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Javelin throw

2026-05-14T12:26:45Z

Dr. Katy Jane: created redirect page

{{Short description|Track and field athletics event}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox athletics event
|event= Javelin throw
|image= [[File:Thomas Röhler 2011.jpg|260px]]
|caption= German javelin thrower [[Thomas Röhler]] in 2011
|WRmen= {{flagicon|CZ}} [[Jan Železný]] {{T&FcalcR|98.48}} (1996)
|ORmen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Arshad Nadeem]] {{T&FcalcR|92.97}} (2024)}}
|CRmen= {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jan Železný]] {{T&FcalcR|92.80}} (2001)
|WRwomen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Barbora Špotáková]] {{T&FcalcR|72.28}} (2008)}}
|ORwomen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Osleidys Menéndez]] {{T&FcalcR|71.53}} (2004)}}
|CRwomen= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Osleidys Menéndez]] {{T&FcalcR|71.70}} (2005)}}|WU20Rmen={{nowrap|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Neeraj Chopra]] {{T&FcalcR|86.48}} (2016)}}|WU20Rwomen={{nowrap|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ziyi Yan]] {{T&FcalcR|65.89}} (2025)}}}}

The '''javelin throw''' is a [[track and field]] event where the [[javelin]], a [[spear]] about {{convert|2.5|m|abbr=on}} in length, is thrown as far as possible. The javelin thrower gains [[momentum]] by running within a predetermined area. Javelin throwing is an event of both the men's [[decathlon]] and the women's [[heptathlon]].

==History==
{{See also|History of physical training and fitness}}
[[File:Attic red-figure cup - javelin thrower (Berlin Ant F 2728).jpg|thumb|Javelin thrower on an Athenian [[Red-figure pottery|red-figure]] cup, 5th century BCE ([[Antikensammlung Berlin|Berlin Antikensammlung]] F 2728)]]
The javelin throw was added to the [[Ancient Olympic Games]] as part of the [[pentathlon]] in 708 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2022 |title=From weapon of war to Olympic sport: A glance at javelin throw's history |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/javelin-throw-history |access-date=February 26, 2024 |website=Olympics.com}}</ref> It included two events, one for distance and the other for accuracy in hitting a target. The javelin was thrown with the aid of a thong (''[[Amentum|ankyle]]'' in Greek) that was wound around the middle of the shaft. Athletes held the javelin by the ''ankyle'', a leather strap around the shaft, so when they released the javelin, the unwinding of the thong gave the javelin a spiral trajectory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greek Javelin |url=https://healthandfitnesshistory.com/ancient-fitness-tools/greek-javelin/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Health and Fitness History |language=en-US}}</ref>

Throwing javelin-like poles into targets was revived in [[Germany]] and [[Sweden]] in the early 1870s. In Sweden, these poles developed into the modern javelin, and throwing them for distance became a common event there and in [[Finland]] in the 1880s. The rules continued to evolve over the next decades; originally, javelins were thrown with no run-up, and holding them by the grip at the center of gravity was not always mandatory. Limited run-ups were introduced in the late 1890s, and soon developed into the modern unlimited run-up.<ref name="jukola">{{cite book |title=Huippu-urheilun historia |year=1935 |publisher=[[Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö]] |author=Jukola, Martti |language=fi}}</ref>{{rp|435–436}}

Sweden's [[Eric Lemming]], who threw his first world best (49.32 metres) in 1899 and ruled the event from 1902 to 1912, was the first dominant javelin thrower.<ref name="jukola"/>{{rp|436,441}}<ref name="synty">{{cite book |title=Urheilulajien synty |author1=Kanerva, Juha |author2=Tikander, Vesa |isbn=9789518513455 |publisher=Teos |language=fi}}</ref>{{rp|478}} When the men's javelin was introduced as an Olympic discipline at the [[Athletics at the 1906 Intercalated Games|1906 Intercalated Games]], Lemming won by almost nine metres and broke his own world record; Sweden swept the first four places, as Finland's best throwers were absent and the event had yet to become popular in any other country.<ref name="jukola"/>{{rp|437}} Though challenged by younger talents, Lemming repeated as Olympic champion in 1908 and 1912; his eventual best mark (62.32 m, thrown after the 1912 Olympics) was the first javelin world record to be officially ratified by the [[International Association of Athletics Federations]].<ref name="jukola"/>{{rp|436–441}}<ref name=iaaf>
{{cite web
|title = 12th IAAF World Championships In Athletics: IAAF Statistics Handbook. Berlin 2009.
|url = http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/15/63/20090706014834_httppostedfile_p345-688_11303.pdf
|publisher = IAAF Media & Public Relations Department
|location = Monte Carlo
|pages = Pages 546, 559
|year = 2009
|access-date = 5 August 2009
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629134819/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/15/63/20090706014834_httppostedfile_p345-688_11303.pdf
|archive-date=29 June 2011 }}
</ref>
[[File:Julius Saaristo 1912b.jpg|thumb|upright=.6|[[Julius Saaristo]] in [[1912 Summer Olympics]]]]
In the late 19th and early 20th century, most javelin competitions were two-handed; the implement was thrown with the right hand and separately with the left hand, and the best marks for each hand were added together. Competitions for the better hand only were less common, though not unknown.<ref name="synty" /> At the Olympics, a both-hands contest was held only once, in [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's two handed javelin throw|1912]]; Finland swept the medals, ahead of Lemming.<ref name="jukola"/>{{rp|441}} After that, this version of the javelin rapidly faded into obscurity, together with similar variations of the shot and the discus; Sweden's [[Yngve Häckner]], with his total of 114.28 m from 1917, was the last official both-hands world record holder.<ref name="cat">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402182341/http://www.fcatletisme.cat/Ctecnic/documentacio/modelstecnics/12_JAVELINA_2011.pdf |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |url=http://www.fcatletisme.cat/Ctecnic/documentacio/modelstecnics/12_JAVELINA_2011.pdf |title=Part III: Llançaments – Tema 12 Javelina |author=Vélez Blasco, Miguel |language=ca |publisher=Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya / Federació Catalana d'Atletisme |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Another early variant was the freestyle javelin, in which holding the javelin by the grip at the center of gravity was not mandatory; such a [[Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle javelin throw|freestyle competition]] was held at the 1908 Olympics, but it was dropped from the program after that.<ref name="synty"/>{{rp|478}} Hungary's [[Mór Kóczán]] used a freestyle end grip to break the 60-metre barrier in 1911, a year before Lemming and [[Julius Saaristo]] first did so with a regular grip.<ref name="jukola"/>{{rp|440}}<ref name="wrp">{{cite web |url=http://iaaf-ebooks.s3.amazonaws.com/2015/Progression-of-IAAF-World-Records-2015/projet/IAAF-WRPB-2015.pdf |title=IAAF World Records Progression |edition=2015 |author1=Hymans, Richard |author2=Matrahazi, Imre |publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations]] |access-date=20 October 2015}}</ref>{{rp|214}}

The first known women's javelin marks were recorded in Finland in 1909.<ref name="iaaf9427"/> Originally, women threw the same implement as men; a lighter, shorter javelin for women was introduced in the 1920s. Women's javelin throw was added to the Olympic program in 1932; [[Babe Didrikson Zaharias|Mildred "Babe" Didrikson]] of the United States became the first champion.<ref name="synty"/>{{rp|479}}

For a long time, javelins were made of solid wood, typically birch, with a steel tip. The hollow, highly aerodynamic Held javelin, invented by American thrower [[Bud Held]] and developed and manufactured by his brother Dick, was introduced in the 1950s; the first Held javelins were also wooden with steel tips, but later models were made entirely of metal.<ref name="synty"/>{{rp|478–479}}<ref name="iaaf9427">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606232418/http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid%3D9427.html |url=http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=9427.html |archive-date= 6 June 2012 |publisher=IAAF |title=Javelin Throw – Introduction |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1955/06/06/602157/track |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=6 June 1955 |title=Track: A Salute to the Javelin And Its Practitioners—One of Whom, Bud Held, Is Showing Those Finns A Thing Or Two |access-date=8 March 2017}}</ref> These new javelins flew further, but were also less likely to land neatly point first; as a response to the increasingly frequent flat or ambiguously flat landings, experiments with modified javelins started in the early 1980s. The resulting designs, which made flat landings much less common and reduced the distances thrown, became official for men starting in April 1986 and for women in April 1999, and the world records (then 104.80 m by [[Uwe Hohn]], and 80.00 m by [[Petra Felke]]) were reset.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coachr.org/javrevision.htm |title=Why did the senior javelin specification have to be changed? |author=Bremicher, Erick |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923001604/http://www.coachr.org/javrevision.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The current ({{as of|2017|lc=y}}) men's world record is held by [[Jan Železný]] at 98.48 m (1996); [[Barbora Špotáková]] holds the women's world record at 72.28 m (2008).

Of the 69 Olympic medals that have been awarded in the men's javelin, 32 have gone to competitors from Norway, Sweden or Finland. Finland is the only nation to have swept the medals at a currently recognized official Olympics, and has done so twice, in 1920 and 1932, in addition to its 1912 sweep in the two-handed javelin; in 1920 Finland swept the first four places, which is no longer possible as only three entrants per country are allowed. Finland has, however, never been nearly as successful in the women's javelin.<ref name="synty"/>{{rp|479}}

The javelin throw has been part of the [[decathlon]] since the decathlon was introduced in the early 1910s; the all-around, an earlier ten-event contest of American origin, did not include the javelin throw. The javelin was also part of some (though not all) of the many early forms of women's pentathlon and has always been included in the [[heptathlon]] after it replaced the pentathlon in 1981.<ref name="iaafst7">IAAF Scoring Tables for Combined Events, pp. 7–10.</ref>

==Rules and competitions==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2022}}

The size, shape, minimum weight, and center of gravity of the javelin are all defined by [[World Athletics]] rules. In international competition, men throw a javelin between {{convert|2.6|and|2.7|m|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|800|g|abbr=on}} in weight, and women throw a javelin between {{convert|2.2|and|2.3|m|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|600|g|abbr=on}} in weight. The javelin has a grip, about {{convert|150|mm|abbr=on}} wide, made of cord and located at the javelin's center of gravity ({{convert|0.9|to|1.06|m|abbr=on}}) from the javelin tip for the men's javelin and {{convert|0.8|to|0.92|m|abbr=on}} from the javelin tip for the women's javelin.

[[File:Matti Järvinen.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Matti Järvinen (javelin)|Matti Järvinen]] throwing the javelin at the 1932 Olympics]]

Unlike the other throwing events ([[shot put]], [[discus]], and [[Hammer throw|hammer]]), the technique used to throw the javelin is dictated by World Athletics rules and "non-orthodox" techniques are not permitted. The javelin must be held at its grip and thrown overhand, over the athlete's shoulder or upper arm. Further, the athlete is prohibited from turning completely around or starting with their back facing the direction of the throw. This prevents athletes from attempting to spin and hurl the javelin sidearm in the style of a [[discus throw]]. This rule was put in place when a group of athletes began experimenting with a spin technique referred to as "free style". On 24 October 1956, [[Pentti Saarikoski (athlete)|Pentti Saarikoski]] threw {{T&Fcalc|99.52}}<ref>Pentti Saarikosk</ref> using the technique holding the end of the javelin. Officials were so afraid of the out of control nature of the technique that the practice was banned through these rule specifications.

Instead of being confined to a circle, javelin throwers have a runway {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} wide and at least {{convert|30|m|abbr=on}} in length, ending in an {{cvt|8|m}} radius ''throwing arc'' from which their throw is measured; athletes typically use this distance to gain momentum in a "run-up" to their throw. Like the other throwing events, the competitor may not leave the throwing area (the runway) until after the implement lands. The need to come to a stop behind the throwing arc limits both how close the athlete can come to the line before the release as well as the maximum speed achieved at the time of release.

The javelin is thrown towards a 28.96º [[circular sector]] that is centered on the center point of the throwing arc. The angle of the throwing sector (28.96º) provides sector boundaries that are easy to construct and lay out on a field.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pntf.org/officials/ivars/Throwing_Event_Sector_Angles_Rev_F1.pdf |title=Laying Out Sector Angles for the Track and Field Throwing Events |author= |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=USA Track & Field Pacific Northwest}}</ref> A throw is only legal if the tip of the javelin lands within this sector, and is the first part of the javelin to strike the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Javelin Throw|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/disciplines/throws/javelin-throw|access-date=2021-01-22|website=World Athletics |language=en}}</ref> The distance of the throw is measured from the throwing arc to the point where the tip of the javelin landed, rounded down to the nearest centimetre.

Competition rules are similar to other throwing events: a ''round'' consists of one attempt by each competitor in turn, and competitions typically consist of three to six rounds. The competitor with the longest single legal throw (over all rounds) is the winner; in case of a tie, the competitors' second-longest throws are also considered. Competitions involving large numbers of athletes sometimes use a ''cut'' whereby all competitors compete in the first three rounds but only those who are currently among the top eight or have achieved some minimum distances are permitted to attempt to improve on their distance in additional rounds (typically three).

The javelin is almost always thrown outdoors, though it is rarely thrown [[indoor track|indoors]]. The world record for men's indoor javelin throw is {{convert|85.78|m}} by [[Matti Närhi]] in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Undercover javelin |work= SPIKES |publisher=World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/spikes/news/finland-indoor-javelin |access-date=2024-05-17 |date=29 Jan 2015 }}</ref>

===Javelin redesigns===
{{see also|Timeline of changes in the sport of athletics}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1984-0513-018, Uwe Hohn.jpg|thumb|[[Uwe Hohn]] (pictured in 1984) holds the "eternal world record" with a throw of 104.80 m, as a new type of javelin (less debate of landing spot, less danger of reaching the spectators) was implemented in 1986.]]
On 1 April 1986, the men's javelin ({{convert|800|g|lbs|sigfig=3|lk=on}}) was redesigned by the governing body (the [[IAAF]] Technical Committee). They decided to change the rules for javelin design because of the increasingly frequent flat landings and the resulting discussions and protests when these attempts were declared valid or invalid by competition judges. The world record had also crept up to a potentially dangerous level, {{convert|104.80|m|abbr=on}} by [[Uwe Hohn]]. With throws exceeding 100 metres, it was becoming difficult to safely stage the competition within the confines of a stadium infield. The javelin was redesigned so that the [[centre of gravity]] was moved {{convert|4|cm|abbr=on}} forward. In addition, the surface area in front of centre of gravity was reduced, while the surface area behind the centre of gravity was increased. This had an effect similar to that produced by the feathers on an arrow. The javelin turns into the [[relative wind]]. This relative wind appears to originate from the ground as the javelin descends, thus the javelin turns to face the ground. As the javelin turns into the wind less lift is generated, reducing the flight distance by around 10% but also causing the javelin to stick in the ground more consistently. In 1999, the women's javelin ({{convert|600|g|lbs|sigfig=3}}) was similarly redesigned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldofjavelin.com/posts/physics-javelin-designs-whats-the-significance/|title=Physics: Javelin Designs, what's the significance? |work=World of Javelin |last1=Johan |date=March 28, 2009 |access-date=27 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160908/http://www.worldofjavelin.com/posts/physics-javelin-designs-whats-the-significance/|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Modifications that manufacturers made to recover some of the lost distance, by increasing tail drag (using holes, rough paint or dimples), were forbidden at the end of 1991 and performances made using implements with such modifications removed from the record books. [[Seppo Räty]] had achieved a world record of {{convert|96.96|m|abbr=on}} in 1991 with such a design, but this record was nullified.

===Weight rules by age group===
The weight of the javelin in the [[Under-20 athletics|Under-20]] category is the same as the [[Open class (track and field)|senior]] level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.athleticsdirect.co.uk/throwing-weight-rules-1/|title=Throwing Weight Rules per Age Group |publisher=Athletics Direct |access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width=40% style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
| || colspan=1 bgcolor=lightblue|'''Men''' ||colspan=2 bgcolor=pink|'''Women'''
|-
|'''Age group''' || '''Weight''' || '''Weight'''
|-
|U14|| colspan="2"| {{cvt|400|g|oz}}
|-
|U16|| {{cvt|600|g|lboz}}|| rowspan="2"| {{cvt|500|g|lboz}}
|-
|[[Under-18 athletics|U18]]|| {{cvt|700|g|lboz}}
|-
|[[Under-20 athletics|Junior (U20)]] ||rowspan="3"| {{cvt|800|g|lboz}} || rowspan="3"|{{cvt|600|g|lboz}}
|-
|[[Open class (track and field)|Senior]]
|-
|35–49
|-
|50–74 || bgcolor=lightgrey colspan=1| || {{cvt|500|g|lboz}}
|-
|50–59 ||{{cvt|700|g|lboz}}|| bgcolor=lightgrey colspan=1|
|-
|60–69 || {{cvt|600|g|lboz}} || bgcolor=lightgrey colspan=1|
|-
|70–79 ||{{cvt|500|g|lboz}} || bgcolor=lightgrey colspan=1|
|-
|75+ || bgcolor=lightgrey colspan=1| || {{cvt|400|g|lboz}}
|-
|80+ || {{cvt|400|g|lboz}} || bgcolor=lightgrey colspan=1|
|}

==Technique and training==
Unlike other throwing events, javelin allows the competitor to build speed over a considerable distance. In addition, the core and upper body strength is necessary to deliver the implement, javelin throwers benefit from the agility and athleticism typically associated with running and jumping events. Thus, the athletes share more physical characteristics with sprinters than with others, although they still need the skill of heavier throwing athletes.

Traditional free-weight training is often used by javelin throwers. Metal-rod exercises and resistance band exercises can be used to train a similar action to the javelin throw to increase power and intensity. Without proper strength and flexibility, throwers can become extremely injury prone, especially in the shoulder and elbow. Core stability can help in the transference of physical power and force from the ground through the body to the javelin. Stretching and sprint training are used to enhance the speed of the athlete at the point of release, and subsequently, the speed of the javelin. At release, a javelin can reach speeds approaching 113 km/h (70 mph).

The javelin throw consists of three separate phases: the run-up, the transition, and the delivery. During each phase, the position of the javelin changes while the thrower changes his or her muscle recruitment. In the run-up phase as author Luann Voza states, "your arm is bent and kept close to your head, keeping the javelin in alignment with little to no arm movement".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportsrec.com/281327-describe-sequence-arm-muscle-movements-throwing-javelin.html|title=Describe the Sequence of Arm Muscle Movements in Throwing a Javelin|date=February 21, 2019|author=Luann Voza|website=SportsRec|language=en|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> This allows the thrower's bicep to contract, flexing the elbow. In order for the javelin to stay up high, the thrower's deltoid flexes. In the transition phase, the thrower's "back muscles contract" as "the javelin is brought back in alignment with the shoulder with the thrower's palm up".<ref name=":0" /> This, according to Voza, "stretches your pectoral, or chest, muscles. From there, a stretch reflex, an involuntary contraction of your chest, helps bring your throwing arm forward with increased force".<ref name=":0" /> During the final phase, the rotation of the shoulders initiates the release, which then "transfers movement through the triceps muscles, wrists and fingers to extend the throwing arm forward to release the javelin".<ref name=":0" />

==Culture==
[[File:A mens and womens javelin.png|thumb|right|60px|A women's (600-g, left) and men's (800-g, right) javelin.]]
In 1994, [[Michael Torke]] composed ''[[Javelin (Torke)|Javelin]]'', [[commission (art)|commissioned]] by the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games in celebration of the [[Atlanta Symphony Orchestra]]'s 50th anniversary season, in conjunction with the [[1996 Summer Olympics]].

Javelin throwers have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €5 Finnish [[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Finland)#2005 coinage|10th IAAF World Championships in Athletics commemorative coin]], minted in 2005 to commemorate the [[2005 World Championships in Athletics]]. On the obverse of the coin, a javelin thrower is depicted. On the reverse, legs of hurdle runners with the [[Helsinki Olympic Stadium]] tower in the background can be seen.

==Area records==
*Updated 11 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/throws/javelin-throw/outdoor/men |title=Men's Javelin Throw {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/throws/javelin-throw/outdoor/women |title=Women's Javelin Throw {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2| Area
!scope="colgroup" colspan=2| Men
!scope="colgroup" colspan=2| Women
|-
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Athlete
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Athlete
|-
!scope="row"| [[Confederation of African Athletics|Africa]] {{small|(''[[List of African records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|92.72}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Julius Yego]]|KEN}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|69.35}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Sunette Viljoen]]|RSA}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Asian Athletics|Asia]] {{small|(''[[List of Asian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|92.97}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Arshad Nadeem]]|PAK}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|67.98}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Lü Huihui]]|CHN}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[European Athletic Association|Europe]] {{small|(''[[List of European records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|98.48}}''' '''{{AthAbbr|WR}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Jan Železný]]|CZE}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|72.28}}''' '''{{AthAbbr|WR}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Barbora Špotáková]]|CZE}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association|North, Central America and Caribbean]] {{small|(''[[List of North, Central American and Caribbean records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|93.07}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Anderson Peters]]|GRN}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|71.70}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Olisdeilys Menéndez]]|CUB}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Oceania Athletics Association|Oceania]] {{small|(''[[List of Oceanian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|89.02}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Jarrod Bannister]]|AUS}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|68.92}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Kathryn Mitchell]]|AUS}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Atletismo Sudamericano|South America]] {{small|(''[[List of South American records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|91.00}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Luiz Maurício da Silva]]|BRA}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|66.70}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Flor Denis Ruiz Hurtado]]|COL}}
|}

==All-time top 25 (current models)==
{{See also|Men's javelin throw world record progression|Women's javelin throw world record progression}}
{| style="wikitable"
|Tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25 '''javelin throw marks''' and the top 25 '''athletes''':
|-
| style="background: #f6F5CE" |''- denotes top performance for '''athletes''' in the top 25 '''javelin throw marks'''''
|-
|''- denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25 '''javelin throw marks''', by repeat athletes''
|-
| style="background: #CCFFCC" |''- denotes top performance (only) for other top 25 '''athletes''' who fall outside the top 25 javelin throw marks''
|}

===Men===
*Correct as of August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Javelin Throw – men – senior – outdoor|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/throws/javelin-throw/outdoor/men/senior|access-date=2021-06-08|website=worldathletics.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Men's javelin|url=http://www.alltime-athletics.com/mjaveok.htm|access-date=2022-09-13|website=alltime-athletics.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! {{abbr|Ath.#|Athlete rank}} !! {{abbr|Perf.#|Performance rank}} !! Mark !! Athlete !! Nation !! Date !! Place !! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|1 || align=center|1 || {{T&FcalcR|98.48}} || [[Jan Železný]] || {{CZE}} || 25 May 1996 || [[Jena]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|2 || align=center|2 || {{T&FcalcR|97.76}} || [[Johannes Vetter]] || {{GER}} || 6 September 2020 || [[Chorzów]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Vetter threatens javelin world record with 97.76m throw in Silesia|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/johannes-vetter-9776-silesia-continental-tour|publisher=World Athletics|author=Bob Ramsak|date=6 September 2020|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=7| || align=center|3 || {{T&FcalcR|96.29}} || ''Vetter #2'' || rowspan=7| || 29 May 2021 || [[Chorzów]] ||
|-
| align=center|4 || {{T&FcalcR|95.66}} || ''Železný #2'' || 29 August 1993 || [[Sheffield]] ||
|-
| align=center|5 || {{T&FcalcR|95.54}} {{AthAbbr|A}} || ''Železný #3'' || 6 April 1993 || [[Pietersburg]] ||
|-
| align=center|6 || {{T&FcalcR|94.64}} || ''Železný #4'' || 31 May 1996 || [[Ostrava]] ||
|-
| align=center|7 || {{T&FcalcR|94.44}} || ''Vetter #3'' || 11 July 2017 || [[Luzern]] ||
|-
| align=center|8 || {{T&FcalcR|94.20}} || ''Vetter #4'' || 19 May 2021 || [[Ostrava]] ||
|-
| align=center|9 || {{T&FcalcR|94.02}} || ''Železný #5'' || 26 March 1997 || [[Stellenbosch]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|3 || align=center|10 || {{T&FcalcR|93.90}} || [[Thomas Röhler]] || {{GER}} || 5 May 2017 || [[Doha]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Javelin Throw Results|url=https://livecache.sportresult.com/node/binaryData/AT_PROD/DOHA2017/PDF_RE0880040.PDF?h=he6w/LRN/CArZu80tTaXrwZlPqc=|website=sportresult.com|date=5 May 2017|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827072536/https://livecache.sportresult.com/node/binaryData/AT_PROD/DOHA2017/PDF_RE0880040.PDF?h=he6w/LRN/CArZu80tTaXrwZlPqc=|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3| || align=center|11 || {{T&FcalcR|93.88}} || ''Vetter #5'' || rowspan=3| || 18 August 2017 || [[Thum]] ||
|-
| align=center|12 || {{T&FcalcR|93.59}} || ''Vetter #6'' || 26 June 2021 || [[Kuortane]] ||
|-
| align=center|13 || {{T&FcalcR|93.20}} || ''Vetter #7'' || 21 May 2021 || [[Dessau]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|4 || align=center|14 || {{T&FcalcR|93.09}} || [[Aki Parviainen]] || {{FIN}} || 26 June 1999 || [[Kuortane]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|5 || align=center|15 || {{T&FcalcR|93.07}} || [[Anderson Peters]] || {{GRN}} || 13 May 2022 || [[Doha]] || <ref name="Doha2022">{{Cite news|title=Peters prevails in javelin thriller at windy Diamond League debut in Doha|url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/ooredoo-doha-meeting-peters-dos-santos-thomas|publisher=World Athletics|author=Jon Mulkeen|date=14 May 2022|access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|6 || align=center|16
|{{T&FcalcR|92.97}}
|[[Arshad Nadeem]]
| {{PAK}}
|8 August 2024
|[[Stade de France|Saint-Denis]]
|<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=8 August 2024 |title=Olympics 2024 - Men's Javelin Throw Final Results |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/results/athletics/men-s-javelin-throw/fnl-000100--}}</ref>
|-
| || align=center|17 || {{T&FcalcR|92.80}} || ''Železný #6'' || || 12 August 2001 || [[Edmonton]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|7 || align=center|18 || {{T&FcalcR|92.72}} || [[Julius Yego]] || {{KEN}} || 26 August 2015 || [[Beijing]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Javelin Throw Results|url=http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/15th-iaaf-world-championships-4875/results/men/javelin-throw/final/series#resultheader|publisher=IAAF|date=26 August 2015|access-date=26 August 2015|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813011622/https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/15th-iaaf-world-championships-4875/results/men/javelin-throw/final/series#resultheader|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| || align=center|19 || {{T&FcalcR|92.70}} || ''Vetter #8'' || || 11 March 2018 || [[Leiria]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|8 || align=center|20 || {{T&FcalcR|92.61}} || [[Sergey Makarov (javelin thrower)|Sergey Makarov]] || {{RUS}} || 30 June 2002 || [[Sheffield]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|9 || align=center|21 || {{T&FcalcR|92.60}} || [[Raymond Hecht]] || {{GER}} || 14 August 1996 || [[Zurich]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4| || align=center|22 || {{T&FcalcR|92.42}} || ''Železný #7'' || rowspan=4| || 28 May 1997 || [[Ostrava]] ||
|-
| align=center|23 || {{T&FcalcR|92.41}} || ''Parviainen #2'' || 24 June 2001 || [[Vaasa]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center|24 || rowspan=2|{{T&FcalcR|92.28}} || ''Železný #8'' || 9 September 1995 || [[Monaco]] ||
|-
| ''Hecht #2'' || 14 August 1996 || [[Zurich]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center|10
| rowspan="16" |
|{{T&FcalcR|92.06}}
|[[Andreas Hofmann (athlete)|Andreas Hofmann]]
|{{GER}}
|2 June 2018
|[[Offenburg]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Hofmann improves to 92.06m in Offenburg|url=http://www.european-athletics.org/news/article=hofmann-improves-06m-offenburg/index.html|publisher=European Athletics|date=3 June 2018|access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |11
|{{T&FcalcR|91.69}}
|[[Konstadinós Gatsioúdis]]
|{{GRE}}
|24 June 2000
|[[Kuortane]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center|12
|{{T&FcalcR|91.59}}
|[[Andreas Thorkildsen]]
|{{NOR}}
|2 June 2006
|[[Oslo]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center|13
|{{T&FcalcR|91.53}}
|[[Tero Pitkämäki]]
|{{FIN}}
|26 June 2005
|[[Kuortane]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |14
|{{T&FcalcR|91.51}}
|[[Julian Weber]]
|{{GER}}
|28 August 2025
|[[Letzigrund|Zurich]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Javelin Throw Results|url=https://ath-wdl-archive.azureedge.net/2025/zurich/ATHMJAVELIN-DIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73I2_1.0.PDF|website=azureedge.net|date=28 August 2025|access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center|15
|{{T&FcalcR|91.46}}
|[[Steve Backley]]
|{{GBR2}}
|25 January 1992
|[[Auckland]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishathletics.org.uk/e-inspire/hall-of-fame-athletes/steve-backley/|title=British Athletics Official WebsiteSteve Backley|author=British Athletics|work=britishathletics.org.uk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150923104758/http://www.britishathletics.org.uk/e-inspire/hall-of-fame-athletes/steve-backley/|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center|16
|{{T&FcalcR|91.36}}
|[[Cheng Chao-tsun]]
|{{TPE}}
|26 August 2017
|[[Taipei]]
|<ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=UNIVERSIADE: Taiwan's Cheng wins record-breaking gold in javelin|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeas/201708260019.aspx|website=focustaiwan.tw|date=26 August 2017|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826234427/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeas/201708260019.aspx|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center|17
|{{T&FcalcR|91.29}}
|[[Breaux Greer]]
|{{USA}}
|21 June 2007
|[[Indianapolis]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |18
|{{T&FcalcR|91.00}}
|[[Luiz Maurício da Silva]]
|{{BRA}}
|3 August 2025
|[[São Paulo]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Luiz Maurício da Silva destrói recorde brasileiro e faz marca que seria prata em Paris |url=https://www.olimpiadatododia.com.br/atletismo/698819-luiz-mauricio-recorde-sulamericano-dardo/ |publisher=OlimpiadadTodoDia|author=Gabriel Gentile|language=Portuguese |date=3 August 2025 |access-date=3 August 2025}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |19
|{{T&FcalcR|90.88}}
|[[Jakub Vadlejch]]
|{{CZE}}
|13 May 2022
|[[Doha]]
|<ref name="Doha2022" />
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |20
|{{T&FcalcR|90.82}}
|[[Kimmo Kinnunen]]
|{{FIN}}
|26 August 1991
|[[Tokyo]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |21
|{{T&FcalcR|90.73}}
|[[Vadims Vasiļevskis]]
|{{LAT}}
|22 July 2007
|[[Tallinn]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |22
|{{T&FcalcR|90.61}}
|[[Magnus Kirt]]
|{{EST}}
|22 June 2019
|[[Kuortane]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Kirt extends world lead in the javelin to 90.61m in Kuortane|url=https://www.european-athletics.org/news/article=kirt-extends-world-lead-the-javelin-61m-kuortane/index.html|publisher=European Athletics|date=22 June 2019|access-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623210905/https://www.european-athletics.org/news/article=kirt-extends-world-lead-the-javelin-61m-kuortane/index.html|archive-date=23 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |23
|{{T&FcalcR|90.60}}
|[[Seppo Räty]]
|{{FIN}}
|20 July 1992
|[[Nurmijärvi]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |24
|{{T&FcalcR|90.44}}
|[[Boris Henry]]
|{{GER}}
|9 July 1997
|[[Linz]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |25
|{{T&FcalcR|90.23}}
|[[Neeraj Chopra]]
|{{IND}}
|16 May 2025
|[[Doha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-16 |title=Doha Diamond League Live Updates: Julian Weber stuns Neeraj Chopra, beats his 90.23m mark with final throw |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/javelin-neeraj-chopra-doha-diamond-league-live-updates-results-commentary-2726021-2025-05-16 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Women===
*Correct as of September 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=All-time women's best Javelin throw|url=http://www.alltime-athletics.com/wjaveok.htm|publisher=alltime-athletics.com|access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! {{abbr|Ath.#|Athlete rank}} !! {{abbr|Perf.#|Performance rank}} !! Mark !! Athlete !! Nation !! Date !! Place !! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|1 || align=center|1 || {{T&FcalcR|72.28}} || [[Barbora Špotáková]] || {{CZE}} || 13 September 2008 || [[Stuttgart]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|2 || align=center|2 || {{T&FcalcR|71.70}} || [[Osleidys Menéndez]] || {{CUB}} || 14 August 2005 || [[Helsinki]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4| || align=center|3 || {{T&FcalcR|71.58}} || ''Špotáková #2'' || rowspan=4| || 2 September 2011 || [[Daegu]] ||
|-
| align=center|4 || {{T&FcalcR|71.54}} || ''Menéndez #2'' || 1 July 2001 || [[Rethymno]] ||
|-
| align=center|5 || {{T&FcalcR|71.53}} || ''Menéndez #3'' || 27 August 2004 || [[Athens]] ||
|-
| align=center|6 || {{T&FcalcR|71.42}} || ''Špotáková #3'' || 21 August 2008 || [[Beijing]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|3 || align=center|7 || {{T&FcalcR|71.40}} || [[Maria Andrejczyk]] || {{POL}} || 9 May 2021 || [[Split, Croatia|Split]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Rojas opens with 15.14m, Andrejczyk throws 71.40m|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/rojas-1514m-crouser-22m-plus-series|publisher=World Athletics|author=Jess Whittington|date=9 May 2021|access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|4 || align=center|8 || {{T&FcalcR|70.53}} || [[Mariya Abakumova]] || {{RUS}} || 1 September 2013 || [[Berlin]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|5 || align=center|9 || {{T&FcalcR|70.20}} || [[Christina Obergföll]] || {{GER}} || 23 June 2007 || [[Munich]] ||
|-
| rowspan=7| || align=center|10 || {{T&FcalcR|70.03}} || ''Obergföll #2'' || rowspan=7| || 14 August 2005 || [[Helsinki]] ||
|-
| align=center|11 || {{T&FcalcR|69.82}} || ''Menéndez #4'' || 29 August 2001 || [[Beijing]] ||
|-
| align=center|12 || {{T&FcalcR|69.81}} || ''Obergföll #3'' || 31 August 2008 || [[Wustermark|Elstal]] ||
|-
| align=center|13 || {{T&FcalcR|69.75}} || ''Abakumova #2'' || 25 August 2013 || [[Wustermark|Elstal]] ||
|-
| align=center|14 || {{T&FcalcR|69.57}} || ''Obergföll #4'' || 8 September 2011 || [[Zurich]] ||
|-
| align=center|15 || {{T&FcalcR|69.55}} || ''Špotáková #4'' || 9 August 2012 || [[London]] ||
|-
| align=center|16 || {{T&FcalcR|69.53}} || ''Menéndez #5'' || 6 August 2001 || [[Edmonton]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|6 || align=center|17 || {{T&FcalcR|69.48}} || [[Trine Hattestad]] || {{NOR}} || 28 July 2000 || [[Oslo]] ||
|-
| || align=center|18 || {{T&FcalcR|69.45}} || ''Špotáková #5'' || || 22 July 2011 || [[Monaco]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|7 || align=center|19 || {{T&FcalcR|69.35}} || [[Sunette Viljoen]] || {{RSA}} || 9 June 2012 || [[New York City]] ||
|-
| || align=center|20 || {{T&FcalcR|69.34}} || ''Abakumova #3'' || || 16 March 2013 || [[Castellón de la Plana|Castellón]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|8 || align=center|21 || {{T&FcalcR|69.19}} || [[Christin Hussong]] || {{GER}} || 30 May 2021 || [[Chorzów]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Vetter throws 96.29m in Silesia for third best javelin mark in history|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/vetter-9629m-silesia|publisher=World Athletics|author=Jess Whittington|date=29 May 2021|access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4| || align=center|22 || {{T&FcalcR|69.15}} || ''Špotáková #6'' || rowspan=4| || 31 May 2008 || [[Zaragoza]] ||
|-
| align=center|23 || {{T&FcalcR|69.09}} || ''Abakumova #4'' || 16 August 2013 || [[Moscow]] ||
|-
| align=center|24 || {{T&FcalcR|69.05}} || ''Obergföll #5'' || 18 August 2013 || [[Moscow]] ||
|-
| align=center|25 || {{T&FcalcR|68.94}} || ''Abakumova #5'' || 29 August 2013 || [[Zurich]] ||
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center|9
| rowspan="18" |
|{{T&FcalcR|68.92}}
|[[Kathryn Mitchell]]
|{{AUS}}
|11 April 2018
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Javelin Throw Results|url=https://results.gc2018.com/resCG2018-/pdf/CG2018-/ATH/CG2018-_ATH_C73S_ATHWJAVELIN-----------FNL-000100--.pdf|work=gc2018.com|date=11 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012805/https://results.gc2018.com/resCG2018-/pdf/CG2018-/ATH/CG2018-_ATH_C73S_ATHWJAVELIN-----------FNL-000100--.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center|10
|{{T&FcalcR|68.43}}
|[[Sara Kolak]]
|{{CRO}}
|6 July 2017
|[[Lausanne]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Javelin Throw Results|url=http://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2017/lausanne/re1880040.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514140222/http://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2017/lausanne/re1880040.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 May 2019|work=sportresult.com|date=6 July 2017|access-date=9 July 2017}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center|11
|{{T&FcalcR|68.34}}
|[[Steffi Nerius]]
|{{GER}}
|31 August 2008
|[[Wustermark|Elstal]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center|12
|{{T&FcalcR|68.11}}
|[[Kara Winger]]
|{{USA}}
|2 September 2022
|[[Brussels]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Krop, Mahuchikh and Winger bounce back in Brussels with world-leading marks|url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/brussels-memorial-van-damme-krop-mahuchikh-winger-fisher-mageean|publisher=World Athletics|author=Jon Mulkeen|date=2 September 2022|access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |13
|{{T&FcalcR|67.98}}
|[[Lü Huihui]]
|{{CHN}}
|2 August 2019
|[[Shenyang]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=National championships round-up: Mihambo leaps world-leading 7.16m in Berlin|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/german-norwegian-championships-mihambo-warhol|publisher=IAAF|author=Jon Mulkeen|date=4 August 2019|access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref>
|-bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |14
|{{T&FcalcR|67.76}}
|[[Victoria Hudson (athlete)|Victoria Hudson]]
|{{AUT}}
|28 June 2025
|[[Maribor]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Javelin Throw Results|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7204676?eventId=10229533|website=World Athletics|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |15
|{{T&FcalcR|67.70}}
|[[Kelsey-Lee Barber]]
|{{AUS}}
|9 July 2019
|[[Lucerne]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Barber and Röhler in the spotlight in Lucerne |url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/spitzen-leichtathletik-lucerne-2019-barber-ro |publisher=IAAF |author=Diego Sampaolo |date=9 July 2019 |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |16
|{{T&FcalcR|67.69}}
|[[Katharina Molitor]]
|{{GER}}
|30 August 2015
|[[Beijing]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Women's Javelin Throw Results|url=http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/15th-iaaf-world-championships-4875/results/women/javelin-throw/final/series#resultheader|publisher=IAAF|date=30 August 2015|access-date=30 August 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172351/http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/15th-iaaf-world-championships-4875/results/women/javelin-throw/final/series#resultheader|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |17
|{{T&FcalcR|67.67}}
|[[Sonia Bisset]]
|{{CUB}}
|6 July 2005
|[[Salamanca]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |18
|{{T&FcalcR|67.51}}
|[[Mirela Manjani]]
|{{GRE}}
|30 September 2000
|[[Sydney]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |19
|{{T&FcalcR|67.47}}
|[[Tatsiana Khaladovich]]
|{{BLR}}
|7 June 2018
|[[Oslo]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Javelin Throw Results |url=http://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2018/oslo/re1880040.pdf |work=sportresult.com |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704020511/http://static.sportresult.com/sports/at/data/2018/oslo/re1880040.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="2" align="center" |20
| rowspan="2" |{{T&FcalcR|67.40}}
|[[Nikola Ogrodníková]]
|{{CZE}}
|26 May 2019
|[[Offenburg]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Javelin Throw Results|url=https://laportal.net/Competitions/Resultoverview/1829|work=laportal.net|date=26 May 2019|access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|[[Maggie Malone]]
|{{USA}}
|17 July 2021
|[[East Stroudsburg]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center|22
|{{T&FcalcR|67.38}}
|[[Haruka Kitaguchi]]
|{{JPN}}
|8 September 2023
|[[King Baudouin Stadium|Brussels]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Javelin Throw Result|url=https://livecache.sportresult.com/node/binaryData/ATH_PROD/BRUSSELS2023/PDF_ATHWJAVELIN-DIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73I2.PDF?h=TksNEp9dMrAWABq1jOJkd8hRAig=|work=sportresult.com|date=8 September 2023|access-date=8 September 2023|archive-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908191407/https://livecache.sportresult.com/node/binaryData/ATH_PROD/BRUSSELS2023/PDF_ATHWJAVELIN-DIAMOND---FNL-000100--_C73I2.PDF?h=TksNEp9dMrAWABq1jOJkd8hRAig=|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center|23
|{{T&FcalcR|67.32}}
|[[Linda Stahl]]
|{{GER}}
|14 June 2014
|[[New York City]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center|24
|{{T&FcalcR|67.30}}
|[[Vera Rebrik]]
|{{RUS}}
|19 February 2016
|[[Sochi]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|align=center rowspan=2|25
| rowspan=2|{{T&FcalcR|67.29}}
|[[Hanna Hatsko-Fedusova]]
|{{UKR}}
|26 July 2014
|[[Kropyvnytskyi|Kirovohrad]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|[[Liu Shiying (athlete)|Liu Shiying]]
|{{CHN}}
|15 September 2020
|[[Shaoxing]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Wang and Liu impress at Chinese Championships|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/chinese-championships-2020-wang-liu|publisher=World Athletics|author=Jon Mulkeen|date=18 September 2020|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Annulled marks====
*In 2011, [[Mariya Abakumova]] threw 71.99 metres. This performance was annulled due to doping offences.

==All-time top 5 (dimpled models 1990–1991)==

Marks set using dimpled rough-tailed javelins manufactured by several companies were nullified effective 20 September 1991.<ref name="wrp"/>{{rp|208–209}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
!Rank
!Mark
!Athlete
!Date
!Place
!Ref
|-
!1
|align="center"|96.96
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Seppo Räty]]|FIN}}
|2 June 1991
|[[Punkalaidun]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alltime-athletics.com/mjaveno.htm |title=Track & Field all-time performances: Men's non-legal javelin |author=Larsson, Peter |access-date=2 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
!2
|align="center"|91.36
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Steve Backley]]|GBR}}
|15 September 1991
|[[Sheffield]]
|
|-
!3
|align="center"|90.84
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Raymond Hecht]]|GER}}
|8 September 1991
|[[Gengenbach]]
|
|-
!4
|align="center"|90.82
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Kimmo Kinnunen]]|FIN}}
|26 August 1991
|[[Tokyo]]
|
|-
!5
|align="center"|90.72
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Jan Železný]]|TCH}}
|10 July 1991
|[[Lausanne]]
|
|}

==All-time top 15 (old models)==

===Men===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!Rank
!Mark
!Athlete
!Date
!Place
!Ref
|-
!1
|104.80
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Uwe Hohn]]|GDR}}
|21 July 1984
|[[Berlin]]
|
|-
!2
|99.72
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Tom Petranoff]]|USA}}
|15 May 1983
|[[Westwood, Los Angeles|Westwood]]
|
|-
!rowspan=2|3
|rowspan=2|96.72
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Ferenc Paragi]]|HUN}}
|23 April 1980
|[[Tata, Hungary|Tata]]
|
|-
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Detlef Michel]]|GDR}}
|9 June 1983
|[[Berlin]]
|
|-
!5
|95.80
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Bob Roggy]]|USA}}
|29 August 1982
|[[Stuttgart]]
|
|-
!6
|95.10
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Brian Crouser]]|USA}}
|5 August 1985
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|
|-
!7
|94.58
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Miklós Németh (athlete)|Miklós Németh]]|HUN}}
|26 July 1976
|[[Montreal]]
|
|-
!8
|94.22
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Michael Wessing]]|FRG}}
|3 August 1978
|[[Oslo]]
|
|-
!9
|94.20
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Heino Puuste]]|URS}}
|5 June 1983
|[[Birmingham]]
|
|-
!10
|94.08
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Klaus Wolfermann]]|FRG}}
|5 May 1973
|[[Leverkusen]]
|
|-
!11
|94.06
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Duncan Atwood]]|USA}}
|26 July 1985
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|
|-
!12
|93.90
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Hannu Siitonen]]|FIN}}
|6 June 1973
|[[Helsinki]]
|
|-
!13
|93.84
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Pentti Sinersaari]]|FIN}}
|27 January 1979
|[[Auckland]]
|
|-
!14
|93.80
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Jānis Lūsis]]|URS}}
|6 July 1972
|[[Stockholm]]
|
|-
!15
|93.70
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Viktor Yevsyukov]]|URS}}
|17 July 1985
|[[Kyiv]]
|
|}

===Women===
[[File:Tessa Sanderson-2.jpg|thumb|[[Tessa Sanderson]] appeared in every [[Summer Olympic Games|Summer Olympics]] from 1976 to 1996, winning the gold medal in the [[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Women's javelin throw|javelin at the 1984 Olympics]]. She was the first Black British woman to win an Olympic gold medal, and the second [[track and field]] athlete to [[List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games|compete at six Olympics]]. Sanderson won gold medals at three [[Commonwealth Games]] and at the [[1992 IAAF World Cup]]. She set five [[List of Commonwealth records in athletics|Commonwealth records]] and ten [[List of British records in athletics|British national records]] in the javelin, as well as records at junior and [[Masters W40 javelin world record progression|masters]] levels. Sanderson had a rivalry with fellow Briton [[Fatima Whitbread]], who took the bronze in the 1984 Olympics.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!Rank
!Mark
!Athlete
!Date
!Place
!Ref
|-
!1
|80.00
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Petra Meier|Petra Felke]]|GDR}}
|8 September 1988
|[[Potsdam]]
|
|-
!2
|77.44
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Fatima Whitbread]]|GBR}}
|28 August 1986
|[[Stuttgart]]
|
|-
!3
|74.76
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Tiina Lillak]]|FIN}}
|13 June 1983
|[[Tampere]]
|
|-
!4
|74.20
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Sofia Sakorafa]]|GRE}}
|26 September 1982
|[[Hania]]
|
|-
!5
|73.58
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Tessa Sanderson]]|GBR}}
|26 June 1983
|[[Edinburgh]]
|
|-
!6
|72.70
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Anna Verouli]]|GRE}}
|20 May 1984
|[[Hania]]
|
|-
!7
|72.16
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Antje Zöllkau|Antje Kempe]]|GDR}}
|5 May 1984
|[[Celje]]
|
|-
!8
|72.12
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Trine Hattestad]]|NOR}}
|10 July 1993
|[[Oslo]]
|
|-
!9
|71.88
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Antoaneta Todorova]]|BUL|1971}}
|15 August 1981
|[[Zagreb]]
|
|-
!10
|71.82
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Ivonne Leal]]|CUB}}
|30 August 1985
|[[Leverkusen]]
|
|-
!11
|71.40
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Natalya Shikolenko]]|BLR}}
|5 June 1994
|[[Sevilla]]
|
|-
!12
|71.00
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Silke Renk]]|GDR}}
|25 June 1988
|[[Rostock]]
|
|-
!13
|70.76
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Beate Koch]]|GDR}}
|22 June 1989
|[[Rostock]]
|
|-
!14
|70.42
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Zhang Li (javelin thrower, born 1961)|Zhang Li]]|CHN}}
|6 August 1990
|[[Tianjin]]
|
|-
!15
|70.20
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Karen Forkel]]|GER}}
|9 May 1991
|[[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]
|
|}

==Olympic medalists==
===Men===
{{Olympic medalists in men's javelin throw}}

===Women===
{{Olympic medalists in women's javelin throw}}

==World Championships medalists==
===Men===
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in men's javelin throw}}

===Women===
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in women's javelin throw}}

==World leading marks==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{Sticky header}}
===Men===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sticky-header" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Mark
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1967 in the sport of athletics|1967]]
|90.98
|{{flagathlete|[[Jānis Lūsis]]|URS}}
|[[Odesa]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1968 in the sport of athletics|1968]]
|91.98
|{{flagathlete|[[Jānis Lūsis]]|URS}}
|[[Saarijärvi]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1969 in the sport of athletics|1969]]
|92.70
|{{flagathlete|[[Jorma Kinnunen]]|FIN}}
|[[Tampere]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1970 in the sport of athletics|1970]]
|92.64
|{{flagathlete|[[Pauli Nevala]]|FIN}}
|[[Helsinki]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1971 in the sport of athletics|1971]]
|90.68
|{{flagathlete|[[Jānis Lūsis]]|URS}}
|[[Helsinki]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1972 in the sport of athletics|1972]]
|93.80
|{{flagathlete|[[Jānis Lūsis]]|URS}}
|[[Stockholm]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1973 in the sport of athletics|1973]]
|94.08
|{{flagathlete|[[Klaus Wolfermann]]|FRG}}
|[[Leverkusen]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1974 in the sport of athletics|1974]]
|89.58
|{{flagathlete|[[Hannu Siitonen]]|FIN}}
|[[Rome]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1975 in the sport of athletics|1975]]
|91.38
|{{flagathlete|[[Miklós Németh (sportsman)|Miklós Németh]]|HUN}}
|[[Budapest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1976 in the sport of athletics|1976]]
|94.58
|{{flagathlete|[[Miklós Németh (sportsman)|Miklós Németh]]|HUN}}
|[[Montreal]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1977 in the sport of athletics|1977]]
|94.10
|{{flagathlete|[[Miklós Németh (sportsman)|Miklós Németh]]|HUN}}
|[[Stockholm]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1978 in the sport of athletics|1978]]
|94.22
|{{flagathlete|[[Michael Wessing]]|FRG}}
|[[Oslo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1979 in the sport of athletics|1979]]
|93.84
|{{flagathlete|[[Pentti Sinersaari]]|FIN}}
|[[Auckland]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1980 in the sport of athletics|1980]]
|96.72
|{{flagathlete|[[Ferenc Paragi]]|HUN}}
|[[Tata, Hungary|Tata]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1981 in the sport of athletics|1981]]
|92.48
|{{flagathlete|[[Detlef Michel]]|GDR}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1982 in the sport of athletics|1982]]
|95.80
|{{flagathlete|[[Bob Roggy]]|USA}}
|[[Stuttgart]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1983 in the sport of athletics|1983]]
|99.72
|{{flagathlete|[[Tom Petranoff]]|USA}}
|[[Westwood, Los Angeles, California|Westwood]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1984 in the sport of athletics|1984]]
|104.80
|{{flagathlete|[[Uwe Hohn]]|GDR}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1985 in the sport of athletics|1985]]
|96.96
|{{flagathlete|[[Uwe Hohn]]|GDR}}
|[[Canberra]]
|}

A new model was introduced in 1986, and all records started fresh.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sticky-header" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Mark
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1986 in the sport of athletics|1986]]
|85.74
|{{flagathlete|[[Klaus Tafelmeier]]|FRG}}
|[[Como]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1987 in the sport of athletics|1987]]
|87.66
|{{flagathlete|[[Jan Železný]]|TCH}}
|[[Nitra]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1988 in the sport of athletics|1988]]
|86.88
|{{flagathlete|[[Jan Železný]]|TCH}}
|[[Leverkusen]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1989 in the sport of athletics|1989]]
|87.60
|{{flagathlete|[[Kazuhiro Mizoguchi]]|JPN}}
|[[San Jose, California|San José]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1990 in the sport of athletics|1990]]
|89.58
|{{flagathlete|[[Steve Backley]]|GBR}}
|[[Stockholm]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1991 in the sport of athletics|1991]]
|90.82
|{{flagathlete|[[Kimmo Kinnunen]]|FIN}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1992 in the sport of athletics|1992]]
|91.46
|{{flagathlete|[[Steve Backley]]|GBR}}
|[[Auckland]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1993 in the sport of athletics|1993]]
|95.66
|{{flagathlete|[[Jan Železný]]|CZE}}
|[[Sheffield]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1994 in the sport of athletics|1994]]
|91.82
|{{flagathlete|[[Jan Železný]]|CZE}}
|[[Sheffield]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1995 in the sport of athletics|1995]]
|92.60
|{{flagathlete|[[Raymond Hecht]]|GER}}
|[[Oslo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1996 in the sport of athletics|1996]]
|98.48
|{{flagathlete|[[Jan Železný]]|CZE}}
|[[Jena]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1997 in the sport of athletics|1997]]
|94.02
|{{flagathlete|[[Jan Železný]]|CZE}}
|[[Stellenbosch]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1998 in the sport of athletics|1998]]
|90.88
|{{flagathlete|[[Aki Parviainen]]|FIN}}
|[[Tartu]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1999 in the sport of athletics|1999]]
|93.09
|{{flagathlete|[[Aki Parviainen]]|FIN}}
|[[Kuortane]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 in the sport of athletics|2000]]
|91.69
|{{flagathlete|[[Konstadinós Gatsioúdis]]|GRE}}
|[[Kuortane]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 in the sport of athletics|2001]]
|92.80
|{{flagathlete|[[Jan Železný]]|CZE}}
|[[Edmonton]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 in the sport of athletics|2002]]
|92.61
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Makarov (athlete)|Sergey Makarov]]|RUS}}
|[[Sheffield]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2003 in the sport of athletics|2003]]
|90.11
|{{flagathlete|[[Sergey Makarov (athlete)|Sergey Makarov]]|RUS}}
|[[Dessau]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 in the sport of athletics|2004]]
|87.73
|{{flagathlete|[[Alexandr Ivanov (athlete)|Aleksandr Ivanov]]|RUS}}
|[[Ostrava]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 in the sport of athletics|2005]]
|91.53
|{{flagathlete|[[Tero Pitkämäki]]|FIN}}
|[[Kuortane]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2006 in the sport of athletics|2006]]
|91.59
|{{flagathlete|[[Andreas Thorkildsen]]|NOR}}
|[[Oslo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 in the sport of athletics|2007]]
|91.29
|{{flagathlete|[[Breaux Greer]]|USA}}
|[[Indianapolis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2008 in the sport of athletics|2008]]
|90.57
|{{flagathlete|[[Andreas Thorkildsen]]|NOR}}
|[[Beijing]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 in the sport of athletics|2009]]
|91.28
|{{flagathlete|[[Andreas Thorkildsen]]|NOR}}
|[[Zurich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|90.37
|{{flagathlete|[[Andreas Thorkildsen]]|NOR}}
|[[Florø]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|90.61
|{{flagathlete|[[Andreas Thorkildsen]]|NOR}}
|[[Byrkjelo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2012 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|88.34
|{{flagathlete|[[Vítězslav Veselý]]|CZE}}
|[[London]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|89.03
|{{flagathlete|[[Tero Pitkämäki]]|FIN}}
|[[Bad Köstritz]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|89.21
|{{flagathlete|[[Ihab Abdelrahman]]|EGY}}
|[[Shanghai]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|92.72
|{{flagathlete|[[Julius Yego]]|KEN}}
|[[Beijing]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|91.28
|{{flagathlete|[[Thomas Röhler]]|GER}}
|[[Turku]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|94.44
|{{flagathlete|[[Johannes Vetter]]|GER}}
|[[Lucerne]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|92.70
|{{flagathlete|[[Johannes Vetter]]|GER}}
|[[Leiria]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|90.61
|{{flagathlete|[[Magnus Kirt]]|EST}}
|[[Kuortane]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|97.76
|{{flagathlete|[[Johannes Vetter]]|GER}}
|[[Chorzów]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|96.29
|{{flagathlete|[[Johannes Vetter]]|GER}}
|[[Chorzów]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|93.07
|{{flagathlete|[[Anderson Peters]]|GRN}}
|[[Doha]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|89.51
|{{flagathlete|[[Jakub Vadlejch]]|CZE}}
|[[Turku]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|92.97
|{{flagathlete|[[Arshad Nadeem]]|PAK}}
|[[Paris]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|91.51
|{{flagathlete|[[Julian Weber]]|GER}}
|[[Zurich]]
|}
{{col-2}}

===Women===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sticky-header" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Mark
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1973 in the sport of athletics|1973]]
|66.10
|{{flagathlete|[[Ruth Fuchs]]|GDR}}
|[[Edinburgh]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1974 in the sport of athletics|1974]]
|67.22
|{{flagathlete|[[Ruth Fuchs]]|GDR}}
|[[Rome]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1975 in the sport of athletics|1975]]
|66.46
|{{flagathlete|[[Ruth Fuchs]]|GDR}}
|[[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1976 in the sport of athletics|1976]]
|69.12
|{{flagathlete|[[Ruth Fuchs]]|GDR}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1977 in the sport of athletics|1977]]
|69.32
|{{flagathlete|[[Kate Schmidt]]|USA}}
|[[Fürth]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1978 in the sport of athletics|1978]]
|69.16
|{{flagathlete|[[Ruth Fuchs]]|GDR}}
|[[Prague]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1979 in the sport of athletics|1979]]
|69.52
|{{flagathlete|[[Ruth Fuchs]]|GDR}}
|[[Dresden]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1980 in the sport of athletics|1980]]
|70.08
|{{flagathlete|[[Tatyana Biryulina]]|URS}}
|[[Podolsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1981 in the sport of athletics|1981]]
|71.88
|{{flagathlete|[[Antoaneta Todorova]]|BUL|1971}}
|[[Zagreb]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1982 in the sport of athletics|1982]]
|74.20
|{{flagathlete|[[Sofia Sakorafa]]|GRE}}
|[[Hania]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1983 in the sport of athletics|1983]]
|74.76
|{{flagathlete|[[Tiina Lillak]]|FIN}}
|[[Tampere]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1984 in the sport of athletics|1984]]
|74.72
|{{flagathlete|[[Petra Felke]]|GDR}}
|[[Celje]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1985 in the sport of athletics|1985]]
|75.40
|{{flagathlete|[[Petra Felke]]|GDR}}
|[[Schwerin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1986 in the sport of athletics|1986]]
|77.44
|{{flagathlete|[[Fatima Whitbread]]|GBR}}
|[[Stuttgart]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1987 in the sport of athletics|1987]]
|78.90
|{{flagathlete|[[Petra Felke]]|GDR}}
|[[Leipzig]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1988 in the sport of athletics|1988]]
|80.00
|{{flagathlete|[[Petra Felke]]|GDR}}
|[[Potsdam]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1989 in the sport of athletics|1989]]
|76.88
|{{flagathlete|[[Petra Felke]]|GDR}}
|[[Macerata]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1990 in the sport of athletics|1990]]
|73.08
|{{flagathlete|[[Petra Felke]]|GER}}
|[[Manaus]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1991 in the sport of athletics|1991]]
|71.44
|{{flagathlete|[[Trine Hattestad]]|NOR}}
|[[Fana, Bergen|Fana]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1992 in the sport of athletics|1992]]
|70.36
|{{flagathlete|[[Natalya Shikolenko]]|BLR}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1993 in the sport of athletics|1993]]
|72.12
|{{flagathlete|[[Trine Hattestad]]|NOR}}
|[[Oslo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1994 in the sport of athletics|1994]]
|71.40
|{{flagathlete|[[Natalya Shikolenko]]|BLR}}
|[[Seville]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1995 in the sport of athletics|1995]]
|71.18
|{{flagathlete|[[Natalya Shikolenko]]|BLR}}
|[[Zurich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1996 in the sport of athletics|1996]]
|69.42
|{{flagathlete|[[Steffi Nerius]]|GER}}
|[[Monaco]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1997 in the sport of athletics|1997]]
|69.66
|{{flagathlete|[[Trine Hattestad]]|NOR}}
|[[Helsinki]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1998 in the sport of athletics|1998]]
|70.10
|{{flagathlete|[[Tanja Damaske]]|GER}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
|}

A new model was introduced in 1999 and all records started fresh.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sticky-header" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Mark
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1999 in the sport of athletics|1999]]
|68.19
|{{flagathlete|[[Trine Hattestad]]|NOR}}
|[[Fana, Bergen|Fana]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 in the sport of athletics|2000]]
|69.48
|{{flagathlete|[[Trine Hattestad]]|NOR}}
|[[Oslo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 in the sport of athletics|2001]]
|71.54
|{{flagathlete|[[Osleidys Menéndez]]|CUB}}
|[[Rethymno]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 in the sport of athletics|2002]]
|67.47
|{{flagathlete|[[Miréla Manjani]]|GRE}}
|[[Munich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2003 in the sport of athletics|2003]]
|66.52
|{{flagathlete|[[Miréla Manjani]]|GRE}}
|[[Paris]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 in the sport of athletics|2004]]
|71.53
|{{flagathlete|[[Osleidys Menéndez]]|CUB}}
|[[Athens]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 in the sport of athletics|2005]]
|71.70
|{{flagathlete|[[Osleidys Menéndez]]|CUB}}
|[[Helsinki]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2006 in the sport of athletics|2006]]
|66.91
|{{flagathlete|[[Christina Obergföll]]|GER}}
|[[Athens]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 in the sport of athletics|2007]]
|70.20
|{{flagathlete|[[Christina Obergföll]]|GER}}
|[[Munich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2008 in the sport of athletics|2008]]
|72.28
|{{flagathlete|[[Barbora Špotáková]]|CZE}}
|[[Stuttgart]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 in the sport of athletics|2009]]
|68.59
|{{flagathlete|[[Christina Obergföll]]|GER}}
|[[Leiria]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|68.66
|{{flagathlete|[[Barbora Špotáková]]|CZE}}
|[[Rome]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|71.58
|{{flagathlete|[[Barbora Špotáková]]|CZE}}
|[[Daegu]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2012 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|69.55
|{{flagathlete|[[Barbora Špotáková]]|CZE}}
|[[London]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|70.53
|{{flagathlete|[[Mariya Abakumova]]|RUS}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|67.99
|{{flagathlete|[[Barbora Špotáková]]|CZE}}
|[[Brussels]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|67.69
|{{flagathlete|[[Katharina Molitor]]|GER}}
|[[Beijing National Stadium|Beijing]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|67.30
|{{flagathlete|[[Vera Rebrik]]|RUS}}
|[[Sochi]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|68.43
|{{flagathlete|[[Sara Kolak]]|CRO}}
|[[Lausanne]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|68.92
|{{flagathlete|[[Kathryn Mitchell]]|AUS}}
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|67.98
|{{flagathlete|[[Lü Huihui]]|CHN}}
|[[Shenyang]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|67.61
|{{flagathlete|[[Lü Huihui]]|CHN}}
|[[Beijing]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|71.40
|{{flagathlete|[[Maria Andrejczyk]]|POL}}
|[[Split, Croatia|Split]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|68.11
|{{flagathlete|[[Kara Winger]]|USA}}
|[[Brussels]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|67.38
|{{flagathlete|[[Haruka Kitaguchi]]|JPN}}
|[[Brussels]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|66.70
|{{flagathlete|[[Flor Ruiz]]|COL}}
|[[Cuiaba]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|67.76
|{{flagathlete|[[Victoria Hudson (athlete)|Victoria Hudson]]|AUT}}
|[[Maribor]]
|}
{{col-end}}

==See also==
{{portal|Sport of athletics}}
* [[List of javelin throw national champions (men)]]

* [[List of javelin throwers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Javelin throw}}
* [https://iaaf.gekko.de/?a=throws&d=javelin-throw IAAF list of javelin-throw records in XML]
* [http://www.coachr.org/javrevision.htm (IAAF Statement)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923001604/http://www.coachr.org/javrevision.htm |date=23 September 2018 }} – statement of reasons to modify the javelin design
* [http://mastersathletics.net/fileadmin/html/Rankings/Rankings_2012/2012JavelinThrow.html Masters World Rankings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205211846/http://mastersathletics.net/fileadmin/html/Rankings/Rankings_2012/2012JavelinThrow.html |date=5 February 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090325001003/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/imported/42192.pdf IAAF competition rules]

{{Athletics events}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Javelin Throw}}
[[Category:Javelin throw| ]]
[[Category:Events in track and field]]
[[Category:Ancient Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Throwing sports]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics]]

Ashish Vidyarthi filmography

2026-05-03T02:22:13Z

Dr. Katy Jane: started article

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
'''[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]''' is an [[India|Indian]] actor who predominantly works in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Odia language|Odia]] films. He is noted for his antagonist and character roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-28 |title=Ashish Vidyarthi reveals how he celebrated his National Award win amid financial struggles: 'Even the teetotallers wanted to drink that day...' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ashish-vidyarthi-reveals-how-he-celebrated-his-national-award-win-amid-financial-struggles-even-the-teetotallers-wanted-to-drink-that-day-/articleshow/123547738.cms |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>. During his career he has acted in over 300 films in 11 different languages.<ref name="News18"/>

==Filmography==
=== Hindi ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Sardar (1993 film)|Sardar]]'' || [[V. P. Menon]] || <ref name="News18">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kashvi Raj |title=Ashish Vidyarthi Wants ‘Central Roles’, Else He Might Not Return To Films |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ashish-vidyarthi-wants-central-roles-else-he-might-not-return-to-films-aa-ws-l-9492788.html |access-date=13 November 2025 |publisher=News 18 |date=8 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 || ''[[Drohkaal]]'' || Commander Bhadra ||<ref name="News18"/>
|-
| ''[[1942: A Love Story]]'' || Ashutosh ||<ref name="News18"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1995 || ''[[Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India!]]'' || ||<ref name="HindustanTimes">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Saantanu |title=Ashish Vidyarthi reveals he won't return to films unless he gets ‘central roles’: ‘Main ek behtereen actor hoon’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ashish-vidyarthi-says-he-wont-return-to-films-unless-he-gets-central-roles-acting-offers-101754580523622.html |access-date=13 November 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=8 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Baazi (1995 film)|Baazi]]'' || Shiva ||<ref name="HindustanTimes"/>
|-
| ''[[Naajayaz]]'' || Ratan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996 || ''[[Jeet (1996 film)|Jeet]]'' || Inspector Pratap Bidyarthi ||
|-
| ''[[Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin]]'' || Ramanbhai ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1997 || ''[[Vishwavidhaata]]'' || Rai Bahadur ||
|-
| ''[[Kaal Sandhya]]'' || ||<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |last1=Arya |first1=Prachi |title=Is Ashish Vidyarthi struggling for work? Actor shares his ordeal in an open letter |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/is-ashish-vidyarthi-struggling-for-work-actor-shares-his-ordeal-in-an-open-letter-2396346-2023-06-22 |access-date=13 November 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=22 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhai (1997 film)|Bhai]]'' || David ||
|-
| ''[[Mrityudaata]]'' || Mohanlal ||<ref name="HindustanTimes"/>
|-
| ''[[Daud: Fun on the Run]]'' || Inspector Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Koi Kisise Kum Nahin]]'' || Ashok ||
|-
| ''[[Ziddi (1997 film)|Ziddi]]'' || ACP Inder Saxena ||<ref name="HindustanTimes"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1998 || ''[[Major Saab]]'' || Shankar ||<ref name="HindustanTimes"/>
|-
| ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]'' || Dinesh Kapoor ||<ref name="HindustanTimes"/>
|-
| ''[[Yamraaj (film)|Yamraaj]]'' || Raja Bhaiya ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1999 || ''[[Haseena Maan Jaayegi]]'' || Bhai ||<ref name="HindustanTimes"/>
|-
| ''[[Arjun Pandit (1999 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'' || Haldiram ||<ref name="HindustanTimes"/>
|-
| ''[[Lohpurush]]'' || Inspector Salim Hindustani ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lohpurush - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2463 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Benaam (1999 film)|Benaam]]'' || Damak ||
|-
| ''[[Trishakti]]'' || Rajeshwar Raja ||<ref name="News18"/>
|-
| ''[[Jaanwar (1999 film)|Jaanwar]]'' || Inspector Arjun Pradhan ||
|-
| ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]'' || Vitthal Kaanya ||<ref name="HindustanTimes"/>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2000 || ''[[Badal]]'' || Jeet Ram ||
|-
| ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' || Inspector Satish Shinde ||
|-
| ''[[Bichhoo]]'' || Devraj Khatri ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=25 years of Bichhoo: Guddu Dhanoa admits, “If I had kept Bobby Deol’s character alive, the film would have been a huge hit” |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/25-years-bichhoo-guddu-dhanoa-admits-kept-bobby-deols-character-alive-film-huge-hit/ |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gaja Gamini]]'' || Scientist ||
|-
| ''[[Joru Ka Ghulam]]'' || Pappu Anna ||
|-
| ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]'' || Makkad ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2001 || ''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love]]'' || Hari Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Jodi No.1 (film)|Jodi No.1]]'' || Sir John ||
|-
| ''[[Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta]]'' || Kalra Bhai ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2002 || ''[[Ab Ke Baras]]'' || Rudra Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Chor Machaaye Shor]]'' || Tito ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Nahin (2002 film)|Hum Kisise Kum Nahin]]'' || Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai]]'' || Raj Patil (Raja) ||
|-
| ''[[Shararat (2002 film)|Shararat]]'' || Arora ||
|-
| ''[[Waah! Tera Kya Kehna]]'' || Charles ||
|-
| ''[[Zindagi Khoobsoorat Hai]]'' || Gul Baloch ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2003 || ''[[Ek Aur Ek Gyarah]]'' || Cobra ||
|-
| ''[[LOC: Kargil]]'' || Col. Ravindran, 2 Rajputana Rifles ||
|-
| ''[[Border Hindustan Ka]]'' || Major Ansari ||
|-
| ''[[Fun2shh... Dudes in the 10th Century]]'' || Ghoshal ||
|-
| ''[[Jaal: The Trap]]'' || Naved Rabhani ||
|-
| ''[[Love at Times Square]]'' || Hashmi 'Bullet' ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Love At Times Square Movie Review: On the whole, LOVE AT TIMES SQUARE is too weak a fare to register any impact whatsoever. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/love-at-times-square/critic-review/love-at-times-square-movie-review/ |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=Bollywood Hungama |date=14 February 2003}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Talaash: The Hunt Begins...]]'' ||Police Commissioner ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004 || ''[[Kismat (2004 film)|Kismat]]'' || Vikas Patil ||
|-
| ''[[Shikaar (2004 film)|Shikaar]]'' || Kanwar Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Agnipankh]]'' || Pakistani Army Commander ||
|-
| ''[[AK-47 (2004 film)|AK-47]]'' || Dadua ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Jurm (2005 film)|Jurm]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Eashwar Mime Co.]]'' || Eashwar ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (2006 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]'' || Torani ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Awarapan]]'' || Rajan D. Malik ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2008 || ''[[Mr. Black Mr. White]]'' || Don Ladla||
|-
| ''[[Jimmy (2008 film)|Jimmy]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2009 || ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]'' ||Mohd. Akhtar ||
|-
| ''[[Red Alert: The War Within]]'' || Velu ||
|-
| ''[[Kisse Pyaar Karoon]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''[[Khuda Kasam]]'' || Home Minister ||
|-
| ''[[Rakta Charitra]]'' || Mandha ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Barfi!]]'' || Mr. Chatterjee ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[R... Rajkumar]]'' || Manik Parmar ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]'' || Brigadier T. S. Murthy ||
|-
| ''[[Rang Rasiya]]'' || Raja Thirumal ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[Rahasya]]'' || Sachin Mahajan ||
|-
| ''[[Once Upon a Time in Bihar]]'' || Madan Sharma ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2016 || ''[[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh]]'' || Advocate [[Anand Grover]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bollywood Diaries]]'' || Vishnu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017 || ''[[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|Begum Jaan]]'' || Harsh ||
|-
| ''[[Bachche Kachche Sachche]]'' || Munna ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[The Lion King (2019 film)|The Lion King]]'' || Scar || Voiceover
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Helmet (film)|Helmet]]'' || Jogi ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Kaun Pravin Tambe?]]'' || Coach Vidyadhar Paradkar||
|-
|| ''[[Goodbye (2022 film)|GoodBye]]'' || P.P. Singh ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023 || ''[[Kuttey]]'' || Harry ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuttey on OTT platform: Release date, where to watch, cast and plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/kuttey-on-ott-platform-release-date-where-to-watch-cast-and-plot-2346550-2023-03-14 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=India Today |date=14 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khufiya]]'' || Jeev Bonda ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Khufiya director Vishal Bhardwaj: ‘I try to always find a reason to work with Tabu’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/khufiya-director-vishal-bhardwaj-i-try-to-always-find-a-reason-to-work-with-tabu-8119297/ |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=29 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tejas (film)|Tejas]]'' || IAF chief R K Panicker ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rigobertha |first1=Prabhatha |title=Tejas review: Kangana Ranaut’s Air Force drama is a crash burn that never takes off |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/tejas-movie-review/ |access-date=13 November 2025 |publisher=South First |date=27 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || [[Kill (film)|''Kill'']] || Beni ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Kartik |date=2024-06-12 |title=Kill trailer: Lakshya is a super soldier who will leave a bloody trail for love |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Jun/12/kill-trailer-lakshya-is-a-super-soldier-who-will-leave-a-bloody-trail-for-love |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Telugu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Pape Naa Pranam]]'' || Assassin ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[A. K. 47 (1999 film)|AK-47]]'' || Dawood ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Sreeram]]'' || Encounter Shankar ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004 || ''[[Gudumba Shankar]]'' || Kumaraswamy ||
|-
| ''[[Chatrapathy (2004 film)|Chatrapathy]]'' ||SI Pasupathy Chakravarthy's henchmen ||
|-
| ''[[Vijayendra Varma]]'' || Nanaji ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Athanokkade]]'' || Anna ||
|-
| ''[[Narasimhudu]]'' || Police Commissioner ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2006 || ''[[Annavaram (film)|Annavaram]]'' || Tapas Balu ||
|-
| ''[[Raraju (2006 film)|Raraju]]'' || Kotireddy Venkat Reddy ||
|-
| ''[[Brahmastram]]'' || Rudra ||
|-
| ''[[Pokiri]]'' || Sub-inspector Pasupathy ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2007 || ''[[Chirutha]]'' || Mattu Bhai ||
|-
| ''[[Athidhi (2007 film)|Athidhi]]'' || Danny Bhai ||
|-
| ''[[Tulasi (2007 film)|Tulasi]]'' || Veeranna ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]'' || [[Deputy Inspector General of Police|DIG]] Ajay Prakash ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2008 || ''[[Konchem Koththaga]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kantri]]'' || Seshu ||
|-
| ''[[Ontari (film)|Ontari]]'' || Lal Mahankali ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Ganesh Just Ganesh]]'' || Mahadevan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''[[Varudu]]'' || Raj Gopal ||
|-
| ''[[Adhurs]]'' || Dhanraj ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2011 || ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]'' || John Abraham ||
|-
| ''[[Chattam]]'' || Shivaji ||
|-
| ''[[Madatha Kaja]]'' || Nanda ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Genius (2012 film)|Genius]]'' || Peddapuram Peda Babu ||
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2013 || ''[[Naayak]]'' || [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' || Crazy Robert ||
|-
| ''[[Minugurulu]]'' || Father ||
|-
| ''[[Kevvu Keka]]'' || Gottam Gopalakrishna ||
|-
| ''[[Bhai (2013 film)|Bhai]]'' || David ||
|-
| ''[[Chandee]]'' || Minister ||
|-
| ''[[Greeku Veerudu]]'' || P. R. ||
|-
| ''[[Kamina (film)|Kamina]]'' || Teja ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[Autonagar Surya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aagadu]]'' || [[Superintendent of Police (India)|SP]] Mallikarjun ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2015 || ''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' || Shankar Narayana ||
|-
| ''[[Jadoogadu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Where Is Vidya Balan]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Kick 2]]'' || Settlement Durga ||
|-
| ''[[Sher (film)|Sher]]'' || Chhota ||
|-
| ''[[James Bond (2015 film)|James Bond]]'' || Don ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2016 || ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'' || Kapil Sinha / Satpal Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Janatha Garage]]'' || Raghava's business partner ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2017 || ''[[Radha (2017 film)|Radha]]'' || Home Minister ||
|-
| ''[[Oxygen (2017 film)|Oxygen]]'' || [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Andhhagadu]]'' || Dr. Ashish ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2018 || ''[[Inttelligent]]'' || Venkateswara Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Pantham]]'' || Defence Lawyer ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[iSmart Shankar]]'' || Ramamoorthy ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Writer Padmabhushan]]'' || Madhusudhan Rao ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writer Padmabhushan trailer unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jan/20/writer-padmabhushan-trailer-unveiled-39034.html |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Raakaasa]]'' || Ramesh ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-04-05 |title=Raakaasa Movie Review: Performances and visuals anchor this fantasy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Apr/05/telugureview2026apr03raakaasa-movie-review-performances-and-visuals-anchor-this-fantasy |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Dhill]]'' || [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] Shankar ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2002 ||''[[Thamizh]]'' || Periyavar ||
|-
| ''[[Thamizhan]]'' || GK ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhumalai]]'' || Nagalingam ||
|-
| ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' || 'Ippo' ||
|-
| ''[[Bagavathi]]'' || Easwarapandiyan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003 || ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]'' || "Sodukku" Chockalingam ||
|-
| ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]'' || Thilak ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004 || ''[[Ghilli]]'' || Sivasubramanian ||
|-
|''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]''
|SP Eashwarapandian
|
|-
| ''[[Jananam]]'' || Muthukaruppan ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' || Naadhan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2006 || ''[[E (2006 film)|E]]'' || Dr. Ramakrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Madhu (2006 film)|Madhu]]'' || Siluvai ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2007 || ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'' || Anand Chelliah ||
|-
| ''[[Malaikottai]]'' || Chittappa Kanthaswamy ||
|-
| ''[[Manikanda]]'' || Balasingam ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2008 || ''[[Dhanam (2008 film)|Dhanam]]'' || Nambiar ||
|-
| ''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' || Anbukkarasu ||
|-
| ''[[Kuruvi]]'' || Konda Reddy ||
|-
| ''[[Theekuchi]]'' || Pasupathy Pandian ||
|-
| ''[[Bheemaa]]'' || Commissioner ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2009 || ''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]'' || Alexander ||
|-
| ''[[Solla Solla Inikkum]]'' || Madhiyazhagan ||
|-
| ''[[Kanthaswamy]]'' || Pallur Paramajothi Ponnusamy (PPP) ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthamaputhiran]]'' || Periyamuthu Gounder ||
|-
| ''[[Vallakottai (film)|Vallakottai]]'' || Nachiyar ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2011 || ''[[Mappillai (2011 film)|Mappillai]]'' || Devaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Kandaen]]'' || Narmadha's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Udhayan (film)|Udhayan]]'' || Ayyanaar ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Thiruthani (film)|Thiruthani]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[Amara (film)|Amara]]'' || Sethupathi ||
|-
| ''[[Meaghamann]]'' || Sharma ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2015 ||| ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' || Golden Raj ||
|-
| ''[[Anegan]]'' || Commissioner Gopinath and Rana ||[[Dual role]]
|-
| ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2015 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Echo (2023 film)|Echo]]'' || Edward ||
|-
| ''[[Iraivan]]'' || Hari K. Vedantam ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=KR |first1=Manigandan |title=Iraivan review: Director Ahmed delivers a grim, dark crime thriller |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/iraivan-movie-review/ |access-date=13 November 2025 |publisher=South First |date=28 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Bengali ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]''|| Mr. Gore ||
|-
|2006 || ''[[Kranti (2006 film)|Kranti]]'' || Vishnu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007 || ''[[Greptar]]'' || Balaram Ghosh ||
|-
| ''[[Kalishankar (2007 Bengali film)|Kalishankar]]'' || Debu Soren ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Satyameba Jayate]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Neel Rajar Deshe]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Fighter (2011 film)|Fighter]]''|| [[Deputy Inspector General of Police|DIG]]||
|-
| ''[[Gosainbaganer Bhoot]]''|| Habu Sardar ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''[[Khokababu]]''|| Ballu ||
|-
| ''[[Awara (2012 film)|Awara]]''|| Indrajit ||
|-
| ''[[Challenge 2]]'' || Guru Nayak ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Nirbhoya]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Bachchan (2014 film)|Bachchan]]'' || Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Teenkahon]]''|| Joydeb Guha ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''[[Besh Korechi Prem Korechi]]''|| Dibakar ||
|-
| ''[[Agnee 2]]'' || Python || [[Indo-Bangladesh joint production|Indo-Bangladesh joint production film]]
|-
| ''[[Black (2015 Indian film)|Black]]'' || Biru Pande ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2016 || ''[[Angaar (2016 film)|Angaar]]'' || Swapan Sarkar || rowspan="3" |[[Indo-Bangladesh joint production|Indo-Bangladesh joint production film]]
|-
| ''[[Hero 420]]'' || Rai / Riya's father
|-
| ''[[Rokto]]'' || Villain
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''[[Jole Jongole]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Chalbaaz]]'' || Dada ||
|-
| ''[[Captain Khan (film)|Captain Khan]]'' || Abdur Rahman ||[[Bangladeshi film]]
|-
|}

=== Kannada ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[A. K. 47 (1999 film)|AK-47]]'' || Dawood ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Vande Matharam (2001 film)|Vande Matharam]]'' || Major Sujan ||
|-
|''[[Kotigobba]]'' || Mark Anthony ||
|-
| 2002 ||''[[Nandhi (2002 film)|Nandhi]]'' || Different Dyani alias Dhanraj ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Durgi (film)|Durgi]]'' || Police Commissioner||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Aakash (film)|Aakash]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nammanna]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2006 || ''[[Thandege Thakka Maga]]'' || Dharmanna ||
|-
| ''[[Suntaragaali]]'' || Kalinga ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Aa Dinagalu]]'' || [[M. P. Jayaraj]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2008 || ''[[Citizen (2008 film)|Citizen]]'' || Simhadri || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssc/20080711.htm|title=Avoid ''Citizen'' at all costs|date=11 July 2008|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Janumada Gelathi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Paramesha Panwala]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[Bhagyada Balegara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yodha (2009 film)|Yodha]]'' || Patil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''[[Porki]]'' || Ali Bhai ||
|-
| ''[[Jothegara]]'' || [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Veerabhadra ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Shakti (2012 film)|Shakti]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]'' || Mahesh Deshpande ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Siddhartha (2015 film)|Siddhartha]]'' || Yeshwanath ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017 || ''[[Pataki (film)|Pataki]]'' || Rudrapratap ||
|-
| ''[[March 22 (film)|March 22]]'' || Muslim Maullah ||
|-
|}

=== Malayalam ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|2003
| ''[[CID Moosa]]'' || Commissioner Gowri Shankar ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Chess (2006 film)|Chess]]''|| SP Swaminathan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Black Cat (2007 film)|Black Cat]]''|| Prabhul Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Rakshakan]]'' || CI Sugathan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[I G Inspector General]]''|| Scaria Zachariah ||
|-
| ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|Daddy Cool]]'' || Bheem Bhai ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Black Stallion (film)|Black Stallion]]'' || Irumban John ||
|-
|2012
| ''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]'' || Chettiyar ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]'' || College executive Director || <ref>{{Cite web |title='Aavesham' teaser out: Fahadh Faasil is a massy gangster in this action-comedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aavesham-teaser-out-fahadh-faasil-is-a-massy-gangster-in-this-action-comedy-2493034-2024-01-24 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=India Today |date=24 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !!class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Nightfall (2000 film)|Nightfall]]'' || Kopton || English || American film
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Kalishankar (2007 Odia film)|Kalishankar]]'' || Debu Soren || Odia ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Dam 999]]'' || Durai || English ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Punha Gondhal Punha Mujra]]'' || rowspan="2" | Himself || rowspan="2" | Marathi ||
|-
| ''[[Avatarachi Goshta]]'' || Cameo <ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanage |first1=Mihir |title=Avatarachi Goshta Movie Review 3/5: Critic Review of Avatarachi Goshta by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/movie-review-avatarachi-goshta/movie-review/45658456.cms |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Dastaan (1995 TV series)|Dastaan]]'' || Lankesh ||
|-
|2016 || ''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]'' (Season 2) || Roshan Sherchan ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Mission Over Mars|M.O.M. - Mission Over Mars]]'' || K. Murlidharan || rowspan="4" | Web series
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Criminal Justice: Behind Closed Doors]]'' || Dipen Prabhu, Public Prosecutar
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Sunflower (web series)|Sunflower]]'' || Dilip Iyer
|-
||''Tryst with Destiny'' || Mr. Mudira<ref>{{cite news |title=Tryst With Destiny (2021) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/tryst-with-destiny-39780 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813114345/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/tryst-with-destiny-39780 |url-status=live |archive-date=13 August 2020 |work=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Raktanchal]]'' || Ramanand Rai || Season 2
|-
|| ''[[Rudra: The Edge Of Darkness]]'' || Jt. CP Raman Acharya ||
|-
|| ''[[Aar Ya Paar (TV series)|Aar Ya Paar]]'' || Business tycoon ||
|-
|| ''[[TVF Pitchers]]'' || Kishen Charan Desai || Season 2
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Half Pants Full Pants]]'' || Railway guard Subbarao ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=NAIR |first=DIVYA |title=Half Pants Full Pants Review: Memorable! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/half-pants-full-pants-review/20221220.htm |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Rana Naidu]]'' || Raj Naidu || Hindi, Telugu || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Robinson |first1=Abby |title=Rana Naidu cast: Who stars in season 2 of Netflix's Indian remake of Ray Donovan? |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/rana-naidu-cast-vs-ray-donovan/ |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=RadioTimes |date=12 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Trial By Fire (Indian web series)|Trial By Fire]]'' || [[Neeraj Shridhar|Neeraj Suri]]|| Hindi || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-21 |title=Ashish Vidyarthi on Trial By Fire: 'Human story of people who stood up and said that a wrong has happened' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ashish-vidyarthi-on-trial-by-fire-human-story-of-people-who-stood-up-101674219822078.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| ''Slow Rivers'' || Guru Margadarishi || English || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-19 |title= 'Slow Rivers review: Smoky Mirrors' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/jul/19/slow-riversreviewsmoky-mirrors-2596183.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond]]'' || Madhusudan Dutta || rowspan="2"|Hindi ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title='Got Goosebumps While Shooting For Ranneeti: Balakot And Beyond': Ashish Vidyarthi |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/got-goosebumps-while-shooting-for-ranneeti-balakot-and-beyond-ashish-vidyarthi-8865623.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[The Traitors India season 1|The Traitors]]'' || Contestant || 11th place<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-30 |title=The Traitors trailer: Karan Johar hosts Uorfi Javed, Maheep Kapoor, Ashish Vidyarthi and others in this enigmatic reality show |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/May/30/the-traitors-trailer-karan-johar-hosts-uorfi-javed-maheep-kapoor-ashish-vidyarthi-and-others-in-this-enigmatic-reality-show |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Bandwaale]]'' || David || Hindi ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-09 |title=Swanand Kirkire, Shalini Pandey and Zahan Kapoor’s series Bandwaale gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2026/Feb/09/swanand-kirkire-shalini-pandey-and-zahan-kapoors-series-bandwaale-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0896573}}
* {{YouTube|channel=AshishVidyarthiActorVlogs}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/6705/index.html Ashish Vidyarthi: Filmography] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]



[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Shashank Tiwari

2026-04-30T15:01:19Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Made Some Stub V1...

{{Short description|Indian army officer}}

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant]]
| name = Shashank Tiwari
| honorific_suffix = [[Kirti Chakra|KC]]
| image = Shashank_Tiwari.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|2002|1|24}}
| birth_place = [[Faizabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_place = [[North Sikkim]], [[Sikkim]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|5|22|2002|1|24|df=yes}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 2024–2025
| servicenumber =
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Army ranks and insignia of India#Officers|Lieutenant]]
| awards = [[File:Kirti Chakra ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Kirti Chakra]]
| unit = [[Sikkim Scouts|1 Sikkim Scouts]](attatched) [[Army Service Corps (India)|ASC]]
| allegiance = {{flag|India|name=Republic of India}}
| alma_mater = [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] [[Indian Military Academy]]
}}

[[Lieutenant]] '''Shashank Tiwari''' {{Post-nominals|country=IND|KC}} (24 January 2002 – 22 May 2025) was an [[Indian Army]] [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]]. He was posthumously awarded the [[Kirti Chakra]], India's second highest peacetime [[Military awards and decorations|military decoration]] for saving a drowning soldier by sacrificing his life.<ref name="centuriondefenceacademy">{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Shashank Tiwari Honoured with Kirti Chakra |url=https://www.centuriondefenceacademy.com/blog/news/lieutenant-shashank-tiwari-honoured-with-kirti-chakra/ |website=Centurion Defence Academy}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tiwari was born on 24 January 2002 in [[Ayodhya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to Shri Jang Bahadur Tiwari and Smt Neeta Tiwari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Shashank Tiwari KC - Honourpoint |url=https://honourpoint.in/profile/lieutenant-shashank-tiwari-kc/}}</ref>

==Military career==
He was selected for both, the 145th and 146th Course of the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], eventually joining the former. After successfully completing his military training at the [[Indian Military Academy]], he was commissioned into the [[Army Service Corps (India)|Army Service Corps]] on 14 December 2024 as a [[Lieutenant]]. In 2025, he was attached to the [[Sikkim Scouts|1st Battalion of the Sikkim Scouts Regiment]] for operational exposure and regimental attachment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Lieutenant Shashank Tiwari: Who Laid Down His Life to Save a Fellow Soldier Earns Kirti Chakra |url=https://shop.ssbcrack.com/blogs/blog/meet-lieutenant-shashank-tiwari-who-laid-down-his-life-to-save-a-fellow-soldier-earns-kirti-chakra}}</ref>

== North Sikkim operation ==

During 2025, Tiwari's unit was deployed in the high-altitude region of [[North Sikkim]] which borders with the China. The unit's Area of Responsibility encompassed vast expanses of rugged mountains and treacherous valleys, most of which remained snowbound for the greater part of the year. The extreme climatic conditions posed continuous operational challenges like blocking vital routes, hampering troop movement and supplying convoys. Maintaining road connectivity between the forward posts was, therefore, a mission-critical task, requiring regular patrolling and snow clearance operations under extremely hazardous conditions.<ref>{{Cite news |title=अपनी जान गंवाकर बचाई थी अग्निवीर की जान, अदम्य साहस के लिए राष्ट्रपति ने दिया कीर्ति चक्र से सम्मान, जानिए लेफ्टिनेंट शशांक की कहानी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/amp/news/nation/lieutenant-shashank-tiwari-awarded-kirti-chakra-posthumously-ws-bkl-9510583.html |work=News 18 Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Father salutes Lt Shashank Tiwari, who died saving an Indian Army colleague in Sikkim |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/india/father-salutes-lt-shashank-tiwari-who-died-saving-an-indian-army-colleague-in-sikkim/cid/2122717 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> On 22 May 2025, Tiwari was leading one such Route Opening Patrol and snow clearance operation from Bichhu to the Tactical Operating Base at Chu Junction. While crossing a bridge over a fast-flowing mountain stream, [[Agniveer]] Stephan Subba lost his footing and was swept into the river. Without thinking twice, Lieutenant Tiwari jumped into the freezing stream to save his comrade. [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Pukar Katel immediately jumped to join Tiwari. They however managed to pull Agniveer Subba to safety. Yet, amidst turbulent flow of the mountain stream, Lieutenant Tiwari was swept away downstream. Despite the team's desperate attempts to reach him, the force of the water carried him away. After this a massive search operation was launched. Later Tiwari's body was recovered approximately 800 meters downstream of the river. For the bravery, camaraderie and sacrifice his life for his comrades, [[Lieutenant]] Shashank Tiwari was posthumously awarded India's second highest gallantry award the [[Kirti Chakra]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=अग्निवीर को बचाते हुए शहीद हो गए थे लेफ्टिनेंट शशांक तिवारी, अब कीर्ति चक्र से किया जा रहा सम्मानित |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/lieutenant-shashank-tiwari-was-martyred-while-saving-agniveer-being-honored-with-kirti-chakra/amp_articleshow/123306746.cms |work=Navbharat Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Extremely dynamic & energetic’: Govt hails Army braveheart from Ayodhya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/extremely-dynamic-energetic-govt-hails-army-braveheart-from-ayodhya/amp_articleshow/124748046.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Shashank}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kirti Chakra]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]

P. V. Parthasarathi

2026-04-24T13:15:40Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Adding The Details From Scratch!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Podala Venkata Parthasarathi
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Y. Sai Prasad Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Adoni Assembly constituency|Adoni]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date =
| image = Dr parathasarathi.jpg
| caption = Parthasarathi in July 2021
| alt = head-and-shoulders image of a dark-haired man smiling, with hands clasped as if in prayer
}}
'''Podala Venkata Parthasarathi''' (born 1971)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Adoni Assembly constituency]] in [[Kurnool district]]. He represents [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where BJP had an alliance with [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Janasena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Partha Sarathi Valmiki, BJP Candidate from Adoni Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/dr-partha-sarathi-valmiki-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a146e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Parthasarathi is from [[Adoni]]. He is a dentist. His father is P. V. Narasimhulu. His wife is also a doctor. He completed his post graduation in Pedodontics in 1997 at Government Dental College, Hyderabad, which is affiliated with [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences]], Vijayawada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Partha Sarathi Valmiki(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- ADONI(KURNOOL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=83 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Parthasarathi won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Adoni on [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket. He polled 89,929 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, [[Y. Sai Prasad Reddy]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhakar |first=Madhu |date=2024-05-01 |title=Andhra Pradesh: BJP's Parthasarathi on a mission to 'Save Adoni' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/May/01/andhra-pradesh-bjps-parthasarathi-on-a-mission-to-save-adoni |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 18,164 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adoni Assembly Election Results 2024: Adoni Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/adoni-constituency-result-1146 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Adoni Assembly Election Results 2024: Adoni Andhra Pradesh Election Schedule, Vote share and Results |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/adoni-constituency/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parthasarathi, P. V.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

Byomkesh (2014 TV series)

2026-04-23T19:03:04Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Creating The Details Initial Version - done

{{Short description|2014 Indian Bengali crime television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{For|other novels, films, and series about Byomkesh Bakshi|Byomkesh Bakshi in other media}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Byomkesh (2014 TV series).jpg
| caption = Official poster
| genre = [[Detective]], [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator = Dag Creative Media
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Byomkesh Bakshi]]''|[[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]}}
| writer = Sourav Sengupta
| screenplay = Joy Dasgupta
| director = Amit Sengupta Gopal Chakraborty Joydeep Mukherjee
| creative_director = [[Mainak Bhaumik]]
| starring = [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]] [[Ridhima Ghosh]] [[Saugata Bandyopadhyay]]
| composer = [[Neel Dutt]]
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 155
| list_episodes =
| producer = Rana Sarkar
| editor = Shibu Sarkar Toton Maiti
| cinematography = Kiranmay Bhuiyan
| runtime = Approx. 43 minutes
| network = [[Colors Bangla]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2014|11|20}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2015|11|14}}
| company = Daag Creative Media
}}

'''''Byomkesh''''' was a 2014 [[India]]n [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[crime fiction]] television series based on the Bengali [[Detective|sleuth]] ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi]]'' created by [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]. The series starred [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]], [[Saugata Bandyopadhyay]] and [[Ridhima Ghosh]] as [[Byomkesh Bakshi]], [[Ajit Bandyopadhyay (character)|Ajit]] and Satyabati respectively.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/tv/Gaurav-wows-as-youngest-ever-Byomkesh/articleshow/45240218.cms Gaurav wows as youngest ever Byomkesh]</ref> The series premiered on 20 November 2014 on [[Colors Bangla]] channel and is due to end on 14 November 2015. This series was re-run on 4 March 2024. The first episode was narrated by [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]].

==Summary==
[[Byomkesh Bakshi]] ([[Gaurav Chakrabarty]]) is a young Bengali private detective who solves spine-chilling cases with his chronicler and associate Ajit Bandyopadhyay ([[Saugata Bandyopadhyay]]).

