed on 15 August 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|https://www.bestmediainfo.com/lite/2021/07/himesh-reshammiya-and-vishal-dadlani-return-as-judges-for-sa-re-ga-ma-pa/|Himesh Reshammiya and Vishal Dadlani return as judges for Sa Re Ga Ma Pa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|https://www.filmibeat.com/amphtml/television/news/2021/indian-idol-himesh-reshammiya-and-vishal-dadlani-to-judge-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-duo-shoot-for-a-promo-317473.html|Indian Idol's Himesh Reshammiya And Vishal Dadlani To Judge Sa Re Ga Ma Pa; Duo Shoot For A Promo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Judges==<br /> The channel approaches [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Vishal Dadlani]] and [[Shankar Mahadevan]] as the judging panel for its 30th season.&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-himesh-reshammiya-vishal-dadlani-shankar-mahadevan-judge-singing-reality-show-this-date-4949019/amp/|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa: Himesh Reshammiya, Vishal Dadlani, Shankar Mahadevan To Judge Singing Reality Show From THIS Date}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Judges and host==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot; text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height: 25px; width: auto;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Judges and host<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Shankar Mahadevan]]'''<br /> |{{Yes|'''Judge'''}}<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Himesh Reshammiya]]'''<br /> |{{Yes|'''Judge'''}}<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Vishal Dadlani]]'''<br /> |{{Yes|'''Judge'''}}<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Aditya Narayan]]'''<br /> |{{Yes|'''Host'''}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The channel first announces Aditya Narayan as the host of the upcoming season and Aditya Narayan also confirmed that news&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|https://www.filmibeat.com/amphtml/television/news/2021/post-indian-idol-12-aditya-narayan-to-host-zee-tv-s-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-his-first-ever-show-as-anchor-319065.html|Post Indian Idol 12, Aditya Narayan To Host Zee TV's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa, His First Ever Show As Anchor}}&lt;/ref&gt; but later on some media reports claiming that Narayan is quitting his hosting career and he wants to work for [[Grammy Awards]],&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|https://www.odishatv.in/videos/exclusive/aditya-narayan-quits-hosting-to-chase-his-childhood-dream-158715/amp|Aditya Narayan Quits Hosting To Chase His Childhood Dream}}&lt;/ref&gt; however there's no official confirmation about quitting this season comes yet from [[Zee TV]]. On 18 September, the channel releases its official trailer on [[YouTube]] and confirmed officially that Narayan will host the show.&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-promo-out-aditya-narayan-is-back-as-the-host-for-music-ka-sabse-bada-tyahaar-4965554/|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Promo Out : Aditya Narayan is back as the host for Music Ka Sabse Bada Tyohar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Talking about the show, Narayan says, &quot;Sa Re Ga Ma Pa is like a homecoming for me. It's a show that I have been associated with for a really long time and the stage is just like home to me. I have hosted nearly seven seasons of this show, right from 2007 to 2018. When I was just about 18 years old, my first ever job in the television Industry was with Sa Re Ga Ma Pa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|https://thelivenagpur.com/2021/09/19/aditya-narayan-to-host-singing-reality-show-sa-re-ga-ma-pa/|Aditya Narayan to host singing reality show 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa'}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Top 16 Contestants ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot; text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height: 25px; width: auto;&quot;<br /> !Contestants<br /> !Hometown<br /> !Status<br /> !Date of Elimination <br /> |-<br /> |Neelanjana Ray<br /> |[[Alipurduar]]<br /> |{{Won|Winner}}<br /> | 6 March 2022<br /> |-<br /> |Rajashri Bag<br /> |[[Hugli-Chuchura|Hooghly]]<br /> |{{Runner-up|1st Runner Up}}<br /> |6 March 2022<br /> |-<br /> |Sharad Sharma<br /> |[[Ganj Basoda]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#7FFFD4;&quot;|{{nowrap|2nd Runner Up }}<br /> |6 March 2022<br /> |-<br /> |Sanjana Bhat<br /> |[[Delhi]]<br /> | style=&quot;background: yellow;&quot; |Finalist<br /> |6 March 2022<br /> |-<br /> |{{Nowrap|Snigdhajit Bhowmik}}<br /> |[[Buniadpur]]<br /> |style=&quot;background: yellow;&quot; |Finalist<br /> |6 March 2022<br /> |-<br /> |Ananya Chakraborty<br /> |[[Kolkata]]<br /> |style=&quot;background: yellow;&quot; |Finalist<br /> |6 March 2022<br /> |-<br /> |{{Nowrap|Sachin Kumar Valmiki}}<br /> |{{Nowrap|[[Lakhimpur Kheri]]}}<br /> |{{Quit|Quit}}<br /> |5 March 2022<br /> |-<br /> |Laj<br /> |[[Hoshiarpur]]<br /> |{{eliminated|Eliminated }}<br /> |{{Nowrap|20 February 2022}}<br /> |-<br /> |Vraj Kshatriya<br /> |[[Vadodara]]<br /> |{{eliminated|Eliminated}}<br /> |23 January 2022<br /> |-<br /> |Dipaayan Banerjee<br /> |[[Kolkata]]<br /> |{{eliminated|Eliminated}}<br /> |23 January 2022<br /> |-<br /> |Yumna Ajin<br /> |[[Kerala]]<br /> |{{eliminated|Eliminated }}<br /> |26 December 2021<br /> |-<br /> |Anshika Chonkar<br /> |[[Dombivili]]<br /> |{{eliminated|Eliminated }}<br /> |{{Nowrap|26 December 2021}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Nowrap|Raje Baghsawar Nadaf}}<br /> |[[Kolhapur]]<br /> |{{eliminated|Eliminated}}<br /> |5 December 2021<br /> |-<br /> |Aravind Nair<br /> |[[Kerala]]<br /> |{{eliminated|Eliminated}}<br /> |5 December 2021<br /> |-<br /> |Farhan Sabir<br /> |[[Delhi]]<br /> |{{eliminated|Eliminated}}<br /> |{{Nowrap|28 November 2021}}<br /> |-<br /> |Kinjal Chatterjee<br /> |[[Kolkata]]<br /> |{{eliminated|Eliminated}}<br /> |28 November 2021<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Grand jury==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{Yes|'''Grand Jury''' }}<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> *Arpita Mukherjee<br /> *[[Pawni Pandey]]<br /> *[[Sumedha Karmahe]]<br /> *[[Hamsika Iyer]]<br /> *Hrishikesh Chury<br /> *Rishikesh Kamerkar<br /> *[[Debojit Saha]]<br /> *[[Soham Chakrabarty]]<br /> *Kiran Kamath<br /> *Arvinder Singh Arv<br /> *Torsha Sarkar<br /> *Puja Chatterjee<br /> *Padma Wadkar<br /> *[[Suzanne D'Mello]]<br /> *[[Shabab Sabri]]<br /> *[[Sanchita Bhattacharya]]<br /> *Sudhakar Sharma<br /> *[[Aneek Dhar]]<br /> *Bishakh Jyoti<br /> *Bhavya Pandit<br /> *Ram Shankar<br /> *[[Vaishali Mhade]]<br /> *[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]<br /> *Vinod Hasal<br /> *Uvie<br /> *Sairam Iyer<br /> *Yashita Yashpal Sharma<br /> *Prashant Ingole<br /> *Pragya Dasgupta<br /> *Paroma Dasgupta<br /> *Nanu Gurjar<br /> *[[June Banerjee]]<br /> *Raktima Mukherjee<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{URL|http://www.zee5.com/| ZEE5 official website}}<br /> *{{URL|https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1755864/|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa}} on [[IMDb]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]<br /> [[Category:2020 Indian television seasons]]<br /> [[Category:Zee TV original programming]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirmal_Kumar_Brahma&diff=522169 2025-07-04T14:15:53Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Sidli Assembly constituency|Sidli]]<br /> | term_start = 2024<br /> | term_end = <br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | predecessor = [[Joyanta Basumatary]]<br /> | party = [[United People's Party, Liberal]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Nirmal Kumar Brahma''' is an Indian politician from [[Assam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2024-11-23 |title=Sidli By-Poll: UPPL's Nirmal Kumar Brahma wins with overwhelming majority |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/sidli-by-poll-uppls-nirmal-kumar-brahma-wins-with-overwhelming-majority-1558883 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a [[Assam Legislative Assembly|member of the Assam Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing [[Sidli Assembly constituency]] as a Member of [[United People's Party, Liberal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:N18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sidli Bypoll Election Result 2024 LIVE: Nirmal Kumar Brahma of UPPL Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/sidli-bypoll-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130398.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Assam bypolls: NDA retains Sidli, Behali assembly seats, ahead in 3 others - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/assam/assam-bypolls-ruling-nda-allies-leading-in-4-congress-in-one-seat/amp_articleshow/115591252.cms |website=m.economictimes.com |access-date=23 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul |title=Assam: For BJP ally, bye-election win a boost for 2025 Bodoland Territorial Council elections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/assam-for-bjp-ally-bye-election-win-a-boost-for-2025-bodoland-territorial-council-elections/article68902983.ece/amp/ |website=The Hindu |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN |date=23 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NDA makes a clean sweep of bypolls in the Northeast&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=23 November 2024 |title=NDA makes a clean sweep of bypolls in the Northeast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/nda-makes-a-clean-sweep-of-bypolls-in-the-northeast/article68902364.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123144021/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/nda-makes-a-clean-sweep-of-bypolls-in-the-northeast/article68902364.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of chief ministers of Assam]]<br /> * [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahma, Nirmal Kumar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:United People's Party Liberal politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Assam-politician-stub}}</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohanpur,_Diamond_Harbour&diff=472349 2025-05-20T19:15:15Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: improved article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Other uses|Mohanpur (disambiguation){{!}}Mohanpur}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Mohanpur<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Census Town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | imagesize = 300px<br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_mapsize = 300<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.2285|N|88.1794|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = District<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = CD block<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Diamond Harbour I]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 1.18<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 8<br /> | population_total = 4845<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;wblangoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Additional&amp;nbsp;official<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]&lt;ref name=&quot;wblangoff&quot;/&gt;<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = PIN<br /> | postal_code = 743368 <br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = +91 3174<br /> | registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]<br /> | website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Mohanpur''' is a [[census town]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Diamond Harbour]] police station in the [[Diamond Harbour I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Diamond Harbour subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=300| height=300| zoom=10<br /> | coord={{coord|22|10|0|N|88|12|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the western part of Diamond Harbour subdivision (including Falta, Diamond Harbour I &amp; II, Kulpi CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district'''&lt;br/&gt;M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: historical place/ religious centre&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|22|18|50|N|88|14|50|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Hasimnagar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Hasimnagar]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|22|18|50|N|88|15|50|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Baneshwarpur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Baneshwarpur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|22|17|10|N|88|9|30|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Chandpala |labela3 = Anantapathpur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Chandpala Anantapathpur]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|22|17|8|N|88|13|56|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Fatepur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Fatepur, Falta]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|22|18|35|N|88|7|42|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Falta| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Falta, South 24 Parganas]] (R)|shape-color5=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|22|17|58|N|88|11|3|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Harindanga| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Harindanga, Falta]] (R)|shape-color6=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|22|17|50|N|88|8|23|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Punya| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Punya, Falta]] (R)|shape-color7=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|22|15|27|N|88|9|40|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Patdaha| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patdaha]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|22|13|07|N|88|7|18|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Raichak| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Raichak]] (R)|shape-color9=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|22|15|30|N|88|11|24|E}} | label-pos10=top|label10= Sarisha| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Sarisha]] (R)|shape-color10=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|22|14|50|N|88|5|28|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Ramnagar| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Ramnagar, Diamond Harbour]] (R)|shape-color11=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|22|12|22|N|88|8|15|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Parulia| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Parulia, Diamond Harbour]] (R)|shape-color12=#0048BA<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|22|14|35|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bhushna| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bhushna]] (R)|shape-color13=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|22|11|20|N|88|12|8|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Diamond Harbour| numbered14=M| mark-title14= [[Diamond Harbour]] (M) |shape-color14=#800000<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|22|15|41|N|88|14|43|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Masat| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Masat, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|22|14|51|N|88|15|10|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Sangrampur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Sangrampur, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|22|13|42|N|88|10|45|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Mohanpur| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= Mohanpur, Diamond Harbour (CT)|shape-color17=black| label-size17=13|label-color17=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|22|12|0|N|88|12|50|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Durganagar| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Durganagar, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|22|12|46|N|88|15|34|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Netra| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Netra, Diamond Harbour]] (R)|shape-color19=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|22|4|53|N|88|14|41|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Kulpi| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Kulpi]] (R)|shape-color20=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|22|9|30|N|88|14|59|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Berandari |labela21= Bagaria| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Berandari Bagaria]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|22|2|18|N|88|17|52|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Dhola| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Dhola, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|22|12|2|N|88|9|40|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23=Deulpota| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Deulpota]] (H)| shape-color23=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|22|8|22|N|88|13|51|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Harinarayanpur| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Harinarayanpur, Kulpi]] (H)| shape-color24=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|22|2|0|N|88|12|0|E}} |label25=Hooghly | label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=-75| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none<br /> |mark-coord26={{coord|22|5|0|N|88|12|25|E}} |label26= River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=-90| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26=none}}<br /> <br /> ===Area overview===<br /> Diamond Harbour subdivision is a rural subdivision with patches of urbanization. Only 14.61% of the population lives in the urban areas and an overwhelming 85.39% lives in the rural areas. In the western portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 11 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the western part, located on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], is covered by the Kulpi Diamond Harbour Plain, which is 5–6 metres above sea level. [[Archaeological]] excavations at [[Deulpota]] and [[Harinarayanpur, Kulpi|Harinarayanpur]], on the bank of the [[Hooghly River]] indicate the existence of human habitation more than 2,000 years ago.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas|work= Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development &amp; Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Location===<br /> Mohanpur is located at {{coord|22.2285|N|88.1794|E|display=inline}}<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Mohanpur had a total population of 4,845 of which 2,502 (52%) were males and 2,343 (48%) were females. There were 657 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Mohanpur was 3,268 (78.03% of the population over 6 years).&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Infrastructure==<br /> According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Mohanpur covered an area of 1.1765&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved tubewell/ borehole, tank, pond, lake. It had 419 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities, it had a veterinary hospital 1&amp;nbsp;km away. Among the educational facilities it had were 2 primary schools, 1 secondary school, 1 senior secondary school.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 25 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> Mohanpur is on the [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]].&lt;ref&gt;Google maps&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Mohanpur High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1970. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/mohanpur-high-school-r1r573 | title = Mohanpur High School| publisher = ICBSE | access-date = 25 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare==<br /> Panchagram ([[Netra, Diamond Harbour|Netra]]) Rural Hospital at PO Panchagram Singhi, with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Diamond Harbour I CD block.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 25 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{South 24 Parganas}}<br /> {{South 24 Parganas topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajpur_Khurd&diff=528783 2025-05-14T22:41:09Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Started Article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Locality in Delhi, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Rajpur<br /> | official_name = Rajpur Khurd<br /> | other_name = Rajpur Extension<br /> | settlement_type = Village and colony<br /> | pushpin_map = India New Delhi<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = District<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[South Delhi]]<br /> | government_type = State government<br /> | governing_body = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | population_total =<br /> | population_as_of =<br /> | population_est =<br /> | pop_est_as_of = 2024<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 110068<br /> | blank_name_sec1 = Civic body<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://rajpurkhurd.com/}}<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rajpur Khurd''' is a locality in the [[Chhatarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]] area of [[South Delhi district]]. It consists the Rajpur Khurd village and the Rajpur Khurd Extension, a residential colony.<br /> <br /> Its postal code is 110074, and the post office and the police station are Maidan Garhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-05-22 |title=दिल्ली के राजपुर खुर्द में बदमाशों की फायरिंग से मचा हड़कंप, एक शख्स गंभीर रूप से घायल – firing in rajpur delhi |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/man-seriously-injured-in-firing-in-rajpur-khurd-delhi-dls24052201613 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Delhi Police probe into kidnapping case unearths drug racket; 6 held, 52 kg cannabis seized |url=https://www.deccanherald.com//india/delhi/delhi-police-probe-into-kidnapping-case-unearths-drug-racket-6-held-52-kg-cannabis-seized-3299403 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jalali |first=Ujwal |date=2024-03-16 |title=Delhi: Homeless kills 23-year-old for 'misbehaving with food-giver' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/Mar/16/delhi-homeless-kills-23-year-old-for-misbehaving-with-food-giver |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-02-11 |title=Chhatarpur Election Result 2020 LIVE Updates {{!}} Delhi Assembly Elections; Constituency, Party, Candidate Name Wise Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/chhatarpur-election-result-2020-live-updates-delhi-assembly-vidhan-sabha-polls-party-constituency-candidate-name-wise-winner-loser-leading-trailing-latest-news-bjp-congress-aap-8002981.