==Cast==

=== Main ===
{{multiple image
| upright=1.1
| perrow=2
| align=right
| image1=Gaurav Chakrabarty in 2019.jpg
| image2=Ridhima Ghosh in 2017.jpg
|| footer='''Top row:'''
[[Gaurav Chakrabarty]], [[Ridhima Ghosh]]. '''Bottom row:''' [[Ridhima Ghosh]], [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]].
}}
{{div col}}
* [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]] as [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Sabyasachi-thinks-his-son-copies-him/articleshow/45574557.cms|title=Sabyasachi thinks, his son copies him!|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=19 Dec 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/Byomkesh-continues-to-charm-the-audience/photostory/45559108.cms|title=6 actors who played Byomkesh Bakshi with elan|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Saugata Bandyopadhyay]] as [[Ajit Kumar Banerjee (writer)|Ajit Kumar Banerjee]]
* [[Ridhima Ghosh]] as Satyabati

{{div col end}}

=== Episodic appearance ===
* Kaushik Bhattacharya as DSP Purandar Pandey
* Krishnendu Dewanji as Inspector Rakhal Sarkar
* [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] as Debashish Bhatta
* [[Amrita Chattopadhyay]] as Deepa Bhatta
* [[Paran Bandyopadhyay]] as Anukul Babu
* [[Dwijen Bandyopadhyay]] as Ashwini Babu
* [[Partha Sarathi Deb]] as Ghanashyam Babu
* [[Vikram Chatterjee]] as Bilash Mallick
* [[Ena Saha]] as Shoiloja/Hina Mullick{{efn|Ena Saha appeared in two different stories;first as Shoiloja and next as Hina Mullick|name=|group=}}
* [[Prasun Gain]] as Prafulla Roy
* [[Arun Bannerjee]] as Sir Digindra Narayan
* Arindol Bagchi as Bidhu Babu, Train Ticket collector
* [[Neel Mukherjee (actor)|Neel Mukherjee]] as Nandadulal Babu
* [[June Malia]] as Rebecca Lite
* Sourav Das as a freedom fighter
* Sourav Saha as Sukumar
* Loknath Dey as Makhanlal
* Debapratim Dasgupta as Motilal
* Biplab Dasgupta as Chintamoni Kundu
* Saptarshi Roy as Nilmoni Majumdar
* Anirban Guha as DSP of Munger, Shashanka Babu
* [[Chandan Sen]] as Dr. Debkumar Sarkar
* Sumanta Mukherjee as Dr. Rudra
* [[Subhasish Mukherjee]] as Boroda
* Anindya Banerjee as Shailendra Babu/Bhuban Das
* Phalguni Chatterjee as Kaligati Bhattacharya/Suropoti
* Tarun Chakraborty as Police Inspector
* Debranjan Nag as Mamdo
* Deepak Haldar as Ramanath Niyogi
* Rupa Bhattacharya as Pramila Pal/Shanta Sen/Tapan Sen/Medini
* Rajat Ganguly as Mahidar Choudhury
* [[Kanchana Moitra]] as Malati
* Ardhendu Bannerjee as Dr. Pannalal Palit
* [[Rajdeep Gupta]] as Inspector Ratikanta Chowdhury
* Basudeb Mukherjee as Deep Narayan Singh
* Amitava Das as Ramapoti/Bijoy Madhab Mukherjee
* Prantik Banerjee as Nitai
* [[Deepankar De]] as Ishan Chandra Majumder
* [[Tapas Paul]] as Sadhu/Ramkishore Babu
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] as Bangshidhar
* [[Kaushik Sen]] as Manilal
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Murlidhar
* [[Sudipta Chakraborty]] as Haripriya
* [[Parno Mittra]] as Tulsi
* [[Kushal Chakraborty]] as Nishanath Sen
*[[Sampurna Lahiri]] as Sunaina
* [[Bidipta Chakraborty]] as Mrs. Roy
* Joyjit Banerjee as Sharup Kumar/Rajkumar Basu
*[[Shantilal Mukherjee]] as Santosh Samaddar
* [[Anindya Bose]] as Prabal Mallick
* Hritojeet Chottopadhyay as Kumar Tridibendra Narayan Rai Bahadur
* [[Aditi Chatterjee]] as Damayanti Sen
* Jayanta Dutta Burman as Kamal Krishna Das
* [[Badshah Maitra]] as Dr. Bhujangadhar Das
* Vivaan Ghosh as Satyakam Das
* Rohit Mukherjee as Ushapati Das
* Partha Pratim Dutta as Sunil Sarkar
* Tribikram Ghosh as Ramani Mohan Babu
* Sandip Dey as Nepal Gupta
* Indrajit Deb as Dr Sen
* Rana Mitra as Gangadhar(Benimadhab's Son in Law)
* Shreyasree Samanta as Laboni
* Saurav Palodhi as Amritya
* [[Rii Sen]] as Mohini Dutta
* Rajesh kr Chattopadhyay as Sanat
* Nibedita Chakraborty as Chameli(Santosh Samaddar's Wife)
* [[Ditipriya Roy]] as Chingri
* [[Arijit Bhusan Bagchi]] as Assistant Film Director
* Tamal Roy Chowdhury as Uday Madhab Mukherjee(Deepa's and Bijoy's Grandfather)
* [[Sayak Chakraborty]] as Rathin
* Indrajit Mazumder as Phanish Chakraborty
* Ashok Mukherjee as Manish Chakraborty
* Sourav Chakraborty as Madhumoy Ghosh
* Judhajit Banerjee as Inspector Pramod Barat
* [[Kanyakumari Mukherjee]] / [[Soumili Biswas]] as Sulochana
* Samir Biswas as Pranhori Poddar
* Rishav Basu as Bijoy Sen/Amar Pal
* Arindam Chatterjee as Himanshu Ray(Zamindar of Chorabali)/Pratul Gupta
* Soma Chakraborty
*Anindyo Sengupta as Manmotho (Agnibaan)
* Dipanjan Bhattacharya Jack as Amaresh Raha
* Arijit Chowdhury
* [[Indrasish Roy]]
* Ratan Sarkhel as manager of old mess of Byomkesh and Ajit
* Ritoja Majumder
* Anindita Sarker

==Episodes==
The episodes are listed as per they are aired.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Episode No.
! Title
! Part
! Directed By
! Original Air Date
|-
|1
|rowspan="3" | Satyanweshi (সত্যান্বেষী)
|1
|rowspan="12" | Amit Sengupta
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|11|20}}
|-
|2
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|11|21}}
|-
|3
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|11|22}}
|-
|4
|rowspan="3" | Pother Kanta (পথের কাঁটা)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|11|27}}
|-
|5
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|11|28}}
|-
|6
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|11|29}}
|-
|7
|rowspan="3" | Seemanto-Heera (সীমন্ত-হীরা)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|12|4}}
|-
|8
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|12|5}}
|-
|9
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|12|6}}
|-
|10
|rowspan="3" | Makorshar Rosh (মাকড়সার রস)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|12|11}}
|-
|11
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|12|12}}
|-
|12
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|12|13}}
|-
|13
|rowspan="6" | Arthamanartham (অর্থমনর্থম্‌)
|1
|rowspan="15" | Gopal Chakraborty
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|12|18}}
|-
|14
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|12|19}}
|-
|15
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|12|20}}
|-
|16
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|12|25}}
|-
|17
|5
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|12|26}}
|-
|18
|6
|{{Start date|df=yes|2014|12|27}}
|-
|19
|rowspan="3" | Chorabali (চোরাবালি)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|1}}
|-
|20
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|2}}
|-
|21
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|3}}
|-
|22
|rowspan="3" | Agnibaan (অগ্নিবাণ)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|8}}
|-
|23
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|9}}
|-
|24
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|10}}
|-
|25
|rowspan="3" | Roktomukhi Neela (রক্তমুখী নীলা)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|15}}
|-
|26
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|16}}
|-
|27
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|17}}
|-
|28
|rowspan="3" | Byomkesh O Boroda (ব্যোমকেশ ও বরদা)
|1
|rowspan="10" | Joydeep Mukherjee
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|22}}
|-
|29
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|23}}
|-
|30
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|24}}
|-
|31
|rowspan="7" | Uposonghaar (উপসংহার)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|29}}
|-
|32
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|30}}
|-
|33
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|31}}
|-
|34
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|5}}
|-
|35
|5
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|6}}
|-
|36
|6
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|7}}
|-
|37
|7
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|12}}
|-
|38
|rowspan="2" | Adwitiyo (অদ্বিতীয়)
|1
|rowspan="118" | Gopal Chakraborty
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|13}}
|-
|39
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|14}}
|-
|40
|rowspan="3" | Achin Pakhi (অচিন পাখি)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|19}}
|-
|41
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|20}}
|-
|42
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|21}}
|-
|43
|rowspan="6" | Chitrochor (চিত্রচোর)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|26}}
|-
|44
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|27}}
|-
|45
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|28}}
|-
|46
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|5}}
|-
|47
|5
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|6}}
|-
|48
|6
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|7}}
|-
|49
|rowspan="3" | Monimondon (মণিমন্ডন)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|12}}
|-
|50
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|13}}
|-
|51
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|14}}
|-
|52
|rowspan="6" | Banhi-Patanga (বহ্নি-পতঙ্গ)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|19}}
|-
|53
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|20}}
|-
|54
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|21}}
|-
|55
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|26}}
|-
|56
|5
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|27}}
|-
|57
|6
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|28}}
|-
|58
|rowspan="2" | Adrishyo Trikon (অদৃশ্য ত্রিকোণ)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|2}}
|-
|59
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|3}}
|-
|60
|rowspan="2" | Khunji Khunji Nari (খুঁজি খুঁজি নারি)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|4}}
|-
|61
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|9}}
|-
|62
|rowspan="2" | Dushtochokro (দুষ্টচক্র)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|10}}
|-
|63
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|16}}
|-
|64
|rowspan="7" | Durgo Rahasyo (দুর্গরহস্য)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|17}}
|-
|65
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|18}}
|-
|66
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|23}}
|-
|67
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|24}}
|-
|68
|5
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|25}}
|-
|69
|6
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|30}}
|-
|70
|7
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|1}}
|-
|71
|rowspan="2" | Henyalir Chhondo (হেঁয়ালির ছন্দ)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|2}}
|-
|72
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|7}}
|-
|73
|rowspan="6" | Adim Ripu (আদিম রিপু)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|8}}
|-
|74
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|9}}
|-
|75
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|14}}
|-
|76
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|15}}
|-
|77
|5
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|16}}
|-
|78
|6
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|21}}
|-
|79
|rowspan="2" | Chholonar Chhondo (ছলনার ছন্দ)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|22}}
|-
|80
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|23}}
|-
|81
|rowspan="3" | Lohar Biscuit (লোহার বিস্কুট)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|28}}
|-
|82
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|29}}
|-
|83
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|30}}
|-
|84
|rowspan="7" | Chiriyakhana (চিড়িয়াখানা)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|4}}
|-
|85
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|5}}
|-
|86
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|6}}
|-
|87
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|11}}
|-
|88
|5
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|12}}
|-
|89
|6
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|13}}
|-
|90
|7
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|18}}
|-
|91
|rowspan="4" | Rokter Daag (রক্তের দাগ)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|19}}
|-
|92
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|20}}
|-
|93
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|25}}
|-
|94
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|26}}
|-
|95
|rowspan="8" | Benishonghaar (বেনীসংহার)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|27}}
|-
|96
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|2}}
|-
|97
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|3}}
|-
|98
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|4}}
|-
|99
|5
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|9}}
|-
|100
|6
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|10}}
|-
|101
|7
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|11}}
|-
|102
|8
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|16}}
|-
|103
|rowspan="4" | Room No 2 (রুম নম্বর দুই)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|17}}
|-
|104
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|18}}
|-
|105
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|23}}
|-
|106
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|24}}
|-
|107
|rowspan="12" | Magno Mainak (মগ্নমৈনাক)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|25}}
|-
|108
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|30}}
|-
|109
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|31}}
|-
|110
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|1}}
|-
|111
|5
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|6}}
|-
|112
|6
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|7}}
|-
|113
|7
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|8}}
|-
|114
|8
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|13}}
|-
|115
|9
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|14}}
|-
|116
|10
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|15}}
|-
|117
|11
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|20}}
|-
|118
|12
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|21}}
|-
|119
|rowspan="6" | Amriter Mrityu (অমৃতের মৃত্যু)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|22}}
|-
|120
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|27}}
|-
|121
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|28}}
|-
|122
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|29}}
|-
|123
|5
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|9|3}}
|-
|124
|6
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|9|4}}
|-
|125
|rowspan="10" | Shojarur Kanta (শজারুর কাঁটা)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|9|5}}
|-
|126
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|9|10}}
|-
|127
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|9|11}}
|-
|128
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|9|12}}
|-
|129
|5
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|9|17}}
|-
|130
|6
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|9|18}}
|-
|131
|7
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|9|19}}
|-
|132
|8
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|9|24}}
|-
|133
|9
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|9|25}}
|-
|134
|10
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|9|26}}
|-
|135
|rowspan="10" | Kohen Kobi Kalidas (কহেন কবি কালিদাস)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|1}}
|-
|136
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|2}}
|-
|137
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|3}}
|-
|138
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|8}}
|-
|139
|5
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|9}}
|-
|140
|6
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|10}}
|-
|141
|7
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|15}}
|-
|142
|8
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|16}}
|-
|143
|9
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|17}}
|-
|144
|10
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|22}}
|-
|145
|rowspan="5" | Bishupal Bodh (বিশুপাল বধ)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|23}}
|-
|146
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|24}}
|-
|147
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|29}}
|-
|148
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|30}}
|-
|149
|5
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|31}}
|-
|150
|rowspan="6" | Shailo Rahasya (শৈল রহস্য)
|1
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|11|5}}
|-
|151
|2
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|11|6}}
|-
|152
|3
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|11|7}}
|-
|153
|4
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|11|12}}
|-
|154
|5
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|11|13}}
|-
|155
|6
|{{Start date|df=yes|2015|11|14}}
|}

==Controversies==
It has been reported<ref>{{cite news|title=Actors Unpaid, Stop-Work Order on TV's Byomkesh|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=ACTORS-UNPAID-STOP-WORK-ORDER-ON-TVS-BYOMKESH-06112015101014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227005110/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=ACTORS-UNPAID-STOP-WORK-ORDER-ON-TVS-BYOMKESH-06112015101014|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2015|accessdate=7 November 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 November 2015}}</ref> that the shooting has been halted by a notification issued by the Artist Forum when they received several complaints against the production house Dag Creative Media. Complaints had been made by several artistes about non payment of dues for multiple months. The Federation of Cine Technicians and Workers of Eastern India has come out in support of the artists.

==Awards==
* Actor [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]] won a Tele Academy Award (Best actor in a leading role) in 2014 for his role as Byomkesh Bakshi.

==See also==
* [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]
* [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]
* [[Byomkesh Bakshi in other media]]
* [[Byomkesh Bakshi (1993 TV series)]], a Hindi language TV series based on the same character.
* [[Chiriyakhana]]
* [[Shajarur Kanta (1974 film)|Shajarur Kanta]]
* [[Uttam Kumar]]
* [[Rajit Kapur]]
* [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.colorsbangla.com/shows/Byomkesh/}}
* {{IMDb title|id=4579002}}
* [https://www.voot.com/shows/byomkesh/100281 ''Byomkesh''] at [[Voot]]

{{Byomkesh Bakshi}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Byomkesh Bakshi]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Detective television series]]
[[Category:Colors Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]

Alauddin Husain Shah

2026-04-19T01:49:34Z

Dr. Katy Jane: started a post - done

{{Short description|Sultan of Bengal from 1493 to 1519}}
{{For|Sultan of Kashmir|Alauddin Shah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Alauddin Husain Shah
| title = Sultan of [[Bengal]] [[Shah]] of [[Bengalis]] The right hand and defender of the [[caliphate]] Amir al-Mu'minin (the Commander of the Faithful)
| image = Coin of Alauddin Husain Shah (1493-1519).jpg
| caption = Silver coin (''Tanka'') of Alauddin Husain Shah
| succession = 18th [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultan of Bengal]]
| reign = 1493–1519
| coronation =
| Full title =
| predecessor = [[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah]]
| successor = [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]]
| regent =
| spouses = Daughter of the [[Qadi|Qazi]] of Chandpur
| issue = [[Shahzada Danyal]] [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]] [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]] ''[[#Family and issue|Several others]]''
| full name =
| house =
| father = Sayyid Ashraf Al-Husaini
| mother =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Disputed - See [[#Origin and early life|Origin and Early life]]
| death_date = 1519
| death_place =
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}
'''Ala-ud-din Husain Shah''' ({{langx|bn|আলাউদ্দিন হোসেন শাহ}}; {{langx|fa|{{nq|علاء الدین حسین شاه}}}}; {{reign|1494|1519}})<ref name="Majumdar1980p215">{{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The Delhi Sultanate |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/215/mode/1up |year=1980 |orig-year=First published 1960 |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VI |edition=3rd |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |oclc=664485 |page=215}}</ref> was an independent late medieval [[Sultan]] of the [[Bengal Sultanate]], who founded the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=120–121}}</ref> He became the ruler of Bengal after assassinating the [[People of Ethiopia|Abyssinian]] Sultan, [[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah|Shams-ud-Din Muzaffar Shah]], whom he had served under as [[Vizier|wazir]]. After his death in 1519, the oldest surviving of his sons [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah|Nusrat Shah]] succeeded him. Alauddin Husain Shah is regarded as one of the greatest rulers in Bengali history,<ref name=SarkarP151>{{cite book |title=The History of Bengal |publisher=Academica Asiatica |year=1973 |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |volume=II: Muslim Period, 1200–1757 |location=Patna |chapter=VII: The Husain Shāhī Dynasty |oclc=924890 |orig-year=First published 1948 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n171/mode/1up |page=151}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=বাংলার ইতিহাস: মুসলিম বিজয় থেকে সিপাহী বিপ্লব পর্যন্ত [১২০০-১৮৫৭ খ্রিঃ]|language=bn|author=[[Abdul Karim (historian)|Abdul Karim]]|date=August 1999|publisher=বড়াল প্রকাশনী|location=[[Dhaka]]|page=90|url=https://archive.org/details/mittabadider-mukhush-unmuchon/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8/page/n85/mode/2up}}</ref> and the reigns of Husain Shah and Nusrat Shah are generally regarded as the "golden age" of the Bengal Sultanate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760|url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=s1.2.6&toc.id=ch02&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=d0e2543#X|access-date=2021-03-20|website=publishing.cdlib.org|archive-date=2021-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225230042/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=s1.2.6&toc.id=ch02&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=d0e2543#X|url-status=live|quote=This characterization began with the historian Nizam al-Din Ahmad, who in 1594 wrote glowingly of ‘Ala al-Din Husain Shah as “an intelligent and able man,” who “summoned learned, great and pious men from different parts of the kingdom, and showed kindness to them. He made very great efforts and exertions for enriching and improving the condition of the country. Owing to the auspiciousness of his laudable morals, and pleasing virtues he performed the duties of sovereignty for long years; and all his life was passed in pleasure and enjoyment.” Nizamuddin Ahmad, ṭabaqāt-i Akbarī, text, 3: 270; trans., B. De, 3, pt. 1: 443.}}</ref>

==Origin and early life==

The origin of the dynasty is not very clear and there are multiple accounts of where it may have originated. However it is widely recognised that the dynasty's founder, Alauddin Husain Shah, was of ultimately [[Sayyid|Sayyid Arab]] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA63 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |pages=63 |language=en |quote=Ala al-Din Hasan, a Mecan Arab... |access-date=2023-10-29 |archive-date=2023-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802113650/https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA63&dq=&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvk7yD8L2AAxXeSaQEHR_4BVkQ6AF6BAgLEAM |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Markovits |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA38 |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |date=24 September 2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-152-2 |language=en |page=38 |access-date=2023-10-29 |archive-date=2023-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802114425/https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA38&dq=&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwihouG78b2AAxWLXqQEHajIBks4ChDoAXoECAMQAw |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]]'s writings make mention of a manuscript found in the former Bengali capital [[Hazrat Pandua|Pandua]] which labels Husain as a native of a village named [[Gobindaganj Upazila|Devnagar]] in Rangpur who seized an opportunity to redeem the throne of Bengal that his grandfather, Sultan Ibrahim, had held seventy years prior.{{sfn|Sarkar|1973|p=142}} There are local traditions in Rangpur which claim that he was indeed a native of that area.<ref name="Majumdar1980p215" /> It is said that it was [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] who had ousted his grandfather Sultan Ibrahim, and as a result, Husain's father and family migrated to [[Kamata Kingdom|Kamata]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1973|p=142}} Buchanan-Hamilton's manuscript is unnamed,{{sfn|Sarkar|1973|p=142}} and [[Momtazur Rahman Tarafdar]] considers the manuscript to have confused Husain Shah of Bengal with Husayn Shah Sharqi of [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]], whose grandfather was Shamsuddin Ibrahim Shah Sharqi, a contemporary of [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]. Tarafdar, whose work is written in 1965, makes note that there was no Sultan of Bengal in that period by the name of Ibrahim.<ref name="tarafdar3" /> However, in the 1990s, coins of a Sultan of Bengal by the name of [[Nasiruddin Ibrahim Shah II|Nasiruddin Ibrahim Shah]] (r. 1415/16 – 1416/17) were discovered in [[Beanibazar Upazila|Beanibazar, Sylhet]] which has opened discussion regarding this manuscript once again.<ref>{{cite book |last=Karim |first=Mohd. Rezaul |title=Sylhet: History and Heritage |publisher=[[Bangladesh Itihas Samiti]] |year=1999 |isbn=984-31-0478-1 |editor-last=Ahmed |editor-first=Sharif Uddin |page=670 |chapter=Rare Coins of Beanibazar Hoard and Chronology of Sultans of Bengal}}</ref><ref>Md. Rezaul Karim, 'Qutubuddin Azam, Nasiruddin Ibrahim and Ghiyasuddin Nusrat, three New Rulers of Sultani Bengal: Their Identification and Chronology', Journal of Bengal Art, Vol. 17, 2012: 215-27.</ref>

[[Nitish Sengupta]] asserts that Husain's mother was a Bengali, stating the following {{quote|Ala-ud-din Hussain Shah who ruled Gaur between 1493 and 1519 must be given the credit of being the first Bengalee ruler of Gaur. While there are many theories about his origin, he was clearly born of a Bengalee mother and was the first ruler of Gaur who gave encouragement to the newly growing Bengali language. He showed no discrimination between his Hindu and Muslim subjects and fought several wars with neighboring kings in order to consolidate the unclear frontiers of what was eventually to become Bengal.}}

[[File:Kherur Mosque Exterior.jpg|thumb|One of the first mosques built by Husain Shah, the [[Kherur Mosque]], in Chandpara, where he reportedly spent much of his childhood.]]On the other hand, the ''[[Riyaz-us-Salatin]]'' mentions Husain's father Sayyid Ashraf Al-Husaini later inhabiting [[Termez]] (in [[Turkestan]]) for a long period before settling in the Chandpur [[mouza]] of [[Rarh region|Rarh]] (western Bengal). Husain and his elder brother, Yusuf, spent their childhood studying under the local [[Qadi]], who later married his daughter to Husain due to his noble background.<ref>{{cite book |last=Salim |first=Gulam Hussain |url=https://archive.org/details/riyazussalatinhi00saliuoft/page/130/mode/2up?q=ashraf |title=Riyazu-s-Salatin: History of Bengal |author2=tr. from Persian |author3=Abdus Salam |publisher=Asiatic Society, Baptist Mission Press |year=1902 |pages=127–131}}</ref> Chandpur is often equated to the village of [[Jangipur subdivision|Chandpara]] in [[Murshidabad district]], where a number of inscriptions can be founded during the early part of Husain's reign. Husain had also constructed the [[Kherur Mosque]] in Chandpara in the first year of his reign in 1494.<ref name="bpedia" /><ref name="bpedia22">{{cite Banglapedia|author=Mitra, Pratip Kumar|article=Kherur Mosque}}</ref> A lake in this village, called ''Shaikher Dighi'', is also associated with Husain.<ref name="murshigov">{{cite web |title=Chronological History of Murshidabad |url=http://murshidabad.gov.in/milestone.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716082026/http://www.murshidabad.gov.in/milestone.htm |archivedate=2011-07-16 |access-date=2011-05-04 |work=Independent Sultanate of Gauda |publisher=District Administration}}</ref> Krishnadasa Kaviraja, who was born during Husain's reign, claims that the latter worked for Subuddhi Rai, a revenue officer in the erstwhile Bengal's capital [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]], and was severely whipped during the excavation of a lake. Local traditions in Murshidabad also claim that Husain was the ''rakhal'' (cow-keeper) for a [[Brahmin]] in Chandpara.<ref name="tarafdar3">{{cite book |author=Tarafdar, Momtazur Rahman |author-link=Momtazur Rahman Tarafdar |title=Husain Shahi Bengal: a socio-political study |date=1965 |publisher=University Of Dacca |page=356-360 |chapter=Appendix B: The early life of Husain |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108199/page/355/mode/2up}}</ref>

Considering the reference to his employment under Subuddhi Rai, historian [[Abdul Karim (historian)|Abdul Karim]] suggests that Husain had a gradual rise in Bengal's government, prior to being appointed ''[[Vizier|wazir]]'' under [[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah]]. He further offers that Husain had been following in the footsteps of his father, Sayyid Ashraf, who Karim tentatively identifies as being the officers Khan Mu'azzam Ashraf Khan and Sayyid A'zam Sayyid Dastur, mentioned in the inscriptions of the last [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty|Ilyas Shahi]] sultans [[Ruknuddin Barbak Shah]] and [[Jalaluddin Fateh Shah]] respectively. Karim continues that Sayyid Ashraf had been involved in the ascension of the latter, for which he was appointed ''wazir'' and acknowledged on the coinage. Karim further suggests that Husain himself may have also taken part in this regime change.<ref>{{cite | last=Karim | first=Abdul |author-link=Abdul Karim (historian) | title=Significance of the words "Al-Husain Shahi" in the coins of Sultan Jalal Al-Din Fath Shah|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan |volume=XIV |issue=1 | publisher=Asiatic Society of Pakistan |location=Ramna, Dhaka | date=1969 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281633/page/n142/mode/1up | pages=136–39}}</ref><ref>{{cite | last=Tarafdar | first=Momtazur Rahman |author-link=Momtazur Rahman Tarafdar | title=Epigraphic and numismatic notes bearing on the history of pre-Mughal Bengal |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh | publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |volume=XX |issue=3 | date=1975 | url=https://books.google.com | page=8}}</ref>

16th-century Portuguese explorer [[João de Barros]] mentions the story of a noble Arab merchant from [[Aden]] arriving in [[Chittagong]] with an army to aid the [[Sultan of Bengal]] in conquering [[Orissa]]. This merchant later killed the Sultan, thus becoming ruler of Bengal, and according to [[Heinrich Blochmann]], Barros' narrative is in reference to Husain Shah.<ref name="tarafdar3" />

==Accession==
Most sources are in agreement that Husain was appointed the ''[[Vizier|wazir]]'' (prime minister) of Sultan [[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah]] (r. 1491-1493). Initially, Husain secretly sympathized with the rebels but ultimately he put himself openly as their head and besieged the citadel, where Muzaffar Shah shut himself with a few thousand soldiers. According to the 16th-century historian [[Nizamuddin Ahmad|Nizamuddin]], the Sultan was secretly assassinated by Husain with the help of the ''paik''s (palace-guards), which ended the [[Ethiopia|Abyssinian]] rule in Bengal.<ref name="Majumdar1980p215" />

==Reign ==

===Initial administrative actions===
Immediately after accession to the throne, Husain Shah ordered his soldiers to refrain from plundering [[Gaur, West Bengal|Gaur]], his capital city. But being annoyed with their continuous plundering, he executed twelve thousand soldiers and recovered the looted articles, which included 13,000 gold plates. Subsequently, he disbanded the ''paik''s (the palace guards) who were the most significant agitators inside the palace. He removed all [[Habshi]]s from administrative posts and replaced them with [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], Arabs, [[Pashtuns|Afghans]], and [[Bengalis]].{{sfn|Majumdar|1980|p=216}}

===Engagement with the Delhi Sultanate===
Sultan [[Hussain Shah Sharqi]], after being defeated by [[Bahlol Lodi]], retired to Bihar, where his occupation was confined to a small territory. In 1494, he was again defeated by Sultan [[Sikandar Lodi]] and fled to Bengal, where he was granted asylum by Sultan Ala-ud-Din Husain Shah.{{sfn|Majumdar|1980|pp=143, 192}} This resulted in an expedition against Bengal in 1496 by Sultan Sikandar Lodi. Husain Shah of Bengal sent an army under his son [[Shahzada Danyal]] to fight with the Delhi army. The armies of Delhi and Bengal met at [[Barh]] near [[Patna]]. The Delhi army suffered from logistics problems from the beginning of the campaign, and thus Sikandar Lodi halted the advance of his army and concluded a treaty of friendship with Ala-ud-din Husain Shah. According to this agreement, the country west of Barh went to Sikandar Lodi while the country east of Barh remained under Husain Shah of Bengal. The final dissolution of the Jaunpur Sultanate resulted in the influx of the Jaunpur soldiery in the Bengal army, which was further strengthened by it.{{sfn|Majumdar|1980|pp=216–217}} Moreover, the Lodis could not maintain their dominance over the entirety of the Jaunpuri territory they annexed, leading to Bengali expansion in Uttar Pradesh. This is signified by Alauddin Hussain Shah's numerous inscriptions that record the construction of mosques: a Jama Mosque in Kharid village of Balia district of Uttar Pradesh, another mosque in Sikdarpur, Azamgarh district, Uttar Pradesh, and another mosque in Hussainabad of Balia district in 1501-02,<ref>Hussain, Syed Ejaz. Shiraz-i Hind: A History of the Jaunpur Sultanate. New Delhi: Manohar, 2017, p. 81. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/36986170/Shiraz_i_Hind_A_History_of_Jaunpur_Sultanate</ref> Hussainabad being named after Husain Shah himself. This indicates firm control of Husain Shah in trans-Gandak area of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>Hussain, Syed Ejaz. “Discovery of Husain Shah’s New Inscription and Ruins of a Jami Mosque from Husainabad in Ballia District of Uttar Pradesh and Diffusion of the Bengal Art.” Journal of Bengal Art, vol. 18, 2013, pp. 9–21. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/5812257/DISCOVERY_OF_HUSAIN_SHAH_S_NEW_INSCRIPTION_AND_RUINS_OF_A_JAMI_MOSQUE_FROM_HUSAINABAD_IN_BALLIA_DISTRICT_OF_UTTAR_PRADESH_AND_DIFFUSION_OF_THE_BENGAL_ART</ref>

===Conquest of Kamrup-Kamatapur===
{{Main|Conquest of Kamata}}
[[File:The Panbari Mosque in Dhubri district, Assam.jpg|thumb|250x250px|The [[Panbari Mosque]] was thought to have been built by Husain Shah to commemorate the Kamata victory.]]Nilambar, the Khen dynasty ruler of [[Kamatapur|Kamata Kingdom]], had expanded his territory up to Kamrup on the bank of the river Baranadi in the east, and river Karatoya in Bengal in the south.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghoshal|first=Sarat Chandra|title=A History of Cooch Behar|publisher=State Press, Cooch Behar|year=1942|page=55}}</ref> Taking advantage of the Abyssinian anarchy in Bengal, he consolidated his territory by constructing a road from his capital to Ghoraghat in Dinajpur. In response, in 1498, Alauddin Husain Shah prepared to invade Kamatapur. His campaign was aided by the defection of a minister of King Nilambar.{{sfn|Sarkar|1973|p=147}} In 1499, Husain Shah invaded Kamatapur with his army, which reportedly consisted of 24,000 infantry, cavalry and a war flotilla.<ref name=sarkar>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=J N|contribution=Chapter IV: Early Rulers of Koch Bihar|editor-last=Barpujari|editor-first=H. K.|title=The Comprehensive History of Assam|volume=2|publisher=Assam Publication Board|place=Guwahati|year=1992|page=46}}</ref> Nilambar had taken strong defensive measures in his capital of Kamatapur, and constructed a string of forts across his kingdom, including forts in [[Sadullapur Upazila|Sadullapur]], [[Ulipur Upazila|Ulipur]] and [[Jaldhaka]].{{sfn|Ghoshal|1942|p=54-55}} Husain's army started marching towards Kamatapur by taking fort Fatehpur in Sadullapur, while the navy started from Ekdala. Husain Shah personally defeated the combined army of local kings Rupnarayan, Manakumar, Lakshmana and Lakshmimana,{{sfn|Ghoshal|1942|p=57-58}} whereas Husain Shah's general, [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]], marched straight to Nilambar's capital.<ref name=sarkar>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=J N|contribution=Chapter IV: Early Rulers of Koch Bihar|editor-last=Barpujari|editor-first=H. K.|title=The Comprehensive History of Assam|volume=2|publisher=Assam Publication Board|place=Guwahati|year=1992|page=46}}</ref> After a long siege, Ismail defeated and imprisoned King Nilambar of Kamata, pillaged and destroyed the capital city and annexed the territory of Kamatapur and Kamrup up to [[Hajo]], 16 miles from Guwahati, the capital of Assam. A colony of Afghans was left behind at Hajo to set up administration, and prince [[Danyal (Hussain Shahi dynasty)|Danyal]] was appointed viceregent of Kamatapur. The victory was publicly recorded in an inscription at [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]].{{sfn|Majumdar|1980|p=217}}

===Odisha campaign===
According to the ''[[Madala Panji]]'', [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]] commenced his campaign from the [[Gar Mandaran|Mandaran]] fort (in the present-day [[Hooghly district]]) in 1508-09 and reached Puri, raiding Jajpur and [[Cuttack|Katak]] on the way. The Gajapati King of Orissa, [[Prataparudra Deva]] was busy in a campaign in the south. On hearing the news, he returned and defeated the invading Bengal army and chased it into the borders of Bengal. He reached the Mandaran fort and besieged it, where the general had taken shelter. The general managed to escape along with some of his soldiers. Rest of the forces of Bengal were routed, and the fort was besieged by Prataparudra's army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Dipti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=to_U9I6Ol9wC&q=Prataparudra+deva+the+last+Suryavamsi+king+of+odisha+mandaran |title=Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540) |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=2007 |isbn=9788172111953 |pages=18 |language=English}}</ref> However, due to the treachery of one of Prataprudra's officers, the siege had to be raised and the Orissan soldiers withdrawn.{{sfn|Sarkar|1973|pp=148}} Intermittent hostilities between the Bengal and Orissa armies along the border continued throughout the reign of Husain Shah,{{sfn|Majumdar|1980|pp=217–218}} and by 1515 Orissa was a vassal of Bengal Sultanate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard Maxwell |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA64 |year=1996 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |access-date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222946/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Expansion in the Northeast===
When Gouhar Khan, the Bengali governor of [[Sylhet]] (in present-day [[Bangladesh]]) died, the district was seized by ruler of the neighbouring kingdom of [[Pratapgarh Kingdom#War against Bengal|Pratapgarh]], Sultan Bazid.<ref>{{Citation|first=Subīra|last=Kara|title=1857 in North East: a reconstruction from folk and oral sources|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uH0MAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Akansha Publishing House|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8370-131-0|access-date=2020-01-20|archive-date=2024-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128082210/https://books.google.com/books?id=uH0MAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> One of Husain Shah's nobles named Surwar Khan was sent to confront Bazid and when attempts at negotiations failed, fought against the Sultan and his allies. Bazid was defeated and captured and was forced to give heavy concessions to keep his kingdom, though under the suzerainty of Bengal. In reward for his actions, Surwar Khan was named the new governor of Sylhet and the defeated Sultan's daughter was given in marriage to his son, Mir Khan.<ref>*{{Citation|last=Choudhury|first=Achyut Charan|author-link=Achyut Charan Choudhury|title=Srihatter Itibritta: Purbangsho|page=294|year=2000|orig-year=1910|publisher=Kotha|location=[[Kolkata]]|language=Bangla|url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%3A%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_-_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6.pdf/%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE|access-date=2020-01-20|archive-date=2020-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626153732/https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_-_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6.pdf/%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=Hosne Ara|last=Motahar|editor=Sharif Uddin Ahmed|title=Museum Establishment and Heritage Preservation: Sylhet Perspective|journal=Sylhet: History and Heritage|page=715|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_BtAAAAMAAJ|date=1999|publisher=Bangladesh Itihas Samiti|location=[[Sylhet]]|isbn=978-984-31-0478-6|access-date=2020-01-20|archive-date=2024-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128082139/https://books.google.com/books?id=M_BtAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the northeast Husain Shah extended the boundary of his sultanate beyond Karimganj, up to Kachar district of Assam. This is signified by a inscription found in a mosque built in Kaliganj Bazar, Kachar in 1503-1504 by Sher Malik, the son of Malik Sadami the Magh, which mentions Husain Shah as the ruling sovereign.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mitra|first=Pratip Kumar|title=An Inscription of Sultan Ala al-din Husain Shah from Cachar, Assam|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society|year=2011|url=https://www.academia.edu/7042361/An_Inscription_of_Sultan_Ala_al_din_Husain_Shah_from_Cachar_Assam}}</ref> In 1513, Husain's governor in Sylhet, Rukn Khan, defeated eight tribal chiefs ruling in the borders of Sylhet.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mitra|first=Pratip Kumar|title=An Inscription of Sultan Ala al-din Husain Shah from Cachar, Assam|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society|year=2011|url=https://www.academia.edu/7042361/An_Inscription_of_Sultan_Ala_al_din_Husain_Shah_from_Cachar_Assam}}</ref>

===Expeditions to Tripura and Arakan===
[[File:Hussain Shahis of Bengal.png|thumb|250px|Map of the Hussain Shahi dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate]]
According to [[Rajmala]], a late royal chronicle of [[Tripura]], Husain Shah despatched his army four times to Tripura. The Tripura army offered stiff resistance and did not yield any territory, but in the fourth expedition Hussain Shah succeeded to annex at least some portion of the territory of Tripura. The 1513 Sonargaon inscription of Khawas Khan, entitled ''Sar-i-Lashkar-i-Tripura'' (Commander-in-chief of the Army Stationed in Tripura) is interpreted by a number of modern scholars as an evidence of annexure of at least a part of Tripura by Husain Shah.{{sfn|Majumdar|1980|pp=218–219}}

During Alauddin Husain Shah's expeditions to Tripura, the ruler of Arakan helped Dhanya Manikya, the ruler of Tripura and expelled Husain Shah's officers from Chittagong. In 1516, Husain Shah decided to launch an expedition to Arakan. Husain assigned the charge of the land army for Arakan expedition to Paragal Khan; prince Nasrat, who was made crown prince of Bengal in 1515, was placed in overall command.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan, Vol. II: Chittagong under Pathan Rule in Bengal |author=Muhammad Abdur Rahim |date=1957 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Pakistan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98855/page/n48/mode/1up |pages=48 }}</ref> On Nasrat's order, Paragal Khan advanced from his base on the Feni River. The territory up to the western bank of Kaladan river was placed under his governorship administration. The hostilities probably ended in 1516, when Mrauk U recognized Bengali sovereignty over Chittagong and northern [[Arakan]].<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> As a result of the conflict, Mrauk U again became a vassal of the Bengal Sultanate.<ref name="বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস"/> Nasrat renamed Chittagong to Fatehabad, City of Victory.

After his victory, Husain Shah divided Chittagong into six separate ''shiq'' or districts, with Ramu being the southernmost district and most prominent. Paragal Khan and Chuti Khan were entrusted to keep Tripura in check, whereas another officer, Khuda Baksh Khan was appointed at the border with Arakan. Amirza Khan was appointed the governor of the port city of Chittagong. Hamid Khan, with his seat at Sitakunda, was entrusted with the job of dealing with the hill tribesmen of Chittagong hill tracts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Qanungo|first=Suniti Bhushan|title=A History of Chittagong, Volume 1: From Ancient Times down to 1761|publisher=Signet Library|location=Chittagong|year=1988|page=209}}</ref> Husain Shahi victory over Arakan is also corroborated by Portuguese adventurer Joao de Silvera who, landing in Chittagong in 1517, stated that Arakan was a vassal state of Bengal Sultanate.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan, Vol. II: Chittagong under Pathan Rule in Bengal |author=Muhammad Abdur Rahim |date=1957 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Pakistan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98855/page/n48/mode/1up |pages=48 }}</ref>

The Portuguese explorer, [[Vasco da Gama]], arrived India by sea in 1498.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm |title=KingListsFarEast |access-date=2011-05-04 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225110920/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Consequently, a Portuguese mission came to Bengal to establish diplomatic relations towards the end of Husain Shah's reign.<ref name="bpedia" /> About Husain Shah's military prowess, Portuguese official Tome Pires wrote:
<blockquote>The king is a Moor, a warrior. He has great renown among the Moors... he fights with heathen kings, great lords and greater than he, but the king of Bengal is nearer to the sea, he is more practiced at war, and he prevails over them.<ref>Pires, Tomé; Rodrigues, Francisco (1944). The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The Book of Francisco Rodrigues. London: Hakluyt Society. p. 87-89.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6QwDwAAQBAJ |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

Husain Shah's long reign of more than a quarter of a century was a period of peace and prosperity, which was strikingly contrast to the period that preceded it. The liberal attitude of Husain Shah towards his Hindu subjects is also an important feature of his reign.{{sfn|Majumdar|1980|p=220}} Many [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] had taken service at his court.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6QwDwAAQBAJ |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |pages=102 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cultural contribution==
[[File:Choto Sona Mosque - East South exposure.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Sona Mosque|Choto Shona Mosque]] built during the reign of Alauddin Husain Shah]]
The reign of Husain Shah witnessed a remarkable development of Bengali literature.{{sfn|Majumdar|1980|p=220}} Under the patronage of Paragal Khan, Husain Shah's governor of Chittagong, Kabindra Parameshvar wrote his ''Pandabbijay'', a Bengali adaptation of the [[Mahabharata]]. Similarly, under the patronage of Paragal's son Chhuti Khan, who succeeded his father as governor of Chittagong, Shrikar Nandi wrote another Bengali adaptation of the Mahabharata. Kabindra Parameshvar in his ''Pandabbijay'' eulogised Husain Shah.<ref>Sen, Sukumar (1991, reprint 2007). ''Bangala Sahityer Itihas'', Vol.I, {{in lang|bn}}, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7066-966-9}}, pp.208–11</ref> Bijay Gupta wrote his [[Manasamangal Kāvya]] also during his reign. He eulogised Husain Shah by comparing him with [[Arjuna]] (''samgrame Arjun Raja prabhater Rabi'').<ref>Sen, Sukumar (1991, reprint 2007). ''Bangala Sahityer Itihas'', Vol.I, {{in lang|bn}}, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7066-966-9}}, p.189</ref> He mentioned him as ''Nripati-Tilak'' (the tilak-mark of kings) and ''Jagat-bhusan'' (the adornment of the universe) as well.<ref name="bpedia">{{cite Banglapedia|author=Chowdhury, AM|article=Husain Shah}}</ref> An official of Husain Shah, Yashoraj Khan, wrote a number of [[Vaishnava Padavali|Vaishnava padas]] and he also praised his ruler in one of his pada.<ref>Sen, Sukumar (1991, reprint 2007). ''Bangala Sahityer Itihas'', Vol.I, {{in lang|bn}}, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7066-966-9}}, p.99</ref> During Husain Shah's reign a number of significant monuments were constructed. Wali Muhammad built [[Chota Sona Masjid]] in Gaur.{{sfn|Majumdar|1980|p=693}}

In 1502 AD, the Sultan ordered a [[Madrasa]] to be built "for the teaching of the sciences of religion and for instruction in the principles which lead to certainty, in the hope of obtaining from Allah the great reward and begging from Him that He will ever remain pleased (with him.)"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=imqQPwAACAAJ |title=Social History of the Muslims in Bengal |date=2014 |publisher=Jatiya Sahitya Prakash |isbn=978-984-560-124-5 |pages=43 |language=en}}</ref>

During his reign, an Islamic scholar known as Shaykh Muhammad ibn Yazdan Bakhsh Bengali visited [[Kapasia Upazila|Ekdala]] where he transcribed [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] and gifted it to the Sultan in [[Sonargaon]]. The manuscript is currently kept at the [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]] in [[Bankipore]], [[Patna]], Bihar.<ref name="emd">{{cite book |script-title=bn:হাদীছের তত্ত্ব ও ইতিহাস|page=24|language=bn |publisher=Emdadia Library |chapter=2.2 বঙ্গে এলমে হাদীছ |author=Mawlana Nur Muhammad Azmi |trans-title=Information and history of Hadith |trans-chapter=2.2 Knowledge of Hadith in Bengal}}</ref>

==Religious policy==
The reign of Husain Shah is also known for [[religious tolerance]] towards his subjects. While R.C. Majumdar writes that during his Orissa campaigns he destroyed some [[Hindu temple]]s, which [[Vrindavana Dasa Thakura]] has mentioned in his [[Chaitanya Bhagavata]],{{sfn|Majumdar|1980|p=634}} he was well known for his tolerance of Hinduism, for which his Hindu subjects named him Nripati Tilak (Crown of Kings) and Jagat Bhushana (Adornment of the Universe)- and many of his previously oppressed Hindu subjects even compared him to an incarnation of [[Krishna]].<ref name=SarkarP151/> The celebrated medieval saint, [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and his followers preached [[Bhakti]] (Nath-Gopi) throughout Bengal during his reign.{{sfn|Majumdar|1980|p=514}} When Husain Shah learned of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's huge following among his subjects, he ordered his ''[[Qadi|qazi]]s'' not to injure him in any way and allow him to go wherever he liked.{{sfn|Majumdar|1980|p=634}} Later, two high level Hindu officers in Husain Shah's administration, his Private Secretary, (''Dabir-i-Khas'') [[Rupa Goswami]] and his Intimate Minister (''Saghir Malik'') [[Sanatana Goswami]] became devoted followers of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.{{sfn|Majumdar|1980|p=513}} Gaudiya Vaishnavas consider him to be the incarnation of King [[Jarasandha]].

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Silver Tanka from the Sultanate of Delhi, struck in the name of Alauddin Husain Shah, photographed from a personal collection in West Bengal, India, September 18, 2024.jpg|thumb|Silver Tanka from the Sultanate of Delhi, struck in the name of Alauddin Husain Shah.]]
[[File:Silver Tanka of Bengal Sultan Alauddin Husain Shah, struck in Khazana mint of Husainabad.jpg|thumb|Silver Tanka of Bengal Sultan Alauddin Husain Shah, struck in Khazana mint of Husainabad.]]
Alauddin Husain Shah died in 1519 and was succeeded by his oldest surviving son, Nasrat Shah, who had been the crown prince since 1515. He was possibly buried in Gaur City near the Qadam Rasul Mosque. Henry Creighton saw the black stone tombs of Alauddin Husain Shah and Nasrat Shah in Gaur, which has disappeared, allegedly carted away by the English.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Gaur, City|author=[[Aniruddha Ray|Ray, Aniruddha]]}}</ref>

Husian Shah's long reign of more than a quarter of a century was a period of peace and prosperity, which was strikingly contrast to the period that preceded it. Husain Shah had strengthened trade relations with the middle east, and Bengal's economy flourished during his reign. Ludovico de Varthema, who visited Gaur between 1503–1508, recorded: “Fifty ship are laden every year in this place with cotton and silk stuffs... These same stuffs go through all Turkey, through Syria, through Persia, through Arabia Felix, through Ethiopia, and through all India." <ref>{{Cite journal| last1 = Shovelton|first1 =Emily|title = Revisiting a Royal Sultanate Manuscript from Bengal: The Sharafnama of Nasir al-Din Nusrat Shah of 938/1531–2|journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|year = 2021|volume = 44|issue = 1|pages = 225–244|doi = 10.1080/05786967.2021.1911759|url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/05786967.2021.1911759}}</ref> The liberal attitude of Husain Shah towards his Hindu subjects is also an important feature of his reign.{{sfn|Majumdar|1980|p=220}} Many [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] had taken service at his court.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6QwDwAAQBAJ |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |pages=102 |language=en}}</ref>
.

R.C. Majumdar summarizes,
<blockquote>Husain was unlucky in not having had an Abul Fazl to record his sayings and glorify his actions, and no contemporary chronicle has survived. But the few facts known of his reign are sufficient clues to the greatness of a ruler who may well be compared with Akbar. Of all the Muslim sovereigns Bengal had had, he captured most the imagination of the people and "the name of Husain Shah the good, is still remembered from the frontiers of Orissa to the Brahmaputra".{{sfn|Sarkar|1973|p=152}} </blockquote>

==Family and issue==
According to ''Riyaz-us-Salatin'', which was compiled in 1788, Husain Shah had eighteen sons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Salim|first=Ghulam Husain|title=Riyazu-s-Salatin; a History of Bengal|translator=Maulavi Abdus Salam|year=1902|publisher=Asiatic Society|location=Calcutta|page=134|url=https://archive.org/details/riyazussalatinhi00saliuoft/page/134/mode/1up
}}</ref><ref name="Montebello1982">{{cite book|last=De Montebello|first=Philippe|author-link=Philippe De Montebello|title=Notable Acquisitions, 1981–1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXFgCsFyPDQC&pg=PA13|year=1982|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-0-87099-328-2|page=13|access-date=2020-04-23|archive-date=2024-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128082139/https://books.google.com/books?id=RXFgCsFyPDQC&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also said to have at least eleven daughters.<ref name="Sarkar1985">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jagadish Narayan|title=Hindu-Muslim relations in Bengal: medieval period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JopuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Husain+Shah%27s+daughter+and+Kandarpadeva,+son+of+Brahman+Madan+Bhaduri+of+Bhaturia;+(e)+Husain+Shah%27s+eleventh+daughter+and+eleventh+son+of+Madan+Bhaduri.%22|year=1985|publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i-Delli|location=Delhi|page=52|isbn=9780836418026|access-date=2020-09-21|archive-date=2024-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128082253/https://books.google.com/books?id=JopuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Husain+Shah%27s+daughter+and+Kandarpadeva,+son+of+Brahman+Madan+Bhaduri+of+Bhaturia;+%28e%29+Husain+Shah%27s+eleventh+daughter+and+eleventh+son+of+Madan+Bhaduri.%22|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Portuguese official Tome Pires, who was a contemporary of Husain, wrote in 1515 that Husain Shah had twenty four sons by his concubines, and many daughters.<ref>Pires, Tomé; Rodrigues, Francisco (1944). The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The Book of Francisco Rodrigues. London: Hakluyt Society. Available at: Internet Archive, p. 95. https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-136385-182/page/n217/mode/1up</ref> Among these are:
* [[Danyal (Hussain Shahi dynasty)|Danyal]]: likely the eldest son.<ref>{{cite book|last=Desai|first=Ziyaud-Din A.|author-link=Z. A. Desai|title=Purā-prakāśa: Recent Researches in Epigraphy, Numismatics, Manuscriptology, Persian Literature, Art, Architecture, Archaeology, History and Conservation : Dr. Z.A. Desai Commemoration Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKDpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Tn+the+third+year+of+Husain+Shah%27s+occupation+of+the+throne,+Daniyal+probably+his+eldest+son,+acted+as+his+deputy+in+negotiations+with+Sultan+Sikandar+Lodi%22|year=2003|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8090-007-5|page=244|access-date=2020-09-21|archive-date=2024-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128082217/https://books.google.com/books?id=EKDpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Tn+the+third+year+of+Husain+Shah%27s+occupation+of+the+throne,+Daniyal+probably+his+eldest+son,+acted+as+his+deputy+in+negotiations+with+Sultan+Sikandar+Lodi%22|url-status=live}}</ref> May have been killed at the end of the campaign on [[Kamata kingdom]].<ref name="Montebello1982" /> According to the ''[[Buranji|Assam Buranji]]'', Danyal's son Musunder Ghazi succeeded him as governor of Kamatapur, but had died before 1515.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assam Buranji Part 1,2,3,4|author=Haliram Dhekial Phukan|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458025/page/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6/mode/1up|publisher=Digital Library of India / Mokshada Pustakalaya|page=10-11}}</ref>
* [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]] alias Ali Shah: was made crown prince of Bengal in 1515; succeeded his father. Reigned as Sultan of Bengal from 1519 to 1532.<ref name="ChakrabartiChakrabarti2013">{{cite book|last1=Chakrabarti|first1=Kunal|last2=Chakrabarti|first2=Shubhra|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA226|year=2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5|page=226|access-date=2020-04-23|archive-date=2024-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128082145/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA226#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]]: born as Abdul Badr, reigned as Sultan of Bengal from 1533 to 1538.<ref name="ChakrabartiChakrabarti2013" />
* Qutbuddin Nasir: A son of Husain Shah, he constructed a Jami Mosque in Matihani village, Munger, Bihar.<ref>Hussain, Syed Ejaz. [https://www.academia.edu/5812257/DISCOVERY_OF_HUSAIN_SHAH_S_NEW_INSCRIPTION_AND_RUINS_OF_A_JAMI_MOSQUE_FROM_HUSAINABAD_IN_BALLIA_DISTRICT_OF_UTTAR_PRADESH_AND_DIFFUSION_OF_THE_BENGAL_ART "Discovery of Husain Shah’s New Inscription and Ruins of a Jami Mosque from Husainabad in Ballia District of Uttar Pradesh and Diffusion of the Bengal Art.”] Journal of Bengal Art, vol. 18, 2013, pp. 10</ref>
* Raushan Akhtar Banu: possibly a granddaughter. Married [[Ibrahim Danishmand]], a [[Sufi]] saint and landowner.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhaduri |first=Reena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-LZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22It+is+said+that+he+gave+his+daughter+,+Raushan+Akhtar+Banu+,+of+Persian+mother+,+in+marriage+to+Qutb+ul+Ashageen+%22 |title=Social Formation in Medieval Bengal |publisher=Bibhasa |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-87337-11-9 |page=128 |access-date=2020-09-21 |archive-date=2024-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128082211/https://books.google.com/books?id=C-LZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22It+is+said+that+he+gave+his+daughter+,+Raushan+Akhtar+Banu+,+of+Persian+mother+,+in+marriage+to+Qutb+ul+Ashageen+%22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muazzam Hussain |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2014 |edition=Second |chapter=Ibrahim Danishmand, Saiyid |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Danishmand,_Saiyid |access-date=2020-04-23 |archive-date=2018-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103091842/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Danishmand,_Saiyid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sarkar19852">{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jagadish Narayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JopuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Husain+Shah%27s+daughter+and+Kandarpadeva,+son+of+Brahman+Madan+Bhaduri+of+Bhaturia;+(e)+Husain+Shah%27s+eleventh+daughter+and+eleventh+son+of+Madan+Bhaduri.%22 |title=Hindu-Muslim relations in Bengal: medieval period |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i-Delli |year=1985 |isbn=9780836418026 |location=Delhi |page=52 |access-date=2020-09-21 |archive-date=2024-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128082253/https://books.google.com/books?id=JopuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Husain+Shah%27s+daughter+and+Kandarpadeva,+son+of+Brahman+Madan+Bhaduri+of+Bhaturia;+%28e%29+Husain+Shah%27s+eleventh+daughter+and+eleventh+son+of+Madan+Bhaduri.%22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* A daughter: married Jalal Khan, son of [[Hussain Shah Sharqi]], erstwhile sultan of Jaunpur.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hussain | first=Syed Ejaz | title=Shiraz-I Hind: A History of Jaunpur Sultanate | publisher=BRILL | date=2025-10-27 | isbn=978-90-04-75387-7 | url=https://www.academia.edu/36986170/Shiraz_i_Hind_A_History_of_Jaunpur_Sultanate | page=76}}</ref>
* A daughter: married Kandarpadeva, a son of the [[Brahmin]] Madan Bhaduri of Bhaturia.<ref name="Sarkar1985"/> Kandarpadeva converted to Islam before their marriage.<ref name=Dinesh654>{{Citation|last=Sen|first=Dinesh Chandra|authorlink=Dinesh Chandra Sen|title=Br̥haṯ baṅga: Dbitīẏa khaṇḍa|year=1928|publisher=[[University of Calcutta]]|location=[[Calcutta]]|language=bn|url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97_(%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1)_-_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8.pdf/%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%AC|page=654}}</ref>
* A daughter: married another son of Madan Bhaduri of Bhaturia, who also converted to Islam before their marriage.<ref name="Sarkar1985"/><ref name=Dinesh654/>
* A daughter: married Makhdum Alam, governor of Bihar.{{sfn|Sarkar|1973|p=153}}
* A daughter: married Alauddin, a general of her brother Nasrat Shah.{{sfn|Sarkar|1973|p=153}}
* A daughter: married Alfa Husaini, an Arab merchant, who assisted with ships and materials for prince Nasrat's conquest of Chittagong.{{sfn|Qanungo|1988|p=163-164}}

==See also==
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bangladesh]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Isa Khan]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}{{History of Bangladesh}}
{{Bengal Sultanate}}{{History of Bengal}}{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before=Abyssinian rule ([[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah]])
| title=[[Sultanate of Bengal]] [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]]
| years=1493–1519
| after=[[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Hussain Shahi dynasty}}

{{Wikiquote}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Alauddin}}
[[Category:1519 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Hussain Shahi dynasty]]

Kalwan Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:17:41Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalwan
| constituency_no = 117
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 117-Kalwan.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency|Dindori]]
| district = [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Nitin Arjun Pawar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =302,178
}}
'''Kalwan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]], located in Nashik district.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=4 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Kalwan is part of the [[Dindori (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindori Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Chandwad Assembly constituency]], [[Dindori (Maharasthra Assembly constituency)|Dindori]], [[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]], [[Niphad Assembly constituency]] and [[Yeola Assembly constituency]] .<ref name=ceo/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalwan Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/kalwan.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Dongar Rama More || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}

|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar|Arjun Pawar]]

|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Kashinath Bahiram
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar|Arjun Pawar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Jiva Pandu Gavit]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nitin Arjun Pawar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalwan<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kalwan">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kalwan |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13117.htm |access-date=22 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222073520/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13117.htm |archive-date=22 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Nitin Arjun Pawar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 119,191 |percentage = 50.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 110,759 |percentage = 46.84% |change={{increase}}5.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh (Dada) Bhika Thorat |party=Maharashtra Swarajya Party |votes = 2,230 |percentage = 0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,176 |percentage = 0.92% |change={{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nitin Uttam Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,639 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,432 |percentage = 3.57% |change= {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,38,646 |percentage = 78.98% |change= {{increase}}6.46 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,36,470}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,02,178|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}5.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalwan<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Nitin Arjun Pawar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 86,877 |percentage = 45.03% |change={{increase}}8.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 80,281 |percentage = 41.61% |change={{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohan Navasu Gangurde |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 23,052 |percentage = 11.95% |change={{increase}}6.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,048 |percentage = 1.06% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,596 |percentage = 3.42% |change= {{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,95,061 |percentage = 72.58% |change= {{increase}}0.08 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,92,946}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,68,757|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalwan<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 67,795 |percentage = 39.13% |change={{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 63,009 |percentage = 36.37% |change={{decrease}}14.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gavali Yashwant Laxman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,457 |percentage = 14.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghmare Bharat Laxman |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 9,024 |percentage = 5.21% |change={{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangurde Dhanraj Krishna |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 5,699 |percentage = 3.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,623 |percentage = 0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khotare Tulshiram Chiman |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,395 |percentage = 0.81% |change={{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,786 |percentage = 2.76% |change= {{decrease}}8.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,74,890 |percentage = 72.38% |change= {{increase}}1.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,73,266}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,41,613|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalwan<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 74,388 |percentage = 50.59% |change={{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 58,135 |percentage = 39.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhoom Yadav Pandu |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 10,628 |percentage = 7.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Haribhau Kalu |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,541 |percentage = 1.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambekar Dadaji Mhalu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,335 |percentage = 0.91% |change={{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,253 |percentage = 11.05% |change= {{decrease}}12.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,47,061 |percentage = 69.91% |change= {{increase}}6.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,47,027}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,10,368|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalwan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 74,938 |percentage = 59.39% |change={{increase}}16.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangurde Dhanraj Krishna |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 45,514 |percentage = 36.07% |change={{increase}}3.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Yuvraj Sukaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,523 |percentage = 2.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Prakash Karbhari |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,213 |percentage = 1.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,424 |percentage = 23.32% |change= {{increase}}12.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,26,195 |percentage = 63.48% |change= {{increase}}4.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,26,188}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,98,783|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}16.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalwan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 42,165 |percentage = 42.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangurde Dhanraj Krishna |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,629 |percentage = 32.25% |change={{decrease}}8.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bahiram Popat Motiram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,065 |percentage = 24.53% |change={{decrease}}10.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,536 |percentage = 10.74% |change= {{increase}}5.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,03,933 |percentage = 62.78% |change= {{decrease}}12.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,087}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,65,550|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalwan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 47,896 |percentage = 40.52% |change={{decrease}}18.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bahiram Popat Motiram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,311 |percentage = 34.95% |change={{decrease}}0.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagul Sitabai Baliram |party=Independent politician |votes = 23,631 |percentage = 19.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonawane Kailas Harishchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,985 |percentage = 2.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Dharma Bhimji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,749 |percentage = 1.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,585 |percentage = 5.57% |change= {{decrease}}17.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,23,610 |percentage = 74.57% |change= {{increase}}12.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,18,194}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,65,773|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}18.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalwan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,516 |percentage = 59.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bahiram Kashinath Narayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,088 |percentage = 35.94% |change={{decrease}}11.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhoye Subash Motiram |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 3,471 |percentage = 4.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagul Ramchandra Yewaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 631 |percentage = 0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,428 |percentage = 23.21% |change= {{increase}}19.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,658 |percentage = 60.26% |change= {{decrease}}5.77 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,706}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,42,141|ref = |change= {{increase}}25.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{increase}}7.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalwan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bahiram Kashinath Narayan |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 37,906 |percentage = 51.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Arjun Tulshiram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,882 |percentage = 47.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,024 |percentage = 4.13% |change= {{decrease}}44.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,119 |percentage = 66.37% |change= {{increase}}24.68 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,174}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,176|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}21.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalwan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 30,490 |percentage = 73.06% |change={{increase}}53.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangurde Ramchandra Hanumanta |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,245 |percentage = 24.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Mahadu Lasu |party=Independent politician |votes = 995 |percentage = 2.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,245 |percentage = 48.51% |change= {{increase}}12.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,875 |percentage = 41.07% |change= {{decrease}}15.66 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,730}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,04,403|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalwan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,218 |percentage = 58.33% |change={{increase}}15.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagul Babulal Hiraji |party=Janata Party |votes = 11,885 |percentage = 22.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Ambuji Rambhau |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 10,418 |percentage = 19.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,333 |percentage = 36.12% |change= {{increase}}10.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,660 |percentage = 57.85% |change= {{increase}}19.75 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,521}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,211|ref = |change= {{increase}}27.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalwan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dongar Rama More |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 11,689 |percentage = 43.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramdan Pandu Bagul |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,660 |percentage = 17.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yewaji Kashiram Gawit |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 4,516 |percentage = 16.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambu Rambhau Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,884 |percentage = 14.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalu Mahadu Nikam |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 2,281 |percentage = 8.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,029 |percentage = 26.00% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,894 |percentage = 39.68% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,030}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,331|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kalwan]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nashik district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.49|74.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nashik district]]

Shashikanth Akkappa Naik

2026-04-16T07:37:18Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Made New Info Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
| office2 = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| father = Akappa
| other_party = [[Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Bharathi Naik
| birth_place = [[Ghataprabha]], [[Belgaum district]], [[Karnataka]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1960|4|1}}
| constituency2 = [[Hukkeri Assembly constituency|Hukkeri]]
| successor2 = [[Umesh Katti]]
| predecessor2 = [[Umesh Katti]]
| term_end2 = 2008
| term_start2 = 2004
| successor1 = S. K. Belubbi
| term_start = 4 November 2008
| predecessor1 = [[B. Nagaraja Shetty]]
| 1namedata1 = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
| term_end1 = 8 October 2007
| term_start1 = 21 June 2006
| office1 = Minister of Horticulture [[Government of Karnataka]]
| constituency = ''Belgaum Local Authorities''
| successor = [[Mahantesh Kavatagimath]]
| predecessor = [[Satish Jarkiholi]]
| term_end = 5 January 2010
| source = https://www.kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/EXMEMBERS/ShashikanthAkkappaNaik.htm
}}

'''Shashikant Akkappa Naik''' is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Karnataka]] who served as the Minister of Horticulture from 21 June 2006 to 8 October 2007 under [[First Kumaraswamy ministry|H. D. Kumaraswamy]].

== Political career ==
Shashikanth Naik entered electoral politics by contesting [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994 Karnataka Assembly election]] from [[Hukkeri Assembly constituency|Hukkeri]] on a [[Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha|KRRS]] ticket. He lost to [[Umesh Katti]] of [[Janata Dal]] by a margin of 23,063 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hukkeri Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/hukkeri.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref> He however defeated [[Umesh Katti]] in [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004 Karnataka Assembly election]] on a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ticket by a margin of 821 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hukkeri Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/hukkeri-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He was inducted into [[First Kumaraswamy ministry|H. D. Kumaraswamy ministry]] on 21 June 2006<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2006 |title=K'taka cabinet expanded: 8 inducted |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jun/21ktaka.htm |access-date= |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> and was allotted Horticulture Department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka: CM allots portfolios to 8 new ministers |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jun/23ktaka.htm |access-date= |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> He however lost in [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] to [[Umesh Katti]] of [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]], who then defected to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] under [[Operation Kamala]] carried out by [[Yediyurappa]]. Shashikant Naik was later fielded as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate for by-poll to [[Karnataka Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] from Belgaum local authority constituency which had fallen vacant after the sitting legislator [[Satish Jarkiholi]] was elected to [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Yemkanmardi Assembly constituency|Yemkanmardi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=3 November 2008 |title=BJP's Shashikant A Naik Wins {{!}} All About Belgaum |url=https://allaboutbelgaum.com/news/bjp%e2%80%99s-shashikant-a-naik-wins/,%20https://allaboutbelgaum.com/news/bjp%e2%80%99s-shashikant-a-naik-wins/ |access-date= |language=}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Members of the Karnataka Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}

Deotalab Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:11Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Creating New Data First Draft - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deotalab
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 72
| map_image = 72-Deotalab.svg
| district = [[Rewa district|Rewa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rewa]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Girish Gautam]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Panchu Lal Prajapati
}}
'''Deotalab''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Rewa district]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Girish Gautam]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|1}}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Raghavendra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|C. Lal
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ram Khelawan
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Khelawan Bhir
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ram Khelawan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Bindra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Jai Karan Saket
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |Panchu Lal Prajapati
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2003">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=4|[[Girish Gautam]]
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Deotalab<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Girish Gautam]]
|votes = {{formatnum:63722}}
|percentage = 40.99
|change = +7.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Padmesh Gautam
|votes = {{formatnum:39336}}
|percentage = 25.3
|change = +2.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amarnath-Patel Uraf-W-Bhiya
|votes = {{formatnum:30251}}
|percentage = 19.46
|change = -12.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Seema Jaiveer Singh Sengar
|votes = {{formatnum:14152}}
|percentage = 9.1
|change = +7.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dileep Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1756}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change = +0.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramyagya Sondhiya
|votes = {{formatnum:1613}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1176}}
|percentage = 0.76
|change = +0.3
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24386}}
|percentage = 15.69
|change = +14.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:155459}}
|percentage = 63.3
|change = +0.87
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Deotalab<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Girish Gautam]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:45043}}
|percentage = 33.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Seema Jaiveer Singh Sengar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:43963}}
|percentage = 32.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vidya Wati Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:30383}}
|percentage = 22.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ramyagya Sondhiya (Ad.)
|votes = {{formatnum:2213}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Akhilesh Saket
|votes = {{formatnum:2210}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:1796}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abhishek Master Buddhsen Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:1759}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:623}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1080}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:135568}}
|percentage = 62.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rewa district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Deotalab]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.68|81.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rewa district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Curchorem Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:27Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Creating First Data V1 - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Curchorem
| mla = [[Nilesh Cabral]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| established = 1963
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:27484}}<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =37
| map_image = File:Curchorem constitution.svg
}}
'''Curchorem Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]]. [[Curchorem]] is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/goa/assembly-constituencies/curchorem.html Curchorem (Goa) Elections 2017 and Results]</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]]
| [[Vittal Karmali]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Abdul Razak
|{{Full party name with color|United Goans Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Anil Prabhu Dessai
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|rowspan=2|Domnick Fernandes
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|rowspan=2|Ramrao Dessai
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Shyam Satardekar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=3|[[Nilesh Cabral]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Curchorem<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nilesh Cabral]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,973 |percentage=43.70% |change={{decrease}}15.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amit Patkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,301 |percentage=40.75% |change={{increase}}27.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aditya Raut Dessai |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=2,103 |percentage=9.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gabriel Fernandes |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=830 |percentage=3.64% |change={{decrease}}5.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vithoba Prabhu Dessai |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=313 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=216 |percentage=0.95% |change={{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=672 |percentage=2.94% |change= {{decrease}}39.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,824 |percentage=82.12% |change= {{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,484 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}15.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Curchorem<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nilesh Cabral]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,830 |percentage=59.21% |change={{decrease}}12.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shyam Satardekar]] |party=Goa Suraksha Manch |votes=3,742 |percentage=17.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rosario Mariano Fernandes |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,778 |percentage=12.82% |change={{decrease}}14.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=James Fernandes |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=2,028 |percentage=9.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=290 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,088 |percentage=41.94% |change= {{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,668 |percentage=83.24% |change= {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,030 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Curchorem<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nilesh Cabral]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,299 |percentage=72.09% |change={{increase}}28.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shyam Satardekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,507 |percentage=27.76% |change={{decrease}}25.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,792 |percentage=44.32% |change= {{increase}}34.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,836 |percentage=83.99% |change= {{increase}}13.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,581 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}17.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Curchorem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shyam Satardekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,628 |percentage=52.84% |change={{increase}}9.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramrao Dessai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,729 |percentage=43.40% |change={{decrease}}9.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rumaldo D'Costa |party=Independent politician |votes=201 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khandekar Abhay Shambhu |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=173 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurudas Chandrakant Naik |party=Independent politician |votes=133 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,899 |percentage=9.44% |change= {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,115 |percentage=70.32% |change= {{decrease}}2.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,519 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Curchorem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramrao Dessai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,806 |percentage=53.25% |change={{increase}}6.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Domnick Fernandes |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,027 |percentage=43.59% |change={{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prof. Naik Sudhakar Tepalu |party=Independent politician |votes=296 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vaikunth Govind Gauns Dessai |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=183 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,779 |percentage=9.66% |change= {{increase}}7.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,415 |percentage=73.31% |change= {{increase}}6.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,101 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Curchorem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramrao Dessai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,640 |percentage=46.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Domnick Fernandes |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,271 |percentage=44.54% |change={{decrease}}4.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Diniz Patrick Domingo |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=580 |percentage=3.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gauns Dessai Vallabh Sadashiv |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=428 |percentage=2.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Nandkumar Gana |party=Shiv Sena |votes=355 |percentage=2.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=369 |percentage=2.26% |change= {{decrease}}27.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,324 |percentage=66.43% |change= {{decrease}}3.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,499 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Curchorem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Domnic Fernandes |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,989 |percentage=49.37% |change={{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adv. Dessai Narayan Mahadev |party=Shiv Sena |votes=3,163 |percentage=19.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Diniz Luis Constancio |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=2,664 |percentage=16.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Ashok Shanker |party=Independent politician |votes=1,683 |percentage=10.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Neel Rajaram |party=Independent politician |votes=287 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,826 |percentage=29.82% |change= {{increase}}20.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,182 |percentage=68.81% |change= {{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,078 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Curchorem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Domnic Fernandes |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,059 |percentage=53.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Desai Anil Hari |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,683 |percentage=44.31% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Desai Prakash Mahadeo |party=Janata Party |votes=128 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,376 |percentage=9.12% |change= {{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,083 |percentage=75.27% |change= {{increase}}8.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,755 |ref = |change= {{increase}}36.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Curchorem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Prabhu Dessai |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,055 |percentage=41.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karmali B. Gopinath |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=2,965 |percentage=30.36% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cota Carvalho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,123 |percentage=21.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaswant Ganesh Naik |party=Independent politician |votes=218 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. T. D Aquind |party=Independent politician |votes=78 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pereira Joao Pedro Joao |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=61 |percentage=0.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M Jose Joao Miguel |party=Independent politician |votes=60 |percentage=0.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,090 |percentage=11.16% |change= {{increase}}9.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,766 |percentage=66.18% |change= {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,445 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |swing= {{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Curchorem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Razak |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=3,657 |percentage=41.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. X. G. Desai |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,519 |percentage=39.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=F. S. Tony |party=Independent politician |votes=658 |percentage=7.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. D. Ramnath |party=Independent politician |votes=340 |percentage=3.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. A. Mahablu |party=Independent politician |votes=143 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. M. Pedro |party=Independent politician |votes=141 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. D. L. Dattu |party=Independent politician |votes=78 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=138 |percentage=1.55% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,903 |percentage=65.09% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,115 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.242|74.114|display=title}}

[[Category:South Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]

Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-31T07:49:36Z

Dr. Katy Jane:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Firozpur {{Small|PB-10}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Punjab/Firozpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[Sher Singh Ghubaya]]
| preceded_by = [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| assembly_cons = [[Firozpur City Assembly constituency|Firozpur City]] [[Firozpur Rural Assembly constituency|Firozpur Rural]] [[Guru Har Sahai Assembly constituency|Guru Har Sahai]] [[Jalalabad, Punjab Assembly constituency|Jalalabad]] [[Fazilka Assembly constituency|Fazilka]] [[Abohar Assembly constituency|Abohar]] [[Balluana Assembly constituency|Balluana]] [[Malout Assembly constituency|Malout]] [[Muktsar Assembly constituency|Muktsar]]
|reservation=None
}}
'''Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency''', formerly '''Ferozepur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 13 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state in northern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following nine Legislative Assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceopunjab.nic.in/English/ElectoralRolls/ACPCROERO/PCACLIST.html|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab website}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|76
|[[Firozpur City Assembly constituency|Firozpur City]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Firozpur district|Firozpur]]
|[[Ranveer Singh Bhullar]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 77
|[[Firozpur Rural Assembly constituency|Firozpur Rural]] (SC)
|[[Rajnish Dahiya]]
|{{party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|78
|[[Guru Har Sahai Assembly constituency|Guru Har Sahai]]
|[[Fauja Singh Sarari]]
|-
|79
|[[Jalalabad, Punjab Assembly constituency|Jalalabad]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Fazilka district|Fazilka]]
|[[Jagdeep Kamboj Goldy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|80
|[[Fazilka Assembly constituency|Fazilka]]
|[[Narinderpal Singh Sawna]]
|-
|81
|[[Abohar Assembly constituency|Abohar]]
|[[Sandeep Jakhar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|82
|[[Balluana Assembly constituency|Balluana]] (SC)
|[[Amandeep Singh Musafir]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|85
|[[Malout Assembly constituency|Malout]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" |[[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Muktsar Sahib]]
|[[Baljit Kaur]]
|{{party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|86
|[[Muktsar Assembly constituency|Muktsar]]
|[[Jagdeep Singh Brar]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}
#

== Members of Parliament ==
{{Pie chart|value1=57.894|value2=26.315|value3=10.526|label1=[[Shiromani Akali Dal|'''SAD''' (11 Times)]]|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC '''(5 Times)]]|label3=[[Bahujan Samaj Party|'''BSP''' (2 Times)]]|color1={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color3={{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Firozpur Lok Sabha|label4=[[Independent Candidate|'''IND''' (1 Time)]]|color4={{party color|Independent Candidate}}|value4=5.263}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|Bahadur Singh, Lal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Iqbal Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Sohan Singh Basi
| rowspan="4" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|
| rowspan="4" |[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|-
|1969^
|G Singh
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Mohinder Singh Gill
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Mohinder Singh Sayanwala
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Balram Jakhar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Gurdial Singh Dhillon]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Dhian Singh Mand]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1992]]
|rowspan="2" |Mohan Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Zora Singh Maan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Punjab|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election in Punjab|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sher Singh Ghubaya]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election in Punjab|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Punjab|2019]]
|[[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
|-
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Sher Singh Ghubaya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|}

^By poll

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===

{{Election box begin
|title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Firozpur
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[Sher Singh Ghubaya]]
|votes={{formatnum:266626}}
|percentage= 23.70
|change={{decrease}}13.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate=[[Jagdeep Singh Kaka Brar]]
|votes={{formatnum:263384}}
|percentage=23.41
|change= {{increase}}20.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Rana Gurmit Singh Sodhi]]
|votes={{formatnum:255097}}
|percentage=22.67
|change={{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate=Nardev Singh Bobby Mann
|votes={{formatnum:253645}}
|percentage=22.54
|change= {{decrease}}31.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate=Bhupinder Singh Bhullar
|votes={{formatnum:15941}}
|percentage=1.42
|change= ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the Above]]
|votes={{formatnum:6100}}
|percentage=0.54
|change={{decrease}}0.73
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes={{formatnum:3242}}
|percentage=0.29
|change={{decrease}}16.68
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes={{formatnum:1125115}}
|percentage= 67.37
|change=
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors ={{formatnum:1670008}}
|ref =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===

{{Election box begin
|title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Firozpur
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:633427}}
|percentage = 54.05
|change = {{increase}}9.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sher Singh Ghubaya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:434577}}
|percentage = 37.08
|change = {{decrease}}4.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Harjinder Singh Kaka Sran
|votes = {{formatnum:31872}}
|percentage = 2.72
|change = {{decrease}}7.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Hans Raj Golden
|votes = {{formatnum:26128}}
|percentage = 2.23
|change = ''N/A''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:14891}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change ={{increase}}0.57
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:198850}}
|percentage = 16.97
|change = {{increase}}14.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:1172801}}
|percentage = 72.47
|change = {{decrease}}0.15
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing = {{increase}}7.07
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===

{{Election box begin
|title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Firozpur
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Sher Singh Ghubaya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:487932}}
|percentage = 44.13
|change ={{decrease}}2.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sunil Kumar Jakhar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:456512}}
|percentage = 41.29
|change ={{decrease}}3.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Satnam Paul Kamboj
|votes = {{formatnum:113412}}
|percentage = 10.26
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Kumar Parjapat
|votes = {{formatnum:22274}}
|percentage = 2.01
|change ={{decrease}}1.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Dhian Singh Mand
|votes = {{formatnum:3655}}
|percentage = 0.33
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:7685}}
|percentage = 0.70
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31420}}
|percentage = 2.84
|change ={{decrease}}0.36
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:1105412}}
|percentage = 72.62
|change ={{increase}}1.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===

{{Election box begin
|title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Firozpur
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Sher Singh Ghubaya]]
|votes = 4,50,900
|percentage = 47.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jagmeet Singh Brar]]
|votes = 4,29,829
|percentage = 44.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gurdev Singh
|votes = 29,713
|percentage = 3.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Jagmeet Singh
|votes = 5,890
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Dalip Kumar
|votes = 5,376
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =21,071
|percentage = 3.20
|change = {{increase}}1.87
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,56,895
|percentage = 71.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Firozpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Fazilka Lok Sabha constituency]]

==Notes==
<references />

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}

{{coord|30.94|74.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Firozpur district]]

Bellandur metro station

2026-03-30T19:59:29Z

Dr. Katy Jane: started new post - done

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Prestige Bellandur
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Bellandur metro station (Mar '25).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station as of March 2025 under Phase 2A of [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]
| address = Bellandur Gate Rd, near Ecospace, Adarsh Palm Retreat, Bellandur, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560103
| coordinates = {{coord|12.92799|77.68077|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections =
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = BLDR '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Ibbaluru|to-left1=Central Silk Board|note-mid1=''(Future Service)''|right1=Kadubeesanahalli|to-right1=Krishnarajapura or KIAL Terminals}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Prestige Bellandur''' (formerly known as '''Bellandur''') is an important upcoming elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. This metro station serves mainly the [[Bellandur]] suburban area, which comprises [[Bellandur Lake]] in addition to many technology firms such as [[Intel]], [[RMZ Corp|RMZ Ecoworld]] and Embassy TechVillage.This metro station is slated to become operational ''December 2026'' instead of ''June 2026''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Bengaluru Big Infra Push: How Karnataka Is Planning to Fast Track Namma Metro's Blue Line Construction |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-blue-line-how-karnataka-is-planning-to-fast-track-namma-metros-blue-line-construction-bengaluru-news-article-153262357 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== History ==
In December 2019, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the Bellandur metro station, part of the 9.859 km Reach 2A – Package 1 section (Central Silk Board - Kodibeesanahalli) of the 18.236 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On 13 October 2020, [[Afcons Infrastructure]] was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Afcons & Shankaranarayana Win Bangalore Metro Phase 2A ORR Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/10/13/afcons-shankaranarayana-win-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-orr-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms.

=== Naming rights ===
In February 2026, Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited signed a station sponsorship deal for this upcoming metro station as part of Phase 2A of [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]. As part of this scheme, [[Prestige Group]] agreed to invest around ₹120 crore to facilitate the construction process and enhance passenger facilities.

In this deal, the company was granted the right to use the name of the station for 30 years, and the station will be named '''Prestige Bellandur Metro Station'''. The deal also provides limited commercial and advertising space in the station and the possibility of developing connectivity with nearby business development sites.

This is part of BMRCL’s efforts to develop metro infrastructure and passenger experience through public-private partnerships along the Outer Ring Road corridor. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-22 |title=Bellandur Metro station in Bengaluru gets Rs 120 crore boost from Prestige |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bellandur-metro-station-in-bengaluru-gets-rs-120-crore-boost-from-prestige/articleshow/128653501.cms |access-date=2026-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಾರ್ತೆ |first=ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ |title=ನಮ್ಮ ಮೆಟ್ರೊ– ಪ್ರೇಸ್ಟೀಜ್‌ ನಡುವೆ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ |url=https://www.prajavani.net/district/bengaluru-city/namma-metro-prestige-group-agreement-bellandur-station-naming-rights-3793046 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Prajavani |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal |first=The |date=2026-02-21 |title=NammaMetro: ಬೆಳ್ಳಂದೂರು ಮೆಟ್ರೋ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ ಇನ್ಮುಂದೆ 'ಪ್ರೆಸ್ಟೀಜ್ ಬೆಳ್ಳಂದೂರು': ಬಿಎಂಆರ್‌ಸಿಎಲ್‌ನಿಂದ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ {{!}} BMRCL Signs 90 Crore Deal Prestige Group Bellandur Metro Naming Rights |url=https://karnataka.thefederal.com/category/state/bmrcl-prestige-group-bellandur-metro-station-naming-rights-deal-231014 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=karnataka.thefederal.com |language=kn}}</ref>

==Station layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Prestige Bellandur track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{BSsplit|[[Kadubeesanahalli metro station|Embassy TechVillage]]|[[Kadubeesanahalli metro station|Kadubeesanahalli]]}} *
*'''P#'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P#'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Ibbaluru}} * {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} **
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms '''* Under Construction <nowiki>|</nowiki> ** Proposed'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} ** '''Next Station:''' [[Kadubeesanahalli metro station|Embassy TechVillage Kadubeesanahalli]]
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} '''Next Station:''' [[Ibbaluru metro station|Ibbalur]] '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}}'''''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |'''''Note: '''''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |''''' ** To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} in future '''''
|-
|}
==See also==
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

J. Jayalalithaa

2026-03-29T11:12:42Z

Dr. Katy Jane: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian actress and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1948–2016)}}
{{lead too long|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. Jayalalithaa
| image = J Jayalalithaa.jpg
| caption = Jayalalithaa in 2015
| office = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 23 May 2016
| term_end = 5 December 2016
| governor = {{ubl|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]|[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]}}
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = {{ubl|[[Fifth Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa V]]|[[Sixth Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa VI]]}}
| predecessor = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor = O. Panneerselvam
| constituency = [[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2011
| term_end1 = 27 September 2014
| governor1 = {{ubl|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]|Konijeti Rosaiah}}
| subterm1 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice1 = [[Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa IV]]
| predecessor1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor1 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| constituency1 = [[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
| term_start2 = 2 March 2002
| term_end2 = 12 May 2006
| governor2 = {{ubl|[[P. S. Ramamohan Rao]]|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]}}
| subterm2 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice2 = [[Third Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa III]]
| predecessor2 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency2 = [[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
| term_start3 = 14 May 2001
| term_end3 = 21 September 2001
| governor3 = {{ubl|[[Fathima Beevi]]|[[C. Rangarajan]]}}
| subterm3 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice3 = [[Second Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa II]]
| predecessor3 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor3 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| constituency3 = ''Did not contest''
| term_start4 = 24 June 1991
| term_end4 = 12 May 1996
| governor4 = {{ubl|[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]|[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]}}
| subterm4 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice4 = [[First Jayalalithaa ministry|Jayalalithaa I]]
| predecessor4 = [[President's rule]]
| successor4 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency4 = [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
| office5 = [[Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start5 = 29 May 2006
| term_end5 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| deputy5 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| predecessor5 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor5 = [[Vijayakant]]
| constituency5 = [[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
| deputy6 = [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| term_start6 = 9 February 1989
| term_end6 = 1 December 1989
| predecessor6 = [[O. Subramanian]]
| successor6 = S. R. Eradha
| constituency6 = [[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]
| office7 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start7 = 3 April 1984
| term_end7 = 28 January 1989
| primeminister7 = {{ubl|[[Indira Gandhi]]|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]}}
| predecessor7 = [[Sathiavani Muthu]]
| successor7 = [[Tha. Kiruttinan|Pasumpon Tha. Kiruttinan]]
| constituency7 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| office8 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start8 = 4 July 2015
| term_end8 = 5 December 2016
| 1blankname8 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata8 = ''Herself''
| predecessor8 = [[P. Vetrivel]]
| successor8 = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| constituency8 = [[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start9 = 23 May 2011
| term_end9 = 27 September 2014
| 1blankname9 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata9 = ''Herself''
| predecessor9 = [[M. Paranjothi]]
| successor9 = [[S. Valarmathi]]
| constituency9 = [[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
| term_start10 = 24 February 2002
| term_end10 = 14 May 2011
| 1blankname10 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata10 = {{ubl|''Herself''|[[M. Karunanidhi]]}}
| predecessor10 = [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| successor10 = [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| constituency10 = [[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
| term_start11 = 1 July 1991
| term_end11 = 12 May 1996
| 1blankname11 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata11 = ''Herself''
| predecessor11 = K. R. Rajendran
| successor11 = [[E. G. Sugavanam]]
| constituency11 = [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
| term_start12 = 1 July 1991
| term_end12 = 23 July 1991
| 1blankname12 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata12 = ''Herself''
| predecessor12 = P. Marapan
| successor12 = [[R. M. Veerappan]]
| constituency12 = [[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
| term_start13 = 6 February 1989
| term_end13 = 30 January 1991
| 1blankname13 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata13 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor13 = K. S. M. Ramachandran
| successor13 = V. Panneerselvam
| constituency13 = [[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]
| office14 = [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|General Secretary]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start14 = 1 January 1988{{efn|name=gs|From 17 December 1988 to 9 February 1989, [[Election Commission of India]] froze AIADMK's name, so Jayalalithaa served general secretary of AIADMK(J) Faction that time.<ref name="TheHindu-23Mar17">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fight-over-symbol-a-leaf-from-history/article17592002.ece|title=Fight over symbol: A 'leaf' from history |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 March 2017|access-date=28 July 2022|archive-date=28 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728120447/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fight-over-symbol-a-leaf-from-history/article17592002.ece|url-status=live |first1=T. |last1=Ramakrishnan }}</ref>}}
| term_end14 = 5 December 2016
| predecessor14 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| successor14 = [[V. K. Sasikala]] (''acting'') [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| office15 = [[Ministry of propaganda|Propaganda Secretary]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start15 = 5 September 1985
| term_end15 = 31 December 1987
| 1blankname15 = General Secretary
| 1namedata15 = {{ubl|[[S. Raghavanandam]]|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]}}
| successor15 = [[Sattur Ramachandran]]
| term_start16 = 28 January 1983
| term_end16 = 20 August 1984
| 2blankname16 = General Secretary
| 2namedata16 = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| predecessor16 = [[R. Manimaran]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1948|02|24}}
| birth_place = [[Melukote]], [[Mandya District]], [[Mysore State]], [[India]] (present-day [[Karnataka]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|12|05|1948|02|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_cause = [[Death and state funeral of J. Jayalalithaa|Cardiac arrest]]
| resting_place = [[M.G.R. and Amma Memorial]]
| party = [[File:AIADMK OfficialFlag Vector.svg|20px]]
[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| relatives = [[J. Deepa]] (niece)
| residence = Veda Nilayam, 81, Poes Garden, [[Teynampet]], [[Chennai]] – 600086, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]]|[[Sacred Heart Matriculation School|Church Park Presentation Convent]]|[[Stella Maris College, Chennai]]}}
| profession = {{hlist|Film actress|classical dancer|singer|writer|politician|philanthropist}}
| awards = *[[Kalaimamani]] (1972)
| signature = Jayalalithaa Signature.svg
| nickname = ''Amma'' ''Puratchi Thalaivi'' ''Kalai Selvi''
| module = {{transliteration|en|Makkalaal Naan Makkalukaagavae Naan}} ("I am by the people for the people")
| nationality = Indian
}}
{{Tamil name|Jayaram|Jayalalithaa}}
'''Jayaram Jayalalithaa'''{{efn|In 2001 Jayalalitha appended an additional letter "a" to her name for [[Numerology#Indian numerology|numerological]] reasons.<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Shashi Tharoor]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020328012141/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/23/stories/2001122300310300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2002|title='Scrabble' in real life|date=23 December 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/|title=Chasing The Poll Stars|first=Tusha|last=Mittal|work=Tehelka|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821172959/http://www.tehelka.com/2009/05/chasing-the-poll-stars/|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead}}. May 2009.</ref>}} (24 February 1948 – 5 December 2016), popularly known as '''Amma''', was an Indian actress, politician, and philanthropist who served as the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] for more than fourteen years between 1991 and 2016 for six terms.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jayalalithaa: a political career with sharp rises and steep falls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720030410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> She served as [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] until her death and became the first [[List of female chief ministers in India|female chief minister]] to die in office in the Republic of India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/exploring-journey-of-india-s-women-chief-ministers-from-sucheta-to-atishi-124092001104_1.html|title=Exploring journey of India's women Chief Ministers: From Sucheta to Atishi |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=21 September 2024|access-date=23 March 2025|archive-date=19 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319144659/https://www.business-standard.com/politics/exploring-journey-of-india-s-women-chief-ministers-from-sucheta-to-atishi-124092001104_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was the longest-serving and former [[List of general secretaries of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], a [[Dravidian party]] founded by her mentor and the former chief minister of Tamil Nadu [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (M.G.R.).<ref name="JayaGenSecy"/> Jayalalithaa is regarded as one of the most influential politicians of post-independence India. Apart from politics, as a film personality, she won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] and three [[Filmfare Awards South]].<ref name="puratchithalavi">{{cite news|title=Puratchi Thalaivi Jayalalithaa |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Puratchi-Thalaivi-Jayalalithaa|access-date=18 December 2016 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa rose to prominence as a leading film actress in the mid-1960s. Though she had begun her acting career reluctantly at her mother's behest to support the family, Jayalalithaa was a prolific actor. She was in 140 films between 1961 and 1980,<ref name="jjte"/> primarily in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] languages. Jayalalithaa received praise for her versatility as an actress and her dancing skills, earning the sobriquet "Queen of Tamil Cinema".<ref name="jjte">{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa death: Telugu stars mourn Amma's loss! |url=http://zeenews.india.com/regional/jayalalithaa-death-telugu-stars-mourn-ammas-loss_1956451.html |access-date=18 December 2016 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

Among her frequent co-stars was [[M. G. Ramachandran]]. In 1982, when [[M. G. Ramachandran]] was Chief Minister, Jayalalithaa joined AIADMK, the party he founded. Her political rise was rapid; within a few years she became AIADMK propaganda secretary and was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the [[upper house]] of [[India's Parliament]]. After M.G.R.'s death in 1987, Jayalalithaa proclaimed herself as his political heir and, having fought off the faction headed by M.G.R.'s widow, [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]], emerged as the sole leader of the AIADMK. Following the [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 election]], she became Leader of the Opposition to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]-led government led by [[M. Karunanidhi]], her ''bête noire''.

In [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]], Jayalalithaa became Chief Minister for the first time and was Tamil Nadu's youngest. She earned a reputation for centralising state power among a coterie of bureaucrats; her [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|council of ministers]], whom she often shuffled around, were largely ceremonial in nature. The successful cradle-baby scheme, which enabled mothers to anonymously offer their newborns for adoption, emerged during this time. Despite an official salary of only a rupee a month, Jayalalithaa indulged in public displays of wealth, culminating in a lavish wedding for her foster son V. N. Sudhakaran ([[V. K. Sasikala|Sasikala]]'s nephew) on 7 September 1995. In the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996 election]], the [[AIADMK]] was nearly wiped out at the hustings; Jayalalithaa herself lost her seat. The new [[Karunanidhi]] government filed 28 corruption cases against her, and she had to spend time in jail.

Her fortunes revived in the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general election]], as the AIADMK became a key component of Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s 1998–99 government; her withdrawal of support toppled it and triggered [[1999 Indian general election|another general election]] just a year later.

The AIADMK returned to power in [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]], although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office and forced to cede the chair to loyalist [[O. Panneerselvam]]. Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents including [[M. Karunanidhi]], many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Another period (2006–11) in the opposition followed, before Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]].

Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidised {{lang|ta|"Amma"}}-branded goods such as canteens, bottled water, salt and cement. Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate-assets case]], rendering her disqualified to hold office. She returned as chief minister after being acquitted in May 2015. In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since M.G.R in 1984 to be voted back into office. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalisation, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest and became the first female chief minister in India to die in office.

Jayalalithaa never married and had no children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2017 |title=How a leader's companion rose in political power in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/article/2069955/can-deceased-indian-leaders-companion-take-her-place |access-date=13 September 2021 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

On 29 May 2020, her nephew,
Deepak Jayakumar, and niece, [[J. Deepa]], were declared as her legal heirs by [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-s-niece-and-nephew-declared-legal-heirs-can-claim-her-properties-125374 |title=Jayalalithaa's niece and nephew declared legal heirs, can claim her properties |date=27 May 2020 |work=[[The News Minute]] }}</ref> Her critics in the media and the opposition accused her of fostering a [[personality cult]] and of demanding absolute loyalty from AIADMK legislators and ministers.<ref name="outlook20110321" />

== Early life, education and family ==
Jayalalithaa was born on 24 February 1948 to Jayaram and Vedavalli (Sandhya) in a Hindu [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Iyengar|Iyengar Brahmin]] family at [[Melukote]], [[Pandavapura]] taluk, [[Mandya]] district, then in [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]). She had a brother, Jayakumar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayalalithaa Jayaram Biography – About family, political life, awards won, history |url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/jayalalithaa-jayaram.html |website=Elections in India |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why was Iyengar Brahmin J Jayalalithaa buried instead of being cremated |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rip-amma-why-j-jayalalithaa-was-buried-instead-of-being-cremated-2280369 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=DNA India |date=6 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=IANS |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-in-school-her-name-was-komalavalli-1028237 |title=In school her name was Komalavalli |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=7 May 2006 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Babu |first=T. E. Narasimhan & Gireesh |date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa dead at 68: How Komalavalli became the 'Iron Lady' of Tamil Nadu |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-at-68-how-komalavalli-became-the-iron-lady-of-tamil-nadu-116120500945_1.html |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vaasanthi |date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa: The woman who everyone knew, yet no one really did |url=https://scroll.in/article/818012/jayalalithaa-the-woman-who-everyone-knew-yet-no-one-really-did |work=Scroll.in |access-date=3 May 2024 |quote=Born into an orthodox Brahmin Mandyam Iyengar family in Melukote}}</ref>

Her paternal grandfather, Narasimhan Rengachary, was in the service of the [[Mysore kingdom]] as a surgeon and served as the court physician to Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] of Mysore. Her maternal grandfather, Rangasamy Iyengar, moved to Mysore from [[Srirangam]] to work with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]. He had one son and three daughters—Ambujavalli, Vedavalli, and Padmavalli. Vedavalli was married to Jayaram, son of Narasimhan Rengachary. The couple Jayaram and Vedvalli had two children: a son, Jayakumar, and a daughter, Jayalalitha.<ref name="thehansindia">{{cite news |last1=Chandrakanth |first1=W |title=A never-say-die leader |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-12-06/A-never-say-die-leader/267247 |access-date=11 December 2016 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her mother, her relatives, and later co-stars and friends referred to her as ''Ammu''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Babu |first=Venkatesha |title=Ammu to Amma: The life and times of Jayalalithaa Jayaraman |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/ammu-to-amma-the-life-and-times-of-jayalalithaa-jayaraman/story/241781.html |website=Business Today |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref>

She is of the same lineage as popular figures like [[K. T. Bhashyam]] (former minister of [[Mysore State]] and [[List of chairmen of the Karnataka Legislative Council|Chairman]] of [[Mysore Legislative Council]]) and famous lawyer L. S. Raju, who made significant contributions to the history of [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]).<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2017 |author=B. V. Shiva Shankar |title='Jayalalithaa's influence is only stronger after her death' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jayalalithaas-influence-is-only-stronger-after-her-death/articleshow/59276414.cms |access-date=27 December 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa's father, Jayaram, was a lawyer but never worked and squandered most of the family's wealth. He died when Jayalalithaa was two years old. The widowed Vedavalli returned to her father's home in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] in 1950.<ref name="outlook20110321">{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-road-to-ammahood/270858 |website=Outlook India |title=The Road To Ammahood |date=21 March 2011 |first=Sugata |last=Srinivasaraju |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> Vedavalli learned shorthand and typewriting to take up a clerical position to help support the family in 1950. Her younger sister Ambujavalli had moved to Madras, working as an air hostess. She also started acting in dramas and films using the screen name Vidyavathy. On the insistence of Ambujavalli, Jayalalithaa's mother, Vedavalli, also relocated to Madras and stayed with her sister from 1952. Vedavalli worked in a commercial firm in Madras and began dabbling in acting from 1953 under the screen name Sandhya. Jayalalithaa remained under the care of her mother's sister Padmavalli and maternal grandparents from 1950 to 1958 in Mysore.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref name="thehansindia"/> While still in Bangalore, Jayalalithaa attended [[Bishop Cotton Girls' School]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="TNgov">{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |title=Profile |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212850/http://tn.gov.in/tnassembly/assembly2001/archives/jjaya.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

After her aunt Padmavalli's marriage in 1958, Jayalalithaa moved to Madras to live with her mother. She completed her education at Sacred Heart Matriculation School (popularly known as Church Park Presentation Convent or Presentation Church Park Convent).<ref name="thehansindia"/><ref name="Ironlady">{{cite journal |last=Raman |first=A. S. |date=September 2001 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002 |title=The Iron Lady of India |journal=The Contemporary Review |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912104146/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1628_279/ai_79354002/ |archive-date=12 September 2011}}</ref> She excelled at school and was offered a government scholarship to pursue further education.<ref name="TNgov"/> She won the Gold State Award for coming first in 10th standard in the state of Tamil Nadu. She then joined the [[Stella Maris College (Chennai)|Stella Maris College]], [[Chennai]]; however, she discontinued her studies due to pressure from her mother and became a film actress.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Stella-Maris-remembers-former-CM/article16791819.ece |title=Stella Maris remembers former CM |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 December 2016 |access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/so-singh-what-do-you-make-of-my-campaign-asked-jaya.html |title=So Singh, what do you make of my campaign, Jaya asked our reporter |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |first1=R Bhagwan |last1=Singh |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

The Poes Garden plot was bought by Jayalalithaa and her mother on 1 July 1967 at a cost of ₹ 1.32 lakh, measuring around 24,000 sq. feet (10 grounds) with a built-up area of 21,662 sq. feet.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/veda-nilayam-set-to-become-jayalalithaa-memorial/article31521989.ece |title=Veda Nilayam set to become Jayalalithaa memorial |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaas-assets-double-secret-seems-be-real-estate-30668 |title=Jayalalithaa's assets double – the secret seems to be real estate |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Jayalalithaa's mother, Vedavalli, died in November 1971 at the age of 47.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-poes-garden-controversy-who-s-residence-is-it-anyway/story-HJVC4MGtz7InYigJmtWYwL.html |title=Tamil Nadu: {{as written|Wh|o's [sic]}} residence is it anyway? Jayalalithaa's Poes Garden lies unoccupied |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 June 2017 |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> Jayalalithaa held the housewarming ceremony of her residence, ''Veda Nilayam'' (named after her beloved mother, Vedavalli, alias Sandhya), on 15 May 1972, early in the morning, followed by dinner and a [[Veena]] recital by classical musician [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chitti babu]] in the evening.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/01/27/was-Jayalalithaa-poes-garden-residence-attached-by-it-department.html |title=Is Jayalalithaa's Poes Garden residence under attachment by IT department? |website=The Week |date=27 January 2019 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174923/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/01/27/was-Jayalalithaa-poes-garden-residence-attached-by-it-department.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her brother's wedding took place at her Veda Nilayam home in Poes Garden in 1972.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/jayalalithaa-deepa.html |title=JAYA, MY AUNT Inheritance of loss |website=The Week |date=18 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-am-jayalalithaas-legal-heir-and-i-am-ready-fight-deepa-jayakumar-tnm-54131 |title=I am Jayalalithaa's legal heir and I am ready to fight: Deepa Jayakumar to TNM |publisher=The News Minute |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her brother Jayakumar, his wife Vijayalakshmi, and their daughter, [[Deepa Jayakumar]], lived in Poes Garden with Jayalalithaa till 1978<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-deepa-jayakumar-questions-aunts-death-as-sasikala-readies-to-takeover-aiadmk-3151686.html |title=Jayalalithaa's niece Deepa Jayakumar aims to make things tricky for Sasikala |access-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219084533/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/jayalalithaa-dead-deepa-jayakumar-questions-aunts-death-as-sasikala-readies-to-takeover-aiadmk-3151686.html |archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> and then moved to T.Nagar, Madras, to the bungalow 'Sandhya Illam,' which was bought by the mother of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Crowd-continues-to-swell-at-Deepa's-house/article17009933.ece |title=Crowd continues to swell at Deepa's house |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 January 2017 |last1=Jesudasan |first1=Dennis S.}}</ref> Her brother was unhappy with the adoption of Sudhakaran, a relative of Sasikala, as the foster son of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite news |first=Somak |last=Ghoshal |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/10/jayalithaas-niece-deepa-jayakumar-challenges-sasikala-to-claim/ |title=Jayalalithaa's Niece Deepa Jayakumar Challenges Sasikala To Claim Her Aunt's Legacy |work=HuffPost |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa had adopted [[V. K. Sasikala|Sasikala]]'s nephew Sudhakaran in 1995 and disowned him in 1996.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/son-for-one-year-why-did-jayalalithaa-disown-sudhakaran |title=Son-for-one-year: Why did Jayalalithaa disown foster son Sudhakaran? |newspaper=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |access-date=22 February 2017 |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214101223/http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/son-for-one-year-why-did-jayalalithaa-disown-sudhakaran |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her brother died in 1995 of a heart attack.<ref>{{cite web |first=Julie |last=Mariappan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Niece-I-want-to-see-Jaya-aunt-they-stopped-me-at-the-gates/articleshow/54707118.cms |title=Jayalalithaa health: Jayalalitha News: Niece – I want to see Jaya aunt, they stopped me at the gates |work=The Times of India |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa was fluent in several languages, including [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]], [[Malayalam]], and [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite news |date=8 April 2007 |title=Jayalalithaa to debut in Hindi for campaigns |newspaper=The Economic Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1872517.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122520/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1872517.cms |archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> She often conversed with [[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|Karnataka Chief ministers]] in [[Kannada]]. [[Basavaraj Bommai]], the former irrigation minister and later chief minister of Karnataka, said, "I was astonished by her Kannada slang and fluency."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Jayalalithaa's deep love for Kannada will surprise you |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/jayalalithaa-love-for-kannada-language |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027101411/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/jayalalithaa-love-for-kannada-language |archive-date=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="JJKannada">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2016 |title=Proud Tamilian born in Karnataka, Jayalalithaa had a long history with Kannadiga activists |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/proud-tamilian-born-karnataka-jayalalithaa-had-long-history-kannadiga-activists-53889 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> She was fond of dogs as her pets. But after the death of Julie, a [[spitz]], in 1998, she could not bear the loss and discontinued keeping pet dogs at her home.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Lesser-known-facets-of-Jayalalithaa/article16762804.ece1 |title=Lesser known facets of Jayalalithaa |date=6 December 2016 |work=The Hindu }}</ref>

== Film career ==
{{See also|Jayalalitha filmography}}
[[File:Rajanala and Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa in [[Gandikota Rahasyam]] Movie – 1969]]

=== Early career ===
In Madras (now [[Chennai]]), Jayalalithaa was trained in [[Carnatic music]], western classical piano<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Lawyers-hail-HC%E2%80%99s-tribute-to-Jayalalithaa/article16788292.ece |title=Lawyers hail HC's tribute to Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> and various forms of classical dance, including [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Mohiniyattam]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Kathak]].<ref name=NDTV1>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/jayalalithaa-the-amma-of-tamil-nadu-politics-1294266 |title=Jayalalithaa, The Amma Of Tamil Nadu Politics |last=Ghosh |first=Deepshikha |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=1 April 2016 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> She learnt Bharatnatyam and dance forms under [[K. J. Sarasa]].<ref name="sp">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=23 October 1965 |title=A New Bright Star |url=https://ibb.co/ZhLTjSh |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314090122/https://ibb.co/ZhLTjSh |archive-date=14 March 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |volume=19 |pages=50–51 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> She had also learnt Kuchipudi under Padma Bhushan Guru [[Vempati Chinna Satyam|Dr. Vempati Chinna Satyam]]. She became an accomplished dancer and gave her debut dance performance at the Rasika Ranjani Sabha in Mylapore in May 1960.<ref name="BS"/> The Chief Guest at the Arangetram was [[Shivaji Ganesan]], who called her a "{{lang|ta|thanga silai}}" (golden statue) and expressed wish that Jayalalithaa becomes a film star in future.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivaji-ganesans-wish-12-year-old-jayalalithaa-ended-coming-true-45599 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629190731/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivaji-ganesans-wish-12-year-old-jayalalithaa-ended-coming-true-45599 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2016 |title=Sivaji Ganesan's wish for 12-year-old Jayalalithaa ended up coming true |publisher=The News Minute |date=28 June 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/what-stars-who-worked-with-jayalalithaa-say/photostory/55848093.cms |title=What stars who worked with Jayalalithaa say! |work=The Times of India |date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

As a child, Jayalalithaa acted in the Kannada-language film ''[[Sri Shaila Mahathme]]'' (1961), which starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know-/Jayalalitha-has-acted-in-Kannada-movies/articleshow/44752455.cms |title=Jayalilathaa has acted in Kannada |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> She was taken to the studio by her mother as she was shooting in the same premises for a different film. While Jayalalithaa was watching the shooting, a problem arose as the child actress playing the [[Goddess Parvathy]] in a school drama scene in the film failed to show up and the producer Neerlahalli Thalikerappa and director Aroor Pattabhi asked Sandhya if Jayalalithaa could act in the dance sequence. Sandhya agreed and Jayalalithaa was swiftly dressed up as Parvathy and the scene was shot in Sri Shaila Mahatme.<ref name="Khajane">{{cite news |last1=Khajane |first1=Muralidhara |title=Those Kannada days... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Those-Kannada-days.../article16776901.ece |access-date=9 December 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

She played [[Krishna]] in a three-minute dance sequence held on stage in the [[Hindi film]] [[Man-Mauji]] (1962) and danced with [[Kumari Naaz]] who played Radha. [[Y. G. Parthasarathy]] ran the drama troupe, ''United Amateur Artistes'' (UAA), which staged English and Tamil plays. Soon Jayalalithaa still a schoolgirl, began acting in some plays of Parthasarathy along with her mother and aunt. She acted in small roles in plays such as ''[[The Teahouse of the August Moon (novel)|Tea House of the August Moon]]'' and ''Undersecretary'' between 1960 and 1964. She also acted as [[Portia (The Merchant of Venice)|Portia]] in a drama named ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]''.

Shankar Giri, the son of the then Indian Vice-President [[V. V. Giri]], saw her small role in the English play ''Tea House of the August Moon'' and was impressed. Shankar Giri approached her mother Sandhya and told he wanted to cast her daughter in an English film called ''The Epistle''. Sandhya reluctantly agreed with the condition that shooting should be held only during weekends or school holidays.<ref name="BS">{{cite news |title=People's CM Jayalalithaa, an enigma in life and in death |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/people-s-cm-jayalalithaa-an-enigma-in-life-and-in-death-116120600127_1.html |access-date=9 December 2016 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

Sandhya had acted in the 1964 Tamil film ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'', produced and directed by Kannada film-maker [[B. R. Panthulu]]. Jayalalithaa accompanied her mother to a party related to the film and was spotted by Panthulu, who then decided to cast her opposite [[Kalyan Kumar]] in the Kannada movie ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]''. Since Jayalalithaa would be studying for her PUC in two months' time, Sandhya had declined the offer initially.<ref name=hans1>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-12-06/A-super-star-in-reel--real-life/267246 |title=A super star in reel & real life |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> Sandhya agreed when he promised to finish all shooting within two months in order not to interfere with her education. Jayalalithaa started acting and she was paid {{INRConvert|3.1|k|year=1967}}. Panthulu kept his promise and completed shooting in six weeks. Jayalalithaa had forgotten all about films after acting in her Kannada debut film and had got ready to attend classes at [[Stella Maris College, Chennai|Stella Maris]] as she had the ambition to be a lawyer. But the Kannada debut film became a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] in 1964 and she became a well-known face.

Meanwhile, Jayalalithaa continued acting in Parthasarathy's plays. She played the leading role in plays such as ''Malathi'', ''The Whole Truth'', and the dance drama ''Kaveri Thanda Kalaiselvi'' between 1960 and 1966. She made her debut as the lead actress in [[Kannada]] films while still in school, aged 15, in ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' (1964).<ref name=hans1/> She also appeared in a dance sequence of a song named "Malligeya Hoovinantha" in the movie ''[[Amarashilpi Jakanachari (film)|Amarashilpi Jakanachari]]'' (1964).<ref name="outlook20110321"/>

She made her debut in Tamil theatre in April 1964, when she played a sales girl in the drama named ''Undersecretary''. Parthasarathy and Sandhya were the lead characters, while Jayalalitha and [[Cho Ramaswamy]] were paired together and [[A. R. Srinivasan]] was also involved. The play was based on the lives of middle aged couple and Jayalaithaa played character of sales girl in the drama. Her performance caused Parthasarathy to make her lead heroine in a drama named ''Malathy''. Meanwhile, the films she had shot during her vacation in April–May 1964—''Chinnada Gombe'' and ''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]''—became blockbusters. By end of 1965, she had become popular among film producers and directors.<ref name=hans1/> She was approached by [[C. V. Sridhar]] for her Tamil film debut as well. Between 1964 and 1966 she did around 35 shows of drama named ''Malathy'' and later discontinued as she became very busy in films.<ref name="BS"/> It was during the year 1964, Sandhya's financial debts had increased and she suggested her daughter make use of the increasing film offers to come her way.<ref name="10 Lesser Known Facts"/>

Jayalalithaa's debut in Tamil cinema was the leading role in ''[[Vennira Aadai]]'' (1965), directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]].<ref name="sp"/> She starred in 28 box-office hit films with M.G. Ramachandran between 1965 and 1973.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is J Jayalalithaa? |url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/who-is-j-jayalalithaa-483055 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> The first film with [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R.]] was B.R. Panthalu's ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' in 1965 and their last film together was ''[[Pattikaattu Ponnaiya]]'' in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |title=Off-screen deity, on-screen goddess |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/12/08/off-screen-deity-on-screen-goddess/ |website=baradwajrangan.wordpress.com |access-date=9 December 2016 |date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
She made her debut in Telugu films as the lead actress in ''Manushulu Mamathalu'' opposite [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]. Her last Telugu release was also opposite Akkineni Nageswara Rao in the film ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'', which was released in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |title=Did You Know? |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/Did-You-Know |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=17 October 2015 |date=20 September 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053319/http://www.telugucinema.com/Did-You-Know |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was the first heroine to appear in [[skirt]]s in Tamil films.<ref name="iron lady">{{cite web |last=Nadar |first=Ganesh |title=J Jayalalithaa: The Iron Lady |url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/06espec1.htm |work=Rediff |date=6 May 2004 |access-date=3 September 2011}}</ref> As a heroine, she acted in only one Hindi film, ''[[Izzat (1968 film)|Izzat]]'', in 1968, where she was paired with [[Dharmendra]].<ref name="NDTV"/>

Jayalalithaa donated her gold jewelleries to the then Indian Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/no-bharat-ratna-for-jayalalithaa-madras-high-court-dismisses-pil-to-confer-late-cm-with-honour-3191124.html |title=No Bharat Ratna for Jayalalithaa? Madras High Court dismisses PIL to confer late CM with honour |work=Firstpost |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

She had 11 successful releases in Tamil in 1966. In the opening credits of ''[[Arasa Kattalai]]'', for the first time her name was affixed with the phrase "{{lang|ta|Kavarchi Kanni}}".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/arasa-kattalai-1967/article8514320.ece |title=Arasa Kattalai (1967) |date=24 April 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |last1=Guy |first1=Randor}}</ref> In 1967 she bought her bungalow, Veda Nilayam, in Poes Gardens for {{INRConvert|132000|year=1967}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/msid-4488180,prtpage-1.cms |title=Jaya assets worth Rs 113.73 cr, Rs 3.40 cr less than in 2015 |work=Times Now |access-date=8 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604142232/http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/msid-4488180,prtpage-1.cms |archive-date=4 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] was on the lookout for a regular heroine for his production after he had fight with the actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] after the release of ''Vetaikkaran'', and he signed Jayalalithaa on in 1965. She became a regular heroine for production house Devar films from 1966.<ref>{{cite news |first=Samiksha |last=Panda |url=http://scrolltoday.com/end-inspiration-jayalalithaa-jayaraman/ |title=The End of an Inspiration : Jayalalithaa Jayaraman |work=Scroll Today |access-date=6 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220115444/http://scrolltoday.com/end-inspiration-jayalalithaa-jayaraman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] was romantically paired with Jayalalithaa in eight Tamil films including ''[[Muthu Chippi]]'', ''[[Yaar Nee?]]'', ''[[Nee!]]'', ''[[Vairam]]'', ''[[Vandhale Magarasi]]'', ''[[Bommalattam (1968 film)|Bommalattam]]'' (1968), ''[[Raja Veetu Pillai]]'' and ''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]'', whereas the films ''[[Thanga Gopuram]]'' and ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]]'' had him play elder brother to her.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Jayalalithaa acted in twelve films as heroine opposite [[N. T. Rama Rao]], in Telugu—''[[Gopaludu Bhoopaludu]]'' (1967), ''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]'' (1967), ''[[Tikka Sankaraiah]]'' (1968), ''[[Niluvu Dopidi]]'' (1968), ''[[Baghdad Gaja Donga]]'' (1968), ''[[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' (1969), ''[[Kadaladu Vadaladu]]'' (1969), ''[[Gandikota Rahasyam]]'' (1969), ''[[Ali Baba 40 Dongalu]]'' (1970), ''[[Sri Krishna Vijayamu]]'' (1970), ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'' (1972), and ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]'' (1973). Jayalalitha had eight films with [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] in Telugu—''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]'' (1965), ''[[Aastiparulu]]'' (1966), ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Telugu film)|Brahmachari]]'' (1968), ''[[Aadarsa Kutumbam]]'' (1969), ''[[Adrushtavanthulu]]'' (1969), ''[[Bharya Biddalu]]'' (1972), ''[[Premalu Pellillu]]'' (1974) and ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'' (1980).

She also made a guest appearance in Telugu film ''[[Navaratri (1966 film)|Navarthi]]'' (1966). Her films in Telugu also included two with [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and one each with [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Jaggayya]], [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] and [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Jayalalithaa%E2%80%99s-tryst-with-Telugu-films/article16765354.ece |title=Jayalalithaa's tryst with Telugu films |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> She was given on-screen credit as Kalai Selvi in most of her Tamil films since 1967.<ref name="hans1"/>

=== Later career ===
Between 1965 and 1973, Jayalalithaa starred opposite [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in a number of successful films, including ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'', ''[[Kavalkaran]]'', ''[[Adimai Penn]]'', ''[[Engal Thangam]]'', ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'', ''[[Ragasiya Police 115]]'' and ''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]''.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref name="Ramaswamy">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], p. 101</ref> [[Cho Ramaswamy]] cast her in the lead role in his directorial venture ''[[Yarrukkum Vetkam Illai]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/A-life-in-song/article16768634.ece |title=A life in song |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

She acted with [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] in ten films—''Gowri Kalyanam ''(1966), ''[[Kumari Penn]]'' (1966), ''[[Naan]]'' (1967), ''[[Magaraasi|Magarasi]]'' (1967), ''[[Maadi Veettu Mappilai]]'' (1967), ''[[Panakkara Pillai]]'' (1968), ''[[Moondru Yezhuthu]]'' (1968), ''[[Andru Kanda Mugam]]'' (1968), ''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' and ''[[Baghdad Perazhagi]]'' (1974).<ref name="hans1"/> In 1972, she acted opposite [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'', which went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] in 1973.

In 1973, she acted in ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'', which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress in Telugu.<ref name="TOI1984">[[#TOI|TOI 1984]], p. 305</ref> Her other films with Sivaji Ganesan include ''[[Galatta Kalyanam]]'' and ''[[Deiva Magan (1969 film)|Deiva Magan]]''; the latter holds the distinction of being the first Tamil film to be submitted by India for an [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6IsAAAAMAAJ |last=R.L |first=Hardgrave |title=Essays in the political sociology of South India |year=1979 |publisher=Usha |pages=120 |isbn=9780836406054 |access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa was paired opposite [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in 17 films. She acted in six films with [[R. Muthuraman]] as a romantic leading pair—''[[Dhikku Theriyadha Kaattil]]'', ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'', ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]'', ''[[Avandhan Manidhan]]'', ''[[Suryagandhi]]'', ''[[Anbu Thangai]]''<ref name="hans1"/> and Muthuraman played supporting roles in ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'', ''[[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]'', ''[[Naan (1967 film)|Naan]]'', ''[[En Annan]]'', [[Adi Parashakti]], ''[[Thaer Thiruvizha]]'', ''[[Dharmam Engey]]'', ''[[Chitra Pournami (film)|Chitra Pournami]]'' and ''[[Oru Thaai Makkal]]''. She made her debut in Malayalam with ''[[Jesus (1973 film)|Jesus]]'' (1973).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jesus: 1973 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/old-is-gold-jesus-1973/article7043457.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 March 2015 |access-date=22 February 2016 |issn=0971-751X |language=en-IN}}</ref> Her 100th film was ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'' (1974), directed by [[A. Vincent]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cinematographer-director-a-vincent-passes-away-115022500852_1.html |title=Director Vincent passes away |newspaper=Business Standard |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

She was romantically paired opposite [[Sivakumar]] in ''[[Kandan Karunai]]'' and ''[[Sri Krishna Leela (1977 film)|Sri Krishna Leela]]''. Sivakumar played supporting roles in Shakti Leelai, Yarrukum Vetkam Ilali, [[Thirumangalyam]], Annaivelakanni, Kavalkaran, Motoram Sunderapillai and Ganga Gowri.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184625/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=174&catName=MTk2OA |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2013 |publisher=Box Office India |title=Box office report of 1968 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

In 1972, Jayalalithaa was invited to perform with her dance troupe in [[Mysore]] for the [[Dussehra]] exhibition. Due to her busy shooting schedule and health reasons, Jayalalithaa had to cancel the performance at the last minute. [[Vatal Nagaraj]]'s Karnataka-based political outfit condemned her for cancelling her dance performance in spite of being a [[Kannada people|Kannadiga]] girl. Jayalalithaa responded by issuing a statement contradicting him in an interview to [[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan magazine]] that she was a [[Tamils|Tamilian]] and not a Kannadiga. Jayalalithaa was at Premier studio in Mysuru for the shooting of the [[B. R. Panthulu]]'s film ''[[Ganga Gowri (1973 film)|Ganga Gowri]]''. The group of Kannada activists from Vatal Nagaraj's outfit got to know of this and invaded the studio premises. The mob surrounded Jayalalithaa and demanded that she withdraw her statement of being a ''Tamil'' woman. Jayalalithaa was defiant even when mob had encircled her. "I am a ''Tamil'' girl, not a ''Kannada'' girl," Jayalalithaa responded loudly in Tamil, refusing to bow even as protestors gathered around her.<ref name="JJKannada" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Shankar |first=B V Shiva |date=6 December 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/far-from-home-jayalalithaa-retained-links-with-kannada/articleshow/55825839.cms |title=Far from home, Jayalalithaa retained links with Kannada |work=The Times of India |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

The heroes of her films never objected to the title of the film being conferred on the female lead played by Jayalalithaa. ''[[Adimai Penn]]'', ''[[Kanni Thaai]]'', and ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'' had Ramachandran as the lead male hero but the story and the title was built around the character played by Jayalalithaa. Similarly, ''Engerindo Vandhaal'', ''[[Sumathi En Sundari]]'', [[Paadhukaappu]] and ''[[Anbai Thedi]]'' had Sivaji Ganeshan as the male lead but the title and the story was built around her character. She did many female-centric films where the story revolved on her character, such as ''Vennira Adai'', ''[[Yaar Nee? (film)|Yaar Nee?]]'', ''[[Kumari Penn]]'', ''[[Nee (film)|Nee]]'', ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]], [[Magaraasi]], [[Muthu Chippi]], [[Thanga Gopuram]], [[Avalukku Ayiram Kangal]], [[Annamitta Kai]], [[Vandhaale Magaraasi]], [[Suryagandhi]], [[Thirumangalyam]], [[Yarukkum Vetkam Illai]]'', and ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]''.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

She received the title "{{lang|ta|Nadippuku Ilakkium Vahuthavar}}" from the then Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/history-j-jayalalithaa-from-mysore-to-chennai-290110 |title=வரலாறு: ஜெ. ஜெயலலிதா மைசூர் முதல் சென்னை வரை! |work=zeenews |date=6 December 2016 |language=ta}}</ref> and also won Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan Award for Best Actress for her 100th film ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'' in 1974.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/jayalalithaa-from-film-star-to-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu |title=Remembering Jayalalithaa: From film star to Tamil Nadu CM |newspaper=Khaleej Times |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her last film in Tamil was ''[[Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal]]'' (1980).<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Who is J Jayalalithaa? |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-j-jayalalithaa-211841 |publisher=NDTV |location=Chennai |date=17 May 2012 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Her last film as the heroine was ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'' in Telugu,<ref>{{Cite news |title=From Kollywood to Fort St George: A timeline of Jayalalithaa's life in film and politics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-kollywood-to-fort-st-george-a-timeline-of-jayalalithaas-life-in-film-and-politics/articleshow/55814322.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref> which became the highest grosser of the year in Telugu.

Her successful Kannada films include ''[[Badukuva Daari]]'' (1966), ''[[Mavana Magalu]]'' (1965), ''[[Nanna Kartavya]]'' (1965), ''[[Chinnada Gombe]]'' (1964) and ''[[Mane Aliya]]'' (1964). Jayalalithaa holds the record for having been the Tamil actress with maximum silver jubilee hits in her career—85 hits of 92 Tamil films as main female lead heroine and she also has all 28 films in Telugu as silver jubilee hits.<ref name="10 Lesser Known Facts">[http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/10-lesser-known-facts-about-our-leaders-jayalalitha/index.html], behindwoods.com. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</ref> She was the highest-paid Indian actress from 1965 to 1980. She made guest appearances in nine films and six of her films were dubbed into Hindi. She had 119 box office hits between 1961 and 1980, of the total 125 films she did as the main female lead. She made a brief appearance in 1992's ''[[Neenga Nalla Irukkanum]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19921231-jayalalitha-makes-brief-appearance-in-neenga-nalla-irukkanum-movie-bombs-at-box-office-767334-2013-07-26 |title=Jayalalithaa's brief appearance in Neenga nalla irukanum |magazine=India Today |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

She acted in mythological films like ''Kandan Karunai'', ''Aadhi Parashakti'', ''Shri Krishna Satya'', ''Shri Krishna Vijayam'', ''Shri Rama Katha'', ''Shri Krishna Leela'', ''Shakti Leelai'', ''Ganga Gowri'', ''[[Annai Velankanni]]'' and [[Jesus (1973 film)|''Jesus'']]. Her period dramas include ''Ayirathil Oruvan'', ''[[Neerum Neruppum]]'', ''[[Mani Magudam]]'', ''Adimai Penn'', ''Ali Baba 40 Dongalu'', ''Arasa Katalai'', and ''Baghdad Perazhagi''.

She acquired the reputation of being a multi-faceted actor equally comfortable in fantasy and mythological genres as well as in modern social dramas<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayalalithaa, the golden girl of Tamil cinema |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jayalalithaa-the-golden-girl-of-tamil-cinema/story-4btYTbOsQmYwzjJMYRyQ9K.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=23 February 2016 |date=27 September 2014}}</ref> and hence in 1969, in Tamil Conference, she was given the tag of "Kaveri Thandha Kalai Selvi".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/051216/j-jayalalithaa-the-superstar.html |title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar |date=6 December 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref>

She, [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[Saroja Devi]] have been cited as the female superstars of Tamil cinema. She did double roles in eight films.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/remembering-cho-ramaswamy-from-theatre-to-films-a-lodestar-of-lampoon-3144504.html |title=Remembering Cho Ramaswamy: From theatre to films, a lodestar of lampoon |work=Firstpost |date=29 July 2015 |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> She also sung few songs. During the filming of [[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Ayirathil Oruvan]], [[MGR]] complimented her, comparing her to [[P. Bhanumathi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kannan |first1=R. |date=4 July 2017 |title=How MGR came to Jayalalithaa's rescue as her family fought over housekeys |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/how-mgr-came-jayalalithaa-s-rescue-her-family-fought-over-housekeys-64649 |work=The News Minute |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref>

She received Special Award from Filmfare for her performances in 'Chandhrodhayam', 'Adimai Penn' and 'Engirundho Vandhaal' in the years 1966, 1969 and 1970 as the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] was introduced only in 1972.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyreport.in/j-jayalalithaa-superstar/ |title=J Jayalalithaa: The Superstar |work=Daily Report |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211093529/http://www.dailyreport.in/j-jayalalithaa-superstar/ |archive-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> Her performance in ''[[Pattikada Pattanama]]'', [[Suryakanthi|''Suryagandhi'']] were critically acclaimed and won her consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] in 1972 and 1973, respectively.

From 1968 to 1973, at the peak of her career she took interviews and wrote columns in the magazines like ''Bommai''. She wrote a column-"Ennangal Sila" in magazine ''[[Thuglak]]'' in the 1970s. She also wrote a short story, "Oravin Kaidhigal", for the magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', "Manadhai Thotta Malargal" for ''Thaai'' magazine in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nbg2eX-M320 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/Nbg2eX-M320 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |title=TN CM Jayalalithaa service as a Journalist in Private News paper |date=6 December 2016 |via=YouTube |access-date=8 December 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She wrote about her own life in a serialised memoir in the Tamil weekly magazine ''[[Kumudam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/jayalalithaa-wrote-of-pining-for-mother-blowing-away-sivaji-ganesan-1634946 |title=Jayalalithaa Wrote Of Pining For Mother, Blowing Away Sivaji Ganesan |publisher=Ndtv.com |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

In 1980, she decided to voluntarily decline any new film offers. An Australia-based journalist Brian Laul took over the mantle of Piousji ('Khaas Bhat'- The filmi gossip column) wrote an article specifying Jayalalithaa was trying for a comeback but was not being offered any roles. Jayalalithaa chose to respond to him by writing a letter, in which she mentioned that she was not struggling to make any comeback and that she turned down the offer from producer [[K. Balaji|Balaji]] to star in ''[[Billa (1980 film)|Billa]]'' (1980) alongside [[Rajinikanth]]. She added she wanted to pursue other interests and was not interested in pursuing her film career any further.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/this-letter-sent-by-jayalalithaa-to-a-journalist-in-1980-shows-just-how-classy-she-was-4413621 |title=This letter sent by Jayalalithaa to a journalist in 1980 shows just how classy she was |work=The Indian Express |date=10 June 1980 |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/jayalalithaas-stinker-to-journalist-about-turning-down-rajinikanth-film-1635086 |title=Jayalalithaa's 'Stinker' To Journalist About Turning Down Rajinikanth Film |work=ndtv |date=10 June 1980 |access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>

Her closest friends from film industry included [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manorama-called-me-Ammu-Jayalalithaa-says/articleshow/49311504.cms |title=Manorama called me Ammu, Jayalalithaa says |work=The Times of India |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Cho Ramaswamy]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Cho-Ramaswamy-a-long-time-friend-but-vocal-critic-of-Jayalalithaa/article16771674.ece |title=Cho Ramaswamy: a long-time friend but vocal critic of Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Rajasree]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[B. Saroja Devi|Saroja Devi]], [[Sachu|Kumari Sachu]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Sukumari]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://teluguglobal.in/jayalalithas-lunch-with-her-yester-year-film-stars-in-2012/ |title=Jayalalithaa's lunch with her yester year film stars in 2012 |publisher=Teluguglobal.in |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=11 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211052337/http://teluguglobal.in/jayalalithas-lunch-with-her-yester-year-film-stars-in-2012/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Nagesh]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], [[S. A. Asokan]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[P. Susheela]], [[Sheela]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[R.S.Manohar]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

She quoted on M. G. Ramachandran, "He was a very warm and caring kind of a person. And after Mother died, he replaced her in my life. He was everything to me. He was mother, father, brother, friend, philosopher, guide. Everything. He sort of took over my life." In many of her interviews she often said she entered films on being asked by her mother and entered politics on request by M. G. Ramachandran.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/06/i-dont-think-anyone-has-taken-more-criticism-than-i-have-jaya-told-simi-garewal-1546016.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206151636/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/06/i-dont-think-anyone-has-taken-more-criticism-than-i-have-jaya-told-simi-garewal-1546016.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2016 |title=I don't think anyone has taken more criticism than I have: Jaya to Simi Garewal |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa had fallen out with MGR in 1973 and was leading a quiet life, reading books and writing for Tamil magazines. In 1981, Chief Minister MGR organised the 5th [[World Tamil Conference]] (''Tamil Thiruvizha'') in Madurai, where Jayalalithaa choreographed and performed in a dance-drama titled ''Cauvery Thantha Kalaiselvi'' ("The Artistic Daughter Bequeathed by the Cauvery") on the evening of 9 January. This event revived her relationship with him.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/reluctant-leader/article9435879.ece|title=Reluctant leader |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=21 December 2016 |first1=T.S. |last1=Subramanian }}</ref> Jayalalithaa and [[Sobhan Babu]] starred together in the Telugu film Doctor Babu. While on set, they developed a close friendship, which led to speculation about a personal relationship between them. Although they became friends, sources indicate that rumours of a deeper relationship or marriage were unfounded, particularly since Sobhan Babu was already married at the time. Jayalalithaa openly told in Tamil magazine Kumudum that they were "[[going steady]]".<ref>{{cite web | title=Sobhan Babu was starstruck by Jayalalithaa | Sobhan Babu was starstruck by Jayalalithaa | date=7 December 2016 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/071216/sobhan-babu-was-starstruck-by-jayalalithaa.html }}</ref>

== Early political career ==
[[File:Sedapatti Muthiah with J.Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa at the public meeting in 1980s]]
Jayalalithaa denied claims that M.G.R., who had been chief minister for the state since 1977, was instrumental in introducing her to politics.<ref name="outlook20110321"/> On 4 June 1982,<ref name="Mint-bioexcerpt-06Dec16">{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zRg3RZEtVd39zfK5n6hxxK/How-Jayalalithaa-made-her-political-debut.html |title=How Jayalalithaa made her political debut. An excerpt from Jayalalithaa's biography by Vaasanthi |last=Vaasanthi |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=6 December 2016}}</ref> she joined the AIADMK, which was founded by M.G.R.<ref name="career">{{cite news |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/cmprofile.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082124/http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/cmprofile.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2012 |agency=State Planning Commission |title=Political Career |access-date=10 November 2013 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Her maiden public speech,"'''{{lang|ta|Pennin Perumai}}'''" (The Greatness of a Woman) and the schemes that touched their lives, was delivered at the AIADMK's political conference in the same year at [[Cuddalore]] on 20 June<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news |title=M.G.R.: The original 'ladies man' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/MGR-The-original-ladies-man/articleshow/5679011.cms |date=13 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103170751/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-13/india/28146254_1_mgr-aiadmk-political-party |archive-date=3 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref> and was well received. On that day, She also assumed a prominent position on a [[Float (parade)|procession float]] that moved through the streets, an event criticised by the opposition DMK, which referred to it as the ''“Cuddalore [[cabaret]]”''.<ref>{{cite news |title=From the India Today archives (2016) - Jayalalithaa: The Amma of millions|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-india-today-archives-2016-jayalalithaa-the-amma-of-millions-2873636-2026-02-24 |date=26 February 2026|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225123249/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-india-today-archives-2016-jayalalithaa-the-amma-of-millions-2873636-2026-02-24 |archive-date=25 February 2026 |newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa-Karunanidhi rivalry: How a poet and an actress ruled the state|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/jayalalithaa-karunanidhi-rivalry-how-a-poet-and-an-actress-ruled-the-state-3141948.html |date=7 December 2016|newspaper=First Post}}</ref> Her struggles were further compounded by gender-based criticism, particularly in the early years of her career, including an instance in which a quotation she attributed to [[Mahatma Gandhi]], ''“This body has been given to us only in order that we may serve all mankind with it,”'' was reportedly misrepresented by then Chepauk DMK MLA [[A. Rahman Khan|Rahman Khan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Eulogised in death, Jayalalithaa leaves a checkered legacy|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayalalithaa-had-to-combat-ruthless-peer-pressure-all-her-life/articleshow/55914253.cms |date=11 December 2016|newspaper=economic times}}</ref> Even the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and the Rajya Sabha member [[Khushwant Singh]] came to witness her speech which was widely acclaimed for its clarity of diction and elegant prose.<ref name="Mint-bioexcerpt-06Dec16"/> Her seat number in [[Rajya Sabha]] was 185, which was coincidentally the same as that of what [[C. N. Annadurai]] had while he was a member in the Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 December 2016 |title=How Jayalalithaa Stunned Prime Minister Indira Gandhi With Her Maiden Speech In Rajya Sabha |url=http://m.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/06/how-jayalalithaa-stunned-prime-minister-indira-gandhi-with-her-m/ |publisher=Huffingtonpost.in }}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 28 January 1983, she became propaganda secretary for the party succeeding [[R. Manimaran]], who was an MLA and party's chief whip in the Tamil Nadu assembly and she campaigned extensively for the party candidate [[R. Amirtharaj]] in the by-election for the [[Tiruchendur (state assembly constituency)|Tiruchendur Assembly constituency]] in February that year.<ref name="career"/><ref name="jjgov" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Singh |first=Bhagwan R |date=22 January 1984 |url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/jayalalitha-lady-behind-the-throne.html |title=Jayalalitha: Lady behind the throne |magazine=The Week |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref>

{{quote box
| border = 2px
| align = right
| width = 30%
| title = Filmstar MPs
| halign = center
| quote = "This lovely lass has taken her place in the centre of India's political stage and, being a Hindi-speaking Tamilian, is assured of a central role for many years to come."
| salign = right
| source = — [[Khushwant Singh]], ''Filmstar MPs'', ''Sunday'', 27 April 1985<ref>{{cite book |title=Notes on the Great Indian Circus |publisher=Penguin India |first=Khushwant |last=Singh |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-14-100576-8 |pages=12–14}}</ref>
}}

M.G.R. wanted her to be a member of the Rajya Sabha because of her fluency in English. She defeated [[Arcot N. Veeraswami]], who is the senior [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] leader in [[1984 Rajya Sabha elections]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/state-will-witness-contest-in-rs-elections-after-17-years/article4833865.ece?ref=relatedNews | title= State will witness contest in RS elections after 17 years| newspaper= [[The Hindu]]| publisher= | date= 20 June 2013| access-date=}}</ref><ref name="control">{{cite news |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/sasikalas-proximity-to-jaya-was-based-on-control-a-rule |work=The Sunday Guardian |title=First impressions |last=Nalpat |first=Madhav |date=25 December 2011 |location=New Delhi |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201150506/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/sasikalas-proximity-to-jaya-was-based-on-control-a-rule |url-status=dead }}</ref> Indira Gandhi lauded Jayalalithaa for the various speeches she made on issues including the one on internal security in Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tamil-nadu-cabinet-decides-to-recommend-jayalalithaas-name-for-bharat-ratna/articleshow/55914413.cms |title=Tamil Nadu Cabinet decides to recommend Jayalalithaa's name for Bharat Ratna |work=The Economic Times |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was elected to that body in 1984 and retained her seat until 1989.<ref name="profile">{{cite web |title=Honourable Chief Minister |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/139.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116225438/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/139.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2012 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was one of the 16 special guests who were invited to participate the [[State banquet|state dinner]] hosted by then Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in honour of Erstwhile [[Yugoslavia]]n President [[Veselin Đuranović|Veselin Djuranovic]] at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in August 1984.<ref>{{cite news |language=ta |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/74289-jayalalithaa-and-the-women-she-loved-the-most |title=ஜெயலலிதா நேசித்த 5 பெண்கள்! |work=vikatan |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her success in her role as propaganda secretary caused resentment among high-ranking members of the party. By engineering a rift between her and M.G.R., these members influenced M.G.R. to stop her writing about her personal life in a Tamil magazine. Despite these machinations, she remained admired by the rank and file of the party.<ref name="outlook20110321"/> She was given key responsibilities, including in the implementation of the landmark noon-meals scheme when M. G. Ramachandran was the chief minister and this taught her lessons in welfare politics. Soon after [[Jayalalithaa]]'s entry into the AIADMK and her elevation as its Propaganda Secretary in 1983, a [[caucus]] — the ''Jayalalitha Narpani Manram'' (Jayalalitha Good Deeds Club) and similar associations were started in her name by supporters. In 1986, the ''Jayalalitha Peravai'' (Jayalalitha Conference) was formed by then [[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode Loksabha]] MP and Jayalalithaa Loyalist [[P. Kannan|Salem Kannan]], which later transformed into the ''Puratchi Thalaivi Amma Peravai'' after MGR's demise.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Life And Times Of Jayalalitha|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/the-life-and-times-of-jayalalitha-news-205450|date=6 February 2022|work=Outlook|access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Anna' in AIADMK replaced by 'Amma': Sasikala and Palaniswami are the new order, but will they stay?|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/anna-in-aiadmk-replaced-by-amma-sasikala-and-palaniswami-are-the-new-order-but-will-they-stay-3296096.html|date=22 February 2017|work=Firstpost|access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref> MGR was upset with these parallel outfits and suspected that all of this was done with Jayalalithaa's blessings, though she denied any knowledge of it. In the party's official mouthpiece ''Anna'', Chief Minister MGR warned the cadres on various occasions in the period of 1983-87 against the functioning of such associations, stating it was a breach of party discipline, and warned that failure to disband them would invite disciplinary action.<ref>{{cite news|title=R.M. Veerappan steals a march over his political foe Jayalalitha|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860215-rm-veerappan-steals-a-march-over-his-political-foe-jayalalitha-800591-1986-02-14|date=14 February 1986|work=India Today|access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kannan, a hardline loyalist of Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kannan-a-hardline-loyalist-of-Jayalalithaa/article14990606.ece|date=1 November 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On 25 May 1984, Jayalalithaa submitted her resignation as the AIADMK's Propaganda Secretary, but MGR initially declined to accept it. However, supposedly under MGR's instructions, she officially resigned from the post on 20 August 1984, in an effort to appease the disgruntled leaders within the party. In her resignation letter, she noted that it had increasingly seemed as though she was solely blamed for the confusion and divisions within the party.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19840915-riven-by-internal-dissension-ruling-aiadmk-government-virtually-splits-803272-1984-09-14 |title=Riven by internal dissension, AIADMK Government virtually splits |work=India Today|date=15 September 1984|access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref> MGR subsequently accepted her resignation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece|title=Jayalalithaa: a political career with sharp rises and steep falls|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 December 2021|access-date=23 March 2025|archive-date=20 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720030410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Later when M.G.R. fell ill, she campaigned extensively for the party before the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/indias-iron-lady-jayalalithaa-dead/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=India's Iron lady Jayalalithaa is dead – Vanguard News |date=6 December 2016|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>
[[File:Sedapatti.R.Muthiah old picture.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa at a meeting in [[Palani]] in 1984]]
In 1984, when M.G.R. was incapacitated due to a stroke, Jayalalithaa was said to have attempted to take over the position of [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] or the party on the pretext that his health would prevent him from the proper execution of his duties.<ref name=outlook19980504>{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?205450 |publisher=outlookindia |title=The Life And Times of Jayalalitha |first1=Ajith |last1=Pillai |first2=A. S. |last2=Panneerselvan |date=4 May 1998 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> She successfully led the campaign in the 1984 general elections, in which the AIADMK allied with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name="profile"/> On the midnight of 31 December 1984, when MGR was in United States, Jayalalithaa was unceremoniously turned out of [[Tamil Nadu House]], which was her official residence as a [[Rajya Sabha]] M.P. by the coterie against her.<ref name="JJTNBhavan">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19850215-they-are-tarnishing-the-name-of-the-aiadmk-and-mgr-jayalalitha-769774-2013-11-25 |work=India Today |title=They are tarnishing the name of the AIADMK and MGR: Jayalalitha |first=Venkatramani |last=S.H. |date=15 February 1985 |access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> On 20 January 1985, AIADMK General Secretary [[P. U. Shanmugam]] announced the removal of Jayalalithaa from her position as Deputy Leader of the AIADMK Parliamentary Party, after she had served in the role for eight months, citing a letter purportedly sent by the recuperating MGR from New York. Jayalalithaa strongly refuted the authenticity of the letter, describing it as "100 Percent Bogus".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19850215-while-mgr-recuperates-in-us-aiadmk-heads-for-a-split-jayalalitha-gets-a-rude-shock-769775-2013-11-25|work=India Today |title=While MGR recuperates in US, AIADMK heads for a split, Jayalalitha gets a rude shock|date=15 February 1985 |access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/40-years-ago/january-21-1985-forty-years-ago-jayalalitha-dismissed-9789868/ |work=Indian Express|title=January 21, 1985, Forty Years Ago: Jayalalitha Dismissed|date=21 January 1985 |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref> After her earlier unsuccessful attempts to see MGR during his one month hospitalisation at [[Apollo Hospitals]] in Madras until November 1984, Jayalalithaa refrained from visiting him at [[Brooklyn Hospital Center|Brooklyn Hospital]] in New York for the next three months. On the early hours of 4 February 1985, she waited over three and a half hours in the [[Chennai International Airport|Meenambakkam Airport]]'s VIP lounge with an impressive garland to welcome MGR upon his return from the US, but was not allowed to meet him. MGR became upset when he learned that she had discussed political matters with Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, and their relationship grew strained.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19850315-aiadmk-chief-mgr-and-jayalalitha-jayaram-were-to-all-appearances-happily-reunited-769880-2013-12-01|work=India Today |title=AIADMK chief MGR and Jayalalitha Jayaram were to all appearances happily reunited|date=15 March 1985 |access-date=5 March 2014}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa wrote a letter expressing her grievances, which [[P. Kannan|Salem Kannan]] delivered to MGR at the Secretariat. After reading it, MGR reportedly broke down. The deadlock ended on 19 February 1985, when they met for an hour at the [[Fort St. George|State Secretariat]] and resolved their differences. Jayalalithaa later accompanied MGR to his car before leaving.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kannan, a hardline loyalist of Jayalalithaa|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kannan-a-hardline-loyalist-of-Jayalalithaa/article14990606.ece|date=1 November 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref>

She was reappointed as the Propaganda Secretary of the party on 5 September 1985.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19850930-aiadmk-mp-jayalalitha-makes-her-come-back-as-propaganda-secretary-to-thundering-applause-802270-2014-01-07 |title=AIADMK MP Jayalalitha makes her come back as propaganda secretary to thundering applause|date=30 September 1985|access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> The famous photograph, taken at a massive two-day conference of the All-World MGR Fans Club organised by the party at [[Tamukkam Ground]] in [[Madurai]] in July 1986, soon after the party's debacle in the local body elections, depicts Jayalalithaa presenting a silver [[sceptre]] (Sengol) to MGR, who then returned it to her, indicating that she was his political heir and [[Succession planning|passing the baton of succession]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/madurai-was-where-mgr-passed-on-the-silver-sceptre-to-protege-jaya/articleshow/55850771.cms |title=Madurai was where MGR passed on the silver sceptre to protege Jaya |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/Dec/07/mgr-passed-the-baton-to-jaya-at-madurai-mega-conference-1546417.html |title=MGR passed the baton to Jaya at Madurai mega conference |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=7 December 2016}}</ref> Following [[M. G. Ramachandran#Illness and death|his death]] in 1987, AIADMK split into two factions: one supported his widow, [[V. N. Janaki]] This faction was called AIADMK (JA) and the other favoured Jayalalithaa called AIADMK (J). Jayalalithaa faction was supported by senior leaders like [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]], [[Panruti S. Ramachandran]], [[C. Aranganayagam|Aranganayagam]], [[Sattur Ramachandran|KKSSR Ramachandran]], [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar|Thirunavukarasar]]. On 1 January 1988, Jayalalithaa was elected as the general secretary of AIADMK by the leaders of her faction and it was ratified by the party general council convened by her on the next day.<ref name="JayaGensecy">{{cite news |title=HT THIS DAY: January 2, 1988 — Jayalalitha made Gen Secy; parallel meetings called|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/htthisday-january-2-1988-jayalalitha-made-gen-secy-parallel-meetings-called-101641047639963.html |date=2 January 1988|location=Chennai, India |work=hindustan times |access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa vs Janaki: The last succession battle|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-vs-Janaki-The-last-succession-battle/article17284902.ece/|date=10 February 2017|work=the hindu |access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> Janaki was selected as the Chief Minister on 7 January 1988 with the support of 96 members; due in part to irregularities by speaker [[P. H. Pandian]], who dismissed six members to ease her victory, she won a motion of confidence in the house. However, [[Rajiv Gandhi]] used [[S:Constitution of India/Part XVIII|Article 356]] of the [[Constitution of India]] to dismiss the Janaki-led government and impose [[president's rule]] on the state.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref>[[#CITEREFJagmohan2007|Jagmohan 2007]], pp. 303–305</ref><ref name="CMlist"/> The [[Election Commission of India]] froze the "Two Leaves" symbol on 17 December 1988 and given Janaki with Double Pigeon symbol name of AIADMK (JA) and Jayalalithaa with Cock symbol name of AIADMK (J).<ref name="TheHindu-23Mar17"/>

At the age of 41, Jayalalithaa entered the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] successfully contesting the subsequent [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989 elections]] on the basis of being M.G.R.'s political heir.<ref>{{cite news |title=I'm MGR's true heir: Jayalalithaa |url=http://hindu.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021508750400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225124101/http://hindu.com/2002/02/15/stories/2002021508750400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2013 |date=15 February 2002 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

== Leader of the Opposition (1989) ==
She was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] in [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]] as a representative of the [[Bodinayakkanur (state assembly constituency)|Bodinayakkanur]] constituency at age of 41. The Jayalalithaa-led faction of the AIADMK won 27 seats and Jayalalithaa became the [[Leader of the Opposition]] in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. She was the first Indian actress and first woman to become an opposition leader in India. On 9 February 1989, the two factions of AIADMK merged and they unanimously accepted Jayalalithaa as the general secretary of the party and the "Two leaves" symbol of the party was restored.<ref name="BS"/>

On 25 March 1989, as claimed by the party and a section of the members present in the assembly, amidst heavy violence inside the house among the ruling DMK party members and the opposition, Jayalalithaa was attacked by the ruling DMK members in front of the assembly speaker [[M. Tamilkudimagan]] when violence broke out between DMK and AIADMK MLA's after she called Karunanidhi a criminal and when he named and shamed her. Karunanidhi fell on the floor when one of her MLAs rushed towards him. Both Karunanidhi and Jayalaithaa alleged of attacks against them.<ref name="caravantitans" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalaivi Trailer: The truth behind Jayalalithaa's saree pulling scene in Kangana Ranaut-starrer |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/thalaivi-trailer-the-truth-behind-jayalalithaas-saree-pulling-scene-in-kangana-ranaut-starrer |access-date=26 December 2021 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=18 February 2017 |title=Nothing can 'beat' 1989 violence |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nothing-can-beat-1989-violence/article17326723.ece |access-date=26 December 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ex-ie-photographer-recounts-how-his-iconic-photograph-helped-jayalalithaa-became-a-giant-slayer/ |title=Ex-Express photographer recounts how his iconic photograph helped Jayalalithaa become a giant slayer |date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Jayalalitha left the Assembly with her torn saree drawing a parallel with the shameful disrobing of [[Draupadi]] in the epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="caravantitans">{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-revenge-of-draupadi/205451 |title=The Revenge Of Draupadi |work=Outlook |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/titans-tn-assembly |title=When two titans clashed on the Tamil Nadu assembly floor |publisher=Caravan |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110519/main7.htm |title=Vow to avenge insult |newspaper=The Express Tribune |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> At the peak of the situation, Jayalalithaa was about to leave the house, she vowed to not enter the house "until as a [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]" (she also resigned as leader of opposition in December 1989 and appointed S. R. Radha as LoP).<ref>{{cite news |first=Vinod K. |last=Jose |date=24 April 2014 |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/titans-tn-assembly |title=When two titans clashed on the Tamil Nadu assembly floor |publisher=Caravan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Shashank |last=Chouhan |date=23 November 2012 |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/11/23/a-small-shameful-history-of-unparliamentary-behaviour/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129022030/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2012/11/23/a-small-shameful-history-of-unparliamentary-behaviour |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 November 2012 |title=A small, shameful history of unparliamentary behavior |work=Reuters}}</ref> In spite of some sections of media terming it as a theatrics, it received a lot of media coverage and sympathy from the public.<ref name="V86">[[#Vaasanthi|Vaasanthi 2008]], pp. 86–88</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=1989 ugly episode haunts the House |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/03/26/stories/2003032605200400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192438/http://www.hindu.com/2003/03/26/stories/2003032605200400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2014 |location=Chennai |date=26 March 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="midnight">{{cite news |title=Rival's revenge in Tamil Nadu |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1416948.stm |publisher=BBC |date=1 July 2001 |last=Jacob |first=Satish |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> During the [[1989 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1989 general elections]], the AIADMK allied with the Congress party and was handed a significant victory by winning 38 out of 39 lok sabha seats in Tamil Nadu. The AIADMK, under her leadership, also won the by-elections in [[Marungapuri (state assembly constituency)|Marungapuri]], [[Madurai East (state assembly constituency)|Madurai East]] and [[Peranamallur (state assembly constituency)|Peranamallur]] assembly constituencies.<ref name="profile"/>

In the early hours of 24 February 1990, which was also her 42nd birthday, Jayalalithaa was returning to Chennai from Pondicherry after concluding the campaign for the Congress–AIADMK alliance in the [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|Pondicherry Assembly elections]], accompanied by her close aide Sasikala. Near [[Chennai International Airport|Meenambakkam Airport]], the [[Hindustan Contessa|Hindustan Contessa]] car in which she was travelling was hit by a lorry, leaving her seriously injured. She was admitted to Devaki Hospital in Mylapore, where [[Rajiv Gandhi]] later visited her.<ref>{{cite news |title=From saree torn to accident: 10 incidents from Jayalalithaa's life in 'Thalaivi' trailer|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/saree-torn-accident-10-incidents-jayalalithaas-life-thalaivi-trailer-145983 |publisher=the news minute|date=26 March 2021}}</ref>

== First term as Chief Minister (1991–1996) ==
{{see also|First Jayalalithaa ministry}}
In 1991, following the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]] of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] days before the elections, her alliance with the [[Indian National Congress]] enabled her to ride the wave of sympathy that gave the coalition victory.<ref>[[#Das|Das 2005]], p. 45</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], p. xxxiv</ref> The AIADMK alliance with the Congress won 225 out of the 234 seats contested and won all 39 constituencies in the centre.<ref name="profile"/> Re-elected to the assembly, she became the state's youngest chief minister, and the first woman to serve a full term, serving from 24 June 1991 to 12 May 1996.<ref name="profile"/><ref name="CMlist"/>
[[File:M.B. Nirmal with Jayalalithaa.JPG|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa at an event during her first tenure as Chief Minister]]
In 1992, her government introduced the "Cradle Baby Scheme". At that time the ratio of male to female in some parts of Tamil Nadu was skewed by the practice of [[female infanticide]] and the abortion of female foetuses. The government established centres in some areas, these being equipped to receive and place into adoption unwanted female babies. The scheme was extended in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=728743 |title=TN: Cradle Baby Scheme In Districts With Low Sex Ratio |date=24 July 2011 |magazine=Outlook India |location=Chennai |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225093403/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=728743 |archive-date=25 December 2013}}</ref> Her party had 226 elected members to the assembly. Her government was the first to introduce police stations operated solely by women. She introduced 30% quota for women in all police jobs and established as many as 57 all-women police stations. There were other all-women establishments like libraries, stores, banks and co-operative elections.<ref>[[#Vanitha|Vanitha 2007]], p. 158</ref> She began to be referred as Thanga Gopuram'','' ''Thanga Silai'' ('Golden Statue') by her followers.<ref>{{cite web |first=Anwesha |last=Madhukalya |title=10 Videos Of Jayalalithaa's Dance Performances That Explain Why She Was Called The 'golden Maiden' |work=Huffington Post India |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/06/10-videos-of-jayalalithaas-dance-performances-that-explain-why/ |access-date=8 December 2016 |publisher=Huffingtonpost.in}}</ref>
[[File:DJayakumar-Amma-2007.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa being welcomed by Minister [[D. Jayakumar]] as she arrives at helicopter|250px]]
In 1992, Chief Minister Jayalalithaa's visit to the Mahamaham festival in Kumbakonam coincided with a fatal stampede that killed 48 people. The tragedy occurred on 18 February 1992, as a stampede broke out near the Mahamaham tank after a large crowd attempted to descend at the same time, partly due to the VIP presence. Jayalalithaa and her aide, V.K. Sasikala, were present, and the incident was a significant political setback for her government.<ref name="Jayamahamakham1992">{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnn |first=T. |date=7 May 2024 |title=The 1992 Mahamakham tragedy at Kumbakonam and two accounts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-1992-mahamakham-tragedy-at-kumbakonam-and-two-accounts/article68150881.ece |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 28 June 1992, Jayalalithaa, speaking at a three-day AIADMK victory conference held at the Race Course Ground in Madurai, stated that her electoral success was achieved not “on the blood of” [[Rajiv Gandhi]] (sympathy wave following his assassination on 21 May 1991), but through the support of the common public. Her remarks drew criticism from sections of the Congress, accusing the her of undermining the sacrifice of Rajiv Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2019|title=When DMK-TMC alliance won big in 1996 |language=en-IN |work=new indian express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Mar/09/when-dmk-tmc-alliance-won-big-in-1996-1949078.html}}</ref>

According to accounts attributed to close bureaucratic sources, barely 15 months into her first tenure as Chief Minister, Jayalalithaa met Governor [[Bishma Narain Singh]] at [[Lok Bhavan, Chennai|Raj Bhavan]] on the evening of 5 August 1992 and reportedly submitted her resignation, citing allegations of corruption and misconduct against certain party functionaries, as well as controversies surrounding the activities of Sasikala’s husband, M. Natarajan, including alleged attempts to engineer defections of MLAs, which he denied. The Governor, however, persuaded her to reconsider. As a result, She changed her decision the next day, and the letter was returned, amid concerns about political instability in the State.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2018 |title=When a Governor prevailed upon Jayalalithaa not to resign |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-a-governor-prevailed-upon-jayalalithaa-not-to-resign/article24605758.ece}}</ref> Following the Demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya on 6 December 1992, which sparked nationwide unrest but not in Tamil Nadu. Due to the differences with the centre, Jayalalithaa withdrew support to the Congress government at the Centre on 9 March 1993 and realigned later around September 1995.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2019|title=When DMK-TMC alliance won big in 1996 |language=en-IN |work=new indian express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Mar/09/when-dmk-tmc-alliance-won-big-in-1996-1949078.html}}</ref>

In July 1993, she observed fast for 80 hours (four days) near the [[MGR Memorial]] on the [[Marina beach]], demanding that [[Karnataka]] release [[Kaveri]] water for the [[kuruvai]] crop. She ended her fast only after Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao sent his Cabinet colleague and Union Water Resources Minister [[Vidya Charan Shukla|V.C. Shukla]] to Chennai to assure her that the centre would set up two committees to ensure implementation of the 1991-interim award of the [[Kaveri River water dispute|Tribunal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 1993 |title=Jayalalitha exploits Tamil insecurity |language=en-IN |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930815-jayalalitha-exploits-tamil-insecurity-811413-1993-08-15 |access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="jjc">{{Cite news |date=6 December 2016 |title=An aggressive campaigner for Tamil Nadu's water rights |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/An-aggressive-campaigner-for-Tamil-Nadus-water-rights/article16762577.ece}}</ref>

On 20 January 1994, [[Mother Teresa]] called on Chief Minister Jayalalithaa at her Poes Garden residence in Chennai and lauded her welfare projects for girls, destitute women and the aged. Mother Teresa reportedly said that she and Jayalalithaa, India's then only female chief minister, were "working for and fulfilling the same noble cause". Mother Teresa said she would pray daily for Jayalalithaa, whose projects included the Cradle Baby Scheme (CBS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOTHER TERESA´S PRAISE FOR CHIEF MINISTER´S GIRLS´ SCHEME CONTROVERSIAL |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1994/02/18/mother-teresas-praise-for-chief-ministers-girls-scheme-controversial&post_id=44776 |work=ucanews |date=17 February 1994}}</ref> Mother Teresa was also present at the State function on the [[International Women's Day]] on 9 March 1994 at Chennai, which Jayalalithaa later recalled as "memorable event in my life".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mother Teresa will continue to inspire many more, says Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Mother-Teresa-will-continue-to-inspire-many-more-says-Jayalalithaa/article14622049.ece |work=The Hindu |date=3 September 2016 |access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref> In 1995, Jayalalithaa government organised the 8th [[World Tamil Conference]] from 1 to 5 January at [[Thanjavur]].<ref name="8thWTC">{{Citation|last=|title=8th-world-tamil-conference-magzine.pdf|url=https://tamilvalarchithurai.tn.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/8th-world-tamil-conference-magzine.pdf|year=1995|location=[[Chennai]]|publisher=Secratriat of [[Department of Tamil Development and Information]]}}</ref>

She first invited [[Ford Motor Company]] to establish business in Tamil Nadu in 1995. This was followed by numerous companies setting up factories here especially from automobiles sector which included [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai Motor]], [[BMW]], [[Daimler AG|Daimler]], [[Renault]], [[Nissan]], [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]], [[Wrightbus|Wright]] and [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]]. Due to this, Madras (now [[Chennai]]) began to be called as the Detroit of India under her first term.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/nzgFbwcO2BgdW4x6dVBCCN/How-Jayalalithaa-made-Chennai-the-Detroit-of-India.html |title=How Jayalalithaa made Chennai the Detroit of India |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |first1=Amrit |last1=Raj |date=7 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> [[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]] made significant expansion in Tamil Nadu and apart from [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited|TAFE]] and [[TVS Motor Company|TVS Motors]] became key players in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa catalysed industrial growth in TN |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/jayalalithaa-catalysed-industrial-growth-in-tn/article9412047.ece |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>

=== Reservations ===
{{see also|Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu}}
[[File:DJayakumar-Police.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa arriving at Madurai Airport for AIADMK party Conference]]
In 1992, [[Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India|The Supreme Court Verdict]] about reservations stated that the overall amount allowed should not exceed 50% as per Article 16(4). It endangered the [[Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu|69 Percent Reservation in Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=How Tamil Nadu's reservation stands at 69% despite the 50% quota cap |language=en-IN |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116 |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref>

In 1993, the Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes Bill, 1993 was passed by the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] (Act 45 of 1994).<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2014 |title=69% quota: SC notice to Tamil Nadu |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/69-quota-sc-notice-to-tamil-nadu/article6568342.ece |access-date=17 April 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Bill was sent to the President [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] for his approval. J Jayalalithaa's [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] government led a cross-party committee of Tamil Nadu politicians to Delhi to meet with the Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] led [[Government of India|Central government]] and stepped up pressure on the centre to bring in a [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|Constitutional amendment]] to include the Tamil Nadu Act in the Ninth Schedule, ensuring that its validity cannot be challenged in any court. By the end of August 1994, the Act became a part of the Ninth Schedule by the presidential accent, confirming "'''the 69 percent reservation'''" exclusive for Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONSTITUTION (Seventy-sixth Amendment) Act, 1994 |language=en-IN |website=india.gov.in |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-sixth-amendment-act-1994 |access-date=15 May 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The development fetched her the title of "{{lang|ta|Samooga Neethi Kaatha Veeranganai}}" (The leader who upheld [[Social justice]]) by [[K. Veeramani]], General Secretary of [[Dravidar Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa changed face of Dravidian politics |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/061216/jayalalithaa-changed-face-of-dravidian-politics.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The woman behind the 69% quota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-woman-behind-the-69-quota/article16762726.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=6 December 2016 |last1=Ramakrishnan |first1=T.}}</ref>

===Tensions with the Governor (1993–1996)===
{{See also|State of Tamil Nadu v. Governor of Tamil Nadu}}
Her tenure was also marked by a prolonged confrontation with Governor [[M. Chenna Reddy]] who succeeded Singh on 31 May 1993. Differences soon emerged between the Chief Minister Jayalalithaa and the Governor, amid perceptions within the ruling AIADMK that he had been appointed by the [[Narasimha Rao]] led Congress(I) government at the centre to undermine her administration. Tensions reportedly began after the Governor expressed displeasure over not being promptly informed about the [[1993 bombing of RSS office in Chennai|August 1993 bombing of the RSS headquarters]] in Chetpet, Chennai, which resulted in the deaths of 11 persons. At the time of the incident, Jayalalithaa was not in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 1994|title=CM Jayalalitha snubs governor M. Channa Reddy in their never-ending row |language=en-IN |work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19940131-cm-jayalalitha-snubs-governor-m-channa-reddy-in-their-never-ending-row-808754-1994-01-30|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109100546/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19940131-cm-jayalalitha-snubs-governor-m-channa-reddy-in-their-never-ending-row-808754-1994-01-30|url-status=live|archive-date=9 January 2023}}</ref> The relations deteriorated further over a series of disputes, including the Governor’s public actions such as visiting the blast site and independently initiating relief efforts following the [[1993 Latur earthquake]], as well as his rejection of nominees for the Vice-Chancellor of the [[University of Madras]].

She subsequently wrote to Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao, questioning the Governor’s conduct. Reddy responded with an explanation. Her government considered legislation to make the Chief Minister the Chancellor of the university in place of the Governor. The 1993-95 period saw an exchange of public criticisms, reported delays in sanctioning funds for renovation work at Raj Bhavan, boycotts of official functions, republic day parades and customary tea parties hosted by the Governor and a resolution passed by the Assembly seeking the Governor’s recall. Then Ruling AIADMK MLAs later staged protests near Raj Bhavan. Her government directed Speaker [[Sedapatti R. Muthiah]] to convene the Assembly without the Governor’s customary New Year address in 1994. In 1995, tensions escalated when the Governor, during a visit to Madurai Kamaraj University, summoned district officials for discussions, prompting Jayalalithaa to write letters of protest to both the Governor and the Prime Minister Rao.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2023|title=ஆளுநர் Vs மாநில அரசு! ஜெயலலிதா - சென்னா ரெட்டி இடையே 1995ல் நிகழ்ந்த உச்சக்கட்ட பனிப்போர்!|language=ta |work=Puthiyathalaimurai|url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/tamilnadu/the-cold-war-that-started-30-years-ago-for-j--and-cenna-reddy-}}</ref> In March 1995, the Governor sanctioned the prosecution of Jayalalithaa in connection with the [[TANSI land acquisition case|TANSI land deal]] and coal import cases, as sought by Subramanian Swamy. The same year, His motorcade was gheraoed by AIADMK workers at Chennai Egmore railway station and later held up for about 15 minutes in Tindivanam on 10 April 1995, while he was en route to Puducherry. Around the same time, she alleged in the Assembly that he had earlier misbehaved and used “uncouth” language during a meeting at Raj Bhavan in August 1993. However, by late 1995 the relationship showed signs of improvement. In early 1996, a more cordial atmosphere prevailed, with the Governor praising Jayalalithaa’s leadership in his Assembly address, marking a temporary easing of tensions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2019 |title=The infamous standoff between CM, Governor in T.N. |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-infamous-standoff-between-cm-governor-in-tn/article61538508.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419020400/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-infamous-standoff-between-cm-governor-in-tn/article61538508.ece|url-status=live|archive-date=19 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2026 |title=When eggs, stones were hurled at T.N. Governor Channa Reddy’s convoy and CM Jayalalithaa sought his recall. |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-chief-minister-vs-governor-when-eggs-stones-were-hurled-at-channa-reddy-convoy-and-jayalalithaa-sought-his-recall-in-1995/article70478566.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112060223/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-chief-minister-vs-governor-when-eggs-stones-were-hurled-at-channa-reddy-convoy-and-jayalalithaa-sought-his-recall-in-1995/article70478566.ece|url-status=live|archive-date=12 January 2026}}</ref>

== Loss of power, 1996 ==
The Jayalalithaa-led AIADMK lost power in the 1996 elections, when it won 4 of the 168 seats that they contested.<ref name="front1996"/> Jayalalithaa was herself defeated by the DMK candidate [[E. G. Sugavanam]] in [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]] constituency, marking a rare instance of a sitting Chief Minister of the state losing an election, the first since [[M. Bhaktavatsalam]] in 1967. The outcome has been attributed to an [[anti-incumbency]] sentiment and several allegations of corruption and malfeasance against her and her ministers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="front1996">{{cite news |title=No respite |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30160533.ece |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume=14 |issue=25 |date=26 December 1997 |last=T.S. |first=Subramanian |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> DMK- TMC (M) combine came to power which also supported by Tamil Superstar Rajinikanth. The wedding event of her foster son Sudhakaran, who married a granddaughter of the Tamil film actor [[Shivaji Ganesan]], was held on 7 September 1995 at Madras and was viewed on large screens by over 150,000 people. The event holds two [[Guinness World Records]]: one is for the most guests at a wedding and the other is for being the largest wedding banquet.<ref name="outlook20110321"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/largest-wedding-banquetreception/ |publisher=guinnessworldrecords |title=Largest wedding banquet/reception |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Most wedding guests |url=https://guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/74159-most-wedding-guests|publisher=guinnessworldrecords |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Subsequently, in November 2011, Jayalalithaa told a special court than the entire {{INRConvert|60|m|year=1995}} expenses associated with the wedding were paid by the family of the bride.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/bangalore/30428296_1_disproportionate-assets-case-j-jayalalithaa-jewellery |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722012032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/bangalore/30428296_1_disproportionate-assets-case-j-jayalalithaa-jewellery |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2012 |first=Anil |last=Kumar |date=22 November 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=My foster son's Rs6 cr. wedding expense not paid by me |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

Though Sudhakaran was adopted by Jayalalithaa as her foster son in 14 June 1995, when she became aware that Sudhakaran began to interfere in her financial affairs and that he took money without intending to repay, she disowned him in 25 August 1996 within one year of adoption.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/son-for-one-year-why-did-jayalalithaa-disown-sudhakaran |title=Son-for-one-year: Why did Jayalalithaa disown foster son Sudhakaran? |work=Asianetnews.tv |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=14 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214101223/http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/south/son-for-one-year-why-did-jayalalithaa-disown-sudhakaran |url-status=dead }}</ref>

There were several corruption cases filed against her by the ruling DMK government headed by Karunanidhi. Jayalalithaa was arrested on 7 December 1996 and was remanded to 30-day judicial custody in connection with the [[Colour TV scam]], which charged her with receiving kickbacks to the tune of {{INRConvert|101.3|m|year=1995}}. The investigation alleged that the amount through the TV dealers were routed in the form of cheques to a relative of Sasikala, who had quoted Jayalalithaa's residence as hers. She earlier filed an anticipatory bail in the trial court, which was rejected on 7 December 1996.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Booty queen |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19961231-jayalalitha-arrest-reveals-systematic-loot-of-public-money-puts-political-future-at-risk-834258-1999-11-29 |date=31 December 1998 |access-date=3 November 2015 |magazine=India Today |last1=Menon |first1=Amarnath K. |last2=G.C. |first2=Shekar}}</ref> However, she was released from [[Madras Central Prison]] on bail on 3 January 1997 after 27 days of imprisonment. After that, she gave up the [[cape]] she had been wearing over her saree since 1990 and began appearing in simple sarees, sporting a single vertical [[tilaka|teeka]] over the bindi on her forehead.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nath |first=Akshaya |date=21 February 2024 |title=I-T raids, a court case & a vow — saga of Jayalalithaa's jewellery, returning to TN after 27 yrs |url=https://theprint.in/india/i-t-raids-a-court-case-a-vow-saga-of-jayalalithaas-jewellery-returning-to-tn-after-27-yrs/1973557/ |work=The Print |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> She was acquitted in the case on 30 May 2000 by the trial court and the High Court upheld the order of the lower court.<ref>{{cite news |title=Colour TV scam: High Court upholds acquittal of Jayalalithaa |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/colour-tv-scam-high-court-upholds-acquittal-of-jayalalithaa/article6955.ece |agency=Press Trust of India |work=The Hindu |date=21 August 2009 |access-date=1 January 2014 |location=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Madras HC upholds acquittal of Jayalalithaa in TV scam |url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/madras-hc-upholds-acquittal-of-jayalalitha-in-tv-scam_557310.html |date=22 August 2009 |publisher=Zee News |access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa expelled Sasikala from AIADMK on 27 August 1996, but after Sasikala's release from jail in July 1997, she rescinded her decision in 1 July.<ref name="IT1">{{cite web|title=The rise of Chinnamma|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170220-sasikala-chinnamma-panneerselvam-aiadmk-jayalalithaa-985733-2017-02-11|access-date=4 December 2020|website=India Today|date=11 February 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Isaac">{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rise-and-fall-vk-sasikala-144572 |title=The rise and fall of VK Sasikala |author=Anna Isaac |publisher=The News Minute |date=3 March 2021 |access-date=8 August 2022 }}</ref> On 21 August 1996, rebel leaders like S. Muthusamy, S. Raja Kannapan, Arangayam expelled her from party and removed her as general secretary and later in June 1997 appointed Thirunavukkasar as general secretary. It was later challenged and won by her.<ref>https://www.dinamani.com/treasure/specials/indha-naalil/2012/Aug/21/1996-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9521-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-545492.html</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Expelled AIADMK leaders add to J.Jayalalitha's woes by ousting her | date=15 September 1996 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19960915-expelled-aiadmk-leaders-add-to-j-jayalalitha-woes-by-ousting-her-834478-1996-09-14 }}</ref>

In 1998, AIADMK [[Silver Jubilee]] Conference was held at [[Tirunelveli]] by AIADMK General [[Jayalalithaa]] from 1 to 3 January. Several Alliance party leaders such as [[L. K. Advani]], [[Vaiko]], [[S. Ramadoss]], [[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]] and [[Subramanian Swamy]] participated it ahead of Lok Sabha election that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/jan/09aiadmk.htm |title=AIADMK convention gives Jayalalitha a boost|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=9 January 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19980119-bjp-learns-some-hard-lessons-about-coalition-politics-825446-1998-01-18 |title=BJP learns some hard lessons about coalition politics|work=indiatoday|date=19 January 1998|access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30160680.ece |title=A jubilee and a jamboree |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|FrontLine]] |date=10 January 1998}}</ref> Her fortunes revived in the [[Indian general election, 1998 (Tamil Nadu)|1998 general election]], (joined BJP+ on 17 December 1997) as the AIADMK became a key component of then Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s 1998–99 government; her withdrawal of support toppled it and triggered [[Indian general election, 1999 (Tamil Nadu)|another general election]] just a year later. During [[1999 Indian general election|1999 parliament general election]], Jayalalithaa formed the alliance consisting of parties like [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[CPI(M)]], [[Indian National League|INL]] and managed to win 13 lok sabha seats in Tamil Nadu and a lone seat in puducherry with the AIADMK winning 10 seats in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 1999|title=Jaya dumps unwanted seats on Cong|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990731/ipo31068.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716061944/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990731/ipo31068.html|archive-date=16 July 2008|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha - Vol. 1 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007090434/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |date=1999 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

She was also convicted in [[Pleasant Stay hotel case]] on 3 February 2000 by a trial court to one-year imprisonment.

== Second term as Chief Minister(2001) ==
{{see also|Second Jayalalithaa ministry}}
Jayalalithaa strengthened the AIADMK led Secular Democratic Progressive Alliance consisting Congress, Left parties by bringing in parties like Moopanar's [[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC]], PMK, [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] and other smaller parties for [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30250676.ece/ |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |title=The return of Jayalalitha |date=26 May 2001|access-date=26 May 2001}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was barred from standing as a candidate in the 2001 elections because she was found guilty of criminal offences, including allegedly obtaining property belonging to a state-operated agency called [[TANSI land acquisition case|TANSI]]. Although she appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]], having been sentenced to five years' imprisonment, the matter was not resolved at the time of the elections.<ref name="disqual">{{cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30250518.ece |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |title=The disqualification debate |first=T. S. |last=Subramanian |date=21 May 2001 |volume=18 |issue=10 |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091130/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1810/18100100.htm |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> But she contested the [[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]], [[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]], [[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]], and [[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukottai]] constituencies. All were rejected as she had been disqualified from contesting the polls at that time following conviction in the TANSI land deal case, Pleasant stay hotel case and Since one cannot file nomination for more than two constituencies.<ref name="reject">{{cite journal | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sc-pulls-up-jayalalithaa-for-filing-4-nominations-in-2001-assembly-polls/article4115954.ece |journal =The Hindu |title =SC pulls up Jayalalithaa for filing 4 nominations in 2001 Assembly polls |date = 20 November 2012 |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref> The AIADMK Alliance won the landslide victory of 196 seats in the 234-membered assembly. The AIADMK returned to power in [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]] by winning majority and she took oath as Chief Minister as a non-elected member of the state assembly on 14 May 2001.<ref name="CMlist"/>(It is noteworthy that this is the first time in Indian history that a person has taken oath as the Chief Minister of a state the day after the counting of votes has been completed.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2001/05/14/sworn.html | title=ஜெ.முதல்வராக பதவியேற்பு | date=14 May 2001 }}</ref>)

Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Her appointment was legally voided in September 2001 when the Supreme Court ruled that she could not hold it while convicted of criminal acts.<ref name="disqual"/> [[O. Panneerselvam]], a minister in her party, was subsequently installed as the Chief Minister. However, his government was purported to have been [[puppet government|puppeted]] and micro-managed by Jayalalithaa.<ref name="CMlist">{{cite web |title=List of Chief Ministers in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/cmlist.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630012821/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/cmlist.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2006 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Panneerselvam govt only a temporary arrangement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Panneerselvam-govt-only-a-temporary-arrangement/articleshow/559403018.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131118030707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-22/india/27240781_1_jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-portfolios |url-status=live |archive-date=18 November 2013 |date=22 September 2001 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa was acquitted in both the TANSI and Pleasant Stay Hotel cases on 4 December 2001 and the Supreme Court upheld the order of the High Court on 24 November 2003.<ref name=Andi>{{cite news |title=Jayalalitha files nomination papers from Andipatti constituency |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1021448661.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409233844/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1021448661.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2016 |work=Newswire |date=15 April 2006 |access-date=31 October 2015 |location=New Delhi |via=HighBeam Research}}</ref><ref name=rediff>{{cite news |title=SC acquits Jaya in Tansi land deal case |url=http://ia.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/24sc.htm |last=Singh |first=Onkar |date=24 November 2003 |publisher=Rediff |access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

== Third term as Chief Minister(2002–2006) ==
{{see also|Third Jayalalithaa ministry}}
Upon her acquittal, she contested a bye-poll to the [[Andipatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Andipatti]] constituency, which she won by a handsome margin in February 2002.
Subsequently, on 2 March 2002, Jayalalithaa returned as Chief Minister once more to complete her term, having been acquitted of some charges by the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/end-of-7year-lean-phase-for-aiadmk/article2019520.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |title=End of 7-year lean phase for AIADMK |access-date=21 August 2016 |date=15 May 2011 |first=T. |last=Ramakrishnan |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalitha.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa with former Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]]]

India's first company of female police commandos was set up in Tamil Nadu in 2003. They underwent the same training as their male counterparts, covering the handling of weapons, detection and disposal of bombs, driving, horseriding, and adventure sports.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2976142.stm |title=Indian women join elite police |publisher=BBC |first=Charles |last=Haviland |date=10 June 2003 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The government led by her in 2003 banned sale of all lotteries, including online, within the territory of the state, despite the risk of the state losing revenue. She gave orders to a special task force headed by [[K. Vijay Kumar|K. Vijaykumar]]<ref>{{cite magazine |first=K. Vijay |last=Kumar |date=18 December 2016 |url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/vijay-kumar-jayalalithaa.html |title=The CM, Veerappan and I |magazine=The Week |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> to conduct a secret operation to capture and kill the bandit [[Veerappan]] by entering Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lite/story/jayalalithaa-dead-biggest-achievements-cm/1/781452.html |title=I am legend: Jayalalithaa's top 10 achievements |work=India Today |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2004 she declared eliminating Veerappan as biggest achievement of her government and quoted ""My only brief to them was capture Veerappan dead or alive. After that I never interfered. I left them to work out their own strategies and this paid off."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/veerappans-killing-is-my-governments-greatest-achievement-amma/256427 |title=Veerappan's killing is my government's greatest achievement: Amma |work=Outlook India |date=19 October 2004 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> She began to be referred as 'People's CM' (Makallin Mudhalvar) and Iron Lady of India by end of this term.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/india/article/j-jayalalithaa-the-iron-lady-of-indian-politics/52692 |title=The Iron Lady of Indian Politics |work=Times Now |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> In this term she launched a [[rainwater harvesting]] scheme in 2001 to rejuvenate water sources and this improved ground water levels in the parched southern state and this idea was replicated by various states and even by the centre. On 2 February 2003, she launched [[Veeranam Lake#The Veeranam Project|the New Veeranam project]] to [[Water management in Chennai|deliver water to the dry metropolis of Chennai]] and made it operational on 13 October 2004.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/jayalalithaa-launches-veeranam-project/articleshow/36301287.cms | title=Jayalalithaa launches Veeranam project | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=4 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-s-five-most-noteworthy-contributions-to-tamil-nadu-116120500890_1.html |title=Jayalalithaa's five most noteworthy contributions to Tamil Nadu |first=T. E. Narasimhan & Gireesh |last=Babu |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=Business Standard }}</ref> Doctor Manmohan Singh frequently praised Jayalalithaa for her administrative skills, mid-day meal schemes and efforts for gender empowerment.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-kolkata/20161207/281767038848843 |title=Her achievements were discussed by Manmohan, Pranab |work=Hindustan Times |via=PressReader |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212164337/https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-kolkata/20161207/281767038848843 |archive-date=12 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2003, her government allowed parents to use their names as initials.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/parents-can-use-first-letters-of-names-as-initials-jaya/articleshow/44880646.cms | title=Parents can use first letters of names as initials: Jaya | work=The Times of India | date=29 April 2003 }}</ref> Same year, she introduced Annadhanam scheme in religious places and donated her salary.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/jaya-donates-her-salary-from-nov-to-mar-to-annadhanam-scheme_94693.html/amp | title=Jaya donates her salary from Nov to Mar to Annadhanam scheme }}</ref> On 31 October 2002, her Government passed the [[Anti-conversion law|Tamil Nadu Prohibition of Forcible Conversion of Religion Act]]. On 13 June 2003, Jayalalithaa rebuked [[Pope John Paul II]] for raising concerns and calling the anti-conversion law "unjust" on 3 June at the [[Vatican City|Vatican]], saying that as a religious leader he had no authority to comment on laws passed by democratically elected state government in this country, and that the law posed no threat to religion.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jun/10arvind.htm|title=Heal yourself first, your Holiness|access-date=10 June 2003 |newspaper=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pope-has-no-business-commenting-on-our-law-jaya/articleshow/22611.cms|title=Pope has no business commenting on our law: Jaya|access-date=14 June 2003 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> But after public protests by religious minorities, Eventually Jayalalithaa revoked the law on 18 May 2004, to clear up any misconceptions.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tamil-nadu-passes-anti-conversion-bill/articleshow/26865966.cms|title=Tamil Nadu passes anti-conversion Bill|date=31 October 2002 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Aneesha |date=23 December 2020 |title=Anti-conversion laws in India: How states deal with religious conversion |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/anti-conversion-laws-in-india-states-religious-conversion-1752402-2020-12-23 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The law imposed up to four years in prison and a ₹1 lakh fine for forcibly or fraudulently converting Dalits, tribals, women, or children. Priests must report each conversion to district officials or face one year in jail.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2004/05/21/church-welcomes-repeal-of-controversial-conversion-law-in-tamil-nadu&post_id=24174|title=Church Welcomes Repeal Of Controversial Conversion Law In Tamil Nadu|date=20 May 2004|work=ucanews}}</ref> On 16 March 2003, her government withdrew the free electricity supplies to farmers and restored it in May 2004. In 2003, the Jayalalithaa-led government proposed two sites for a new State Secretariat. The first involved shifting [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai|Queen Mary's College]] (QMC) to Lady Willingdon Institute, and the second was a 43-acre site in [[Anna University]] meant for the National Institute of Science. Both plans were dropped due to strong protest from students and a High Court order.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2011/May/20/tamil-nadus-search-for-a-secretariat-254912.html|title=Tamil Nadu's search for a secretariat|access-date=17 March 2012|work=newindianexpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-new-secretariat-a-heritage-institution-and-an-impassioned-protest/article68555197.ece|title=A new secretariat, a heritage institution, and an impassioned protest in Chennai|access-date=23 August 2024|work=The Hindu}}</ref> On 2 July 2003, Jayalalithaa's government dismissed over 1.5 lakh striking government employees and teachers by using the [[Essential Services Maintenance Act]] (ESMA), ordered midnight arrests and evicted hundreds of thousands from government housing. On 4 July 2003, during the strike, Tamil Nadu Essential Services Maintenance Act, 2002 (TESMA) was amended through an ordinance allowing the state to label any service as essential. Striking or supporting a strike under this law can lead to three years in jail, a ₹5000 fine, or both.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/111788/tamil-nadu-strikers-let-down-by-unions|title=Tamil Nadu strikers let down by unions|date=18 July 2003|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> However, At the intervention of the Madras High Court and the Supreme Court, the government later released those arrested and reinstated those sacked.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30221513.ece|title=The end of agony|date=12 March 2004 |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] }}</ref> On 18 May 2004, the government withdrew the cases filed against the opposition leaders in the state for allegedly instigating government employees to go on strike.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/may/18tn.htm|title=Jaya withdraws cases against rivals|date=18 May 2004|work=Rediff}}</ref> On 28 August 2003, Jayalalithaa enforced a ban on the [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|ritual sacrifice of animals and birds]] in and around temples, directing district authorities to strictly implement the Tamil Nadu Ban on Animal and Bird Sacrifices Act, 1950, and take action against violators.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/animal-sacrifice-challenge-to-jaya/cid/799797|title=Animal sacrifice challenge to Jaya|date=1 September 2003|work=telegraph india}}</ref> On 20 February 2004, her government scrapped the 1950 Act, respecting the religious beliefs of those who practised such sacrifices, and lifted the ban following representations from rural people, including core voting backward and dalit communities of the AIADMK, who were upset by the ban.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/controversial-order-on-animal-sacrifice-withdrawn/articleshow/509088.cms|title=Controversial order on animal sacrifice withdrawn|date=20 February 2004|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/animals-at-the-mercy-of-politics/articleshow/514415.cms|title=Animals at the mercy of politics|date=23 February 2004|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In the wake of the severe drubbing of the AIADMK-BJP (which joined 14/2/04) alliance, which drew a blank in all 40 seats in [[2004 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] and Puducherry in [[2004 Indian general election|2004]], the reversal of her earlier controversial decisions was seen as an attempt to woo alienated voters ahead of the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 assembly elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3725231.stm|title=Jayalalitha makes sudden U-turn|date=18 May 2004|work=BBC}}</ref>

In October 2004, Jayalalithaa government approached the Supreme Court of India seeking to restrain the Centre from transferring Tamil Nadu Governor [[P. S. Ramamohan Rao]]. Her government alleged that the opposition DMK, then part of the ruling [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA I]] government, wanted the change to destabilise the ADMK led state government under Article 356 of the Constitution of India. The Court declined interim relief. Soon after, the Tamil Nadu Chief Secretary submitted excerpts of a phone conversation held on 28 October 2004, in which Union Home Minister [[Shivraj Patil]] informed Jayalalithaa that [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] would replace Rao. The disclosure sparked controversy, with Karunanidhi accusing Her of breaching secrecy. she later said she had only conveyed the gist of the conversation from memory. Rao subsequently resigned amid the controversy.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2025|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-jayalalithaa-denied-recording-a-phone-conversation-with-home-minister-shivraj-patil/article70405735.ece |title=When Jayalalithaa denied recording a phone conversation with Home Minister Shivraj Patilwork=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217025330/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-jayalalithaa-denied-recording-a-phone-conversation-with-home-minister-shivraj-patil/article70405735.ece|archive-date=17 December 2025}}</ref> In November 2004, her government arrested Jagadguru Sri [[Jayendra Saraswathi]] Mahaswamigal was arrested in connection with the [[Sankararaman murder case]] on [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kanchi-seer-jayendra-saraswathi-a-spiritual-colossus-till-his-arrest-in-2004/articleshow/63106383.cms|title=Kanchi seer Jayendra Saraswathi, a spiritual colossus till his arrest in 2004, dies |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 February 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>
[[File:DJayakumar-Billgates.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa along with [[Bill Gates]] at the Secretariat on his visit to Chennai in December 2005]]
Her administrative abilities were notable in her handling of events following the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|tsunami]] that hit Tamil Nadu on 26 December 2004. Jayalalithaa announced a Rs 153.37 crore relief package, divided into a general package and a separate one for fishermen. She announced that affected families would get Rs 1 lakh as compensation for every member lost, along with one dhoti, one sari, two bedsheets, 60 kg of rice, three litres of kerosene, and Rs 1,000 in cash for groceries and that furthermore, Rs 1,000 was to be given for purchase of utensils, Rs 2,000 so they could put up accommodation. Per family, and there were about one lakh families in all, the package would cost about Rs 5,000. The fishermen also received an extra Rs 65 crore meant to cover gill nets and boats. It was only a matter of hours before Nagapattinam had its power supply back. With the state working on disaster management for over seven years, response time had been reduced significantly; mobile cranes and ambulances were on patrol. The government entrusted district administration with rehabilitation of affected families, and when they were found to be incompetent, she reshuffled or sacked officers immediately. Jayalalithaa even extended help to the Sri Lankan government by instating officers to guide the island nation in the process of rehabilitation. Her administrative style was uncompromising, whether it was banning the sale of gutkha, or mandatory installation of rainwater harvesting systems, but, she got things done on time without any ifs or buts, as was seen with the tsunami relief, ensuring people remembered not the ruthlessness of her tenure, but the help it gave them.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/how-jayalalithas-administrative-skills-helped-tamil-nadu-recover-from-tsunami-nightmare-3142354.html |title=How Jayalalitha's administrative skills helped Tamil Nadu recover from tsunami nightmare |work=First Post |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 March 2012 |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-hands-over-houses-to-tsunami-hit-1668246 |title=Jayalalithaa hands over houses to tsunami-hit |work=DNA India |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

On 11 May 2006, Jayalalithaa resigned as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu following her party's defeat in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite news |date=11 May 2006 |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2006/may/11ptn3.htm |title=Jayalalithaa resigns as chief minister |work=rediff |access-date=11 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 May 2006 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-resigns-as-tn-cm/story-AZG4AVVSrLdlizjp4l62uI.html |title=Jayalalithaa resigns as TN CM |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=11 May 2006}}</ref>

== Leader of the Opposition(2006–2011) ==
[[File:Cpim-jayalaitha meet.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa with the leaders of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M) Party]]]]
AIADMK fared poorly in May [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], with her party winning just 61 seats out of total 234 in the state elections in 2006. She won in [[Andipatti (state assembly constituency)|Andipatti]]. Though her main opposition, DMK did not win a single party majority (96/234), DMK coalition had 162/234 seats and formed the cabinet until 2011 which she referred to as "Minority DMK government".<ref>{{cite magazine |date=11 May 2006 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/dmk-to-form-minority-govt-in-tamil-nadu/384201 |title=DMK to form minority govt in Tamil Nadu |magazine=Outlook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515123247/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/dmk-to-form-minority-govt-in-tamil-nadu/384201 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=17 August 2009 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/AIADMK-attacks-Karuna-for-Mrs-Jaya-remark-54549-2009-08-17 |title=AIADMK attacks Karuna for 'Mrs Jaya' remark |magazine=India Today |access-date=18 August 2009}}</ref> For the first time, the AIADMK secured 7 of the 14 seats in the DMK stronghold of Chennai City alone in an election widely regarded as lacking a clear wave. By forming an alliance with the MDMK and [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]], she narrowed the margin between ADMK front and the DMK alliance, which polled around 45% of the vote, despite the latter beginning with a notional arithmetic advantage of nearly 55%.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 May 2006 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaya-loses-power-but-puts-up-a-good-show/articleshow/1526462.cms |title=Jaya loses power, but puts up a good show |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 May 2006}}</ref>

On 29 May 2006, Jayalalithaa was unanimously elected as Leader of the Opposition by AIADMK MLAs replacing [[O. Panneerselvam]] soon after two days, she single-handedly took on the ruling DMK in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|house]] in the wake of the suspension of all 60 AIADMK legislators for the entire session.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 May 2006 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-elected-leader-of-oppn-in-tn-assembly/articleshow/1587371.cms |title=Jayalalithaa elected Leader of Oppn in TN assembly |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 May 2006 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/aiadmk-mlas-suspended-for-rest-of-the-session/story-AfrdybCVAIcSdMlWrfsAdM.html |title=AIADMK MLAs suspended for rest of the session |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 May 2006}}</ref> During [[2009 Indian general election|2009 parliament general election]], The AIADMK-led alliance consisting of parties like [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]], [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[CPI(M)]], [[MDMK]] managed to win 12 seats with the AIADMK winning 9 seats.

;Sri Lankan Tamil Issue
{{See also|Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War|Indian Peace Keeping Force|Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|Protests against the Sri Lankan Civil War|K. Muthukumar|2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests|Attacks on Sri Lankans in Tamil Nadu}}
In August 2008, Jayalalithaa moved the Supreme Court to nullify the [[Katchatheevu]] agreements of 1974 and 1976. She had raised the retrieval of the islet in her maiden Independence Day address in August 1991. In 1991, Jayalalithaa led Tamil Nadu Assembly adopted a resolution demanding the retrieval of Katchatheevu. During the civil war and with northern borders under the control of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]], the fishermen had easy access to the fishing grounds.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 August 2008 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/jayalalitha-moves-court-to-retrieve-island-from-sri-lanka-28116-2008-08-07 |title=Jayalalitha moves court to retrieve island from Sri Lanka |work=India Today |access-date=7 August 2008}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa undertook a day-long fast in March 2009, a couple of months before the [[2009 Indian general election|Parliamentary elections]] demanding an immediate ceasefire. She accused then Chief Minister Karunanidhi led DMK government in the State and the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government at the Centre of "criminal neglect in failing to provide relief and succour to the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]".<ref name="JJLanka" />

In April 2009, [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] Chief [[Velupillai Prabhakaran|Prabhakaran]] thanked Jayalalithaa for voicing her support in favour of [[Tamil Eelam]] through a secret letter. It was later revealed by [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] MP [[V. Maitreyan|Maitreyan]].<ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/maitreyan-reveals-secret-ltte-letter/articleshow/61813215.cms |title=Maitreyan reveals 'secret' LTTE letter |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>

After she returned to power in May 2011, the Assembly had adopted several resolutions, seeking an international probe into the alleged war crimes and genocide in the final phase of the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]. She also demanded an [[Economic sanctions|economic embargo]] on Sri Lanka. She expressed her opposition not only to the presence of Sri Lankan military personnel receiving training anywhere in India but also to that of Sri Lankan sportspersons.<ref name="JJLanka" />

As for Sri Lankan Tamil refugees living in Tamil Nadu, she had changed her position. Originally, she justified the refugees taking shelter in the State "as long as the genocide continues" in the Sri Lanka. But, after the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] in 1991, she had branded the refugee camps as "breeding grounds" for LTTE militants. However, she turned sympathetic again to the refugees in 2011. She not only enhanced allowance for them but also announced a special scheme for building "durable houses" for rehabilitation.<ref name="JJLanka">{{cite news |date=8 December 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/On-Sri-Lanka-Jayalalithaa-took-a-strong-line/article16774662.ece |title=On Sri Lanka, Jayalalithaa took a strong line |work=The Hindu |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

;Protest Rallies
In late 2010, Jayalalithaa as an opposition leader held three big rallies to protest against the [[Inflation|price rise]] and policies of [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA Government]] at the Centre and DMK Government in the State. The public meetings took place at [[Coimbatore]] on 13 July, [[Trichy]] on 14 August and [[Madurai]] on 18 October. These rallies drew lakhs of people, were seen as the shows of strength by the AIADMK ahead of [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 Assembly Election]].<ref name="JayaCoimbatore">{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aiadmk-shows-its-strength-in-coimbatore/articleshow/6163233.cms |title=AIADMK shows its strength in Coimbatore |work=The Economic Times |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=13 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="JayaTrichy">{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/trichy-jayalalithaa-targets-dmk-in-mega-rally-427374 |title=Trichy: Jayalalithaa targets DMK in mega rally |work=NDTV |agency=PTI |date=14 August 2010 |access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="JayaMadurai">{{cite news |last=P |first=Krishnakumar |date=19 October 2010|url=https://news.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/18/slide-show-1-jayalalitha-holds-rally-in-dmk-bastion-madurai.htm |title=Jayalalitha holds mega rally in DMK bastion |work=rediff |access-date=19 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Raj |first=D Ram |date=19 October 2010|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-rallies-in-madurai-despite-threats-1454501 |title=Jayalalithaa rallies in Madurai despite threats| work=DNA India |access-date=19 October 2010}}</ref>

== Fourth term as Chief Minister(2011–2014) ==
{{see also|Fourth Jayalalithaa ministry}}
Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]] in a [[Landslide victory|landslide]]. She won in [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)|Srirangam]]. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidised "Amma"-branded goods such as (Amma canteens, Amma bottled water, Amma salt, Amma medical shops, Amma cement and Amma baby care kit).

In April 2011, the AIADMK was part of a 13-party alliance (notably with Actor VijayaKant's DMDK) that won 203 out of 234 Seats in the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|14th state assembly elections]] (actor Vijay also supported her). Jayalalithaa was sworn in as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for the fourth time on 16 May 2011, having been elected unanimously as the leader of the AIADMK party subsequent to those elections.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article2021167.ece |title=Jayalalithaa sworn in Tamil Nadu Chief Minister |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=16 May 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> This was the first time that AIADMK and its allies won 14 of 16 seats in Capital city Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/tamil-nadu/worst-ever-show-by-dmk-in-citadel-chennai/articleshow/8309492.cms|title=Worst-ever show by DMK in citadel Chennai
|newspaper=Times of India |date=14 May 2011 |access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref> On the evening of 16 May, following her swearing-in, Jayalalithaa assumed office as Chief Minister at the Secretariat. When approached by the media there, she stated that she would meet the press once a week and subsequently established a liaison office for this purpose. However, she did not adhere to this commitment and remained largely inaccessible to the media thereafter, according to journalists.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/from-friendly-novice-jaya-turned-media-basher/articleshow/55843386.cms|title=From friendly novice, Jayalalithaa turned media-basher|newspaper=Times of India |date=7 December 2016 |access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/for-3rd-innings-jayalalithaa-strikes-friendly-deal-with-media-199758|title=For 3rd innings, Jayalalithaa strikes 'friendly' deal with media|newspaper=NDTV |date=17 May 2011 |access-date=17 May 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Secretary Clinton and Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Javalaithaa Shake Hands.jpg|thumb|Former US Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] met Jayalalithaa at [[Fort St. George, India|Chief Secretariat of Tamil Nadu]]]]

On 19 December 2011, Jayalalithaa expelled her long-time close friend [[V. K. Sasikala]] and 13 others from the AIADMK after she became aware that Sasikala and her family were working against her.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/jayalalithaa/2016/12/08/jayalaithaa-let-sasikala-stay-only-because-of-da-case-husband-in-2014-ndtv-interview-tamil-nadu-politics-natarajan |title=Amma Let Sasikala Stay Only Because of DA Case: Natarajan in 2014 |work=The Quint |date=8 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Most of the party members welcomed her decision.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jaya-expels-close-aide-sasikala-husband-from-aiadmk/889588/ |title=Jaya expels close aide Sasikala, husband from AIADMK |work=The Indian Express |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> The matter was resolved by 31 March when Sasikala was reinstated as a party member after issuing a written apology.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article371374.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407144301/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article371374.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2014 |title=Sasikala back at Poes Garden |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Sasikala in her written apology mentioned that she had no ambitions either in the party or in the government and wanted to serve Jayalalithaa and added that she became aware of misdeeds done by her family members when Jayalalithaa was in power. Only after Sasikala promised to be not in touch with her family members, Jayalalithaa allowed Sasikala back to her house.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sasikala-natarajan-friend-shadow-sister-and-now-jayalalithaa-s-political-heir-54953 |title=Sasikala Natarajan: Friend, shadow, sister and now Jayalalithaa's political heir |work=The News Minute |date=5 February 2017 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Sasikala later proclaimed this as "drama".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Subramanian |first1=Lakshmi |date=18 July 2021 |title=My life with Jayalalithaa: V.K. Sasikala |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2021/07/08/my-life-with-jayalalithaa-v-k-sasikala.html |magazine=The Week |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref>
[[File:D Jayakumar-15092011.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa inaugurates free laptops scheme to students in September 2011]]
In this term, she announced the Pension Scheme for Destitute Transgender by which those above ages of 40 could get a monthly pension of Rs. 1,000. Her government ensured members of the [[transgender]] community could enrol for education and job.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Transgenders-to-get-Rs-1000-monthly-pension/articleshow/15322613.cms |title=Transgenders to get Rs 1,000 monthly pension |work=The Times of India |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Beginning from 2011, every year her government gave free laptops to students who clear tenth and twelfth standard to impart digital education to rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startupindiascheme.com/free-laptop-tamil-nadu/ |title=Free laptop Scheme Tamil Nadu |publisher=Startupindiascheme |date=14 February 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517173254/http://www.startupindiascheme.com/free-laptop-tamil-nadu/ |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her government in 2011 decided to give four goats and a cow to each family below poverty line – mixer and grinders and fans for households, 3 sets of free uniforms, school, bags, notebooks, geometry boxes for all children in government schools, and cycles and laptops for Class 11 and 12 students.<ref>{{cite news |last=Janardhanan |first=Arun |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/explained/the-jayalalithaa-model-works-power-to-the-people-and-freebies-for-the-poor-2808796/lite/ |title=The Jayalalithaa model works: Power to the people and freebies for the poor |work=The Indian Express |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> In 2011 she launched the marriage assistance scheme wherein the female students received 4 gram gold free for use as [[Mangala sutra|Thirumangalyam]] for their marriage and cash assistance up to Rs. 50,000 for undergraduate or diploma holding females.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/revised-marriage-aid-scheme-launched/article2082606.ece |title=Revised marriage aid scheme launched |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> There were rampant power cut issues between 2006 and 2011 while AIADMK was in opposition wherein for 10 to 15 hours there was no supply of electricity. However, after she regained power, between 2011 and 2015, her state government corrected all the discrepancies of previous [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] regime such that the Central Electricity Authority in 2016 said the state is expected to have 11,649 million units of surplus power.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/there-is-no-magic-in-tamil-nadu-being-a-power-surplus-state-jayalalithaa-says/articleshow/53522226.cms |title=There is no magic in Tamil Nadu being a power surplus state, Jayalalithaa says |work=The Times of India |date=3 August 2016}}</ref> Tamil Nadu became among the power surplus states while she was chief minister in this term.<ref name="EconomicTimes-09Sep15">{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tamil-nadu-on-verge-of-becoming-power-surplus-state-cm-jayalalithaa/articleshow/48885211.cms |title=Tamil Nadu on verge of becoming power surplus state: CM Jayalalithaa |work=The Economic Times |date=9 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/tn-govt-seek-pms-help-for-evacuation-of-surplus-wind-power-2903260/ |title=TN govt seek PM's help for evacuation of surplus wind power |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=9 July 2016}}</ref> In this term her government ensured the wrongfully usurped property by land grabbing during 2006 to 2011 in the previous DMK regime, had been retrieved and handed over to rightful owners between 2011 and 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-05-13/Jayalalithaas-achievements-over-the-last-few-years/227896 |title=Jayalalithaa's achievements over the last few years |work=Thehansindia.com |date=13 May 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>
[[File:The Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari being received by the Governor of Tamil Nadu, Shri K. Rosaiah and the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. J. Jayalalithaa, on his arrival, at Chennai Airport on December 21, 2012 (1).jpg|thumb|left|Former Vice-president [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]] being received by Jayalalithaa at [[Chennai International Airport]]]]
She announced in 2012, the Vision 2023 document which embodied a strategic plan for infrastructure development which included raising the per capita income of residents to $10,000 per annum, matching Human Development Index to that of developed countries by 2023, providing high-quality infrastructure all over the State, making Tamil Nadu the knowledge capital and innovation hub of India. This project had three components – Overall Vision Document, Compilation of Project Profile and Road Map. The work on this continued under her supervision until her death.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vision-2023-has-achievable-components-jayalalithaa/article3281591.ece |title='Vision 2023' has achievable components: Jayalalithaa |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> She inaugurated 'Amma health insurance scheme' in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chief-ministers-comprehensive-health-insurance-scheme-launched/article2793090.ece |title=Chief Minister's comprehensive health insurance scheme launched |work=The Hindu |date=11 January 2012}}</ref>

=== Amma Branded Schemes ===
In February 2013, Jayalalithaa Government inaugurated the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state-run]] [[Subsidy|Subsidised food programme]] called [[Amma Unavagam]] (Amma Canteen), which was later praised by economist and [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] [[Amartya Sen]] in his book ''An Uncertain Glory – India and its Contradictions'' and inspired by many [[State governments of India|states]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[Jean Drèze]] |author2=[[Amartya Sen]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiyW6YafTn4C |title=An Uncertain Glory India and Its Contradictions |date=11 August 2013 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9781400848775 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thewire.in/government/in-lockdown-tamil-nadus-amma-canteens-rise-to-the-occasion |title=In Lockdown, Tamil Nadu's Amma Canteens Rise to the Occasion |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-laissez-faire/article5018479.ece |title=Amma canteens and Amartya Sen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/pHvjY4PHykVOy7irb8H2cO/Tamil-Nadus-Amma-canteen-concept-catches-on-in-other-states.html |title=Tamil Nadu's Amma canteen concept catches on in other states |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |first1=Nikita |last1=Doval |date=27 March 2017}}</ref> The Scheme was also lauded by [[Egypt]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/egypt-comes-calling-at-amma-canteen/article6070505.ece |title=Egypt comes calling at Amma Canteen |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/fame-of-amma-canteens-head-to-egypt-37507.html |title=Fame of Amma canteens head to Egypt |publisher=[[India TV]] |date=1 June 2014}}</ref> Under the scheme, [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporations]] of the state-run canteens serving subsidised food at low prices.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-budget-restaurants-to-be-renamed-amma-unavagam/article4448654.ece |title=New budget restaurants to be renamed Amma Unavagam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 February 2013}}</ref> which was followed by the plenty of populist schemes such as [[Amma Kudineer]] (bottled mineral water),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/taste-amma-mineral-water-at-rs-10-in-chennai/article5101642.ece?ref=relatedNews |work=The Hindu |title=Taste Amma mineral water at Rs. 10 in Chennai |date=7 September 2013}}</ref> 'Amma' Salt,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/now-comes-amma-salt/article6102093.ece |work=The Hindu |title=Now comes 'Amma Salt' |date=11 June 2014}}</ref> 'Amma' Medical Shops,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/jaya-launches-amma-medical-shops/846640 |work=Outlook |title=Jaya Launches 'Amma' Medical Shops |date=26 June 2014}}</ref> and 'Amma' Cement.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tamil-nadu-govt-launches-amma-cement/article20951112.ece |work=The Hindu |title=Tamil Nadu govt launches 'Amma Cement' |access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref>

In 2015, she also launched 'Amma baby care kit' scheme where every mother who gave birth in the government hospital gets 16 types of products.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tn-cm-launches-amma-baby-care-kit-scheme-115090800485_1.html |work=Business Standard |title=TN CM launches 'Amma baby care Kit' scheme |date=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/the-many-things-amma-was-list-of-schemes-implemented-by-jayalalithaa/the-cradle-baby-scheme/slideshow/55831907.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |title=The many things Amma was: List of schemes implemented by Jayalalithaa |date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Verdicts on Tamil Nadu water rows ===

Jayalalithaa had initiated a case in the Supreme Court to uphold the state's rights on [[Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row|Mullaperiyar Dam issue]] in 2006. As a result, In May 2014, [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]] verdict allowed the Tamil Nadu State to increase the storage level in the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] to 142 feet from 136 ft and struck down the unconstitutional law enacted by the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] in 2006 restricting the storage level to 136 ft.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-quashes-kerala-dam-law/article5987026.ece |work=The Hindu |title=SC quashes Kerala dam law |access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> This Supreme Court Verdict sustained the livelihood of the farmers and people in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140508/nation-current-affairs/article/jayalalithaa-dedicates-historic-victory-people-tamil-nadu |work=Deccan Chronicle |title=Jayalalithaa dedicates historic victory to people of Tamil Nadu |date=8 May 2014}}</ref>

In February 2013, the Union Government notified the final award of [[Kaveri River water dispute|Cauvery Water Disputes]] Tribunal (CWDT) on the directions of the Supreme Court. Then Chief Minister Jayalalithaa termed it as a "tremendous achievement" of her government after 22 long years of legal battle, the State had got Due justice.<ref name="jjc" /> Then Jayalalithaa said that it was the happiest day of her life and the happiest day for the farmers in Tamil Nadu, she recalled her famous fast-unto-death at [[Marina beach]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cms-power-play-the-hits-and-the-misses/article8374271.ece |work=The Hindu |title=CM's power play: the hits and misses |access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-takes-credit-for-centre-finally-notifying-cauvery-tribunals-award-in-gazette/articleshow/18593808.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Jayalalithaa takes credit for Centre finally notifying Cauvery Tribunal's award in gazette |date=20 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-observes-fast-on-cauvery-issue-flays-centre-tn-govt-1085580 |work=Daily News and Analysis |title=Jayalalithaa observes fast on Cauvery issue; flays Centre, TN govt |date=18 March 2007}}</ref>

=== Thevar Outreach ===
On 9 February 2014, the 13-kg gold armour was donated by then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Jayalalithaa for adorning the 3.5-feet-tall statue of [[Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar]] at Pasumpon in [[Ramanathapuram district]] to woo [[Thevar]]s, an influential [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] community in south Tamil Nadu. ahead of [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]]. [[Thevar|Thevar Community]] is seen as the traditional vote bank of the [[AIADMK]] party in the [[Pandya Nadu|southern Tamil Nadu]] since its inception.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/thevar-factor-who-real-aiadmk-dominant-obc-community-70804 |title=The Thevar factor: Who is the 'real' AIADMK for the dominant OBC community? |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=30 October 2017|access-date=30 October 2017}}</ref> The gold armour is estimated to be worth Rs 4 crore. The armour is kept in a nationalised bank locker in madurai. After AIADMK party treasurer and the trustee of the memorial signing in the bank, The Golden Armour would be taken out and handed over to the incharge of the memorial every year between 28 and 30 October observe [[Thevar Jayanthi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jayalalithaa-gifts-13kg-gold-armour-for-thevar-leaders-statue/articleshow/30136891.cms |title=Jayalalithaa gifts 13kg gold armour for Thevar leader's statue |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 February 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2014/oct/27/gold-armour-gifted-by-jayalalithaa-adorns-thevar-statue-for-jayanthi-675755.html |title=Gold Armour Gifted by Jayalalithaa Adorns Thevar Statue for Jayanthi |work=[[New Indian Express]] |date=27 October 2014 |access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/aiadmk-treasurer-receives-thevars-golden-armour-from-bank-744197 |title=AIADMK treasurer receives Thevar's golden armour from bank |work=dtnext |date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023}}</ref>

=== 2014 Lok Sabha election ===
During [[2014 Indian general election]], she was seen as potential candidate for prime minister. [[Mamata Banerjee]] also said she will support her if she becomes prime minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa calls up Mamata, thanks her |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/jayalalithaa-calls-up-mamata-thanks-her-15335.html |work=India TV News |agency=IANS |date=7 March 2014 |access-date=25 April 2025}}</ref> Jayalalithaa solely won 37 seats out of 40 seats in Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry.