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Connectivity ==<br /> The nearest Metro stations are [[Chhatarpur metro station|Chhatarpur]] and [[Qutb Minar|Qutab Minar.]] [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes 516, 523, 947 and 434 go through Rajpur bus stand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-17 |title=How to get to Rajpur Khurd Extension in Delhi by bus or metro? |url=https://moovitapp.com/index/en/public_transit-Rajpur_Khurd_Extension-Delhi-site_43516927-3801 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=moovitapp.com |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Rajpur Extension – Delhi DTC Bus Stop-Stand Timing &amp; Route |url=https://dtcbus.co.in/dtc-bus-stand/rajpur-extension/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Educational institutes ==<br /> * [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]]<br /> * [[South Asian University]]<br /> * Made Easy School, Chhatarpur Campus<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in South Delhi district]]<br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Human settlement]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in South Delhi district]]<br /> [[Category:Mehrauli]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhuvanagiri_Punnaiah&diff=491402 2025-04-04T01:04:34Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2003)}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox cricketer<br /> | name = Bhuvanagiri Punnaiah<br /> | country = India<br /> | fullname = Bhuvanagiri Punnaiah<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|05|12|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | batting = Right-handed<br /> | bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]<br /> | role = Bowler<br /> <br /> | club1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]<br /> | year1 = 2021/22–<br /> <br /> | date = 19 December<br /> | year = 2023<br /> | source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2441/2441934/2441934.html CricketArchive {{subscription}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Bhuvanagiri Punnaiah''' (born 12 May 2003) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who came from an impoverished upbringing to play for [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] as a righ-arm [[fast bowling|medium pace bowler]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CA2449341&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2441/2441934/2441934.html |title=Bhuvanagiri Punnaiah |work=CricketArchive |access-date=19 December 2023}} {{subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Gundra |first=Shiva Krishna |date=1 March 2022 |title=Punnaiah fights poverty to make Ranji Trophy debut for Hyderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/punnaiah-fights-poverty-to-make-ranji-trophy-debut-for-hyderabad |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=Telangana Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Subrahmanyam |first=V. V. |date=6 March 2022 |title=Ranji Trophy: Punnaiah defies the odds to shine for Hyderabad |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/punnaiah-defies-the-odds-to-shine-for-hyderabad-in-ranji-trophy-cricket-news/article38450679.ece |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=Sportstar |publisher=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] (FC) debut on 24 February 2022, for Hyderabad against [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] in the [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280429.html |title=Elite Group B, Ranji Trophy at Cuttack, Feb 24 2022 |access-date=12 November 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in the year, he made his [[Twenty20]] (T20) debut on 11 October 2022, playing for Hyderabad against [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] in the [[2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]];&lt;ref name=&quot;T20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332920.html |title=Group B, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Jaipur, Oct 11 2022 |access-date=12 November 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; and then his [[List A cricket|List A]] (LA) debut on 12 November 2022 for Hyderabad against [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] in the [[2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333058.html |title=Group A, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Delhi, Nov 12 2022 |access-date=12 November 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; To the end of 2023, Punnaiah has played in eleven senior matches for Hyderabad (four FC, four LA, and three T20).&lt;ref name=&quot;CA2449341&quot;/&gt; His best bowling return to date is 4/35 against [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] at the [[Vikash Ground]], [[Bhubaneswar]] in the 2021–22 Ranji Trophy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1195/1195804.html Baroda v Hyderabad, Ranji Trophy 2021/22 (Group B)]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 December 2023. {{subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cricinfo|id=1300712}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Punnaiah, Bhuvanagiri}}<br /> [[Category:2003 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Hyderabad cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-cricket-bio-2000s-stub}}</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cenkuttuvan&diff=457170 2025-03-21T10:34:21Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: fixed issues</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Chenkuttuvan]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S.N._Barkataki&diff=531381 2025-02-25T12:11:26Z

<p>Dr.Sanjeev Narayani: Redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Satyen Barkataki]]</div>

Dr.Sanjeev Narayani