=== General Secretary of AIADMK ===
On 29 August 2014, Jayalalithaa was re-elected as the General Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] for the 7th Consecutive term, Making her the longest serving general secretary of the party till date. Earlier, she was elected in the years of 1988, 1989, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008 and 2014.<ref name="JayaGenSecy">{{cite news |language=ta |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/12073-7-29.html |work=hindutamil |title=அதிமுக பொதுச் செயலாளராக மீண்டும் ஜெ.: 7-வது முறை போட்டியின்றி தேர்வாகிறார்; ஆகஸ்ட் 29-ல் தேர்தல் |date=19 August 2014}}</ref>

== Disproportionate assets case, 2014 ==
{{See also|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Movable Properties in Disproportionate Assets<ref>{{cite news |title=Where are Jaya's assets? |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/where-are-jayas-assets/articleshow/102881362.cms |access-date=23 August 2023 |work=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! Particulars !! Numbers
|-
| Sarees || 11,344
|-
| Decorated footwears || 750
|-
| Shawls || 250
|-
| Dressing tables || 9
|-
| Wrist watches || 91
|-
| Suitcases || 131
|-
| Teapoys || 34
|-
| Tables || 31
|-
| Cots || 24
|-
| Sofa Sets || 20
|-
| Dressing Mirrors || 31
|-
| Telephones/Intercoms || 33
|-
| Wall Clocks || 27
|-
| Fans || 86
|-
| Decorated Chairs || 146
|-
| Hanging Lights || 81
|-
| Crystal Cut Glasses || 215
|-
| Refrigerators || 12
|-
| Television Sets || 10
|-
| VCRs || 8
|-
| Video Camera || 1
|-
| CD Players || 4
|-
| Audio Decks || 2
|-
| Two-in-One Tape Recorders || 24
|-
| Video Cassettes ||1,040
|-
| Cash || {{formatnum:193202}}
|}
[[File:Jayalalithaa Car.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa's car [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]]]]
Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|disproportionate-assets case]], rendering her disqualified to hold office.

On 27 September 2014, Jayalalithaa was sentenced to four years in jail and fined {{INRConvert|1|b|year=2014}} by the Special Court in Bengaluru. She was convicted in an 18-year-old disproportionate assets case that was launched by [[Janata Party]] President [[Subramanian Swamy]] (now a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]) on 20 August 1996 on the basis of an Income Tax Department report on her. Jayalalithaa's close associate Sasikala, her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and the chief minister's disowned foster son Sudhakaran were also convicted. They were sentenced to four years in jail and fined {{INRConvert|100|m|year=2014}} each. Special Judge John Michael D'Cunha convicted her to owning assets to the tune of {{INRConvert|666.5|m|year=1996}} (which includes {{Cvt|2000|acre}} of land, {{convert|30|kg}} of gold and 12,000 [[sari]]s) disproportionate to her known sources of income during 1991–96 when she was chief minister for the first time. The verdict was delivered by a makeshift court in the Parappana Agrahara prison complex in the presence of Jayalalithaa and the other accused.

She was [[Disqualification of convicted representatives in India|automatically disqualified]] from the post of chief minister and the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu, and thus became the first sitting Indian chief minister to be disqualified.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessworld.in/news/economy/politics/jayalalithaa-gets-4-year-jail-fined-rs-100-cr/1551023/page-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092353/http://www.businessworld.in/news/economy/politics/jayalalithaa-gets-4-year-jail-fined-rs-100-cr/1551023/page-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2014 |title=Jayalalithaa Gets 4-year Jail, Fined Rs 100 Cr |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=27 September 2014 |access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> [[O. Panneerselvam]], a minister and her loyalist in her party, succeeded her as the Chief Minister on 29 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/o-panneerselvam-sworn-is-as-tamil-nadu-cm-20433.html |title=O Panneerselvam sworn-in as Tamil Nadu CM |date=29 September 2014}}</ref> Initially, a [[Karnataka High Court]] Judge denied her bail.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barry |first=Ellen |author-link=Ellen Barry (journalist) |date=8 October 2014 |title=Indian Official Appealing Corruption Case Is Denied Bail |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/08/world/asia/jayalalithaa-jayaram-corruption-case-india.html?smid=url-share |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=5}}</ref> On 17 October 2014, the Supreme Court granted her two months' bail and suspended her sentence.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Supreme Court grants bail to Jayalalitha |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29655666 |publisher=BBC |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Hari |date=17 October 2014 |title=India: Politician Is Granted Bail |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/18/world/asia/india-politician-is-granted-bail.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=6}}</ref> On 18 October 2014, Jayalalithaa returned to [[Chennai]] after spending 21 days in [[Central Prison, Bangalore|Bangalore jail]]. Despite heavy rain that day, AIADMK cadres assembled outside her residence and welcomed her.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jayalalithaa returns to Chennai after spending 21 days in Bangalore jail |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayalalithaa-aiadmk-bangalore-jail-chennai-airport-tamil-nadu-223704-2014-10-18 |newspaper=India Today |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>

On 11 May 2015, a special Bench of the [[Karnataka High Court]] (judge C. R. Kumaraswamy) set aside her conviction on appeal. That court acquitted her and the alleged associates—Sasikala, her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and Jayalalithaa's disowned foster son Sudhakaran.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Live: Jayalalithaa acquitted in DA case |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/live-jayalalithaa-disproportionate-assets-case-appeal-hearing/article7190579.ece?homepage=true |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 May 2015 |access-date=11 May 2015 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mohit |date=11 May 2015 |title=Jayalalithaa acquitted by Karnataka High Court in DA case – Read judgment and case history - One Law Street |url=https://onelawstreet.com/jayalalithaa-acquitted-by-karnataka-high-court-in-da-case-read-judgment-and-case-history/ |access-date=11 October 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 14 February 2017 (subsequent to her death) the [[Supreme Court of India]] over-ruled the Karnataka High Court. Sasikala and the other accused were convicted and sentenced to four years of imprisonment, as well as being fined 100 million each. The case against Jayalalithaa was abated because she had died and hence cannot defend herself.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sasikalas-conviction-in-wealth-case-upheld-by-supreme-court/articleshow/57140345.cms |title=Sasikala's conviction in wealth case upheld by Supreme Court |first=Dhananjay |last=Mahapatra |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

== Fifth term as Chief Minister (2015–2016) ==
{{see also|Fifth Jayalalithaa ministry}}
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Ms. J. Jayalalithaa, in Chennai, Tamil Nadu on August 07, 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Jayalalithaa welcoming Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at her residence in 2015.]]
The acquittal allowed her once again to hold office and on 23 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was sworn in<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-is-tamil-nadu-cm-again/article7238526.ece?homepage=true |title=Jayalalithaa is CM again |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2015}}</ref> as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the fifth time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-cm-aiadmk-swearing-in-254318-2015-05-23 |title=Jayalalithaa returns as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister for fifth term, AIADMK completes 4 years in power |date=23 May 2015 |website=[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]}}</ref> She was subsequently re-elected by the electorate of the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar]] of North Chennai in the by-election held on 27 June 2015. In a landslide victory, she polled more than 88 per cent votes of the 74.4 per cent turnout, winning by a margin of over 150,000 votes after the sitting [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[P. Vetrivel]] resigned for the seat, gave up his membership.<ref>{{cite news |title=LIVE: Jayalalithaa wins in RK Nagar with a margin of over 1.5 lakh votes, Congress takes Aruvikkara |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/results-of-aruvikkara-rk-nagar-bypolls-today/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, she introduced Amma Master Health checkup plan where in people could get various treatments done at a low fee in government hospitals and rolled out Amma Arogya plan wherein at primary health care centre in Tamil Nadu, certain tests can be done by public twice a week. This was done to help the sections of society who cannot afford the fares asked for by private hospital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tn-rolls-out-master-health-plan-for-the-poor/article7580914.ece |title=TN rolls out master health plan for the poor |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Later in February 2016 she started the free bus ride scheme for senior citizens above age of 60 wherein person could travel free of cost for 10 times a month.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jayalalithaa-announces-free-bus-ride-scheme-for-senior-citizens/articleshow/51038681.cms |title=Jayalalithaa announces free bus ride scheme for senior citizens |work=The Times of India |date=18 February 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Her government initiated Global Investors Summit in 2015 which saw over Rs 2.43 lakh crore worth of investments being committed to the state. Jayalalithaa's term, all of them together, saw some big-ticket investments in the state and over $20 billion FDI.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-s-five-most-noteworthy-contributions-to-tamil-nadu-116120500890_1.html |title=Jayalalithaa's five most noteworthy contributions to Tamil Nadu |work=Business Standard |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> The department of industrial policy and promotion data disclosed that Tamil Nadu saw foreign direct investment inflows of $7.3 billion from April 2000 to March 2011; however, this went up to $13.94 billion from April 2011 to December 2015, under her government, which at as per conversion rate {{as of|2016|lc=y}} equals Rs 837.66 billion. Between April 2015 and December 2015, the State attracted $4.3 billion in FDI.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/jaya-propelled-states-business-prospects/ |title=Jaya Propelled States Business Prospects | Latest Information on Breaking News & Updates on Chennai at News Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725112337/https://www.newstodaynet.com/chennai/jaya-propelled-states-business-prospects/ |archive-date=25 July 2018}}</ref>

In June 2015, Pakistani news channels [[Samaa TV]] and [[Geo News]] aired a news and applauded Jayalalithaa for her government's scheme which was introduced in 2013, of supplying free rice to mosques during [[Eid al-Fitr|Ramzan]] and suggested the scheme should be implemented in Pakistan too.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-offers-free-rice-to-mosques-during-ramzan/articleshow/20935527.cms |title=Jayalalithaa offers free rice to mosques during Ramzan |work=The Times of India |access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayas-rice-scheme-for-mosques-lauded-by-pakistan-tv-channel-aiadmk/articleshow/47724153.cms |title=Jaya's rice scheme for mosques lauded by Pakistan TV channel: AIADMK |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://jayanewslive.com/tamilnadu/tamilnadu_37876.html |title=உலக இஸ்லாமியர்களை நெகிழச் செய்த முதலமைச்சர் ஜெயலலிதாவின் ரமலான் நோன்பு கஞ்சிக்கான அரிசி திட்டம் – தமிழகத்தை பின்பற்றி பாகிஸ்தானிலும் செயல்படுத்த வேண்டும் என அந்நாட்டு பிரதான தொலைக்காட்சிகள் செய்தி வெளியீடு |work=Jaya Plus |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
{{quote box
| border = 2px
| align = right
| width = 30%
| title = Emotional speech
| halign = center
| quote = "AIADMK is the true people's movement; one that has dedicated itself for the people, with a leader (herself) who has dedicated for the people. Even after my time, for many centuries, [[AIADMK]] will work only for people."
| salign = right
| source = — J. Jayalalithaa, ''Chief Minister's Reply to motion of thanks on the [[Governor of Tamil Nadu|Governor]]'s last address of the [[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th Assembly]]'', ''Saturday'', 23 January 2016 <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/People-want-AIADMK-government-to-continue-Jayalalithaa-at-TN-Assembly/article60540983.ece|title='People want AIADMK government to continue'|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 January 2016}}</ref>
}}
On 20 February 2016, Jayalalithaa led [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] Government passed the Tamil Nadu Municipal Laws (Amendment) Act, 2016, and the Tamil Nadu Panchayats (Amendment) Act, 2016 in Tamil Nadu Assembly, enhancing the reservation for women from 33 per cent to '''50 per cent''' in [[Local government in Tamil Nadu|local bodies]] such as corporations, municipalities, town panchayats and village panchayats in the state.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/210216/tamil-nadu-women-get-50-per-cent-quota-in-local-bodies.html |title=Tamil Nadu women get 50 per cent quota in local bodies |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=20 February 2016|date=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/feb/21/jayalalithaa-thanks-mlas-for-adopted-bills-providing-50-percent-reservation-for-women-in-local-bodies-895164.html |title=Jayalalithaa Thanks MLAs for Adopted Bills Providing 50 Percent Reservation for Women in Local Bodies |work=New Indian Express |access-date=21 February 2016|date=21 February 2016}}</ref>

== Sixth term as Chief Minister (2016) ==
{{see also|Sixth Jayalalithaa ministry}}
[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Ms. J. Jayalalithaa and the Union Minister for Urban Development, Housing %26 Urban Poverty Alleviation and Information %26 Broadcasting, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa with former Vice-president (then Union minister) [[Venkaiah Naidu]] in foundation stone laying ceremony]]
In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly election]], she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since M.G.R. in 1984 to be voted back into power. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of hospitalisation, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest.

On that Election,
Jayalalithaa's Campaign Slogan was "I'm of the people, and I'm for the people." ({{lang|ta|மக்களால் நான், மக்களுக்காகவே நான்.}})<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/carnival-atmosphere-reigns-at-cms-rally/article8456679.ece |title=Carnival atmosphere reigns at CM's rally |date=10 April 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref> Jayalalithaa was again elected as [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] in the May 2016 elections. She retained the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency]] with a margin of 39,545 votes over her DMK rival.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-election-results-2016-counting-of-votes-begin/259300/ |title=Tamil Nadu elections 2016: Jayalalithaa's AIADMK scripts 'history', DMK rues big loss; 5.55 lakh opt for NOTA |date=20 May 2016 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> She became the first leader in Tamil Nadu to serve consecutive terms as Chief Minister since the death of [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R.]] in 1987.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roychowdhury |first1=Adrija |title=After MGR, Jayalalithaa the first to retain power in Tamil Nadu |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/jayalalitha-aiadmk-mrg-2808669/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> In her victory speech, she commented, "Even when 10 parties allied themselves against me, I did not have a coalition and I placed my faith in God and built an alliance with the people. It is clear that the people have faith in me and I have total faith in the people."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/news/I-built-an-alliance-with-the-people-Jayalalithaa-on-her-victory-in-the-Tamil-Nadu-elections/articleshow/52339353.cms |title=I built an alliance with the people: Jayalalithaa on her victory in the Tamil Nadu elections |last=Balasubramanian |first=Shyam |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref>

Her government within 100 days of resuming power in May 2016, wrote off the outstanding crop loans given by cooperative banks to over 16.94 lakh farmers, gave free power to households to extent of first 100 units and gave free power to handloom weavers to extent of 200 units, gave 750 units of power to power loom weavers, implemented closure of 500 liquor shops and reduction of working hours of liquor outlets emergence of power surplus states. The establishment of first 1,000 MW nuclear power plant at Kudankulam is also regarded as one of her achievements.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/jayalalithaa-completes-100-days-in-office-116083100288_1.html |title=Jayalalithaa completes 100 days in office |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=Business Standard }}</ref> She increased the freedom fighters monthly pension to Rs 12,000, family pension and increased special pension to Rs 6,000.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/india/jayalalithaa-completes-100-days-office.html |title=Chief Minister Jayalalithaa completes 100 days in office |work=The Week |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> The last [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu Assembly]] session Chief Minister Jayalalithaa attended was on 2 September 2016, after which the Assembly was [[Adjournment sine die|adjourned sine die]]. The session had been held from 1 August for the demands for grants and earlier from 25 to 27 July for the Revised Budget 2016–17.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/unprecedented-ruckus-tn-assembly-jaya-2083955 |title=Unprecedented ruckus in TN Assembly as Jaya, Stalin spar|work=Deccan Herald|date=2 September 2016}}</ref> On 21 September 2016 she inaugurated two [[Chennai Metro]] rail lines by way of video conferencing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indialivetoday.com/chief-minister-jayalalithaa-inaugurates-2nd-elevated-corridor-chennai-metro/33886.html |title=Chief Minister Jayalalithaa inaugurates 2nd elevated corridor of Chennai Metro |work=India Live Today |date=21 September 2016 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155328/http://www.indialivetoday.com/chief-minister-jayalalithaa-inaugurates-2nd-elevated-corridor-chennai-metro/33886.html |archive-date=11 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This was her last public appearance before being admitted to hospital on 22 September 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/a-timeline-of-events-since-jayalalithaa-was-hospitalised/amma-was-admitted-on-sept-22/slideshow/55807418.cms |title=A timeline of events since Jayalalithaa was hospitalised |date=5 December 2016 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
=== Personality cult ===
[[File:TamilNadu2011 749.JPG|thumb|“Amma”, a popular nickname of Jayalalithaa, depicted in an AIADMK party wall painting|210x210px]]
Followers of Jayalalithaa often worshiped her as a divine being. She stimulated a cult following, and adoring supporters often termed her "[[Adi Parashakti]]" (the eternal mighty goddess).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37503616 |title=Jayalalitha: The 'goddess' of Tamil Nadu politics |last=Tilak |first=Sudha G. |date=5 December 2016 |work=BBC News |access-date=7 August 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Several experts say that over the years the cult called 'Amma' has been carefully crafted. Others claim that the emotional outburst is just a spontaneous display of loyalist support. C Lakshmanan of the [[Madras Institute of Development Studies|Madras Development Institute studies]], who has studied personality cult in the politics of Tamil Nadu, said posters were installed around the state portraying Jayalalithaa as a goddess back then.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cult-personality-or-cultivated-loyalty-what-explains-outpouring-of-grief-for-the-jailed-jayalalithaa/articleshow/44785277.cms |title=Cult personality or cultivated loyalty: What explains outpouring of grief for the jailed Jayalalithaa? |last=Shanker |first=V. Prem |work=The Economic Times |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> She was worshiped by the party cadre as "Amma" (Mother). On Christmas morning in 1994, while addressing a special prayer service at the [[St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai|Santhome Cathedral Basilica]] in Mylapore, a controversy arose regarding the location from which she delivered her speech, in the presence of and at the invitation of the [[Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Madras–Mylapore Archbishop]]. Critics, including M. Karunanidhi, alleged that she had spoken from inside the [[pulpit]]. However, then Intelligence Inspector General A. X. Alexander stated that she had in fact spoken from outside, standing in front of it. Another controversy emerged around February 1995, during her birthday celebrations, when party cadres put up street hoardings and posters depicting the Chief Minister in the image of the [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|Virgin Mary]] carrying the infant Jesus. This representation drew criticism from sections of the Christian community, with opposition leaders and church authorities stating that it had hurt religious sentiments. When the government learned of plans to hold [[Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary|reparation prayers]] under the [[Archdiocese of Madurai|Madurai Archdiocese]] over the depiction of Jayalalithaa as the Virgin Mary, it urged restraint. Ministers, including [[Raja Kannappan]], criticised the move, but the prayers were held in Madurai on 26 March.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2025|title=When a poster row strained Jayalalithaa’s relationship with sections of Christians |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-a-poster-row-strained-jayalalithaas-relationship-with-sections-of-christians/article70452659.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231020555/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-a-poster-row-strained-jayalalithaas-relationship-with-sections-of-christians/article70452659.ece|archive-date=31 December 2025|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 1995|title=CHRISTIANS UPSET AT TAMIL NADU CHIEF MINISTER´S PORTRAIT AS MOTHER MARY|url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1995/03/08/christians-upset-at-tamil-nadu-chief-ministers-portrait-as-mother-mary&post_id=46925|work=ucanews}}</ref>

She made sure the respect and loyalty of the functionaries of the party was there for everyone to see. The entire Cabinet would fall in line and bow in front of the helicopter in which it was flying. Members of the party, at all levels never found it difficult to prostrate before her in full view of the public.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-enduring-enigma-that-was-Jayalalithaa/article16761203.ece |title=The enduring enigma that was Jayalalithaa |last=Kumar |first=B. Aravind |date=6 December 2016 |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 August 2020 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Many of her worshipping followers are known to profess their loyalty through acts such as walking on hot coals or drawing her portrait with their blood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=30 March 2009 |title=Profile: Jayaram Jayalalitha |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm |access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref> S Kirubakaran who is a Journalist-turned-advocate, wrote a book on Jayalalitha titled, 'Ammavin Kathai,' said that when M.G.R. was a Chief Minister, he carefully chose MLAs and Ministers for the first time after going through their knowledge and experience. But Jayalalithaa had begun to assign those who praised her.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/3-years-after-jayas-death-aiadmk-seems-out-of-servitude-and-subjugation/ |title=3 years after Jaya's death, AIADMK seems out of servitude, subjugation |last=Chandrajit Mitra |date=5 December 2019 |website=The Federal |language=en-US |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> Even after her death, the AIADMK leaders continued to prostrate themselves before her [[MGR Memorial|burial ground]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/for-all-her-political-success-it-s-time-to-admit-jayalalithaa-was-no-amma/story-Mq9FelI5zqxD8z4WljrtbO.html |title=For all her political success, it's time to admit Jayalalithaa was no Amma |date=17 February 2017 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/opinion-post-jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-politics-amma-legacy |title=Jayalalithaa's 'Tainted' Legacy and Where AIADMK Goes From Here |last=Sudhir |first=T. S. |date=4 December 2017 |website=TheQuint |language=en |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

=== 1999 Attempted murder case ===
A case of murder attempt was registered against Jayalalithaa, her close associate Sasikala, and Sasikala's nephew V Mahadevan has been recorded by the Chennai police on following a complaint by former Jayalalithaa's auditor, Rajasekaran, who alleged that he was summoned to the Poes Garden bungalow and violently assaulted by Jayalalithaa, Sasikala and Mahadevan with a stick and high-heeled shoes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Aravind |first=Indulekha |title=Eulogised in death, Jayalalithaa leaves a checkered legacy |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayalalithaa-had-to-combat-ruthless-peer-pressure-all-her-life/articleshow/55914253.cms |access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref> Rajasekaran also stated that he had been forced by Jayalalithaa and Sasikala to sign two letters and a promissory note in respect of ₹50 lakhs. Jayalalithaa, however, denied the charges in a statement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bearak |first=Barry |date=16 March 1999 |title=In the Hands Of India Star, A Spike Heel Could Hurt |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/16/world/in-the-hands-of-india-star-a-spike-heel-could-hurt.html |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: TN defies Centre in assault case against Jaya |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/20aiadmk.htm |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

== Corruption cases ==
=== 1996 colour TV case ===
{{Main|Colour TV case}}
In the [[Colour TV case|colour TV corruption case]] involving the purchase of TV sets to villagers, Jayalalithaa was charged and arrested. The TV sets were provided in the framework of a government education and entertainment plan for the village population. Officials said the TVs were purchased at inflated prices and claimed that some of the money paid for TV stations was returned as kickbacks to government officials.<ref>{{Cite news |last=BSCAL |date=15 May 1998 |title=Jaya Charged In Rs 10crore Colour Tv Scam |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/jaya-charged-in-rs-10crore-colour-tv-scam-198051501011_1.html |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> Later, she was acquitted as the accusation against them were not proven beyond doubt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalitha acquitted in colour TV scam |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000531/ina31026.html |agency=Press Trust of India |work=The Indian Express |date=21 August 2009 |access-date=9 February 2021 |location=Chennai |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140217192259/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000531/ina31026.html |archive-date=17 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Detained in 1996, the media reported that 21.28 kg of [[Gold jewellery|gold jewels]] worth Rs 35 million, 10,500 [[sari]]s, 91 [[Luxury watch|designer watches]], 750 pairs of shoes, 1,250 kg of silver objects worth 31.2 million, diamonds worth 20 million, a silver sword and 19 vehicles were among the priceless treasures found at her house.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivashankar |first=BV |title=J Jayalalithaa: Jayalalithaa's 10,500 saris, 750 slippers, 500 wine glasses in court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/J-Jayalalithaas-seized-wealth-is-under-24-hour-vigil-in-Karnatakas-courts/articleshow/55886301.cms |website=The Times of India|date=9 December 2016 }}</ref>

=== 1995 Foster son and luxury wedding corruption ===
In 1995, Jayalalithaa's friend Sasikala's nephew Sudhakaran was engaged to the youngest daughter of Sivaji Ganesan. Jayalalithaa was a chief minister of state by this time. Jaya declared that Sudhakaran would be adopted as her foster son and said that she would be performing his marriage as his mother.<ref name="tnmfoster">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-jayalalithaas-favoured-foster-son-sudhakaran-now-refused-entry-apollo-50968 |title=Once Jayalalithaa's favoured foster son, Sudhakaran now refused entry into Apollo |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The wedding occupied a 2-km long lighted baraat pathway, ten dining halls each accommodating 25,000 people, and a 75,000 square foot pandal. Tons of plywood, plaster of paris and paint were used to erect cut-outs of Jayalalitha, arches, several hundred papier-mache statues, elaborate facades of palaces and gateways. The VIP invitations included a silver plate enclosed in a container, a silk saree and a silk dhoti, each worth ₹20,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19950930-jayalalithas-foster-son-married-off-amid-extravagance-and-controversy-808220-1995-09-30 |title=Jayalalitha's foster son married off amid extravagance and controversy |last=SHEKHAR |first=G. C. |date=30 September 1995 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The marriage hosted more than 1,000 VIPs. More than 40,000 guests were granted accommodation in the hotel. A legion of elephants and chefs were brought in from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-lied-she-spent-3-crores-on-foster-sons-wedding-says-court-674500 |title=Jayalalithaa Lied, She Spent 3 Crores on Foster Son's Wedding, Says Court |website=NDTV.com |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> The incident, hailed as "the mother of all marriages". People's anger mounted against her as the crores were lavished at the wedding, and Jayalalithaa and Sasikala became symbols of corruption. She was accused of using government money to celebrate the grand marriage.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38441705 |title=Sasikala: The 'new mother' of Tamil Nadu politics |date=29 December 2016 |work=BBC News |access-date=7 August 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The marriage may have triggered the AIADMK to lose all 39 Lok Sabha seats in the [[1996 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1996 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Disowned-foster-son-joins-Jaya-in-prison/articleshow/43760402.cms |title=Disowned foster son joins Jaya in prison |last=TNN |date=29 September 2014 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

She was later sentenced for 4 years in jail in 2014 for corruption related to the marriage and the [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|Disproportionate assets case]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-sentenced-to-4-years-in-jail-clashes-in-tamil-nadu/story-oVofwzwZZrOVwJNaA97xRP.html |title=Jayalalithaa sentenced to 4 years in jail; clashes in Tamil Nadu |date=27 September 2014 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa owns a [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for conducting the luxury wedding. The record shows that over 15,000 guests have been invited. The Income-Tax Dept estimated the cost of the wedding at ₹100 million.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/5-facts-you-didnt-know-about-j-jayalalithaa/guinness-book-of-world-records-for-sons-wedding/slideshow/55815874.cms |title=5 facts you didn't know about J Jayalalithaa |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa later disowned Sudhakaran as her foster son.<ref name="tnmfoster" />

=== 1998 TANSI land deal case ===
{{Main|TANSI land acquisition case}}
The TANSI land deal case refers to the purchase of land by Jaya Publications, which included Jayalalithaa and her friend Sasikala, from the State Small Industry Company, Tansi, [[Guindy]]. Justice P Anbhazhagan delivered the judgement, and said that the evidence stated in the prosecution sheet, and that the sale deed of the prime land in Guindy had been carried out on 29 May 1992, in the unequivocal aim of cheating against the government. The Supreme Court disqualified her in September 2001, resulting in her stepping down and which made [[O Panneerselvam|O. Panneerselvam]] as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu. The Madras High Court acquitted her and other 5 accused in the case of all the charges on 4 December 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=23-year-old TANSI case has finally ended for Jayalalithaa: A look back |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/23-year-old-tansi-case-has-finally-ended-jayalalithaa-look-back-21350 |access-date=3 June 2020 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=7 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Subramani |first1=A. |date=6 March 2015 |title=23 years on, HC brings curtains down on TANSI case against Jaya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/23-years-on-HC-brings-curtains-down-on-TANSI-case-against-Jaya/articleshow/46472629.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Jayalalithaa returned the land to TANSI as per a Supreme Court Judgement.<ref name="h960">{{cite news |last=Venkataramanan |first=K |date=29 March 2008 |title=TANSI gets land back from Jaya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tansi-gets-land-back-from-jaya/articleshow/2908588.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Disproportionate assets case ===
{{Main|Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa}}Jayalalithaa was initially convicted of misusing her office during her tenure in 1991–1996. [[Subramanian Swamy]] was the main petitioner. Some of the accusations concerned expenditure on her foster son's luxurious marriage in 1996 and acquiring properties worth more than 666.5 million, as well as jewellery, bank deposits, investment and a convoy of luxury vehicles. The trial lasted for 18 years. Justice [[John Michael D'Cunha]], in a detailed judgement, showed that the entire asset belonged to the accused and no one else.<ref name="FL">{{cite news |title=From trial court verdict by John Michael D'Cunha |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/from-trial-court-verdict-by-john-michael-dcunha/article7247470.ece |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=27 May 2015 |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> On 11 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was acquitted of all charges by the [[High Court of Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nida |first=Najar |date=12 May 2015 |title=World Briefing {{!}} Asia; India: State's Former Leader Is Cleared |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/12/world/asia/jayalalithaa-jayaram-tamil-nadu-corruption-appeal.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=10}}</ref> On 14 February 2017, the Supreme Court of India overruled the High Court of Karnataka. Sasikala and the other accused were convicted and sentenced to four years in prison, as well as to a fine of ₹100 million each. The case proceedings against Jayalalithaa were abated and dismissed on account of her death.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaas-court-appearance-over-heads-back-to-chennai-565662 |title=Jayalalithaa's court appearance over, heads back to Chennai |website=NDTV.com |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sasikalas-conviction-in-wealth-case-upheld-by-supreme-court/articleshow/57140345.cms |title=Sasikala news: Sasikala's conviction in wealth case upheld by Supreme Court {{!}} India News |last=Mahapatra |first=Dhananjay |date=14 February 2017 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sasikala-supreme-court-da-case-aiadmk-panneerselvam-960558-2017-02-14|title = Sasikala convicted in DA case, she must serve remaining jail term, rules Supreme Court| date=14 February 2017 }}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] dismissed the [[review petition]] of [[Government of Karnataka]] on 5 April 2017 and the [[curative petition]] on 28 September 2018 to re-examine its decision to abate the proceedings against Jayalalithaa due to her death.<ref name="DAReview">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayalalithaa-da-case-supreme-court-rejects-karnataka-governments-review-plea/articleshow/58029674.cms|title = Jayalalithaa DA case: Supreme Court rejects Karnataka government's review plea|date=5 April 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="DACurative">{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/da-case-sc-rejects-karnataka-s-curative-petition-118092801261_1.html|title = DA case: SC rejects Karnataka's curative petition|date=28 September 2018 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] }}</ref>

=== 2000 Pleasant Stay hotel case ===
{{Main|Pleasant Stay hotel case}}{{See also|2000 Dharmapuri bus burning}}
Pleasant Stay hotel case is the construction of the seven-story hotel "Pleasant stay" in Kodaikanal, which was in breach of the rules for the construction of the seven-story building in a blue ville in the tourist resort town in Kodaikanal. Jayalalithaa, Selvaganapathy and Pandey granted a permission to create a seven-story structure at the hotel. The case was related to Jayalalithaa's supposed clearance by violating government rules to the development of a hotel in ecologically significant [[Kodaikanal]]. Jayalalithaa was sentenced in February 2000 to one year's strict imprisonment, with the penalty fined Rs. 1000 for conspiracy and criminal misconduct as a public employee. After the court's decision, AIADMK cadres started to riot and arson which burned alive three female students in the [[2000 Dharmapuri bus burning|Dharmapuri bus burning]] and many were killed and injured.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2000 |title=HOTEL CASE VERDICT: AIADMK volunteers go berserk |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/hotel-case-verdict-aiadmk-volunteers-go-berserk/article27999900.ece |access-date=3 June 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Supreme Court disqualified her in September 2001, resulting in her stepping down and which made [[O Panneerselvam|O. Panneerselvam]] as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu. The Madras High Court acquitted her and other 5 accused in the case of all the charges on 4 December 2001.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa's blast from the past – convictions and imprisonments |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-s-blast-past-convictions-and-imprisonments-22478 |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=The News Minute |date=25 February 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=23-year-old TANSI case has finally ended for Jayalalithaa: A look back |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/23-year-old-tansi-case-has-finally-ended-jayalalithaa-look-back-21350 |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=The News Minute |date=7 March 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Subramani |first1=A. |title=23 years on, HC brings curtains down on TANSI case against Jaya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/23-years-on-HC-brings-curtains-down-on-TANSI-case-against-Jaya/articleshow/46472629.cms |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=6 March 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

== Illness, death and reactions ==
{{main|Death and state funeral of J. Jayalalithaa}}
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee paying tributes to the mortal remains of Ms. J. Jayalalithaa, in Chennai on December 06, 2016.jpg|thumb|left|The then President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] paying tribute to Jayalalithaa in [[Rajaji Hall]]]]
On 22 September 2016, Jayalalithaa was admitted to [[Apollo Hospitals]] in Chennai at around 22:25 IST at night, reportedly suffering from an infection and acute [[dehydration]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/apollo-health-records-what-happened-jayalalithaa-september-22-december-5-58211#:~:text=The%20First%20Day,was%20inserted%20in%20her%20heart.|title=The Apollo health records: What happened to Jayalalithaa from September 22 to December 5 |date=6 March 2017 |newspaper=The News Minute|access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> Her official duties were handed over to her minister [[O. Panneerselvam]] on 12 October 2016, though she continued to remain as the chief minister of the state.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/o-panneerselvam-to-hold-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaas-portfolios/articleshow/54799672.cms |title=Panneerselvam to hold CM's portfolios |date=12 October 2016 |newspaper=The Economic Times|publisher=Economic time }}</ref> She was also said to be suffering from a severe pulmonary infection and [[septicaemia]], which were cured. On 19 November 2016, she was shifted from the ICU to a private room in the normal ward of Apollo Hospital after nearly two months of treatment.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/191116/jayalalithaa-moved-out-of-icu-shifted-to-normal-ward-aiadmk.html|title=Jayalalithaa moved out of ICU, shifted to normal ward: AIADMK |date=19 November 2016 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> On 4 December 2016, she was re-admitted to the [[intensive care unit]] after suffering a cardiac arrest around 16:45 on the evening.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38167021 |title=India's Jayaram Jayalalitha still 'critical' after heart attack |publisher=BBC |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> The hospital released a press statement stating that her condition was "very critical" and that she was on life support.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jayalalithaas-health-status-live-cm-in-grave-situation-says-apollo-hospitals-md-3139806.html |title=CM in grave situation, says Apollo Hospitals MD |work=Firstpost |date=29 July 2015 |access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> On 5 December 2016, the hospital announced her death around 23:30 and she became the first female chief minister to die in office in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Amma-no-more-Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-Jayalalithaa-body |title=Jayalalitha passes away |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=5 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[Government of India]] declared a one-day [[National day of mourning|national mourning]] with the national flag in all government buildings flying at half-mast.<ref name="jjuabh">{{cite news |last1=Ankita |first1=Bhandari |title=Central govt announces one-day mourning after Jayalalithaa's death |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/central-govt-announces-one-day-mourning-after-jayalalithaas-death_1956239.html |access-date=17 December 2016 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=6 December 2016 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="jjuk">{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa no more: Centre declares one-day mourning as mark of respect |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/jayalalithaa-no-more-centre-declares-one-day-mourning-as-mark-of-respect/ |access-date=23 August 2017 |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=6 December 2016 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> While a seven-day [[State funeral|state mourning]] from 6 to 12 December 2016 was observed by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]],<ref name="natmotn">{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa death: Centre declares one-day national mourning for Amma, Tricolour to fly at half mast |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-dead-centre-declares-one-day-national-mourning-for-amma-4412903/ |access-date=17 December 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=6 December 2016 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> also three-day state mourning from 6 to 8 December 2016 were observed by [[Government of Kerala]]<ref name="jker">{{cite news |title=Three-day official mourning declared in Kerala after Jayalalithaa's demise |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/dec/06/three-day-official-mourning-declared-in-kerala-after-jayalalithaas-demise-1546234.html |access-date=17 December 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=6 December 2016 |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> and the [[Government of Puducherry]].<ref name="jjpy">{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa death: Pondicherry announces 3-day state mourning |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-death-pondicherry-announces-3-day-state-mourning-4413260/ |access-date=17 December 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 December 2016 |location=Puducherry}}</ref> One day state mourning on 6 December 2016 was observed by [[Government of Karnataka]],<ref name="jjka">{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa death: Karnataka declares a day of mourning |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-death-karnataka-declares-a-day-of-mourning-4413070/ |access-date=17 December 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=6 December 2016 |location=Bengaluru}}</ref> [[Government of Bihar]],<ref name="jjbih">{{cite news |title=All of Bihar is mourning Jayalalithaa's demise: Nitish Kumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-tamil-nadu-bihar-jayalalithaa-death-4413207/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=6 December 2016 |location=Patna}}</ref> [[Government of West Bengal]],<ref name="jjwb">{{cite news |title=West Bengal declares state mourning on Jayalalithaa's death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/West-Bengal-declares-state-mourning-on-Jayalalithaas-death/articleshow/55842062.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 December 2016 |location=Kolkata}}</ref> [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]],<ref name="jjpunj">{{cite news |title=One day's state mourning in Punjab on Jayalalithaa's |url=http://www.uniindia.com/one-day-s-state-mourning-in-punjab-on-jayalalithaa-s/states/news/709156.html |access-date=17 December 2016 |work=[[United News of India]] |date=6 December 2016}}</ref> [[Government of Uttarakhand]]<ref name="jjuk" /> and [[Government of Goa]].<ref name="jjgoa">{{cite news |title=Goa govt mourns death of Jayalalithaa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/state-govt-mourns-death-of-jayalalithaa/articleshow/55846817.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 December 2016 |location=Panaji}}</ref> President [[Pranab Mukherjee]], Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Union Ministers, several state Chief Ministers, political leaders, and the film fraternity condoled her death and paid their last tributes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa remembered as dynamic, popular leader |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jayalalithaa-remembered-as-dynamic-popular-leader-116120600378_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/tweeple-send-social-media-into-a-tizzy/article9413138.ece |title=Tweeple send social media into a tizzy |work=Business Line |date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Her body was kept [[in state]] at her residence Veda Nilayam in Poes Garden until the wee hours of 6 December 2016 and later at [[Rajaji Hall]] for public to pay their tribute. Her [[last rites]] were performed on the evening of 6 December 2016 and she was [[Burial|buried]] at the northern end of the [[Marina Beach]] in Chennai in a [[Coffin|sandalwood casket]] engraved with "Puratchi Thalaivi Selvi J Jayalalithaa", near the grave of her mentor [[M. G. Ramachandran]] at the [[MGR Memorial]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-visit-chennai-to-pay-homage-to-jayalalithaa-10-points-1634456?pfrom=home-lateststories |title=Jayalalithaa To Be Buried In Sandalwood Casket Next To Mentor M.G.R. |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-chief-minister-Jayalalithaa-laid-to-rest/articleshow/55837086.cms |title=Jayalalitha last rites: Amma's Death: Jayalalithaa buried with full state honours |work=The Times of India |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-s-achievements-were-discussed-by-manmohan-pranab/story-fQTxbUqbNAFKnxWmaIRWwJ.html |title=Jayalalithaa's achievements were discussed by Manmohan, Pranab |access-date=12 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122191824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-s-achievements-were-discussed-by-manmohan-pranab/story-fQTxbUqbNAFKnxWmaIRWwJ_amp.html |archive-date=22 January 2017}}</ref>

The US and several other countries sent condolences. American Ambassador [[Richard Verma]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=U. S. Mission |url=https://in.usembassy.gov/statement-by-ambassador-richard-r-verma/ |title=Statement by Ambassador Richard R. Verma on the Death of the Honourable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa |website=usembassy.gov |date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Chinese Ambassador [[Luo Zhaohui]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwfb/201612/t20161206_2223186.htm |title=Ambassador Luo Zhaohui sends a condolences letter to the Government of Tamil Nadu on the passing away of Smt. Jayalalithaa |website=in.china.embassy.gov. cn|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> French Ambassador Alexandre Ziegler, Canadian High Commissioner to India Nadir Patel, Nepal President [[Bidya Devi Bhandari]], Nepal Prime Minister [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mofa.gov.np/press-release-condolence-messages-passing-away-selvi-jayalalithaa/ |title=Press Release on Condolence Messages on Passing Away of Selvi Jayalalithaa|website=mofa.gov.np|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Bangladesh Foreign Minister [[Abul Hassan Mahmood Ali]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-condoles-tamil-nadu-chief-ministerjayalalithaas-death-lauds-her-leadership|title=Bangladesh condoles Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalithaa's death, lauds her leadership|website=bdnews24|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Sri Lankan President [[Maithripala Sirisena]], Sri Lankan Prime Minister [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]], Former Sri Lankan president [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], Turkish Ambassador [[Burak Akçapar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newdelhi-emb.mfa.gov.tr/Mission/ShowAnnouncement/324639|title=Ambassador's message|website=newdelhi-emb.mfa.gov.tr|date=6 December 2016}}</ref> [[Turkmenistan]] Deputy Foreign Minister Berdyniyaz Matiyev,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eoi.gov.in/ashgabat/?5654?003|title=Demise of Ms J Jayalalithaa, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|website=eoi.gov.in|date=7 December 2016}}</ref> Singapore Foreign Affairs Minister [[Vivian Balakrishnan]] and [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] Party Mourned her death. Then Malaysian Prime Minister [[Najib Razak]] also sent his condolences.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Mohd Najib Tun Razak |user=NajibRazak |number=806105922816733184 |title=My condolences to the people of India on the passing of the late J. Jayalalithaa, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. |language=english |url=https://twitter.com/najibrazak/status/806105922816733184 |date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="wwj">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sri-lanka-prez-leaders-from-singapore-malaysia-condole-jayalalithaas-death/article9413414.ece |title=Sri Lanka Prez, leaders from Singapore, Malaysia condole Jayalalithaa's death |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-demise-condolences-pour-in-from-countries-4414044/ |title=Jayalalithaa demise: Condolences pour in from countries |website=The Indian Express |date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehimalayantimes.com/ampArticle/181810|title=President, PM condole Jayalalithaa's demise |newspaper=[[The Himalayan Times]] |date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/06/condolences-pour-in-from-sri-lanka-to-us-on-ammas-demise-1546296.html |title=Condolences pour in from Sri Lanka to US on Amma's demise |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

The News of Jayalalithaa's demise was covered by [[World news|International Media]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalithaa-death-how-the-world-media-covered-the-death-of-iron-lady-4412888/ |title=How world media covered the death of 'Iron Lady' Jayalalithaa |website=The Indian Express |date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/jayalalitha-jayaram-powerful-indian-politician-who-broke-gender-barriers-dies-at-68/2016/12/05/65299ebe-bb25-11e6-94ac-3d324840106c_story.html |title=Jayaram Jayalalitha, powerful Indian politician who broke gender barriers, dies at 68 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=5 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/world/asia/jayalalithaa-jayaram-india-tamil-nadu-chennai.html |title=Death of Tamil Nadu's Leader Leaves Power Vacuum in Southern India |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/05/jayaram-jayalalithaa-iron-lady-of-tamil-nadu-dies-at-68 |title=Jayalalithaa Jayaram, Tamil Nadu's 'iron lady', dies at 68 |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

On 11 December 2016, the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] said that over 470 party workers died, 'shocked' by Jayalalithaa's demise, and announced a solatium of Rs 300,000 to each of their families.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nanda |first1=Karan |title=470 people die in shock over Jayalalithaa's demise; AIADMK announces Rs 3 lakh compensation |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-470-people-die-in-shock-over-jayalalithaa-s-demise-aiadmk-announces-rs-3-lakh-compensation-360431 |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=[[India TV]] |date=11 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Ellen |author-link=Ellen Barry (journalist) |last2=Kumar |first2=Hari |date=10 December 2016 |title=Suicides Reported in India After Death of Jayalalithaa Jayaram |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/10/world/asia/india-jayalalithaa-jayaram.html |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

On 27 April 2017, One of Jayalalithaa's prominent assets, the Kodanad Tea Estate in the Nilgiris district became the focus of a high-profile criminal case involving a [[Kodanad estate robbery and murder|robbery and murder case]], that attracted significant national media attention.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=14 January 2019 |title=Kodanad robbery and murder case: A timeline of events and the mystery deaths |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/kodanad-robbery-and-murder-case-timeline-events-and-mystery-deaths-95016 |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title=2017 heist-murder at Jayalalithaa's retreat: Court restrains accused's brother from linking EPS with crime |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/2017-heist-murder-at-jayalalithaas-retreat-court-restrains-accuseds-brother-from-linking-eps-with-crime-9659013/ |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Shilpa |date=1 October 2022 |title=The murky heist-cum-murder case at Jayalalithaa's Kodanad estate is back in the limelight |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/news/the-murky-heist-cum-murder-case-at-jayalalithaas-kodanad-estate-is-back-in-the-limelight/ |access-date=4 November 2025 |website=The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[C. Sreenivaasan]] of AIADMK courted controversy by saying that V. K. Sasikala's family was responsible for Jayalalithaa's death. Sreenivasan said that he had to lie about the late chief minister's death because of pressure.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Madhav |first1=Pramod |title=How did J Jayalalithaa die? Year later, AIADMK leader says was forced to lie about Amma's death |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayalalithaa-maa-death-sreenivasan-dhinakaran-apollo-hospital-1050830-2017-09-23 |access-date=6 August 2022 |magazine=India Today |date=23 September 2017}}</ref>

On 12 September 2017, Late J. Jayalalithaa was named the eternal general secretary of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] at the AIADMK general council.<ref name="sasioust">{{cite news |title=AIADMK sacks Sasikala, says Jaya is 'eternal general secretary' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120917/sasikala-is-expelled-announces-aiadmk-after-general-council-meet.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=12 September 2017}}</ref> On 11 July 2022, The AIADMK general council reversed its previous decision and brought back the general secretary post to elect [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] as party head.<ref>{{cite news |title=J Jayalalithaa no longer 'eternal general secretary' of AIADMK|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/j-jayalalithaa-no-longer-eternal-general-secretary-aiadmk-165727 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

===The Memorial of Jayalalithaa===
[[File:Jayalalitha Memorial.jpg|thumb|[[Jayalalithaa]]'s burial site and memorial]]
The government of Tamil Nadu led by [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] issued '''Tamil Nadu Puratchi Thalaivi Dr J Jayalalithaa Memorial Foundation Ordinance, 2020''' to acquire the Poes Garden residence in Chennai, which formerly belonged to the late Chief Minister J Jayalalitha. The ordinance faced opposition from the legal heirs of Jayalalithaa – Deepa (niece) and Deepak (nephew). A comprehensive list of all movable and immovable assets acquired in the process has been made available to the public. The immovable assets include "''4.37kg of gold, 601.42kg of silver, 162 [[Silverware (household)|silverware]], 11 [[TVs]], 10 [[refrigerator]]s, 38 [[Air-conditioner|ACs]], 556 pieces of furniture, 6514 [[kitchen utensils]], 12 kitchen accessories and racks, 1055 [[cutlery]] items, 15 pooja utensils, 10,438 pieces of personal-wear, 29 telephones including [[cellphones]], 221 [[kitchen appliances]], 251 electrical accessories, 8,376 books, 394 mementos, 653 documents, 253 stationery items, 1,712 furnishing accessories, 65 [[suitcase]]s, 108 cosmetic items, 6 clocks, a [[photocopy machine]], a [[Printer (computing)|printer]] and 959 miscellaneous items.''"<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 10,000 clothes, 8,000 books among Jayalalitha's assets taken over by TN government |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/10-000-clothes-8-000-books-jayalalitha-s-assets-taken-over-tn-government-1705586-2020-07-29 |access-date=23 August 2023 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=4 kg gold, 8,376 books among Jayalalithaa properties listed by Tamil Nadu govt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/4-kg-gold-8376-books-among-jayalalithaa-properties-listed-by-tamil-nadu-govt-6529959/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=30 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

A memorial was built for her at a cost of ₹500 million [[Indian rupee|rupees]]. The [[MGR Memorial|Jayalalithaa Memorial]] or the Amma Memorial is shaped like a [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]]. The Construction Works of Jayalalithaa's marina memorial started on 7 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Subramanian |first=Lakshmi |date=7 May 2018 |title=Jayalalithaa memorial, to be built at a cost of Rs 50 crore, to resemble phoenix |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/05/07/jayalalithaa-memorial-to-be-built-at-a-cost-of-rs-50-crore-to-resemble-phoenix.html |magazine=The Week |access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> On 27 January 2021, the memorial of Jayalalithaa was inaugurated by then Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Tamil Nadu govt inaugurates sprawling 'phoenix' themed memorial of Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jayalalithaa-memorial-chennai-marina-beach-poes-garden-inaugurated-pictures-pics-1763385-2021-01-28 |access-date=28 January 2021 |magazine=India Today |date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jayalalithaa memorial inauguration on Jan 27 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jan/20/jaya-memorial-inauguration-on-jan-27-2252404.html |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 January 2021}}</ref>

In a case challenging the Ordinance, the [[Madras High Court]] in May 2021 ruled J. Deepak and J. Deepa as legal heirs entitled to all the properties of Jayalalithaa in absence of a [[Will and testament|will]]. The court also issued a cautionary statement regarding the conversion of Jayalalithaa's residence into a memorial. The court has expressed concern that such a move may set a precedent for other political parties in the state to use public funds for the conversion of their leaders' residences into memorials.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa's nephew, niece entitled to her assets: Madras High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaas-nephew-niece-entitled-to-her-assets-madras-high-court/article61652085.ece |access-date=23 August 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=27 May 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

===Death Probe by Justice Arumugaswamy commission===

Among the Public, Jayalalithaa's 75-day hospitalisation and her demise, remained unclear and shrouded in secrecy. DMK and other opposition parties sought a probe into her death.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/over-year-after-jaya-s-death-mystery-deepens-gaps-narrative-emerge-84278 |title=Over a year after Jaya's death, mystery deepens as gaps in narrative emerge |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=6 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/dmk-treasurer-demands-probe-over-jayalalithaa-s-death-116123000740_1.html |title=DMK Treasurer demands probe over Jayalalithaa's death|website=business standard |date=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tn-parties-demand-probe-jayas-2103880 |title=TN parties demand probe into Jaya's death |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=30 December 2016|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref>

====Timeline====
* 17 August 2017 – The one-man Commission by retired Justice was announced by then Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaas-house-be-made-memorial-retired-judge-probe-her-death-66945 |title=Jayalalithaa's house to be made a memorial, retired judge to probe her death |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=17 August 2017}}</ref>
* 25 September 2017 – Justice A Arumughaswamy Commission was formally constituted by then Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] to investigate the death of J Jayalalithaa.
* 22 November 2017 – The Commission commenced its hearing.<ref name="probepanelreport"/>
* 26 April 2019 – The [[Supreme Court of India]] stayed the functions of the commission based on the plea of the hospital in.<ref name="jjprobe">{{cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-death-probe-apollo-hospital-tells-sc-that-it-will-not-appear-before-arumughaswamy-commission-1489808 |title=Jayalalithaa Death Probe: Apollo Hospital Tells SC That It Will Not Appear Before Arumughaswamy Commission |website=abplive |date=26 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref> The commission had probed with hundreds of people including expert doctors, medical staff, ministers and then state health secretary of Tamil Nadu. London-based doctor Dr. Richard Beale was also summoned in front of the Commission in 2019 since he was closely involved with the selection of treatment provided to then Chief Minister Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/over-year-after-jaya-s-death-mystery-deepens-gaps-narrative-emerge-84278 |title=Over a year after Jaya's death, mystery deepens as gaps in narrative emerge |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=6 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa-death-probe-arumughaswamy-commission-gets-eighth-extension-127315 |title=Jayalalithaa death probe: Arumughaswamy Commission gets eighth extension |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=25 June 2020}}</ref>
* 23 July 2021 – The 11th extension granted for the commission to submit its report was extended by the state government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2021/07/23233646/11th-Extension-Tamil-Nadu-Government-orders-Arumugasami.vpf |title=11-வது முறையாக நீட்டிப்பு: ஆறுமுகசாமி ஆணையத்துக்கு மேலும் 6 மாதம் கால அவகாசம் தமிழக அரசு உத்தரவு |website=dailythanthi |date=23 July 2021}}</ref>
* 27 July 2021 – The Newly Elected [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] led Tamil Nadu Government sought permission from the Supreme Court to restart the inquiry into her death, as the inquiry into the mystery surrounding Jayalalithaa's death was one of the poll promises made by DMK in [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 State Assembly Election]].<ref name="jjprobe" />
* 30 November 2021 – The Supreme Court passed orders to allow setting up a medical board of AIIMS doctors to help the Justice A. Arumughaswamy Commission of Inquiry in gathering facts and examining witnesses in the case.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |title=SC to allow setting up of medical board to aid Jaya death probe panel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sc-to-allow-setting-up-of-medical-board-to-aid-jaya-death-probe-panel/article37779585.ece |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=30 November 2021}}</ref>
* 7 March 2022 – The Commission resumed its hearing as the supreme court vacated the previous stay order.<ref name="probepanelreport"/>
* 26 April 2022 – The Commission completed its hearing nearly after 5 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/arumughaswamy-commission-completes-hearing/article65357369.ece |title=Arumughaswamy Commission completes hearing |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/jayalalithaa-death-probe-arumughaswamy-commission-completes-hearing-7889054/ |title=Jayalalithaa death case: Probe panel completes hearing, nearly 5 years after it was formed |website=The Indian Express |date=27 April 2022}}</ref> The Commission probed more than 150 witnesses including former chief minister [[O. Panneerselvam]], [[V. K. Sasikala]], Elavarasi, Several IAS and IPS officers.<ref name="probepanelreport">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jayalalithaa-death-probe-panel-to-submit-report-today/articleshow/93809139.cms |title=Jayalalithaa death probe panel to submit report today |website=The Times of India |date=27 August 2022}}</ref>
* 3 August 2022 – The final tenure extension was granted for the commission to submit its report by the state government. This was the 14th extension since its formation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-govt-grants-final-extension-to-justice-arumughaswamy-commission-till-august-24/articleshow/93329268.cms |title=Tamil Nadu govt grants final extension to Justice Arumughaswamy Commission till August 24 |website=The Times of India |date=3 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/app-lite/News/State/arumugasamy-commission-extended-for-the-14th-time-760698?hasShare=1 |title=ஆறுமுகசாமி ஆணையத்துக்கு 14வது முறையாக அவகாசம் நீட்டிப்பு |website=dailythanthi |date=3 August 2022}}</ref>
* 4 August 2022 – The [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] panel gave clean chit to Apollo Hospitals and found no errors in the Jayalalithaa treatment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kannan |first1=Ramya |title=AIIMS panel gives clean chit to Apollo Hospitals on Jayalalithaa treatment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiims-panel-gives-clean-chit-to-apollo-hospitals-on-jayalalithaa-treatment/article65791316.ece?homepage=true |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=20 August 2022}}</ref>
* 27 August 2022 – The Justice Arumughaswamy Commission finally submitted the 600-page report to the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu [[M. K. Stalin]] after 5 years of its formation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/news/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-s-death-case-arumugasamy-commission-submitted-its-full-report-to-government-today-69971 |title=ஜெயலலிதா மரணத்தில் நடந்தது என்ன? 600 பக்க அறிக்கையை முதல்வரிடம் தாக்கல் செய்த ஆறுமுகசாமி ஆணையம்! |website=abplive tamil |date=27 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/state/tamil-news-arumugasamy-commission-report-submit-to-chief-minister-mk-stalin-504824?infinitescroll=1 |title=ஜெயலலிதா மரணம் தொடர்பான விசாரணை- முதலமைச்சரிடம் அறிக்கையை தாக்கல் செய்தது ஆறுமுகசாமி ஆணையம் |website=maalaimalar |date=27 August 2022}}</ref>
* 18 October 2022 – The State Government tabled the Commission report in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. It raised doubts over the medical treatment given to former chief minister Jayalalithaa. It has recommended further probe against her aide [[V. K. Sasikala]], the then health minister [[C. Vijayabaskar]], Dr. K. S. Sivakumar, of Apollo Hospitals, Dr [[J. Radhakrishnan]], former health secretary, former chief secretary P Rama Mohana Rao, among others, for what it called as "lapses". The report also revealed that multiple people questioned during the probe said Jayalalithaa died on 4 December 2016, between 3 pm and 3:50 pm and not on 5 December 2016 as declared.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/jayalaitha-death-full-details-of-arumugasamy-commission-report-mentioned-about-sasikala-vijayabaskar-415464 |title=ஜெயலலிதா மரணம்: ஆறுமுகசாமி ஆணையம் வெளியிட்ட அதிர்ச்சி தகவல் |website=zeenews india |date=18 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/jayalalithaas-death-in-608-page-long-report-arumugasamy-commission-holds-sasikala-guilty-6188233.html |title=Jayalalithaa Death: Panel Blames Sasikala, Advises Probe Against Her, Ex-Health Minister |website=news18 |date=18 October 2022}}</ref> It claimed that US doctor Samin Sharma had convinced the late CM Jayalalithaa to agree for an [[Angioplasty|angio]]. It also questioned why she was not taken abroad for treatment even though Dr. Richard Beale was prepared to take the then Chief Minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-death-arumugasamy-commission-orders-inquiry-against-sasikala-former-minister-and-health-secy-1558695 |title=Jayalalithaa Death: Arumugasamy Commission Orders Inquiry Against Sasikala, Former Minister And Ex Health Secy |website=abp live |date=18 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="ArumughaswamyPanelReport">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/66025458-Justice-Arumugaswamy-eng-Report.pdf |title=Report of Justice Thiru A. Arumughaswamy Commission of Inquiry |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 October 2022}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In [[Mani Ratnam]]'s political drama ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997), the character of Kalpana portrayed by [[Aishwarya Rai]], was inspired by Jayalalithaa and her professional and personal relationship with [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/07/how-mani-ratnams-iruvar-put-the-spotlight-on-jaya-1546363.html |title=How Mani Ratnam's Iruvar put the spotlight on Jaya |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=7 December 2016 |access-date=22 December 2018 |archive-date=25 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325025602/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/07/how-mani-ratnams-iruvar-put-the-spotlight-on-jaya-1546363.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/071216/throwback-when-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-played-jayalalithaa-on-the-big-screen.html |title=Throwback: When Aishwarya played Jayalalithaa on the big-screen |date=7 December 2016 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/12/06/aishwarya-rai-played-jayalalithaa-iruvar-mani-ratnam-mgr-mohanlal-karunanidhi-tamil-film-prakash-raj |title=Aishwarya Rai as Jayalalithaa: When the Big Screen Proved Small |website=The Quint |date=6 December 2016}}</ref> The 2008 movie ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' shows her seeing flooding areas from helicopter. For the movie [[Attahasa]], sources in July 2011 reported that [[Priyamani]] and [[Jayachitra]] were signed on to portray the roles of Muthulakshmi and Chief Minister Jayalalithaa, respectively.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} Priyamani denied being part of the project, adding that she was not offered the role. [[Faisal Saif]] completed work on major portions of a film titled ''[[Amma (2018 film)|Amma]]'' between 2014 and 2016, but was forced to shelve it following threats from members of Jayalalithaa's political party. The makers denied that the film was a biopic, but stated that actress [[Ragini Dwivedi]] portrayed a role resembling the politician.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jayalalithaa-reel-and-real-life-inspires-amma-208217-2014-10-01 |title=Jayalalithaa's reel and real life inspires Amma |first=Aravind |last=Gowda |date=1 October 2014 |newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/260618/political-biopics-face-threats-cuts.html |title=Why Jayalalithaa biopic was shelved, ones on Indira Gandhi, Shastri remain uncertain |first=Uma |last=Ramasubramanian |date=26 June 2018 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] }}</ref>

Since Jayalalithaa's death, several filmmakers have announced biopics on the politician, with six currently in production. In January 2017, Telugu filmmaker [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] registered the title ''Amma'' and began preparing for a biopic on the politician. The film was being planned with [[Anushka Shetty]] in the lead role, but Rao's death in May 2017 effectively ended the project, despite indications that [[Mohan Babu]] may revive it.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amma-jayalalithaa-biopic-dasari-narayana-rao-ramya-krishnan-952959-2017-01-03 |title=Jayalalithaa's life on film: Dasari Narayana Rao to direct biopic? |agency=Ist |newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dasari-had-planned-jayalalithaa-biopic-with-anushka-shetty/story-AfNc34kCGEnFkzSwSDC2eN.html |title=Dasari Narayana Rao had planned Jayalalithaa biopic with Anushka Shetty |date=31 May 2017 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Producer Adithya Bharadwaj announced that his team were over a year into pre-production work for a proposed biopic of Jayalalithaa, during December 2017. Titled ''Thaai: Puratchi Thalaivi'', he revealed that it would predominantly be a fictionalised retelling of her story with some real life footage also included. Bharadwaj suggested that he had briefly touched upon the possibility of a biopic with Jayalalithaa when she was alive, but the script had to be reworked following her death. Despite his suggestions that the film would begin production in January 2018, the project did not take off.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-biopic-on-j-jayalalithaa/articleshow/62253802.cms |title=A biopic on J Jayalalithaa |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://scroll.in/reel/863002/jayalalithaa-biopic-in-the-works-titled-thaai-puratchi-thalaivi |title=Jayalalithaa biopic in the works, titled 'Thaai: Puratchi Thalaivi' |work=Scroll.in}}</ref> Soon after news emerged about Vijay's and Priyadarshini's biopics in August 2018, Adithya reconfirmed that [[Bharathiraja]] had been signed to be the director of the film. He added that the team were considering either Aishwarya Rai or Anushka Shetty for the role of Jayalalithaa, and either [[Kamal Haasan]] or [[Mohanlal]] for the role of M. G. Ramachandran.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bharathirajaa-to-direct-a-biopic-on-j-jayalalithaa-1318856-2018-08-20 |title=Three Jayalalithaa biopics in a week: Bharathirajaa wants Aishwarya as Amma? |agency=Ist |newspaper=India Today}}</ref>

In August 2018, producer Vishnu Vardhan Induri of Vibri Media announced that he was working on a biopic of Jayalalithaa, and that [[A. L. Vijay]] would direct the project.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jayalalithaa-biopic-announced-with-al-vijay-as-director-details-here-1315657-2018-08-16 |title=Jayalalithaa biopic announced with AL Vijay as director. Details here |agency=Ist |newspaper=India Today}}</ref> The team announced that pre-production work and research was ongoing and that the film would focus on the personal life of the politician, showing her vulnerable side. Actress [[Vidya Balan]] was initially approached by Vijay to star in the lead role, while [[Sai Pallavi]] was considered for the supporting role of [[V. K. Sasikala]]. Titled ''[[Thalaivii]]'' (2021), the film began its shoot after a long pre-production phase in November 2019 with [[Kangana Ranaut]] signed to play the lead role.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/sai-pallavi-may-play-sasikala-in-al-vijays-jayalalithaa-biopic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228174838/https://silverscreen.in/news/sai-pallavi-may-play-sasikala-in-al-vijays-jayalalithaa-biopic/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2018 |title=Sai Pallavi May Play Sasikala In AL Vijay's Jayalalithaa Biopic |first1=Rajeshwari |last1=Manik |date=28 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anushka-shetty-aishwarya-rai-vidya-balan-in-talks-to-play-jayalalithaa-in-upcoming-biopic-all-you-need-to-know-5046851.html |title=Anushka Shetty, Aishwarya Rai, Vidya Balan in talks to play Jayalalithaa in upcoming biopic: All you need to know |date=26 August 2018 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="vijay">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/one-more-biopic-planned-on-former-cm-jayalalithaa/article24710436.ece |title=One more biopic planned on former CM Jayalalithaa |first=Udhav |last=Naig |date=17 August 2018 |work=The Hindu }}</ref> The Movie ''{{lang|ta|Thalaivii}}'' was released on 10 September 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/makers-of-thalaivi-sort-issues-film-to-release-as-scheduled/articleshow/85890663.cms |title=Makers of 'Thalaivi' sort issues; film to release as scheduled |date=3 September 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Within a day of Induri's announcement of making a film, director Priyadarshini announced that she had also been working for four months on the pre-production of a biopic, which would be launched in September 2018. Priyadarshini suggested that she had four scripts ready, with each focusing on different aspects of Jayalalithaa's life, and that the narration would be balanced by showing both her positive and negative sides.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/another-biopic-on-jayalalithaa-announced-1316129-2018-08-16 |title=Another biopic on Jayalalithaa announced! |agency=Ist |newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref name="vijay"/> Titled ''The Iron Lady'', [[Nithya Menen]] was signed on to play the lead role, while [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] were in talks for a supporting role for the character of Sasikala.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nithya-menen-on-her-signing-spree-working-with-mysskin-in-psycho-and-playing-jayalalitha-in-priyadarshinis-biopic-5570381.html |title=Nithya Menen on her signing spree, working with Mysskin in Psycho and playing Jayalalitha in Priyadarshini's biopic |date=18 November 2018 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/the-iron-lady-nithya-menen-as-jayalalithaa-varalakshmi-to-play-sasikala-news-tamil-sjwkTsdjjgajj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130106/http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/the-iron-lady-nithya-menen-as-jayalalithaa-varalakshmi-to-play-sasikala-news-tamil-sjwkTsdjjgajj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2019 |title=The Iron Lady: Nithya Menen as Jayalalithaa, Varalakshmi to play Sasikala? |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/the-iron-lady-biopic-on-jayalalithaa-to-go-on-floors-february-2019/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073557/https://silverscreen.in/news/the-iron-lady-biopic-on-jayalalithaa-to-go-on-floors-february-2019/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2018 |title='The Iron Lady' Biopic On Jayalalithaa To Go On Floors February 2019 |first1=Rajeshwari |last1=Manik |date=31 October 2018}}</ref>

On 14 December 2019, another biopic named [[Queen (web series)|Queen]] was released as a web series by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]. It became the fourth such announcement of a related project in August 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/filmmaker-gautham-menon-to-helm-a-web-series-on-jayalalithaa/19753196 |title=Filmmaker Gautham Menon to helm a web series on Jayalalithaa |date=30 August 2018 |website=mid-day}}</ref> Production on the series progressed quietly throughout late 2018, with [[Ramya Krishnan]] selected to play Jayalalithaa, and [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]] and [[Vamsi Krishna]] portraying M. G. Ramchandran and [[Sobhan Babu]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-silently-directing-jayalalithaa-biopic-news-tamil-smwlkKhchgfgh.html |title=Gautham Menon silently directing Jayalalithaa biopic! |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menon-to-direct-a-tv-series-on-j-jayalalithaa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223030317/https://silverscreen.in/news/gautham-menon-to-direct-a-tv-series-on-j-jayalalithaa/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2018 |title=Gautham Menon To Direct A TV Series On J Jayalalithaa |first1=Rajeshwari |last1=Manik |date=22 December 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, Sasikala's nephew Jeyanandh Dhivakaran announced a biopic on Jayalalithaa, which would focus more on her relationship with Sasikala and M. Natarajan. Director [[N. Linguswamy|Linguswamy]] was signed on to the project, and began pre-production work by meeting close aides and politicians of Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/lingusamy-to-direct-jayalalitha-biopic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223030320/https://silverscreen.in/news/lingusamy-to-direct-jayalalitha-biopic/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2018 |title=Lingusamy To Direct Jayalalithaa Biopic |last1=V |date=24 October 2018}}</ref> In April 2019, director Jegadeswara Reddy announced that he was set to make a film titled ''Sasilalithaa'', which would showcase the relationship between Jayalalithaa and Sasikala. A first look poster was launched, with Reddy announcing that he would enter into talks with [[Kajol]] and [[Amala Paul]] to play the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sasilalitha-another-biopic-on-former-tamil-nadu-cm-jayalalithaa-announced-1496905-2019-04-08 |title=Sasilalitha: Another biopic on former Tamil Nadu CM Jayalalithaa announced |date=8 April 2019 |work=India Today |access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref>

In ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'', director Mani Ratnam reportedly drew inspiration from Jayalalithaa for his depiction of the character Kundavai, portrayed by [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ponniyin-selvan-2-mani-ratnam-told-trisha-krishnan-to-take-inspiration-from-this-politician-to-play-kunda-101682582167404.html |title=Mani Ratnam told Trisha Krishnan to take inspiration from this politician to play Kundavai in Ponniyin Selvan 2 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

Jayalalithaa appeared in an episode of ''[[Rendezvous with Simi Garewal]]'', an informal chat show hosted by Indian actress [[Simi Garewal]], where she talked about her personal life and acting/political career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rendezvous with Jayalalithaa |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZOar04g4zk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228014446/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZOar04g4zk |archive-date=28 December 2019 |publisher=Simi Garewal |date=11 February 2017}}</ref>

==Elections contested and positions held==
===Rajya Sabha elections===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;background:#E5F4EA;text-align:center"
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Constituency
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=2|Political party
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Result
|-
|[[1984 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|1984]]||[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]||[[AIADMK]]||{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||{{Won}}
|}

===Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;background:#E5F4EA;text-align:center"
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Assembly
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Constituency
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=3 rowspan=2|Political party
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Result
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Vote percentage
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=5|Opposition
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Candidate
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=3|Political party
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Vote percentage
|-
|[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]||9th||[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakanur]]||[[AIADMK|AIADMK(J)]]||[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cock.png|15px]]||rowspan=9 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||rowspan=3 {{Won}}||54.41%||Muthu Manoharan||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||27.27%
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]||rowspan=2|10th||[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]||rowspan=8|[[AIADMK]]||rowspan=8|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|20px]]||65.18%||[[T. Rajendar]]||[[Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam|TMK]]||||style="background-color:#505FC3"| ||29.34%
|-
|[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]||63.44%||[[N. S. Rajkumar Manraadiar]]||rowspan=5|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||rowspan=5|[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|20px]]||rowspan=5 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||32.85%
|-
|[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]||11th||[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]||{{Lost}}||43.54%||[[E. G. Sugavanam]]||50.71%
|-
|[[2002–2003 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2002 {{small|(Bye-election)}}]]||[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]]||rowspan=2|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]||rowspan=5 {{Won}}||58.22%||Vaigai Sekar||27.64%
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]]||55.04%||Seeman||36.29%
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]||rowspan=2|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]]||[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]||58.99%||N. Anand||35.55%
|-
|[[2015 elections in India#Tamil Nadu|2015 {{small|(Bye-election)}}]]||rowspan=2|[[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]||88.43%||C. Mahendran||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]||[[File:CPI symbol.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}||5.35%
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]||[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]]||55.87%||Shimla Muthuchozhan||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||33.14%
|}

===Positions in Parliament of the Republic of India===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Elections
!rowspan=2|Position
!rowspan=2|Elected constituency
!colspan=3|Term in office
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
|[[1984 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|1984]]
|[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
|3 April 1984
|28 January 1989
|4 years, 300 days
|}

===Positions in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Elections
!rowspan=2|Position
!rowspan=2|Elected constituency
!colspan=3|Term in office
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
|[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|rowspan=2|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakanur]]
|9 February 1989
|30 November 1989
|294 days
|-
|[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
|1 December 1989
|30 January 1991
|1 year, 60 days
|-
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan=3|[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
|[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
|24 June 1991
|12 May 1996
|4 years, 323 days
|-
|[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|''Not Contested''
|14 May 2001
|21 September 2001
|130 days
|-
|[[2002–2003 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2002]]
|rowspan=3|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|2 March 2002
|12 May 2006
|4 years, 71 days
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
|19 May 2006
|28 May 2006
|9 days
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|29 May 2006
|14 May 2011
|4 years, 350 days
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan=3|[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
|[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
|16 May 2011
|27 September 2014
|3 years, 134 days
|-
|[[2015 elections in India#Tamil Nadu|2015]]
|rowspan=2|[[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|23 May 2015
|22 May 2016
|365 days
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|23 May 2016
|5 December 2016
|197 days
|}

== Awards and honours ==
* In 1972, J. Jayalalithaa was awarded the [[Kalaimamani]] by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[University of Madras]] in 1991.<ref name="degrees">{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_cm.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911085023/http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_cm.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2009 |title=Awards and Special Degrees |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=37&ID=6852&AlbumType=PG |title=Awards |publisher=NDTV |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407131604/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=37&ID=6852&AlbumType=PG |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]] in 1992.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] in 1993.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] in 2003.<ref name="degrees"/>
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Bharathidasan University]] in 2003.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2004, she was invited by the [[House of Lords]], London to receive the "Woman Politician of the Decade Award" from the Asian Guild Awards.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2004, the "Golden Star of Honor and Dignity Award" was conferred upon her by the [[Ukraine]]-based '''International Human Rights Defense Committee''', A Chartered Constitutive body of [[United Nations]] recognising her services in protecting the weaker section of society and in the field of gender equality in Tamil Nadu and India.<ref name="degrees"/> Then [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary General]] [[Kofi Annan]], Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] and Iceland Prime Minister [[Davíð Oddsson|David oddson]] were the only three previous recipients of the award<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jayalalithaa-to-be-awarded-soon/articleshow/878290.cms |title=Jayalalithaa to be awarded soon |date=8 October 2004 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* In 2005, Honoured with '[[Paul Harris (Rotary)|Paul Harris]] Fellow Recognition' & 'Lifetime achievement Award' by [[Rotary International]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=4399075 |title=The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa, receiving the 'Paul Harris Fellow recognition' and the 'Lifetime Achievement award' from the Rotary International District 3230 Governor, Benjamin Cherian (ext left), at a function in Chennai on February 23, 2005. |date=23 February 2005 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="jjgov" />
[[File:DJayakumar-Convocation-Law-Amma.jpg|thumb|right|Jayalalithaa received the Degree of Law (Honoris Causa) conferred by the [[Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University]] from Tamil Nadu Governor [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]|250px]]
* Honorary doctorate received from [[Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University]] in February 2006.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2011, a resolution was passed by the [[New Jersey General Assembly]] to appreciate her exemplary excellence and dedication as a leader and in service to the people of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="degrees"/>
* In 2018, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed ''Tamil Nadu Fisheries University'' after her as [[Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University]].
* In 2019, Government of Tamil Nadu named three Kalaimamani award after her as Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Special Kalaimamani Award.
* In 2019, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed ''Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University'' after her as [[The Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Music and Fine Arts University]].
* In 2020, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education Campus after her as Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Campus.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa statue to be installed at State Council for Higher Education |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/jayalalithaa-statue-to-be-installed-at-state-council-for-higher-education/article31157434.ece |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=25 March 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* On 31 July 2020, ''CMBT Metro Station'' in [[Chennai]] has been renamed as [[CMBT metro station|Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa CMBT Metro]] by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] to honour her.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/jul/31/tamil-nadu-government-to-rename-three-metro-rail-stations-in-chennai-after-late-chief-ministers-2177261.html |title=Tamil Nadu government to rename three metro rail stations in Chennai after late Chief Ministers |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Works==
Jayalalithaa wrote 4 full-fledged novels, columns for Bommai, Thuglak in the 1970s, short stories for Kalki, Thai in the 1980s. She had an insatiable desire in her mind to write her autobiography, but it was not fulfilled until the last.<ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" /><ref name="jjw.in" />

===Novels and series===
* ''[[Uravin Kaidigal]] (Prisoners of a relationship)'' – The Tamil version of an English novel which she wrote for Eve's Weekly, a woman's magazine published from [[Mumbai]]. Kalki Rajendran had made a fervent appeal to Jayalalithaa to write the same in Tamil. Then It was published as a serial in [[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] in 1980 and attracted both strong criticism and praise.<ref name="jj.in">{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=Jayalalitha's tryst with writing |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/jayalalithas-tryst-with-writing/50123.html |access-date=31 March 2017 |website=moneylife}}</ref><ref name="jjv.in">{{Cite web |date=30 December 2016 |language=tamil |title='எழுத்தாளர்' ஜெயலலிதாவின் நிறைவேறாமல் போன சுயசரிதை ஆசை! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/76350-jayalalithaas-unfulfilled-wish |access-date=30 December 2016 |website=vikatan}}</ref><ref name="jjd.in">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2016 |language=tamil |title=மனதை தொட்ட மலர்கள் – எழுத்தாளர் ஜெயலலிதா |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/india-tamil-news/news/1664101 |website=dinamalar}}</ref><ref name="jjh.in">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2016 |language=tamil |title=ஜெயலலிதாவின் எழுத்துப் பயணம்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/india/93225--~XPageIDX~.html |website=hindutamil}}</ref><ref name="jjg.in">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2016 |language=tamil |title=வாசிப்பும், யோசிப்பும் 201: ஜெயலலிதா என்னும் எழுத்தாளர் பற்றி...... |url=https://geotamil.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3589:-201-&catid=28:2011-03-07-22-20-27 |website=geotamil}}</ref><ref name="jjw.in">{{Cite web |date=22 January 1984 |title=She writes to conquer |url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/jayalalitha-writes-to-conquer.html |website=The Week}}</ref>
* ''Oruthikhey Sondham (Belong to one)'' – Jayalalithaa's First Tamil 95-paged Novel Published in June 1980 by [[Kumudam]]'s monthly, Malai Mathi Magazine.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
* ''Nenjile Oru Kanal (A fire in my heart)'' – Written in [[Kumudam]] Weekly Magazine, which she said was partly autobiographical.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
* ''Ennangal Sila (Some of the thoughts)'' – Published as Series in [[Thuglak]] Weekly Magazine for nearly 7 years, which was written anonymously by Jayalalithaa, Eventually Her identity was disclosed by the editor [[Cho Ramaswamy]].<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
* ''Nee indri Nanillai (I am not without you)'' – Novel Published in [[Valampuri John]]'s Kavithabanu Publications.<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />

===Books===
* ''Manadhai Thotta Malargal (Flowers that touch the mind)'' – The Collective version of 45 Columns written as ''Enakku Pidithavai'' in Thai weekly magazine.<ref name="jjd.in" /> In this book, she wrote about her favourites (Place [[Jaipur]], Flower, Animal [[Elephant]], Drink [[Tea]], Song "''Chinna Payale Chinna Payale''" from [[Arasilankumari]] (1961) movie, Film Producer [[B. R. Panthulu]], writer, journalist, Philosophist [[Kahlil Gibran]], teacher, Painter [[Leonardo da Vinci]], Painting [[Mona Lisa]], Biblical Story [[Joseph (Genesis)]], Novel [[David Copperfield]], Philosopher [[Socrates]], Quote by [[Maxim Gorky]], Betrayer [[Khusrau Khan]]).<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" /><ref>{{cite web|title="எம்.ஜி .ஆர். என்னை தூக்கிச்சென்றார்!"|url=https://www.vikatakavi.in/magazines/16/200/எம்-ஜி-ஆர்-என்னை-தூக்கிச்சென்றார்.php|date=6 December 2017|work=Vikatakavi}}</ref>

===Short stories and columns===
Jayalalithaa also carved many Short stories and Columns in Tamil and English. She had written an [[Anonymity|anonymous]] critic article in 'Thuglak' magazine which focused on the [[Sexual harassment|harassment]] of a woman under the police custody somewhere in [[North India]].<ref name="jjh.in" /><ref name="jjv.in" /><ref name="jj.in" /><ref name="jjg.in" /><ref name="jjd.in" />
In 'Thuglak' magazine, she wrote about ''[[Politics of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Politics]]'', ''[[Politics of India|National Politics]]'' and ''[[International relations|International Affairs]]''. She also focused on writing about ''Negligence of Indian doctors'', ''[[Abortion in Italy|Italian law for pregnant women]]'' and ''The possibility of [[astrology]]''. In 'Bommai' magazine, she also wrote about ''[[Cosmetics|beauty tips]]''.<ref name="JJBooksTamil"/> In 1981, Jayalalithaa, writing for the weekly Idhayam Pesugirathu, reviewed the Tamil film [[Aani Ver]] and critiqued the heroine's decision in the story, which portrayed a lower-caste village girl who becomes a collector but struggles due to her illiterate husband. Unable to manage the conflict, the heroine ultimately resigns to become a dutiful wife.<ref>{{Cite news |language=en |date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa: The iron woman of politics|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/jayalalithaa-the-iron-woman-of-politics/articleshow/55828339.cms|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207164825/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/jayalalithaa-the-iron-woman-of-politics/articleshow/55828339.cms |archive-date=7 December 2016 |first1=AR |last1=Venkatachalapathy }}</ref>

== Other interests ==

===Leisure interests===

Jayalalithaa is also interested in [[reading]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2020 |title=Inside Jayalalithaa's library: 8,376 books, Tirukkural to Discovery of India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jayalalitha-residence-library-tirukkural-discovery-of-india-6531733/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> classical music, [[Western music (North America)|Western music]], piano, swimming, [[cricket]], tennis, basketball, [[chess]], [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] and [[Equestrianism|horse-riding]].<ref name="jjd.in" /><ref name="jjgov">{{cite news |title=Government of Tamil Nadu- Chief Minister |url=http://www.tn.gov.in:80/gov_cm.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810230313/http://www.tn.gov.in:80/gov_cm.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2011 |date=10 August 2011 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=27 September 2021}}</ref> She admired actors such as [[Dustin Hoffman]], [[Robert De Niro]], [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Shammi Kapoor]].<ref name="The Jaya you didn't know">{{Cite news |language=en |date=25 December 2016|title=The Jaya you didn't know |url=https://rediff.com/news/column/the-jaya-you-didnt-know/20161225.htm |website=rediff.com}}</ref> Her favourite singers include [[LaVern Baker]]. As a school girl, she had a huge crush on former Indian [[Captain (cricket)|skipper]] Nari Contractor. In an interview with [[Simi Garewal]] in the 1990s, Jayalalitha had revealed her fondness for the cricketer and she had followed his game closely during the 1960s. In Kumudam Magazine, she had written that she used to watch Test matches. When she found difficult in booking last-minute tickets for special enclosure, she decided to become the Member of ''Tamil Nadu Cricket Association'' through which she could receive tickets automatically for all [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and [[Ranji Trophy]]. On her request, then famous cricket commentator and the general manager of Das prakash Group of Hotels P. Ananda Rao who had influence on TNCA, represented her case on his board meeting. Hence, Jayalalithaa became the first independent and patron women member of [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] in the period of 1973–74.<ref>{{Cite web |language=tamil |date=2 December 2017 |title=ஜெயலலிதா நினைவு தினம் : தமிழ்நாடு கிரிக்கெட் அசோசியேசன் முதல் பெண் உறுப்பினர் |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/jayalalithaa-memorial-day-tamil-nadu-cricket-association-is-the-first-female-member/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

====Favourite books====
In an interview, Jayalalithaa said that when she was just eight years old, she used to read [[C. Rajagopalachari|Rajaji]]'s ''[[Mahabharata (Rajagopalachari book)|Mahabharata]]'' ({{lang|ta|Vyasar Virundhu}}) and ''[[Ramayana (Rajagopalachari book)|Ramayana]]'' ({{lang|ta|Chakravarthi Thirumagan}}). Being a child, she was very fond of [[Hans Christian Andersen]], [[Brothers Grimm|Grimms]] and [[Enid Blyton]]'s [[Malory Towers|the Malory Towers series]]. In later years, she read the novel works of [[Denise Robins]], [[Barbara Cartland]], [[Mills & Boon|Mills and Boon]]. Her favourite authors were [[Charles Dickens]], [[William Wordsworth]], [[Christina Rossetti]], [[Alexandre Dumas]], [[Jane Austen]], [[Oscar Wilde]], [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[Sidney Sheldon]], [[Georgette Heyer]], [[Danielle Steel]], [[Pearl S. Buck]], [[Agatha Christie]], [[Thomas Hardy]], [[Khushwant Singh]], [[Kingsley Amis]], [[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson|Alfred Tennyson]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayani |first=Ganesh |date=8 December 2016 |title='Jaya I knew loved literature'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaya-i-knew-loved-literature/articleshow/55864567.cms |work=Times of India |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref> [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], [[Kahlil Gibran]], [[James Hadley Chase]] and [[W. Somerset Maugham|Somerset Maugham]].<ref name="JJBooksTamil">{{Cite web |language=tamil |date=8 December 2016 |title=ஜெயலலிதாவின் மனங்கவர்ந்த நாவல் இதுதான்! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/74437-do-you-know-which-novel-jayalalithaa-likes |website=vikatan}}</ref><ref name="JJBooks">{{Cite web |language=en |date=1 April 1999 |title=The Rediff Interview/ J Jayalalitha |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1999/apr/01jaya.htm |work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="JJBookie"/><ref name="JJLibrary">{{Cite news |title=From 'Thirukkural' to Jean Plaidy novels: A peak inside J Jayalalithaa's library|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/from-thirukkural-to-jean-plaidy-novels-a-peak-inside-j-jayalalithaas-library-868203.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 August 2020 |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref>

She also read ''[[Shakespeare's plays]]'' like ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'', [[Danielle Steel]]'s ''Malice'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Steel |first=Danielle |date=1996 |title=Malice |publisher=Delacorte Press |isbn=0385306040}}</ref> [[Jung Chang]]'s ''[[Wild Swans]]'', [[Eleanor Alice Burford|Jean Plaidy]]'s series on the Tudor dynasty, [[Daniel Defoe]]'s ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]'', [[Oscar Wilde]]'s ''[[De Profundis (letter)|De Profundis]]'', [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s ''[[Sherlock Holmes]]'', [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' and ''[[Paradise Regained]]'', [[Wayne Dyer]]'s ''Wishes Fulfilled'', ''The Sky's the Limit'', and ''[[Your Erroneous Zones]]'', [[Margaret Mitchell]]'s ''[[Gone with the Wind (novel)|Gone with the Wind]]'', [[Li Zhisui]]'s ''[[The Private Life of Chairman Mao]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |language=en |access-date=10 December 2016 |title=The book Jayalalithaa ensured her doctor read |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/the-book-jayalalithaa-ensured-her-doctor-read/articleshow/55903721.cms |website=The Times of India|date=10 December 2016 }}</ref> [[Alexandre Dumas]]'s ''[[The Three Musketeers]]'' and ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]'', Nehru's [[The Discovery of India]], [[Chandrika Prasad Srivastava]]'s ''"Lal Bahadur Shastri: A Life of Truth in Politics"'', [[Mary Higgins Clark]]'s ''"Two Little Girls in Blue"'', [[Charles Dickens]]'s ''[[A Tale of Two Cities]]'', [[Nelson Mandela]]'s ''[[Long Walk to Freedom]]'', [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]'s [[The Insider (Rao novel)|The Insider]], [[Charles Kurzman]]'s ''Liberal Islam'', Nihal Singh's ''"The Rocky Road of Indian Democracy: Nehru to Narasimha Rao"'', [[William Davis (journalist)|William Davis]]'s ''"The Lucky Generation: A Positive View of the 21st Century"'', [[Alice Amsden]]'s ''"Escape from Empire: The Developing World's Journey Through Heaven and Hell"'', [[Dale Carnegie]]'s ''"The Leader In You"'', [[Michael H. Hart]]'s ''[[The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History]]'', [[A P J Abdul Kalam|Kalam]]'s ''[[India 2020]]'', Robert Hargrove's ''"E-Leader"'', [[Jacob Grimm|Jacob]] and [[Wilhelm Grimm]]'s [[Grimms' Fairy Tales|The Complete Grimms' Fairy Tales]], Jane Polley's ''"Stories Behind Everyday Things"'', The various editions of the Print Version of [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], [[Dan Brown]]'s ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]'', Alex Hook's ''"Illustrated History of the Third Reich"'', [[Sylvia Nasar]]'s ''[[A Beautiful Mind (book)|A Beautiful Mind]]'', [[Elaine Bernstein Partnow|Elaine Partnow]]'s ''"The New Quotable Woman"'', Waldmans's ''[[Great Illustrated Classics]]'', [[Günter Grass]]'s ''[[Peeling the Onion]]'', [[Jeffrey Archer]]'s ''[[Mightier Than the Sword]]'', [[Yuri Andropov]]'s ''"Speeches and Writings"'', Yugan's ''"Nizhal Padam Nijap Padam"'', Rajendra Sareen's ''"Pakistan The India Factor"'', R. Thandavan's ''"All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam: Political Dynamics in Tamil Nadu"'', [[Sunanda K. Datta-Ray]]'s "'Waiting for America - India and the US in the New Millennium'", Douglas Homles's ''"eGov: E-Business Strategies for Government"'', [[Vikram Seth]]'s ''[[A Suitable Boy]]'', [[Larry Wilde]]'s ''"The Official Doctors Jokebook"'', [[Anna Pasternak]]'s ''"[[Diana, Princess of Wales|Princess]] in Love"'', ''[[Tirumantiram]]'', ''[[Kural|Thirukkural]]'', [[Bill Clinton]]'s ''[[My Life (Clinton autobiography)|My Life]]'', [[Robert Dallek]]'s [[An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963]], and The biographies of [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[C. N. Annadurai]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and Herself. [[P. C. Alexander]]'s ''"Through the Corridors of Power: An Insider's Story"'', [[Philip Ziegler]]'s Biography of ''[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Mountbatten]]'', [[A. Walton Litz]]'s ''"Major American Short Stories"'', [[Conn Iggulden]]'s ''"The Gates of Rome"'', [[Shrikant Verma]]'s ''"End of an Era: Indira Gandhi 1917-1984"'', [[Indira Gandhi]]'s ''"The Years of Endeavour"'', [[Gerhard Weinberg]]'s ''"Visions of victory"'', G. S. Chhabra's ''"Advanced Study in the History of Modern India"'', [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s [[Jane Eyre]], [[Paul Johnson]]'s ''"The Oxford Book of British Political Anecdotes"'', Justice [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]]'s ''"Death and After"'', [[Robert Harold Schuller]]'s ''"Life's Not Fair But God is Good"'', [[Lettie Cowman]]'s ''"Streams in the Desert"'', ''[[Vladimir Lenin|V. I. Lenin]]: Selected Works'', [[Karl Marx]]'s ''[[Capital: A Critique of Political Economy|Das Kapital]]'', [[Jung Chang]]'s ''[[Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China]]'', [[Robert Ludlum]]'s ''[[The Road to Omaha]]'', John Canning's ''"100 Great Modern Lives"'', [[Richard Herrnstein]] and [[Charles Murray (political scientist)|Charles Murray]]'s ''[[The Bell Curve]]'', [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]]'s ''"Singarevva and the Palace"'', Caroline P. Murphy's ''"The Pope's Daughter"'', Sara Dickey's ''"Cinema and the urban poor in south India"'', The works of [[Periyar]], [[C. N. Annadurai]], [[Kannadasan]], [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], [[Sandilyan]] and [[Adi Shankara]]. She liked books on history, geography, science, philosophy, religion, fiction, medicine and law. She had a great interest in reading about ''[[Victorian literature|Victorian era Classics]]'', ''[[English Renaissance]]'', ''[[House of Tudor|Tudor history]]'' and ''[[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon dynasties]]''.<ref name="JJBooks"/><ref name="JJBookie">{{Cite news |language=en |access-date=3 August 2020 |title=A peek into Jayalalithaa's world of knowledge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/a-peek-into-jayalalithaas-world-of-knowledge/articleshow/77325315.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="The Jaya you didn't know"/>
{{quote box
| border = 2px
| align = right
| width = 100%
| title = Jayalalithaa on the chat show – 'Rendezvous with Simi Garewal'
| halign = center
| quote = " Yes indeed (I had crushes). I remember having a great crush on [[Nari Contractor]], the cricketer. I used to go to Test matches just to watch him. And I had another crush on [[Shammi Kapoor]] (laughed heartily). One of my favourite films even today is [[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee
(1961)]] and the Yahoo! song."
| salign = right
| source = — Jayalalithaa, ''Rendezvous with Simi Garewal'', April 1999<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa on Simi Garewal show: 15 quotes that show her strong character, leadership and human side |url=https://www.india.com/viral/jayalalithaa-on-simi-garewal-show-15-quotes-that-show-her-strong-character-leadership-and-human-side-watch-videos-1693264/ |website=india.com}}</ref>
}}

{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |title=Amma: Jayalalithaa's Journey From Movie Star To Political Queen |last=Vassanthi |ref=Vaasanthi |publisher=Juggernaut |year=2016 |isbn=978-8193284148}}
* {{cite book |title=Cut-outs, Caste and Cines Stars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ldacEfF58EC&q=jayalalitha+saree+pulled+in+assembly&pg=PA88 |last=Vassanthi |ref=Vaasanthi |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-306312-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA101 |year=2007 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=United States |isbn=978-0-470-82958-5 |ref=Ramaswamy}}
* {{cite book |title=M.G. Ramachandran: Jewel of the Masses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIX11WBlVGAC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA1986 |last=Swaminathan |first=Roopa |publisher=Rupa Publications |pages=1986 |year=2002 |isbn=9788171678976 |ref=Swaminathan}}
* {{cite book |last=Velayutham |first=Selvaraj |title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuPaE3v22zAC&q=jayalalitha+films&pg=PA93 |pages=93 |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-39680-6 |ref=Velayutham}}
* {{cite book |title=Love's Rite |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trQj0GrKuPoC&q=jayalalitha+%2B+women+police+stations&pg=PA158 |last=Vanitha |first=Rose |ref=Vanitha |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-14-400059-3}}
* {{cite book |title=Refugee Management: Sri Lankan Refugees in Tamil Nadu, 1983–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eDh7Y7wYXgC&q=jayalalitha+1991+rajiv |year=2005 |last=Das |first=Sumita |publisher=Mittal publications |isbn=9788183240666 |ref=Das}}
* {{cite book |title=My Frozen Turbulence In Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpVhCICrRb4C&q=janaki+ramachandran+chief+minister |last=Jagmohan |year=2007 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=9788181242174}}
* {{cite book |title=Jayalalithaa: A Journey |last=Sen Sri Raman |first=Papri |publisher=Vitasta Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=978-9382711865 |location=Delhi}}{{Cite book |last=Vaasanthi |first=A. |title=The Lone Empress A Portrait of Jayalalithaa |date=15 October 2019 |publisher=India Viking |isbn=9780670084296}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa| b=no | n=no | q=Jayalalithaa | s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=no|display=J. Jayalalithaa}}
* [https://www.scribd.com/document/339287469/Full-text-SC-order-convicting-Sasikala-in-DA-case#fullscreen&from_embed/ In The Supreme Court Of India Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]''
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080227154244/http://transcurrents.com/tamiliana/archives/549 Jayalalithaa: From Alluring Actress to Powerful Politician-by D.B.S. Jeyaraj]}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1850717.stm BBC News article – ''Jayalalitha returns to power'' (dated 2 March 2002)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4762593.stm BBC – Controversial life of Jayalalitha]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/tamil/jaya_thapar.ram BBC Hardtalk RealPlayer video of Jayalalitha (RealPlayer required)]
* {{IMDb name|0412883|J.Jayalalitha}}
* [https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-life-and-times-of-jayalalitha/205450 The Life And Times Of Jayalalitha {{!}} Outlook India Magazine]

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M. Chinnaswamy Stadium

2026-03-23T10:44:43Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Cricket stadium in Bangalore, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| image = File:Test Match Cricket India Vs. Pakistan.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption =
| country = India
| seating_capacity = 40,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Chinnaswamy Stadium|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvzim/content/series/1133250.html?template=ground |publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Journey |url=https://www.ksca.cricket/ksca-stadium/ |website=The Karnataka State Cricket Association |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
| owner = {{ubl
| [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]]
|[[Government of Karnataka]]
}}
| coordinates =
| map =
| operator =[[Karnataka State Cricket Association]]
| ground_name =M. Chinnaswamy Stadium
| establishment ={{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1969|}}
| location = Mahatma Gandhi Road, near Cubbon Road, Shivaji Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India - 560001
| tenants = {{ubl
| [[India national cricket team|India men's team]]
| [[India women's cricket team|India women's team]]
}}
|home_club= {{ubl
|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka men's]]
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka women's]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
}}
| end1 = Pavilion End
| end2 = BEML End<ref name=C>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues/5/m-chinnaswamy-stadium&ved=2ahUKEwjktZLezOiBAxVwl1YBHQ0ECGAQFnoECF0QAQ&usg=AOvVaw0C83zkWPxr0gIxOBsOonPt|website=www.bcci.tv|title=Chinnaswamy Stadium|access-date=9 October 2023}}</ref>
| international = true
| firsttestdate = 22–27 November
| firsttestyear = 1974
| firsttesthome = India
| firsttestaway = West Indies
| lasttestdate = 16–20 October
| lasttestyear = 2024
| lasttesthome = India
| lasttestaway = New Zealand
| firstodidate = 26 September
| firstodiyear = 1982
| firstodihome = India
| firstodiaway = Sri Lanka
| lastodidate = 12 November
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodihome = India
| lastodiaway = Netherlands
| firstt20idate = 25 December
| firstt20iyear = 2012
| firstt20ihome = India
| firstt20iaway = Pakistan
| lastt20idate = 17 January
| lastt20iyear = 2024
| lastt20ihome = India
| lastt20iaway = Afghanistan

| firstwtestdate =
| firstwtestyear =
| firstwtesthome =
| firstwtestaway =
| lastwtestdate =
| lastwtestyear =
| lastwtesthome =
| lastwtestaway =
| onlywtestdate = 31 October – 2 November
| onlywtestyear = 1976
| onlywtesthome = India
| onlywtestaway = West Indies

| firstwodidate = 12 December
| firstwodiyear = 1997
| firstwodihome = Australia
| firstwodiaway = South Africa
| lastwodidate = 23 June
| lastwodiyear = 2024
| lastwodihome = India
| lastwodiaway = South Africa

| firstwt20idate = 30 November
| firstwt20iyear = 2014
| firstwt20ihome = India
| firstwt20iaway = South Africa
| lastwt20idate = 28 March
| lastwt20iyear = 2016
| lastwt20ihome = South Africa
| lastwt20iaway = Sri Lanka
| date = 17 October
| year = 2024
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/57897.html ESPNcricinfo
|nickname=
|othernames= Karnataka State Cricket Association stadium
}}

The '''M. Chinnaswamy Stadium''', also known as the '''Karnataka State Cricket Association Stadium''', is a [[cricket]] stadium in [[Bengaluru]] city of the Indian state of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |title=M.Chinnaswamy Stadium - Cricket Ground in Bengaluru, India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/m-chinnaswamy-stadium-bengaluru-57897 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The ground is owned by the [[Government of Karnataka]] and operated by the [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] (KSCA).<ref>{{cite news |title=M.Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/venues/90/M.ChinnaswamyStadium-Bengaluru |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Flanked by the picturesque [[Cubbon Park]], Queen's Road, Cubbon and uptown [[M G Road, Bengaluru|MG Road]], this five-decade-old stadium is situated in the heart of the city of Bangalore. It regularly hosts [[Test cricket|Test]], [[One Day International|ODI]], [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] and [[first-class cricket]] matches, as well as musical, cultural events. The stadium is the home ground of the [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka men's]], [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka women's]] as well as franchises [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB men's]] and [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|RCB women's]] teams.<ref name=":0" /> It is owned by the [[Government of Karnataka]] and has been leased out to the KSCA for a period of 100 years.

Formerly known as the Karnataka State Cricket Association Stadium, it was later rechristened in tribute to [[M. Chinnaswamy]], a lawyer from [[Mandya]] and the founding member of the Mysore State Cricket Association.<ref name="Shreekumar">{{Cite book|author=S. S. Shreekumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cLUzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|title=Karnataka Cricket's Hall of Fame And It's Corridors |publisher=Clever Fox Publishing|year=2021|isbn=9789390850730|location=Chennai |page=103 }}</ref> He served the KSCA for four decades and was also president of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) from 1977 to 1980, latter's [[National Cricket Academy]] also situated in the premises of this stadium.

It is the first cricket stadium in the world to use solar panels to generate a bulk of the electricity needed to run the stadium.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-sunny-pitch-at-chinnaswamy-stadium/article7087030.ece|title=A sunny pitch at Chinnaswamy stadium|date=10 April 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 April 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The panels were procured through the "Go Green" initiative of the KSCA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesportsdb.com/team/135796|title=Chinnaswamy Stadium's history|work=TheSportsDB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sport24.co.za/Cricket/CricketWorldCup2011/Venues/M-Chinnaswamy-Stadium-20101013|title=Chinnaswamy Stadium|date=13 October 2010|work=Sports24}}</ref> In 2016 a water purification plant was added,<ref>{{cite news |author=Anirudh R Gangavaram |url=https://www.crictracker.com/ksca-to-modernize-the-chinnaswamy-stadium/ |title=KSCA to modernize the Chinnaswamy stadium |website=CricTracker |date=21 April 2016 }}</ref> and by January 2017 a sophisticated system of aeration and drainage was in place to avoid matches being curtailed due to a wet outfield.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/historic-bengaluru-s-m-chinnaswamy-stadium-gets-next-generation-outfield-008313.html |title=Historic: Bengaluru's M Chinnaswamy Stadium gets next-generation outfield to fight rain delays |website=OneIndia |via=MyKhel |date=3 August 2017 }}</ref>

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
With generous patronage from the [[Government of Karnataka]], the foundation stone of this stadium was laid in 1969 and construction work commenced in 1970. The stadium was first used for First-class cricket matches during the 1972–73 season. It earned test status during the 1974–75 season when the [[West Indian cricket team|West Indies]] toured India.<ref name="HT2005">{{cite news |title=M Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/m-chinnaswamy-stadium-bangalore-india/story-mkwrIE5HJcoW842EqJTPyL.html |access-date=21 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 February 2005 }}</ref><ref name="BM">{{cite news |title=Bengaluru's M Chinnaswamy Stadium: Where iconic matches were fought |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bengalurus-m-chinnaswamy-stadium-where-iconic-matches-were-fought/articleshow/61083979.cms |access-date=21 February 2021 |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=15 October 2017 }}</ref>

The [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] (KSCA) stadium, as it was known was later renamed as a tribute to [[M. Chinnaswamy]], who was the [[List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI President]] from 1977 to 1980 and the Secretary and President of KSCA.<ref name="HT2005"/><ref name="BM"/> Born in [[Mandya]] in 1900, he was the founding member of the Mysore State Cricket Association and a lawyer by profession.<ref name="Shreekumar"/> He, helped by other eminent people, was instrumental in prevailing upon the Government of Karnataka to allot the ground for cricket in the prime MG Road area in 1969.<ref>{{cite news |title='The frank, honest MC I knew' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2012/nov/05/the-frank-honest-mc-i-knew-422611.html |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 November 2012}}</ref>

The first Test played at this stadium was on 22–27 November 1974.<ref name="BM"/> This was the debut Test match for the West Indian batsmen [[Viv Richards]] and [[Gordon Greenidge]]. The West Indians led by [[Clive Lloyd]] crushed [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi|M. A. K. Pataudi]]'s Indian team by 256 runs. India registered their first Test win on this ground against the touring [[English cricket team|English]] team led by [[Tony Greig]] in 1976–77. The first ODI match at this venue was played on 6 September 1982. India defeated [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]] by six wickets in that match.

Floodlights were first installed at this stadium for the [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996 Wills World Cup]]. The first match played here under lights was the quarter-final clash between arch-rivals India and [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]] on 9 March 1996 in which India defeated Pakistan by 39 runs. In 2007, in the 3rd [[Test Cricket|Test Match]] between India and Pakistan, [[Sourav Ganguly]] and [[Yuvraj Singh]] led a 300 run partnership fightback from 61/4, breaking several records. India's 365/5 at stumps was the highest first-day score in India. The 300 run partnership was the highest partnership at the stadium and the highest left-hander batsmen partnership. Sourav Ganguly's 239 is the highest left-hander score.

Since the BCCI chose Bangalore as the centre for the [[National Cricket Academy]] in 2000, many budding cricketers have passed out of the academy housed on this ground. Chinnaswamy Stadium is also the home ground of the Bangalore franchise team, the Royal Challengers Bangalore. It was painted in red and yellow, the team colours of the Royal Challengers and also the colours of the Karnataka flag (cultural flag). This stadium also served as the venue for the [[Miss World 1996|1996 Miss World]] pageant, when it was first held in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/24/world/miss-world-crowned-as-indians-protest.html |title=Miss World Crowned As Indians Protest|newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Reuters |date=24 November 1996 }}</ref>

Following [[2025 Bengaluru crowd crush|a crowd crush on 4 June 2025]] which resulted in 11 fatalities, the stadium was deemed unfit to organise large gatherings and hence was withdrawn from list of IPL stadiums for 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=CricOpinion |date=28 July 2025 |title=RCB New Stadium in IPL 2026? Chinnaswamy Unfit After Stampede |url=https://cricopinion.com/cricket-news/rcb-new-stadium-ipl-2026-chinnaswamy-unfit-stampede |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=CricOpinion |language=en}}</ref> In August 2025, ICC announced that the [[DY Patil Stadium]] in [[Navi Mumbai]] replaced Bengaluru for the ICC Women's World Cup 2025.<ref name="revised">{{cite news |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/revised-schedule-confirmed-for-icc-women-s-cricket-world-cup |title=Revised schedule confirmed for ICC Women's Cricket World Cup |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=22 August 2025 |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>

== Features ==
Karnataka State Cricket Association claims that their stadium is world's only [[solar power]]ed cricket stadium. They inspired to install a solar system at the stadium from Germany's Freiburg football stadium, which is fully powered by solar energy. KSCA initiated the ₹4.5 [[Crore|Cr]] and 400 [[KW]] project in February 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Bharath |date=24 March 2015 |title=Bengaluru's Chinnaswamy stadium: World's first solar-powered cricket ground |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bengalurus-chinnaswamy-stadium-worlds-first-solar-powered-cricket-ground/articleshow/46672112.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=7 October 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The venue has 40,000 seats.<ref name="Capacity">{{cite web |title=Chinnaswamy Stadium|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvzim/content/series/1133250.html?template=ground |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref> Its ground is small thus it has small boundaries, due to this, batting teams often score high totals here. It is evident by the fact that in the [[2023 Indian Premier League]] edition, teams scored 210 plus runs on four and 170+ on three occasions in 8 innings played here. As per former [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|Royal Challengers Bangalore's]] bowler [[Harshal Patel]] "It is hard to bowl at the Chinnaswamy. It is a small ground and the ball generally flies".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sunam |first1=Ashim |title=Short boundaries big challenge: Harshal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/short-boundaries-big-challenge-harshal/articleshow/99701347.cms |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=23 April 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=ICC CWC 2023 smallest ground... |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/ampstories/sports/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-smallest-grounds-in-the-tournament |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru|url=http://www.bcci.tv/venues/5/m-chinnaswamy-stadium|access-date=21 January 2021|website=The Board of Control for Cricket in India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Husain |first1=Adil |title=M Chinnaswamy Stadium Pitch Report, RCB vs KKR: Small Boundaries at Bengaluru Set to Ignite High-Scoring Encounter as Royal Challengers Bangalore face-off against Kolkata Knight Riders, Check Team Stats, Record, & All Details here |url=https://www.insidesport.in/cricket-indian-premier-league-indian-premier-league-2023-m-chinnaswamy-stadium-pitch-report-rcb-vs-kkr-small-boundaries-at-bengaluru-set-to-ignite-high-scoring-encounter-as-royal-challengers-bangalore/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=Inside Sport India |date=26 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Husain |first1=Adil |title=Chinnaswamy Pitch Report, RCB vs DC: Small Boundaries Sets Stage for Run-Fest, Leg Spinners to Play Pivotal Role in Middle Overs, Check Team Stats, Record, & All Details here |url=https://www.insidesport.in/cricket-indian-premier-league-indian-premier-league-2023-chinnaswamy-stadium-pitch-report-rcb-vs-dc-small-boundaries-sets-stage-for-run-fest-leg-spinners-to-play-pivotal-role-in-middle-overs-check-tea/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=Inside Sport India |date=15 April 2023}}</ref>

==Cricket World Cups==
This stadium has hosted One Day International (ODI) matches for all editions of the World cups, when India was a host/co-host.

----
{{Limited overs international
| date = 14 October 1987
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 252/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 236/8 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| runs1 = [[Navjot Sidhu]] 75 (71)
| wickets1 = [[Dipak Patel (cricketer, born 1958)|Dipak Patel]] 3/36 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ken Rutherford (cricketer)|Ken Rutherford]] 75 (95)
| wickets2 = [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] 2/40 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 16 runs
| report = [http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65098.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M.Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India
| umpires = [[David Archer (umpire)|David Archer]] and [[Dickie Bird]]
| motm = [[Kapil Dev]]
}}
----

Quarter final match

----
{{Limited overs international
| date = 9 March 1996
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 287/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 248/9 (49 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Navjot Sidhu]] 93 (115)
| runs2 = [[Aamer Sohail]] 55 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer, born 1970)|Mushtaq Ahmed]] 2/56 (10 overs)
| wickets2 = [[Venkatesh Prasad]] 3/45 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 39 runs
| report = [http://content.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65187.html scorecard]
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
| motm = [[Navjot Sidhu]]
| rain = Pakistan was fined 1 over for a slow over rate
}}

----
{{hidden begin
|title= ICC World Cup 2011
|titlestyle = background:lightblue;
}}
11th Match, Group B

----
{{Limited overs international
| date = 27 February 2011
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 338/10 (49.5 overs)
| score2 = 338/8 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 120 (115)
| wickets1 = [[Tim Bresnan]] 5/48 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andrew Strauss]] 158(145)
| wickets2 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/64 (10 overs)
| result = Match Tied
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/game/433568/india-vs-england-11th-match,-group-b-world-cup-2010-11 Scorecard]
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] and [[Billy Bowden]]
| motm = [[Andrew Strauss]]
}}

----
15th Match, Group B

----
{{Limited overs international
| date = 2 March 2011
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 327/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 329/7 (49.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| runs1 = [[Jonathan Trott]] 92 (92)
| wickets1 = [[John Mooney (cricketer)|John Mooney]] 4/63 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] 113 (63)
| wickets2 = [[Graeme Swann]] 3/47 (10 overs)
| result = Ireland won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/scorecard/433572/ scorecard]
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] and [[Aleem Dar]]
| motm = [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]]
}}

----

22nd Match, Group B

----
{{Limited overs international
| date = 6 March 2011
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| score1 = 207/10 (47.5 overs)
| score2 = 210/5 (46 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[William Porterfield]] 75 (104)
| wickets1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 5/31 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 50 (75)
| wickets2 = [[Trent Johnston]] 2/16 (5 overs)
| result = India won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-scorecard-archives/scorecard/india-v-ireland-06-mar-2011/2188 scorecard]
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] and [[Rod Tucker]]
| motm = [[Yuvraj Singh]]
}}
----

31st Match, Group A

----
{{Limited overs international
| date = 13 March 2011
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 324/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 264/6 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|KEN}}
| runs1 = [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] 93 (80)
| wickets1 = [[Nehemiah Odhiambo]] 3/57 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Collins Obuya]] 98 (129)
| wickets2 = [[Shaun Tait]] 2/49 (8 overs)
| result = Australia won by 60 runs
| report = [http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-scorecard-archives/scorecard/australia-v-kenya-13-mar-2011/2197 scorecard]
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (PAK) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (ENG)
| motm = [[Collins Obuya]] (KEN)
}}
----

35th Match, Group A

----
{{Limited overs international
| date = 16 March 2011
| team1 = {{cr-rt|CAN}}
| score1 = 211/10 (45.4 overs)
| score2 = 212/3 (34.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Hiral Patel]] 54 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Brett Lee]] 4/46 (8.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shane Watson]] 94 (90)
| wickets2 = [[John Davison (Canadian cricketer)|John Davison]] 1/29 (4 overs)
| result = Australia won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-scorecard-archives/scorecard/australia-v-canada-16-mar-2011/2201 scorecard]
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] and [[Billy Bowden]]
| motm = [[Shane Watson]]
}}

----
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin
|title= ICC World Cup 2023
|titlestyle = background:lightblue;
}}
18th Match

----
{{Limited overs international
| date = 20 October 2023
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 367/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 305 (45.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 163 (124)
| wickets1 = [[Shaheen Afridi]] 5/54 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Imam-ul-Haq]] 70 (71)
| wickets2 = [[Adam Zampa]] 4/53 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 62 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/1367856/scorecard/1384409/ scorecard]
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India
| umpires = [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]] (NZ) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| motm = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (Aus)
}}

----

25th Match

----
{{Limited overs international
| date = 26 October 2023
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 156 (33.2 overs)
| score2 = 160/2 (25.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| runs1 = [[Ben Stokes]] 43 (74)
| wickets1 = [[Lahiru Kumara]] 3/35 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pathum Nissanka]] 77[[not out|*]] (83)
| wickets2 = [[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]] 2/30 (5 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/1367856/scorecard/1384416/ scorecard]
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India
| umpires = [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]] (NZ) and [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA)
| motm = [[Lahiru Kumara]] (SL)
}}

----

35th Match

----
{{Limited overs international
| date = 4 November 2023
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| score1 = 401/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 200/1 (25.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Rachin Ravindra]] 108 (94)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammad Wasim Jr.]] 3/60 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]] 126[[not out|*]] (81)
| wickets2 = [[Tim Southee]] 1/27 (5 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 21 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/1367856/scorecard/1384426/ scorecard]
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India
| umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]] (Pak)
}}

----

41st Match

----
{{Limited overs international
| date = 9 November 2023
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| score1 = 171 (46.4 overs)
| score2 = 172/5 (23.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| runs1 = [[Kusal Perera]] 51 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Trent Boult]] 3/37 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devon Conway]] 45 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Angelo Mathews]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/1367856/scorecard/1384432/ scorecard]
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| motm = [[Trent Boult]] (NZ)
}}

----

48th Match

----
{{Limited overs international
| date = 12 November 2023
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 410/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 250 (47.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| runs1 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 128[[not out|*]] (94)
| wickets1 = [[Bas de Leede]] 2/82 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Teja Nidamanuru]] 54 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 2/29 (6 overs)
| result = India won by 160 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/1367856/scorecard/1384436/ scorecard]
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Shreyas Iyer]] (Ind)
}}
{{hidden end}}

== Domestic Cricket ==
The arena is regular venue of domestic cricket. It is home ground of Karnataka cricket team. Since 2008, it is the home ground of IPL team Royal Challengers Bangalore. The first ever game of the IPL was held at the venue. In [[1998–99 Ranji Trophy|1998-99 Ranji trophy]] final at the venue, Karnataka won against [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] (MP). In June 2022, [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy|2021-22 edition final]] of the tournament MP won its maiden title by defeating [[Mumbai cricket team]]. [[2022-23 Ranji Trophy|2022-23 Ranji]] semifinal held at the venue [[Saurashtra cricket team]] defeated Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Gaurav |title=Ranji Trophy final: Chandrakant Pandit finds redemption at Chinnaswamy Stadium |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ranji-trophy-final-chandrakant-pandit-finds-redemption-at-chinnaswamy-stadium/articleshow/92481220.cms |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=27 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arpit Vasavada guides Saurashtra to Ranji Trophy final |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/arpit-vasavada-guides-saurashtra-to-ranji-trophy-final-8440668/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=The Indian Express |agency=PTI |date=12 February 2023}}</ref>

In the final of the [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy|2019-20 Vijay Hazare trophy]] Karnataka defeated [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] there. In October 2018, in the [[2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy|tournament's edition]] Mumbai won the final by defeating Delhi at the venue.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka beat Tamil Nadu Karnataka won by 60 runs (VJD) - Karnataka vs Tamil Nadu, Vijay Hazare Trophy, Final M Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore October 25, 2019 Match Summary, Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2019-20-1196774/karnataka-vs-tamil-nadu-final-1200802/live-cricket-score |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=25 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Mumbai beat Delhi to lift title for third time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/vijay-hazare-trophy-mumbai-beat-delhi-to-lift-title-for-third-time-5410633/lite/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=The Indian Express |agency=PTI |date=20 October 2018}}</ref>

== Events ==
[[Miss World 1996]] beauty pageant was held in this stadium, it was the first ever that this event was organised in India. [[Irene Skliva]] of [[Greece]] became the winner.

== Sustainability initiatives ==
The M. Chinnaswamy Stadium has adopted several sustainability initiatives to minimise its environmental impact.

=== Solar energy utilisation ===
The stadium is recognised for its utilisation of solar energy. A solar power plant was established, generating over six lakh units of electricity in the first year and reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 600 tonnes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=K M |first1=Kiran Parashar |title=Solar Power Lights up Chinnaswamy Stadium |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/may/02/solar-power-lights-up-chinnaswamy-stadium-931643.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 May 2016}}</ref> The solar panels, initially installed on the east end, are being extended to the west end to increase electricity generation.

=== Water management ===
A comprehensive water management system is in place, which includes rainwater harvesting and a sewage treatment plant. The treatment plant recycles sewage water for turf watering, gardening, and landscaping. This initiative was developed in collaboration with the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewage Board (BWSSB).<ref>{{cite news |title=Facilities at Chinnaswamy stadium to be replicated in other states |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/jun/02/facilities-at-chinnaswamy-stadium-to-be-replicated-in-other-states-1822578.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 June 2018}}</ref>

=== Subair drainage system ===
The 'subair drainage system' installed at the stadium facilitates rapid water drainage, allowing the ground to dry within 10 to 15 minutes after heavy rains, thus minimising match interruptions due to wet conditions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Arjun |title=M. Chinnaswamy Stadium: An Iconic Sporting Landmark in Bengaluru, India - Stadiums World |url=https://stadiums.world/m-chinnaswamy-stadium-bengaluru/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=Stadiums.world |date=9 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Other Eco-friendly measures ===
Additional measures to reduce environmental impact include a water purification plant and an efficient aeration and drainage system.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinnaswamy stadium will look to the sun for power |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/chinnaswamy-stadium-will-look-to-the-sun-for-power/article4293561.ece |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=10 January 2013}}</ref>

=== Recognition and replication ===
The sustainability initiatives at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium have been noted, with some cricket associations in India considering replicating these initiatives. These eco-friendly projects were self-funded by the Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA).<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengaluru's Chinnaswamy Becomes First Cricket Stadium to Install Rooftop Solar Plant |url=https://www.ndtv.com/bangalore-news/bengalurus-chinnaswamy-becomes-first-cricket-stadium-to-install-rooftop-solar-plant-755876 |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=NDTV |agency=PTI |date=17 April 2015}}</ref>

==Records and statistics==
On 14 June 2018, after being granted 'Test Status' by the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] in 2017, [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] played their first ever test match at this venue against [[India national cricket team|India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18544/game/1133983/india-vs-afghanistan-only-test-afg-in-india-2018|title=Only Test, Afghanistan tour of India at Bengaluru, Jun 14-15 2018: Match Summary |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>
The only T20I match in which double super over was played is in this stadium between India and Afghanistan on 17 January 2024 where Rohit Sharma scored his 5th century in T20I. This match is considered as the longest T20I match in world.

===Test match records===
====Batting====
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most career runs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=683;orderby=runs;template=results;type=batting|title=Statistics / Test matches / Batting records/ M. Chinnaswamy Stadium / Runs scored| publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:130px;"| Runs !! style="width:180px;"|Player !! style="width:75px;"|Period
|-
| '''869''' (16 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || class="nowrap"| 1994–2012
|-
| '''600''' (12 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Gavaskar]] || 1974–1987
|-
| '''513''' (11 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Virender Sehwag]] || 2001–2012
|-
| '''503''' (13 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sourav Ganguly]] || 1998–2008
|-
| '''450''' (8 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Gundappa Viswanath]] || 1974–1981
|}

{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most career runs (Non-India)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=683;home_or_away=2;orderby=runs;template=results;type=batting|title=Statistics / Test matches / Batting records / M. Chinnaswamy Stadium / Runs scored (Non-India)|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:130px;"| Runs !! style="width:165px;"|Player !! style="width:75px;"|Period
|-
| '''431''' (4 Innings) || {{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Younis Khan]] || class="nowrap"| 2005–2007
|-
| '''305''' (5 Innings) || {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ricky Ponting]] || 1998–2010
|-
| '''287''' (6 Innings) || {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Simon Katich]] || 2004–2010
|-
| '''245''' (4 Innings) || {{Flagicon|WIN}} [[Alvin Kallicharran]] || 1974–1978
|-
| '''231''' (4 Innings) || {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Michael Hussey]] || 2008–2010
|}

{{Col-end}}

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest individual score<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=683;orderby=batted_score;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statistics / Test matches / Batting records / M. Chinnaswamy Stadium / Runs scored in an innings|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:130px;"| Runs !! style="width:150px;"|Player !! style="width:75px;"|Year
|-
| '''267''' vs India|| {{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Younis Khan]] || 2005
|-
| '''239''' vs Pakistan|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sourav Ganguly]] || 2007
|-
| '''214''' vs Australia|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || 2010
|-
| '''201''' vs Pakistan|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Virender Sehwag]] || 2005
|}
{{Col-end}}

====Bowling====
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most career wickets<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=683;orderby=wickets;template=results;type=bowling|title=Statistics / Test matches / Bowling records / M. Chinnaswamy Stadium / Wickets taken|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:130px;"| Wickets !! style="width:150px;"|Player !! style="width:75px;"|Period
|-
| '''41''' (16 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Anil Kumble]] || class="nowrap"| 1994–2008
|-
| '''30''' (11 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[R Ashwin]] || 2012–2024
|-
| '''30''' (14 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 1998–2010
|-
| '''27''' (15 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Kapil Dev]] || 1978–1994
|-
| '''21''' (9 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || 2015–2024
|}
{{Col-2}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Most career wickets (Non-India)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=683;home_or_away=2;orderby=wickets;template=results;type=bowling|title=Statistics / Test matches / Bowling records / M. Chinnaswamy Stadium / Wickets taken (Non-India)|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:130px;"| Wickets !! style="width:180px;"|Player !! style="width:75px;"|Period
|-
| '''11''' (4 Innings) || {{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Danish Kaneria]] || class="nowrap"| 2005–2007
|-
| '''10''' (4 Innings) || {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Michael Kasprowicz]] || 1998–2004
|-
| '''10''' (4 Innings) || {{Flagicon|NZ}} [[Tim Southee]] || 2010–2024
|-
| '''9''' (5 Innings) || {{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Iqbal Qasim]] || 1979–1987
|-
| '''9''' (4 Innings) || {{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Mohammad Sami]] || 2005–2007
|-
| '''9''' (2 Innings) || {{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Tauseef Ahmed]] || 1987–1987
|-
| '''9''' (4 Innings) || {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Shane Warne]] || 1998–2004
|}

{{Col-end}}

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Best innings figures<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=683;orderby=wickets;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings|title=Statistics / Test matches / Bowling records / M. Chinnaswamy Stadium / Wickets taken in an innings|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:130px;"| Figures !! style="width:150px;"|Player !! style="width:75px;"|Year
|-
| '''8/50''' vs India || {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Nathan Lyon]] || 2017
|-
| '''7/27''' vs Pakistan || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] || 1987
|-
| '''7/64''' vs India || {{Flagicon|NZL}} [[Tim Southee]] || 2012
|-
| '''6/41''' vs Australia || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[R Ashwin]] || 2017
|-
| '''6/53''' vs India || {{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Bob Willis]] || 1977
|-
| '''6/59''' vs New Zealand || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Narendra Hirwani]] || 1988
|-
| '''6/71''' vs England || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Bishan Singh Bedi]] || 1977
|}

{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Best match figures<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=683;orderby=wickets;template=results;type=bowling;view=match|title=Statistics / Test matches / Bowling records / M. Chinnaswamy Stadium / Wickets taken in a match| publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:150px;"| Figures !! style="width:160px;"|Player !! style="width:75px;"|Year
|-
| '''11/224''' vs England || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 2004
|-
| '''10/126''' vs Australia || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] || 1987
|-
| '''9/120''' vs Pakistan || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Anil Kumble]] || 1995
|-
| '''9/121''' vs India || {{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Iqbal Qasim]] || 1987
|-
| '''9/131''' vs New Zealand || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[B. S. Chandrasekhar]] || 1977
|-
| '''9/139''' vs India || {{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Tauseef Ahmed]] || 1987
|}

{{Col-end}}

====Team records====
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest innings score<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=683;orderby=team_score;template=results;type=team;view=innings|title=Statistics / Test matches / Team records / M. Chinnaswamy Stadium / Team score|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:75px;"| Score !! style="width:205px;"|Team !! style="width:75px;"|Year
|-
| '''626'''|| {{cr|IND}} vs Pakistan || 2007
|-
| '''570'''|| {{cr|PAK}} vs India || 2005
|-
| '''541/6d'''|| {{cr|IND}} vs Sri Lanka || 1974
|-
| '''537'''|| {{cr|PAK}} vs India|| 2007
|-
| '''495'''|| {{cr|IND}} vs Australia || 2010
|}

{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lowest completed innings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=683;orderby=team_score;orderbyad=reverse;template=results;type=team;view=innings;wicketsmin1=10;wicketsval1=wickets|title=Statistics / Test matches / Team records / M. Chinnaswamy Stadium / Team score (lowest)|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:75px;"| Score !! style="width:205px;"|Team !! style="width:75px;"|Year
|-
| '''46'''|| {{cr|IND}} vs New Zealand || 2024
|-
| '''103'''|| {{cr|AFG|2013}} vs India || 2018
|-
| '''109'''|| {{cr|AFG|2013}} vs India || 2018
|-
| '''109'''|| {{cr|SL}} vs India || 2022
|-
| '''112'''|| {{cr|AUS}} vs India || 2017
|-
| '''145'''|| {{cr|IND}} vs Pakistan || 1987
|}

{{Col-end}}

====Partnership records====

{| class="wikitable nowraplinks"
|+Highest partnerships<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=683;orderby=fow_score;template=results;type=fow;view=innings|title=Statistics / Test matches / Partnership records / M. Chinnaswamy Stadium / Partnership runs|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:75px;"|Runs !! style="width:75px;"|Wicket !! Players !! style="width:205px;"|Match !! style="width:75px;"|Year
|-
| '''324'''|| 3rd || [[Younis Khan]] (267) & [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] (187) || {{cr|PAK}} vs India || 2005
|-
| '''308'''|| 3rd || [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (214) & [[Murali Vijay]] (139) || {{cr|IND}} vs Australia || 2010
|-
| '''300'''|| 5th || [[Sourav Ganguly]] (239) & [[Yuvraj Singh]] (169) || {{cr|IND}} vs Pakistan || 2007
|-
| '''207'''|| 4th || [[Gordon Greenidge]] (107) & [[Clive Lloyd]] (163) || {{cr|WIN}} vs India || 1974
|}

All records correct {{As of|2015|November|10|lc=y}}.

===One day international match records===
Highest total: '''410-4''' – [[Indian cricket team|IND]] v [[Netherlands cricket team|NED]]. The second was '''401–6''' – [[New Zealand cricket team|NZL]] v [[Pakistan cricket team|PAK]] 4 November 2023.

Highest Run Chase : '''329–7''' – [[Irish cricket team|Ireland]] scored 329 (in 49.1 overs) against [[England national cricket team|England]]'s 327 runs from 50 overs, 2 March 2011, during world cup match.

Highest individual score: '''209''' scored by [[Rohit Sharma]]

The most runs were scored by Sachin Tendulkar (534 runs) followed by [[Rohit Sharma]] (498 runs) and [[Virender Sehwag]] (328 runs).

The most wickets were taken by [[Zaheer Khan]] (14 wickets) followed by [[Javagal Srinath]] (10 wickets) and [[Venkatesh Prasad]] & Kapil Dev (8 wickets each)

=== IPL records ===
source:<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=IPL Records M. Chinnaswamy Stadium Karnataka Bangalore |url=https://t20-head-to-head.com/ipl-records-m-chinnaswamy-stadium/ |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=T20 Head to Head }}</ref>

Highest total - 287 - [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] v [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]], 2024

6th Highest total - 263 - [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] v [[Pune Warriors India|Pune Warriors]], 2013

Highest individual score - [[Chris Gayle|CH Gayle]], 175 (66 balls) for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] v [[Pune Warriors India|Pune Warriors]], 2013

Best Bowling figures - [[Samuel Badree|S Badree]], 4/9 for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] v [[Mumbai Indians|MI]], 2017

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Royal challengers bangalore.JPG|The stadium during [[2010 Champions League Twenty20]]
File:Chinnaswamystadium.jpg|Bangalore test, 10 October 2004
File:Test Match Cricket India Vs. Pakistan.jpg|India vs Pakistan Test match, 2007
File:Cheerleaders at M Chinnaswamy Stadium Indian Premier League Match Bangalore India.jpg|IPL 2014 RR vs RCB 11 May 2014
File:Chinnawamy Stadium panorama.jpg|Panoramic view (RCB vs SRH IPL match on 4 May 2019)
File:Chinnaswamy Stadium panoramic view2.jpg|panoramic view from P2 stand
File:Chinnaswamy Stadium during India vs New Zealand Test Match,October 2024 2.jpg|A view of the Stadium during the India vs New Zealand Test Match, October 2024
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of stadiums in India]]
* [[List of cricket grounds by capacity]]
* [[List of Test cricket grounds]]
* [[Lists of stadiums]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110924082545/http://cricruns.com/venue/M-Chinnaswamy-Stadium M Chinnaswamy Stadium Notable Events] (archived)
*[http://content.cricinfo.com/indvrsa/content/ground/57897.html Details on ESPNcricinfo]
*[https://cricketyatri.com/csk-vs-rcb-pitch-report/ More Details On Cricketyatri]
{{Portal bar| India|cricket}}
{{List of cricket grounds in India}}
{{Test cricket grounds in India}}
{{Bangalore topics}}

{{coord|12|58|43.7|N|77|35|58.4|E|type:landmark|display=title}}

{{Indian Premier League}}
{{Royal Challengers Bangalore}}

[[Category:Test cricket grounds in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Cricket in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Bangalore Civil and Military Station]]

Peshrar block

2026-03-22T17:20:55Z

Dr. Katy Jane:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Peshrar
| nickname = 
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Peshrar in Lohardaga (Jharkhand).svg
| coordinates = {{coord|23.6330|84.5699|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 384.38
| population_total = 31057
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835302
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 06526
| registration_plate = JH 08
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 54.25%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| website = {{URL|lohardaga.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Peshrar block''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] that forms an administrative division in the Lohardaga subdivision of [[Lohardaga district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
Lohardaga was made a subdivision of Ranchi district in 1972. Ranchi district was split into three districts namely Ranchi, Gumla and Lohardaga, in 1983. <ref>{{cite web | url = https://lohardaga.nic.in/history/ | title = Lohardaga, About District, History| publisher = District administration | access-date = 4 October 2021}}</ref>

==Maoist activities==
Lohardaga has been identified as an “A” grade highly [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Maoist]] infested district. Kuru, Bhandra, Kairo, Kisko, Jowang and Senha police stations are totally affected and Lohardaga police station is partially affected. The Maoist outfits are mainly interested in extorting the [[bauxite mining]] and transport industry. The police force has been trained to take on the Maoist outfits and has been extending support at important points. Lohardaga has lost one Superintendent of Police, Ajay Kumar Singh, IPS in the anti-insurgency operations.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/lohardaga | title = District Police Profile Lohardaga | work = Security Scenario | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 4 October 2021 | archive-date = 25 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211025193818/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/lohardaga | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
Peshrar is located at {{coord|23.6330|84.5699|display=inline}}.

Lohardaga district consists of two broad physiographic divisions – the hilly tract and the plateau region. The hilly tract extends over the western and north-western parts of the district. The high hill tops of this region are known as ''pat''. The plateau region is a part of the Gumla Plateau, which lies in the southern portion of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. Lohardaga and Bhandra CD blocks are entirely in the plateau region. Other administrative areas, such as Kisko, Senha and Kuru CD blocks are partly in the plateau region and partly in the hilly tract. <ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Physical features |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

Peshrar CD block is bounded by the Latehar CD block in Latehar district on the north, [[Kisko block|Kisko]] and [[Senha block|Senha]] CD blocks on the east, [[Ghaghra block|Ghaghra]] CD block in Gumla district on the south and [[Bishunpur block|Bishunpur]] CD block in Gumla district and [[Garu Block|Garu]] CD block in Latehar district on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/lohardaga.html | title = Lohardaga CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/latehar.html | title = Latehar CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/gumla.html | title = Gumla CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

Peshrar CD block has an area of 384.38 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 30 September 2021}}</ref>[[Peshrar#Police station|Pesrar]] police station serves Peshrar CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/lohardaga| title = District Police Profile - Lohardaga| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 30 September 2021| archive-date = 25 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211025193818/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/lohardaga| url-status = dead}}</ref> The headquarters of Peshrar CD block is located at [[Peshrar]] village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Lohardaga district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 30 September 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Peshrar CD block had a total population of 31,057, all of which were rural. There were 15,764 (51%) males and 15,293 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 6,191. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 1,173 (3.78%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 25,641 (82.56%).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Peshrar CD block was 13,490 (54.25% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 8,448 (66.66% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 5,042 (38.22% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 28.44%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Lohardaga district was 78.62%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Lohardaga district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Peshrar block (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|78.30}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|15.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|5.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.76}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.14}}
}}

According to the ''District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, 2011 census,'' “the distribution of different mother tongues (languages mentioned under 8th Schedule of Constitution of India) as returned during the 2001 Census for Lohardaga district was” [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] (42.15%), [[Hindi]] (39.66%), [[Urdu]] (16.46%) and other languages 1.73%.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Lohardaga, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 census|work = page 21: Note on Mother Tongue| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

According to the ''Population by Mother Tongue'' in the [[2011 Census of India]], 38.96% of the population in the Lohardaga district spoke [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], 33.17% [[Sadri language|Sadri]], 13.87% [[Urdu]], 12.5% [[Hindi]] and other languages 1.50% as their first language.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |title = 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 30 September 2021}}</ref>

[[Hindi]] is the official language in Jharkhand and [[Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=28 August 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

According to the ''District Census Handbook, Lohardanga, 2011 census,'' ‘Other Religions and Persuasions’ formed 47.2% of the population, followed by [[Hindus]] (28.6%), [[Muslims]] (20.1%), [[Christians]] (4.0%).<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Lohardaga, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 census|work = page 21: Note on Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

The [[Kurukh people|Oraon people]] dominate in Lohardaga district. In the 2001 census they numbered 164,379 and formed 80.95% of the Scheduled Tribes population, who in turn constituted 55.70% of the population in the district. The Lohras formed 4.79% of the ST population.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Lohardaga, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 census|work = page 22: Note on important SCs and STs in the district of Lohardaga during 2001 Census | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| precision = 2
| caption = Languages in Peshrar block (2011)<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]]
| value1 = 59.56
| color1 = burlywood
| label2 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
| value2 = 31.53
| color2 = mediumseagreen
| label3 = [[Hindi]]
| value3 = 3.31
| color3 = orange
| label4 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]]
| value4 = 1.74
| color4 = teal
| label5 = [[Urdu]]
| value5 = 1.32
| color5 = green
| other-label = Others
| other-color = grey
| other = y
}}

==Rural poverty==
70-80% of the population of Lohardaga district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref> In 2011-12, the proportion of BPL population in Lohardaga district came down to 38.0%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.livemint.com/Specials/bqVly6xj4usB3DiTibS3DK/Spatial-poverty-in-Jharkhand.html | title = Spatial poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Mint | accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref> According to a study in 2013 (modified in 2019), "the incidence of poverty in Jharkhand is estimated at 46%, but 60% of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are still below poverty line."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/#:~:text=The%20incidence%20of%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20is%20estimated,are%20main%20causes%20for%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20state. | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India: An Empirical Study based on Panel Data | publisher = MPRA | accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
| caption = '''Livelihood in Peshrar CD block'''
| value1 = 54.64
| label1 = Cultivators
| value2 = 34.54
| label2 = Agricultural labourers
| value3 = 4.49
| label3 = Household industries
| value4 = 6.33
| label4 = Other Workers
}}

In Peshrar CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 8,741 and formed 54.64%, agricultural labourers numbered 5,525 and formed 34.54%, household industry workers numbered 719 and formed 4.49% and other workers numbered 1,012 and formed 6.33%. Total workers numbered 15,997 and formed 51.51% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 15,060 and formed 48.49% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Tables 30 and 33, pages 40 and 44 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 73 inhabited villages in Peshrar CD block. In 2011, 20 villages had power supply. 3 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 73 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 62 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 5 villages had post offices, 4 villages had sub post offices, 4 villages had mobile phone coverage. 73 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 1 village had [[Auto rickshaw|auto]]/ modified auto, 8 villages had taxi/vans, 7 villages had tractors. 1 village had a bank branch, 15 villages had [[public distribution system]], 21 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 201-202, Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Large areas of the district were earlier covered with forests. With gradual deforestation, more land is being brought under cultivation. At present around 32-35% of the total area is covered with forests. Rice is grown in the terraced lowlands called ''don''. In the uplands called ''tanr'', a coarse form of rice, millets, pulses and oil seeds are grown. Agriculture is mostly monsoon-dependent. “The wells, springs and ''ahars'' are the only traditional sources of irrigation. The average land holding per household is 1.65 Ha. The per capita agriculture land is around 0.28 Ha. Net irrigated area is 13.4% of net sown area”. <ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Lohardaga, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Page 10 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 4 October 2021}}</ref>

===Bauxite===
[[Bauxite]] is the raw material from which aluminium is produced. Lohardaga district has large reserves of world class bauxite across [[Pakhar, Lohardaga|Pakhar]], [[Hisri|Hisari]], Rudhali Pat, Khamar Pat and the mining area also extends to neighbouring districts. The district has approval of mining of approximately 11 lakh tones of bauxite mineral in a year. Hindalco Industries Ltd has 7 mining leases out of 9 active mines in Lohardaga district which supplies bauxite to [[Hindalco Industries|Hindalco’s]] aluminium plants at [[Muri, Ranchi|Muri]] and [[Renukoot]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://lohardaga.nic.in/mines-and-minerals/ | title = Lohardaga, Mines and Minerals| publisher = District administration | access-date = 5 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Lohardaga, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Page 10 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 5 October 2021}}</ref> A ropeway connecting [[Bagru, Lohardaga|Bagru mines]] and Lohardaga has been a popular tourist attraction. <ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Lohardaga, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Title feature on the seventh page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 5 October 2021}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Lohardaga district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 4 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 4 October 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Peshrar CD block had 15 villages with pre-primary schools, 68 villages with primary schools, 22 villages with middle schools, 2 villages with secondary schools, 3 villages with no educational facilities.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Lohardaga, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 201-202 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 4 October 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Peshrar CD block had 2 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 5 villages with primary health subcentres, 3 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 1 village with allopathic hospital.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Blocks of Lohardaga district}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Lohardaga district]]

Prithvi-deva II

2026-03-21T16:50:56Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Adding The Info W/ Refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| succession = 7th [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Ratnapura Kalachuri king]]
| reign = 1135–1165 CE
| predecessor = [[Ratnadeva II]] (1120–1135 CE)
| successor = Jajalla-deva II (1165–1168 CE)
| father = [[Ratnadeva II]] (1120–1135 CE)
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Prithvi-deva II''' was one of the most powerful [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Ratnapura Kalachuri kings]], who ruled over the present-day [[India]]n state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. His reign is placed 1135–1165 CE.{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1957|p=503}}

==Reign==
The [[Chindaka Naga]]s of Chakrakota had allied themselves with the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Gangas of Orissa]], enemies of the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Kalachuris]]. In retaliation, Prithvideva II devastated Chakrakota and destroyed the [[Chindaka Naga]] capital, in an attempt to terrorise the [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty|Ganga]] king [[Anantavarman Chodaganga|Anantavarman]].<ref name="man">{{cite book |last1=Click |first1=Samachar Just |title=Manikyadevi Manikeshwari: A Goddess who exemplifies cultural assimilation |date=22 October 2020 |url=https://www.samacharjustclick.com/featured/manikyadevi-manikeshwari-a-goddess-who-exemplifies-cultural-assimilation/}}</ref> The Bilaigarh copper plates inscription of Prithvideva reads- "His son Prithvîdëva (II) of well-known fame, who has planted his lotus-like foot on the rows of hostile princes' heads, has become the lord of kings — (he) who, by devastating Chakrakota, overwhelmed the illustrious Ganga king with anxiety in regard to the crossing of the ocean which was the sole means (of saving his life)."<ref name="V.V Mirashi:CORPUS INSCRIPTIONIUM INDICARIUM VOL IV PART 2: INSCRIPTIONS OF THE KALACHURI-CHEDI ERA">{{cite book |last1=Mirashi |first1=Vasudev Vishnu |title=CORPUS INSCRIPTIONIUM INDICARIUM VOL IV PART 2: INSCRIPTIONS OF THE KALACHURI-CHEDI ERA |date=21 August 2011 |publisher=Nabu Press |isbn=978-1175755339 |pages=57–58 |edition=Paperback |url=https://archive.org/stream/corpusinscriptio014674mbp#page/n235/mode/2up |access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref>

Similar to his predecessor and father, [[Ratnadeva II]], who had defeated the powerful [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga king]] [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]], Prithvideva II defeated an [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga king]], Karmadeva VII.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/118685/9/09_chapter%203.pdf|title=ANANGABHIMADEVA III(1211-1238 A. D.)|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|page=27|access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref> Karmadeva VII suffered a crushing defeat against him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/118685/9/09_chapter%203.pdf|title=ANANGABHIMADEVA III(1211-1238 A. D.)|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|page=27|access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref> The [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Tripuri Kalachuri king]], [[Jayasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Jayasimha]], unsuccessfully tried to assert his authority over Prithvi-deva II (if Jayasimha carried out the campaign in his early reign).{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1957|p=496}} A battle was fought at [[Shivrinarayan]], in which Jayasimha seems to have suffered a defeat.{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1957|p=496}}

==Bilaigarh copper plates of Prithvi-deva II==
Two copper-plate grant plates were discovered in 1945 at Bilaigarh, the chief town of the former Bilaigarh Zamindarî, in the [[Raipur district|Raipur District]] of the [[Chhattisgarh]] Division in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It goes as follows-

English Translation
Success ! Ôm ! Adoration to Brahman !
*(Veise.1) - Adoration to that reality Brahman, which is attributeless, all-pervasive, eternal and auspicious, the ultimate cause (of the universe) and supreme light conceivable by the mind.
*(V. 2) The foremost luminary of the firmament is the sun, the Primeval Being. Then was born from him his son Manu, the first of kings. In his family there was Kârtavïrya born on the earth.
*(V.3) - There was the king, the divine and illustrious Kârtavîtya, an ornament of the earth, who threw into bondage Râvana who had propitiated Siva with the embrace of (Parvati) the daughter of the Himalaya, who was terrified as he (the Râvana) lifted up the (Kailâsa) mountain with ease, and who (i.e., Râvana) was greatly enraged when his offerings to the three-eyed (Siva), were washed away by the stream of the greatly flooded Rëvâ which was turned by the suddenly placed dam of his mighty arms.
*(V. 4) - The king born in his family became known on the earth as Haihayas. An ornament of their family was that illustrious Kôkkala (I) endowed with all excellences who laid the fire of distress in the minds of (his) enemies, who accumulated fame after (amassing) the fortune of religious contemplation, (and) who was always dear to good people (as) one who made them happy.
*(V. 5) - He had eighteen very valiant sons, who destroyed their enemies even as lions break open the frontal globes of elephants. The eldest of them, an excellent prince, became the lord of Tripuri and he made his brothers the lords of mandalas by his side.
*(V. 6) - In the family of a younger brother of these there was born Kalingaraja who exterminated hostile kings with the fire of his valour and who was to the faces of the wives of the great warriors even as the full moon is to day-lotuses.
*(V. 7)- From him also there was born a son who became famous by the name of Kamalarâja (and appeared) lovely with his far-spreading spotless glory. When the sun of his valour rose, the assemblages of lotuses bloomed even at night.
*(V. 8) - Thereafter he begot Ratnarâja (I), whose face was like the moon, and who acquired a mass of religious merit by obliging the (whole) world; (and) who, destroying (his) enemies by the valour of the pair of his arms, spread (his) fame in the three worlds.
*(V. 9) - (His wife) named Nônallâ was dear to him as valour is to a brave person. Their son was Prithvîdëva (I), the best of kings.
*(V. 10) - The son of the queen Râjallâ, begotten by Prithvïdëva (I), was the brave king Jâjalladëva (I), the wish-fulfilling tree, bearing the fruit of fortune, which yielded their desired objects to good people, — (he) who was wont to worship ail gods; who was (annoying like) a thorn to his fierce foes, and the god of love incarnate to the extremely lovely ladies who saw him.
*(Verse.11)- His son Prithvîdëva (II) of well-known fame, who has planted his lotus-like foot on the rows of hostile princes' heads, has become the lord of kings — (he) who, by devastating Chakrakota, overwhelmed the illustrious Ganga king with anxiety in regard to the crossing of the ocean which was the sole means (of saving his life).
*(V. 12) - In the family of the sage Vatsa there was born formerly a Bràhmana named Hâpûka of great renown who, being foremost among those learned in the Vëdas, became dear to the world and possessed blameless prosperity, being smeared by whose glory, which in colour was as it were akin to powdered camphor and liquid sandal paste, the surface of the firmament shone all round.
*(V. 13) - He had a well-known son named Jîmûtavâhana, who by his life sanctified the earth, and attracted prosperity by his merits, and in whose case the goddess of fortune herself gave up her natural fickleness.
*(V. 14) - To him was born a wise son named Dëlhûka who has an intellect proficient in Vedântic principles and matchlessly radiant in regard to Smritis. Clever and noble as he is, his greatness is for obliging the (whole) world.
*(V. 15) - Having learnt (from him) the Sakambhari vidyà, which is incomparable in all the worlds and having defeated his enemies with ease in the forefront of the battle Brahmadëva, the well-known feudatory (of Prithvïdêva II) regards him highly as the sole match for ([[Brihaspati]]) the preceptor of gods
*(V. 16) - Prithvîdëva (II) granted him the village Paṇḍaratalāī in the Ēvaḍi mandala on the occasion of a solar eclipse.
*(V. 17) - Those, who will be born in this family should confirm this copper (charter) so long as the serpent ([[Shesha]]) supports the earth with a thousand pillar-like hoods.
*(V.18) - Whoever may hereafter be a king or a minister should also protect with care this religious gift of mine.
(Here follow four benedictive and imprecatory verses)
*(V.23) - This prasasti incised on copper (plates) was composed by the illustrious Malhaṇa, the son of Śubhankara, who being well read is a bee on the lotuses in the form of poets and has used words with splendid significance in a large number of prabandhas (works).
*(V.24) - These excellent copper-plates were prepared by Vâmana, written by a son of Kîrti, and incised by a son of Lakshmidhara.
The year 896 . .
Seal

The King, the illustrious Prithvîdëva.
Bilaigarh Plates of Prrithvideva II : Kalachuri year 896 (1144 AD)<ref name="V.V Mirashi:CORPUS INSCRIPTIONIUM INDICARIUM VOL IV PART 2: INSCRIPTIONS OF THE KALACHURI-CHEDI ERA"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of Chhattisgarh]]

South Indian cuisine

2026-03-20T08:04:31Z

Dr. Katy Jane: cleanup

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
[[File:"Paddy transplantation in Tamil Nadu".jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Rice]] and [[coconut]] (seen here growing in [[Tamil Nadu]]) are key ingredients of South Indian cuisine.]]
[[File:South India.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|The cuisine of [[South India]] encompasses those of five states, [[Andhra cuisine|Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka cuisine|Karnataka]], [[Kerala cuisine|Kerala]], [[Telangana cuisine|Telangana]], and [[Tamil cuisine|Tamil Nadu]], and the union territory of [[Dhivehi cuisine|Lakshadweep]].]]
'''South Indian cuisine''' includes the [[cuisine]]s of the five [[South India|southern states of India]]— [[Andhra cuisine|Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka cuisine|Karnataka]], [[Kerala cuisine|Kerala]], [[Telangana cuisine|Telangana]], [[Tamil cuisine|Tamil Nadu]], and the union territory of [[Dhivehi cuisine|Lakshadweep]]. Sub-cuisines within these include [[Udupi cuisine|Udupi]], [[Chettinad cuisine|Chettinad]], [[Hyderabadi cuisine|Hyderabadi]], [[Thalassery cuisine|Thalassery]], [[Saraswat cuisine|Saraswat]], and [[Mangalorean Catholic cuisine|Mangalorean Catholic]]. South Indian cuisine shares similarities with the cuisines of [[Sri Lankan cuisine|Sri Lanka]] and the [[Maldivian cuisine|Maldives]] due to a similar geographic location and culture.

== History ==

=== Early culinary texts ===

{{main|Sangam literature|Indian cookbooks}}

According to culinary historians [[K. T. Achaya]] and Ammini Ramachandran, the ancient [[Sangam literature]] dated from 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE offers early references to food and recipes in the Sangam era, whether a feast at king's palace, meals in towns and countryside, at hamlets in forests, pilgrimage and the rest-houses during travels. It describes cuisine of various landscapes and people who reside there, how they prepared food and what they served their guests.<ref>{{cite book |last=Achaya |first=K. T. |author-link=K. T. Achaya |title=The Story of Our Food |year=2003 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-7371-293-7 |page=12}}</ref><ref name="Peppertrail 2024">{{cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Ammini |title=Articles in Treasures from the Past – Peppertrail by Ammini Ramachandran |url=https://peppertrail.com/articles-in-treasures-from-the-past/ |publisher=Peppertrail |access-date=22 July 2024 |date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204031535/https://peppertrail.com/articles-in-treasures-from-the-past/ |archive-date=4 December 2024 }}</ref> Poet Avvaiyar for example describes her hearty summer lunch as "steamed rice, smoked and mashed aubergine and tangy frothy buttermilk", while poet Mudathama Kanniyar describes "Skewered goat meat, crispy fried vegetables, rice and over 16 varieties of dishes" as part of the royal lunch he was treated to in the palace of the [[Chola Empire|Chola]] king.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shrikumar |first=A. |date=2018-05-31 |title=Sangam Literature offers abundant references to food in the Tamil country |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/sangam-literature-offers-abundant-references-to-food-in-the-tamil-country/article24046748.ece |access-date=23 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Sangam literature offers references to food eaten on several different types of [[Patravali|leaf]] platters and [[thali]]s with multiple bowls. Sangam period archeological sites like [[Tirunelveli]] has uncovered notable household [[bronze]]ware utensils including "ornamental vase stands, bowls, jars and cups of different patterns with ornamental bowl lids" which were likely used for thali presentation as described in Sangam texts.<ref>The Indian Association for the Cultivation
of Science. Copper in Ancient India by Panchanan Neogi 1918, pages 29 and 33 http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/917/1/THE%20INDIAN%20ASSOCIATION%20FOR%20THE%20CULTIVATION%20OF%20SCIENCE%20COPPER%20IN%20ANCIENT%20INDIA_P%20NEOGI_IACS_1.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604120131/http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/917/1/THE%20INDIAN%20ASSOCIATION%20FOR%20THE%20CULTIVATION%20OF%20SCIENCE%20COPPER%20IN%20ANCIENT%20INDIA_P%20NEOGI_IACS_1.pdf |date=4 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>"Tamilar unavu : Food habits of the ancient Tamils, as represented in Sangam literature" by CE Namacivayam (1981), page 39</ref>

Several notable [[Indian cookbooks]] were written in southern India in the medieval period. These include ''Lokopakara'' (1025 CE), ''Manasollasa'' (1130 CE), ''Soopa Shastra'' (1508 CE), ''Bhojana Kutuhala'' (1675 CE), and ''[[Sivatattva Ratnakara]]'' (1699 CE). These cookbooks contains both vegetarian and non-vegetarian cuisines, with exception of ''Soopa Shastra'' which is a Jain vegetarian cookbook.<ref name="Peppertrail 2024"/>

=== Maritime trade ===

{{main|Indian Ocean trade}}

Indian Ocean trade played an important role in the spread of Indian spices to the western world during the classical era. [[Black pepper]] is native to the [[Malabar Coast]] of India, while the [[Malabar pepper]] is extensively cultivated there. During the classical era, spices including black pepper, [[cinnamon]], and [[cardamom]], and fragrant woods like [[sandalwood]] and [[agarwood]], were part of the [[Indo-Roman trade relations|Indo-Roman trade]] network from the ancient port of [[Muziris]] in the [[Malabar coast|southwestern coast of India]].<ref name="Menon57">{{cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA57|access-date=10 October 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=[[DC Books]] |isbn=978-81-264-1578-6 |pages=57–58}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6jF4Q5jQWboC&pg=PA392 ''Faces of Goa: a journey through the history and cultural revolution of Goa and other communities influenced by the Portuguese''] By Karin Larsen (p. 392)</ref> During the [[Middle Age]]s prior to the [[Age of Discovery]], which began at the end of the 15th century CE, the kingdom of [[Kozhikode|Calicut (modern Kozhikode)]] on [[Malabar Coast]] was the centre of Indian pepper exports to the [[Red Sea]] and [[Europe]], with [[Arab]] traders being particularly active.<ref name="Diffie">''Foundations of the Portuguese empire, hi lo millo1415–1580'' Bailey Wallys Diffie p.234''ff'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&pg=PA236]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-24 |title=Deep history of coconuts decoded |url=https://source.wustl.edu/2011/06/deep-history-of-coconuts-decoded/ |access-date=2019-12-19 |publisher=[[Washington University in St. Louis]]}}</ref> [[Tomatoes]] and [[chili pepper]]s were introduced from Central America by the Portuguese following the [[Columbian exchange]] (from 1492 onwards). "English Vegetables" such as [[cabbage]], [[cauliflower]], and [[turnip]], as they were at one time termed, became part of local cuisine by late 1800s.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZxBAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22English+vegetables%22+in+India+tomato+potato&pg=PA350 |title=Hand-book of Indian Agriculture |last=Mukerji |first=Nitya Gopal |date=1901 |publisher=[[Thacker, Spink & Company]] |page=350}}</ref>

== Cuisine ==

South Indian cuisine is distinguished by multiple elements, one being the use of intense aromatic mixtures of spices,<ref name="Sahni 2025"/> often extremely spicy hot,<ref name="Sarkar 2020"/> for [[curry]] dishes. These make use of roasted spices and aromatic herbs, the dishes made hot with [[Chili pepper|chili]] and [[Black pepper|pepper]], sometimes with [[coconut milk]].<ref name="Sahni 2025">{{cite web |last=Sahni |first=Toshita |title=10 Spicy South Indian Chicken Dishes That Will Warm You Up This Winter |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/south-indian-food-spicy-south-indian-chicken-dishes-that-will-warm-you-up-this-winter-9672348 |publisher=[[NDTV]] Food |access-date=22 November 2025 |date=20 November 2025}}</ref>

[[Andhra Pradesh]] cuisine is hotly-spiced and often vegetarian, with [[seafood]] prominent along the coast; [[Kerala]] too has a range of seafood dishes from its coastline. The cuisine of [[Tamil Nadu]] is similarly mainly vegetarian, but even hotter.<ref name="Sarkar 2020">{{cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Petrina Verma |title=The Cuisine of South India |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/cuisine-of-south-india-1957884 |website=The Spruce Eats |access-date=22 November 2025 |date=8 May 2020}}</ref> In [[Telangana]], [[Hyderabadi cuisine]] is somewhat milder but subtle and full of flavour, making use of saffron, nuts, and dried fruits as well as warmer spices in dishes for the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]s, the former rulers.<ref name="Sarkar 2020"/> A staple of [[Karnataka cuisine]] is [[jolada rotti]], a flat unleavened bread made of [[sorghum]] flour. It is eaten with pulse curries, ennegayi (stuffed [[aubergine]]) and chutneys.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/mysuru/celebrating-kannada-cuisine-culinary-feast-at-the-87th-akhila-bharata-kannada-sahitya-sammelana-in-karnatakas-mandya/articleshow/116070334.cms |title=Celebrating Kannada cuisine Culinary feast at the 87th Kannada Sahitya Sammelana in Mandya |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 December 2024}}</ref>
The [[Dhivehi cuisine|cuisine of Lakshadweep]] is based on coconut, fish, and starches; a range of dishes employ oconut milk.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 must-try dishes of Lakshadweep |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/web-stories/10-must-try-dishes-of-lakshadweep/photostory/106616046.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 February 2026 |date=8 January 2024}}</ref> Fish, especially [[tuna]], is important in the cuisine; tuna meat is made into ''[[Rihaakuru]]'', a thick brown fish sauce.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mifco.com.mv/rihaakuru.htm |publisher=MIFCO |title=Rihaakuru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604053341/http://mifco.com.mv/rihaakuru.htm |archive-date=4 June 2013 |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref>

Rice is a staple element in South Indian cuisine, served boiled or made into ''[[uttapam]]'' pancakes, ''[[Dosa (food)|dosa]]s'', or ''[[idli]]'' steamed cakes.<ref name="Sarkar 2020"/> Other characteristic ingredients include [[coconut oil]] for cooking and lentils for [[dal]].<ref name="Sarkar 2020"/>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Lunch at saravan bhavan.jpg|Vegetarian south Indian meal served on banana leaf
File:South Indian non-veg Meals.jpg|Non-vegetarian south Indian bhojanam thali
File:South Indian Thali at 1.56.30 PM.jpg|South Indian meal served in traditional bronzeware thali
File:Idli sambar.JPG|Idli and sambar, a typical south Indian breakfast dish
File:Mantharai Ilai 1.jpg|South Indian meal served on dried mantharai [[patravali|ilai]]
File:Masala dosa 01.jpg|Dosa, a typical south Indian breakfast dish
</gallery>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:South Indian cuisine| ]]
[[Category:Culture of South India|Cuisine]]

Rasamay Dutt

2026-03-19T12:09:09Z

Dr. Katy Jane: general cleaned up structure to improve readability and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|Bengali educationist of British India (1779–1854)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rasamoy Dutta
| image = Russomoy_Dutt.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year|41}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{dda|1854|05|14|1779|df=y}}
| death_place = Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India
| occupation = Educationist
| known_for = Co-founder of [[Presidency College, Kolkata]]
| organization = [[Asiatic Society]]
| relatives = [[Toru Dutt]] (granddaughter)
| alma mater =
}}
'''Rasamay Dutt''' or '''Russomoy Dutt''' (1779 – 14 May 1854) was a Bengali educationist of [[British India]] during the [[Bengali Renaissance]]. He was the co-founder of [[Hindu School, Kolkata]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|last=Subodh C. Sengupta & Anjali Basu|first=Vol - I|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|pages=461}}</ref> Bengali poet [[Toru Dutt]] was his granddaughter.<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
Dutt was born in Rambagan, [[Kolkata]]. His father, Nilmani Dutt, was the founder of Dutt family. Rasamay Dutt started his profession by business and thereafter became a clerk and even became a judge of the Small Cause Court, Calcutta<ref name="Meenakshi">Meenakshi Mukherjee, ''An Indian for All Seasons: The Many Lives of R.C. Dutt'', 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AUwlf7LZgrUC&pg=PT57 p. 57].</ref> As such, he was the first Indian [[puisne judge]] of India.<ref name="Inglish">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100609200328/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100523/jsp/calcutta/story_12470034.jsp Incubator of Inglish], [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|''The Telegraph'']], May 23, 2010.</ref> He was also the first Indian member of the [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society]].<ref name="Meenakshi"/>

== Social works ==
Dutt was a linguist with special efficiency in [[English language]]. He was one of the founders of Hindu School in Kolkata and also set up Hindu College presently [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]] with [[Ram Mohan Roy]], [[Radhakanta Deb]], [[David Hare (philanthropist)|David Hare]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/presidency-university/1/862488.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122085913/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/presidency-university/1/862488.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2017|title=The university that shaped the modern India: 200 years of Presidency|date=January 20, 2017|access-date=November 15, 2017}}</ref> He became secretary of Council of Education and the first principal of [[Sanskrit college]]. After certain difficulties with [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] he resigned from the post at Sanskrit College. Dutta was popular for his enormous contribution to poor students as a member of Kolkata School Book Society. He was also engaged with the Civil Society Movement, Anti press activities of state<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/home/printnews/450651/2017-01-10|title=ঔপনিবেশিক আমলে সংবাদপত্রের স্বাধীনতা|last=গোলাম মুরশিদ|website=kalerkantho.com|access-date=November 15, 2017}}</ref> and support the [[jury trial]] system in judicial works in India.<ref name=":0" />

==Family==
From Rasamay Dutt's father sprang the famous Dutt family of Rambagan, Calcutta. Rasamay had two younger brothers, Harish and Pitambar; and five sons, Kissen, [[s:Author:Kylas Chunder Dutt|Kylas]], [[s:Author:Govin Chunder Dutt|Govin]], [[s:Author:Hur Chunder Dutt|Hur]] and [[s:Author:Greece Chunder Dutt|Greece]].<ref name="Inglish"/> His youngest brother Pitambar's sons were Ishan Chunder and [[s:Author:Shoshee Chunder Dutt|Shoshee Chunder]]. Ishan was the father of author [[s:Author:Jogesh Chandra Dutt|Jogesh Chandra Dutt]] and author-cum-administrator [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]].<ref>Gupta, Jnanendra Nath, ''Life and work of Romesh Chunder Dutt, C.I.E.'', 1911, [https://archive.org/stream/lifeworkofromesh00guptrich#page/6/mode/2up p. 6]</ref> Rasamay's younger four sons were notable authors, Kylas being the first Indian author of a fictional work in English.<ref>Subhendu Mund, [https://www.academia.edu/6876018 Kylas Chunder Dutt: The First Writer of Indian English Fiction]</ref> Govin was the father of poet [[Toru Dutt]]. British Communist leader [[Rajani Palme Dutt]] also descended from this family.<ref name="Inglish"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutt, Rasamay}}
[[Category:Indian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:1779 births]]
[[Category:1854 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Scholars of Hinduism]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Fellows of learned societies of India]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Bengali educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Educators from British India]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Vijay Singh of Marwar

2026-03-18T18:42:27Z

Dr. Katy Jane: correct information also and corrected details

{{Short description|Maharaja of Marwar (r. 1752–1753, 1772–1793)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Maharaja Vijay Singh
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| more =
| type = Commander of Vijay singh - khokhar
| image = Vijay Singh of Marwar.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Vijay Singh Rathore
| succession = [[Kingdom of Marwar|Maharaja of Marwar]]
| reign = 21 September 1752 – 31 January 1753
| reign-type = First reign
| coronation = 31 January 1753, [[Mehrangarh]]
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Bakht Singh of Marwar|Bakht Singh]]
| successor = [[Ram Singh of Marwar|Ram Singh]]
| reign1 = September 1772 – 17 July 1793
| reign-type1 = Second reign
| predecessor1 = [[Maharaja]] [[Ram Singh of Marwar|Ram Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Maharaja]] [[Bhim Singh of Marwar]]
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|
| Shekhawatji Janak Kanwarji of [[Khetri]]
| Shekhawatji Jatan Kanwarji of [[Khetri]]
| Devadiji Suraj Kanwarji of [[Sirohi]]
| Ranawatji Ratan Kanwarji of [[Mewar]]
| Tanwarji Indra Kanwarji of [[Kelwa]]
| Solankiniji Suraj Kanwarji of [[Lunawada]]
| Hadiji Deep Kanwarji of [[Bundi]]
| Dodiyaniji Gulab Kanwarji of [[Piploda]]
}}
| spouse-type = Spouse
| consort =
| issue = {{Unbulleted list|
| Yuvraj Fateh Singh
| Zalim Singh
| Bhom Singh
| Sardar Singh
| Sher Singh
| Guman Singh
| Sawant Singh
}}
| full name =
| house = [[Jodha of Mandore|Jodha]] [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]
| father = [[Bakht Singh of Marwar|Bakht Singh]]
| mother = Bhatiyaniji (Rawalotji) Chandra Kanwarji d.of Rao Daulat Singh of [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osiyan]] in [[Marwar]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1729|11|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1793|07|17|1729|11|6|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mehrangarh]], [[Kingdom of Marwar]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| occupation =
| signature =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Maharaja Vijay Singh''' (6 November 1729 – 17 July 1793), was the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]].<ref>https://searchthecollection.nga.gov.au/object/157058</ref><ref>https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6361883</ref> He ruled 21 September 1752 – 31 January 1753, and September 1772 – 17 July 1793.

==Death and succession==
Vijay Singh wanted his grandson [[Man Singh of Marwar|Man Singh]] to succeed him. But after Vijay Singh's death on 17 July 1793, a civil war once again started in Jodhpur between his sons and grandsons. [[Bhim Singh of Marwar|Bhim Singh]] usurped the throne but could never consolidate his rule.

[[Gulabrai]], one of the concubines of the Maharaja, rose up the ranks and became the 18th century Marwar Rajput king's favourite.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baruah |first=Antara |date=2024-07-22 |title='Half-wed wives'—How Marwar's royal concubines balanced status with subordination |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/half-wed-wives-how-marwars-royal-concubines-balanced-status-with-subordination/2184478/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Rulers of Marwar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay Singh}}
[[Category:1729 births]]
[[Category:1793 deaths]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Marwar]]

National Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role

2026-03-12T09:19:46Z

Dr. Katy Jane:

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Vijayaraghavan.jpg
| alt1a = Vijayaraghavan
| photo1b = MS Bhaskar at Dharmadurai Success Meet.jpg
| alt1b = M. S. Bhaskar
| spacing = 2
| position = centre
| size = 230
| border = 0
| color = #FFFFFF
| foot_montage =
}}
| caption = The 2023 recipients: [[Vijayaraghavan]] and [[M. S. Bhaskar]]
| subheader = National award for contributions to [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]]
| awarded_for = Best performance by an actor in a supporting role
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1984
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name = National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor (1984–2021)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = {{ubl|[[Vijayaraghavan]], ''[[Pookkaalam]]'' and|[[M. S. Bhaskar]], ''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]''}} (2023)
| most_wins = [[Atul Kulkarni]], [[Nana Patekar]] and [[Pankaj Kapur]] (2)
}}

The '''National Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role''' is an honour presented annually at India's [[National Film Awards]] ceremony by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] (NFDC), an organisation set up by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Indian Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]].<ref name=nfa>{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/nfa.asp |title=About National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=8 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025223102/http://dff.nic.in/nfa.asp |archive-date=25 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> A national panel appointed annually by the NFDC selects the actor who has given the best performance in a supporting role within [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref name=nfa/> The award is presented by the [[President of India]] at a ceremony held in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|title=National Awards 2015, as it happened: Winners, wishes and morel|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/national-film-awards-2015-coverage-ceremony-all-winners-delhi-president-pranab-mukherjee-kangana-ranaut-queen-haider-shashi-kapoor-dadasaheb-phalke-award-251257-2015-05-03|access-date=21 May 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=3 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523170629/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/national-film-awards-2015-coverage-ceremony-all-winners-delhi-president-pranab-mukherjee-kangana-ranaut-queen-haider-shashi-kapoor-dadasaheb-phalke-award/1/433458.html|archive-date=23 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since the 70th National Film Awards, the name was changed to "Best Actor in a Supporting Role".<ref>{{cite web|author=Under Secretary to the Government of India|title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India|url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]|access-date=25 August 2024|date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

The winner is given a "Rajat Kamal" (Silver Lotus) certificate and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|2|l}}.{{efn|The cash prize was {{INR|50,000}}, from [[54th National Film Awards]] (2006) until [[69th National Film Awards]] (2021).<ref name="54thawardPDF"/> Before the [[54th National Film Awards]] (2006), the cash prize was {{INR|10,000}}.<ref name="53rdawardPDF"/>}} Including ties and repeat winners, the government of India has presented a total of 32 Best Supporting Actor awards to 29 different actors. Although Indian cinema produces films in more than 20 languages,<ref>{{cite web|title=Central Board of Film Certification – Annual Report 2011 |url=http://cbfcindia.gov.in/CbfcWeb/fckeditor/editor/images/Uploadedfiles/file/Publications/ANNUAL_2011.pdf |publisher=[[Central Board of Film Certification]] |access-date=5 July 2013 |page=33 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124081428/http://cbfcindia.gov.in/CbfcWeb/fckeditor/editor/images/Uploadedfiles/file/Publications/ANNUAL_2011.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> the actors whose performances have won awards have worked in one or more of seven major languages: [[Hindi]] (18 awards), [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (10 awards), [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (3 awards), [[Malayalam]] (5 awards), [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (3 awards), [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (1 award), [[Kannada]] (1 award).

The first recipient was [[Victor Banerjee]], who was honoured at the [[32nd National Film Awards]] for his performance in the Bengali film ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]'' (1984).<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian cinema@100: 40 Firsts in Indian cinema|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/indian-cinema-100-40-firsts-in-indian-cinema-362362|author=Chakravarty, Riya|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=3 May 2013|access-date=8 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504160827/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/indian-cinema-100-40-firsts-in-indian-cinema-362362|archive-date=4 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As of the 2013 awards, three actors—[[Nana Patekar]], [[Pankaj Kapur]], and [[Atul Kulkarni (actor born 1965)|Atul Kulkarni]]—have been honoured twice. Patekar was awarded for the Hindi films {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Parinda]]}} (1989){{efn|name=year|Year in which the film was [[Censorship in India#Censorship by medium|censored]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].}} and ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]'' (1996).<ref>{{cite web|title = Nana Patekar|url = http://www.koimoi.com/actor/nana-patekar/|access-date = 24 August 2014|publisher = Koimoi|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141024145616/http://www.koimoi.com/actor/nana-patekar/|archive-date = 24 October 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Kapur received the awards for his work in the Hindi films {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Raakh]]}} (1988) and ''[[Maqbool]]'' (2003).<ref>{{cite web|title=Manoj Bajpai wins National Award|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manoj-bajpai-wins-national-award-news-bollywood-kkfvJ9gjbah.html|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=15 December 2013|date=17 August 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224020030/http://www.sify.com/movies/manoj-bajpai-wins-national-award-news-bollywood-kkfvJ9gjbah.html|archive-date=24 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kulkarni was awarded for his performances in the Tamil / Hindi film ''[[Hey Ram]]'' (1999) and the Hindi film ''[[Chandni Bar]]'' (2001).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=P. K. Ajith|title=Bitter-sweet encounters|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/bijith-bala-on-his-film-nellikka/article6936750.ece|access-date=21 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312081214/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/bijith-bala-on-his-film-nellikka/article6936750.ece|archive-date=12 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Paresh Rawal]] and [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] have each won the award for two performances in a single year. Rawal received the award for his starring roles in the Hindi films ''[[Woh Chokri]]'' (1993) and ''[[Sir (1993 film)|Sir]]'' (1993) at the [[41st National Film Awards]], while Prabhavalkar won at the [[54th National Film Awards]] for his performances in the Hindi film ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' (2006) and the Marathi film ''[[Shevri]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jahagirdar-Saxena|first1=Shraddha|title=Lage raho Rajubhai!|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-lage-raho-rajubhai-1170735|access-date=21 May 2015|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=12 June 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523185212/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-lage-raho-rajubhai-1170735|archive-date=23 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> At the [[42nd National Film Awards]], the award was tied between [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] and [[Nagesh]], winning for their roles in the Hindi film ''[[Drohkaal]]'' (1994) and the Tamil film ''[[Nammavar]]'' (1994), respectively. It is repeated at the [[71st National Film Awards]] also, as the award tied between [[Vijayaraghavan]] and [[M. S. Bhaskar]], winning for their roles in the Malayalam film ''[[Pookkaalam]]'' (2023) and the Tamil film ''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]'' (2023) respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm42thNFAAward.aspx|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=21 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523171116/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm42thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=23 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> They also become most recent recipients of this award. [[Nana Patekar]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Manoj Bajpayee]] are the actors to receive honours in both acting categories: [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and Best Supporting Actor.

==List of recipients==

[[File:VictorBanerjee.jpg|thumbnail|upright|[[Victor Banerjee]] is the first-ever recipient of the Best Supporting Actor Award for his performance in Bengali film ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]'' in 1984.]]

{{multiple image

| align = right
| direction = vertical
| footer = [[Nana Patekar]] ''(top)'', [[Pankaj Kapur]] ''(middle)'', and [[Atul Kulkarni]] ''(bottom)'' are the three actors to win the honour twice.
| width =

| image1 = Nana_patekar.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 = Nana Patekar
| caption1 =


| image2 = Pankaj Kapur.jpg
| width2 = 180
| alt2 = Pankaj Kapur
| caption2 =


| image3 = Atul Kulkarni graces the screening of Sonata.jpg
| width3 = 180
| alt3 = Atul Kulkarni
| caption3 =
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| footer = [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] ''(top)'' and [[Nagesh]] ''(bottom)'' tied the award in 1994 for their roles in ''[[Drohkaal]]'' and ''[[Nammavar]]'' respectively.
| width = 
| image1 = Aashish Vidyarthi.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 = Aashish Vidyarthi
| caption1 = 
| image2 = Nagesh2005.jpg
| width2 = 180
| alt2 = Nagesh
| caption2 =
}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| footer = [[Paresh Rawal]] ''(top)'' and [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] ''(bottom)'' are the two actors who won the award for different films in a single year for different award ceremonies. Rawal was awarded in 1993 & Prabhavalkar in 2006.
| width = 
| image1 = Paresh Raval.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 = Paresh Rawal
| caption1 = 
| image2 = Dilip Prabhavalkar.jpg
| width2 = 180
| alt2 = Dilip Prabhavalkar
| caption2 =
}}

;Key
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:350px" | Meaning
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#add8e6;"|{{dagger}}
|Indicates a joint award for that year
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffecc8;"|{{double-dagger}}
|Indicates that the winner won the award for two performances in that year
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of award recipients, showing the year, role(s), film(s) and language(s)
! scope="col" |Year{{efn|name=year}}
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Role(s)
! scope="col" |Film(s)
! scope="col" |Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}{{efn|The "Ref." cites the winner and the role played by them in the film. While there are some sources that are written in both English and Hindi, certain references are entirely in Hindi language.}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[32nd National Film Awards|1984 {{small|(32nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Victor Banerjee]]
| {{Sort|Choudhury|Nikhilesh Choudhury}}
| ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="32ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=32nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 January 2012|page=14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203732/http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[33rd National Film Awards|1985 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Dipankar De]]
| Husband
| ''[[Parama (film)|Parama]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="33rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012|pages=26–27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053550/http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[34th National Film Awards|1986 {{small|(34th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Suresh Oberoi]]
| Mukhi
| ''[[Mirch Masala]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="34thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf|title=34th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012|pages=28–29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200134/http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[35th National Film Awards|1987 {{small|(35th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Thilakan]]
| {{Sort|Nair|Neduvancheril Achunni Nair {{small|(Mooppil Nair)}}}}
| ''[[Rithubhedam]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="35thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf|title=35th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012|pages=30–31|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322020437/http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[36th National Film Awards|1988 {{small|(36th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Pankaj Kapur]]
| Inspector P. K.
| {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Raakh]]}}
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="36thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|title=36th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012|pages=30–31|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104103209/http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Nana Patekar]]
| {{Sort|Set|Anna Seth}}
| {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Parinda]]}}
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|title=37th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 January 2012|pages=36–37|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002235001/http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|archive-date=2 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Nedumudi Venu]]
| {{Sort|Thampuran|Maharaja Udayavarma Thampuran}}
| ''[[His Highness Abdullah]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012|pages=30–31|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215163809/http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[P. L. Narayana]]
| {{Sort|Nayudu|Appala Nayudu}}
| ''[[Yagnam (1991 film)|Yagnam]]''
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 February 2012|pages=40–41|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909195537/http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Sunny Deol]]
| {{sort|Srivatsav|Govind Srivatsav}}
| ''[[Damini – Lightning]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 March 2012|pages=42–43|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309053748/http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ffecc8; text-align:center;"| [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]] {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | [[Paresh Rawal]]
| {{•}} {{Sort|Roy|Lalitram Mohan Roy}} {{•}} Velji
| {{•}}''[[Woh Chokri]]'' {{•}}''[[Sir (1993 film)|Sir]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 March 2012|pages=38–39|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012936/http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|align=center style="background:#ADD8E6" rowspan="2| [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]] {{dagger}}
! scope="row" | [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| Commander Bhadra
| ''[[Drohkaal]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=5 March 2012|pages=28–29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015003/http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Nagesh]]
| {{Sort|Rao|Prabhakar Rao}}
| ''[[Nammavar]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
| [[Ramakrishna]]
| ''[[Swami Vivekananda (1998 film)|Swami Vivekananda]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 March 2012|pages=28–29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114315/http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Nana Patekar]]
| Vishwanath
| ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012|pages=26–27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013544/http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Prakash Raj]]
| Tamizhselvan
| ''[[Iruvar]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=11 March 2012|pages=28–29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004458/http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Manoj Bajpai]]
| {{Sort|Mhatre|Bhiku Mhatre}}
| ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=12 March 2012|pages=28–29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003914/http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Atul Kulkarni]]
| {{Sort|Abhyankar|Shriram Abhyankar/ {{small|(Ramakrishna Pandey)}}}}{{efn|[[Atul Kulkarni]] played the role of a man who changes his name in later part of film.}}
| ''[[Hey Ram]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012|pages=28–29}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[H. G. Dattatreya]]
| Hasanabba
| ''[[Munnudi]]''
| [[Kannada]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012|pages=44–45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195537/http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Atul Kulkarni]]
| {{Sort|Sawant|Pothya Sawant}}
| ''[[Chandni Bar]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf|title=49th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012|pages=34–35|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185814/http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]
| Lawrence {{efn|[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] played the role of a man suffering from [[tetraplegia]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Rangarajan|first=Malathi|title=Reapers of a happy harvest|url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/08/01/stories/2003080101650200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140827164055/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/08/01/stories/2003080101650200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 August 2014|access-date=10 August 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 August 2003}}</ref>}}
| ''[[Nanba Nanba]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012|pages=36–37|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224027/http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Pankaj Kapur]]
| {{Sort|Khan|Jahangir Khan {{small|(Abbaji)}}}}
| ''[[Maqbool]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 March 2012|pages=32–33|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120817/http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|archive-date=7 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]
| {{Sort|Bandopadhyay|Haradhan Bandopadhyay}}
| ''[[Krantikaal]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 January 2012|pages=32–33|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193535/http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| Mohit
| ''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=19 March 2012|pages=32–33|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195640/http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ffecc8; text-align:center;"| [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]] {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]
| {{•}} {{Sort|Gandhi|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]}} {{efn|[[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] played the image of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=His moment under the sun!|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/his-moment-under-the-sun/article3230686.ece|access-date=21 May 2015|work=The Hindu|date=15 September 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312081219/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/his-moment-under-the-sun/article3230686.ece|archive-date=12 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} {{•}} Clerk
| {{•}} ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' {{•}} ''[[Shevri (film)|Shevri]]''
| {{•}}[[Hindi]] {{•}}[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=24 March 2012|pages=30–31|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193647/http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Darshan Jariwala]]
| {{Sort|Gandhi|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]}}
| ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 March 2012|pages=36–37|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192455/http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Arjun Rampal]]
| {{Sort|Mascarenhas|Joseph Mascarenhas {{small|(Joe)}}}}
| ''[[Rock On!!]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2012|pages=38–39}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Farooq Sheikh]]
| {{Sort|Rao|S. K. Rao}}
| ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="57thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf|title=57th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 March 2012|pages=70–71|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235404/http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Thambi Ramaiah]]
| Ramaiah
| ''[[Mynaa]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/58_NFA.pdf|title=58th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2012|pages=82–83}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Appukutty]]
| Azhagarsami
| ''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="59thaward">{{cite press release|url = http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title = 59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher = [[Press Information Bureau]] (PIB), India|access-date = 7 March 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141031200819/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|archive-date = 31 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Annu Kapoor]]
| {{Sort|Chaddha|Dr. Baldev Chaddha}}
| ''[[Vicky Donor]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013|pages=4|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611113348/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|archive-date=11 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Saurabh Shukla]]
| {{Sort|Tripathi|Justice Sunderlal Tripathi}}
| ''[[Jolly LLB]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="61staward">{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=16 April 2014|access-date=16 April 2014|page=3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Bobby Simha]]
| [[Assault Sethu]]
| ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| align="center" | <ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123148/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Samuthirakani]]
| Muthuvel
| ''[[Visaranai]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| align="center" |<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|date=28 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007194418/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]
| Keshav
| ''[[Dashakriya]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Fahadh Faasil]]
| Prasad
| ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite press release |title=65th National Film Awards |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf |page=21 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row"| [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| Prasanna
| ''[[Chumbak]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf|access-date=9 August 2019|title=66th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{Small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row"| [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
| Shilpa (Manickam){{efn|[[Vijay Sethupathi]] played a man who undergoes gender transitioning.}}
|''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2021-03-22|title=67th National Film Awards: Complete list of winners|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/67th-national-film-awards-complete-list-updating/article34131921.ece|access-date=2021-03-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[68th National Film Awards|2020 {{Small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row"| [[Biju Menon]]
|[[Sub Inspector#Kerala|SI]] Ayyappan Nair alias Mundoor Madan
|''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]''
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row"| [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
| Bhanu Pratap Pandey
| ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| align="center" |
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{Small|(70th)}}]]
! scope="row"| [[Pavan Malhotra]]
| Fouja Singh
|''[[Fouja]]''
|[[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]
|
|-
|align=center style="background:#ADD8E6" rowspan="2|[[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Vijayaraghavan]]
| Ittoop
| ''[[Pookkaalam]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| rowspan="2|<ref name="71st National Film Awards complete winners list: Shah Rukh Khan, Vikrant Massey share 'Best Actor', Rani Mukerji wins best actress, 'Katthal' wins best Hindi film">{{cite news |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards complete winners list: Shah Rukh Khan, Vikrant Massey share 'Best Actor', Rani Mukerji wins best actress, 'Katthal' wins best Hindi film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/71st-national-film-awards-complete-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-vikrant-massey-share-best-actor-katthal-wins-best-hindi-film-vash-is-best-gujarati-film/articleshow/123044344.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250801133927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/71st-national-film-awards-complete-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-vikrant-massey-share-best-actor-katthal-wins-best-hindi-film-vash-is-best-gujarati-film/articleshow/123044344.cms |archive-date=1 August 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|[[M. S. Bhaskar]]
| S. Ilamparuthi
| ''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian film actors]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

===References===
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://dff.nic.in/ Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]

{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{National Film Awards}}

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Film Award For Best Supporting Actor}}
[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Supporting Actor]]
[[Category:Film awards for supporting actor]]

God in Islam

2026-03-09T20:46:25Z

Dr. Katy Jane: minor improve page based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|Islamic conception of God}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Allah|[Allah]}}
{{Islam|beliefs}}
In [[Islam]], '''God''' ({{langx|ar|ٱللَّٰه|[[Allah|Allāh]]}}, contraction of {{lang|ar|ٱلْإِلَٰه}} {{transliteration|ar|[[Arabic definite article|al]]-[[Ilah|’Ilāh]]}}, {{Literal translation|the God}}, or {{langx|ar|رب|[[Rabb]]}}, {{Literal translation|Lord}})<ref name="EncyclopediaofIslam">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Gardet |author-first=Louis |year=1960 |title=Allāh |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C. E. |editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. J. |editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W. P. |editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor4-last=Lewis |editor4-first=B. |editor5-last=Pellat |editor5-first=Ch. |editor5-link=Charles Pellat |editor6-last=Schacht |editor6-first=J. |editor6-link=Joseph Schacht |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0047 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Thomas Patrick Hughes |title=A Dictionary of Islam Being a Cyclopaedia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion |date=1895 |publisher=Allen |page=531 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_uMdHU3g-gC&dq=rabb+meaning+in+quran&pg=PA531 |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref> is seen as the [[Creator god|creator]] and [[God the Sustainer|sustainer]] of the universe,<ref>{{qref|21|30|c=y}}</ref><ref name="EncyclopediaofIslam" /><ref name="EoQ-Böwering">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Böwering |author-first=Gerhard |author-link=Gerhard Böwering |year=2006 |title=God and his Attributes |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=II |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00075 |isbn=90-04-14743-8}}</ref><ref name="Schmidtke 2016">{{•}} {{cite book |last=Treiger |first=Alexander |year=2016 |orig-date=2014 |chapter=Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Origins of Kalām |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |editor-last=Schmidtke |editor-first=Sabine |editor-link=Sabine Schmidtke |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=27–43 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001 |isbn=9780199696703}} {{•}} {{cite book |last=Abrahamov |first=Binyamin |year=2016 |orig-date=2014 |chapter=Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70wnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264 |editor-last=Schmidtke |editor-first=Sabine |editor-link=Sabine Schmidtke |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=264–279 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025 |isbn=9780199696703}}</ref><ref name="Esposito 2016">{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |year=2016 |orig-year=1988 |title=Islam: The Straight Path |title-link=Islam: The Straight Path |edition=5th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=22, 88 |isbn=9780190632151 |s2cid=153364691}}</ref> who [[God and eternity|lives eternally]].<ref>{{qref|29|19-20|c=y}}</ref> God is conceived as a perfect, [[Tawhid|singular]], immortal, [[omnipotent]], and [[omniscient]] deity, completely [[Infinity|infinite]] in all of [[Attributes of God in Islam|his attributes]].<ref name="EncyclopediaofIslam" /><ref name="EoQ-Böwering" /><ref name="Esposito 2016" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Department of Philosophy, [[Ogun State University]] |author2=Department of Philosophy, [[Olabisi Onabanjo University]] |title=Journal of Philosophy and Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ7PXYUpXUEC |volume=7 |year=2001 |publisher=Department of Philosophy, [[Ogun State University]] |page=132}}</ref> Islam further emphasizes that God is most merciful.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Ibn 'Arabi]]|translator-first=Angela |translator-last=Jaffray|title=The Secrets of Voyaging|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2VFDAAAQBAJ|year=2015 |publisher=Anqa|isbn=9781905937431 |page=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Stefon |first1=Matt |last2=Mamun |first2=Mudasser |last3=Duignan |first3=Brian |last4=Tesch |first4=Noah |last5=Afsaruddin |first5=Asma |author-link5=Asma Afsaruddin |last6=Zeidan |first6=Adam |date=2022-08-26 |title=Allah |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allah |access-date=2023-05-09 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |archive-date=2008-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724153626/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005770/Allah |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Simon |last1=Ockley|title=The History of the Saracens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6FCAAAAYAAJ|year=1757|publisher=|isbn=|page=xlix (49)}}</ref> The Islamic concept of God is variously described as [[monotheistic]], [[panentheistic]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |archive-date=7 November 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EoI" /><ref>Anawati, M. M. "A Commentary on the Creed of Islam, Sa'd al Dīn al-Taftâzānī on the Creed of Najm al Din al Nasafi by Earl Edgar Elder." The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review 14.2 (1951): xxiv</ref> and [[monistic]].<ref>Ahmadi, Fereshteh, and Nader Ahmadi. Iranian Islam: The concept of the individual. Springer, 1998.</ref><ref>Austin P. Evans ''A commentary on the Creed of Islam'' Columbia University Press New York 1950 p. xxiv</ref>

The Islamic concept of ''[[tawhid]]'' (unification) emphasises that God is absolutely pure and free from [[Shirk (Islam)|association or partnership with other beings]], which means attributing the powers and qualities of God to his creation, and vice versa. In Islam, [[Aniconism in Islam|God is never portrayed in any image]]. The Quran specifically forbids ascribing partners to share his singular sovereignty, as he is considered to be the absolute one without a second, indivisible, and incomparable being, who is similar to nothing, and nothing is comparable to him. Thus, God is absolutely [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendent]], unique and utterly other than anything in or of the world as to be beyond all forms of human thought and expression.<ref name="Abu Amina Elias">{{cite web|author=Abu Amina Elias (Justin Parrott)|url=https://www.abuaminaelias.com/aqeedah-tahawiyyah/|title=Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah in English and Arabic|date=18 December 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210629025609/https://www.abuaminaelias.com/aqeedah-tahawiyyah/|archive-date=29 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori|url=http://www.afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf|title=The Creed of Imam Tahawi|website=Afghan Islamic Cultural Centre in London, UK|access-date=2021-07-03|archive-date=2022-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603014440/http://afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The briefest and the most comprehensive description of God in the Quran is found in [[Surat al-Ikhlas]].<ref name="Cenap Çakmak"/>

In [[Schools of Islamic theology|theology]], [[Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam|anthropomorphism ({{tlit|ar|tashbīh}}) and corporealism ({{tlit|ar|tajsīm}})]] refer to beliefs in the human-like and materially embedded form of God, an idea that has been classically described assimilating or comparing God to the creatures.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_EnAAAAYAAJ |title=Language of Religion, Language of the People: Medieval Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |year=2006 |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |isbn=9783770542819 |editor-first1=Ernst |editor-last1=Bremer |volume=11 |page=136 |editor-first2=Susanne |editor-last2=Röhl}}</ref> By contrast, belief in the [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendence]] of God is called {{tlit|ar|[[tanzih]]}}, which also rejects notions of [[incarnation]] and a [[personal god]]. Although {{tlit|ar|tanzih}} is widely accepted in Islam today, it stridently competed for orthodox status until the tenth century, especially during the [[Mihna]].{{Sfn|Williams|2002}} Besides that, beyond purpose, excessive emphasis on God's uniqueness and transcendence may also mean stripping some of his human connotating attributes and names ([[Ta'til]]). Because, in addition to metaphors such as King ([[Melik]])
<ref group="Note">All except for ʻAsem, Al-Kesa’i, Yaʻqub and Khalaf in one of his narrations read al-Fatiha-4 as ''King of the Day of Judgement''.</ref> and Master ([[Rabb]]), it may also clearly contradicts the image of a god who is arrogant (al-Mutakabbir), angry (al-Jalīl), avenger (al-Muntaqim) but also compassionate ([[Rahim|ar-Raḥīm]]), pardoner ([[Al-ʻAfūw]]) etc. and living [[Al-Ḥayy]], who, as in [[Sufism]], establishes a closeness with humans.<ref>"The man who realizes God as a friend is never lonely in the world, neither in this world nor in the hereafter. There is always a friend, a friend in the crowd, a friend in the solitude; or while he is asleep, unconscious of this outer world, and when he is awake and conscious of it. In both cases the friend is there in his thought, in his imagination, in his heart, in his soul."https://sufi.no/onewebmedia/innerlife.pdf</ref> (see; [[Sufi metaphysics]], and [[Ali-Illahism]]) In premodern times, corporealist views were said to have been more socially prominent among the common people, with more abstract and transcendental views more common for the elite.{{Sfn|Cook|2024|p=140–141}}

==Nomenclature==
{{Main|Allah|Names of God in Islam}}
{{See|Monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia}}
''Allāh'' is the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word referring to [[God in Abrahamic religions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |title=God |work=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=PBS|access-date=18 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html|archive-date=2014-03-27}}</ref><ref>"Islam and Christianity", ''Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as ''Allāh''.</ref><ref name="gardet-allah">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/allah-COM_0047|title=Allah|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|first=L.|last=Gardet|access-date=2 May 2007|editor1-first=P.|editor1-last=Bearman|editor2-first=Th.|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor3-first=C.E.|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor4-first=E.|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor5-first=W.P.|editor5-last=Heinrichs|publisher=Brill Online|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403114258/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/allah-COM_0047|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the [[English language]], the word generally refers to God in Islam. The Arabic word ''Allāh'' is thought to be derived by [[Contraction (grammar)|contraction]] from ''[[Arabic definite article|al]]-[[Ilah|ʾilāh]]'', which means "the god",<ref name="EncyclopediaofIslam"/> (i.e., the ''only'' god) and is related to ''[[El (deity)|El]]'' and ''[[Names of God in Judaism#Elah|Elah]]'', the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] words for God.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=ilah|author=Zeki Saritoprak|title=Allah|editor=Oliver Leaman|encyclopedia=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|page=34|isbn=9780415326391|access-date=2020-11-11|archive-date=2024-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523101258/https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=ilah#v=snippet&q=ilah&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Vincent J. Cornell|title=God: God in Islam|editor=Lindsay Jones|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|edition=2nd|publisher=MacMillan Reference USA|volume=5|year=2005|page=724}}</ref> It is distinguished from ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʾilāh}}'' ({{langx|ar|إِلَٰه}}), the Arabic word meaning ''[[deity]]'', which could refer to any of the [[Pre-Islamic Arabian gods|gods worshipped in pre-Islamic Arabia]] or to any other deity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |title=God |work=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=PBS |access-date=2010-12-18 |archive-date=2014-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It occurs in the [[Quran|Qur’an]] 2,697 times in 85 of its 114 [[Surah|suras]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Translation of the meanings Ayah 1 Surah Al-Fātihah – Dr. Waleed Bleyhesh Omary – English Translation|url=https://quranenc.com/en/browse/english_waleed/1/1|access-date=2022-02-01|website=The Noble Qur'an Encyclopedia|language=en|archive-date=2022-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201093634/https://quranenc.com/en/browse/english_waleed/1/1|url-status=live}}</ref>

Whether or not ''Allah'' can be considered as the personal name of God became disputed in contemporary scholarship.<ref>Andreas Görke and Johanna Pink Tafsir and Islamic Intellectual History Exploring the Boundaries of a Genre Oxford University Press in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London {{ISBN|978-0-19-870206-1}} p. 478</ref> In Islamic usage and indoctrination, [[Allah]] is God's most unique, proper name,<ref>It is generally accepted that the word is not derived from any root and does not carry a dictionary meaning and constitutes the proper name of the real god, or even if it has a dictionary meaning, it loses this meaning when it becomes the name of the real god./Kelimenin herhangi bir kökten türemiş olmayıp sözlük mânası taşımadığı ve gerçek mâbudun özel adını teşkil ettiği, yahut sözlükte bir anlamı olsa bile gerçek mâbuda ad olunca bu anlamı kaybettiği genellikle benimsenmektedir. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/allah</ref> and referred to as ''Lafẓ al-Jalālah'' (The Word of Majesty). Those who claimed that Allah was the personal name of God also denied that this name was a derivative name. [[Jahm bin Safwan]] claimed that ''Allah'' is a name God created for himself and that names belong to the things God created.<ref>Morris S. Seale ''Muslim Theology A study of Origins with Reference to the Church Fathers'' Great Russel Street, London 1964 p. 58</ref> Some Muslims may use different names as much as ''Allah'', for instance [[Rabb]], [[Rahmanan|Rahman]] and "God" in [[English language|English]]. The Quran refers to the attributes of God as "most beautiful names".<ref>{{cite quran|7|180|style=ns}}, {{cite quran|17|110|style=ns}}, {{cite quran|20|8|style=ns}}, {{cite quran|59|24|style=ns}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1708|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813080535/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1708|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 13, 2018|title=Names of God - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-13|quote=Encouraged by the Quran (7:180; 17:110; 20:8), Muslims selected ninety-nine attributes of God, describing his perfection, from the Quran and traditions. Referred to as "the most beautiful names of God," they describe a range of characteristics that balances the power of God (the Creator, the Sovereign, and the All-Knowing) with his love and mercy (the All-Loving, the Most Gracious, and the All-Forgiving). The names are frequently memorized and used in supplications. Preceded by the words Abd or Amat (male or female servant), they are often used in proper names (e.g., Abd al-Rahman, "servant of the Merciful").}}</ref> {{Blockquote|They are traditionally enumerated as 99 in number to which is added as the highest Name (al-ism al-ʾaʿẓam), the Supreme Name of God. The [[Wiktionary:locus classicus|locus classicus]] for listing the Divine Names in the literature of Qurʾānic commentary is [[Al-Isra|17:110]] "Call upon Allah, or call upon The Merciful; whichsoever you call upon, to Allah belong the most beautiful Names," and also [[Al-Hashr|59:22-24]], which includes a cluster of more than a dozen Divine epithets."<ref name="EoQ">[[Gerhard Böwering|Böwering, Gerhard]] "God and God Attributes". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān.</ref>}} Beside these Arabic names, Muslims of non-Arab origins may also sometimes use other names in their own languages to refer to God, such as [[#xoda|''Khuda'']] in [[Farsi|Persian]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Urdu]]. {{Lang|ota|Tangri}} or ''[[Tengri]]'' was used in the [[Ottoman Turkish language]] as the equivalent of Allah.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Turks |volume=27 |page=472 |first=Charles Norton Edgcumbe |last=Eliot}}</ref> In [[Tasawwuf|Sufis]], often characterised as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam, [[Hu (Sufism)|Hu]], {{tlit|ar|Huwa}} (depends on placement in the sentence), or ''[[Parvardigar]]'' in Persian are used as names of God. The sound {{tlit|ar|Hu}} derives from the last letter of the word [[Allah]], which is read as {{tlit|ar|Allahu}} when in the middle of a sentence. {{tlit|ar|Hu}} means 'Just He' or 'Revealed'. The word explicitly appears in many [[ayah|verse]]s of the [[Quran]]:
{{Blockquote|"{{tlit|ar|La ilaha illa Hu}}"|[[Al Imran]]:18}}

== The Divine Realm ==
In Early Islam, the concepts of the [[Throne of God in Islam|Throne (Arsh)]], Pulpit (Kursi), [[Al-Qalam|Pen (Qalam)]], and others [[Bearers of the Throne]] described as being in the immediate vicinity of Allah, who is considered a [[Personal God|personal deity]],<ref name="Wesley_2009">Williams, W. Wesley, "A study of anthropomorphic theophany and Visio Dei in the Hebrew Bible, the Quran and early Sunni Islam", University of Michigan, March 2009</ref> [[Hayy|living in the heavens]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=bir söyleşide yaptığı ilgili açıklama | website=[[YouTube]] | date=15 August 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HrZ8Yu1m2g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205025925/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HrZ8Yu1m2g |archive-date=5 December 2020 |access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> along with concepts such as Allah's sitting on a Throne, His right, and His left, led to problems of understanding in later periods, when Islamic theology developed and adopted a transcendent understanding of God.{{Sfn|Williams|2002}} While these concepts were sometimes interpreted by theologians as [[metaphor|metaphorical expressions]] intended to emphasize transcendence, others approached them with the attitude of "[[Bila Kayf|we believe in the essence, but we don't investigate how it is]]" ; "It (al-Kursī) is the "seat" of God's power, but without God sitting on it with bones, since bones and body belong to the created things".<ref>al-Jawzi Zad al-Masir fi Ilm al-Tafsir</ref>

Many Muslim communities emphasize the [[tanzih|transcendence of God]] over local traditions and "allow...little room for [[myth]]ological stories", although tales about [[jinn]] exist in all of them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Bolle |first1=Kees W. |author-link=Kees W. Bolle |last2=Smith |first2=Jonathan Z. |author-link2=Jonathan Z. Smith |last3=Buxton |first3=Richard G.A. |last4=Stefon |first4=Matt |date=2017-01-03 |title=myth |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/myth |access-date=2023-04-30 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913072251/https://www.britannica.com/topic/myth |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Relationship with creation ==
{{See|Quranic cosmology|Seven heavens}}
[[File:Royal figure enthroned and surrounded by Jinn of the Earth.png|thumb|Kashan, Iran, late 12th–13th century mina'i-fritware bowl. The scene in this bowl is depicting the enthroned Sulaymān surrounded by jinn.<ref>On the Exercise of Coastal Control through
Observation and Long Distance Communication Systems in Seljuk Territory in the XIIIth
Century</ref> In the Islamic belief, invisible beings ([[jinn]], [[Shayatin|devils]], [[angels]], [[Soul|spirit]]s, etc.) were as much a part of creation as the visible world.]]
In Islamic argumentation, while the existence of things is dependent, contingent, temporal, and dependent on a being beyond themselves, God is eternal, independent, self-sufficient, and does not require any other being for His existence, thus existing solely by Himself. The word used for God in Surah Ikhlas (al-Samad) is thought to imply this. This relationship also signifies that since God is the sustainer, he is in need of nothing, and even as he gives, nothing is diminished from his treasury.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hassan Hasan Sheikh Salim El-Yacoubi|author2=Jane Biddle Merritt El-Yacoubi|title=Islam: The Language of Oneness: Tawhid, the Islamic Paradigm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrkxAAAAMAAJ|date=1994|location=[[Colorado]]: [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]]|asin=B001YVOZR8|page=71}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Thomas F. Michel|title=A Muslim Theologian's Response to Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATLYAAAAMAAJ|date=1984|publisher=Caravan Books|isbn=9780882060583|page=6}}</ref>

Purpose; It is believed that God created everything for a divine purpose; the universe governed by fixed laws that ensure the harmonious working of all things. Everything within the universe, including inanimate objects, praises God, and is in this sense understood as a ''Muslim''.<ref name="Gottlieb_2006">Roger S. Gottlieb''The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology'' Oxford University Press, 9 Nov 2006 {{ISBN|9780199727698}} p. 210</ref> Humans and jinn have to live voluntarily in accordance with these laws to find peace and reproduce God's benevolence in their own society to live in accordance with the nature of all things, known as ''surrender'' to God in the Islamic sense.<ref name="Gottlieb_2006"/><ref>Rebecca Stein, Philip L. Stein ''The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft'' Routledge 2017 {{ISBN|9781315532158}} chapter: Islam</ref> Muslims believe that God is the sole source of all creation, and that everything, including its creatures, are just a derivative reality created out of love and mercy by God's command,<ref>Sachiko Murata ''The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought'' SUNY Press 1992 {{ISBN|978-0-791-40913-8}} page 77</ref> "[[Kun (Islamic term)|..."Be," and it is"]]<ref>{{Cite quran|2|117|style=ref}}</ref> and that the [[Meaning of life|purpose of existence]] is to [[worship]] or ''to know God''.<ref name="patheos1">{{cite web |url=http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam/Beliefs/Human-Nature-and-the-Purpose-of-Existence.html |title=Human Nature and the Purpose of Existence |publisher=Patheos.com |access-date=2011-01-29 |archive-date=2011-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829020001/http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam/Beliefs/Human-Nature-and-the-Purpose-of-Existence.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">David Leeming ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology'' Oxford University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}} page 209</ref><ref>{{Cite quran|51|56|style=ref}}</ref>

=== Creation theories ===
{{Further|Predestination|Creationism|Quranic createdness}}
Muslim theologians and philosophers, with only a few exceptions, agree that God is the origin of the cosmos' existence. However, there is disagreement about how God creates the cosmos and what types of causalities exist; While [[Islamic philosophy|most philosophers]] adhered to a [[Emanationism|theory of emanation]] (''fayaḍān''),<ref>Husam Muhi Eldin al- Alousi The Problem of Creation in Islamic Thought, Qur'an, Hadith, Commentaries, and KalamNational Printing and Publishing, Bagdad, 1968 p. 179</ref> [[Schools of Islamic theology|theologians]] usually preferred [[occasionalism]] (''iḥdāth''). The third theory, often represented in [[Islamic mysticism]], understands the world as [[Tajalli|the manifestation]] (''maẓhar'') of a [[Wahdat al-wujūd|single reality]].<ref name="plato.stanford.edu">McGinnis, Jon and Rahim Acar, "Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Religion", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), URL = https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2023/entries/arabic-islamic-religion/.</ref>

"The emanation theory" states that the universe has emanated from God since [[eternity]] and assert a [[Causality|causal mediation]] between the lower and the higher things (i.e. the lower things do not come directly from God, but from the higher things). God is considered [[First principle|the only necessary existence]], the rest of creation as [[Contingency (philosophy)|contingent]]. Since God is described as "knowing" and "perfect," God must know Himself perfectly and know that He is the cause of all existence. But in order to have perfect knowledge of a cause, one must also know the effect of the cause. Therefore, God knows every form of existence in past, future, and present. Based on the model of [[ibn Sina]], God knows about the existence of x because of x, whereas humans know about a thing x from another thing x'. Therefore, God would create the universe in eternity. To further support this argument, emanationists point out against [[Creatio ex nihilo|Creation ex Nihilo]], that, if God were to decide to create the universe at a certain point in time, God would have a change of mind, affected by something external. Since God is the source of everything, something external could not have affected God.<ref name="plato.stanford.edu"/> This was contrary to the idea that God was eternal and unchanging (changing things would have a lifespan and could not be god). Theologians found the emanation theory to be unconvincing, because the theory equates God to much with nature, by that, restricting God's freedom. Instead, they propose, God created the world from nothing at a certain point ''t'' in time. In response to the emanationists' objection, that for [[Creatio ex nihilo|Creation ex Nihilo]], a change in the will of God would be required, [[al-Ghazali]] explains that God has willed from all eternity, to create the world at a certain time ''t''. Additionally, God would not only have created the universe at a time ''t'', but also continues to create the universe in any following moment.

In Islamic philosophical-theological discussions, a distinction between God and creatures is made based on the immutability of God and the change and mortality of creatures depending on time. A variant of the theory of [[Wahdat al-wujūd|the manifestation of a single reality]] can be found particularly in [[Mulla Sadra]], who was inspired by [[Ibn Arabi]]. According to Mulla Ṣadra, only God is eternal and perfect, the universe, including its inhabitants, is constantly changing. Because of that, everything is in a constant process of growth and decay. The prophets and the angels were also integrated into this universalistic understanding of God. According to [[Haydar Amuli]], who also builds on Ibn Arabi's metaphysics, the angels are the representatives of God's beautiful names (and devils of the "imperious names of God").<ref>Ayman Shihadeh: Sufism and Theology. Hrsg.: Edinburgh University Press. 21. November 2007, ISBN 978-0-7486-3134-6, pp. 54–56.</ref> Islamic philosophy asserts that God is eternal (''qadim'') and thus timeless. Islamic theology defines time as the subsequent change of things, making a contradiction between an originated "world" (dunya) which is subject to change, and God, who is without change.<ref name="auto">Kukkonen, Taneli, “Eternity”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Devin J. Stewart. Consulted online on 04 March 2024 http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26238
First published online: 2014
First print edition: 9789004269620, 2014, 2014-3</ref> Ghazali explains in his response to the question "what was God doing before creation?" that time does not coexist with God or the world. A contemporary of ibn Hanbal asserts an even more strict position, claiming that God transcends time, thus it cannot be said that God is "before things" or "the first cause".<ref name="auto"/> In Islamic philosophy, it is assumed that the "ayan-ı sabite", ([[Metaphysical necessity|The immutable knowledge of beings]]), existed in God's knowledge before beings came into existence;<ref>https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/48701</ref> with this assumption, it is argued that God is immutable in his knowledge as well as in his body. The other side of this theory involves discussions of predestination, human will, and responsibility. For if everything were predetermined, holding humans accountable for their actions would be absurd and contrary to divine wisdom.

===God and religion===
{{Main|Dawah|Tabligh}}
{{Further|Prophets and messengers in Islam}}
The claim that God communicates with humans is the foundation of the divine religion claim. Accordingly, God will communicate with humans on various levels and convey His wishes through them; this communication will take the form of divine inspiration, revelation ([[wahy]]), communication through angels, and finally, God's manifestation ([[tajalli]]) and direct face-to-face encounters with God. The possibility of these forms of communication, and if they are real, whether they are binding on others, are among the topics debated by Islamic philosophy and theologians.

Some Islamic theorists claim that there is only one religion of God called [[Islam]] and that all the prophets sent to every nation, numbering thousands in total, whome missions was [[dawah|to invite people to the same path]]; and they argue that every prophet preached the same core beliefs: the [[Tawhid|Unity of God]] and worshipping of that one God; avoidance of [[Shirk (Islam)|idolatry]] and the belief in the [[Last Judgment|Day of Judgement]]. The Islamic understanding of [[tawhid]] teaches that these prophets are merely messengers of the message, and the consideration of prophets or religious figures as mediators or intermediate forms between God and humans<ref name="ReferenceB"/> is strongly rejected ([[Shirk (Islam)|Shirk]]). However, it is not uncommon for various Islamic groups to attribute extraordinary powers over the universe ([[Karamat]]) to their religious-political leaders.

Muslims believe that the [[Quran]], like [[Islamic holy books|other holy books]], is the literal word of God revealed to Muhammad. However, they believe that other holy books are [[Naskh (tafsir)|outdated]] and [[tahrif|corrupted]], and that the Quran is under divine protection. Another divine word in Islam is the [[Hadith#Hadith Qudsi|hadith qudsi]]. According to [[al-Sharif al-Jurjani]], the statements of God in the hadith qudsi are "expressed through the words of Muhammad," while the Quran is the "direct word of God."<ref>[http://hadithqudsi.sacredhadith.com/about/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015050348/http://hadithqudsi.sacredhadith.com/about|date=2015-10-15}}, 3rd paragraph, October 2015</ref>

Muslims address/contact God directly in their prayers, [[Dua|supplications]] and [[dhikr]], and also seek [[Istighfar|forgiveness]] and [[Repentance in Islam|repentance]] from sins directly from God, as the Qur'an states: {{Cite Quran|2|186|q=And when My servants ask you about Me, then surely I am near: I answer the prayer of the suppliant when he prays to Me.}} In Islamic interpretations, it is believed that God will answer every prayer, but how this will happen depends on divine wisdom.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Ali Ünal]]|title=The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsJK_tPzh7YC|date=2008|publisher=Tughra Books|isbn=9781597841443|page=86}}</ref> Therefore, no human being should lose hope in God and lose his devotion to Him.

While Muslims accept God as unquestionable due to his greatness and [[wisdom]], in theory everyone else, including the prophets, is questionable; {{Cite Quran|21|23|q=He shall not be questioned about what He does, but they shall be questioned.}}, however, in practice, in [[Madhab|traditional Islamic sects]], the Quran and [[Sahih Hadith|authentic hadith]] can only [[tafsir|be interpreted]], while [[Quranism]] takes a different path in this regard and rejects the authority of [[hadiths]].

== Attributes ==
{{Main|Attributes of God in Islam}}
[[Al-Bukhari]], in his ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī}}]]'', narrates a [[hadith qudsi]] that God says, "I am as My servant thinks (expects) I am."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hadithaday.org/hadith-qudsi/i-am-as-my-servant-thinks-expects-i-am/|title=I am as My Servant Thinks (expects) I am|publisher=hadithaday.org|access-date=2014-07-31|archive-date=2020-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108113433/http://hadithaday.org/hadith-qudsi/i-am-as-my-servant-thinks-expects-i-am/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/qudsi.php|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|work=usc.edu|access-date=2014-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515112226/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/qudsi.php|archive-date=2017-05-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> When [[Sufi]]s claim union with God, it is not that they become one in essence, rather the will of the Sufi is fully congruent to God.<ref>Maha Elkaisy-Friemuth ''God and Humans in Islamic Thought: Abd Al-Jabbar, Ibn Sina and Al-Ghazali'' Routledge 2006 {{ISBN|978-1-134-14676-5}} page 146</ref> The Sufis are in fact careful to say, no matter what degree of union is realized, "the slave remains the slave, and the Lord remains the Lord".<ref>{{cite book|author=Cyril Glassé|title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC|date=2003|publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]]|isbn=9780759101906|page=191}}</ref>

=== Oneness ===
{{main|Tawhid|Monotheism}}
Islam's most fundamental concept is a strict monotheism, affirming (''[[tawhid]]'') that God is one (wahdat). The [[Aqidah|fundamental teaching of Islam]], [[Shahada]] (recited in the [[oath]] taken for formal entry into Islam), is: {{lang|ar|لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ أَشْهَدُ أنَّ }}'' ({{transliteration|ar|DIN|āšhadu ānnā lā ʾilāha ʾilla llāh}})'', or "I testify there is no deity other than Allah (God).

In Islamist circles, Islam is often described as a struggle for monotheism against [[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]] and constitutes the foremost article of the Muslim profession.<ref name="EoI">D. Gimaret, ''Tawhid'', [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]</ref><ref>Tariq Ramadan (2005), p.203</ref> In addition to their other religious and social uses, the terms tawhid and [[takbir]] are widely used in Islamic [[sloganeering]]. Although the term "shirk" is usually translated as "polytheism" into English, the sin is thought to be more complex.<ref>Mark, Durie. "Semantic decomposition of four Quranic words." Russian Journal of Linguistics 26.4 (2022): 937-969.</ref><ref name="Mulia, Siti Musdah 2015">Mulia, Siti Musdah. "Muslim Family Law Reform in Indonesia A Progressive Interpretation of The Qur’an." Al-Mawarid: Jurnal Hukum Islam (2015): 1-18.</ref> The translation 'associating [with God]' has been suggested instead.<ref>Sinai, Nicolai. "Key terms of the Qur'an: a critical dictionary." (2023): 1-840.</ref> The term includes denial of attributing any form of divinity to any other thing but God. This includes the self by elevating oneself above others<ref name="Mulia, Siti Musdah 2015"/> and associating attributes of God with a created being.<ref name="Faruki, Kemal 1965">Faruki, Kemal. "TAWḤĪD AND THE DOCTRINE OF'IṢMAH." Islamic Studies 4.1 (1965): 31-43.</ref>

According to Vincent J. Cornell,<ref>Vincent J. Cornell, Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol 5, pp.3561-3562</ref> the Quran also provides a [[monism|monist]] image of God by describing the reality as a unified whole, with God being a single concept that would describe or ascribe all existing things: "He is the First and the Last, the Evident and the Immanent: and He has full knowledge of all things."<ref>{{Cite Quran|57|3|t=y|s=ns}}</ref> Though Muslims believe Jesus to be a prophet, the [[Trinity]] and divinity doctrine of normative [[Christianity]] concerning [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] is [[Islamic view of the Trinity|rejected]] and often compared to [[polytheism]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-354?rskey=7ss6vw&result=351|title=The concise Oxford dictionary of world religions|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Bowker, John, 1935-, Oxford University Press.|chapter=Allāh|isbn=9780191727221|location=Oxford|oclc=49508601|access-date=2018-08-17|archive-date=2018-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818020906/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-354?rskey=7ss6vw&result=351|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Uniqueness ===
{{Main|Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam|Tanzih}}
[[Islamic theology]] emphasises the absolute uniqueness and singularity of God in his essence, attributes, qualities, and acts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mohammad Rafi-ud-Din|title=The Manifesto of Islam: An Exposition of Islam as the Inevitable World Ideology of the Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1014|date=1968|publisher=Din Muhammadi Press|page=145|isbn=9781597840002|quote=Islam emphasises the absolute oneness or uniqueness of the Creator in His person as well in His qualities and attributes...}}</ref> This emphasis was made despite a number of verses and hadiths that offer analogies for God, and it was gradually established over time.{{Sfn|Williams|2002}} Instead, the term "[[mutashabih]]" was used for these verses, and the approach of "believing in the essence, not searching for its meaning" ([[Bila Kayf]]) was adopted. Understandings and expressions contrary to these definitions ([[tanzih]]) were described as [[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]], which is considered one of the [[Islamic views on sin|greatest sins in Islam]], and it was said that those who did so would [[blasphemy|leave the religion]]. (See also; ([[Ta'til]]). Approach was based on certain verses and Quranic words like Ahad and Samad, -which were given meanings that pushed boundaries-;

As stated in [[Surat al-Ikhlas]]: God is [[Ahad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/112/1/|title=IslamAwakened [Qur'an 112:1]|website=IslamAwakened.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210604214131/https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/112/1/|archive-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> (the unique one of absolute oneness, who is indivisible in nature, and there can be no other like him); God is ''As-Samad''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/112/2/|title=IslamAwakened [Qur'an 112:2]|website=IslamAwakened.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210604205554/https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/112/2/|archive-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>(the ultimate source of all existence, the uncaused cause who created all things out of nothing, who is eternal, absolute, immutable, perfect, complete, essential, independent, and self-sufficient; who needs nothing while all of creation is in absolute need of him; the one eternally and constantly required and sought, depended upon by all existence and to whom all matters will ultimately return); he begets not, nor is he begotten (He is Unborn and Uncreated, has no parents, wife or offspring); and comparable/equal to him, there is none.<ref name="The Miraculous Quran">{{cite web |author=[[Ali Ünal]] |title=The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English [Qur'an 112:4] |url=http://mquran.org/content/view/6225/4/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210604182054/http://mquran.org/content/view/6225/4/ |archive-date=4 June 2021 |website=mquran.org |publisher=Tughra Books}}</ref>

The Qur'anic verse ([https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/19/65/ 19:65]), "The Lord of the heavens and the earth and whatever is between them. So worship Him, and (endure) patiently, constantly in His worship. Do you know of any that is given His namesake" emphasizes that ([[Nurettin Uzunoğlu]]'s interpretetion) as [[Allah]] is Unique, also with His name.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Nureddin Uzunoğlu]]|url=http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1403&menuId=264|title=The Holy Qur'an with Translation and Commentaries [Qur'an 19:65]|publisher=Islamic Publications for the Holy Qur'an Association|website=Semazen.NET|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210604170716/http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1403&menuId=264|archive-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=So, do not invent similitudes for God. Surely God knows and you do not know.|source={{Cite Quran|16|74|t=|s=ns}}}}

{{Blockquote|text=The Originator of the heavens and the earth: He has made for you, from your selves, mates, and from the cattle mates: by this means He multiplies you. There is nothing whatever like Him. He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing.|source={{Cite Quran|42|11|t=|s=ns}}}}

For the disbelievers in the Hereafter, there is an evil description,({{qref|16|57-59}}) for their ascribing female gender to [[Angels in Islam|angels]] and claiming that the angels are the daughters of God while so preferring sons for themselves (this is also mentioned in the verses {{qref|37|149-155}}); whereas to God belong the highest attribute, namely, that there is no [[deity]] except him, immensely exalted beyond and above all comparison and likeness.<ref>{{cite web|author1=[[Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli]]|author2=[[Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti]]|translator=Feras Hamza|url=https://www.greattafsirs.com/Tafsir_Library.aspx?MadhabNo=1&TafsirNo=74&SoraNo=16&AyahNo=60&LanguageID=2|title=Tafsir al-Jalalayn|website=www.greattafsirs.com|publisher=[[Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210711110554/https://www.greattafsirs.com/Tafsir_Library.aspx?MadhabNo=1&TafsirNo=74&SoraNo=16&AyahNo=60&LanguageID=2|archive-date=11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=Gurdofarid Miskinzoda|editor2=[[Farhad Daftary]]|title=The Study of Shi'i Islam: History, Theology and Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbeKDwAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=9780857723383|page=218}}</ref> The sentiment in the Qur'anic verse ([https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/6/103/ 6:103]) states:<ref name="The Miraculous Quran"/> "Vision perceives / comprehends Him not, and He perceives / comprehends all vision." In some interpretations, this verse also asserts that the senses and intellects cannot fully comprehend God.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Ibn Kathir]]|url=https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=7&tSoraNo=6&tAyahNo=103&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir [Qur'an 6:103]|publisher=[[Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought]]|website=Altafsir.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210608125526/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=7&tSoraNo=6&tAyahNo=103&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1|archive-date=8 Jun 2021|quote=وقيل المراد بقوله { لاَّ تُدْرِكُهُ ٱلأَبْصَـٰرُ } أي العقول، ...}}</ref> Likewise, the Qur'an also says: {{Cite Quran|20|110|q=whereas they cannot comprehend Him with their knowledge.}}

The [[Hanafi]] jurist and theologian, [[al-Tahawi]] (d. 321/933), wrote in his treatise on theology, commonly known as ''[[al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya]]'':<ref name="Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori">{{cite web|author=Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori|url=http://www.afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf|title=The Creed of Imam Tahawi|website=Afghan Islamic Cultural Centre in London, UK|pages=20–24|access-date=2021-07-03|archive-date=2022-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603014440/http://afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Abu Amina Elias"/> Al-Tahawi refutes the [[anthropomorphist]] view that Allah has a humanoid physical body in a place (eg. [[Throne of God in Islam|arsh]]), direction or etc.<ref name="Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori"/>{{Blockquote|text="Whoever describes Allah even with a single human quality / attribute, has disbelieved / [[Islam and blasphemy|blasphemed]]. So whoever understands this, will take heed and refrain from such statements as those of disbelievers, and knows that Allah in His attributes is utterly unlike human beings." / "He is exalted / transcendent beyond having limits, ends, organs, limbs and parts (literally: tools). The six directions do not encompass/contain Him like the rest of created things."}}

=== Creator ===
{{See|Sufi metaphysics|Wahdat al-wujūd}}
[[File:Scheme of things1475.gif|thumb|A wood carving from 1475, showing 7 celestial bodies. The 5 planets that can be seen with the naked eye, and the Sun and the Moon, each floating in a heavenly layer, the Arabic [[Felaq]] in ancient cosmology]]
According to the teachings of [[Islam]], God is the creator of the worlds and all the creatures therein. He has created everything in the worlds in accordance with a definite plan and for a particular purpose. There is no shortcoming or defect of any sort in any of his creations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Muhammad Shahabuddin Nadvi|title=Holy Qur'an and the Natural World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jN3jAAAAMAAJ|date=1997|publisher=Furqania Academy Trust|page=60}}</ref> The Qur'an confirms this in the following verses:

Quran 39:62; "God is the Creator of all things, and He is the Guardian over all things."

Quran 54:49; "We have created each and every thing by measure."

Quran 21:30; "Do those who disbelieve ever consider that the heavens and the earth were at first one piece, and then We parted them as separate entities; and that We have made every living thing from water? Will they still not come to believe?"

The Qur'an also says in verse ([https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/25/2/ 25:2]): "and He has created everything and designed it in a perfect measure." And in another verse ([https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/25/59/ 25:59]) it is emphasized: "It is He who created the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them."

The Qur'an states that God is the ''[[Rabb]] al-'Alamin''. When referring to God, the Arabic term "Rabb" is usually translated as "Lord" and can include all of the following meanings:<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Saheeh International]]|url=https://quranenc.com/en/browse/english_saheeh/1#2|title=Saheeh International [Qur'an 1:2]|website=quranenc.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210607195817/https://quranenc.com/en/browse/english_saheeh/1%232|archive-date=7 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=[[Ali Ünal]]|url=http://mquran.org/content/view/2/4/|title=The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English [Qur'an 1:2]|publisher=Tughra Books|website=mquran.org|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210607195112/http://mquran.org/content/view/2/4/|archive-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> "owner, master, ruler, controller, creator, upbringer, trainer, sustainer, nourisher, cherisher, provider, protector, guardian and caretaker." The same term, ''Rabb'', is used in a limited sense for humans as in the "head" of the family, "master" of the house, or "owner" of the land or cattle. The Arabic word "al-'Alamin" can be translated as the "Worlds" or "Universes".<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Khwaja Kamaluddin]]|title=The Islamic Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8vRAAAAMAAJ|date=1939|volume=27|publisher=[[Woking Muslim Mission and Literary Trust]]|page=169|quote=If the other Planets are inhabited the people there are as much the Creatures of Allah as those upon this Earth, and the Holy Qur-án speaks of "Alamien" (Worlds or Universes).}}</ref> There are many worlds, astronomical and physical worlds, worlds of thought, spiritual worlds, everything in existence including angels, jinn, devils, humans, animals, plants, and so on.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]]|title=The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an: Complete Translation with Selected Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0wxCgAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=Kube Publishing Ltd|page=19|isbn=9780860376118}}</ref> The "Worlds" may also be taken to refer to different domains or kingdoms within this earthly world, or other worlds beyond this earth. Thus, the Qur'anic expression ''Rabb al-'Alamin'' really means the "Creator of the Worlds",<ref>{{cite book|author=Syed Mahmud-un-Nasir|title=Islam, Its Concepts & History
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPvXAAAAMAAJ|date=1981|publisher=Kitab Bhavan|page=331|quote=The phrase "The Creator of the Worlds" is preceded by the word al-Hamd, which first means praise, eulogy and approbation; and, secondly, our submission to the ways of the Creator; for by saying "hamd" we express our willingness to submit to His laws and the literal interpretation of Islam is "submission".}}</ref> the "Ruler of the Universes",<ref>{{cite book|author=[[M. R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen]]|title=Islam & World Peace: Explanations of a Sufi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8grB4SKJrXsC|date=2004|publisher=The Fellowship Press|page=159|isbn=9780914390657|quote=Rabb (A) God; the Lord; the Creator and Protector. Rabb al-'alamin (A) The Ruler of the universes.}}</ref> the "Creator and Sustainer of all the peoples and Universes".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hayim Gordon|author2=Leonard Grob|title=Education for Peace: Testimonies from World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGAcAAAAMAAJ|date=1987|publisher=[[Orbis Books]]|page=97|isbn=9780883443590}}</ref>

===Mercy===
The most commonly used names in the primary sources are ''[[R-Ḥ-M|Al-Rahman]]'', meaning "Most Compassionate" and ''Al-Rahim'', meaning "Most Merciful".<ref name="Bentley2">{{Cite book|last=Bentley |first=David |title=The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book |publisher=William Carey Library |date=September 1999 |isbn=0-87808-299-9 }}</ref> The former compasses the whole creation, therefore applying to God's mercy in that it gives every necessary condition to make life possible. The latter applies to God's mercy in that it gives favor for good deeds. Thus ''Al-Rahman'' includes both the believers and the unbelievers, but ''Al-Rahim'' only the believers.<ref>Prince Sorie Conteh ''Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue'' Cambria Press 2009 {{ISBN|978-1-604-97596-3}} page 80</ref><ref>Mahmoud Ayoub ''The Qur'an and Its Interpreters, Volume 1'' SUNY Press 1984 {{ISBN|978-0-873-95727-4}} page 43</ref> God is said to love forgiving, with a hadith stating God would replace a sinless people with one who sinned but still asked repentance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.islamtoday.net/artshow-426-3787.htm|title=Allah would replace you with a people who sin|publisher=islamtoday.net|access-date=July 23, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174102/http://en.islamtoday.net/artshow-426-3787.htm|archive-date=October 14, 2013}}</ref>

God's mercy, according to Islamic theology, is what gets a person into paradise. According to a hadith in [[Sahih al-Bukhari|Sahih Al Bukhari]] "No one's deeds will ever admit him to Paradise." They said, "Not even you, O Messenger of Allah?" He said, "No, not even me unless Allah showers me with His Mercy. So try to be near to perfection. And no one should wish for death; he is either doing good so he will do more of that, or he is doing wrong so he may repent."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-18 |title=The Spiritual Season Part 3: Ramadan – Studio |url=https://www.almadina.org/studio/articles/the-spiritual-season-part-3-ramadan |access-date=2024-04-18 |archive-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418093040/https://www.almadina.org/studio/articles/the-spiritual-season-part-3-ramadan |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

=== Omniscience ===
God's [[omniscience]] is the knowledge of all things,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml|title=BBC - Religions - Islam: Basic articles of faith|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813005904/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml|archive-date=13 August 2018|url-status=live|access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref> whether they are actual or possible or whether they are past, present, or future. It also includes his knowledge of people, places, events, circumstances, etc. God has full knowledge of everything, everywhere, always and from eternity past, and he is fully aware of whatever one thinks, intends, and does, and the reins of all things and events are in his power. He knows whatever happens in the universe, down to the fall of a leaf, and he knows all the deeds, thoughts, and intentions of humankind. His appointed [[Angels in Islam|angels]] record these, and people will be called to account for these acts in the other world.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Ali Ünal]]|title=The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsJK_tPzh7YC&pg=PA284|date=2008|publisher=Tughra Books|isbn=9781597841443|page=284}}</ref> His knowledge is eternal in the sense of being timeless, i.e., atemporal. So, since God's knowledge is eternal and unchanging, it is likewise self‐existent and infinite. It is self‐existent in that it is not dependent on anything, not even [[time]]. According to the [[Qur'an]], God ([[Allah]]) is omniscient; he eternally knows whatever comes into being, be it universal or particular in character. He has known all things from before the creation of the world. His knowledge of things before their coming into existence and afterwards is exactly the same. Hence, there is no discovery or surprise with God. [[Muslim theologians]] therefore considered that "omniscience" is a necessary and "ignorance" is an impossible property for God. Various Qur'anic verses designate this basic intuition, such as: [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/3/5/ 3:5], [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/6/59/ 6:59], [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/65/12/ 65:12], and [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/24/35/ 24:35].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/35074/mod_resource/content/1/G%C3%BCrb%C3%BCz%20Deniz%20Al-Farabi%20On%20Divine%20Knowledge.pdf|title=Al-Farabi on Divine Knowledge|author=Gürbüz Deniz|date=December 2009|website=ankara.edu.tr|publisher=[[Islamic University of Europe]]|quote=According to the Qur’an, God (Allah) is omniscient; He eternally knows whatever can be known, be it universal or particular in character. Muslim theologians therefore considered that "omniscience" is a necessary and "ignorance" is an impossible property for God. Nothing can escape his knowledge. Various verses in the Qur’an such as "Allah truly knows everything" (4/179), "Nothing can be hidden from His knowledge" (34/3; 10/62), "He knows whatever in the Heavens and the Earth, even a leaf cannot fall without His awareness" (47/59) designate this basic intuition.|access-date=2021-08-27|archive-date=2021-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827131901/https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/35074/mod_resource/content/1/G%C3%BCrb%C3%BCz%20Deniz%20Al-Farabi%20On%20Divine%20Knowledge.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Concepts in Islamic theology ==
According to mainstream [[Islamic theology|Muslim theologians]], God is described as ''{{ill|Qadim (theology)|lt=Qadim|ar|قديم (مصطلح إسلامي)}}''<ref name="Abu Amina Elias"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori|url=http://www.afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf|title=The Creed of Imam Tahawi|website=Afghan Islamic Cultural Centre in London, UK|page=15|access-date=2021-07-03|archive-date=2022-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603014440/http://afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ('ancient'), having no first, without beginning or end; absolute, not limited by time or place or circumstance, nor is subject to any decree so as to be determined by any precise limits or set times, but is the First and the Last. He is not a formed body, nor a [[Ousia|substance]] circumscribed with limits or determined by measure; neither does he resemble bodies as they are capable of being measured or divided. Neither do substances exist in him; neither is he an accident, nor do accidents exist in him. Neither is he like to anything that exists, nor is anything like to him; nor is he determinate in quantity, nor comprehended by bounds, nor circumscribed by differences of situation, nor contained in the heavens, and transcends spatial and temporal bounds, and remains beyond the bounds of human comprehension and perceptions.<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas Patrick |last=Hughes|title=Dictionary of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C|year=1995|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|isbn=9788120606722|pages=144–146}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Aslan |first=Reza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRmSGOjiE2oC |title=No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam |date=30 August 2011 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9780679643777 |edition=Updated |page=153}}</ref><ref name="Cenap Çakmak">{{cite book|editor-first=Cenap |editor-last=Çakmak |title=Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSHFDgAAQBAJ |year=2017 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=9781610692175 |pages=115–116}}</ref>

=== Sunnis ===
{{see also|Sunnis}}

==== Atharis ====
{{See also|Traditionalist theology (Islam)|Ahl al-Hadith}}
For [[Atharis]] the names and attributes of God are to be understood with the formula of [[bila kayfa]] (lit. "without how", i.e., "without modality",<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Philip K. Hitti]]|title=History of The Arabs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQbcCwAAQBAJ|date=2002|publisher=[[Macmillan International Higher Education]]|isbn=9781137039828|page=431}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sayed Mahmudul Hasan|title=Muslim Creed and Culture: An Interpretation of Fundamental Institutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36oEAQAAIAAJ|date=1962|publisher=Ideal Publications|page=276}}</ref> "without further enquiry"<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Farid Esack]]|title=The Qur'an: A User's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U18QAQAAIAAJ|date=2005|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn=9781851683543|page=110}}</ref> or "without further specifying their manner or modality"),<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Groff|title=Islamic Philosophy A-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDAkDQAAQBAJ|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=9780748629275|page=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=J. van Lent|editor2=Hakeem-Uddeen Qureshi|editor3=[[Peri J. Bearman]]|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition: Glossary and Index of Technical Terms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqhVAAAAYAAJ|date=1995|publisher=[[E. J. Brill]]|isbn=9789004097780|page=44}}</ref> which is to unquestioningly accept the Divine attributes of God without [[ta'wil]] (allegorical interpretation), or [[ta'til]] (lit. "suspension", i.e., "divesting God of His attributes"), or [[tashbih]] ([[anthropomorphism]], [[immanence]] or comparison, which is to believe that God resembles his creations, or attributing the attributes of human beings to God).<ref name="Zulfiqar Ali Shah">{{cite book|author=Zulfiqar Ali Shah|title=Anthropomorphic Depictions of God: The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian, and Islamic Traditions: Representing the Unrepresentable|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ySUUssvLdEC|date=2012|publisher=[[International Institute of Islamic Thought]] (IIIT)|isbn=9781565645752|page=573}}</ref> Any anthropomorphic expressions of these names and attributes is negated using the admission that their meanings can never be known. The meaning is left to the knowledge of God himself, and they simply say that the meaning is as befits his majesty and perfection. This method of [[tafwid]] is that of [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] (eponymous founder of Atharism), [[al-Ash'ari]], [[Ibn Qudama]], and [[Ibn Kathir]].<ref name="Aaron Spevack">{{cite book|author=Aaron Spevack|title=The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Nx8BAAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|isbn=9781438453729|pages=129–130}}</ref>

Usually Atharis are vehemently opposed to engaging in ta'wil (allegorical interpretations) and reject [[Batin (Islam)|batin]] (inner meaning) or hidden/esoteric ([[Sufi]]) interpretations of the Qur'an and God's divine attributes.<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph J. Kaminski|title=The Contemporary Islamic Governed State: A Reconceptualization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDUyDwAAQBAJ|date=2017|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|isbn=9783319570129|page=41}}</ref> In maintaining that one is not permitted to interpret the meaning of the Qur'anic verses or the Prophetic traditions that mention various attributes of God, [[Ibn Qudama]] (d. 620/1223) in his work ''{{ill|Lum'at al-I'tiqad|ar|لمعة الاعتقاد}}'' ("The Luminance of Creed") is endorsing the principle of bila kayfa ('without [asking or knowing] how') in [[Islamic theology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abdurrahman.org/category/book-study/lumatul-ittiqaad/|title=Sufficiency in Creed (Lum'at-ul-'Itiqaad) – Imaam Ibn Qudaamah|website=abdurrahman.org|date=October 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211007042635/https://abdurrahman.org/category/book-study/lumatul-ittiqaad/|archive-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> According to this principle, one has to accept the sacred text as it is, indissolubly linked with [[tanzih]] (God's incomparability and transcendence), without trying to interpret its meaning. In other words, one must accept the sacred texts that refer to God without positively ascribing corporeal features to him.<ref>{{cite book|author=Imran Aijaz|title=Islam: A Contemporary Philosophical Investigation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wx9WDwAAQBAJ|date=2018|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781317436591|page=61}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Francis E. Peters]]|title=Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoV5f3U2PPoC|date=1990|volume=3|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=9780691020556|pages=303–305}}</ref>

[[Ibn al-Jawzi]] (d. 597/1201) took the question of people associating anthropomorphism with [[Hanbali school|Hanbalism]] so seriously that he wrote a book, ''[[Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih bi-Akaff al-Tanzih]]'' ("Rebuttal of the Insinuations of Anthropomorphism at the Hands of Divine Transcendence"), with the aim of refuting anthropomorphic views and arguing that Ahmad ibn Hanbal was not an anthropomorphist.<ref group="Note">Ibn al-Jawzi's [[Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih]] is a refutation of the historical anthropomorphic leanings of some of the Hanbali scholars.</ref> According to him, such words whose meanings could give the impression that God resembles his creations should not be understood literally, such as God's face, hands, eyes, and the like.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Ibn al-Jawzi]]|translator=Abdullah bin Hamid 'Ali|others=[[Khalid Yahya Blankinship]] (Introduction)|title=The Attributes of God: Ibn al-Jawzi's Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih bi-Akaff al-Tanzih|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSfYAAAAMAAJ|date=2006|publisher=Amal Press|isbn=9780955235900}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Gibril Fouad Haddad]]|title=The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars, Imams and Hadith Masters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwPnCAAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=Zulfiqar Ayub|page=226}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aliftaa.jo/Question2En.aspx?QuestionId=3451|title=Understanding Texts Giving the Impression that Allah Resembles His Creation|publisher=The General Fatwa Department of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan|website=aliftaa.jo|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211007212310/https://www.aliftaa.jo/Question2En.aspx?QuestionId=3451|archive-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>

Another book was written by the Shafi'i scholar, {{ill|Taqi al-Din al-Hisni|ar|تقي الدين الحصني}} (d. 829/1426), titled ''{{ill|Daf' Shubah man Shabbaha wa Tamarrad wa Nasaba dhalik ila al-Sayyid al-Jalil al-Imam Ahmad|ar|دفع شبه من شبه وتمرد ونسب ذلك إلى السيد الجليل الإمام أحمد (كتاب)}}'' ("Rebuttal of the Insinuations of him who makes Anthropomorphisms and Rebels, and Ascribes that to the Noble Master Imam Ahmad"), defending Ahmad ibn Hanbal against the innovated beliefs later ascribed to him by Ibn Taymiyya and those who claimed to follow his school.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Gibril Fouad Haddad]]|title=The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars, Imams and Hadith Masters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwPnCAAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=Zulfiqar Ayub|page=323}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/29652|title=What is the beliefs of Imam Ahmed and ibn Taymiyya?|author=Zameelur Rahman|editor=[[Ebrahim Desai]]|publisher=[[Askimam]]|website=askimam.org|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211009194829/http://askimam.org/public/question_detail/29652|archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>

[[Ibn Kathir]] (d. 774/1373) appears to offer a definition similar to that of [[al-Ash'ari]] (d. 324/936) when he discusses [[tafwid]] in his exegesis of the Qur'anic verse ([https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/7/54/ 7:54]) pertaining to God's istiwa'. He states:<ref name="Aaron Spevack"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=7&tSoraNo=7&tAyahNo=54&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir on Qur'an 7:54|website=altafsir.com|publisher=[[Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought]]|language=ar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211007043322/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=7&tSoraNo=7&tAyahNo=54&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1|archive-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=People have said a great deal on this topic, and this is not the place to expound on what they have said. On this matter, we follow the good ancestors (i.e., the way of the earliest Muslims, dubbed the pious ancestors, in Arabic, [[al-salaf al-salih]]<ref group="Note">In religious usage, it refers to the earliest Muslim generations, the righteous ancestors, in Arabic [[al-salaf al-salih]].</ref>): [[Malik ibn Anas|Malik]], [[al-Awza'i]], [[al-Thawri]], [[al-Layth ibn Sa'd]], [[al-Shafi'i]], [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal|Ahmad]], [[Ishaq ibn Rahwayh]], and others among the imams of the Muslims, both ancient and modern—that is: to let it (the verse in question) pass as it has come, without saying how it is meant ([[Bila Kayf|min ghayr takyif]]), without likening it to created things (wa la [[tashbih]]), and without nullifying it (wa la [[ta'til]]). The external, literal meaning ([[Zahir (Islam)|zahir]])<ref group="Note">The Arabic word [[Zahir (Islam)|zahir]], meaning obvious, apparent, external or literal.</ref> that occurs to the minds of [[anthropomorphists]] (al-mushabbihīn) is negated of Allah, for nothing from his creation resembles him: "There is nothing whatsoever like unto Him, and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing" [Qur'an 42:11].}}

Here Ibn Kathir is diverting the meaning of the text from its apparent meaning, and implicitly affirming that one valid definition of the term zahir is its literal linguistic meaning, which is anthropomorphic. Nevertheless, some modern followers of [[Ibn Taymiyya]] claim that ''bi lā takyīf'' would only mean tafwid of modality but not of meaning (ma'na), but [[Ash'ari]]s/[[Maturidi]]s assert that modality (kayfiyya) is a part of meaning, and without detailing which aspect of meaning remains after de-anthropomorphizing a term, one ends up with tafwid. In addition to that the imams of the salaf (the righteous early generations of Muslims) used to say bila kayf (without how or modality at all). On the other hand, both Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328) and his student [[Ibn al-Qayyim]] (d. 751/1350) argued that the anthropomorphic references to God, such as God's hands or face, are to be understood literally and affirmatively according to their apparent meanings.<ref name="Aaron Spevack"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Khaled El-Rouayheb|title=Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDjjCQAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781107042964|page=277|quote=Ibn Taymiyya thus insisted that the apparent (zāhir) sense of passages that state that God has eyes, hands, and feet, and that He occasionally descends to the lowest heavens, should simply be accepted – in the same way that one should accept passages that state that God knows or wills or speaks.}}</ref><ref name="Carl Sharif">{{cite book|url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004412866/BP000008.xml|title=Ibn Taymiyya on Reason and Revelation|author=Carl Sharif El-Tobgui|date=2020|series=Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|isbn=9789004412866|pages=179–226|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211008235509/https://brill.com/view/book/9789004412866/BP000008.xml|archive-date=8 October 2021|quote=In diametric opposition to this tendency, Ibn Taymiyya insists that the true meanings of the revealed texts are, in one manner or another, entirely embedded in the language of those texts themselves. This obviates (or at least minimizes) the need to appeal, for a proper understanding of revelation, to any factors or considerations extrinsic to the texts, including—indeed, especially—the deliverances of abstract rational speculation as practiced by the philosophers and theologians.3 We have seen in previous chapters that Ibn Taymiyya's overriding concern in the Darʾ taʿāruḍ is to vindicate a plain-sense understanding and straightforward affirmation of the divine attributes predicated of God in revelation over against the rationalists’ negation (nafy) or nullification (taʿṭīl) of any of the said attributes. He insists that this way of affirmation was the consensus approach and understanding of the Salaf, and for that reason it remains uniquely authoritative throughout time. The kinds of rational objections (muʿāriḍ ʿaqlī) raised by various theological schools usually involve the claim that a given revealed attribute (such as the possession of a hand or face, or the act of descending or settling upon the throne), if affirmed of God in accordance with the obvious sense (ẓāhir) of the texts, would entail a "likening" (tamthīl) or "assimilation" (tashbīh) of God to created beings and thus infringe upon the radical uniqueness of God's divinity and His utter dissimilarity to anything tainted by creatureliness, contingency, or limitation of any kind.}}</ref> In their footsteps and following them come the [[Salafi]] groups of modern times such as the followers of [[Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab]] (d. 1201/1787) who closely follow Ibn Taymiyya's approach regarding the Divine names and attributes.<ref>{{cite book|author=Zulfiqar Ali Shah|title=Anthropomorphic Depictions of God: The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian, and Islamic Traditions: Representing the Unrepresentable|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ySUUssvLdEC|date=2012|publisher=[[International Institute of Islamic Thought]] (IIIT)|isbn=9781565645752|page=578}}</ref>

The doctrine of the [[Salaf]]{{#tag:ref|"[[Salaf]]" is a contested term, but generally and quite literally means ancestor, and is usually used as part of the expression al-salaf al-salih, i.e., "the virtuous forefathers."<ref>{{cite book|editor=Frederic Volpi|title=Political Islam: A Critical Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UHhAQAAQBAJ|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781134722075|page=58|access-date=2021-10-11|archive-date=2021-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010023245/https://books.google.com/books?id=9UHhAQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The Salaf included the companions of Muhammad and the early first three generations of Islam, conventionally ending with Ahmad ibn Hanbal in the ninth century, although a number of later Islamic scholars are included, such as [[al-Tahawi]] (d. 321/933), [[al-Ash'ari]] (d. 324/935) and [[al-Maturidi]] (d. 333/944). However, this is not to be confused with the [[Salafi movement]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mohammed Gamal Abdelnour|title=A Comparative History of Catholic and Ash'ari Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ|date=2021|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=9789004461765|page=54|access-date=2021-10-11|archive-date=2021-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010024011/https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=Note}} that Ibn Taymiyya derives from his traditionalist sources consists in describing God as he describes himself and as his messenger describes him, neither stripping the attributes away (ta'til) in the fashion of [[kalam]] (rational or speculative theology), nor likening (tamthil) them to the attributes of creatures because there is nothing like God [Q. 42:11]. For Ibn Taymiyya, this means that the Salaf knew the meanings of the Divine attributes, and they do not merely delegate them to God. However, certain formulaic statements attributed to them do not appear to support his position unequivocally. Ibn Taymiyya notes that al-Awza'i (d. 157/774), [[Sufyan al-Thawri]] (d. 161/778), and others said concerning the attributes, "Let them pass by as they came", and "Let them pass by as they came, without how". He explains that letting the attributes pass by (imrār) means leaving them intact and not stripping away their meanings, while affirming the attributes "without how" or "without modality" (bi-lā kayf) means not assimilating them to the attributes of creatures. With this, Ibn Taymiyya holds affirmation of the meanings of God's attributes together with denial of their likeness to creatures in a double perspective by drawing a distinction between the known meanings of the attributes and their inscrutable modalities.<ref name="Ayman Shihadeh">{{cite book|author1=[[Ayman Shihadeh]]|author2=Jan Thiele|title=Philosophical Theology in Islam: Later Ash'arism East and West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3znDwAAQBAJ|date=2020|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=9789004426610|pages=200–201}}</ref><ref name="Carl Sharif"/>

Ibn Taymiyya does not clarify how modality (kayfiyya) and meaning (ma'na) relate to each other semantically. Rather, he deploys the two terms in tandem to maintain the seemingly paradoxical conviction that God is completely different and beyond human experience on the one hand while God's attributes do signify something real and meaningful in human language on the other. In denying knowledge of the modality and affirming knowledge of the meaning, Ibn Taymiyya does not resolve the paradox, nor even acknowledge it, but simply holds its two sides together in the conviction that this is the most faithful and rational set of beliefs.<ref name="Ayman Shihadeh"/>

It is often assumed that the question of God's nature has occupied the minds of early Muslims, and as such Muhammad forbade them from thinking about it, as he said: "Think about God's bounties, but do not think about God's essence (dhat). Otherwise, you will vanish/perish." Accordingly, Muslims should not think about what God is, but about his attributes and his blessings granted to humanity, because God's essence (dhat) cannot be understood by the limited human capacity.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Hüseyin Hilmi Işık]]|title=Islam and Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hk5vAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT362|date=2014|publisher=Hakikat Kitabevi|isbn=9781530501601|page=362}}</ref> In this regard it has been mentioned in some narrations that are ascribed to Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241/855),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61R7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70|title=Tafsir al-Mawardi (al-Nukat wa al-'Uyun)|author=[[Al-Mawardi]]|editor=al-Sayyid 'Abd al-Maqsud ibn 'Abd al-Rahim|date=2012|publisher=Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya|location=[[Beirut]] - Lebanon|page=71|language=ar|quote=وما أحسن ما روي عن الإمام أحمد بن حنبل والإمام الزاهد ذي النون المصري رحمهما الله تعالى أنهما قالا «مهما تصورت ببالك فالله بخلاف ذلك» لأن التصور ينشأ عن الصور والخيالات والله سبحانه وتعالى منزه عن مشابهة كل المخلوقات}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61R7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT469|title=Tafsir al-Mawardi (al-Nukat wa al-'Uyun)|author=[[Al-Mawardi]]|editor=al-Sayyid 'Abd al-Maqsud ibn 'Abd al-Rahim|date=2012|publisher=Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya|location=[[Beirut]] - Lebanon|page=470|language=ar|quote=فلقد ثبت لي بعض الروايات عن الإمام أحمد بن حنبل إمام أهل السنة والجماعة أنه قال: «مهما تصورت ببالك فالله بخلاف ذلك»، وهذه الرواية أيضاً رويت عن الزاهد الصالح الشهير ذي النون المصري}}</ref> it has been reported that he said:<ref group="Note">This statement also attributed to [[Dhu al-Nun al-Misri]] (d. 246/861).</ref> "Whatever comes to your mind (i.e., regarding God and His nature), God is different than that."<ref>{{cite book|editor=[[Oliver Leaman]]|title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UarUm4QXGWAC|date=2006|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781134339754|page=36}}</ref> Or in the words: "God is completely different from whatever comes to your mind concerning Him."

According to [[al-Shahrastani]] (d. 548/1154) in his [[al-Milal wa al-Nihal]] ("Religious Sects and Divisions"), Ahmad ibn Hanbal and [[Dawud al-Zahiri]] (d. 270/884) and a group of imams of the Salaf, they followed the way of the early traditionalists ([[ashab al-hadith]]), such as [[Malik ibn Anas]] (d. 179/795). They took a safe path, saying "We believe in whatever is reported from the Book and the Sunna, and we do not try to interpret it, knowing for certain that God does not resemble any created things, and that all the images we form of Him are created by Him and formed by Him". They avoided [[anthropomorphism]] (tashbih) to such an extent that they said that if a man moved his hand while reading the Qur'anic verse that speaks of God's creating [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] using his own "hands" [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/38/75/ 38:75 Q.]; or if he pointed with his two fingers while reporting the [[hadith]]: "The heart of the believer is between the two fingers of [[al-Rahman]] (the Most Compassionate)", his hand must be cut off and the two fingers torn out.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Al-Shahrastani]]|translator1=A. K. Kazi|translator2=J. G. Glynn|title=Muslim Sects and Divisions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldu3AAAAQBAJ|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781136138829|page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Namira Nahouza|title=Wahhabism and the Rise of the New Salafists: Theology, Power and Sunni Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=myaODwAAQBAJ|date=2018|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=9781838609825|page=49}}</ref>

These early scholars were often called the People of Tradition ([[Ahl al-Hadith]]), or Salaf such as [[Abu Hanifa]], Malik, [[al-Shafi'i]] and Ahmad ibn Hanbal. They left the verses of the Qur'an in question as well as the related hadiths simply as they were, accepting the poetical statements just as they occurred, without applying much reason either to criticize or expand upon them. Their position was that these ambiguous verses must be understood in light of the Qur'anic dictum that, "There is nothing whatever like Him" [Q. 42:11] hence negating all possibilities of anthropomorphism. At the same time, they used and maintained the same phrases or terminology implied by the Qur'an with regards to God such as God's face without looking further into their meaning or exegesis. And this is what is being referred to by use of their phrase ''bila kayfa wa la tashbih'', meaning without inquiring how and without anthropomorphism or comparison.<ref name="Zulfiqar Ali Shah"/>

However, according to some scholars, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, like the other early Muslims, also gave some figurative interpretations (ta'wil) to scriptural expressions that might otherwise have been misinterpreted anthropomorphically, which is what neo-Salafis condemn the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools for doing. For example, Ibn Kathir reports that [[al-Bayhaqi]] (d. 458/1066) related from [[Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri|al-Hakim]] (d. 405/1014), from Abu 'Amr ibn al-Sammak (d. 344/955), from Hanbal [ibn Ishaq al-Shaybani] (d. 273/886), the son of the brother of Ahmad ibn Hanbal's father, that "Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241/855) figuratively interpreted the word of Allah Most High, ‘And your Lord comes...’ [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/89/22/ 89:22 Q.], as meaning ‘His recompense ([[thawab]]) shall come’." Al-Bayhaqi then said, "This chain of narrators has absolutely nothing wrong in it".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJ9uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT349|title=آيات الصفات ومنهج ابن جرير الطبري في تفسير معانيها|author=Husam b. Hasan Sarsour|date=2004|publisher=Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya|location=[[Beirut]] - Lebanon|isbn=9782745142092|page=350|language=ar|quote=قال ابن كثير: «روى البيهقي عن الحاكم عن أبي عمر بن السماك عن حنبل أن أحمد ابن حنبل تأول قول الله تعالى: (وجاء ربك) أنه جاء ثوابه. ثم قال البيهقي: وهذا إسناد لا غبار عليه».}}</ref> [[Ibn Hazm]] (d. 456/1064) in his book ''{{ill|al-Fasl fi al-Milal wa al-Ahwa' wa al-Nihal|ar|الفصل في الملل والأهواء والنحل}}'' ("The Distinction Concerning Religions, Heresies, and Sects") said also that Ahmad ibn Hanbal figuratively interpreted ‘And your Lord comes...’ [Q. 89:22], but as meaning "And your Lord's command/decree has come."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeZhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT227|title=Al-'Aqidah wa 'Ilm al-Kalam|author=[[Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari]]|date=2017|publisher=Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya|location=[[Beirut]] - Lebanon|isbn=9782745143648|page=233|language=ar|quote=وقال ابن حزم الظاهري فى فصله: وقد روينا عن أحمد بن حنبل رحمه الله أنه قال: (وجاء ربك) إنما معناه: جاء أمر ربك اهـ.}}</ref>

Among the most significant Athari theological works are:
* ''Naqd ‘Uthman ibn Sa’id Ad-Darimi 'ala Al-Marisi al Jahmi al 'aneed fi ma iftara 'ala Allah fit tawheed'' by [[Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Darimi]] (d. 280/815).
* ''Kitaab at-Tawheed'' by [[Ibn Khuzayma]] (d. 311/924).
* ''Kitaab al-'Uluww al-'Aliyy al-Ghafaar'' and ''Kitaab al-'Arsh'' by [[Al-Dhahabi]] (d. 748/1348).
* ''Lawami' al-Anwar al-Bahiyya wa Sawati' al-Asrar al-Athariyya'' by [[Al-Saffarini]] (d. 1188/1774).
* ''Bahjat al-Nazirin wa Ayat al-Mustadillin'' (The Delight of Onlookers and the Signs for Investigators) by [[Mar'i al-Karmi]] (d. 1033/1624), on [[cosmology]] and the affairs of the Last Judgment and the Afterlife.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]|title=Scripta Hierosolymitana: Publications of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DToTAQAAMAAJ|date=1954|volume=35|publisher=Magnes Press|page=283}}</ref>

==== Ash'aris and Maturidis ====
{{See also||Ahl al-Ra'y|Kalam}}
[[File:The Guiding Creed by Ibn Tumart.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|A rock carved with the text of "''[[w:ar:العقيدة المرشدة|al-'Aqida al-Murshida]]''" ([http://www.a7bash.com/kutub/GuidingCreedArabEng.pdf the Guiding Creed]) by [[Ibn Tumart]] (d. 524/1130) — the student of [[al-Ghazali]] (d. 505/ 1111) and the founder of the [[Almohad dynasty]] — praised and approved by [[w:ar:فخر الدين بن عساكر|Fakhr al-Din Ibn 'Asakir]] (d. 620/1223), located at al-Salah Islamic secondary school in [[Baalbek]], Lebanon.]]
[[Ash'aris]] and [[Maturidis]] are in agreement that God's attributes are [[Eternity|eternal]] and are to be held to be metaphorically.<ref>Abdullah Saeed ''Islamic Thought: An Introduction''Routledge 2006 {{ISBN|978-1-134-22564-4}} chapter ''legal thought''</ref> References to [[anthropomorphic]] attributes can probably not be understood correctly by humans.<ref name="reference">Andrew Rippin ''Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices'' Psychology Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-415-34888-1}} page 86</ref> Although God's existence is considered to be possibly known by reason, human mind can not fully understand God's attributes. Ash'ari and Maturidi scholars have two positions regarding the [[Mutashabihat]] texts (ambiguous passages in the Qur'an and Hadith) related to God's attributes:<ref>{{cite book|author=Khaled El-Rouayheb|title=Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDjjCQAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781107042964|page=276}}</ref> [[Tafwid]] (affirming the attributes of God, but consigning/entrusting both their meaning and modality to God, or in other words, leaving the interpretation of anthropomorphic expressions to God) and [[Ta'wil]] (metaphorical interpretation). The two positions disregard the literal meaning of the texts due to the definitive evidences denoting the transcendence of God above the attributes of his created beings as per his words: {{Cite Quran|42|11|q=There is nothing whatever like Him.}} and {{Cite Quran|112|4|q=And comparable to Him there is none.}} For example, when believers in [[Jannah|paradise]] see God, they do not see God in the way humans are able to see on Earth.<ref name="reference" /> Ash'aris and Maturidis asserts, since God is the creator of everything that exists and creation neither affects nor alters God, the [[Throne of God]] is not a dwelling place for God.<ref>Imam Al-Bayhaqi ''Allah's Names and Attributes'' ISCA 1999 {{ISBN|978-1-930-40903-3}} page 19</ref>

[[Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi]] (d. 429/1037) in his ''[[al-Farq bayn al-Firaq]]'' (The Difference between the Sects) reports that [['Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the fourth Caliph, said: "[[Allah]] created the Throne as an indication of His power, not for taking it as a place for Himself."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunnah.org/2012/05/05/allahs-establishment-over-the-throne/|title=Allah's Establishment Over the Throne|publisher=[[As-Sunnah Foundation of America]]|website=sunnah.org|date=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210531025556/http://sunnah.org/2012/05/05/allahs-establishment-over-the-throne/|archive-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> Accordingly, expressions such as ''God's istiwa' on the Throne'' means by ta'wil or figurative interpretation, exercise of his power upon the universe, this denotes his assumption of authority of his created world, the throne being a symbol of authority and dominion, while in tafwid, they just say: ''Allahu A'lam'' (God knows best), together with their understanding of [[Tanzih]] (God's incomparability and transcendence), which means that his istiwa' upon the throne, in the manner which he himself has described, and in that same sense which he himself means, which is far removed from any notion of contact, or resting upon, or local situation. It is impermissible to say that he established himself with a contact or a meeting with it. Because God is not subject to change, substitution, nor limits, whether before or after the creation of the throne.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Al-Bayhaqi]]|translator=[[Gibril Fouad Haddad]]|title=Allah's Names and Attributes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PM7wz92Tq6oC|date=1999|volume=4|publisher=[[As-Sunna Foundation of America]]|isbn=9781930409033|page=88}}</ref>

Ash'aris and Maturidis are in general agreement that God is free from all imperfections and flaws. He has Divine attributes. Divine attributes are characteristics or qualities that God alone possesses. The Divine attributes are classified into: negative and positive. By the "Negative Attribute" they mean the negation of the negative, i.e. negation of imperfection. Among the most important are the following:<ref>{{cite book|author=Burhan Ahmad Faruqi|title=The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7UeAgAAQBAJ|date=2010|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781446164020|page=66}}</ref>
* The negative divine attributes are of two kinds; firstly those which are meant to deny all imperfections in God's Being, e.g., that he has no equal and no rival, no parents and no children; secondly those which indicate his beyondness, e.g., that he is not body or physical, is neither substance nor attribute, is not space or spatial, is not limited or finite, has neither dimensions nor relations, i.e., he is above the application of our categories of thought.
* The positive divine attributes are such as life, knowledge, power, will, hearing, seeing, and speaking.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Hiroyuki Mashita|title=Theology, Ethics and Metaphysics: Royal Asiatic Society Classics of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQcSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT73|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781136872051|page=73}}</ref>

The Ash'ari and Maturidi scholars emphasise that the [[Qur'an]] expresses that God does not need any of his creation as he is perfect.<ref>{{cite book|author=Namira Nahouza|title=Wahhabism and the Rise of the New Salafists: Theology, Power and Sunni Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyaODwAAQBAJ|date=2018|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|isbn=9781838609832|page=16}}</ref> He is immutable (does not change), self-subsisting and self-sufficient, without figure, form, colour or parts. His existence has neither beginning nor end. He is not a body composed of substances or elements. He is not an accident inherent in a body or dwelling in a place.<ref>{{cite book|author=Muhammad Ibrahim H. I. Surty|title=The Qur'an And Al-Shirk (Polytheism)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XEwAAAAYAAJ|date=1990|publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers|isbn=9780907461678|page=103}}</ref> He is unique, unlike anything in his creation. He is [[ineffable]], beyond human understanding, comprehension and therefore human description,<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Coeli Fitzpatrick|editor2=Adam Hani Walker|title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=9781610691789|page=476}}</ref> as per his words: {{Cite Quran|42|11|q=There is nothing whatever like Him.}}

He is [[omnitemporal]] in the way that he is [[omnipresent]], as per his words: {{Cite Quran|57|4|q=And He is with you, wherever you may be.}} He is everywhere by his knowledge and power, and nowhere, without being in a place, direction or location, because He existed eternally before all the creations (including time and space) and is clear from change. He is always in the present, yet transcends time. God is not within time; time is one of his creations and does not affect him, so for him there is no past, present and future.

The Hanafi-[[Maturidi]] scholar, [['Ali al-Qari]] (d. 1014/1606) in his ''Sharh [[al-Fiqh al-Akbar]]'' states: "[[Allah]] the Exalted is not in any place or space, nor is He subject to time, because both time and space are amongst His creations. He the Exalted was present in pre-existence and there was nothing of the creation with Him".<ref name="Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori"/>

Thus, according to Maturidis and Ash'aris, God is beyond time and space, and is [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendent]], [[Infinity|infinite]] (not limited) and [[Eternity|eternal]], without beginning or end, as per his words: {{Cite Quran|57|3|q=He is the First, the Last, the All-Outward, and the All-Inward.}} A hadith mentioned in [[Sahih Muslim]] explains this part of the verse as follows:<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Ali Ünal]]|title=The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC|date=2006|publisher=Tughra Books|isbn=9781597840002|page=1105}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/islam-perspective/news/896816|title=Allah — the Manifest and the Hidden|website=[[Arab News]]|date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210522130304/https://www.arabnews.com/islam-perspective/news/896816|archive-date=22 May 2021}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Abu Hurayra|text=O [[Allah]], You are the First, there is none that precedes You. You are the Last, there is none that will outlive You. You are al-Zahir (the Manifest or the Most High), and there is nothing above You. You are al-Batin (the Hidden or the Most Near), and there is nothing below You (or nearer than You).}}

At the same time, he is near to everything that has being; nay, he is nearer to men than their jugular veins (this is alluded to in the verse [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/50/16/ 50:16]), and is witness to everything —though his nearness is not like the nearness of bodies, as neither is his essence like the essence of bodies. Neither does he exist in anything or does anything exist in him; but he is beyond space and time; for he is the creator of space and time, and was before space and time were created, and is now after the same manner as He always was (i.e., without place nor time).

He is also distinct from the creatures in his attributes, neither is there anything besides himself in his essence, nor is his essence in any other besides him. He is too holy to be subject to change or any local motion; neither do any accidents dwell in him, nor any contingencies before him; but he abides with his glorious attributes, free from all danger of dissolution. As to the attribute of perfection, he wants no addition. As to being, he is known to exist by the apprehension of the understanding; and he is seen as he is by immediate intuition, which will be vouchsafed out of his mercy and grace to the believers in the paradise, completing their joy by the vision of his glorious presence.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Jami]]|translator1=[[E. H. Whinfield]]|translator2=Muhammad Kazvini|title=Flashes of Light: A Treatise on Sufism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a17g5volWkEC|date=2010|publisher=[[Golden Elixir Press]]|isbn=9780984308224|pages=65–67}}</ref>

The possibility of seeing God in the afterlife became a pillar of the Ash'ari and the Maturidi schools. [[Al-Ash'ari]] holds that God will be seen in the next world by sight. [[Al-Maturidi]] also accepts the visibility of God, however his explanation is qualified: people will see God in way that it is incomprehensible to humans in this life and is not like the normal sight that we use to sense light and distance. [[Al-Ghazali]] promised that people would enjoy the pleasure of looking on God's noble face.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gokhan Bacik|title=Islam and Muslim Resistance to Modernity in Turkey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiirDwAAQBAJ|date=2019|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=9783030259013|pages=80–81}}</ref>

Ash'aris and Maturidis insisted on the reality of that vision even if they admitted their inability to fully explain how it will happen. According to them, God can be seen even if he cannot be perceived through vision. Al-Ghazali in his ''[[al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad]]'' (Moderation in Belief) explains the Ash'ari position that God will be seen in the afterlife despite the fact that he has no physical body, nor any location or direction.<ref>{{cite book|author=Frank Griffel|title=The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT420|date=2021|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780190886349|page=420}}</ref>

[[Mu'tazilis]] and [[Shi'is]] deny that God can be seen for the simple reason that visibility, as man understands it requires the object of vision to be in place and this is inconceivable in reference to God. Ash'aris and Maturidis agree with this proposition, but only if they are talking of vision here on Earth and within the physical laws applicable here. However, if it is going to happen somewhere else and under a different set of laws, visibility is possible, for whatever exists can be seen under proper conditions.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kamil Y. Avdich|title=Survey of Islamic Doctrine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78SIAAAAMAAJ|date=1979|edition=2|publisher=Unity Publishing Company|asin=B00DDVCR90|page=153}}</ref>

Ash'aris and Maturidis [[Ijma|unanimously agree]] that it is only in the [[Akhirah|Hereafter]] that God will be seen. Among the evidences that have been used by them in establishing the permissibility of seeing God are the following:

{{Blockquote|text='''22.''' Some faces on that Day will be radiant (with contentment), '''23.''' Looking up toward their Lord.|author=translated by [[Ali Ünal]]|title=Quran|source=[[Al-Qiyama]] 75:22-23<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Miraculous Quran - Translation by Chapter |url=https://mquran.org/content/category/2/75/4/ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=mquran.org |archive-date=2022-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123193410/http://mquran.org/content/category/2/75/4/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}{{Blockquote|text=For those who do good is the greatest good, and even more.|author=translated by [[Nureddin Uzunoğlu]]|title=Quran|source=[[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] 10:26}}

Goodness (or [[ihsan]], husna) is to act in accordance with the wise commandments of God. Muhammad defined it as being a servant to God as though one saw him. The greatest good shall be for them (i.e., Paradise), and also "even more"; the delight of gazing upon the ineffable and blessed Countenance of God.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Nureddin Uzunoğlu]]|url=http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1394&menuId=264|title=The Holy Qur'an with Translation and Commentaries [Qur'an 10:26]|publisher=Islamic Publications for the Holy Qur'an Association|website=Semazen.NET|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210615202304/http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1394&menuId=264|archive-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>

It was narrated that [[Suhayb the Roman|Suhayb]] said:<ref>{{cite book|author=G. Hussein Rassool|title=Islamic Psychology: Human Behaviour and Experience from an Islamic Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oobEAAAQBAJ|date=2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781000362923|pages=246–247}}</ref>
{{Blockquote
|text="The Messenger of Allah recited this verse: 'For those who have done good is the best (reward) and even more.' Then he said: 'When the people of Paradise enter Paradise, and the people of the Fire enter the Fire, a caller will cry out: "O people of Paradise! You have a covenant with Allah and He wants to fulfill it." They will say: "What is it?" Has Allah not made the Balance (of our good deeds) heavy, and made our faces bright, and admitted us to Paradise and saved us from Hell?" Then the Veil will be lifted and they will look upon Him, and by Allah, Allah will not give them anything that is more beloved to them or delightful, than looking upon Him.'"
|source= Narrated by [[Ibn Majah]], [[al-Tirmidhi]], and [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|Muslim]].
}}

During the lifetime of Muhammad some people asked:<ref>{{cite book|author=Gene Netto|title=Searching For God And Finding Allah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7O-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT188|date=2019|publisher=Yayasan Bambu Biru (Blue Bamboo Foundation)|isbn=|page=188}}</ref>
{{Blockquote
|text="O Allah's Messenger! Shall we see our Lord on the Day of Resurrection?" The Prophet said: "Do you have any difficulty in seeing the moon on a full moon night?" They said: "No, O Allah's Messenger." He said: "Do you have any difficulty in seeing the sun when there are no clouds?" They said: "No, O Allah's Messenger." He said: "So verily, you would see Him like this (i.e., as easy as you see the sun and the moon in the world when it is clear)."
|source= Narrated by [[Al-Bukhari]], [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|Muslim]], [[Abu Dawud al-Sijistani|Abu Dawud]], and [[Ibn Majah]].
}}

Muhammad said also in an [[authentic hadith]] mentioned in [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], [[Sahih Muslim]], [[Jami' al-Tirmidhi]], [[Sunan Abi Dawud]], and [[Sunan ibn Majah]]: "Certainly, you will see your Rubb (on the Day of Resurrection) as you see this (full) moon, and you will have no difficulty (or trouble) in seeing Him."<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Al-Nawawi]]|url=https://sunnah.com/riyadussalihin:1895|title=Riyad al-Salihin (The Gardens of the Righteous)|website=Sunnah.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210615210324/https://sunnah.com/riyadussalihin:1895|archive-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=[[Al-Bukhari]]|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:7436|title=Sahih al-Bukhari|website=Sunnah.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210615210613/https://sunnah.com/bukhari:7436|archive-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>

In addition, the Qur'an also confirms in [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/83/15/default.htm 83:15] that: {{Cite Quran|83|15|q=No! Indeed, from (the sight and mercy of) their Lord, that Day, they will be veiled/blocked (i.e., on the Day of Judgment, the [[Kafir|disbeliever]]s will not be able to see Him).}}

Among the most significant Ash'ari-Maturidi theological works are:
* ''[[Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi)|Kitab al-Tawhid]]'' by [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi]] (d. 333/944).
* ''[[Al-Insaf fima Yajib I'tiqaduh]]'' by [[Abu Bakr al-Baqillani]] (d. 403/1013).
* ''[[A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief]]'' by [[Abu al-Ma'ali al-Juwayni]] (d. 478/1085).
* ''[[The Moderation in Belief]]'' by [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazali]] (d. 505/1111).
* ''[[Tabsirat al-Adilla]]'' by [[Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi]] (d. 508/1114).
* ''[[Asas al-Taqdis]]'' by [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]] (d. 606/1209).
* The Commentaries on ''[[Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya]]''.

=== Mu'tazilis ===
The [[Muʿtazila|Mu'tazilis]] reject the [[anthropomorphic]] attributes of God because an eternal being "must be unique" and attributes would make God comparable. The descriptions of God in the [[Quran]] are considered to be [[allegory|allegories]].<ref>John Renard ''Islamic Theological Themes: A Primary Source Reader'' Univ of California Press 2014 {{ISBN|978-0-520-95771-8}} page 138</ref> Nevertheless, the Muʿtazilites thought God contains oneness (tawhid) and justice. Other characteristics like knowledge are not attributed to God; rather they describe his essence. Otherwise eternal attributes of God would give rise to a multiplicity entities existing eternal besides God.<ref>Patrick Hughes, Thomas Patrick Hughes ''Dictionary of Islam'' Asian Educational Services, 1995 {{ISBN|978-8-120-60672-2}} page 425</ref>

Among the most significant Mu'tazili theological works are:
* ''Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa'' (Explaining the Five Principles) by [[al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar]] (d. 415/1025).
* ''Al-Minhaj fi Usul al-Din'' (The Curriculum/Method in the Fundamentals of Religion) by [[al-Zamakhshari]] (d. 538/1144).

=== Jahmism ===
The Jahmites were an early Islamic denomination who insisted on the absolute incomparability of God and favored [[Natural theology]]. The founder [[Jahm bin Safwan]] was a major opponent of the [[Murji'ah|Murjite]] and anthropomoprhist theologian [[Muqatil ibn Sulayman]].

For the Jahmites, God is wholly other and imcomparable, removed from every conceptualization or description by humans. Jahmi derives his doctrine from his epistemology: since all conceptualization are derived from the created world, there is no way to envision God. The lack of attributes to God brought him the accusation of denial of God. However, because everything what happens in this world – including what is done by living beings – are God's actions, Jahmite's [[Panentheism|concept of God is pervading everything]]. Still, God is not mixed with creation and the object of worship remains transcendent. Jahms did not deny that the attributes of God are real or a thing, but argues that God is not a thing.{{Sfn|Schock|2016|p=56}} Furthermore, Jahm's [[epistemology]] is [[Empiricism|empiricistic]] not [[Rationalism|rationalistic]]. The created world is, for the Jahmites, ultimately unreal, as only God can be considered real.{{Sfn|Suleiman|2024|p=40–41}} This also sets them apart from the [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tazilites]].

Due to God's absoluteness, Jahmites adhere to [[Predestination in Islam|predestination]] and reject the view that a person has free will and insist that actions are determined by God. The Jahmiyya believed this because they thought that human free will would entail a limitation on God's power, and so must be rejected.{{Sfn|Salem|2016|p=29–30}} Since there is no essence and no self-existence in Jahmite's thought, except for God, the Jahmites also denied the eternity of paradise and hell.<ref name=":2">Lange, Christian (2016). ''Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions''. Cambridge United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-50637-3}}. p. 169</ref>

=== Shi'is ===
The [[Shi'is]] agreed with the [[Mu'tazilis]] and deny that God will be seen with the physical eyes either in this world or in the next.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. Geijbels|title=An Introduction to Islam: Muslim Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTAKAQAAMAAJ|date=1977|publisher=Christian Study Centre|volume=4|page=367}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Yasin T. al-Jibouri|title=Allah: The Concept of God in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W04-TCFNYQsC|date=2012|publisher=[[AuthorHouse]]|isbn=9781468532722|volume=1|page=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Yasin Jibouri|title=Allah: the Concept of God in Islam (a Selection)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8NbCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18|date=2014|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781312490574|page=18|quote=Sunnis, however, believe, as the reader will find out in a later part of this book, that the believers will be able on the Day of Judgment to see Allah. Shias disagree with them as you will read later in this book, Insha-Allah.}}</ref>

==== Isma'ilis ====
According to [[Isma'ilism]], God is absolutely transcendent and unknowable;<ref>Farhad Daftary ''Ismaili History and Intellectual Traditions'' Routledge 2017 {{ISBN|978-1-351-97503-2}}</ref> beyond matter, energy, space, time, change, imaginings, intellect, positive as well as negative qualities. All attributes of God named in rituals, scriptures or prayers refers not to qualities God possesses, but to qualities emanated from God, thus these are the attributes God gave as the source of all qualities, but God does not consist on one of these qualities.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gnostic |first=Ismaili |url=https://ismailignosis.com/2016/01/22/ismaili-teachings-on-the-oneness-of-god-tawhid-beyond-personalist-theism-and-modern-atheism/ |title=Ismaili Teachings on the Oneness of God (Tawhid): Beyond Personalist Theism and Modern Atheism – Ismaili Gnosis |work=Ismaili Gnosis |publisher=Ismailignosis.com |date=2016-01-22 |access-date=2019-01-29 |archive-date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406225103/http://ismailignosis.com/2016/01/22/ismaili-teachings-on-the-oneness-of-god-tawhid-beyond-personalist-theism-and-modern-atheism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One philosophical definition of the world Allah is " The Being Who concentrates in Himself all the attributes of perfection "<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Tabatabai|first=Muhammad Husayn|url=https://almizan.org/|title=Tafsir al-Mizan|year=2010|isbn=9783939416401|volume=1,2|pages=45,140|publisher=Verlag Eslamica|access-date=2020-04-18|archive-date=2019-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211183448/https://almizan.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> or "the Person Who is the Essential Being, and Who encompasses all the attributes of perfection".<ref name=":0" /> Since God is beyond all wordings, Isma'ilism also denies the concept of God as the [[Unmoved mover|first cause]].<ref>Arzina R. Lalani ''Degrees of Excellence: A Fatimid Treatise on Leadership in Islam'' I.B.Tauris 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-857-71202-8}} page 3</ref>

In [[Isma'ilism|Ismailism]], assigning attributes to God as well as negating any attributes from God (''[[Apophatic theology|via negativa]]'') both qualify as [[anthropomorphism]] and are rejected, as God cannot be understood by either assigning attributes to him or taking attributes away from him. The 10th-century Ismaili philosopher [[Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani]] suggested the method of double negation; for example: "God is not existent" followed by "God is not non-existent". This glorifies God from any understanding or human comprehension.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Virani|first=Shafique N.|date=2010|title=The Right Path: A Post-Mongol Persian Ismaili Treatise|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210860903541988|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=43|issue=2|pages=197–221|doi=10.1080/00210860903541988|s2cid=170748666|issn=0021-0862|access-date=2020-11-15|archive-date=2021-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813203006/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00210860903541988|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==== Twelvers ====
{{main|Theology of Twelvers}}
The Twelver Shi'is believe that God has no shape, no physical hand, no physical leg, no physical body, no physical face. They believe God has no visible appearance. God does not change in time, nor does he occupy a physical place. Under no circumstances, the Shi'is argues, does God change. There is also no time frame regarding God. As support for their view, Shi'i scholars often point to the Qur'anic verse [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/6/103/default.htm 6:103] which states: "Eyes comprehend Him not, but He comprehends all eyes. He is the All-Subtle (penetrating everything no matter how small), the All-Aware." Thus one fundamental difference between [[Sunnis]] and Shi'is that the former believes that followers will "see" their Lord on the Day of Resurrection, while the latter holds that God cannot be seen because he is beyond space and time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen J. Vicchio|title=Biblical Figures in the Islamic Faith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GULkDAAAQBAJ|date=2008|publisher=[[Wipf and Stock Publishers]]|isbn=9781498275583|page=41}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
|text=[[Ibn 'Abbas]] says that a [[bedouin]] once came to the Messenger of Allah and said, "O Messenger of Allah! Teach me of the most unusual of knowledge!" He asked him, "What have you done with the peak of knowledge so that you now ask about its most unusual things?!" The man asked him, "O Messenger of Allah! What is this peak of knowledge?!" He said, "It is knowing Allah as He deserves to be known." The bedouin then said, "And how can He be known as He ought to be?" The Messenger of Allah answered, "It is that you know Him as having no model, no peer, no antithesis, and that He is [[Wahid]] (One, Single) and [[Ahad]] (Unique, Absolutely One): Apparent yet Hidden, the First and the Last, having no peer nor a similitude; this is the true knowledge about Him."<ref>{{cite book|author=Yasin T. al-Jibouri|title=Allah: The Concept of God in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W04-TCFNYQsC|date=2012|publisher=[[AuthorHouse]]|isbn=9781468532722|volume=1|pages=28–29}}</ref>
|author=[[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi]]
|title="Knowing Allah"
|source=''[[Bihar al-Anwar]]''<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi]]|url=https://www.islam4u.com/ar/khair-alkalam/-0رأس-العلم|title=Bihar al-Anwar|website=www.islam4u.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210604232042/https://www.islam4u.com/ar/khair-alkalam/%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-0|archive-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>
}}

Among the most significant Shi'i theological works are:
* ''Kitab al-Tawhid'' (Book of Monotheism) by [[Ibn Babawayh]] – also known as al-Shaykh al-Saduq – (d. 381 H/991).
* ''[[Tajrid al-I'tiqad]]'' (Sublimation of Belief) by [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] (d. 672/1274).

=== Sufism ===
{{Main|Sufi metaphysics|Incarnation}}
The majority of [[Sufis]] adhere to the same beliefs and practices of orthodox theology of [[Sunni Islam]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/sufi-muslim-explainer.html|title=Who Are Sufi Muslims and Why Do Some Extremists Hate Them?|work=The New York Times |date=24 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200726202457/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/sufi-muslim-explainer.html|archive-date=26 July 2020|quote=The vast majority of Sufis are Sunni, though some are Shiite. |last1=Specia |first1=Megan }}</ref> both the [[Ash'ari]] and [[Maturidi]] schools, the essential difference in theology being that Sufis believe ''Ma'iyyat Allah'' (God's presence, togetherness, companionship) – derived from the Qur'anic verse 4 in [[Surat al-Hadid]] which states: {{Cite Quran|57|4|translator=[[Nureddin Uzunoğlu]]|q=and He is with you wheresoever you may be.}} – is not only by knowledge, comprehension and power, but also by nature and essence, which is God himself, being everywhere by presence. According to [[Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba]] (d. 1224/1809) in his ''[[al-Bahr al-Madid]]'':<ref name="Al-Bahr al-Madid [Qur'an 57:4]">{{cite web|author=[[Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba]]|url=https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=3&tTafsirNo=37&tSoraNo=57&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&Page=2&Size=1&LanguageId=1|title=Al-Bahr al-Madid fi Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Majid [Qur'an 57:4]|publisher=Altafsir.com|website=www.altafsir.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210530221518/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=3&tTafsirNo=37&tSoraNo=57&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&Page=2&Size=1&LanguageId=1|archive-date=30 May 2021|language=ar|quote={ وهو معكم أينما كنتم } بالعلم والقدرة والإحاطة الذاتية، وما ادعاه ابنُ عطية من الإجماع أنه بالعلم، فإن كان مراده من أهل الظاهر فمسلّم، وأمّا أهل الباطن فمجمِعون على خلافه، انظر الإشارة.... وهو معكم أينما كنتم بذاته وصفاته، على ما يليق بجلال قدسه وكمال كبريائه إذ الصفة لا تُفارق الموصوف فإذا كانت المعية بالعلم لَزِمَ أن تكون بالذات، فافهم، وسلِّم إن لم تذق. حدثني شيخي، الفقيه المحرر " الجنوي ": أنَّ علماء مصر اجتمعوا للمناظرة في صفة المعية، فانفصل مجلسهم على أنها بالذات، على ما يليق به. وسمعتُه أيضاً يقول: إنَّ الفقيه العلامة " سيدي أحمد بن مبارك " لقي الرجل الصالح سيدي " أحمد الصقلي " ، فقال له: كيف تعتقد: { وهو معكم أين ما كنتم }؟ فقال: بالذات، فقال له: أشهد أنك من العارفين. هـ. قلت: فبحر الذات متصل، لا يتصور فيه انفصال، ولا يخلو منه مكان ولا زمان، كان ولا زمان ولا مكان، وهو الآن على ما عليه كان.}}</ref> ''Ahl al-Batin'' (people of the inner knowledge who follow the [[Esoteric interpretation of the Quran|esoteric interpretation]], i.e., the Sufis) have a [[Ijma|consensus]] on that God is everywhere by presence and essence (in all places at once with his entire being despite his spacelessness), but without ''Hulul'' (God's indwelling, fusion/infusion, incarnation in creation) and without ''Ittihad'' (God's identification, unification, union with creation),<ref name="Al-Bahr al-Madid [Qur'an 67:16]">{{cite web|author=[[Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba]]|url=https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=3&tTafsirNo=37&tSoraNo=57&tAyahNo=4&tDisplay=yes&Page=2&Size=1&LanguageId=1|title=Al-Bahr al-Madid fi Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Majid [Qur'an 67:16]|publisher=Altafsir.com|website=www.altafsir.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210530225659/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=3&tTafsirNo=37&tSoraNo=67&tAyahNo=16&tDisplay=yes&Page=2&Size=1&LanguageId=1|archive-date=30 May 2021|language=ar|quote=واعلم أن ذات الحق ـ جلّ جلاله ـ عمّت الوجود، فليست محصورة في مكان ولا زمان، { فأينما تُولوا فَثَمّ وجه الله } ، فأسرار ذاته ـ تعالى ـ سارية في كل شيء، قائمة بكل شيء، كما تقدّم، فهو موجود في كل شيء، لا يخلو منه شيء، أسرار المعاني قائمة بالأواني، وإنما خصّ الحق ـ تعالى ـ السماء بالذكر لأنها مرتفعة معظّمة، فناسب ذكر العظيم فيها، وعلى هذا تُحمل الأحاديث والآيات الواردة على هذا المنوال. وليس هنا حلول ولا اتحاد إذ ليس في الوجود إلاّ تجليات الحق ومظاهر ذاته وصفاته، كان الله ولا شيء معه، وهو الآن على ما كان عليه}}</ref> unlike ''Ahl al-Zahir'' (people of the outward observance; the uninitiated), who are unanimously agreed that God is [[omnipresent]] only by knowledge and power.<ref name="Al-Bahr al-Madid [Qur'an 57:4]"/>

Among the verses that Sufis rely on to prove God's [[omnipresence]] are:<ref name="Al-Bahr al-Madid [Qur'an 67:16]"/> [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/2/215/default.htm 2:115]; [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/2/255/default.htm 2:255] ([[Ayat al-Kursi]]); [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/6/3/default.htm 6:3]; [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/43/84/default.htm 43:84]; [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/57/4/default.htm 57:4]; and [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/58/7/default.htm 58:7]. Based on these Qur'anic verses, God's omnipresence is not limited to certain areas, but is present everywhere, all-pervasive, and all-knowing.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stefan Kalms|author2=Dorothée Zerwas|author3=Harald F. O. von Kortzfleisch|title=Ubiquitous Entrepreneurship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWSsAQAAQBAJ|date=2013|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=9783844102864|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=[[Nureddin Uzunoğlu]]|url=http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1386&menuId=264|title=The Holy Qur'an with Translation and Commentaries [Qur'an 2:115]|publisher=Islamic Publications for the Holy Qur'an Association|website=Semazen.NET|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210530233832/http://w1.semazen.net/show_text_main.php?id=1386&menuId=264|archive-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>

According to [[Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi]] (d. 1419/1998) in his interpretation (better known as {{ill|Tafsir al-Sha'rawi|ar|تفسير الشعراوي}}) of the Qur'anic verses {{qref|56|83-85}}, which are mentioned in [[Surat al-Waqi'ah]]: "'''83.''' Why then (are you helpless) when it (i.e., the soul of a dying person at the moment of death) reaches the throat, '''84.''' While you are looking on, '''85.''' And We (i.e., God [[and/or]] His angels) are nearer/closer to him (the dying human) than you are, but you do not see."

Al-Sha'rawi stated that God's statement in verse [https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/56/85/ 56:85] "but you do not see" proves clearly and unequivocally that ''Ma'iyyatullah'' (meaning 'companionship of God', literally: 'togetherness with God') is true/real with his essence (dhat), which is not like the essence of created beings, and his companionship is not only with knowledge, if so, then God wouldn't say "but you do not see".<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi]]|url=https://www.noor-book.com/كتاب-خواطري-حول-القرآن-الكريم-تفسير-الشعراوي-pdf|title=Tafsir al-Sha'rawi [Qur'an 56:85]|website=www.noor-book.com|publisher=[[Akhbar el-Yom]]|pages=14885–14886|language=ar|quote=هذه الكلمة {ولكن ﻻ تبصرون} [الواقعة: 85] حلت لنا إشكاﻻت متعددة، ﻷن البعض يفهم مسألة معية الله في مثل: {إن الله معنا ..} [التوبة: 40] و {إن الله مع الذين اتقوا ..} [النحل: 128] أنها معية علم، ولو كانت كذلك ما قال سبحانه {ولكن ﻻ تبصرون} [الواقعة: 85] إذن: هي معية حقيقية ولو كان عندكم بصر حديد يُمكّنكم من الرؤية لرأيتم، فلم ﻻ يتسع التصور في المعية بدون تحيّز، ولك في نفسك مثال: فالروح التي تدير حركة حياتك كلها، هل تعلم أين هي من جسمك؟ إذن: أنت ﻻ تدركها وهي فيك، فما بالك بالحق سبحانه وتعالى الذي يدير هذا الكون كله، فمعية الله بذاته التي ليست كالذوات، فإذا كنت ﻻ تدرك مخلوقاً لله فهل تطمع في أن تدرك معية الله لك؛ إذن فمخلوق لله ﻻ يُدرَك، فكيف تريد أن تدرك من خلق ما ﻻ يُدْرَك !!}}</ref>

Since God in Islam is transcendental and sovereign but also immanent and omnipresent, the [[Sufism|Sufi]] view holds that in reality, only God exists. Thus everything in creation is reflecting an attribute of God's names. Yet these forms are not God themselves.<ref>Karin Jironet ''The Image of Spiritual Liberty in the Western Sufi Movement Following Hazrat Inayat Khan'' Peeters Publishers 2002 {{ISBN|978-9-042-91205-2}} page 32</ref> The [[List of Sufi saints|Sufi Saint]] [[Ibn Arabi]] stated: ''There is nothing but God''. This statement was mistakenly equalized to [[Pantheism]] by critics; however, Ibn Arabi always made a clear distinction between the creation and the creator.<ref>J. I. Laliwala ''Islamic Philosophy of Religion: Synthesis of Science Religion and Philosophy'' Sarup & Sons 2005 {{ISBN|978-8-176-25476-2}} page 39</ref> Since God is the ''[[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute Reality]]'',<ref>Jean-Louis Michon, Roger Gaetani ''Sufism: Love & Wisdom'' World Wisdom, Inc, 2006 {{ISBN|978-0-941-53275-4}} page 207</ref>
the created worlds and their inhabitants are merely illusions. They just exist because of God's command ''[[Kun (Islamic term)|Kun]]'', but everything that would be, was already known by God.<ref>William C. Chittick ''Ibn 'Arabi: Heir to the Prophets'' Oneworld Publications 2012 {{ISBN|978-1-780-74193-2}}</ref>

Both beliefs Hulul (incarnation) and Ittihad (unification) had been severely denounced by moderate Sunni Sufis, such as [['Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi]] (d. 1143/1731), which he described as [[heresies]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Sirriyeh|title=Sufi Visionary of Ottoman Damascus: 'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi, 1641-1731|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-r1uH9O-p0UC|date=2004|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781134294664|page=51}}</ref>

Among the most significant Sufi theological works are:
* ''Al-Ta'aruf li-Madhhab Ahl al-Tasawwuf'' (Inquiry into the Tenets of the Sufis) by [[Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi]] (d. 385/995), recognised as an authoritative treatise on the mystical doctrines.<ref>{{cite book|author=N. Hanif|title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: Central Asia and Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7JInpQL0x8C|date=2002|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=9788176252669|page=229}}</ref>
* ''[[Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya]]'' by [[al-Qushayri]] (d. 465/1072).
* ''Futuh al-Ghayb'' (Revelations of the Unseen) by [['Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani]] (d. 561/1166).
* ''Al-Burhan al-Mu'ayyad'' (The Advocated Proof) by [[Ahmad al-Rifa'i]] (d. 578/1182).

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam|Religion}}
* [[Al-Ghafūr]]
* [[Attributes of God in Islam]]
* [[Conceptions of God]]
* [[Ethical monotheism]]
* [[Existence of God]]
* [[God in Abrahamic religions]]
** [[God in the Baháʼí Faith]]
** [[God in Christianity]]
** [[God in Judaism]]
** [[God in Mormonism]]
** [[Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs#God|Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs § God]]
* [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Al-Bayhaqi (1999), ''Allah's Names and Attributes'', ISCA, {{ISBN|1-930409-03-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Michael |title=A History of the Muslim World |date=2024 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}
* Hulusi, Ahmed (1999), ''"Allah" as introduced by Mohammed'', Kitsan, 10th ed., {{ISBN|975-7557-41-2}}
* Muhaiyaddeen, M. R. Bawa (1976), ''Asmāʼul-Husnā: the 99 beautiful names of Allah'', The [[Bawa Muhaiyaddeen]] Fellowship, {{ISBN|0-914390-13-9}}
* Netton, Ian Richard (1994), ''Allah Transcendent: Studies in the Structure and Semiotics of Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Cosmology'', Routledge, {{ISBN|0-7007-0287-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Salem |first=Feryal |url=https://brill.com/display/title/32718 |title=The Emergence of Early Sufi Piety and Sunnī Scholasticism |date=2016 |publisher=Brill}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schock |first=Cornelia |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=Schmidtke |editor-first=Sabine |pages=55–80 |chapter=Jahm b. Ṣafwān (d. 128/745–6) and the 'Jahmiyya' and Ḍirār b. ʿAmr (d. 200/815) |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34345/chapter-abstract/291394597}}
* {{Cite book |last=Suleiman |first=Farid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kO_7EAAAQBAJ |title=Ibn Taymiyya and the Attributes of God |date=2024 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-49990-4 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Wesley |date=2002 |title=Aspects of the Creed of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal: A Study of Anthropomorphism in Early Islamic Discourse |url=https://www.academia.edu/5259388 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=441–463|doi=10.1017/S0020743802003021 }}

== External links ==
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allah Allah] — by ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [https://www.azhar.eg/en/Islam/Creed/Pillars-of-Faith/ArtMID/10409/ArticleID/48714/Belief-in-God-Allah Belief in God, Allah] — by ''[[Al-Azhar]]''
* {{YouTube|id=05b1BwNvqCk|title=Islamic belief in God}} — by ''[[Musharraf Hussain]]''

{{Islam topics |collapsed}}
{{Theology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:God In Islam}}
[[Category:God in Islam| ]]
[[Category:Islamic theology]]

Ratnam

2026-03-09T04:02:55Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Adding A Entry Added Tags

'''Ratnam''' may refer to

== People ==
*[[Anita Ratnam]], Indian dancer
*[[A. M. Rathnam|A.M. Ratnam]], Indian film producer
*[[Kakani Venkata Ratnam]], Indian politician
*[[Mani Ratnam]], Indian film director
*[[Samantha Ratnam]], Australian social worker and politician
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini Ratnam]], Indian actress
*[[Raghupathi Venkataratnam Naidu]], Indian social reformer
*[[Madineni Venkat Ratnam]], Indian atmospheric scientist

== Cinema ==
*''[[Money Ratnam]]'', a 2014 Indian Malayalam-language film
*[[Rangula Ratnam (disambiguation)]]

== Other ==
*[[Ratnam SC]], Sri Lankan football club

==See also==
*[[Ratna (disambiguation)]]
*[[Rathnam (film)|''Rathnam'' (film)]], an Indian Tamil-language film by Hari

{{disambiguation}}

[[Category:Tamil masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Dayalan

2026-03-06T03:40:30Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Creating First Data Basic Info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dayalan
| image = Dayalan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Movie poster
| director = A. Mithra Das
| producer = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Kuppusami Kavi
| story = Kasi Viswanatha Pandian
| based_on =
| starring = [[P. U. Chinnappa]] [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] [[Kali N. Rathnam]] K. V. Jayagowri [[V. M. Ezhumalai]] [[C. T. Rajakantham]]
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Modern Theatres]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1941|12|20|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dayalan''''' is a 1941 Indian, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film produced by [[T. R. Sundaram]] and directed by A. Mithra Das.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|publisher=Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1998|pages=588|url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf}}</ref> The film stars [[P. U. Chinnappa]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] and K. V. Jayagowri.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/dayalan-1941/article5905474.ece|title=Dayalan (1941)|last=Guy|first=Randor|author-link=Randor Guy|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 April 2014|access-date=27 October 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191027092141/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/dayalan-1941/article5905474.ece|archive-date=27 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
King Arputhavarman has two sons, Dayalan from his deceased wife and Bharathan from his second wife. He also brought up a young girl, Padmavathi. Dayalan falls in love with Padmavathi. A servant, Dunmathi, succeeds in poisoning the mind of the King and becomes the prime minister. His son Prathapan conspires with the father and plans to take over the Kingdom. Dunmathi convinces the King to believe that Dayalan is trying to kill the king and take over the Kingdom. The king sentences his son to death. Dayalan escapes from the prison with the help of his friends. After many twists and turns, Dayalan succeeds in exposing the conspiracy by the prime minister and his son. The king realises his folly. Dunmathi and Prathapan are killed. Dayalan marries Padmavathi and crowned as King.<ref name=songbook>{{Cite book|title=Dayalan Song book|publisher=Chandiravilas Pincharapol Press, Grand Bazaar, Trichy|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNTDBSR2t4WGtWeWc/view}}</ref>

== Cast ==
The list is compiled from the film's song book.<ref name=songbook />
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[P. U. Chinnappa]] {{small|as}} Dayalan
*[[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] {{small|as}} Bharathan
*[[Kali N. Rathnam]] {{small|as}} Chadayan
*P. G. Venkatesan {{small|as}} Sanyasi (Sergeant)
*K. K. Perumal {{small|as}} Dunmathi
*S. S. Kokko (Real name: Pasupuleti Srinivasulu Naidu) {{small|as}} Sokku
*T. M. Ramasami {{small|as}} Arputhavarman (King)
*[[E. R. Sahadevan]] {{small|as}} Prathapan
*B. P. Ramalingam {{small|as}} Krupakarar
*[[V. M. Ezhumalai]] {{small|as}} Vengan
*N. V. Krishnan {{small|as}} Madavian
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*K. V. Jayagowri {{small|as}} Padmavathi
*P. S. Gnanam {{small|as}} Chilambu
*[[C. T. Rajakantham]] {{small|as}} Alamu
*S. S. Bhagyalakshmi {{small|as}} Manorama (Queen)
*Ramani {{small|as}} Kanaga
*Baby Jayalakshmi {{small|as}} Poor Girl
;Dance
*Kulkarni & Party, Rohini, Dhanam, Bala, Usha.
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by [[T. R. Sundaram]] under his own banner [[Modern Theatres]] and was directed by A. Mithra Das. The story was written by Kasi Viswanatha Pandian, the Elayaraja (Prince) of [[Ettayapuram]]. The dialogue was written by Kuppusami Kavi.<ref name=hindu />

== Soundtrack ==
Tunes for almost all the songs were lifted from Hindi and Bengali. The song book gives the source for all songs. However, there is one song, ''Ullame Kavarnthu Ehinal'', sung by P. U. Chinnappa in pure Carnatic raga SayadhaRanjani set to Adi Thalam. No music director was credited. Lyrics were penned by Maharaja Vaththiyar.<ref name=songbook />
;Song list
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singer/s !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Jagan Maya, Sahaya" || K. V. Jayagowri, group ||
|-
| 2 || "Aanandam Tharum Diname" || rowspan=3|K. V. Jayagowri ||
|-
| 3 || "Ithupothe Kanpaalo" ||
|-
| 4 || "Anbe Umadhu Inbamthanaye" ||
|-
| 5 || "Ullame Kavarnthu Ehinal" || rowspan=3|[[P. U. Chinnappa]] ||
|-
| 6 || "Piriya Nesiye, Endhan Maane" ||
|-
| 7 || "Muthukkavi Chiththaritha" ||
|-
| 8 || "Vanidhamaniye Vaanjaiyin Kanive" || rowspan=3|P. U. Chinnappa, K. V. Jayagowri ||
|-
| 9 || "Komala Maane Guna Bhooshaname" || 2:43
|-
| 10 || "Pooja Balamidhuthaano" ||
|-
| 11 || "Enake Jayam Kidaithathuve" || [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] ||
|-
| 12 || "Kaalinga Narthanan" || "Baby" Jayalakshmi ||
|-
| 13 || "Yogamidhu Rajabogam" || [[Sahadevan]] ||
|-
| 14 || "Parimala Mihuvana" || T. R. Mahalingam, N. V. Krishnan ||
|-
| 15 || "Veenaana Peraasai Aagaadhu" || [[Kali N. Rathnam]], [[C. T. Rajakantham]] ||
|-
| 16 || "Panchathinaaladi Chinni" || Kali N. Rathnam ||
|-
| 17 || "Kannana Pennaalai" || Kali N. Rathnam, P. S. Gnanam || 2:21
|-
| 18 || "Sundari Aananda Bhairavi" || Kali N. Rathnam, [[V. M. Ezhumalai]] || 7:01
|-
| 19 || "Maaya Vaazhve Paaraai" || rowspan=2|P. G. Venkatesan ||
|-
| 20 || "Naame Koodi Naalellam Uzhaithom" ||
|}

== Reception ==
Writing in 2014, [[Randor Guy]] said the film was only an average success at the box-office. He said, the film is remembered for "The performances by Chinnappa, Perumal, and melodious music and well-choreographed dances."<ref name=hindu />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
*{{youTube|NOTk0-n5pe4|Kannaana Pennaale}} - a song from the film sung by Kali N. Rathnam and P. S. Gnanam
{{Modern Theatres}}
{{T. R. Sundaram}}

[[Category:Indian historical adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:1941 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1941 Indian films]]
[[Category:1940s historical adventure films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bloomsbury Publishing

2026-03-04T21:49:28Z

Dr. Katy Jane: enhance details based on references and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|British worldwide publishing house}}
{{about|the contemporary publishing company|the historic literary group|Bloomsbury Group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox publisher
| image = {{wikidata|property|P154}}
| image_size = 250px
| name = Bloomsbury Publishing plc
| status = Active
| traded_as = {{lse|BMY}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1986|09|26}}
| country = United Kingdom
| headquarters = [[London]], England
| distribution = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Publishers Services]] (UK) [[United Book Distributors]] (Australia) [[Hachette Book Group]] (US)
| keypeople = {{ubl|[[Richard Lambert|Sir Richard Lambert]] ([[Non-executive chairman|Non-executive Chairman]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/BMY/13262634.html|title=Bloomsbury Publishing Board Appointment|date=16 June 2017|website=London Stock Exchange|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref>|[[Nigel Newton]] ([[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive]])}}
| publications = [[Book]]s, digital content products, and online resources such as databases
| imprints = {{Plain list |
* Bloomsbury Academic
* Bloomsbury Methuen Drama ({{small|[[New York City]]}})
}}
{{Infobox company
| embed=yes
| revenue = {{increase}}£361.0 million (2025)<ref name=results>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomsbury-ir.co.uk/docs/librariesprovider16/archives/annual_reports/ar2025.pdf|title=Annual Report 2025|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>
| operating_income={{decrease}}£33.3 million (2025)<ref name=results/>
| net_income ={{decrease}}£25.4 million (2025)<ref name=results/>
| 
}}
| numemployees =
| nasdaq =
| url = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Bloomsbury Publishing plc''' is a British worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction. Bloomsbury's head office is located on Bedford Square<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bloomsbury Offices |url=https://www.prestigeoffices.co.uk/neighborhood/luxury-office-space-bloomsbury/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Prestige Offices {{!}} Luxury Office Space in London |language=en-GB}}</ref> in [[Bloomsbury]], an area of the [[London Borough of Camden]]. It has a US publishing office located in [[New York City]], an India publishing office in [[New Delhi]], an Australian sales office in [[Sydney CBD]], and other publishing offices in the UK, including in [[Oxford]]. It is listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]].

==History==
The company was founded in 1986 by [[Nigel Newton]], who had previously been employed by other publishing companies. It was floated on the London Stock Exchange with a valuation of £9 million in 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/bloomsbury-caught-in-the-harry-potter-spell-20011112|title=Bloomsbury caught in the Harry Potter spell|date=12 November 2001|newspaper=Financial News|access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

For much of its existence, Bloomsbury was a minor player in the British publishing scene. In 1997, Bloomsbury took a chance on publishing the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series after it had been rejected by multiple publishers. That decision catapulted the company's fortunes, as ''Harry Potter'' would go on to become the best-selling book series in history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tomfolio.com/publishers/HarryPotter.html|title=The Phenomenon of Harry Potter|last=Elisco|first=Lester|publisher=TomFolio.com|access-date=22 January 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412095537/http://www.tomfolio.com/publishers/HarryPotter.html|archive-date=12 April 2017}}</ref>

A rights issue of shares in 1998 further raised £6.1 million, which was used to expand the company, in particular to found a U.S. branch. In 1998, Bloomsbury USA was established. Bloomsbury USA Books for Young Readers was established in 2002, and in 2005, Bloomsbury acquired Walker & Co, a small company dedicated to publishing nonfiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bloomsburyusa.com/about|title=About Us|website=Bloomsbury Publishing|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-date=31 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131080834/http://www.bloomsburyusa.com/about|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Walker brand was discontinued in 2015 and sold to Walker Publishing Company.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Bloomsbury Consolidates Children's Imprints; Easton Leaving| work = PublishersWeekly.com| access-date = 2019-11-02| url = https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/61466-bloomsbury-consolidates-children-s-imprints-easton-leaving.html|first=Jim |last=Milliot |date=17 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Candlewick to Publish Walker Books in U.S.| work = PublishersWeekly.com|first=Judith |last=Rosen |date= 10 August 2017| access-date = 2019-11-02| url = https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/74450-candlewick-to-publish-walker-books-in-u-s.html}}</ref>

== Bloomsbury US ==

Bloomsbury US was established in 1998 in New York, New York, as a general interest publisher of both adult and children's books. It is known for its high-quality fiction and non-fiction as well as its extensive academic publishing branch.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/connect/about-us/overview/#|title=About Bloomsbury Publishing|publisher=Bloomsbury}}</ref>

Its notable titles have include Anthony Bourdain's global bestseller ''[[Kitchen Confidential]]'', Jesmyn Ward's National Book Award winner ''[[Salvage the Bones]]'', the works of 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature winner [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]], Susanna Clark's Women's Prize for Fiction winner [[Piranesi (novel)|Piranesi]], Renée Watson's Newbery Honor Book [[Piecing Me Together]], Martin W. Sandler's National Book Award winner [[1919: The Year That Changed America|1919]], and titles by renowned authors Paul Beatty, Roz Chast, Edmund White, Elif Shafak, Carol Anderson, Mark Kurlansky, Miriam Toews, Samantha Shannon, and Deborah Levy.<ref name="auto1"/>

In 2021, Bloomsbury US acquired ABC-CLIO LLC, the established academic publisher of both print and digital materials, for $22.9 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/industry-deals/article/88138-bloomsbury-buys-abc-clio-for-22-9-million.html|title=Bloomsbury Buys ABC-CLIO for $22.9Million|first=Jim|last=Milliot|website=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> In 2024, Bloomsbury US finalized the asset purchase of Rowman & Littlefield, an independent academic publisher, for $83 million.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/connect/latest-news/bloomsbury-acquires-rowman-littlefield-academic-business-and-assets/|title=Bloomsbury acquires Rowman & Littlefield Academic business and assets|website=Bloomsbury}}</ref> The sale included rights to the publisher's academic imprints and associated titles, doubling the size of Bloomsbury US's Academic & Professional divisions.<ref name="auto"/>

==Bloomsbury India==

In December 2008, Bloomsbury opened a branch in [[Doha, Qatar]] in a joint-partnership with [[Qatar Foundation]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Harding|first=Sue-Ann|title='But we don't read, Professor!' Translation, Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing, and building a 'vibrant literary culture'|journal=Perspectives: Studies in Translatology|volume=22|issue=4|page=Abstract|year=2014|doi=10.1080/0907676X.2014.948891|s2cid=60553880}}</ref> The partnership created a publishing house, [[Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing]]; it worked mainly with English and Arabic literature.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/16/middleeast-germany|title=Publishers seek new talent in Arab world |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London|first=Alison |last=Flood|author2=Ian Black|name-list-style=|date=15 October 2008|access-date=18 February 2016}}</ref>

[[Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals]] (BQFJ), an [[open access]] and [[peer review]]ed academic publisher, was created in December 2010 as a joint venture with Qatar Foundation. Journal research articles were published through BQFJ's website ''QScience.com''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-12-25 |orig-date=corresponding to 19 Muharram 1432 AH |title=<<Muasasat Qatara>> tutliq alminbar al'iilikturunia QScience.com linashr aldawriaat |script-title=ar:«مؤسسة قطر» تطلق المنبر الإلكتروني QScience.com لنشر الدوريات |trans-title="Qatar Foundation" launches the electronic platform QScience.com to publish periodicals |url=http://www.alwasatnews.com/news/516920.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311001058/http://www.alwasatnews.com/news/516920.html |archive-date=2016-03-11 |access-date=2016-02-18 |work="Sahifat Alwasat Albahrayniat - Mamlakat Albahrayn" صحيفة الوسط البحرينية - مملكة البحرين [Bahrain Al Wasat Newspaper - Kingdom of Bahrain] |language=ar |issue=3032}}</ref> The company's partnership with Qatar Foundation ended in December 2015 and all of Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing works were incorporated in Qatari-owned HBKU Press. At the time of BQFP's dissolution it had published over 200 books. BQFJ's works were also incorporated in HBKU Press.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/qatar-s-qf-and-bloomsbury-end-partnership-319122|title=Qatar's QF and Bloomsbury end partnership|website=[[The Bookseller]]|first=Charlotte|last= Eyre|date=22 December 2015|access-date=18 February 2016}}</ref>

In 2012, Bloomsbury established a publishing office in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomsbury-ir.co.uk/html/media/press_releases/2012/140212.asp|title=Regulatory announcement|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724154142/http://www.bloomsbury-ir.co.uk/html/media/press_releases/2012/140212.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2018, an article disclosed that much of the profit in the children's division was due to the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series by [[J. K. Rowling]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/oct/23/jk-rowlings-harry-potter-continues-to-drive-profits-at-bloomsbury|title=JK Rowling's Harry Potter fuels Bloomsbury profit rise|date=23 October 2018|access-date=5 February 2024}}</ref>

In May 2023, an article in ''[[The Verge]]'' reported that the cover of the UK edition of ''House of Earth and Blood'', published by Bloomsbury, uses an AI-generated image.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/15/23724102/sarah-j-maas-ai-generated-book-cover-bloomsbury-house-of-earth-and-blood |title=Not even NYT bestsellers are safe from AI cover art|website=The Verge|first=Jess |last=Weatherbed|date=15 May 2023}}</ref>

==Acquisitions and imprints==
Among the companies, book lists and imprints that Bloomsbury has acquired are:<ref>{{Cite web | title = Corporate history – Corporate and Investor Relations – Bloomsbury.com | access-date = 19 January 2015 | url = http://www.bloomsbury-ir.co.uk/html/about/a_history.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130722231642/http://bloomsbury-ir.co.uk/html/about/a_history.html | archive-date = 22 July 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Bloomsbury Academic (1986)
* [[A & C Black]] (2000)
* [[Whitaker's Almanack]] (2002)
* [[T & AD Poyser]] (2002)
* Thomas Reed Publications (2002)
* Peter Collin Publishing (2002)
* Andrew Brodie Publications (2003)
* [[Adlard Coles Nautical]] (2003)
* Walker Publishing Company (2004)
* [[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]] Drama (2006)
* [[Berg Publishers]] (2008)
* [[John Wisden & Co]] (2008)
* [[Arden Shakespeare]] (2008)
* Tottel Publishing (2009)
* [[Duckworth Overlook|Bristol Classical Press]] (2010)
* [[Continuum International Publishing Group]] (2011)
* Absolute Press (2011)<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Bloomsbury cooks up deal with Absolute Press |magazine=The Bookseller |first=Graeme |last=Neill|date=1 September 2011|access-date=2018-07-07 |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/bloomsbury-cooks-deal-absolute-press}}</ref>
* [[Fairchild Fashion Media|Fairchild Books]] (2012)
* Applied Visual Arts Publishing (2012)
* Hart Publishing (2013)
* [[Osprey Publishing]] (2014)
* [[I.B. Tauris]] (2018)
* [[Oberon Books]] (2019)
* [[Zed Books]] (2020)
* Red Globe Press (2021)
* Head of Zeus (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Chandler|first1=Mark|last2=Wood|first2=Heloise|title=Bloomsbury buys Head of Zeus in £8.5m deal|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/bloomsbury-buys-head-zeus-85m-deal-1261767|date=2 June 2021|access-date=2021-11-10|website=The Bookseller}}</ref>
* [[ABC-CLIO]] (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/industry-deals/article/88138-bloomsbury-buys-abc-clio-for-22-9-million.html|title = Bloomsbury Buys ABC-CLIO for $22.9Million|website=Publishers Weekly|first=Jim |last=Milliot |date=16 December 2021}}</ref>
* Libraries Unlimited (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Bloomsbury Libraries Unlimited |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/discover/bloomsbury-academic/bloomsbury-libraries-unlimited/ |work=Bloomsbury |access-date=2025-09-30}}</ref>
* [[Rowman & Littlefield]] (2024)<ref name=2024-transfer>{{Cite web |last=Milliot |first=Jim |title=Bloomsbury Buys Rowman & Littlefield Academic Division for $83 Million |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/industry-deals/article/95143-bloomsbury-buys-rowman-littlefield-academic-division-for-83-million.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=PublishersWeekly.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Lexington Books (2024)<ref name=2024-transfer/>
* Applause Books (2024)<ref name=2024-transfer/>
* Backbeat Books (2024)<ref name=2024-transfer/>
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|London|Companies|Books|Children's literature}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}
* [https://www.bloomsbury-ir.co.uk/ Corporate and Investor Relations]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151025045114/http://www.exacteditions.com/bloomsbury/ Bloomsbury Online Library] on [[Exact Editions]] (via [[Wayback Machine]]) {{in lang|fr}}

{{Media in the United Kingdom|comporg}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Bloomsbury Publishing books|*]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Academic publishing companies]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies based in London]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Multinational publishing companies]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1986]]

Manthri Maalikayil Manasammatham

2026-03-03T21:17:37Z

Dr. Katy Jane: brief expanded formatting for consistency additionally and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manthri Maalikayil Manasammatham
| image =
| caption =
| director = Kalabhavan Ansar
| producer = Noushad
| writer = Anzar Kalabhavan
| screenplay = Anzar Kalabhavan
| starring = [[George Vishnu]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Harisree Ashokan]] [[Meera (Malayalam actress)|Meera]] [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]
| music = [[Berny-Ignatius]]
| cinematography = Tony
| editing = [[K. P. Hariharaputhran]]
| studio = Trystar Production
| distributor = Trystar Production
| released = {{Film date|1998|10|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Manthri Maalikayil Manasammatham''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by Kalabhavan Ansar and produced by Noushad. The film stars [[George Vishnu]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Harisree Ashokan]] and [[Meera (Malayalam actress)|Meera]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Berny-Ignatius]]. The film was released on October 17th during the [[Diwali]] weekend. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3103|title=Manthrimaalikayil Manassammatham|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1035|title=Manthrimaalikayil Manassammatham|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/manthri-maalikayil-manasammatham-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027152425/http://spicyonion.com/title/manthri-maalikayil-manasammatham-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 October 2014|title=Manthri Maalikayil Manasammatham|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[George Vishnu]] as Sreekuttan
*[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Alex (Extended Cameo appearance)
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Samaran
*[[Harisree Ashokan]] as Achu (Sreekuttan's Friend)
*[[Narendra Prasad]] as Chekuthan Lawrence
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Sreekuttan's Father
*[[Meera (Malayalam actress)|Meera]] as Asha Lawrence
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Cleetus
*[[Maathu]] as Rexy
*[[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Alex's Father
*[[Chitra (actress)|Chitra]] as Jayakumari
*[[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Alex's brother
*[[Narayanankutty]] as Vinod
*[[Bindhu Varappuzha]] as Vinod's Wife
*[[Tini Tom]] as Prasad
*[[Kalabhavan Rahman]] as Driver Mohan
*[[Zainuddin (actor)|Sainuddin]] as Jhony
*[[Reena (actress)|Reena]] as Wife of Lawrence
*Sreehari as Stanly
*Moideen Koya as Prabhakaran
* Kollam Siraj as Antony (Lazar's Personal Assistant)

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Berny-Ignatius]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kaithapram]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Karumaadikkutta" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Kaithapram]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Mizhiyil Indraneelam" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]] || Kaithapram ||
|-
| 3 || "Peelikkombathaadum" || K. S. Chithra || Kaithapram ||
|-
| 4 || "Prapanjamunarum" || K. S. Chithra || Kaithapram ||
|-
| 5 || "Prapanjamunarum" || K. J. Yesudas || Kaithapram ||
|-
| 6 || "Thadukkaamengil Thadukeenedo" || [[Biju Narayanan]], Maya || Kaithapram ||
|-
| 7 || "Thirithelinja" || Biju Narayanan, Chorus || Kaithapram ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0273784|Manthri Maalikayil Manasammatham}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Berny–Ignatius]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Dominion of India

2026-03-03T05:38:28Z

Dr. Katy Jane: slightly add content for clarity further and updated info for clarity

{{Short description |India between 1947 and 1950}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Union of India
| year_start = 1947
| year_end = 1950
| event_start = [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Independence]]
| date_start = [[Independence Day (India)|15 August]]
| event_end = [[Constitution of India|Republican constitution]] adopted
| date_end = [[Republic Day (India)|26 January]]
| p1 = British Raj
| flag_p1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| s1 = India{{!}}Republic of India
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Flag of India.svg
| flag_caption = [[Flag of India|Flag]]{{efn|In the days leading to India's independence, the [[Lion capital of Ashoka]] at [[Sarnath]] played an important role in the creation of both the state emblem and the national flag of the Dominion of India.{{sfn|Vajpeyi|2012|pp=188–189}}{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|p=465}} They were modelled on the lions and the dharmachakra of the capital, and their adoption constituted an attempt to give India a symbolism of ethical sovereignty.{{sfn|Vajpeyi|2012|pp=188–189}}{{sfn|Asif|2020|p=31}} On 22 July 1947, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the [[Interim government of India|interim head of government]], and later the first prime minister of India proposed formally in the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], which was tasked with creating the [[Constitution of India]]:{{sfn|Vajpeyi|2012|pp=188–189}} "Resolved that the National Flag of India shall be a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron (kesari), white and dark green in equal proportion. In the centre of the white band, there shall be a Wheel in navy blue to represent the Charkha. The design of the Wheel shall be that of the Wheel (Chakra) which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Asoka. The diameter of the Wheel shall approximate to the width of the white band. The ratio of the width to the length of the flag shall ordinarily be 2:3."{{sfn|Vajpeyi|2012|pp=188–189}} Although several members in the assembly had proposed other meanings for India's national symbols, Nehru's meaning came to prevail.{{sfn|Vajpeyi|2012|pp=188–189}} On 11 December 1947, the Constituent Assembly adopted the resolution.{{sfn|Vajpeyi|2012|pp=188–189}}}}
| image_coat = Emblem of India (without motto).svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| symbol_width = 60px
| symbol_type = [[State Emblem of India|Emblem]]{{efn|Nehru was well-acquainted with the history of Ashoka, having written about it in his books ''[[Letters from a father to his daughter]]'' and ''[[The Discovery of India]]''.{{sfn|Vajpeyi|2012|pp=188–189}} The major contemporary philosopher of the religions of India, [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], also advised Nehru in the choice.{{sfn|Vajpeyi|2012|pp=188–189}} The state emblem of the Dominion of India was accepted by the cabinet on 29 December 1947, with the resolution of a national motto set aside for a future date.<ref name=dominion-seal>{{citation|last=Ministry of Home Affairs|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|title=Press Communique|date=29 December 1947|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20804-BR/HOM-1947-12-30_116.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193911/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20804-BR/HOM-1947-12-30_116.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>}}
| image_map = India (orthographic projection).png
| image_map_caption = Claimed territory
| capital = [[New Delhi]]
| demonym = Indian
| government_type = Federal [[parliamentary constitutional monarchy]]
| today = [[India]] [[Bangladesh]]{{efn|See territorial exchanges between India and Bangladesh ([[India–Bangladesh enclaves]]).}}
| currency = [[Indian rupee]]
| leader1 = [[George VI]]
| year_leader1 = 1947–1950
| title_leader = [[List of heads of state of India|Monarch]]
| representative1 = [[Lord Mountbatten]]
| representative2 = [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari|C. Rajagopalachari]]
| year_representative1 = 1947–1948
| year_representative2 = 1948–1950
| title_representative = {{nowrap|[[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]]}}
| deputy1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<ref>As [[Prime Minister of India]] until 1964.</ref>
| year_deputy1 = 1947–1950
| title_deputy = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| legislature = [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]]
| stat_year1 = 1949–1950
| stat_area1 = 3159814<ref name=statesman-yb-1950-lead>{{citation|title=The Statesman's Year-Book, 1950|year=1950|editor=S. H. Steinberg|publisher=Macmillan and Co., Ltd|location=London|page=137|url=https://archive.org/details/statesmansyearbo030477mbp/page/136/mode/2up}}</ref>
| stat_pop1 = 360,185,000 (estimated)<ref name=statesman-yb-1950-lead/>
| iso3166code = omit
}}

The '''Dominion of India''', officially the '''Union of India''',<ref name=unionofindia>
*{{citation|last=Winegard|first=Timothy C.|title=Indigenous Peoples of the British Dominions and the First World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzIw-c1YOAIC&pg=PA2|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01493-0|pages=2|quote=The first collective use (of the word "dominion") occurred at the Colonial Conference (April to May 1907) when the title was conferred upon Canada and Australia. New Zealand and Newfoundland were afforded the designation in September of that same year, followed by South Africa in 1910. These were the only British possessions recognized as Dominions at the outbreak of war. In 1922, the Irish Free State was given Dominion status, followed by the short-lived inclusion of India and Pakistan in 1947 (although India was officially recognized as the Union of India). The Union of India became the Republic of India in 1950, while the Dominion of Pakistan became the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956.}}
*{{citation|last1=Wani|first1=Aijaz Ashraf|last2=Khan|first2=Imran Ahmad|last3=Yaseen|first3=Tabzeer|chapter=Article 370 and 35A: Origin, Provinces, and the Politics of Contestation|pages=53–78; 71|editor-last=Hussain|editor-first=Sarena|title=Society and Politics of Jammu and Kashmir|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2020|isbn=9783030564810|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s70LEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|quote=Notes: 2 The Union of India was the official name of the country between independence on August 15, 1947 and the establishment of the Republic of India on January 26, 1950. During this time, India remained an independent dominion under the British Crown within the British Commonwealth of Nations.}}</ref> was an independent [[dominion]] in the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]] existing between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950.<ref name=wani-et-al-union>{{citation|last1=Wani|first1=Aijaz Ashraf|last2=Khan|first2=Imran Ahmad|last3=Yaseen|first3=Tabzeer|chapter=Article 370 and 35A: Origin, Provinces, and the Politics of Contestation|pages=53–78|editor-last=Hussain|editor-first=Sarena|title=Society and Politics of Jammu and Kashmir|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2020|isbn=9783030564810|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s70LEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|quote=Notes: 2 The Union of India was the official name of the country between independence on August 15, 1947 and the establishment of the Republic of India on January 26, 1950. During this time, India remained an independent dominion under the British Crown within the British Commonwealth of Nations.}}</ref> Until its [[Indian independence movement|independence]], India had been ruled as an informal empire by the United Kingdom. The empire, also called the [[British Raj]] and sometimes the [[British Indian Empire]], consisted of regions, collectively called [[British India]], that were directly administered by the British government, and regions, called the [[princely state]]s, that were ruled by Indian rulers under a system of [[paramountcy]], in favour of the British. The Dominion of India was formalised by the passage of the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]]. This same Act also formalised an independent [[Dominion of Pakistan]], which was composed of the two regions of British India that are today [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]. The Dominion of India was also referred to as "India" in common parlance, but it differed from British India in that it was now independent and geographically smaller: large swathes of the former territory now formed the also newly created but now distinct Dominion of Pakistan. Under the Act, the King remained the monarch in right of new dominions, but the British government relinquished all responsibility for the governing of its former territories. The British Government also revoked its treaty rights and obligations with the rulers of the more than 500 princely states within the region, and instead advised them to join in a political union with either India or Pakistan. Accordingly, the use of one of the British monarch's regnal titles, "[[Emperor of India]]", was abandoned.<ref name=black-union>{{citation|last=Black|first=Cyril|title=Rebirth: A Political History of Europe since World War II|page=|year=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780429977442|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUhaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT569 |quote=The most devastating blow to old relationships came when Britain officially withdrew from India on August 15, 1947, and the two self-governing dominions of Pakistan and the Union of India were established. In June 1948 King George VI dropped "emperor of India" from his titles, at the same time that Lord Mountbatten was succeeded as governor-general of India by a native Indian.}}</ref>

The Dominion of India came into existence upon the [[partition of India]], a process under and legal act of the Government and Crown of the United Kingdom. Its creation was preceded, however, by a pioneering and influential [[anti-colonial nationalism|anti-colonial nationalist]] movement which became a major factor in ending the broader British Raj. The first government of the new Union was formed under [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] as prime minister with [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] as deputy prime minister, both members of the [[Indian National Congress]]. [[Lord Mountbatten]], who had served as the last Viceroy of India, stayed on from August 1947 until June 1948 as independent India's first [[governor-general]]; he was replaced by [[C. Rajagopalachari]].

The religious violence occasioned by the partition was soon reduced, in large part through the efforts of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]; resentment of him grew though amongst Hindu fundamentalists, eventually [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|costing him his life]]. To Patel fell the responsibility for integrating the [[princely states]] of the British Indian Empire into the new India. Lasting through the remainder of 1947 and the better part of 1948, integration was accomplished by means of inducements, and on occasion threats. It went smoothly except in the cases of [[Junagadh State]], [[Hyderabad State]], and, especially, [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]], the last leading to a [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|war between India and Pakistan]] and to a dispute that has lasted until today.

During the existence of the Union/Dominion, the new [[Constitution of India|constitution of the Republic of India]] was drafted. It was based in large part on the [[Government of India Act 1935]], the last constitution of [[British India]],<ref name="manor-goi35">{{cite book |last=Manor |first=James |chapter=Seeking Greater Power and Constitutional Change: India's President and the Parliamentary Crisis of 1979 |editor-last=Low |editor-first=D. A. |title=Constitutional Heads and Political Crises: Commonwealth Episodes 1945–85 |pages=26–36 |location=London |publisher=The Macmillan Press Ltd. |year=1988 |isbn=978-1-349-10199-3 |quote=India's constitution sets down the rules for what is clearly a variant on the Westminster model, indeed it bears a close resemblance in many respects to the last constitution of British India, the Government of India Act 1935.}}</ref> but also reflected some elements of the [[Constitution of the United States]] as well as the [[Constitution of Ireland]]. The new constitution disavowed some aspects of India's past by abolishing [[untouchability]] and derecognising [[caste]] distinctions.

A major effort was made during this period to document the demographic changes accompanying the partition of British India. According to most demographers, between 14 and 18 million people moved between India and Pakistan as refugees of the partition, and upwards of one million people were killed. A major effort was also made to document the poverty prevalent in India. A committee appointed by the government in 1949, estimated the [[per capita income|average annual income]] of an Indian to be Rs. 260 (or $55; perhaps {{Inflation|IN|260|1949|fmt=eq|cursign=Rs. }}), with many earning well below that amount. The government faced low levels of literacy among its population: it was estimated at 23.54% for men and just 7.62% for women in the [[1951 Census of India]]. The Union Government also began work to improve the status of women, which bore some fruit eventually in the mid-1950s passage of the [[Hindu code bills]], outlawing [[patrilineality]], [[Abandonment (legal)#Abandonment of family|marital desertion]] and [[child marriages]] (though evasion of these bans continued for years thereafter). The Dominion of India lasted until 1950, at which time India became a [[republic within the Commonwealth]] with a [[President of India|president]] as [[head of state]].<ref name="Winegard 2011 2">{{citation|last=Winegard|first=Timothy C.|title=Indigenous Peoples of the British Dominions and the First World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzIw-c1YOAIC&pg=PA2|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01493-0|pages=2–}}</ref>

==History==
===Background: 1946===
{{Main|Partition of India}}
By the early 1920s, the [[Indian National Congress]] had become the principal leader of [[Indian independence movement|Indian nationalism]].<ref name=research>{{cite web|title=Information about the Indian National Congress|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/indian-national-congress|website=open.ac.uk|publisher=Arts & Humanities Research council|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> Led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the Congress was to lead India to independence from the [[United Kingdom]],{{efn|"South Asian parties include several of the oldest in the post-colonial world, foremost among them the 129-year-old Indian National Congress that led India to independence in 1947"<ref name="Chiriyankandath2016"/> }}<ref name="Chiriyankandath2016">{{citation|last=Chiriyankandath|first=James|title=Parties and Political Change in South Asia|url={{Google books|c4n7CwAAQBAJ|page=PA2|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58620-3|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|"The organization that led India to independence, the Indian National Congress, was established in 1885."<ref name="KopsteinLichbach2014"/> }}<ref name="KopsteinLichbach2014">{{citation|last1=Kopstein|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Lichbach|first2=Mark|last3=Hanson|first3=Stephen E.|title=Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order|url={{Google books|L2jwAwAAQBAJ|page=PA344|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-99138-4|page=344}}</ref> and powerfully influence other [[Decolonization|anti-colonial nationalist movements]] in the [[British Empire]].{{efn|"... anti-colonial movements ... which, like many other nationalist movements elsewhere in the empire, were strongly influenced by the Indian National Congress."<ref name="Marshall2001"/>}}<ref name="Marshall2001">{{citation|last=Marshall|first=P. J.|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire|url={{Google books|S2EXN8JTwAEC|page=PA179|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00254-7|page=179}}</ref> The Congress's vision of an independent India based on [[religious pluralism]] was challenged in the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism, led by the [[All-India Muslim League]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], which demanded a separate homeland for the Muslims of British India.<ref name=Khan2007-page1>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Yasmin|title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/18|access-date=1 September 2013|year=2007|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-12078-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/18 18]}} Quote: "the Muslim League had only caught on among South Asian Muslims during the Second World War. ... By the late 1940s, the League and the Congress had impressed in the British their own visions of a free future for Indian people. ... one, articulated by the Congress, rested on the idea of a united, plural India as a home for all Indians and the other, spelt out by the League, rested on the foundation of Muslim nationalism and the carving out of a separate Muslim homeland." (p. 18)</ref>
[[File:Attlee_with_GeorgeVI_HU_59486.jpg|thumb|left| [[Clement Attlee]] left with King [[George VI]] on the grounds of Buckingham Palace after [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]'s victory in the general elections, 26 July 1945.]]

In the 1945 general elections in Britain, [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] won. A government headed by [[Clement Attlee]], with [[Stafford Cripps]] and [[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence|Lord Pethick-Lawrence]] in the Cabinet, was sworn in. Many in the new government, including Attlee, had a long history of supporting the decolonization of India. Late in 1946, the Labour government, its exchequer, and population, moreover, exhausted by the Second World War,{{Sfn|Brown|1994|p=330|ps=India had always been a minority interest in British public life; no great body of public opinion now emerged to argue that war-weary and impoverished Britain should send troops and money to hold it against its will in an empire of doubtful value. By late 1946 both Prime Minister and Secretary of State for India recognized that neither international opinion nor their own voters would stand for any reassertion of the ''raj'', even if there had been the men, money, and administrative machinery with which to do so.}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=212|ps=More importantly, though victorious in war, Britain had suffered immensely in the struggle. It simply did not possess the manpower or economic resources required to coerce a restive India.}} decided to end British rule in India, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948.<ref name="British Raj Independence movement">{{cite web|title=From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml|website= History|publisher=BBC|access-date=2 August 2014 | last=Chandrika Kaul |date=3 March 2011}}</ref>

Earlier in 1946, elections had been called in India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Judd|2004|pp=170–71}}</ref> The Congress had won electoral victories in eight of the eleven provinces.<ref>{{Harvnb|Judd|2004|p=172}}</ref> The negotiations between the Congress and the Muslim League, however, stalled over the issue of a division of India. Jinnah proclaimed 16 August 1946 "[[Direct Action Day]]" with the stated goal of peacefully highlighting the demand for a Muslim homeland in British India. The following day Hindu-Muslim riots broke out in Calcutta and quickly spread throughout India. Although the Government of India and the Congress were both shaken by the course of events, a Congress-led interim government was installed in September, with Jawaharlal Nehru as united India's prime minister.<ref name="Gopal1976">{{cite book|author=Sarvepalli Gopal|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/jawaharlalnehrub01gopa|url-access=registration|access-date=21 February 2012|year=1976|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-47310-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/jawaharlalnehrub01gopa/page/362 362]}}</ref>

===Independence: 1947===
[[File:Lord Mountbatten swears in Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister of free India on Aug 15, 1947.jpg|right|thumb|Lord Mountbatten swearing in Jawaharlal Nehru as the first prime minister of independent India on 15 August 1947]]
By March 1947 when the new viceroy, Lord [[Louis Mountbatten]] arrived, the violence between Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of Punjab and Bengal had not abated. With the British Army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, Mountbatten wanted to advance the date for independence and the transfer of power.<ref name="Indian Independence movement">{{cite web|title=Indian Independence|url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indianindependence/|website=British Library: Help for Researchers|publisher=British Library|access-date=2 August 2014|quote=portal to educational sources available in the India Office Records|archive-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811194426/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indianindependence/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 1947 the nationalist leaders, including Nehru representing the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, and [[Baldev Singh]] representing the [[Sikhs]], agreed to a [[Partition of India|partition of the country]] and Mountbatten was able to rush the British withdrawal forward.<ref name=geva-june3-plan>{{citation|last = Geva| first = Rotem|title=Delhi Reborn: Partition and Nation Building in India's Capital|location = Stanford, California|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2022|page=113|isbn=9781503631199|lccn=2021051794|quote=On June 3 Mountbatten made his historic announcement that British withdrawal would take place much earlier, on August 15, 1947, and would effectuate the partition of India. Once Nehru, Jinnah, and the Sikh leader Baldev Singh publicly endorsed the plan, the way was paved for a rushed withdrawal}}</ref> The predominantly Hindu and Sikh areas were assigned to the new India and predominantly Muslim areas to the new nation of [[Pakistan]]; the plan included a partition of the Muslim-majority provinces of Punjab and Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Road to Partition 1939–1947|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-partition/|website=Nationalarchives.gov.uk Classroom Resources|publisher=National Archives|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214075020/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-partition/ |access-date=2 August 2014|archive-date=14 February 2015 }}</ref>

On 14 August 1947, the new [[Dominion of Pakistan]] came into being, with Muhammad Ali Jinnah sworn in as its first Governor-General in [[Karachi]]. The following day, 15 August 1947, the Dominion of India (officially the ''Union of India''), became an independent country with official ceremonies taking place in [[New Delhi]], and with Jawaharlal Nehru assuming the office of the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], and the viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, staying on as its first [[Governor-General of India|Governor General]].{{sfn|Stein|1998|p=365}}

Mountbatten's decision to hasten the transfer of power has received both praise and criticism over the years. Supporters feel that an early transfer forced Indian politicians into abandoning petty quarrels and accepting their obligations in stopping an outrage that Great Britain was no longer able to control. Critics feel that if the British had stayed on for another year, had institutions in place for a transition, had the army readied in troublesome areas, a less violent transfer might have resulted.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=220}}

===Partition: 1947===
[[File:Gandhi and Suhrawardy fasting 15 August 1947 in Calcutta 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], left, prime minister of Bengal (1946–1947) and later prime minister of Pakistan, and Mahatma Gandhi during their 73-hour fast in Calcutta to stop religious violence in the days after India's Independence Day]]
The [[Radcliffe line|Radcliffe Commission]], tasked with assigning each district to either Pakistan or India, announced its award on 17 August 1947, two days after the transfer of power.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=238}} It divided the Sikh-dominated regions of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in equal proportion between the two dominions.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=238}} Sikh groups, which had feared the worst, had been preparing to mount a vigorous opposition to the award.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=238}} To counter the expected violence, the British Raj government had formed a 50,000-strong ''Indian Boundary Force''. When the violence began, the Force proved ineffectual. Most units, which had been recruited locally, had stronger ties to one or other of Punjab's three religious' groups, rendering them unable to maintain neutrality under stress.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=238}} In a matter of days, Sikhs and Hindus of the East Punjab were suddenly and unexpectedly attacking the Muslims there, and in the West Punjab, Muslims were returning the violence and the ferocity on the Sikhs.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=238}} Trains taking the refugees to their new lands were stopped, their occupants slaughtered regardless of age and gender.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=238}} Long lines of humans and oxcarts travelling East and West to their new dominions were intercepted and overwhelmed.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=238}}

The Hindu refugees from the west Punjab arriving in Delhi ended up tearing away the Muslim community there from their established cultural patterns and values, and temporarily destabilized the new government.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=238}} The death toll in the partition violence may never be known, but Judge G. D. Khosla, in ''Stern Reckoning'' thought it to be about 500,000.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=238}} In addition, there was what historian [[Percival Spear]] has called "an involuntary exchange of population," which might be of the order of five and a half million travelling each way across the new border.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=238}} From Sind, some 400,000 Hindus migrated to India, as did a million Hindus from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) to West Bengal province in India.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=238}} Migrations coming in the wake of the massacres severely taxed the strength of the new government.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=238}}

===Settling the refugees===
[[File:Lady Mountbatten visiting a Refugee Camp in Gurgaon.jpg|right|thumb|Lady [[Edwina Mountbatten]] visiting a refugee camp just outside Delhi in June 1947.]]
The religious killings had abated by the Autumn of 1947, but the government was weighed down with the responsibility of settling the refugees.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}} In the Punjab, there was land available recently vacated by the Muslims; in Delhi, there was a glut of incoming Hindu and Sikh refugees: many more were arriving there than were Muslims departing for Pakistan.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}} The refugees were settled in several enclosed areas on the outskirts of Delhi. But they had soon overflowed into the streets and even occupied mosques. They attempted to take possession the [[Purana Qila]], or ''Old Fort''—ruins from the [[Delhi Sultanate]]—which were milling with Muslims waiting to be expatriated to Pakistan.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}} Religious passions were running high; a [[pogrom]] of the remaining Muslims in Delhi was feared.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}}

His mission of quelling the violence in Bengal accomplished, Mahatma Gandhi arrived in Delhi in October 1947.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}} His new mission was to bring back the peace in the city, and this entailed standing up for the embattled Muslims.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}} He chose to direct his activities from the [[scheduled caste]] (or "untouchables') "Balmiki Temple" in the [[Gole Market]] area of the city. (Eventually, as the temple was requisitioned for sheltering the incoming refugees, Gandhi moved to two rooms in [[Birla House]], a large mansion in central Delhi.) Some groups within the Indian government opposed Gandhi's activities.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}}

Soon another issue sprouted up.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}} The [[partition of India]] had not just been a division of the land of [[British India]]; it had also involved a division of its assets.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}} Assets whose amounts had been negotiated earlier needed to be transferred from India (where the treasury was) to Pakistan. The Indian government had withheld this payment in order to pressure Pakistan over the burgeoning crisis in [[Kashmir]]; India feared an onslaught from Pakistan during the dreaded winter months.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}}

On 12 January 1948, Gandhi, who had turned 78 the previous October, undertook several hunger strike to stop the religious violence. On 15 January, the government took the decision to release assets it owed to Pakistan. On 18 January Gandhi broke his fast only after significant politicians and leaders of communal bodies showed their commitment to a joint plan for restoration of peace.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}}<ref name=Brown1991-p380>[[#Brown1991|Brown (1991)]], p. 380: "Despite and indeed because of his sense of helplessness Delhi was to be the scene of what he called his greatest fast. ... His decision was made suddenly, though after considerable thought – he gave no hint of it even to Nehru and Patel who were with him shortly before he announced his intention at a prayer-meeting on 12 January 1948. He said he would fast until communal peace was restored, real peace rather than the calm of a dead city imposed by police and troops. Patel and the government took the fast partly as condemnation of their decision to withhold a considerable cash sum still outstanding to Pakistan as a result of the allocation of undivided India's assets because the hostilities that had broken out in Kashmir; ... But even when the government agreed to pay out the cash, Gandhi would not break his fast: that he would only do after a large number of important politicians and leaders of communal bodies agreed to a joint plan for restoration of normal life in the city."</ref><ref name="h442">{{cite book | last=Jack | first=H.A. | title=The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings | publisher=Grove Press | series=Grove Press Eastern philosophy and literature series | year=1994 | isbn=978-0-8021-3161-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjN3jZQ74AoC&pg=PA458 | access-date=2024-08-15 | page=458}}</ref><ref name="x340">{{cite book | author=[[Raghuvendra Tanwar]]| title=Reporting the Partition of Punjab, 1947: Press, Public, and Other Opinions | publisher=Manohar | year=2006 | isbn=978-81-7304-674-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giduAAAAMAAJ | page=571}}</ref>

===War over Kashmir===
{{See also|Kashmir}}
[[File:Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg|left|thumb|Kashmir showing the regions controlled by India and Pakistan. The [[Line of Control]], the successor of [[Karachi Agreement|cease-fire line of 1949]], separates the two regions.]]
[[File:Nehru visiting Srinagar Brigade Headquarters Military Hospital in May 1948.jpg|left|thumb|Nehru visiting an Indian soldier at the Brigade Headquarters Military Hospital in Srinagar, Kashmir, in May 1948]]
The [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]] was created in 1846, after the defeat of the [[Sikh Empire]] by the British in the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]. Upon the purchase of the region from the British under the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|Treaty of Amritsar]], the Raja of Jammu, [[Gulab Singh]], became the new ruler of Kashmir. The rule of his descendants, under the ''paramountcy'' (or tutelage) of the [[The Crown|British Crown]], lasted until the [[Partition of India]] in 1947. Kashmir was connected to India through the Gurdaspur district in the Punjab region. However, its population was 77% Muslim, and it shared a border with what would later become Pakistan. A significant portion of its economic activity had taken place down the Jhelum River with the Punjab region of Pakistan. Gulab Singh's descendant, [[Hari Singh]], who was the reigning Maharaja of Kashmir in August 1947, had signed a "standstill agreement" with Pakistan to facilitate trade and communication. According to historian [[Burton Stein]], <blockquote> It was anticipated that he would accede to Pakistan when the British paramountcy ended. When he hesitated to do this, Pakistan launched a guerrilla onslaught meant to frighten its ruler into submission. Instead, the Maharaja appealed to [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Mountbatten]]<ref>Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British India, stayed on in independent India from 1947 to 1948, serving as the first Governor-General of the Union of India.</ref> for assistance, and the [[Governor-General of India|governor-general]] agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India. Indian soldiers entered Kashmir and drove the Pakistani-sponsored irregulars from all but a small section of the state. The United Nations was then invited to mediate the quarrel. The UN mission insisted that the opinion of Kashmiris must be ascertained, while India insisted that no referendum could occur until all of the state had been cleared of irregulars.<ref name=stein>Stein, Burton. 2010. ''A History of India''. Oxford University Press. 432 pages. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-9509-6}}. Page 358.</ref></blockquote>

In the last days of 1948, a ceasefire was agreed under UN auspices. However, since the [[plebiscite]] demanded by the UN was never conducted, relations between India and Pakistan soured,<ref name=stein/> and eventually led to two more wars over Kashmir in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Kargil War|1999]].

===Death of Gandhi===
{{Main|Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi}}

[[File:Mahatma Gandhi's funeral procession.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s ashes on a carriage being drawn by soldiers of the Indian army for immersion in the [[Triveni Sangam]], [[Allahabad]], February 1948]]
Some Indians were incensed by Gandhi's last fast and accused him of being too accommodating to both Muslims and Pakistan. Among them was [[Nathuram Godse]], a Hindu nationalist, a member of the political party [[Hindu Mahasabha]] as well as a former member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a right-wing Hindu paramilitary volunteer organization.<ref name="CushRobinson2008">{{Cite book|last1=Cush|first1=Denise|last2=Robinson|first2=Catherine|last3=York|first3=Michael|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544|access-date=31 August 2013|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0|page=544|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012221104/http://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544|archive-date=12 October 2013}} Quote: "The apotheosis of this contrast is the assassination of Gandhi in 1948 by a militant Nathuram Godse, on the basis of his 'weak' accommodationist approach towards the new state of Pakistan." (p. 544)</ref>{{sfn|Markovits|2004|p=57}}{{sfn|Mallot|2012|pp=75–76}} On 30 January 1948, Godse assassinated Gandhi in [[Birla House]] as Gandhi was on his way to his evening prayer meeting there, shooting Gandhi in the chest three times.

Later that evening, Nehru addressed the nation by radio:<ref name="MaybinMercer2020">{{citation|last1=Sen|first1=Julu|last2=Sharma|first2=Rahul|last3=Chakraverty|first3=Anima |editor=Janet Maybin |editor2=Neil Mercer |editor3=Ann Hewings |title=Using English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mA4HEAAAQBAJ |year=2020 |publisher=Routledge; The Open University |location=Abington, OX and New York; Milton Keynes |isbn=978-1-00-011605-2 |pages=79– |chapter=Reading B: 'The light has gone out': Indian traditions in English rhetoric |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mA4HEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79}}</ref>

<blockquote>Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this country.<ref name="MaybinMercer2020"/></blockquote>

Gandhi was mourned around the world. The British prime minister [[Clement Attlee]] said in a radio address to the United Kingdom on the night of 30 January 1948:<blockquote> Everyone will have learnt with profound horror of the brutal murder of Mr. Gandhi, and I know that I am expressing the views of the British people in offering to his fellow-countrymen our deep sympathy in the loss of their greatest citizen. Mahatma Gandhi, as he was known in India, was one of the outstanding figures in the world today, ... For a quarter of a century this one man has been the major factor in every consideration of the Indian problem.<ref name=attlee-gandhi_cbc_archives>{{citation|author=CBC News Roundup|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Digital Archives|title=India: The Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|date = 30 January 1948|url=https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1848568240|access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref></blockquote>

After the mourning period was over, the finger of blame was firmly pointed at the Hindu extremists who had plotted the assassination, bringing not only them into disrepute, but [[Hindu nationalism]] in general, which did not recover its political reputation until many decades later.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}} The Deputy Prime Minister, [[Sardar Patel]], who was also the Home Minister, was reproached for inadequate security arrangements.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}}

Gandhi's loss gave Nehru more power.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}} According to historian Percival Spear, "The government was really a [[duumvirate]] between him (Nehru), who represented the idealism and left-wing tendencies of the party, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the realist and party boss from Gujarat who leaned to authoritarianism, orthodoxy, and big business."{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=239}} At Gandhi's pressing, Patel had twice put off claiming the prime minister ship.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=240}} It was thought he might assert his claim now, but Gandhi's loss had affected him equally deeply, and although there was still some discord between him and Nehru, he buried himself resolutely in his work on the integration of the princely states. By the year's end, this was complete.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=240}} Patel died in 1950, and thereafter, Nehru ruled without any opposition.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=240}}

===Political integration of princely states===
[[File:Sardar after inaugrating Rajasthan.jpg|left|thumb|Sardar Patel (centre) leaving the Durbar Hall in Jaipur after the inauguration of the [[Rajasthan]] Union in 1949. On the right is [[Man Singh II]], the [[Maharaja of Jaipur]] and the first [[Rajpramukh]] of the Union; on the left is the Maharaja of Kotah]]
Two matters had been left unsettled from the [[British Raj|Raj]] years: the integration of the princely states and the drawing up of a constitution, and they were addressed in that order.

There were 362 princely states in India.{{efn|The numbers were higher if "estates" were included.}} The premier 21-gun salute state of Hyderabad had an area of {{Convert|200000|km2||abbr=on}}. Its population was 17 million.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=240}} At the other end of the spectrum, some two hundred states had an area of less than {{Convert|25|km2||0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Markovits2004">{{cite book|author=Markovits, Claude |title=A history of modern India, 1480–1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C|year=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|pages=386–409|isbn=9781843310044}}</ref><ref name="scale">{{cite book|pages=33–37|title=The India Office and Burma Office List: 1945|publisher=Harrison & Sons, Ltd.|year=1945}}</ref> The British had revoked their treaty rights and advised them to join in a political union with India or Pakistan.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=240}} For a short time, the [[Nawab of Bhopal]] and some British political agents attempted to form a third "political force," but the princes were unable to trust each other.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=240}} By 15 August, all but three had acceded.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=240}}

Even after accession, there remained the question of deciding the place of the princes in the new political union.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=240}} Sardar Patel and his assistant [[V. P. Menon]] employed a combination of threats and inducements, the latter including special privileges and tax-free pensions.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=240}} Within a few months, all the states that had acceded in August 1947 had been blended in some fashion into a new federal union.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=240}} [[Baroda State]] and [[Kathiawar]] were combined to form the new federal unit of [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]]; and the states of [[Rajputana]] were united to form [[Rajasthan]].{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=240}} The princely states of [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] became [[Kerala]].{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}} Mysore being large in extent and population became a federal unit by itself.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}} Hundreds of small states were absorbed and soon became lost within larger federal units.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}}

Some former princes such as those of Mysore and Travancore were given titular leadership roles, called "[[Rajpramukh|Raj Pramukh]]" (lit. "state leader"), in the new federal units, but their former power was absent, and the political structure was invariantly democratic.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}} Other former princes went into public service or private business.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}} After 1950, they survived as historical vestiges but were no longer political determinants in the new India.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}}

Except for Kashmir, where a major military conflict had begun in October 1947, two states, Hyderabad, and Junagadh had remained independent.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}} Junagadh was a small state on the coast of the [[Kathiawar peninsula]], but its land border was with India.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}} It had a majority Hindu population but with a Muslim Nawab.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}} The Nawab acceded to Pakistan after independence. Within a few weeks, Indian troops marched into Junagadh. A [[plebiscite]] took place and was declared for India.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}} Although Pakistan protested, it took no further action.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}}

Hyderabad was in a different class. Although it had an 85%-Hindu population, its Muslim rule had begun during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]].{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}} The ruling Nizams had proclaimed themselves to be equal allies of the British rather than [[subsidiary alliance|subordinates]].{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}} But the state was landlocked, surrounded on all sides by India.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}} "No Indian government," according to Percival Spear, "could afford to have a block of land so placed independent and perhaps hostile."{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}} The Nizam had rejected generous terms for accession brokered by the British.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}} Eventually, when he allowed the power of an extremist organization, the [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakars]], to grow within his state, India militarily invaded the state in what was called a "police action," incorporating Hyderabad into its federal structure.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=241}}

===Framing the new constitution===
{{See also|Republic Day (India)}}[[File:Constitution of India.jpg|right|thumb|The preamble of the [[Constitution of India]].]]

The final achievement of the period of transition was the new constitution.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} It was drafted by the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] with uncommon speed and absence of irregularities between 1946 and 1949.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The [[Government of India Act 1935]] was used as a model and framework.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} Long passages from the Act were included. The constitution describes a federal state with a parliamentary system of democracy.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The federal structure is conspicuous for the strength of the central government, which has exclusively exercised control of defence, foreign affairs, railways, ports, and currency.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The President, the constitutional head of government, has reserve powers for taking over the administration of a state.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}} The central legislature has two houses, the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' whose delegates are directly elected by the people in general elections every five years, and the ''[[Rajya Sabha]]'', whose members are nominated by the elected representatives in the states.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=242}}

There are also features not to be found in the Act of 1935. The definition of fundamental rights is based on the [[Constitution of the United States]], and the constitutional directives, or goals of endeavor, are based on the [[Constitution of Ireland]].{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}} An Indian institution recommended by the constitution is the ''[[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]'' or village committees.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}} [[Untouchability]] is illegal (Article 17) and caste distinctions are derecognized (Articles 15(2) and 16(2)).{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}} The promulgation of the Indian constitution transformed India into a republic within the Commonwealth.{{sfn|Spear|1990|p=243}}

==Dominion Constitution and Government==
India as a free and independent dominion within the [[British Commonwealth of Nations]] (its title changed in 1949 to "Commonwealth of Nations") came into existence on 15 August 1947 under the provisions of the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] which had received royal assent on 18 July 1947.<ref name=statesman-yb-1949-1>{{citation|title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1949|chapter=India|editor=S. H. Steinberg|publisher=Macmillan and Co|year=1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pErODQAAQBAJ|page=122|isbn=9780230270787}}</ref> This act, along with the [[Government of India Act 1935]] ( [[:File:Government of India Act 1935.pdf|text here]]) the latter to be suitably amended to the changed context, served as the constitution of the dominion.<ref name=statesman-yb-1949-1/> Under the Indian Independence Act, the British government relinquished all responsibility of governing the territories that formerly constituted [[British India]]; the legislatures of the new dominions could "repeal or amend" any existing act of the British parliament; no future act of the British parliament would extend to the dominions unless extended so and enacted by the dominion legislature.<ref name=statesman-yb-1949-1/> Reflecting the changed status, the royal style and titles "Indiae Imperator" and "Emperor of India" was abandoned.<ref name=statesman-yb-1949-1/>

In January 1949, India consisted of nine Governors' Provinces, Madras, Bombay, West Bengal, the United Provinces, East Punjab, Bihar, the Central Provinces and Berar, Assam and Orissa; five Chief Commissioners' Provinces, Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and [[Panth Piploda]]; and around 500 [[princely states]].<ref name=statesman-yb-1949-1/> ''[[The Statesman's Yearbook]]'' (1949) stated, "The Governors' Provinces and the Chief Commissioners' Provinces are under the sovereignty of His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom."<ref name=statesman-yb-1949-1/> The princely states were governed by rulers who had ceded power in the areas of defence, external affairs, and communications to the dominion; such states were called "Acceding States."<ref name=statesman-yb-1949-1/> The provinces comprised approximately three-fourths of the dominion's population and three-fifths of the area.<ref name=statesman-yb-1949-1/>

Constitutionally, the Dominion was a federation with authority and responsibility devolving in the following manner. In the case of the Governors' Provinces: in the areas of defence, external affairs, currency and coinage, and communications, authority and responsibility lay with the Dominion legislature; in the administration of justice, public health, religious endowments, land and education, among others, authority lay with the provincial legislature; in the criminal law and procedure, marriage and divorce, succession, factories, labor welfare, workmen's compensation, health, insurance and old-age pensions, responsibility lay concurrently with both, with overriding powers to the Dominion.<ref name=statesman-yb-1949-1/> In the case of the Chief Commissioners' Provinces: the administration was directly by the central government, with the [[plenary power]] of legislation belonging to the Dominion legislature. In the case of the Princely States, the areas of legislation which they chose to hand over to the Dominion were expected to be specified in the Instruments of Accession" that were executed by the rulers and accepted the Governor-General; these areas were limited largely to defence, external affairs and communications.<ref name=statesman-yb-1949-2>{{citation|title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1949|chapter=India|editor=S. H. Steinberg|publisher=Macmillan and Co|year=1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pErODQAAQBAJ|page=123|isbn=9780230270787}}</ref>

The [[executive authority]] of the Dominion was exercised on behalf of King George VI by the Governor-General, who acted on the advice of his Council of Ministers. The cabinet system of [[responsible government]] prevailed at the centre. By convention, the cabinet includes members of minority and backward communities. The Chief Commissioners' Provinces were administered by the Governor-General through a Chief Commissioner appointed by him.<ref name=statesman-yb-1949-2/>

The power to legislate in the Dominion legislature lay with the Constituent Assembly. The allotment of seats to Provinces and Princely States in this assembly were approximately in the ratio of one seat to a million individuals in the population. In the instance of Governors' Provinces, seats were distributed between the main religious communities (General (which included Hindus), Muslims, and in the East Punjab, Sikh) in each provinces in proportion to their population.<ref name=statesman-yb-1949-2/> The representatives from each Governors' Province were elected by the Lower House of the provincial legislature, the voting being by the method of proportional representation with single [[Instant-runoff voting|transferable vote]], with the members of the main communities voting in separate constituencies. Of the assembly representatives allotted to the Princely States, half were elected by the State legislatures (or other representative bodies); the remainder was nominated by the ruler.<ref name=statesman-yb-1949-2/>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| perrow = 2/1
| total_width = 360
| image1 = Constituent assembly.jpg
| caption1 = A section of the Constituent Assembly of the Dominion; first row shows Jawaharlal Nehru and some cabinet members.
| image2 = India70-the-people-who-wrote-the-constitution-of-india.jpg
| caption2 = Another section of the Constituent assembly with Nehru and other cabinet members in the first row (with some overlap)
}}
The plan of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] was drawn up during the [[British Raj]], following negotiations between nationalist leaders and the [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India]]. Its members were elected by the new provincial assemblies formed after the [[1946 Indian provincial elections]] held in January. The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives consisting of 15 women and 284 men. The female members were: [[Purnima Banerjee]], [[Kamla Chaudhry]], [[Malati Choudhury]], [[Durgabai Deshmukh]], [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]], [[Sucheta Kriplani]], [[Annie Mascarene]], [[Hansa Jivraj Mehta]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]], [[Begum Aizaz Rasul]], [[Renuka Ray]], [[Leela Roy]], [[Ammu Swaminathan]] and [[Dakshayani Velayudhan]]. Most were associated with the [[Indian Independence Movement|Indian nationalist movement]].<ref name=kumar-rakesh-constituent-assemb-gender>{{citation|last=Kumar|first=Rajesh|title=Equality for Women: The Constituent Assembly Debates and the Making of Equality Jurisprudence by and for Women|date=January 2022|doi=10.1177/00490857211040255|journal=Social Change|volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=350–368|publisher=SAGE|s2cid=246392704 }}</ref>

The [[Interim Government of India]] was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected members of the Constituent Assembly. The Indian National Congress secured 69 percent of all of the seats, whereas the Muslim League had a smaller number, but significantly all of the seats that were reserved for Muslims. There were also fewer numbers from other parties, such as the [[Scheduled Caste Federation]], the [[Communist Party of India]], and the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]. In June 1947, members from the provinces of [[Sindh]], [[East Bengal]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]], and the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier Province]] withdrew to form the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]], which met in [[Karachi]].

On 15 August 1947, all the members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi came to constitute the Dominion of India's legislature. Only 28 members of the Muslim League finally joined. Later, 93 members were nominated from the [[List of Indian Princely States|princely states]]. The Congress secured a majority of 82%.

Jawaharlal Nehru took charge as [[Prime Minister of India]] on 15 August 1947. Vallabhbhai Patel served as the [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]]. [[Lord Mountbatten]], and later C. Rajagopalachari, served as [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] until 26 January 1950, when [[Rajendra Prasad]] was elected as the first [[President of India]].<ref name=indiasinceind>{{cite book|last=Krishna|first=Ananth V.|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|location=India|isbn=9788131734650|pages=34–36|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&pg=PA28|access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="GR">Ramachandra Guha, [http://www.waterstones.com/waterstonesweb/products/ramachandra+guha/india+after+gandhi/5902941/ "India After Gandhi"], Picador India, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-330-39610-3}}</ref> Nehru's cabinet of 15 included one woman.

{{Collapse top|Dominion of India: Cabinet headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, 15 August 1947–26 January 1950}}
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations]] [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Scientific Research]]
| minister1 = {{center|1= [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] }}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| minister1 = {{center|1= [[File:Sardar patel (cropped).jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]}}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs and States]]
| minister1 = {{center|Vallabhbhai Patel}}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = {{center|Vallabhbhai Patel}}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 1949
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = {{center|1=[[File:Godwin Moikusita Lewanika with R.R. Diwakar April 1950.jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[R. R. Diwakar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/d.pdf |title=Rajya Sabha Members, Biographical Sketches, 1952 – 2003: D |page=11 |website=[[Rajya Sabha]] |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122124348/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/d.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-22}}</ref> }}
| minister2_termstart = 1949
| minister2_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| minister1 = {{center|1=[[File:R. K. Shanmukham Chetty.jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]] }}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 1949
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = {{center|1=[[File:John Mathai.jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[John Mathai]] }}
| minister2_termstart = 1949
| minister2_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law]]
| minister1 = {{center|1=[[File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[B. R. Ambedkar]]<ref name="livemint.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/BDGqZmHMQlGbEuUT7jdObK/Dj-View--The-Chetty-affair.html|title = Déjà View | the Chetty affair|date = 8 November 2014}}</ref> }}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister1_party = Scheduled Castes Federation
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| minister1 = {{center|1=[[File:(From left) Kanhaiyalal M. Munshi, Sardar Baldev Singh and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar on the Greeneries of Indian Parliament..jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[Baldev Singh]] }}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister1_party = Panthic Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of [[Minister of Railways (India)|Railways]] and [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways (India)|Transport]]
| minister1 = {{center|John Mathai}}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 22 September 1948
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = {{center|1=[[File:Gopalaswamy Ayyangar.jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]] }}
| minister2_termstart = 22 September 1948
| minister2_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of Education]]
| minister1 = {{center|1=[[File:Abul Kalam Azad 1.jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[Abul Kalam Azad]] }}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Minister of Food and Agriculture]]
| minister1 = {{center|1=[[File:Rajendra Prasad (Indian President), signed image for Walter Nash (NZ Prime Minister), 1958 (16017609534).jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[Rajendra Prasad]] }}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industries and Supplies]]
| minister1 = {{center|1=[[File:Shyama Prasad Mukherjee portrait in Parliament.jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] }}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister1_party = Hindu Mahasabha
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour]]
| minister1 = {{center|1=[[File:Jagjivan Ram 1991 stamp of India.jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[Jagjivan Ram]] }}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce]]
| minister1 = {{center|1=[[File:C. H. Bhabha at the meeting of the Indian Oilseeds Committee.jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[Cooverji Hormusji Bhabha]] }}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications]]
| minister1 = {{center|1=[[File:Rafi Ahmed Kidwai 1969 stamp of India.jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]] }}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health]]
| minister1 = {{center|1=[[File:Rajkumari Amrit Kaur.jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur|Amrit Kaur]] }}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Works]], [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines]] and [[Ministry of Power (India)|Power]]
| minister1 = {{center|1=[[File:Narhar Vishnu Gadgil 1985 stamp of India.jpg|frameless|80x80px]] [[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil]] }}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Minister of Relief and Rehabilitation]]
| minister1 = {{center|[[K. C. Neogy]]}}
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 26 January 1950
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
|}
{{Collapse bottom}}

==Demographics==
The major demographic effort in the period was directed at measuring the effects of the Partition of India. The creation of Pakistan decisively depended on the proportionally high percentages of Muslims in certain geographical areas of the subcontinent. In the 1941 census, 24.3% of pre-independent India was recorded to be Muslim. In addition, 76 of the 435 districts in India had Muslim majority populations. These districts were home to 60% of the 94.4 million Muslims.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=187}} The Muslim population was clustered in two regions: the northwest, which included the Punjab, and the east, which included a large part of Bengal. These Muslim-majority districts were to constitute the western and eastern half of Pakistan that came into being in 1947.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=187}} But there was also a fairly large and spatially spread out minority population of Muslims in India, and a minority of Hindus in Pakistan. It was therefore inevitable that there would be an exchange of the populations involving migration of Muslims into West and East Pakistan and migrations of non-Muslims (mainly Hindus, but also Sikhs in the northwest) from Pakistan into India.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=187}}

<gallery mode="packed" height="150">

File:Brit IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg|India: the prevailing religions, 1909, [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]].
File:Hindu percent 1909.jpg|1909 Percentage of Hindus.
File:Muslim percent 1909.jpg|1909 Percentage of Muslims.
File:Sikhs buddhists jains percent1909.jpg|1909 Percentage of Sikhs and others.
</gallery>

The majority of the population movement associated with the Partition occurred in the period immediately before and after August 1947. Although many people did die in the religious violence, many also perished for reasons only indirectly related to violence.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=187}} According to historical demographer [[Tim Dyson]]: <blockquote> It is damning that the British authorities made few preparations to cope with vast numbers of refugees. Many people died from exhaustion, starvation, crowding, and in epidemics.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=187}}</blockquote>

The systems of administration of the Punjab and Bengal were disrupted not only because of the turmoil but also the boundary changes. As a consequence, the systems in place for the registration of populations in the censuses were affected severely. Analysis of birth statistics in India suggests that most research on the demographic effects of the Partition are based on the 1931 and 1941 censuses of British India and some incomplete information from the 1951 censuses of India and Pakistan in both of which citizens were queried about Partition-related migrations.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|pp=187–188}} In addition, census data based on comparison of the 1941 and 1951 censuses, showed only long term effects; for example, in Bengal, it proved difficult to separate the effects of the [[Bengal famine of 1943]] and the 1947 Partition. Still, one study by Bharadwaj, Khwaja, and Mian using 1951 census data has suggested that during the period 1947–1951 the Partition caused approximately 14.5 million people to migrate into (i.e. arrived in) India or Pakistan.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=188}} The authors also estimated that during the same period 17.9 million people left India to go to Pakistan or vice versa, suggesting a figure of 3.4 million missing people. Refugee movement across the border in Bengal was a third of that in the northwest. 25% of Pakistani Punjab's population had come from India; 16% of Indian Punjab's population had come from Pakistan. In contrast, only 2% of the population of East Pakistan (as recorded in the 1951 census) had migrated from India. The disparity was chalked to the greater perception of the threat of violence in the Punjab.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=188}}

Another study by Hill and colleagues suggested that migrants preferred to settle in districts with a high proportion of co-religionists, leading to more religiously homogeneous populations on either side of the newly drawn borders after Partition. In the Indian Punjab, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. In Pakistani Punjab, the districts became exclusively Muslim by 1951.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|pp=188–189}}

As for mortality, Bharadwaj and his colleagues divide the 3.4 million missing people by assigning 2.1 million to the northwest and 1.3 million to the east. Hill and colleagues suggested a mortality range of 2.3–3.2 million people. However, according to Dyson, the population losses may have also resulted in part because of reduced birth rates and also by the inadequacies in the 1951 census (especially in Pakistan).{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=189}}

Summing up Tim Dyson says, <blockquote> The sudden refugee flows related to Partition may at the time have been unsurpassed in modern world history. It is likely that at least 14–18 million people moved. Previous assessments of the mortality associated with Partition have varied between 200,000 and 1 million. The first figure, attributed to Mountbatten (the last Viceroy) smacks of a number that—conveniently from an official perspective—minimises the loss of life. However, the figure of 1 million may also be too low. The data, however, do not allow for a firmer judgement.{{sfn|Dyson|2018|p=189}}</blockquote>

==Economy and society==
[[File:Destitute mother and child Bengal famine 1943.jpg|left|thumb|A destitute mother and child on the pavement in Calcutta during the [[Bengal famine of 1943]].]]
The two main concerns of the new Indian government in 1947 were the economic foundations of the country and the poverty of a large segment of its population.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=350}} Although the British Raj had also been concerned about poverty, its basic justification and the scale of the problem meant that it expended resources on poverty alleviation only when the distress seemed to be threatening civic order.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=350}} The new government apprehended clearly that a low level of income and therefore also of demand and prospective investment considerably slowed down development in all areas of the economy, including agriculture, industry, and the service sector.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=350}}

A National Income Committee was set up in 1949 to measure Indian poverty; its report published in 1950/1951 computed the average annual income per person in India to be Rs. 260 or $55.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=350}} Some Indians earned less, especially among those who worked as domestic help, tenant farmers, or agricultural labourers.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=350}}

According to historian [[Judith M. Brown]], such poverty meant "almost perpetual hunger, a monotonous and unbalanced diet at the best of times, cramped and squalid housing, perhaps one change of meagre clothes, insufficient bedding to prevent deaths from cold in the northern Indian winter, children's absence from school for lack of clothes or books or the need to earn to feed the family and no money for doctors or medicines."{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=350}} The patriarchy widely prevalent in Indian society ensured that males had more access to food, medicine, and education than females.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=350}}

In the agricultural sector in the 1940s, most farmers were engaged in subsistence farming; only a small fraction had access to tractors or tube wells; fertilizer use per acre was less than any other country.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=351}} An India-wide survey soon after independence gave evidence of the high inequality in rural India. 14–15 million rural households (constituting 22% of the total) owned no land at all. Just under 50% of rural households owned 1.5% of the cultivated land. At the other extreme, the top 25% owned 83% of the cultivated land.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=351}} Such magnitude of income inequality implied unequal access to education and health care. To meet the needs of those with the least access, the provision of physicians, nurses, rural clinics, hospitals, schools, and colleges also required special attention from the new government.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=352}}
[[File:Literacy Day in India 1947.jpg|right|thumb|Literacy day in India, 1947]]
India did have a firmly founded [[industrial sector]] at the time of independence, with [[financial networks]] to sustain it. India's participation in the [[Second World War]] expanded its industries, though their increased output was not generally for civilian consumption.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=351}} In some instances such as woollen textiles produced in wool mills, leather and footwear produced in factories, almost three-fourths of the cement and steel, the output was siphoned off from the civilian economy for military use.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=351}} A few industries such as steel, chemicals, paper, paint, and cement did advance vigorously, but a shortage of [[capital good]]s and skilled [[human resources]] thwarted any significant new industrial undertakings.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=351}} Sociologically, industrial growth in wartime increased the share of the urban population in India from 13% in 1941 to 16% in 1951.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=351}}

The levels of education and evaluation criteria varied from region to region, depending on each region's history, its urbanization, and average per-person income.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=352}} In 1951 literacy in India was still very low, especially among rural women (Table).{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=352}} Improving the economy, changing social attitudes, and reducing economic deprivation among the landless labouring classes depended crucially upon improving education standards.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=352}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;"
! style="background:#ddd;" colspan="3"| Literacy in India 1951{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=352}}
|-
! Areas !! Men !! Women
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| All areas|| style="text-align:center;"| 23.54%|| style="text-align:center;"| 7.62%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| Rural areas || style="text-align:center;"| 19.02% || style="text-align:center;"| 4.87%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| Urban areas || style="text-align:center;"| 45.05% || style="text-align:center;"| 12.34%
|}
The new government had inherited problems arising from uneven opportunity in a society of great want.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=352}} Most deprived were groups whose status in Hindu society was low. Despite progress in women's education and the rise of some women in politics through Gandhi's civil disobedience movement, the vast majority of women, who happened to be from rural areas, spent their lives attending to their husbands to whom they had been married at an early age in arranged marriages, their children, and the crops.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=352}} If a Hindu woman's marriage was unhappy, neither divorce nor even separation was an option legally or culturally.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=352}} Patrilineal inheritance meant that women had no right to property; their only avenue to prosperity lay through dependence on their husbands.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=352}} Little or no education, for the most part, barred them from becoming secretaries, teachers or nurses.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=352}}
[[File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar at the opening ceremony of 'Paro' (Story of an untouchable girl) at West End Theater, Bombay (1949).jpg|left|thumb|[[Dalit|Untouchables]] leader, [[B. R. Ambedkar]], chairman, Drafting Committee, [[Constitution of India]], at the premiere of the film ''Paro'' (Story of an Untouchable girl), West End Theatre, Bombay, 1949]]
Similarly, despite Gandhi's anti-untouchability campaigns of the 1930s, the vast majority of [[Dalit|Untouchables]] remained in a state of ritual pollution and self-abasing poverty—land ownership, education, or skilled work was out of reach.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=353}} According to Judith M. Brown, "The new government recognised the burden of its inheritance in these areas of society and the 1950 constitution stated its commitment to fundamental change and a denial of Hindu conventions which an alien government had not dared to initiate."{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=353}} Although Untouchability was abolished in the new constitution, it was soon evident that the yoke of culture bore down so oppressively on Untouchables, that more legislation, administrative reform, and economic change were needed for them to assume their constitutional rights; the same was true of women.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=353}} However, in urban areas, economic changes in the 1940s had demonstrated that belief and ritual status in Hinduism had hindered neither industrialisation, nor workers responding quickly to market forces, and changing occupations or locations of work.{{sfn|Brown|1994|p=353}}

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="225" mode="nolines" heights="225">
File:Emergency trains crowded with desperate refugees.jpg|Emergency trains crowded with desperate refugees
File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November, 1949.jpg|B. R. Ambedkar, presenting the final draft of the [[Constitution of India]] to [[Rajendra Prasad]], president of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], 25 November 1949
File:India-Olympic-1948-Games.jpg|The Indian contingent marching at the [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948 London Olympics]]. India won the gold medal in [[Field hockey|Field Hockey]]
File:Jawaharlal Nehru gives his "tryst with destiny" speech at Parliament House in New Delhi in 1947 (02).jpg|Jawaharlal Nehru delivering his '[[Tryst with Destiny]]' speech at Parliament House in New Delhi during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly on 14–15 August 1947
File:GVI Attlee and Prime Ministers of the Commonwealth London 1948 13 October.jpg|Prime ministers of the Commonwealth with King George VI (5th fr left), London 13 October 1948; [[Don Stephen Senanayake]], Ceylon (2nd fr left); [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], Pakistan (3rd fr left); Clement Attlee (UK, 5th fr right) and Jawaharlal Nehru of India (far right).<ref name=commonwealth-PMs>{{citation|last=Capie|first=David|chapter=Asia and New Zealand – War, empire and the new Commonwealth|title=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|chapter-url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/photograph/36232/meeting-of-commonwealth-prime-ministers-london-1948|year=2012|access-date=19 September 2021}}</ref>
File:Photograph of President Truman shaking hands with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India upon Nehru's arrival at... - NARA - 200152.jpg|Nehru being received at the [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport|Washington National Airport]] by the President [[Harry S. Truman]], 11 October 1949
File:Rajagopalachari declares India as a Republic.jpg|Governor-General [[Rajagopalachari]] declares India a Republic at Darbar Hall on 26 January 1950
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
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*{{citation|last=Mann|first=Michael|title=South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=9781317624455|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh0cBQAAQBAJ}}
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* {{citation|last1=Metcalf|first1=B.|last2=Metcalf|first2=T. R.|author1-link=Barbara Metcalf|author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf|year=2006|title=A Concise History of Modern India|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-68225-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C}}
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*{{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2016|isbn=9780300216592|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXsmCwAAQBAJ}}
* {{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4}}
*Talbot, Ian. 2006. ''Divided Cities: Partition and Its Aftermath in Lahore and Amritsar 1947–1957''. Oxford and Karachi: Oxford University Press. 350 pages. {{ISBN|0-19-547226-8}}.
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* {{citation|last=Wolpert|first=S.|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|year=2003|title=A New History of India|edition=7th|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-516678-1}}

{{Commonwealth realms}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dominion of India}}
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1950 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Former Commonwealth realms|India]]
[[Category:Former countries in Indian history]]
[[Category:Government of India]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:India–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1947]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1950]]

Nitish Jain

2026-03-02T23:34:34Z

Dr. Katy Jane:

{{Short description|Indian educationist and philanthropist}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nitish Jain
| image = Nitish Jain.jpg
| caption = Nitish at the SP Jain Dubai campus in June 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|2|15|df=y}}
| alma_mater = Cornell University, USA
| occupation = Businessman
| children = Samarth Jain, Gaurav Jain
| website =
| spouse = [[Bapsy Jain]]
}}

'''Nitish Jain''' (born 15 February 1961) is an Indian educationist, philanthropist, and President of [[S P Jain School of Global Management]] (S P Jain), a global business school that has campuses in [[Dubai]], [[Singapore]], [[Sydney]] and [[Mumbai]]. Under Nitish's leadership, S P Jain is credited with pioneering a multi-city learning model<ref>{{Cite news |title=How this B-school has an advantage when competing for global jobs |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-this-b-school-has-an-advantage-when-competing-for-global-jobs/articleshow/87922058.cms |access-date=2022-05-24}}</ref> and developing a proprietorial software for the delivery of online education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ELO Classrooms Set To Disrupt Learning And Provide Classroom Experience For Students On The Move |url=http://businessworld.in/article/ELO-Classrooms-Set-To-Disrupt-Learning-And-Provide-Classroom-Experience-For-Students-On-The-Move/07-11-2018-163764 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>

Nitish is the recipient of several awards in recognition of his efforts in modernising business education and promoting global employability among business graduates. In 2010, he won the Outstanding Contribution to Education Award by the CMO Asia, and the Award for Excellence by the ''Australia India Business Council'' in 2014, presented by Her Excellency Julie Bishop, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australia.

Nitish is recognised as having global impact in the education sector. In 2014, he was selected by the Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to join his official delegation of CEOs to Australia post the G20 summit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Modi to meet top Australian business leaders at Melbourne roundtable : India, News - India Today|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-to-meet-top-australian-business-leaders-at-melbourne-roundtable-226867-2014-11-12|website = indiatoday.intoday.in| date=12 November 2014 |access-date = 2016-02-18}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Narendra Modi to meet top Australian business leaders at Melbourne roundtable|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-12/news/56025529_1_prime-minister-narendra-modi-roundtable-australian-parliament|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141115152151/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-12/news/56025529_1_prime-minister-narendra-modi-roundtable-australian-parliament|url-status = dead|archive-date = 15 November 2014|website = timesofindia-economictimes|access-date = 2016-02-18}}</ref> Over three days, Nitish, along with other chief executive officers, business leaders and visionaries from India, joined the PM in presenting his "[[Make in India]]" campaign to Australia's business community.

In 2016, Nitish was named 'Game Changer in Education' in Forbes magazine's Middle East edition<ref>{{Cite web|title = Game Changer {{!}} Forbes Middle East|url = http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/news/read/2016/game-changer/articleid/9990|website = Forbes Middle East|access-date = 2016-02-18|first = Claudine|last = Coletti|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160219095952/http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/news/read/2016/game-changer/articleid/9990|archive-date = 19 February 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Education Guide 2016 {{!}} Forbes Middle East|url = http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/forbesmemagazine/download.php?md=130&key=dAX1|website = www.forbesmiddleeast.com|access-date = 2016-02-18|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160225074454/http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/forbesmemagazine/download.php?md=130&key=dAX1|archive-date = 25 February 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> and subsequently in 2017, by the CEO Middle East.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.arabianbusiness.com/ceo/business/382827-going-global-guiding-s-p-jain-school-to-be-among-the-worlds-best| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171206231504/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/ceo/business/382827-going-global-guiding-s-p-jain-school-to-be-among-the-worlds-best| archive-date = 2017-12-06| title = Going global: Guiding S P Jain School to be among the world's best - Business - ArabianBusiness.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nitish is the son of the late Dr S C Jain and Neera Jain, and grandson of the late [[Shreyans Prasad Jain]], parliamentarian, industrialist, and philanthropist who was conferred the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1988. Nitish, and his brother Vivek, were raised in Mumbai and educated at the [[Cathedral and John Connon School]]. He pursued his undergraduate degree from Sydenham College, Mumbai University, and an MBA from [[Cornell University]], USA.

== S P Jain School of Global Management ==

Although Nitish was closely associated with education from an early age, his most notable achievement was the founding of SP Jain School of Global Management, a business school named after his grandfather. After founding the school in Dubai in 2004, Nitish went on to set up three other international campuses for SP Jain in Singapore, Sydney, and most recently, Mumbai, India.

The school has multi-city residential undergraduate and postgraduate programs, including a Global MBA program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best International MBAs: One-Year Programs |url=https://www.forbes.com/business-schools/list/international-1-year/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> The school also offers an executive MBA program,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mba.today/programs/singapore/emba/|title=15 Best Executive MBA programs in Singapore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Looking for the best EMBA program? SP Jain Executive MBA in Dubai voted a best Executive MBA program for 2018 |url=https://www.ivyexec.com/best-executive-mba-rankings/sp-jain-executive-mba-dubai-review/2018 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Ivy Exec}}</ref> a doctoral program for senior business professionals and a number of executive education and short-term online programs.

Nitish's contributions, impact in EdTech and leadership have led to SP Jain's ranking among the world's best by:
* Forbes (2019–21): ranked in the World's Top 15 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/business-schools/list/international-1-year/#tab:rank|title=The Best International MBAs: One-year Programs|website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref>
* Forbes (2017–19): ranked in the World's Top 20<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/colleges/s-p-jain-school-of-global-management/|title=S P Jain School of Global Management|website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref>
* [[The Economist]] (2015): ranked in the Global Top 100 in the World<ref>{{Cite news|title = S P Jain School of Global Management|url = http://www.economist.com/whichmba/s-p-jain-school-global-management/2015|newspaper = The Economist|access-date = 2016-02-18}}</ref><ref name="businesstoday.in">{{Cite web|title = SP Jain School of Global Management among world's top 100 MBA institutes|url = http://www.businesstoday.in/management/career/sp-jain-school-of-global-management-among-worlds-top-100/story/224978.html|website = www.businesstoday.in| date=18 October 2015 |access-date = 2016-02-18}}</ref>
* Forbes, USA: Best International 1 Year programs (2015–2016): ranked #10 in the world<ref name="businesstoday.in" /><ref>{{Cite web|title = #10 S P Jain - In Photos: The Best International 1-year MBA Programs|url = https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mlh45ellf/10-s-p-jain/|website = Forbes|access-date = 2016-02-18|first = Christina|last = Settimi}}</ref>
* Poets and Quants, USA (2015)>|: ranked #33 in the world<ref>{{Cite web|title = INSEAD Claims First In New 2015 Poets&Quants' Ranking Of International MBAs - Page 3 of 4|url = http://poetsandquants.com/2015/11/18/insead-claims-first-new-2015-poetsquants-ranking-international-mbas/3/|website = Poets and Quants|access-date = 2016-02-18|first1 = John A.|last1 = Byrne |date = 18 November 2015}}</ref>
* Forbes, USA: Best International Business School (2013–2014): ranked #19 in the world (outside the US)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dubai's SP Jain School of Global Management ranked 19th in Forbes list of top business schools {{!}} The National|url = http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/economics/dubais-sp-jain-school-of-global-management-ranked-19th-in-forbes-list-of-top-business-schools|website = www.thenational.ae|access-date = 2016-02-18}}{{dead link|date=January 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* Nielsen (2014): no. 1 MBA salary audit in U. A. E.<ref>{{Cite web|title = S P Jain ranked #1 in UAE for starting salaries|url = http://www.oneyearmba.co.in/s-p-jain-dubai-one-year-global-mba-ranked-1-in-uae-for-starting-salaries/|website = Oneyearmba.co.in|date = 28 March 2014|access-date = 2016-02-18|language = en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release|title = S P Jain Ranked #1 in the UAE: Nielsen Salary Audit Topline Report 2014|url = http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/s-p-jain-ranked-1-in-the-uae-nielsen-salary-audit-topline-report-2014-249370611.html|website = www.prnewswire.com|access-date = 2016-02-18|first = S P |last = Jain}}</ref>
* Financial Times, UK (2011 and 2012): top 100 Global MBA Programs in the world<ref>{{Cite web|title = Business school rankings from the Financial Times |url = http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/sp-jain-center-of-management|website = rankings.ft.com|access-date = 2016-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Business school rankings from the Financial Times - FT.com|url = http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings-2012|website = rankings.ft.com|access-date = 2016-02-18|archive-date = 13 December 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121213021750/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings-2012/|url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Engaged Learning Online ==

In 2018, under Nitish's leadership, SP Jain launched Engaged Learning Online, a proprietary online learning platform that allows professors to make eye contact and interact with students in a setting similar to a physical classroom—even in a class of 70 students. The platform uses artificial intelligence, big data, emotion recognition systems and robotics to deliver a real-time online learning experience for students who could be at their homes or work.

Central to the technology is a physical studio called the ELO Room, from where professors physically conduct their classes. The ELO Room has 20 large-screen TV monitors set up in an arc. As students log in, professors get a view of them sitting as though in the first row of the class. The ELO Room is set up with a robotic tracking camera that allows the professors to move freely, maintain eye contact with students, respond to their visual cues, moderate discussions, and more.

In 2020, the platform won the Best Tech for Education Award at the India Digital Enabler Awards (I.D.E.A) 2020, hosted by Entrepreneur India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.highereducationdigest.com/sp-jain-globals-elo-technology-wins-best-tech-for-education-award/|title=SP Jain Global's ELO Technology wins 'Best Tech for Education' Award}}</ref>

== In the media ==
As a thought leader in education, Nitish has been interviewed by international publications and broadcast media like the Sydney Morning Post,<ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://www.smh.com.au/business/in-answer-to-a-20-billion-question-20120316-1vai2.html
| title = In answer to a $20 billion question
| website = The Sydney Morning Herald
| date = 16 March 2012
| access-date = 2016-02-26
}}</ref> Bloomberg TV (Hong Kong and India),<ref>{{Citation|title = S P Jain School of Global Management - the leading B-school|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUFYhgl3dzE|date = 2015-12-31|accessdate = 2016-02-18|last = S P Jain}}</ref> BBC (Singapore), Zee TV (Singapore), [[Khaleej Times]] (Dubai), and Channel 9 News and the Australian (Australia). He has been an invited keynote speaker at international conferences, such as 2017 EFMD Global Network Asia Annual Conference held in Indonesia on the theme of 3D Management in Education: Quality, Technology and Future Leadership and the 2nd World Disruptive Innovation Summit 2019 in Singapore.

== Personal life ==

Nitish is married to [[Bapsy Jain]], bestselling author and entrepreneur. Together, they have two sons, Samarth and Gaurav.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160214160756/http://www.spjain.org/index.aspx S P Jain School of Global Management - Dubai, Mumbai, Singapore & Sydney]
* [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/b/61b70d9c-f477-4ecb-bb74-7991a73b3721 Mr Nitish Jain discussing - Assessing the Value of an MBA] with ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]''
* {{YouTube|mjLmrlka4mY|"Subha Ki Chai explores S P Jain's heritage campus in Singapore!"}}
* {{YouTube|tUFYhgl3dzE|"Abha Bakaya of Bloomberg TV India is in conversation with Nitish Jain, President, S P Jain School of Global Management."}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160219095952/http://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/news/read/2016/game-changer/articleid/9990 Game Changer] [[Forbes]] Middle East

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Nitish}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:S P Jain School of Global Management]]

Government College for Girls, Hisar

2026-02-26T00:26:49Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Creating Initial Data From Scratch - done

{{Short description|College in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{notability|Organizations|date=September 2017}}
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| website = {{url|gcwhisar.org}}
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| footnotes =
}}

'''Government College for Girls, Hisar''' is a [[Public university|public funded]] college located in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]].<ref name=IP1>[gcwhisar.org GC Hisar]</ref>

==Location==
It lies on Delhi road.<ref name=IP3>[http://gcwhisar.org/contact.php GC Hisar contact]</ref>

== Details ==
The college offers BA, BCom and BSc undergraduate courses in arts, science, commerce and computers, exclusively for girls.<ref name=IP2>{{Cite web |url=http://gcwhisar.org/about.php?AM1 |title=about GC Hisar |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-date=22 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122144701/http://gcwhisar.org/about.php?AM1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Universities and Colleges in Hisar]]
* [[List of schools in Hisar]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.gchisar.com}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hisar, India topics}}
{{Haryana}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Haryana]]

Pudgalavada

2026-02-25T15:12:44Z

Dr. Katy Jane: enhance page further and updated info

{{Short description|Buddhist philosophical view}}
{{EarlyBuddhism}}
{{Buddhist Philosophy sidebar}}
The '''Pudgalavāda''' ([[Sanskrit]]: "Personalism"; [[Pali]]: Puggalavāda; {{lang-zh|t=補特伽羅論者|p=Bǔtèjiāluō Lùnzhě}}; {{CJKV|v=Bổ-đặc-già-la Luận giả}}) was a Buddhist philosophical view and also refers to a group of [[Nikaya Buddhism|Nikāya Buddhist]] schools (mainly known as Vātsīputrīyas) that arose from the [[Sthavira Nikāya]].<ref name="Williams, Paul 2005, p. 86">Williams, Paul, ''Buddhism: The Early Buddhist Schools and Doctrinal History; Theravāda Doctrine, Volume 2,'' Taylor & Francis, 2005, p. 86.</ref> The school is believed to have been founded by the elder Vātsīputra in the third century BCE.<ref name="Williams, Paul 2005, p. 86"/> They were a widely influential school in India and became particularly popular during the reign of emperor [[Harsha]]vadana (606–647 CE). Harsha's sister Rajyasri was said to have joined the school as a nun.<ref>Dutt, Nalinaksha, ''Buddhist Sects in India,'' p. 181.</ref> According to Dan Lusthaus, they were "one of the most popular mainstream Buddhist sects in India for more than a thousand years".<ref name=":4">William Edelglass (Editor), Jay Garfield (Editor), ''Buddhist Philosophy: Essential Readings 1st Edition.'' Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 276.</ref>

==Doctrines==

=== Pudgala thesis ===
The Pudgalavādins asserted that while there is no [[ātman (Buddhism)|ātman]], there exists a pudgala (person) or sattva (being) which is neither a conditioned dharma nor an unconditioned dharma.<ref name="Williams, Paul 2005, p. 86"/> This doctrine of the person was their method of accounting for [[karma]], [[rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]], and [[nirvana|nirvāṇa]]. For the Pudgalavādins, the pudgala was what underwent rebirth through successive lives in [[saṃsāra]] and what experiences nirvāṇa. They defended this view through philosophical argument as well as scriptural citation. According to Thiện Châu and [[Richard Gombrich]], they used the Bhārahārasūtras as a major reference for their view. This text states that the person (pudgala) is the bearer of the five aggregates, and that the taking up of them is craving and suffering:

{{blockquote|text=''Bhārā have pañcakkhandhā, '''bhārahāro ca puggalo'''; Bhārādānaṁ dukhaṁ loke, bhāranikkhepanaṁ sukhaṁ.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=SuttaCentral - SN 22.22|url=https://suttacentral.net/sn22.22/pli/ms?lang=vi&layout=plain&reference=none&notes=asterisk&highlight=false&script=latin|website=SuttaCentral|language=en}}</ref> The [[Skandha|five aggregates]] are truly burdens, and the '''burden-carrier''' '''is the person'''. Taking up the burden is suffering in the world; Laying the burden down is blissful.<ref>Ganeti, Jonardon, ''The Concealed Art of the Soul: Theories of the Self and Practices of Truth in Indian Ethics and Epistemology'' (1st Edition,) 2013, p. 164.</ref><ref>Sam. yutta Nikaya iii, ¯ 25–6. ''The Connected Discourses of the Buddha,'' trans. Bhikkhu Bodhi (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2000), p. 871.</ref>|multiline=yes}}

The [[Kathavatthu|Kathāvatthu]] also mentions that the Pudgalavādins relied on the following statements by the Buddha: "There is a person who exerts for his own good" and "There appears a person who is reborn for the good and happiness of many, for showing compassion to the world of beings."<ref name="Dutt, Nalinaksha p. 185">Dutt, Nalinaksha, ''Buddhist Sects in India,'' p. 185.</ref> The Pudgalavādins held that this person was "inexpressible" and indeterminate in its relation to the [[Skandha|five aggregates]] and could not be said to be neither the same as the aggregates nor different. However, the person could not be denied entirely, for if this were so, nothing would get [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|reborn]] and nothing would be the object of [[Mettā|loving-kindness]] meditation.<ref name="Williams, Paul 2005, p. 91">Williams, Paul, ''Buddhism: The Early Buddhist Schools and Doctrinal History; Theravāda Doctrine, Volume 2,'' Taylor & Francis, 2005, p. 91.</ref> Thus, according to [[L. S. Cousins]]:<blockquote>The difference is that for the voidist the person is a label for the aggregates experienced as objects of consciousness whereas for the personalist the relationship between the person and those objects cannot be described as either the same nor different.<ref name="Williams, Paul 2005, p. 91"/></blockquote>Thus this pudgala was the subject of experiences, the doer of wholesome and unwholesome actions, and the experiencer of karma, transmigration and nirvāṇa. Yet it was also "indefinable" (''[[The unanswerable questions|avāktavya]]''), neither a conditioned ([[Samskrta|''saṃskṛta'']]) nor an unconditioned dharma ([[nirvana|''nirvāṇa'']]) and neither the same as nor different from the five aggregates.<ref>Paul Williams, Anthony Tribe, Alexander Wynne, ''Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition,'' p. 93.</ref> However, as Thiện Châu notes in his survey of their literature, the Pudgalavādins carefully developed this theory especially to be compatible with [[anātman]] and the [[Middle Way]] and thus the pudgala is "not an absolute reality totally separated from compounded things."<ref>Thiện Châu, 1999, p. 145.</ref>

The [[Abhidharmakośakārikā|''Abhidharmakośa'']] shows how the Pudgalavādins explained their theory by using the analogy of fire and fuel. The [[Skandha|five aggregates]] are the fuel and the pudgala the fire. The fire exists as long as there is fuel, but it is not the same as the fuel and has properties that the fuel does not. They are co-existent and the fuel (aggregates) are the support for the fire (pudgala), and thus are not the same nor wholly different.<ref name="Dutt, Nalinaksha p. 185"/> For the Pudgalavādins, if one says that the person is the ''same'' as the aggregates (the [[Reductionism|reductionist]] Buddhist view of other schools), this is like saying fire and fuel are the same thing, which is one mistake. On the other hand, if one says that fire and fuel are totally different, this is like saying fire does not depend on fuel, a second mistake (related to non-Buddhist views). Thus they took a middle road between these and argued for a person which is neither identical to the aggregates nor different from them.<ref>Thiện Châu, 1999, p. 153.</ref> They sought to refute the view of other Buddhists that the aggregates and the person were the same. They held that, at death when the aggregates are destroyed, the person would then also be destroyed, thus not be reborn. They also believed it contradicted the Buddha's words i.e. "the bearer of the burden" exists.<ref>Thiện Châu, 1999, p. 156.</ref>

The Kathāvatthu also mentions that the pudgala can be likened to what is called a being ([[sattva]]) and also to what is called [[jiva]] (life force), but that it is neither identical nor different from the body (kaya).<ref>Dutt, Nalinaksha, Buddhist Sects in India, p. 186.</ref> One Pudgalavādin text explains the nature of this relationship as being based on clinging or appropriation ([[upādāna]]):<blockquote>The designation of appropriation (upādāna-prajñapti) is the designation of life (jiva) (which is) internal appropriation ([[upādāna]]) in the present and is composed of the aggregates ([[skandha]]), elements (dhātu) and domains ([[āyatana]]); that is to say that the phenomena of appropriation concerning the internal life in the present, which is formed by compounded things – ([[Samskara (Indian philosophy)|saṃskāra]]) and the fetters is what is called the designation of appropriation.<ref>Thiện Châu, 1999, p. 144.</ref></blockquote>The Pudgalavādins also seem to have held that the liberated person exists even after [[Parinirvana|parinirvāṇa]] in a state of supreme bliss, or as Thiện Châu notes, they saw nirvāṇa as "a transcendental domain" and an "existence in the beyond".<ref>Thiện Châu, 1999, pp. 181, 185.</ref>

=== Three designations of the pudgala ===
According to the Pudgalavādin text known as the ''Traidharmakaśāstra'', the pudgala can be designated in three ways, called the three ''prajñaptis'':<ref name=":2">Thich Thien Chau, ''The Literature of the Pudgalavadins.''</ref><ref name="Williams, Paul 2005, p. 86"/>

# The pudgala designated by the bases (''āśraya'' ''-prajiñapta-pudgala''). This refers to the person which cannot be said to be identical to the aggregates or different to them. Thich Thien Chau names this as "the essential factor that unifies a person's life processes. Stated otherwise, it is the pudgala that appropriates and sustains a body for a certain amount of time."<ref name=":2" />
# The pudgala designated by transmigration (''sankrama-prajiñapta-pudgala''), refers to the fact that an individual cannot be said to be the same nor different to who they were in a past life and will be in the future. This allows for a subject which is karmically responsible for their actions. According to the Pudgalavādins, if there is a continuity in between lifetimes, there must be the possessor of that continuity as well as that which individuates a person from others and is the subject of experiences, this is the pudgala.
# The pudgala designated by cessation (''nirodha-prajiñapta-pudgala''), which refers to the fact that after death, a Buddha cannot be said to be existent, non-existent, both or neither.

Regarding the first form of designation, [[Dan Lusthaus]] adds that:<blockquote>If the appropriator is something different from the skandhas themselves, then there is a sixth skandha, which is doctrinally impermissible. If the skandhas appropriate themselves, that leads to a vicious cycle of infinite regress. Hence, the Vātsīputrīya argue, the nominal person (pudgala) is neither the same as nor different from the skandhas. It is a heuristic fiction that avoids these unwarranted consequences and lends coherence by also corresponding to how actual persons experience themselves—that is, as distinct individuals continuous with, but not absolutely identical to or reducible to, their own pasts and futures.<ref name=":5a">William Edelglass (Editor), Jay Garfield (Editor), ''Buddhist Philosophy: Essential Readings'' (1st Edition). Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 277.</ref></blockquote>Lusthaus also explains their reasoning for the second and third designations as follows:<blockquote>But what remains constant or continuous between such [past and future] lives? If it is a self-same invariant identity, then this would indeed be a case of atmavada, a view the Vātsīputrīyas, like all Buddhists, reject. In what sense would someone be the same or different from the person in one's previous life? If completely different, then to posit a continuity between them is incoherent. If the same, then their real discontinuities are ignored, leading to a form of eternalism, another impermissible view for Buddhists. Hence, they are neither the same nor different, but linked by a fictional pudgala. Finally, Buddhist practice leads to nirvana; but who attains this? If there is an integral individual that ceases on attaining nirvana, then this would entail the unwarranted view of annihilationalism. If there is no cessation of the karmic individual, then there is no nirvana. Both extremes, though implicit in standard Buddhist formulations, render Buddhism itself incoherent, a problem only solved, the Vātsīputrīyas argue, if one admits the fictional pudgala implicit in standard Buddhist doctrine.<ref>William Edelglass (Editor), Jay Garfield (Editor), ''Buddhist Philosophy: Essential Readings'' (1st Edition). Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 277–278.</ref></blockquote>With this system, Pudgalavādins held that they could explain [[Karma|karmic]] moral retribution and [[personal identity]] by positing an ineffable (''avaktavya'') dharma that avoids falling into the extremes of annihilation (''ucceda'') and eternity (''sasvata'').<ref name=":2" /> One Pudgalavāda text affirms that this doctrine is a [[Middle Way]] thus:<blockquote>If the pudgala could be described in terms of existence or non-existence, one would fall into nihilism (ucchedadristi) or eternalism (sasvatadrsti), but the Buddha does not allow us to uphold there two opinions. If one says that the pudgala does not exist, that is committing a fault in the order of the [[The unanswerable questions|questions to be avoided]]. That expression is not justified. Why? If one affirms that no pudgala exists, that is a fake view (mithyadrsti). If (on the contrary), one affirms that the pudgala exists (conditionally), that is a right view (samyagdrsti). That is why it is possible to say that the pudgala exists.<ref>Thiện Châu, 1999, p. 158.</ref></blockquote>

=== Criticism ===
Because they felt that Vātsīputrīya views were close to the view of a self or [[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]], they were sharply criticised by the [[Vibhajyavāda|Vibhajyavādins]] (a record of this is found in the [[Theravada|Theravādin]] ''[[Kathavatthu|Kathāvatthu]]''), as well as by the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvastivādins]] (in the [[Vijnanakaya|''Vijñanakaya'']]), [[Sautrāntika|Sautrantikas]] (most famously in the ''[[Abhidharmakośakārikā|Abhidharmakośa]]''), and the [[Madhyamaka]] school ([[Chandrakirti|Candrakirti's]] [[Madhyamakāvatāra|''Madhyamakavatara'']]).<ref name=":1">Paul Williams, Anthony Tribe, Alexander Wynne, ''Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition'', p. 92.</ref> The earliest source for the pudgala doctrinal controversy is the ''Puggalakatha'' of the [[Kathavatthu|Kathāvatthu]], attributed to [[Moggaliputta-Tissa|Moggaliputtatissa]] (c. third century BCE).<ref>Williams, Paul, ''Buddhism: The Early Buddhist Schools and Doctrinal History; Theravāda Doctrine, Volume 2,'' Taylor & Francis, 2005, p. 92.</ref>

The Buddhist philosopher [[Vasubandhu]] argued against the pudgala theory in his ''[[Abhidharmakośakārikā|Abhidharmakośa]].'' Vasubandhu begins by stating that the Vātsīputrīya hold that the pudgala 'is based' on the five aggregates, and that this could mean one of two things:<ref name=":5">Emmanuel, Steven M. (editor), ''A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy,'' p. 422.

</ref>

# The five aggregates form an object, the pudgala. In this case, pudgala is just a nominal designation for the five aggregates, and not an independent object.
# The pudgala is caused by the aggregates. In this case, pudgala also refers to just the aggregates and not to something else independent of them.

Vasubandhu argues then that 'pudgala' is identical to the aggregates and just a label for them. Vasubandhu first argues that we can either perceive the pudgala directly or perceive it by perceiving the aggregates. If the latter, then its just a label for aggregates. If we perceive it directly, then the aggregates would be based on the pudgala, not the other way around.<ref name=":5" /> Vasubandhu also attacks the view that we can perceive the pudgala by all six senses. If this is true, then the pudgala is nothing but the five aggregates since all that the senses perceive is their direct sense impressions and nothing more.<ref name=":5" />

=== Other doctrines ===
According to Thich Thien Chau, other secondary theses of the personalist Vātsīputrīya-[[Saṃmitīya]]s include:<ref name=":2" />

# There exists an indestructible entity (''avipranasa''). This helps explain the mechanism for the retribution of actions. The indestructible entity continues to exist throughout the flux of existences, and is the essential base for the accumulation and maturation of karma.
# There are twelve knowledges on the path of seeing (''darśanamārga'').
# There are four stages in the concentration of access: patience (''[[Kshanti|kṣānti]]''), name (''[[nāma]]''), notion (''[[Saṃjñā|samjña]]'') and the highest worldly dharma (''laukikāgradharma'').
# Clear comprehension (''abhisamaya'') is gradual (''anupūrva'').
# The five supernormal penetrations can be obtained by ordinary beings or heretics.
# Morality (''[[śila]]'') designates (actions of) body and speech.
# Merit ([[Merit (Buddhism)|''puṇya'']]) is accumulated continually, even during sleep.
# It is impossible to say whether the characteristic of phenomena (''dharmalabana'') is permanence or impermanence.
# There is an intermediate dhyana (''dhyānantara'') between the first and second [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|dhyanas]].
# There is only one absolute asaṃskṛta dharma: [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvāṇa]].
# There are five, six or seven destinies (''gati'').
# Knowledge (jñana) also can be called the path (''mārga'').
# An [[Arhat|arahant]] is susceptible of falling from his attainment.
# There is an intermediate state (''antarabhava'') in the sensuous realm (''kāmadhātu'') and the form realm (''rūpadhātu''), but not in the formless realm (''arūpadhātu'').
# There are seventeen categories of celestial beings in the form realm.

== Texts ==
The school had a [[Tripiṭaka]], with Sūtra Piṭaka (in four Āgamas), [[Vinaya]] Piṭaka and [[Abhidharma]] Piṭakas, like other early Buddhist schools.<ref>Thiện Châu, 1999, p. 20.</ref> Only four of their texts survive in Chinese translation:

# The San fa tu lun, ''Traidharmakaśāstra'', [[Taishō Tripiṭaka]] XXV, 1506.
# The Ssu a-han-mu ch'ao chieh, Taishō Tripiṭaka XXV, 1505.
# The San-mi-ti pu lun, ''Sammatiyanikayaśāstra'', Taishō Tripiṭaka XXXII. 1649.
# The Lu erh-shih-erh ming-liao lun, ''Vinayadvavimsatividyaśāstra'', Taishō Tripiṭaka XXIV. 1461.

One surviving Pudgalavāda text is the ''Traidharmakaśāstra'' (Taishō Tripiṭaka XXV, 1506 pp. 15c-30a)'','' an Abhidharma work which was translated twice into Chinese.<ref name="Williams, Paul 2005, p. 86"/> The text mentions that lack of knowledge also includes lack of knowledge of the indefinable (''[[The unanswerable questions|avyākṛta]]''), which refers to the pudgala.<ref name="Williams, Paul 2005, p. 86"/> Another Pudgalavāda text, the ''Sammatiyanikayaśāstra,'' put forth various arguments for and against the following propositions:<ref>Williams, Paul, ''Buddhism: The Early Buddhist Schools and Doctrinal History; Theravāda Doctrine, Volume 2,'' Taylor & Francis, 2005, p. 90.</ref>

# There is no self
# Self neither exists nor does not exist
# Self exists
# Self is the same as the five aggregates
# Self is different than the five aggregates
# Self is eternal
# Self is not eternal

All of these views are ultimately rejected. The text claims that the pudgala is neither an existent nor a purely conceptual construct.<ref name=":1" />

== Modern Scholarship ==
Peter Harvey agrees with criticisms leveled against the Pudgalavādins by [[Moggaliputta-Tissa]] and [[Vasubandhu]], and finds that there is no support in the Pali [[Nikāya]]s for their pudgala concept.<ref>Peter Harvey, ''The Selfless Mind.'' Curzon Press, 1995, pp. 34–38.</ref>

However, according to Bhikṣu Thiện Châu:<blockquote>The creation of the theory of the pudgala represents a reaction against the "depersonalization" of the abhidharmika tradition. The Pudgalavadins, on the other hand, tried to preserve the essence of the doctrine of substancelessness ([[Anātman|anātmavāda]]). The theory of the pudgala has been misinterpreted by the polemical literature; nevertheless, it offers much of doctrinal interest to Buddhist thinkers.<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>Furthermore, Thiện Châu in his analysis of their doctrine adds:<blockquote>The Pudgalavadins were probably not satisfied with the interpretation according to which a man is merely the result of a combination of psycho-physical factors. For a man is something different from a chariot; the latter is only an assemblage of parts and separate pieces whereas the former is essentially a being with its totality of which the psycho-physical parts develop after conception and birth.<ref>Thiện Châu, 1999, p. 147.</ref></blockquote>According to [[Dan Lusthaus]], "no Buddhist school has been more vilified by its Buddhist peers or misunderstood by modern scholars."<ref>William Edelglass (Editor), Jay Garfield (Editor), ''Buddhist Philosophy: Essential Readings'' (1st Edition). Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 275.</ref> Lusthaus argues that, far from promoting the view of a self ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|''ātmavāda'']]), the Vātsīputrīya position which can be seen in their surviving texts is that the pudgala is "a prajñapti (only a nominal existent) that is neither identical to nor different from the skandhas."<ref name=":4" /> Furthermore: <blockquote>The Vātsīputrīya argument is that the pudgala is a necessary prajñapti since any theory of karma, or any theory that posits that individuals can make spiritual progress for themselves or can assist other individuals to do likewise, is incoherent without it. Karma means that an action done at one time has subsequent consequences for the same individual at a later time, or even a later life. If the positive and negative consequences of an action don't accrue to the self-same individual, then it would make no sense to speak of things like progress (who is progressing?), and Buddhist practice itself becomes incoherent. If there are no persons, then there is no one who suffers, no one who performs and reaps the consequences of his or her own karma, no Buddha, no Buddhists, and no Buddhism. Obviously, those are not acceptable consequences for a Buddhist.<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>Lusthaus notes that for the Vātsīputrīyas, their theory is simply an attempt to explain what other Buddhist traditions leave unsaid and assumed, mainly what it is that undergoes rebirth, has moral responsibility and attains enlightenment. According to Lusthaus, for the Vātsīputrīyas, "while other Buddhists might leave the word "pudgala" unsaid, the narratives presupposed in their doctrines require it."<ref>William Edelglass (Editor), Jay Garfield (Editor), ''Buddhist Philosophy: Essential Readings'' (1st Edition). Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 279.</ref>

== Saṃmitīya and other sub-schools ==
[[File:Khambhalida Buddhist caves Gujarat.jpg|thumb|[[Khambhalida Caves|Khambhalida Buddhist Caves]], [[Gujarat]].]]
According to Thiện Châu, the Vātsīputrīyas were the initial parent school out of which branched off four sub-schools (sometime between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE); mainly the ''Saṃmitīyas,'' ''Dhammuttariyas, Bhadrayanikas,'' and the ''Sandagarikas''.<ref>Thiện Châu, 1999, p. 3.</ref> The Vātsīputrīya communities were established in [[Kosambi]] and [[Sarnath]], living side by side with the ''Saṃmitīyas,'' a school which quickly eclipsed them in popularity.<ref>Thiện Châu, 1999, p. 9.</ref>

The most prominent of the Pudgalavādin schools were certainly the ''Saṃmitīyas'' ([[Sanskrit]]; {{lang-zh|c=正量部|p=Zhèngliàng Bù}}) who were especially prominent in [[Sindh]] and in [[Gujarat]] during the [[Maitraka dynasty]] (470–788 CE). Inscriptions have also established the existence of Saṃmitīya communities in [[Mathura]] and [[Sarnath]] between the 2nd and 4th centuries.<ref>Dutt, Nalinaksha, Buddhist Sects in India, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 181.</ref> The Tibetan historian [[Buton Rinchen Drub]] noted that the Saṃmitīya used [[Apabhraṃśa]] as their main language.<ref>Yao, Zhihua. ''The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition.'' 2012. p. 9</ref> By the 4th century, this school had become so influential that they replaced the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvastivādins]] in [[Sarnath]] as the most prominent school. By the time of King [[Harsha]] in the seventh century, they were the largest Nikāya Buddhist school in India.<ref name="Thiện Châu, 1999, p. 13-14">Thiện Châu, 1999, pp. 13–14.</ref> Due to their geographic spread, this led to them being divided into two further sub-schools, the Avantakas centered in [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] and the Kurukulas centered around [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] on the upper Ganges.<ref name="Thiện Châu, 1999, p. 13-14"/>

Their most influential center of learning was at [[Valabhi University]] in Gujarat, which remained an important place for the study of Nikāya Buddhism until the 8th century.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2010-01-17 |title=Buddhism in Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Buddhism-in-Gujarat/article15703061.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]], who visited Gujarat in 670 CE, noted that the Sammitiyas had the greatest number of followers in [[Western India]] and that the learning center at Valabhi rivaled that of [[Nalanda]].<ref name=":3" />

[[Étienne Lamotte]], using the writings of the Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang]], asserted that the Saṃmitīya were in all likelihood the most populous non-Mahāyāna sect in India, comprising double the number of the next largest sect,<ref>Lamotte, Etienne. ''History of Indian Buddhism''. 1988. pp. 539–544.</ref> although scholar [[L. S. Cousins]] revised his estimate down to a quarter of all non-Mahāyāna monks, still the largest overall.<ref>"Person and the Self." ''Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Vol. 2,'' pp. 84–101.</ref> The Saṃmitīya sect seems to have been particularly strong in the Sindh, where one scholar estimates 350 Buddhist monasteries were Saṃmitīya of a total of 450.<ref>''Religion and Society in Arab Sind'' by Maclean, Derryl. Brill: Leiden 1989. p. 154.</ref> This area was rapidly [[Spread of Islam|Islamised]] in the wake of the [[Arab]] conquest. They continued to be a presence in India until the end of Indian Buddhism, but, never having gained a foothold elsewhere, did not continue thereafter.

Ancient sources such as [[Xuanzang]] and Tibetan historian [[Taranatha|Tāranātha]] reported that the Saṃmitīyas were staunch opponents of [[Mahāyāna]].<ref>Xuanzang. ''She-Kia-Feng-Che'' 1959: 120; Cf. Xuanzang 1884 Vol. 2:273.</ref> According to [[Taranatha|Tāranātha]], Saṃmitīya monks from the Sindh burned tantric scriptures and destroyed a silver image of [[Hevajra]] at Vajrāsana monastery in [[Bodh Gaya]].<ref>Taranatha; Chattopadhyaya, Chimpa, Alaka, trans. (2000). ''History of Buddhism in India,'' Motilal Books UK, p. 279. {{ISBN|8120806964}}.</ref> In the biography of Xuanzang, it is recounted that an elderly [[Brahmin]] and follower of the Saṃmitīya sect named Prajñāgupta composed a treatise in 700 verses which opposed the Mahāyāna teachings.<ref name="Joshi, Lalmai 1987. p. 171">Joshi, Lalmai. ''Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India.'' 1987. p. 171.</ref> In response, while living at [[Nalanda|Nālandā]], Xuanzang wrote a Sanskrit work in 1600 verses to refute this text, called ''The Destruction of Heresy''.<ref name="Joshi, Lalmai 1987. p. 171"/>

==See also==
* [[Nikaya Buddhism|Nikāya Buddhism]]
* [[Early Buddhist schools]]
* [[Schools of Buddhism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|1}}

==Further reading==
* Priestley, Leonard (1999). ''Pudgalavāda Buddhism: The Reality of the Indeterminate Self''. Toronto: Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Toronto.
* {{cite book|last=Priestley|first=Leonard |chapter=Pudgalaväda|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|year=2004|isbn=0-02-865718-7|pages=692–693}}
* Thích, Thiện Châu (1984) [http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8616/2523 "The Literature of the Pudgalavādins"], ''Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies'' 7 (1), 7–16.
* Thích, Thiện Châu (1987) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140722073434/https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8707/2614 "Les réponses des Pudgalavādin aux critiques des écoles bouddhiques"], ''Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies'' 10 (1), 33–54.
* Thích, Thiện Châu, Boin-Webb, Sara (1999). ''The Literature of the Personalists of Early Buddhism,'' Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

==External links==
* ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' on [http://www.iep.utm.edu/p/pudgalav.htm 'Pudgalavāda'].
{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Nikaya schools]]
[[Category:Early Buddhist schools]]
[[Category:Sthaviravāda]]

Panchgani

2026-02-20T11:36:00Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Adding Some Entry W/ Infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panchgani
| other_name = Paachgani
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hill station
| image_skyline = Panchghani Hill.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Panchgani Hills
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.925|73.8|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Satara district|Satara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1293
| population_total = 13280
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 412805
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Panchgani''', called '''Paachgani''', is a hill station and [[municipal council]] in [[Satara district]] in [[Maharashtra]], India. Panchgani attracts tourists throughout the year. It is also known for having many convent [[boarding school]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Panchgani|date=20 December 2014|publisher=Puneri Travellers|location=India|url=http://www.panchgani.ind.in/|access-date=20 December 2014|archive-date=15 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115135317/http://www.panchgani.ind.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Panchgani is around 108 kilometres from [[Pune]] and 250 kilometres from [[Mumbai]].

==History==

[[File:Table Land 2.jpg|thumb|Table Land, Panchgani]]

Panchgani was developed by the British during the [[British Raj]] as a summer resort under the supervision of Lord John Chesson in the 1860s. Panchgani was developed as a retirement place because its climate remained pleasant throughout the year. He surveyed the hills of this region with Rustomji Dubash and finally decided on this nameless area around the five villages: Dandeghar, Godavali, Ambral, Khingar, and Taighat. The place was aptly named Panchgani, meaning "land between five villages", and Chesson was made the superintendent.
To develop the infrastructure, Chesson encouraged various professionals - tailors, dhobis, butchers, vegetable vendors, building contractors - to also settle in Panchgani. The area below the bazaar was allotted to them, and is now known as the ''gaothan''. He is credited with planting plant species from the western world in Panchgani, including [[silver oak]] and [[poinsettia]], which have flourished since then in Panchgani. Chesson was buried in the graveyard of St. Peter's Church. In 1971 or '72, his death centenary was observed in a big way, when for the first time, the town folk and the schools participated together in a ceremony to remember the founder of Panchgani.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

===Boarding schools===
A number of schools were started in the 19th century across different communities, and Panchgani started flourishing as an educational town.

In the 1890s, [[Kimmins High School]] was started for European boys and girls. 1902, the boys' section separated to become European Boys High School, now known as [[St. Peter's School, Panchgani]], and Kimmins became an exclusive girls' school. In 1895, the Roman Catholic order of nuns known as "Daughters of The Cross" started [[St. Joseph's Convent School, Panchgani]]. All three boarding schools were modeled on the English Public Schools of that time, and were affiliated to [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]]. The board exams would be held in December, the question papers being sent from England by sea. The answer papers were sent back by sea and the results were declared in June.

Shortly afterward, other communities started their schools. These schools were affiliated to matriculation examination of the Bombay Presidency. The Parsi School, the first of these schools, later became the Billimoria School. The Muslim School became the Union High School, and is now known as Anjuman-I-Islam School. Both these schools were modelled on the English Public Schools. [[Hindu]] High School was started, now known as the Sanjeewan Vidyalaya. This was modelled on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s [[Shantiniketan]]. The [[Spiritual Assembly|National Spiritual Assembly]] of the [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]] of India runs the [[New Era High School]]. A retired teacher from the Parsi High School, Mr. S. M. Batha started the S.M. Batha School, Panchgani International School and junior College<ref name="panchganiinternationalschool.org">{{Cite web|title=Panchgani international high school and Junior college{{!}} panchgani|url=https://panchganiinternationalschool.org/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=Panchgani International High School And Junior College|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810071151/https://www.panchganiinternationalschool.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is also one of the [https://www.justdial.com/Panchgani/Panchgani-International-High-School-Junior-College-Panchgani-Ho/9999PXXXX-XXXX-100413154244-Y2B4_BZDET Best School in Panchgani].

===Convalescence centre===
The fresh air and invigorating climate of Panchgani made it a good place for convalescence. A well-known [[tuberculosis]] specialist from [[Bombay]], Dr. [[Rustomji Bomanji Billimoria]] set up the Bel Air [[sanatorium]], in the 1940s, as a centre for the treatment of TB. Till the advent of antibiotics, "Dalkieth" (Bel Air) was the premier place for the treatment of tuberculosis in the Bombay Presidency.

==Geography==

[[File:Sunset Dhom Lake, Mahabaleshwar 03.jpg|thumb|Sunset Dhom Lake, Panchgani]]

Panchgani is nestled in the middle of five hills in the [[Western Ghats]] alias [[Sahyadri|Sahyādri]] mountain ranges. There are five villages around Panchgani named Dandeghar, Khingar, Godavali, Ambral & Taighat. The [[Krishna River|Krishnā River]] flows in the valley on which the [[Dhom Dam]] has been built approximately 9 km from [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]]. The east of the Panchgani is Wai, Bavdhan & Nagewadi dam, at west is Gureghar, at the south is Khingar & Rajpuri & on the north is Dhom Dam.
The five hills surrounding Panchgani are topped by a volcanic plateau, These plateaus, alternatively known as "table land", are a part of the [[Deccan Plateau]], they were raised by pressure between the earth plates. The area has high [[seismic]] activity, with an [[epicenter]] near [[Koynanagar|Koynānagar]] where the Koynanagar [[Dam]] and a [[hydroelectric power]] plant have been built.

===Environmental issues===
In recent times, Paachgani has been facing [[ecological]] problems because of poorly controlled commercial activities, excessive traffic, and [[temperature inversion]] (because of [[humidity]]) from the new dams which have been built in the vicinity for water storage.

==Weather==
The temperature in Panchgani is around 12 degrees Celsius during winter, and sometimes reaches 34 degrees Celsius during summer; humidity level is very low except in the Monsoon. [[Monsoon]] rainy season spans between June and September.

{{Weather box
|location = Panchgani
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes

|Jan high C = 23.9
|Feb high C = 25.1
|Mar high C = 28.9
|Apr high C = 31.2
|May high C = 31.3
|Jun high C = 24.2
|Jul high C = 20.7
|Aug high C = 20.8
|Sep high C = 21.3
|Oct high C = 24.7
|Nov high C = 23.2
|Dec high C = 23.1

|Jan low C = 14.2
|Feb low C = 15.3
|Mar low C = 18.5
|Apr low C = 20.6
|May low C = 20.1
|Jun low C = 17.2
|Jul low C = 17.1
|Aug low C = 16.4
|Sep low C = 16.4
|Oct low C = 17.3
|Nov low C = 14.7
|Dec low C = 13.9

|Jan precipitation mm = 4.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 1.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 4.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 25.9
|May precipitation mm = 43.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 261.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 697.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 404.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 221.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 126.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 66.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 8.4

|source = [http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SATARA/gen_climate.html Government of Maharashtra]
|date = June 2012
}}

==Demographics==
As per Census India 2011, Panchgani town has a population of 13,393 of which 6,974 are males and 6,419 are females.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/maharashtra/satara/mahabaleshwar/panchgani-m-cl-population.html|title=Census of India, 2011|date=2020-01-16|website=Census of India 2011|access-date=2011-01-16}}</ref> Males constituted 52.07% of the population, and females, 47.93%.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/maharashtra/satara/mahabaleshwar/panchgani-m-cl-population.html|title=Census of India}}</ref> The population of children between age 0-6 is 1,368 which is 10.21% of total. The sex-ratio of Panchgani is around 920 compared to 929 which is average of Maharashtra state. Literacy rate of Panchgani is 80.56% out of which 84.6% males are literate and 76.16% females are literate. There are 9.62% Scheduled Caste (SC) and 2.75% Scheduled Tribe (ST) of total population in Panchgani.<ref name="auto"/>

==Education ==
Panchgani is known for its [[boarding school]]s established since the late 19th century. They attract students from the nearby cities of Mumbai and Pune. The schools in Panchgani are:

* [[Kimmins High School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kimminsschool.edu.in/|title=Kimmins|website=kimminsschool.edu.in}}</ref>
* [[St. Peter's School, Panchgani]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://peterspanchgani.org/|title=St. Peter's School, Panchgani|website=peterspanchgani.org}}</ref>
* [[St. Joseph's Convent School, Panchgani]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sjcschoolpanchgani.org/|title=St. Joseph's Convent School, Panchgani | Founded in 1895|website=sjcschoolpanchgani.org}}</ref>
* Billimoria School<ref>{{cite web|url=http://billimoriahighschool.com/|title=Billimoria High School, Panchgani}}</ref>
* [http://www.anjumanislampublicschool.com/ Anjuman-I-Islam School]<ref>{{cite web |title=ANJUMAN ISLAM PUBLIC SCHOOL PANCHGANI |url=http://www.anjumanislampublicschool.com/}}</ref>
* Sanjeewan Vidyalaya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanjeewanvidyalaya.org/|title=Sanjeewan Vidyalaya|website=www.sanjeewanvidyalaya.org}}</ref>
* [[New Era High School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nehsindia.org/|title=New Era School Panchgani|website=nehs-panchgani}}</ref>
* S. M. Batha High School<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smbatha.net/ |title=Home page |publisher=www.smbatha.net |access-date=2020-06-10}}</ref>
*Panchgani international school and Junior College<ref name="panchganiinternationalschool.org"/>
*Shalom International<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shalominternationalschool.com/ |title=Home page |website=www.shalominternationalschool.com}}</ref>

==Economy==

[[File:Strawberries being cultivated in a farm in Panchgani.jpg|thumb|right|Strawberries being cultivated in a farm in Panchgani]]
[[Mahabaleshwar strawberry|Strawberries]] are cultivated year round in Panchgani and Mahabaleshwar region. The strawberry grown here has been granted a [[Geographical indication]] status.<ref name=bstd>{{cite news|last1=Joshi|first1=Hrishikesh|title=Mahabaleshwar strawberry gets GI status|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mahabaleshwar-strawberry-gets-gi-status-110051400085_1.html|work=Business Standard|access-date=27 January 2016|date=14 May 2010}}</ref>

Tourism- The town is a popular tourist resort in Maharashtra due to its proximity to Mumbai and Pune. In the past till around the 70s the town used to close down for tourists in the monsoon season but now the town is a year round tourist destination

===Asia Plateau===
The global charity [[Initiatives of Change]] opened "a centre for introspection and dialogue", a 68-acre campus called ''Asia Plateau'' at Panchgani in 1967. Over the past four decades ''Asia Plateau'' has been used for holding training programmes and conferences of [[Initiatives of Change]], particularly to address issues of corruption and governance within companies and public institutions. On certain occasions, the centre is used for programmes of like-minded institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iofc.org/centres|title=International Centres | IofC International|website=www.iofc.org}}</ref> It is also running a model farm and rural training centre called ''Grampari'', aiming at propagating good practices in the Indian villages, to foster hygiene, local democracy and economic development. There are also various jam, syrup and crushes stores found throughout the town.

==Events==
* Strawberry festival: The ''Strawberry Festival'' is held every year in summer in Panchgani.
* I Love Panchgani festival: The ''I Love Panchgani festival'' takes place every winter in Panchgani. Schools and local businesses participate in the festival.

==Tourist attractions==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Table land , mahabaleshwar - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|Tableland, Panchgani]]
[[File:Sydney point panchghani.jpg|thumb|View from Sydney Point, Panchgani in monsoon]]
* Tableland: Table Land is the second longest mountain plateau in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tableland Mahabaleshwar |url=https://mahabaleshwartourism.in/tableland-mahabaleshwar |website=Mahabaleshwar Tourism |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref> It is capped with [[laterite]] rock. It is located at a height of 1387 m above MSL{{Clarify|reason=What is this?|date=March 2023}}. There is a small lake within this table land.
* Sydney Point: This point is situated on a hillock facing the ''Krishna Valley'', and overlooks the waters of the ''[[Dhom Dam]]'', and ''Pāndavgad'' and ''Mandhārdeo''. Sydney's point is about 2 km from Panchgani bus stand.
* Parsi Point: This point is situated toward Mahabaleshwar, and overlooks the Krishna valley and the waters of the ''Dhom Dam''.
* Devil's Kitchen: Situated at the south of the table land, the Devil's Kitchen has a [[mythology]] associated with it: It is believed that the [[Pandavas|Pāndavas]] of the [[Mahabharat|Mahābhārat]] [[Indian epic poetry|epic]] had stayed here for a while. ''Pāndavgad'' caves (near [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wāi]]) are said to be built by them then.
* [[Mapro Garden]]: Mapro Gardens is a garden park known for their strawberry produce. It is located in village of ''Gureghar'' on the way to Mahabaleshwar and developed and maintained by ''Mapro'', a food processing company.

==In popular culture==
The "''Table Land'' " was a shooting spot for ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'', ''[[Mela (2000 film)|Mela]]'', ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''. Television series ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]'' were filmed here. In 2021 [[Kartik Aaryan]] filmed [[Freddy (film)|''Freddy'']] (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=...Kartik Aaryan... |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-loses-way-in-panchgani-cop-chooses-to-take-selfie-instead-watch-101632060752070.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=19 September 2021 }}</ref>

The 1998 Indian Hindi-language horror series ''[[Woh]]'', adapted from [[Stephen King|Stephen King's]] [[It (novel)|''It'']], is set in Panchgani. While King’s story takes place in the fictional town of [[Derry (Stephen King)|Derry]], [[Maine]], ''Woh'' is set in this real hill station, whose misty setting lends the series a distinctly Indian character.

==Nearest Railway Stations==

{{sister project links|d=Q463437|c=Category:Panchgani|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=Panchgani|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no|q=no}}

* [[Satara railway station]] - 60 km
* [[Sangli railway station]] - 160 km
* Pune railway station -120 km
* Wathar railway station -60 km

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Satara district topics}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Western Ghats}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Panchgani| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Satara district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourism in Maharashtra]]

Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation

2026-02-06T15:36:06Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Creating New Post Initial Version

{{Short description|Head of the Central Bureau of Investigation}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Director
| body = the Central Bureau of Investigation
| incumbent = [[Praveen Sood]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| insignia = Cbi logo.svg
| insigniacaption = Seal of the Central Bureau of Investigation
| incumbentsince = {{Start date|2023|05|23|df=yes}}
| department = [[Central Bureau of Investigation]]
| reports_to = [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]{{br}}({{small|or the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]}})
| seat = CGO Complex, [[Lodhi Road]], [[New Delhi]]
| termlength = Two years
| formation = {{start date and age|1963|04|01|df=yes}}
| first = D. P. Kohli, IPS
| precursor = [[Inspector-General of Police|Inspector-General]] of the [[Central_Bureau_of_Investigation#Special_Police_Establishment|Delhi Special Police Establishment]]
| constituting_instrument = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2258/1/A1946-25.pdf The Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946]
| termlength_qualified = Renewable thrice (one year each)
| appointer_qualified = {{small|(with recommendations from the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Opposition leader]]{{efn|If there are no official opposition in the Lok Sabha, then the leader of the single largest opposition will be there.}} and the [[Chief Justice of India]]{{efn|If the Chief Justice is unavailable then a senior judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] nominated by him will be there.}})}}
| appointer = The [[Government of India]]
| website = {{website|www.cbi.gov.in}}
}}

The '''director of the Central Bureau of Investigation''' is the head of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), an Indian federal crime investigating agency, who is responsible for its day-to-day operations. The CBI is the agency within the [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]], under the [[Government of India]]. The director reports to the Minister concerned.

The current CBI director is [[Praveen Sood]], who has held his position since 25 May 2023.

The Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) reports to the [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]], a portfolio generally held by the [[Prime Minister of India]] or sometimes a senior Cabinet minister.<ref name=":1" />

== Term of office ==
The term for the director of CBI is initially fixed for two years. The director is appointed by the [[Government of India|Union Government]] on the [[advice and consent]] from the Appointment Committee, as per the ''Delhi Special Police Establishment (DPSE) Act, 1946'', and amended through the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) Act, 2003 and [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]]. The term can be renewed by the Committee up to one year with not more than three years of extension.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2067/1/A2003-45.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005152813/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2067/1/A2003-45.pdf |archive-date=2023-10-05 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref>

== Appointment ==
The Appointment Committee appoints the director from the list nominated by the Selection Committee team. The team consists of the [[Chief Vigilance Commissioner]] (''ex-officio'' chairperson), two members of the [[Central Vigilance Commission]], the [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]], and the [[Personnel Secretary]] of India. The director must be a senior [[Indian Police Service]] officer and in the rank of [[Director General of Police]] (DGP).<ref name=":0" />

After that, the Appointment Committee will select the name from the list. The committee consist of the [[Prime Minister of India]] (as chairperson), the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]] (or the leader of single largest opposition party, as amended by DSPE (Amendment) Act, 2014 during the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi government]]) and the [[Chief Justice of India]] (or a Supreme Court Judge nominated by him).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=CBI Leadership Meet: PM Modi Chairs Panel to Select Next CBI Director |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/pm-modi-chairs-meeting-of-panel-to-appoint-new-cbi-director-3525460 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Responsibility ==
As head of the agency, the director supervises all the work in the CBI and is responsible for the constitution of investigating teams for probing cases. The Selection Committee consults with the director before the appointment committee for the appointments to the other officers in the CBI, with the rank of a [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendent]] or above.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2025-03-05 |title=Cabinet committee approves key appointments: Ashwin Shenvi, Sudha Singh, and Ashok Kumar to join CBI as joint directors {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cabinet-committee-approves-key-appointments-ashwin-shenvi-sudha-singh-and-ashok-kumar-to-join-cbi-as-joint-directors-11741195604542.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410014532/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cabinet-committee-approves-key-appointments-ashwin-shenvi-sudha-singh-and-ashok-kumar-to-join-cbi-as-joint-directors-11741195604542.html |archive-date=2025-04-10 |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 984 OF 2016 |url=https://www.commoncause.in/uploadimage/case/15153740CBI%20Director%20PIL%20Rev%20.pdf |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=www.commoncause.in}}</ref>

== Dismissals ==
The Government can dismiss the director through the recommendations of the same Appointment Committee. D. Sen was removed after charges were made against him for the misuse of power during the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency period]] declared by [[Indira Gandhi]], as per the report made by [[Shah Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dark night returns? |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/40-years-after-1975-emergency.html |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=theweek.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-23 |title=Post-Emergency, CBI experiences inexplicable growth in finance, manpower |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19780715-post-emergency-cbi-experiences-inexplicable-growth-in-finance-manpower-818453-2015-01-23 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2018, director [[Alok Verma]]'s deputy [[Rakesh Asthana]] filed a complaint against him in [[Central Vigilance Commission]]. Verma charged Asthana with bribery charges. Later, [[Narendra Modi]]'s government asked both of them "on forced leave" and appointed [[Mannem Nageswara Rao]] for an interim period. The Supreme Court of India, in January 2019, reinstated Verma as the director. But after a few days, the committee, with a 2:1 vote, decided to remove Verma from office. Modi and [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court judge]] [[Arjan Kumar Sikri]] consented in favor, while Congress leader in Lok Sabha [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] dissented.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saberin |first=Zeenat |title=India's CBI chief fired 48 hours after being reinstated by court |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/1/10/indias-cbi-chief-fired-48-hours-after-being-reinstated-by-court |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== List of the directors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Name of the director
!Start of tenure
!End of tenure
!Duration of service
! colspan="2" |Prime Minister during appointment
!{{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1.
| [[D. P. Kohli]]
| {{start date|1963|04|01|df=yes}}
| {{end date|1968|05|31|df=yes}}
| {{ayd|1963|04|01|1968|05|31}}
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=3 |
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=CBI to celebrate its Golden Jubilee amidst criticism of misuse |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cbi-to-celebrate-its-golden-jubilee-amidst-criticism-of-misuse-113040400567_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716055348/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cbi-to-celebrate-its-golden-jubilee-amidst-criticism-of-misuse-113040400567_1.html |archive-date=2024-07-16 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2.
|[[F. V. Arul]]
|{{start date|1968|05|31|df=yes}}
|{{end date|1971|05|06|df=yes}}
|{{ayd|1968|05|31|1971|05|06}}
|rowspan=2 |[[Indira Gandhi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-07-13 |title=An officer and a gentleman |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/columns/article30210125.ece |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|3.
|D. Sen
|6 May 1971
|29 March 1977
|{{ayd|1971|05|06|1977|03|29}}
|
|-
|4.
|S. N. Mathur
|29 March 1977
|2 May 1977
|{{ayd|1977|03|29|1977|05|02}}
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" rowspan=4|
|rowspan=4 |[[Morarji Desai]]
|
|-
|5.
|C. V. Narsimhan
|2 May 1977
|25 November 1977
|{{ayd|1977|05|02|1977|11|25}}
|
|-
|6.
|John Lobo
|25 November 1977
|30 June 1979
|{{ayd|1977|11|25|1979|06|30}}
|
|-
|7.
|R. D. Singh
|30 June 1979
|24 January 1980
|{{ayd|1979|06|30|1980|01|24}}
|
|-
|8.
|J. S. Bajwa
|24 January 1980
|28 February 1985
|{{ayd|1980|01|24|1985|02|28}}
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=3|
|Indira Gandhi
|
|-
|9.
|M. G. Katre
|28 February 1985
|31 October 1989
|{{ayd|1985|02|28|1989|10|31}}
|rowspan=2|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|
|-
|10.
|A. P. Mukherjee
|31 October 1989
|11 January 1990
|{{ayd|1989|10|31|1990|02|14}}
|
|-
| -
|R. Shekar{{br}}(''acting'')
|11 January 1990
|14 February 1990
|{{ayd|1990|01|11|1990|02|14}}
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}" rowspan= 3|
|rowspan =3|[[V. P. Singh]]
|
|-
| -
|Vijay Karan{{br}}(''acting'')
| colspan="2" |14 February 1990
|{{ayd|1990|02|14|1990|02|15}}
|
|-
|11.
|S. K. Dutta
|14 February 1990
|31 July 1993
|{{ayd|1990|02|14|1993|07|31}}
|
|-
|12.
|[[K. Vijayarama Rao]]
|31 July 1993
|31 July 1996
|{{ayd|1993|07|31|1996|07|31}}
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=1|
|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-03-14 |title=CBI condoles demise of its former Director K. Vijaya Rama Rao |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-condoles-demise-of-its-former-director-k-vijaya-rama-rao/article66619048.ece |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|13.
|[[Joginder Singh (police officer)|Joginder Singh]]
|31 July 1996
|30 June 1997
|{{ayd|1996|07|31|1997|06|30}}
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}" rowspan =2|
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|
|-
|14.
|R. C. Sharma
|30 June 1997
|31 January 1998
|{{ayd|1997|06|30|1998|01|31}}
|[[I. K. Gujral]]
|
|-
| -
|[[D. R. Karthikeyan]]{{br}}(''acting'')
|31 January 1998
|31 March 1998
|{{ayd|1998|01|31|1998|03|31}}
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=5|
|rowspan=5 |[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|
|-
| -
| T. N. Mishra{{br}}(''acting'')
|31 March 1998
|4 January 1999
|{{ayd|1998|03|31|1999|01|04}}
|
|-
|15.
|[[R. K. Raghavan]]
|4 January 1999
|1 April 2001
|{{Ayd|1999|01|04|2001|04|01}}
|
|-
|16.
|[[P. C. Sharma]]
|1 April 2001
|6 December 2003
|{{ayd|2001|04|01|2003|12|06}}
|
|-
|17.
|U. S. Misra
|6 December 2003
|6 December 2005
|{{ayd|2003|12|06|2005|12|06}}
|
|-
|18.
|Vijay Shanker Tiwari
|12 December 2005
|31 July 2008
|{{ayd|2005|12|12|2008|07|31}}
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"rowspan =4|
|rowspan=4|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|
|-
|19.
|[[Ashwani Kumar (police officer)|Ashwani Kumar]]
|2 August 2008
|30 November 2010
|{{ayd|2008|08|02|2010|11|30}}
|
|-
|20.
|[[A P Singh]]
|30 November 2010
|30 November 2012
|{{ayd|2010|11|30|2012|11|30}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-30 |title=SHRI AMAR PRATAP SINGH RELINQUISHES CHARGE AS DIRECTOR, CBI ON COMPLETION OF HIS TENURE |url=https://cbi.gov.in/press-detail/Mzc1Ng== |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=[[Central Bureau of Investigation]]}}</ref>
|-
|21.
|[[Ranjit Sinha]]
|3 December 2012
|2 December 2014
|{{ayd|2012|12|03|2014|12|02}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Abhinav |last2= |first2= |date=2021-04-16 |title=Former CBI director Ranjit Sinha passes away |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ranjit-sinha-dead-former-cbi-director-698123 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|22.
|[[Anil Sinha]]
|3 December 2014
|2 December 2016
|{{ayd|2014|12|03|2016|12|02}}
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=8|
| rowspan="8" |[[Narendra Modi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-03 |title=1979-batch IPS officer Anil Kumar Sinha takes over as the new CBI chief |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ranjit-sinhas-deputy-anil-kumar-sinha-is-new-cbi-chief/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| -
|[[Rakesh Asthana]]{{Br}}(''interim'')
|3 December 2016{{efn|As Additional Charge, while serving as additional director in CBI.}}
|1 February 2017
|{{ayd|2016|12|03|2017|02|01}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-17 |title=Special director Rakesh Asthana moved out of CBI |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/special-director-rakesh-asthana-moved-out-of-cbi-5543652/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|23.
|[[Alok Verma]]
|1 February 2017
|1 February 2019{{Efn|Rao was appointed as interim director when Special Director Asthana and Director Verma were asked to take leave by the Union Government, when both of them faced allegations against each other.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-25 |title=Alok Verma vs Rakesh Asthana: The story so far on the feud within CBI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-timeline-of-cbi-feud/article61520806.ece |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>|name=NageswaraRao}}
|{{ayd|2017|02|01|2019|02|01}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-10 |title=From CBI chief to former CBI chief: What happened to Alok Verma in 48 hours |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/from-cbi-chief-to-former-cbi-chief-what-happened-to-alok-verma-in-48-hours/articleshow/67476045.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alok Verma Still Chief, Says CBI Day Before Top Court Hears His Petition |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/alok-verma-will-remain-cbi-chief-rakesh-asthana-stays-no-2-says-spokesperson-1937622 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| -
| [[M. Nageswara Rao]]{{br}}(''interim'')
| 24 October 2018{{efn|name=NageswaraRao}}
| 10 January 2019
|{{ayd|2018|10|28|2019|01|10}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-06 |title=Nageswara Rao ousted as CBI additional director, posted as DG Fire Services |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cbi-nageshwar-rao-ips-transfer-narendra-modi-cbi-vs-cbi-5817593/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|24.
|[[Rishi Kumar Shukla]]
|2 February 2019
|2 February 2021
|{{ayd|2019|02|02|2021|02|02}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Madhya Pradesh Police Chief Rishi Kumar Shukla Is New CBI Boss |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ips-rishi-kumar-shukla-appointed-new-cbi-director-1987358 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| -
|Praveen Sinha{{br}}(''interim'')
|2 February 2021
|25 May 2021
|{{ayd|2021|02|02|2021|05|25}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Langa |first=Mahesh |date=2021-02-03 |title=Praveen Sinha takes over as CBI interim chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/praveen-sinha-likely-to-be-officiating-director-of-cbi/article33737056.ece |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|25.
|[[Subodh Kumar Jaiswal]]
|25 May 2021
|25 May 2023
|{{ayd|2021|05|25|2023|05|25}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=Subodh Kumar Jaiswal Biography: All you need to know about the new CBI Director |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/subodh-kumar-jaiswal-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-cbi-director/2259116/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|26.
|[[Praveen Sood]]
|25 May 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|2023|05|25}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Praveen Sood may get 1-year extension after no consensus on CBI chief's successor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cbi-director-praveen-sood-extension-likely-high-level-selection-panel-successor-consensus-2720057-2025-05-05 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|www.cbi.gov.in}}
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/*/http://cbi.nic.in/|title=Central Bureau of Investigation}}

[[Category:Directors of the Central Bureau of Investigation]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in India]]

Tribunals in India

2026-02-03T17:52:12Z

Dr. Katy Jane: fixed issues

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Courts of India}}

'''Tribunals in India''' are [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] bodies for settling various administrative and tax-related disputes, including matters that are under the jurisdiction of [[Central Administrative Tribunal]] (CAT), [[Income Tax Appellate Tribunal]] (ITAT), [[Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal]] (CESTAT), [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]] (NGT), and [[Securities Appellate Tribunal]] (SAT), among others.<ref>{{citation |title=Government to restructure tribunals, autonomous organisations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/government-to-restructure-tribunals-autonomous-organisations/articleshow/51077313.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=21 February 2016 }}</ref>

Tribunals in India are governed by [[The Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021]].

[[Armed Forces Tribunal]] (AFT) is a [[military tribunal]] in India. It was established under the [[Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.legal-path.com/armed-forces-tribunal-act-rules-army-navy-airforce |title=Armed Forces Tribunal Act and Rules – Army Navy Air-Force |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107081713/http://www.legal-path.com/armed-forces-tribunal-act-rules-army-navy-airforce |archive-date=7 November 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/armed-forces-tribunal-will-be-under-law-ministry |title=Armed Forces Tribunal }}</ref>

The [[National Company Law Tribunal]] is a [[quasi-judicial body]] in India that adjudicates issues relating to [[Indian companies]].

[https://nclat.nic.in/?page_id=113 National Company Law Appellate Tribunal] (NCLAT) was constituted under Section 410 of the Companies Act, 2013 for hearing appeals against the orders of National Company Law Tribunal(s) (NCLT), with effect from 1 June 2016.

There are 14 tribunals in [[India]], established or functioning under [[The Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021]].<ref name="ti1">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Nalini |title=Centre notifies new rules for appointment to 14 tribunals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sc-centre-new-rules-appointment-tribunals-1853657-2021-09-16 |access-date=30 March 2022 |publisher=India Today |date=16 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Tribunals in India==

Following are the tribunals in India.<ref name="ti1" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl No || Tribunals
|-
|1
|[[Appellate Tribunal for Electricity]]
|-
|2
|Appellate Tribunal under Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators Act
|-
|3
|[[Armed Forces Tribunal]]
|-
|4
|[[Central Administrative Tribunal]]
|-
|5
|[[Central Government Industrial Tribunal]]
|-
|6
|[[Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal]]
|-
|7
|[[Debt Recovery Tribunal]]
|-
|8
|[[Income Tax Appellate Tribunal]] (ITAT)
|-
|9
|[[National Company Law Appellate Tribunal]] (NCLAT)
|-
|10
|[[National Company Law Tribunal]] (NCLT)
|-
|11
|[[National Green Tribunal]] (NGT)
|-
|12
|[[Railway Claims Tribunal]]
|-
|13
|[[Securities Appellate Tribunal]]
|-
|14
|[[Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal]] (TDSAT)
|}

== Replaced and Dissolved Tribunals ==

Following is the list of tribunals dissolved and its replacements:<ref name="T">{{cite news |title=NALSA was supposed to be India's beacon for legal aid. But it's stuck in a systemic rut |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/nalsa-was-supposed-to-be-indias-beacon-for-legal-aid-but-its-stuck-in-a-systemic-rut/807587/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |date=20 January 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl No || Dissolved Tribunals || Replaced Tribunals
|-
|1
|Competition Appellate Tribunal
|National Company Law Appellate Tribunal
|-
|2
|Airports Economic Regulatory Authority Appellate Tribunal
|Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal
|-
|3
|Cyber Appellate Tribunal
|Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal
|-
|4
|Copyright Board
|Intellectual Property Appellate Board
|-
|5
|National Highways Tribunal
|Airport Appellate Tribunal
|-
|6
|Employees Provident Fund Appellate Tribunal,
|Central Government Industrial Tribunal
|-
|}

==Composition==

The tribunals consist of the chairman, vice-chairman, and others whose terms of office are restricted to five years; they are eligible for reappointment after retirement.<ref name="ti1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Quasi-judicial bodies of India}}
[[File:Überlauf Edertalsperre vom Uhrenkopf.jpg|thumb|WATER TRIBUNALS OF INDIA ]]
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}

[[Category:Indian tribunals]]

Muslim United Front

2026-02-03T12:59:13Z

Dr. Katy Jane:

{{Short description|Kashmiri political coalition}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Muslim United Front
| founder = [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]]<ref name="Tribune india 2003">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030720/edit.htm#6|title=An important player in Kashmir's politics|last=Swarup|first=Harihar|date=20 July 2003|publisher=Tribune India|accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref> [[Ghulam Qadir Wani]] [[Qazi Nisar]] [[Abdul Gani Bhat]] Ghulam Mohammad Bhat
| leader = [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]] {{small|([[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|JIK]])}} [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]]<ref name="Tribune india 2003">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030720/edit.htm#6|title=An important player in Kashmir's politics|last=Swarup|first=Harihar|date=20 July 2003|publisher=Tribune India|accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref> {{small|([[Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen|JKIM]])}} [[Abdul Ghani Lone]] {{small|([[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference|JKPC]])}} [[Yasin Malik]] {{small|([[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|JKLF]])}}
| colorcode = #0A650C
| foundation = {{Start date|1986|9|2|df=y}}
| ideology = [[Kashmiriyat]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Varshney|first1=Ashutosh|title=India, Pakistan, and Kashmir: Antinomies of Nationalism|journal=Asian Survey|date=November 1991|volume=31|issue=11|page=1015|doi=10.2307/2645304 |jstor=2645304 |quote=In the elections that followed in 1987, Kashmiriat was mobilized by a coalition of Islamic groups, known as the Muslim United Front (MUF).}}</ref> [[Islamism]]{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=137}} [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]] [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism]]{{sfn|Sikand, Emergence and Development|2002|p=713}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pd2ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT312|title=The Lost Muslim Rebellion: Kashmir in the Nineties|author=Manoj Joshi|publisher=Penguin Random House|year=2019|isbn=9788184752632|access-date=18 February 2023|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218094607/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pd2ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT312|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Factions:''' [[Islamic socialism]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Demystifying Kashmir|last=Behra|first=Navnita Chadha|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2006|location=Washington D.C.|pages=150}}</ref> [[Islamic fundamentalism]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Demystifying Kashmir|last=Behra|first=Navnita Chadha|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2006|location=Washington D.C.|pages=150}}</ref>
| country = India
| headquarters = [[Srinagar]]
| abbreviation = MUF
| position = [[Big tent]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| affiliation1_title = Members
| affiliation1 = {{Bulleted list|[[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]]|[[Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen]]|[[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]]|[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]]|Jammu and Kashmir People's League|Ummat-e-Islami|Jammu and Kashmir Muslim League|Kashmir Bazme Tawheed|Jamiate Ulama-E-Islam|Jammu Kashmir National Front|Jamiat-e-Hamdania|Anjuman e shari shiyan|Anjamani Auqafi Jama Masjid|Anjaman-e-Tablig-ul Islam|Majlis-e-Tehfuz-ul-Islam|Muslim Zone Employees Front|Shia Rabitta Committee|Unjman-e-Itehad-e-Muslimeen Tral|Muslim Employees Front}}
| successor = [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]{{sfn|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997|p=1020-1021}}
| slogan =
| seats1_title = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] ([[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]])
| seats1 = {{composition bar|4|76|hex={{party colour|Muslim League (Pakistan)}}}}
}}
The '''Muslim United Front''' ('''MUF''') was a 'polyglot coalition' of [[Political Islam|Islamic]] [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] political parties that contested the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] in the erstwhile [[Indian state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=48}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1651?_hi=0&_pos=5705|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312072304/http://oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1651?_hi=0&_pos=5705|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2017|title=Muslim United Front|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=An alliance of Islamic parties organized to contest the 1987 state elections in Indian-controlled Kashmir. The alliance won only three seats, allegedly due to massive electoral fraud. The group's poor showing in 1987 inspired a new phase of armed resistance to Indian rule in Kashmir that continues today.}}</ref> The [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|Jamaat-e-Islami]] of Jammu and Kashmir was a key constituent party of the coalition.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=136}} The MUF won four Assembly seats in the 1987 election.<ref name=Nabi>{{cite web | first=Daanish | last=Bin Nabi | url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2015/kashmir20150805d.html | title=The 23rd March 1987, The Day That Changed Kashmir As Never Before | publisher=Rising Kashmir | date=5 August 2015 | access-date=6 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name=Bhat>Saima Bhat, [http://www.kashmirlife.net/battleground-amira-kadal-issue-01-vol-08-100167/Battleground Battleground Amira Kadal], Kashmir Life, 24 March 2016.</ref> However, widespread rigging of the election by the ruling [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] party was reported. In the absence of such rigging, commentators believe that it could have won fifteen to twenty seats,<ref>Praveen Donthi, [http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/mufti-mohammad-sayeed-shaped-1987-kashmir-elections How Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Shaped The 1987 Elections In Kashmir], The Caravan, 23 March 2016.
</ref> a contention admitted by the National Conference leader [[Farooq Abdullah]].<ref name="Brass1994">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&pg=PA222|title=The Politics of India Since Independence|date=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-45970-9|pages=222–|author=Paul R. Brass}}</ref>

The disaffection caused by the election gave rise to the [[Kashmir insurgency]], which continues to this day.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=47-49}}

The present day [[Hurriyat Conference]] is largely inspired by the former MUF coalition.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=52}}

== Background ==
In 1986, the ruling National Conference, widely accused of corruption, came to an accord with Indian National Congress Party which threatened to erode what remained of Kashmir's autonomy.{{sfn|Johnson, A Region in Turmoil|2005|p=100–}} Moreover, the growing emphasis on secularism led to a backlash with Islamic parties becoming more popular. The key players among these parties were the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]] and its student wing, ''Islami Jamiat-i Tulaba''.<ref>{{citation |last1=Amin |first1=Tahir |author-link1=Tahir Amin |last2=Schofield |first2=Victoria |author-link2=Victoria Schofield |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0433?_hi=3&_pos=48 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105215901/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0433?_hi=3&_pos=48 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2018 |title=Kashmir |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press}} "Culturally, a growing emphasis on secularism generated a backlash, contributing to the popularity of Islamic political parties, especially the Jamāʿat-iIslāmī (established in 1953) and the Islāmī Jamʿīyat-i Tulabā, its allied student body."</ref>

== Formation of Muslim United Front ==
{{expand section|date=May 2017|small=no}}

In response to these issues was formed the MUF, which attracted support from separatists, youth and the pro-Pakistan [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|Jamaat-e-Islami]].{{sfn|Johnson, A Region in Turmoil|2005|p=100–}} MUF's election manifesto stressed the need to solve all outstanding issues according to the [[Simla Agreement]], work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre. Their slogan in public rallies was wanting the law of the Quran in the Assembly.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=137}}

The Islamic political coalition mobilized support on the basis of [[Kashmiriyat]].<ref name="Thomas1992">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrPtAAAAMAAJ|title=Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia|date=1992|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-8343-9|editor=Raju G. C. Thomas}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=May 2017}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Varshney|first1=Ashutosh|title=India, Pakistan, and Kashmir: Antinomies of Nationalism|journal=Asian Survey|date=November 1991|volume=31|issue=11|page=1015|doi=10.2307/2645304 |jstor=2645304 |quote=In the elections that followed in 1987, Kashmiriat was mobilized by a coalition of Islamic groups, known as the Muslim United Front (MUF).}}</ref> The movement's grassroots campaign was said to be 'enthusiastically energetic', attracting youth activists who had been born in the 1960s. A Pandit activist recorded in her memoirs that there had been a 'wave' in favour of the MUF in early 1987 in the Valley.{{sfn|Bose, Transforming India|2013|p=275}}

== 1987 election and rigging ==
{{Main|1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election}}

The 1987 election witnessed the highest record of voters participation, with eighty per cent of the people in the Valley having voted.{{sfn|Bose, Transforming India|2013|loc=p. 275 (PP245)}}

The election of 1987 were considered to be the most compromised in the history of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Tankel2014">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iu1wBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48 |title=Storming the World Stage: The Story of Lashkar-e-Taiba |date=16 January 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-023803-2 |pages=48– |author=Stephen Tankel}}</ref> Voting was held in the Valley on 23 March 1987 and a Delhi-based magazine reported that strong arms tactics and rigging were used all over the Valley and gangs took over the polling stations forcibly and ballot boxes were pre-stamped in favour of the National Conference.{{sfn|Bose, Transforming India|2013|p=275}}

The MUF won in only 4 of the 43 electoral constituencies it had contested, although it received a vote share of 31.9%.{{sfn|Grover & Arora, Encyclopaedia of India and Her States|1996|p=152}}{{refn|group=note|The Muslim United Front polled 470,580 votes by the official count,<ref>{{citation |last=Hussain |first=Masood |title=MUFfed |newspaper=Kashmir Life |date=23 March 2016 |url=http://kashmirlife.net/muffed-99889/ |access-date=17 February 2018}}</ref> out of 1,477,250 votes cast in the Valley,<ref name=EC>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf Statistical Report on the General Election, 1987], ''[[Election Commission of India]], New Delhi.''</ref> representing 31.9% vote share. Its share of votes in the whole state was 18.9%.{{sfn|Grover & Arora, Encyclopaedia of India and Her States|1996|p=152}}}} Scholar [[Victoria Schofield]] has stated that the MUF might have won four more seats if there was no electoral fraud.<ref>{{citation |author=Foreign Affairs Committee |title=South Asia: fourth report of session 2006-07, report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2sgvqiIHjboC |date=2007 |publisher=The Stationery Office, Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons |isbn=978-0-215-03378-9 |pages=28–29}}</ref> On the other hand, an anonymous source in the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] has advanced the estimate that the MUF may have lost approximately 13 seats due to electoral malpractice.{{sfn|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997|p=1021}}

The elections were allegedly rigged in favour of Abdullah, Most commentators state that this led to the rise of an [[Kashmir insurgency|armed insurgency]] movement composed, in part, of those who unfairly lost the elections In July 1988, a series of demonstrations, strikes, and attacks on the Indian government effectively marked the beginning of the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, which escalated into the most severe [[Separatist movements of India#Jammu and Kashmir|security issue in India]] during the 1990s.<ref>{{citation |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 |year=2015 |orig-date=first published 1979 by Ferozsons |publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies |location=Mirpur |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3541 |via=archive.org |page=547}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The MUF officially rejected the result of elections saying that the elections are rigged in the favour of [[Farooq Abdullah]] and called for an free and fair investigation but instead of punishing those responsible for the rigging the Indian government arrested and tortured the MUF activists,<ref name="Hogan2016">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mM_kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |title=Imagining Kashmir: Emplotment and Colonialism |date=2016 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-9489-9 |pages=57– |author=Patrick Colm Hogan}}</ref> According to Bose the number of activists arrested and tortured was in the hundreds and possibly thousands. Most of them were kept in custody until late 1987 or early 1988, Among those activists arrested was [[Yasin Malik]] and [[Mohammad Yusuf Shah]],{{sfn|Bose, Transforming India|2013|loc=p. 275 (PP245)}} Then in 1988 as a retaliation the MUF organised a series of demonstrations, strikes and attacks against government playing a crucial role in transforming spontaneous, decentralized opposition to Indian rule into a full-fledged [[Kashmir insurgency|insurgency]], The MUF used distinctly Islamic themes to mobilise crowds and justify their use of violence sought to establish an [[Islamic democracy|Islamic democratic]] state where the rights of minorities would be protected according to Quran and Sunnah and the economy would be organised on the principles of [[Islamic socialism]] also seek the separation of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] from Indian administration.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Demystifying Kashmir|last=Behra|first=Navnita Chadha|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2006|location=Washington D.C.|pages=150}}</ref>

Many younger supporters of MUF started to support and joining the militant organisations which had up till the election seen a wane in their support and numerical strength.{{sfn|Johnson, A Region in Turmoil|2005|p=100–}} According to Maulana Abbas Ansari, a member of the Muslim United Front, "The youth would have not picked up the gun nor have known of Nehru's promise of a plebiscite to the people of Kashmir had the election not been rigged".<ref name="Brass1994" /> At the same time, Iran's [[Islamic Revolution]] and the victory of [[Afghan mujahideen|Mujahideen]] in [[Soviet-Afghan war]] caused major influence and impact on the [[Kashmir conflict]] and added extra confidence and comfort in the [[Kashmir insurgency|Revolt and armed insurgency]] against Indian administration also evolved the narrative of the [[Kashmir conflict]] by steering the struggle away from [[nationalism]] and towards [[Jihadism]] as many Kashmiri separatist groups including MUF coalition had adopted [[Religion in Politics|religious politics]] by promoting [[Islamism]], [[Islamic socialism]] and [[Islamic fundamentalism]] in the [[Self-determination|Self-determine]] concept of [[Kashmiriyat]] against Indian administration rather than nationalist separatism or aspects of [[Ethnonationalism|Ethnonationationist]] [[Autonomism|Political Autonomy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America and the Future of Global Jihad |url=http://www.brookings.edu/events/2011/0118_pakistan_america.aspx |publisher=Brookings.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127080018/http://www.brookings.edu/events/2011/0118_pakistan_america.aspx |archive-date=27 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |title=The 9/11 Attacks' Spiritual Father |publisher=Brookings.edu |date=26 January 2012 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/0911_riedel.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127015845/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/0911_riedel.aspx |archive-date=27 January 2012}}</ref>

Scholars see that the rise in the organisation's support caused the Congress-National Conference alliance to rig the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987 election]].{{sfn|Amin, The Kashmir Question|2016|p=362}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Varshney|first1=Ashutosh|title=India, Pakistan, and Kashmir: Antinomies of Nationalism|journal=Asian Survey|date=November 1991|volume=31|issue=11|page=1016|doi=10.2307/2645304 |jstor=2645304 |quote=Watching the surge in MUF support, the Conference-Congress alliance rigged the 1987 elections}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Amin |first=Tahir |author-link=Tahir Amin |chapter=The Kashmir Question |editor1=Abdulrahim Ali |editor2=Iba Der Thiam |editor3=Yusof A. Talib |title=Islam in the World Today, Part 1 (The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture, Volume 6) |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |chapter-url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002449/244974e.pdf |pages=349–368 |year=2016 |ref={{sfnref|Amin, The Kashmir Question|2016}}}}
* {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01173-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |author-link=Sumantra Bose |chapter=The Kashmir Question |title=Transforming India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reiwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72819-6 |pages=225– |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Transforming India|2013}}}}
* {{citation |last=Johnson |first=Rob |title=A Region in Turmoil: South Asian Conflicts Since 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sub5yWzftqoC&pg=PA100 |year=2005 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-257-7 |ref={{sfnref|Johnson, A Region in Turmoil|2005}}}}
* {{cite book |editor1-first=Verinder |editor1-last=Grover |editor2-first=Ranjana |editor2-last=Arora |title=Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPVtAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Deep & Deep |isbn=978-81-7100-723-3 |ref={{sfnref|Grover & Arora, Encyclopaedia of India and Her States|1996}}}}
* {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}
* {{citation |first=Sten |last=Widmalm |title=The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir |journal=Asian Survey |volume=37 |number=11 |date= November 1997 |pages=1005–1030 |jstor=2645738 |ref={{sfnref|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997}} |doi=10.2307/2645738}}
* {{citation |last=Widmalm |first=Sten |title=Kashmir in Comparative Perspective: Democracy and Violent Separatism in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfhQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |date=2014 |orig-year=first published 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-86694-4 |ref={{sfnref|Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective|2014}}}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation |last=Hussain |first=Masood |title=MUFfed |newspaper=Kashmir Life |date=23 March 2016 |url=http://kashmirlife.net/muffed-99889/ |access-date=17 February 2018}}
* Saima Bhat, [http://www.kashmirlife.net/battleground-amira-kadal-issue-01-vol-08-100167/ Battleground Amira Kadal], Kashmir Life, 24 March 2016.
* [http://www.kashmirlife.net/abdul-razak-mir-bachru-issue-01-vol-08-100180/ Abdul Razak Mir (Bachru)], Kashmir Life, 24 March 2016.
* [http://www.kashmirlife.net/mohammad-ismail-bhat-issue-no-01-vol-08-100057/ Mohammad Ismail Bhat], Kashmir Life, 24 March 2016.
* [http://www.kashmirlife.net/the-big-jamaat-issue-no-01-vol-08-100038/ The Big Jama’at], Kashmir Life, 24 March 2016.
* {{cite web | url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/d-day-march-23-1987-issue-no-01-vol-08-100032/ | title= D-Day: March 23, 1987 | publisher=Kashmir Life | date=24 March 2016 | access-date=6 May 2019}}
* [http://www.kashmirlife.net/mufs-mind-issue-no-01-vol-08-100053/ MUF’s Mind], Kashmir Life, 24 March 2016.

[[Category:State political parties in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1986]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmir separatist movement]]
[[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami]]

All Manipur Football Association

2026-02-01T00:22:07Z

Dr. Katy Jane: enhance details and corrected details per sources

{{Short description|State governing body of Football in Manipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = All Manipur Football Association
|abbrev = AMFA
|logo = All Manipur Football Association.svg
|sport = [[Association football|Football]]
|image =
|caption =
|jurisdiction = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Manipur.svg}} [[Manipur]]
|founded = {{start date|1973}}
|aff = [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF)
|headquarters = [[Imphal]]
|membership = 16 district associations
|president = M. Ratan Kumar Singh
|secretary = L. Jyotirmoy Roy
|url =
}}

The '''All Manipur Football Association''' ('''AMFA''') is the state governing body of [[association football|football]] in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=17 teams in fray for 14th Manipur State League|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/3/18/By-Our-Sports-ReporterIMPHAL-Mar-17-The-14th-edition-of-Manipur-State-League-2021-is-set-to-kick-off-from-March-22-under-the-aegis-of-the-All-Manipur-Football-Association-at-Artificial-Turf-Laml.html|date=18 March 2021|access-date=26 August 2021|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|publisher=The Sangai Express|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019140125/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/3/18/By-Our-Sports-ReporterIMPHAL-Mar-17-The-14th-edition-of-Manipur-State-League-2021-is-set-to-kick-off-from-March-22-under-the-aegis-of-the-All-Manipur-Football-Association-at-Artificial-Turf-Laml.html|language=en}}</ref> It is affiliated with the [[All India Football Federation]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Manipur Football Association |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/497 |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> the national governing body. It sends state teams for [[Santosh Trophy]] and [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]. The AMFA's [[Manipur State League]] is the highest football level tournament in Manipur.

== State teams ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
=== Men ===
* [[Manipur football team]]
* [[Manipur under-20 football team]]
* [[Manipur under-15 football team]]
* [[Manipur under-13 football team]]
{{col-2}}

=== Women ===
* [[Manipur women's football team]]
* [[Manipur women's under-19 football team]]
* [[Manipur women's under-17 football team]]
{{col-end}}

==Affiliated district associations==
All 16 districts of [[Manipur]] are affiliated with the '''All Manipur Football Association'''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. !! Association !! District
!President
|-
| 1 || Bishnupur District Football Association || [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]]
|
|-
| 2 || Chandel District Football Association || [[Chandel district|Chandel]]
|
|-
| 3 || Churachandpur Football Association || [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]]
|
|-
| 4 || Imphal East District Football Association || [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
|
|-
| 5 || Imphal West District Football Association || [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
|
|-
| 6 || Jiribam District Football Association || [[Jiribam district|Jiribam]]
|
|-
| 7 || Kakching District Football Association || [[Kakching district|Kakching]]
|
|-
| 8 || Kamjong District Football Association || [[Kamjong district|Kamjong]]
|
|-
| 9 || Kangpokpi District Football Association || [[Kangpokpi district|Kangpokpi]]
|
|-
| 10 || Noney District Football Association || [[Noney district|Noney]]
|
|-
| 11 || Pherzawl District Football Association || [[Pherzawl district|Pherzawl]]
|
|-
| 12 || Senapati District Football Association || [[Senapati district|Senapati]]
|
|-
| 13 || Tamenglong District Football Association || [[Tamenglong district|Tamenglong]]
|
|-
| 14 || Tengnoupal District Football Association || [[Tengnoupal district|Tengnoupal]]
|
|-
| 15 || Thoubal District Football Association || [[Thoubal district|Thoubal]]
|
|-
| 16 || Ukhrul District Football Association || [[Ukhrul district|Ukhrul]]
|
|}

== Competitions ==
=== Club level ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
==== Men's ====
* [[Manipur Premier League]]
* [[Manipur State League]]
* AMFA Cup
* Thangjam Birchandra-Maipakpi Memorial Winners' Cup
* [[Churachand Singh Trophy]]
* Col. Kshetrimayum Arunkumar Memorial Inter Club Futsal Tournament
{{col-2}}

==== Women's ====
* [[Manipur Women's League]]
{{col-end}}

== Manipur Football League pyramid ==
<div style="overflow:auto">
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 11px;" width="100%;"
|-
! Level
! colspan="17" | ''[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]''
|-
!1
| colspan="17" |'''Manipur Premier League''' promotion (to I-League 3) ↑↓ relegation
|-
!2
| colspan="17" |'''AMFA Cup''' promotion ↑↓ relegation
|-
!3
| colspan="17" |'''Thangjam Birchandra-Maipakpi Memorial Winners' Cup''' promotions ↑↓ relegations
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="17" |District leagues
|-
! District level
! Kakching
! Churachandpur
! Imphal East
! Imphal West
! Thoubal
! Bishnupur
! Chandel
! Jiribam
! Kangpokpi (Sadar Hills)
! Senapati
! Kamjong
! Pherzawl
! Noney
! Temanglong
! Tengnoupal
! Ukhrul
|-
!4
|'''1'''
|Leihao Memorial Super Division
|Lianboi Simte
|R.K. Ghanendrajit
Memorial Super Division
|S. Birendra Singh
Memorial Super Division
|Super Division
|Super Division
|Super Division
|Super Division
|(L) K.Hangsing Memorial Sadar Hills Super Division
|Super Division
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!5
|'''2'''
|Kishorkumar Memorial First Division
|Khaikhanlian Memorial District First Division
|L. Sangita Devi
Memorial First Division
|Moirangthem Ibobi
Memorial First Division
|First Division
| colspan="11" rowspan="3" |1 division
|-
!6
|'''3'''
|Naorem Gandhar Memorial Second Division
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" |2 divisions
|-
!7
|'''4'''
|Krishnamohon Memorial Third Division
|}
</div>

== Officers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ AMFA office bearers
|-
! President
| M. Ratan Kumar
|-
! Vice-president
| K. Mohori Singh K. Baruni Singh Lalvulien Joute K. Yaima Singh Tongjahao Kipgen L. Dinamani Singh
|-
! Secretary
| L. Jyotirmoy Roy
|-
! Treasurer
| L. Dinamani Singh
|-
! Joint secretary
| L. Jyotirmoy Roy
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian state football associations]]
* [[Football in India]]
* [[North East Premier League (India)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football in India}}
{{Football in Manipur}}
{{Indian state football associations}}

[[Category:Football in Manipur]]
[[Category:Football governing bodies in India|Manipur]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Manipur]]

Asif Iqbal Tanha

2026-01-28T20:26:52Z

Dr. Katy Jane: minor added layout to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian student activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Asif Iqbal Tanha
| pronunciation =
| image = Asif Iqbal Tanha.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|13 January 1996}}
| birth_place = Hazaribagh, [[Jharkhand]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Jamia Milia Islamia]]
| father =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Nikhat Momin|2023}}
| family =
| known_for = being arrested as a result of taking part in the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
}}

'''Asif Iqbal Tanha''' (born 13 January 1996) is an Indian student activist, a former student of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and a member of [[Students Islamic Organisation of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-31|title=Mobilizing against Islamophobia and defending students' rights is a way to protect Indian democracy: A profile of Asif Iqbal Tanha|url=https://thepolisproject.com/mobilizing-against-islamophobia-and-defending-students-rights-is-a-way-to-protect-indian-democracy-a-profile-of-asif-iqbal-tanha/|access-date=2021-08-02|website=The Polis Project, Inc|language=en-US}}</ref> He was allegedly involved in the Delhi Riots conspiracy case and is an accused under the [[UAPA]] Act.<ref>{{Cite news|last=पाण्डेय|first=अमित|title=एनएल इंटरव्यूज: "अगर आज आवाज़ नहीं उठाएंगे तो हमारी आने वाली नस्लें माफ नहीं करेगी"|url=https://hindi.newslaundry.com/2021/06/24/nl-interviews-asif-iqbal-tanha-caa-and-nrc-protest-media-trail|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Newslaundry}}</ref> Tanha is also associated with United Against Hate (UAH), a campaign that was started in July 2017 in response to the series of lynchings and hate crimes in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asif Tanha: A Muslim activist hoping to restore India's democracy|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/asif-tanha-a-muslim-activist-hoping-to-restore-india-s-democracy-47789|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Asif Tanha: A Muslim activist hoping to restore India’s democracy|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Asif Iqbal Tanha was born on 13 January 1996 in Hazaribagh, [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-19|title=Asif Iqbal Tanha, Charged With Terrorism, Was A Poor Student Finding His Politics And Voice At Jamia|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/delhi-riots-asif-iqbal-tanha-jamia-delhi-police_in_5f8d3b41c5b6dc2d17f87a8f|access-date=2021-08-02|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref> He received his primary education in his hometown and graduated in the traditional [[dars-e-nizami]] from Jamia Misbahul Uloom, an Islamic seminary in Uttar Pradesh. He received a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in Persian language from the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-i-was-called-traitor-and-jihadi-student-activist-asif-iqbal-tanha-on-being-imprisoned-under-uapa/386132|title = 'I Was Called Traitor and Jihadi': Student Activist Asif Iqbal Tanha on Being Imprisoned Under UAPA}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
On 7 May 2023, Tanha married Nikhat Momin.

==Political activism and controversies==

===Jamia violence and arrest===
After Indian Parliament passed the controversial [[Citizenship Amendment Act]], students started protesting in and outside their universities including [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. Asif along with other activists such as [[Meeran Haider]], [[Safoora Zargar]] were leading the protests.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Delhi violence: Jamia student Asif Iqbal Tanha arrested, charged under UAPA|url=https://scroll.in/latest/962553/delhi-violence-jamia-student-asif-iqbal-tanha-arrested-charged-under-uapa|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> He was representing students Islamic Organisation in Jamia Coordination Committee formed after Jamia Violence. On 15 December 2019 when [[Delhi Police]] entered in the campus forcefully to suppress the protesting students. Next day Delhi police registered an FIR against Asif and some other student activists. Delhi Police arrested Asif on 17 May 2020 during [[lockdown]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jamia Millia student Asif Tanha arrested for role in December Delhi riots case, booked under UAPA|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/jamia-millia-student-asif-tanha-arrested-for-role-in-december-delhi-riots-case-booked-under-uapa/595040|access-date=2021-08-02|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref>

===Case status===
He got the bail in the Delhi Riots Conspiracy case on 16 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-15|title=Delhi riots: HC grants bail to Devangana Kalita, Natasha Narwal, Asif Iqbal Tanha in UAPA case|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-high-court-bail-devangana-kalita-natasha-narwal-asif-iqbal-tanha-northeast-delhi-riots-uapa-case-7359705/|access-date=2021-08-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Police did not file the charge sheet in the [[2019 Jamia Millia Islamia attack|Jamia Violence]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cops Entered Campus Without Permission, Assaulted Students, Says Jamia|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jamia-millia-islamia-says-cops-entered-campus-without-permission-assaulted-students-in-delhi-protest-2149286|access-date=2021-08-24|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> case yet.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aditi|title=[BREAKING] Delhi High Court grants bail to Asif Iqbal Tanha, Devangana Kalita, Natasha Narwal in Delhi Riots case|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/delhi-high-court-grants-bail-asif-iqbal-tanha-devangana-kalita-natasha-narwal-delhi-riots-case|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref> In his press meet after release from Jail, Tanha said he will continue the struggle against the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|CAA]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paniyath|first=co-authored by Mohammad Dawood,Nabeela|title="You can book me in another case, but our fight will not stop": Asif Iqbal Tanha|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/video/asif-iqbal-tanha-interview-our-fight-will-not-stop|access-date=2021-08-02|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref>

===Media trial===
On 18 August 2020, [[Zee News]] claimed that they got Tanha's confession. In Zee News’s Special Show DNA, [[Sudhir Chaudhary (journalist)|Sudheer Chowdhary]] claimed that Tanha has accepted his role in Jamia and Delhi Violence. Tanha’s counsel filed a legal case against Zee News, [[OpIndia]] and other 2 parties. Where Asif Iqbal Tanha stated before the Delhi High Court that Zee News and [[OpIndia]] violated Programme Code by making public the alleged confessional statement.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Delhi violence: HC gives Zee News one more chance to reveal source of alleged confession|url=https://scroll.in/latest/976217/delhi-violence-hc-gives-zee-news-one-more-chance-to-reveal-source-of-alleged-confession|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> Delhi High Court on 15 October 2020 issued notice to Zee News channel to file an affidavit to disclose the source from where the alleged confessional statement was received.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-02|title='Media leaks need to be controlled to keep probe fair': Delhi HC slams Police|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/media-leaks-need-to-be-controlled-to-keep-probe-fair-delhi-hc-slams-police-101614632057235.html|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Meeran Haider]]
*[[Safoora Zargar]]
*[[Nadeem Khan (social activist)]]
*[[Sharjeel Imam]]
*[[Umar Khalid]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.instagram.com/asiftanhajamia/ Asif Iqbal Tanha] on [[Instagram]]
* [https://twitter.com/AsifTanhaJamia Asif Iqbal Tanha] on [[Twitter]]
* [https://www.facebook.com/AsifIqbalJamia/ Asif Iqbal Tanha] on [[Facebook]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanha, Asif Iqbal}}
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:People from Hazaribagh district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People involved in the Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
[[Category:Activists from Jharkhand]]

Porus

2026-01-25T06:59:51Z

Dr. Katy Jane: refined content

{{short description|4th century BC Indian ruler}}
{{other uses|Porus (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Porus
| image = File:Porus alexander coin.png
| image_size = 300
| caption = Porus (on elephant) fighting [[Alexander the Great]], on a "victory coin" of Alexander (minted c. 324–322 BC)<ref>See Keyne Cheshire, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2-4R0sLEBPgC&pg=PA139 ''Alexander the Great''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145951/https://books.google.com/books?id=2-4R0sLEBPgC&pg=PA139 |date=17 August 2023 }} (Cambridge University Press, 2009), p.139: "Alexander charges Porus, who hurls a javelin from atop his elephant"</ref>
| title = {{unbulleted list|[[King]]}}
| regnal name =
| reign = {{nowrap|before 326 – {{circa}} 317 BC}}
| reign1 = {{nowrap|326 – {{circa}} 321 BC}}
| coronation =
| succession =
| succession1 = [[King]] of [[Hyphasis]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| death_date = {{circa|321|315 BC}}
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| battles =
[[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Alexander's Indian campaign]]
*[[Battle of Hydaspes]]
}}
}}
'''Porus''' or '''Puru''' ({{langx|grc|Πῶρος}} {{transliteration|grc|Pôros}}; {{floruit}} 326–321 BC) was an ancient [[Ancient India|India]]n king whose territory spanned the region between the [[Jhelum River]] (Hydaspes) and [[Chenab River]] (Acesines) in the [[Punjab]] region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=T. T. |date=1964 |title=The Genesis of Military River Operations: Alexander the Great at the Hydaspes River |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44571479 |journal=The Military Engineer |volume=56 |issue=374 |pages=424–426 |jstor=44571479 |issn=0026-3982}}</ref> He is only mentioned in Greek sources.
Said to be a warrior with exceptional skills, Porus fought against [[Alexander the Great]] in the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]] (326 BC).<ref name="Fuller pg 198">Fuller, pg 198 {{blockquote|"While the battle raged, Craterus forced his way over the Haranpur ford. When he saw that Alexander was winning a brilliant victory he pressed on and, as his men were fresh, took over the pursuit."}}</ref> Following the conflict, Porus retained his kingship. Alexander not only reinstated him as his [[satrap]] but also expanded his jurisdiction to include dominion over lands to the south-east extending as far as the [[Alexandria Hyphasis|Hyphasis]] ([[Beas River|Beas]]).<ref name="ReferenceA">p. xl, ''Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare,'' J. Woronoff & I. Spence</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Arrian, ''Anabasis of Alexander,'' V.29.2</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of the Hydaspes {{!}} Alexander the Great, Map, Tactics, & Significance {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Hydaspes |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Porus reportedly died sometime between 321 and 315 BC.<ref name="eb">{{citation |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Porus |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Porus |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-date=14 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914193048/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Porus |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sources==
The only contemporary information available on Porus and his kingdom is from Greek sources, whereas [[ancient India|India]]n sources do not mention him.<ref>{{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Concise History of Ancient India: Political history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VDAAAAYAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |page=136 |quote=Nothing is known of Porus from Indian sources |access-date=14 January 2021 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817150008/https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VDAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Greek sources differ considerably among themselves.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|author=H. C. Raychaudhuri|title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1988|isbn=978-81-208-0466-1|editor=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|edition=Second|location=Delhi|page=147|chapter=India in the Age of the Nandas|author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|orig-date=1967|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA11|access-date=23 April 2019|archive-date=17 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145952/https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA11|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Identification ==

=== Purus ===
[[Michael Witzel]] conjectures that Porus was a king of the [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Pūrus]], a Vedic tribe, who existed as a marginal power in Punjab after their defeat in the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|date=1997|title=The development of the Vedic canon and its schools: the social and political milieu|url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/110/|url-status=live|pages=263, 267, 320|doi=10.11588/xarep.00000110|access-date=15 April 2021|website=crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812051418/http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/110/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110816433-009/html|title=The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity|publisher=De Gruyter|year=1995|isbn=978-3-11-081643-3|editor-last=Erdosy|editor-first=George|series=Indian Philology and South Asian Studies|location=|pages=85–125|language=en|chapter=4. Early Indian history: Linguistic and textual parametres|doi=10.1515/9783110816433-009|s2cid=238465491|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110816433-009/html|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812051405/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110816433-009/html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199370184|editor-last=Brereton|editor-first=Joel P.|volume=I|pages=880, 902–905, 923–925, 1015–1016|editor-last2=Jamison|editor-first2=Stephanie W.}}</ref> [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri]] largely agreed with this identification.<ref name=":1" />

=== Saurasenis ===
[[Quintus Curtius Rufus]] mentions Porus' vanguard soldiers carrying a banner of "Herakles" during the face-off with Alexander.<ref name=":2" /> Accordingly, [[Ishwari Prasad]] and a few other scholars argue that Porus was a [[Shurasena]].<ref>''A Comprehensive History of India: The Mauryas & Satavahanas,'' p. 383, edited by K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri, Bharatiya Itihas Parishad, Published by Orient Longmans, 1992, Original from the University of California</ref>{{efn|Iswhari Prashad and others following his lead, found further support for this conclusion in the fact that a section of [[Shurasena]]s were supposed to have migrated westwards to Punjab and modern [[Afghanistan]] from Mathura and [[Dvārakā]], after Krishna walked to heaven and had established new kingdoms there.<ref>"Actually, the legend reports a westward march of the Yadus (MBh. 1.13.49, 65) from Mathura, while the route from Mathura to Dvaraka southward through a desert. This part of the Krsna legend could be brought to earth by digging at Dvaraka, but also digging at Darwaz in Afghanistan, whose name means the same thing and which is the more probable destination of refugees from Mathura..." ''Introduction to the Study of Indian History,'' p. 125, D D Kosambi, Publisher: [S.l.] : Popular Prakashan, 1999</ref>}} This identification is based on the fact that multiple Greek histories — [[Indica (Arrian)|Indica]] by [[Arrian]], [[Geographica]] by [[Strabo]], and [[Bibliotheca historica#Book II: Asia|Bibliotheca historica]] by [[Diodorus Siculus]] — note [[Megasthenes]]{{efn|He had traveled to India, after Porus had been already supplanted by [[Chandragupta Maurya]].}} to have described an Indian tribe called ''Sourasenoi'' who worshiped one "Herakles" and originated from the lands of [[Mathura]] and [[Yamuna]].<ref name=":2">''Krishna: a Sourcebook,'' p. 5, Edwin Francis Bryant, Oxford University Press US, 2007</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Puskás|first=Ildikó|date=1990|title=Megasthenes and the "Indian Gods" Herakles and Dionysos|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41163978|journal=Mediterranean Studies|volume=2|pages=39–47|jstor=41163978|issn=1074-164X|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812055059/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41163978|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|The Greeks often chronicled foreign gods in terms of their own divinities; multiple scholars have argued "Herakles" to mean "Hari-Krishna", the closest mythological equivalent.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> This identification also fits with the geography, Mathura being the epicenter of the Krshna cult. However, there is no evidence of Krishna worship as early as the 4th century BC.<ref name=":5" /> Some modern scholars equate "Herakles" to [[Indra]] but this identification is not widely accepted either.<ref name=":5" />}}

== Rule ==

=== Background ===
[[File:Physical Map of Punjab.jpg|thumb|A detailed physical map of the Punjab region. The major rivers of the region including the Jhelum (Hydaspes) and Chenab (Acesines) are visible.]]

Porus ruled over the tracts between the rivers Hydaspes (Jhelum) and Acesines (Chenab); Strabo noted the territory to contain almost 300 cities.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Bosworth|first=Albert Brian|title=Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|pages=125–130|chapter=The Campaign of the Hydaspes}}</ref> He had a hostile relationship with the neighboring polity of [[Taxila]], having assassinated their erstwhile ruler Ambhiraj, his maternal uncle.<ref name=":6" />

When Alexander crossed the Indus in their eastward [[Wars of Alexander the Great|invasion]], probably in [[Udabhandapura]], he was greeted by the then-ruler of Taxila, [[Taxiles|Omphis]], son of Ambhiraj.<ref name=":6" /> Years ago, he had visited Alexander in [[Sogdiana]] and was treated as an ally; Omphis' rule was confirmed and gifts lavished, but a Macedonian [[satrap]] was installed.<ref name=":6" /> Omphis hoped to force both Porus and [[Abisares]] into submission, leveraging the might of Alexander's forces, and dispatched diplomatic missions to this effect.<ref name=":6" />

In response, Abisares offered submission but Porus refused, leading Alexander to seek a face-off on the bank of Jhelum.<ref name=":6" /> Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC; the exact site remains unknown and the exact strength of the armies cannot be determined either, due to major discrepancies between sources.<ref name=":6" />

=== Battle of the Hydaspes ===
{{main| Battle of the Hydaspes}}
[[File:Le Brun, Alexander and Porus.jpg|thumb|400px|right|A painting by [[Charles Le Brun]] depicting Alexander and Porus during the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]]]]
Alexander re-used the same vessels which were used for crossing the Indus, the first time, some 300 km away at [[Hund (village)|Udabhandapura]].<ref name=":6" /> His forces frequently mounted intrusion-attempts and even before the battle had started, skirmishes were reported in the riverine islands.<ref name=":6" />

A few months later, Alexander decided to accompany a strike force across the densely forested headlands and besiege Porus' defense; the base camp with substantial cavalry and infantry units was left under [[Craterus]], who was advised to follow Alexander upon a successful passage whilst the remaining forces were distributed along the river under three phalanx officers to distract Porus' forces.<ref name=":6" /> The strategy was successful and they crossed the Jhelum unobstructed, on a stormy night, just before dawn.<ref name=":6" /> A band of horsemen on chariots led by Porus' son did detect the intrusion and mount a charge but was repelled by Alexander's superior cavalry.<ref name=":6" />

Informed of Alexander's passage, Porus became concerned with tackling those who had already crossed, rather than preventing passage of the remaining majority.<ref name=":6" /> He took a defensive position in the plains, interspersing infantry units with elephants{{Efn|Porus had expected the elephant units to negate charges by Alexander's well-trained cavalry.}} on the front lines and stationing the cavalry and chariots in the wings.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hamilton|first=J. R.|date=1956|title=The Cavalry Battle at the Hydaspes|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/629551|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=76|pages=26–31|doi=10.2307/629551|jstor=629551|s2cid=163435999|issn=0075-4269|access-date=13 August 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813123119/https://www.jstor.org/stable/629551|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Alexander chose to shield his infantry and instead led a devastating cavalry charge on Porus' left wing, forcing reinforcements from the right; however, this rear-transit came under attack by [[Coenus (general)|Coenus]]' cavalry and Porus' cavalry was compelled to take refuge within the infantry frontlines, causing confusion.<ref name=":6" />

This led to an all-out attack from both sides, but Porus' plans proved futile.<ref name=":6" /> According to Heckle (2014), Porus is believed to have had around 30,000 infantry. However, Porus only had 4,000 mounted troops.<ref>Heckel, W. (2012). “Conquest of the Punjab” in ''The Conquests of Alexander the Great'' (Canto Classics, pp. 112–125). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139197076.011</ref> Not only were Porus' cavalry charges repelled but the [[Mahout|''mahouts'']] were killed using ''[[sarissa]]s'' and the elephants were pushed back into Porus' columns, wreaking havoc on the rear, Alexander's cavalry kept charging and inflicting disorder.<ref name=":6" /> Soon Porus' army was surrounded on all sides, and became easy fodder for Alexander's forces with the cavalry exterminated and most of the elephants captured.<ref name=":6" /> Still, Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed.<ref name=":6" /> A fraction of the infantry successfully escaped and probably planned to regroup but [[Craterus]] pursued them to their deaths.<ref name=":6" />

==== Result ====

The battle resulted in a decisive [[Greeks|Greek]] victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources, who obviously exaggerated.<ref name=":6" /> Alexander held athletic and gymnastic games at the site, and even commissioned two cities in commemoration: [[Nicaea, Punjab|Nicaea]] at the site of his victory and [[Alexandria Bucephalous|''Bucephalous'']] at the battle-ground, in memory of [[Bucephalus|his horse]].<ref name=":6" />{{Efn|Craterus supervised the construction. These cities are yet to be identified.}} Later, decadrachms were minted by the Babylonian mint depicting Alexander on horseback, armed with a ''[[sarissa]]'' and attacking a pair of Indian soldiers atop an elephant.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Holt|first=Frank Lee|title=Alexander the Great and the mystery of the elephant medallions|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003}}</ref>[[File:Surrender of Porus to the Emperor Alexander.jpg|Surrender of Porus to Alexander, 1865 engraving by [[Alonzo Chappel]].|thumb]]

===Aftermath===
[[File:Alexander the Great And King Poros - Opera From Antonio Cesti Burnacini - 1750.jpg|left|thumb|Alexander the Great and King Poros – Opera From Antonio Cesti Burnacini – 1750]]
Despite the apparently one-sided results, Alexander was impressed by Porus and chose not to depose him.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Bosworth|first=Albert Brian|title=Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|chapter=From the Hydaspes to the Southern Ocean}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Anson|first=Edward M.|title=Alexander the Great: Themes and Issues|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2013|isbn=9781441193797|pages=151}}</ref> His territory was not only restored, but also expanded, with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of [[Glausaes]], who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom.<ref name=":7" /> Further, Omphis was reconciled with Porus.<ref name=":7" />

A [[Expedition of Chenab by Alexander the Great and Porous|joint expedition]] was then mounted against a territory east of the [[Chenab River|Chenab]], ruled by an enemy cousin of Porus; he had earlier submitted to Alexander but, suspicious of Porus' rise in rank, chose to flee with his army.<ref name=":7" /> The date of this battle remains disputed; Alexander's forces overran his lands before meeting stiff resistance at a walled Sangala on the other side of the [[Ravi River|Ravi]].<ref name=":7" /> Siege warfare was executed to brilliant effect and the full-fledged attack began once Porus had joined with his elephants.<ref name=":7" /> As Sangala and allied cities were razed, Porus was allowed to station his garrisons.<ref name=":7" />

Thereafter, Alexander proceeded unopposed to the [[Beas]] and even intended to cross it towards the [[Gangetic Plain]]; however, the [[monsoon]] was at its peak and his weary troops remained stubborn despite his cajoling and threats.<ref name=":7" /> A reluctant Alexander had to renounce his plans and turn back.<ref name=":7" /> Porus was thus ratified as the ''de facto'' ruler of the entire territory east of the Jhelum, with no European ''satrap'' to co-rule with, unlike Ambhi and Abisares.<ref name=":7" /> The crossing-back of the Jhelum was a prolonged affair; filled with festivities, it attracted thousands.<ref name=":7" />

===Death===

After [[Death of Alexander the Great|the death of Alexander the Great]] in 323 BC, [[Perdiccas]] became the regent of his empire, and after Perdiccas' murder in 321 BC, [[Antipater]] became the new regent.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heckel|first=Waldemar|title=Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire|publisher=Wiley|year=2006|isbn=9781405112109}}</ref> According to [[Diodorus Siculus|Diodorus]], Antipater recognized Porus' authority over the territories along the [[Indus River]]. However, [[Eudemus (general)|Eudemus]], who had served as Alexander's [[satrap]] in the Punjab region, killed Porus.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Irfan Habib |author1-link=Irfan Habib |author2=Vivekanand Jha |title=Mauryan India |series=A People's History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUvGQgAACAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Aligarh Historians Society / [[Tulika Books]] |isbn=978-81-85229-92-8 |page=16 }}</ref>

== Cultural depictions of Porus ==
* Porus is defeated by Alexander in single combat in the premodern text, the [[Alexander Romance]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Scott |title=Book Review: The Alexander Romance |url=https://www.astralcodexten.com/p/book-review-the-alexander-romance |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.astralcodexten.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sohrab Modi]] portrayed Porus in the 1941 movie [[Sikandar (1941 film)|''Sikandar'']]
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] portrayed Porus in the 1965 movie ''[[Sikandar-e-Azam]]''
* Porus is played by [[Arun Bali]] in the 1991 TV series [[Chanakya (TV series)|''Chanakya'']].<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjOuN-tUKRU&list=PL96GW8XIIETXFhLcvfKgeihjmLEdiY0jQ&index=12 |title=Chanakya Episode 12 |date=6 August 2020 |author=DD National |url-status=dead |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315023918/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjOuN-tUKRU&list=PL96GW8XIIETXFhLcvfKgeihjmLEdiY0jQ&index=12 }}</ref>
* Porus appears in the 1999 animated series ''[[Reign: The Conqueror]]''{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}
* Porus is portrayed by the Thai actor, [[Bin Bunluerit]], in ''[[Alexander (2004 film)|Alexander]]'' (2004)<ref>{{IMDb title|0346491}}</ref>
* Porus appears in the 2011 TV series ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]''.<ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5u2xef |title=Chandragupta Maurya Episode 1 |date=19 July 2017 |author=Old Serials Archive}}</ref>
* [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|SET]] launched [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]]'s serial titled ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]'' on the [[Battle of the Hydaspes|Battle of Hydaspes]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Siddharth Kumar Tewary's next on Porus for Sony Entertainment Television |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Siddharth-Kumar-Tewarys-next-on-Porus-for-Sony-Entertainment-Television/articleshow/54607760.cms |access-date=23 July 2017 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=4 October 2016 |archive-date=27 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727124529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Siddharth-Kumar-Tewarys-next-on-Porus-for-Sony-Entertainment-Television/articleshow/54607760.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> in Nov 2017, in which Porus is portrayed by [[Laksh Lalwani]].
* Porus appears in the Historical Battle campaign of [[Rome: Total War: Alexander|''Rome: Total War:'' Alexander]].
* Porus appears in the video game Ancient Battle: Alexander, in which he is a playable character, as well as an enemy.
* Porus appears in the ''Chronicles: Alexander the Great'' expansion of ''[[Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition]]'' as a playable character as well as an enemy player.

==See also==
* [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]]
* [[Taxiles]]
* [[Abisares]]
* [[Cleophis]]
* [[Pauravas]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Mookerji |first=Radha Kumud |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Chandragupta Maurya and his times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C |edition=4th |year=1966 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-0433-3 }}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Porus |volume= 22 }}
* Lendring, Jona. ''Alexander de Grote - De ondergang van het Perzische rijk'' (Alexander the Great. The demise of the Persian empire), Amsterdam: Athenaeum - Polak & Van Gennep, 2004. {{ISBN|90-253-3144-0}}
* Holt, Frank L. ''Alexander the Great and the Mystery of the Elephant Medallions'', California: University of California Press, 2003, 217pgs. {{ISBN|0-520-24483-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Hellenistic satraps}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Porus}}
[[Category:317 BC deaths]]
[[Category:Satraps of the Alexandrian Empire]]
[[Category:History of Punjab]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Shaktimaan: The Animated Series

2026-01-01T16:41:42Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Made The Article W/ Infobox...

{{short description|2011 Indian animated television show directed by Vikram Veturi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shaktimaan The Animated Series Poster.jpg
| writer = Jeffrey Scott
| director = Vikram Veturi
| based_on = [[Shaktimaan]]
| country = India
| language = English
| num_episodes = 26
| producer = Ashish S.K.
| editor = J.V. Varaprasad
| runtime = 23 minutes
| network = [[Nickelodeon Sonic]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2013|12|20}}
| last_aired =
| company = Reliance Animation [[Bheeshm International]]
| genre = [[Action fiction|Action]] [[Superhero fiction|Superhero]]
}}

'''''Shaktimaan: The Animated Series''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Animated series|animated]] television show based on the live-action series [[Shaktimaan|of the same name]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mukesh-Khanna-to-revive-Shaktimaan-on-big-screen/articleshow/14340966.cms|title=Mukesh Khanna to revive 'Shaktimaan' on big screen|work=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Singh|first1=Manmohan|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906173712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mukesh-Khanna-to-revive-Shaktimaan-on-big-screen/articleshow/14340966.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Produced by Reliance Animation in association with [[Accel Animation Studios]], the series centers around [[Vehaan Arya]], a young college student who uses his yogic superpowers to become Shaktimaan and defeat the evil forces of Kilvish, who wants to destroy the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medianewsline.com/big-animation-accel-to-produce-shaktimaan-for-tv/|title=BIG Animation, Accel to produce Shaktimaan for TV|publisher=Medianewsline.com|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-date=7 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507061929/https://www.medianewsline.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Set in a fictional city named ''Indus City'', the series consists of 26 episodes, and each episode features Kilvish plotting to destroy the world and Shaktimaan saving it with his superpowers and guidance from the 7 gurus who trained him and Kilvish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.relianceanimation.com/shaktimaan.html|title=Shaktimaan - 26 EP X 22 Min, 2D HD Flash animation series|publisher=Reliance Animation|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824203449/http://relianceanimation.com/shaktimaan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The scripts were written by [[Emmy Award]] winner Jeffrey Scott.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/Shaktimaan-recreated-in-animation-news-National-mfru4mecedfsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823163127/https://www.sify.com/movies/Shaktimaan-recreated-in-animation-news-National-mfru4mecedfsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-08-23|title=Shaktimaan recreated in animation|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The protagonist Vehaan Arya, a college student and lab assistant, is based on Pandit Gangadhar Vidyadhar Mayadhar Omkarnath Shastri, a [[Photojournalism|photojournalist]] played by [[Mukesh Khanna]] in the live-action series.

Also dubbed in [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages, the series was aired on [[Nickelodeon Sonic]] in 2011, and on [[Discovery Kids (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Kids]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/viacom18-to-launch-new-channel-sonic-for-young-adults-this-month/articleshow/10943572.cms?from=mdr|title=Viacom18 to launch new channel Sonic for young adults this month|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=December 2011|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425112735/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/viacom18-to-launch-new-channel-sonic-for-young-adults-this-month/articleshow/10943572.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/discovery-kids-to-air-movies-every-weekend-throughout-2017|title=Discovery Kids to air movies every weekend throughout 2017|date=26 December 2016|publisher=Animation Xpress|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229073939/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/discovery-kids-to-air-movies-every-weekend-throughout-2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the first season's success, it was re-aired on Nickelodeon from 7 May 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/interviews/indepth-insight-shaktimaan-series-in-animationa-unique-model-for-co-production-of-ip|title=InDepth Insight: Shaktimaan series in Animation - A unique model for co-production of IP|date=7 May 2012|publisher=Animation Xpress|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823160123/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/interviews/indepth-insight-shaktimaan-series-in-animationa-unique-model-for-co-production-of-ip|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also released on [[DVD]] in all four languages via Reliance Home Video. The 13th episode ''Shaktimaan: Unfinished Business'' won the 2012 FICCI BAF Award for Best Animated TV Episode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/blog/shaktimaan-wins-2012-ficci-baf-award-best-animated-tv-episode#targetText=Congratulations%20to%20all%20my%20friends,%22Best%20Animated%20TV%20Episode%22!|title=SHAKTIMAAN WINS 2012 FICCI BAF AWARD FOR "BEST ANIMATED TV EPISODE"|publisher=[[Animation World Network]]|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-date=16 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916032511/https://www.awn.com/blog/shaktimaan-wins-2012-ficci-baf-award-best-animated-tv-episode#targetText=Congratulations%20to%20all%20my%20friends,%22Best%20Animated%20TV%20Episode%22!|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.relianceanimation.com/shaktimaan/best-aniamted-tv-episode-award.html|title=SHAKTIMAAN won the "FICCI – BAF Best Animated Episode Award 2012"|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824174823/http://www.relianceanimation.com/shaktimaan/best-aniamted-tv-episode-award.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vehaan Arya is a college student who starts attending the Indus City University as his "cover" and becomes a lab assistant to Professor Gyani, the head of computer science department who is often assisted by Louise, a computer program with the memories of his dearly departed mother. Vehaan befriends Leena, a journalism student who in need of a "big scoop" to become a broadcast journalist. In the meanwhile, Kilvish recruits his henchmen Tick and Tock, to assist him with his evil acts. When the city comes in danger, Vehaan seeks guidance from his 7 yogic gurus who bless him with superpowers and saves everyone from an evil giant robot. Unaware of his true identity, Leena names him Shaktimaan and decides to collect his news in order to get a job. Soon, it is revealed that both Vehaan and Kilvish were the students of the 7 yogic gurus, who chose the former in a competition due to his humane traits while Kilvish wasn't due to his aggressive usage of his superpowers. An enraged Kilvish unleashed his evil powers and killed Vehaan's friends, something that continues to traumatize the latter to date.

Louise witnesses Vehaan using his superpowers to save everyone in the lab, but promises to keep it a secret when he convinces her to do so. He is joined by Bumpy, his roommate who soon becomes his best friend. Leena's brother Chikoo adores Shaktimaan and aspires to be like him. General D’Goze, the head of a secret military commando unit, despises Shaktimaan for being the true hero and getting all the credit and news coverage. Using Gyani's gadgets, he futilely attempts to thwart Kilvish's evil plots himself, only to comically fail each time. Kilvish keeps putting Shaktimaan through physical challenges ranging from monsters to natural disasters to plagues to alien invasions. Dr. Jackal, an evil scientist and Professor Gyani's greatest archenemy, joins hands with Kilvish to seek his revenge and in the process destroy the world, only to find Shaktimaan saving it and defeating them again and again.

==Characters==
These are the primary characters appearing in the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.relianceanimation.com/shaktimaan/shaktimaan-aniamted-characters.html|title=Characters - Shaktimaan: The Greatest Cyber Yogic Hero|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826181623/http://www.relianceanimation.com/shaktimaan/shaktimaan-aniamted-characters.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

* '''Vehaan Arya/Shaktimaan''': A young college student who works as a lab assistant to Professor Gyani at Indus City University, Vehaan wants to help himself develop a super powerful antivirus software that will ultimately destroy Kilvish for good. As his superhero alter-ego Shaktimaan, he uses his limitless superpowers to fight evil forces and save the day, apart from inspiring everyone, especially kids, to do the right thing. Shaktimaan's powers originate from five chakras (energy centers) namely Astral, Heart, Vibration, Psychic, and Wisdom Chakras. The only limit to his powers is his own belief in himself and his knowledge of how to manifest his powers.

*'''Leena Ray''': A journalism student at the Indus City University and Vehaan's friend, Leena wants to become a journalist and runs a blog called Leena Ray 24/7 and with her mini HD camera or smartphone, records interviews and situations mainly featuring herself. She believes that the key to her journalistic dreams is getting a scoop on Shaktimaan, who saves her whenever she is in danger.

*'''Professor Gyani''': He runs the AI lab at the Indus City University. He aims to create the world's first artificially intelligent anti-virus in order to protect the world's computers from cyber attacks, while Vehaan wants it in order to destroy Kilvish. Professor Gyani frequently teams up with Vehaan and often develops defensive computer-controlled smart weapons for use by the army to fight Kilvish. Like most people, he too is unaware of the fact that Vehaan is Shaktimaan.

*'''Louise''': Created by Professor Gyani, LOUISE (Laser Optical Unified Intelligent Software Entity) is an AI supercomputer based on personality traits from his dear departed mother. She is fond of Vehaan and even promises to keep his identity as Shaktimaan a secret. Vehaan and Professor turn to her whenever it comes to saving the world from Kilvish.

*'''Dr. Jackol''': Often pronounced as Dr. Jackal, he is an evil scientist and Professor Gyani's greatest archenemy since the latter got him arrested. Escaping from prison, Jackol joins hands with Kilvish who wants him to defeat Shaktimaan in the process of exacting revenge upon Professor Gyani.

*'''Tick and Tock''': Kilvish's henchmen, work for him half out of fear and half out of hopes of someday becoming powerful and wealthy. Tick is a gaunt, black-haired man and Tock is a giant man. Together, they execute the missions assigned to them by Kilvish and often end up foiling his plans unintentionally.

*'''General D’Goze''': An angry, strict soldier who pretends to be tough but is actually timid, General D’Goze despises Shaktimaan for getting all the fame and credit. He relies on Professor Gyani's gadgets and tries in vain to thwart Kilvish's plans, only to find himself failing and at times, even rescued by Shaktimaan. However, he controls the government funding that subsidizes the lab and often threatens the professor to do whatever he wants or he'll cut off the funding.

*'''Major Meek''': The sidekick of General D'Goze, he does all the dirty work for him and believes Vehaan to be hiding something from everyone. He fails whenever he tries to find out Vehaan's secret in order to impress the general and get promoted.

*'''Bumpy Morgan''': Vehaan's room-mate and best friend, Bumpy, an aspiring actor in the university's drama department, is the only human who's aware of Vehaan's identity as Shaktimaan and often assists him whenever he needs assistance with something he's too busy to handle. Bumpy is a nervous boy who dreams of stardom but doesn't want to work hard for it.

*'''ACP''': Indus City Police Force's most decorated police officer, ACP is obsessed with catching criminals and keeping Indus City safe. He however despises Shaktimaan and often tries to prove as if it was him who trained Shaktimaan to become the hero that people perceive him as.

*'''The 7 gurus''': Based in the [[Himalayas]], these are the seven gurus who trained Vehaan/Shaktimaan and Kilvish. Representing the 7 chakras of a man, they have no names and are differentiated only by the color of their robes. Shaktimaan often communicates with them if he needs advice to get out of some difficult situation. He can reach them psychologically and usually trains with just one of his gurus, though the others may be present.

*''' Kilvish''': An evil student of the 7 gurus who also trained Vehaan, Kilvish also possesses superpowers and uses them for destructive purposes. Dwelling in a dark, mysterious, underground lair and possessing a high technology and dark mysticism, he wants to destroy all goodness that stands in his way, the very reason why Shaktimaan becomes his greatest archenemy. He creates human and inhuman monsters to battle Shaktimaan.

==Episodes==

The series consists of two seasons featuring 13 episodes each.

1 – The Battle Begins

2 – Subway To Disaster

3 – Fuels Rush In

4 – Genius' Fly Trap

5 – The Taj Kilvish

6 – Descent Into Darkness

7 – Terror In The Sky

8 – Tsunami!

9 – Blackout

10 – Endangered Species

11 – Zombie Attack!

12 – Volcanic Villain

13 – Unfinished Business

14 – True Identity

15 – Jackol's Revenge

16 – Madman At Work

17 – Out Of Focus

18 – Return Of Kilvish

19 – Demon Lord

20 – Gorilla Trap

21 – Negative Nex

22 – Kite Fright

23 – Shaktimaan Unmasked

24 – Crystal Of Darkness

25 – Dark League

26 – Ultimate Power

==Games==
[[Zapak]], an Indian [[mobile video game]] developer has released adaptations of the animated TV series including ''Shaktimaan'', ''Shaktimaan: Tab''.

==External links==
* {{Official|http://www.relianceanimation.com/shaktimaan/index.html}}
* {{IMDb title|tt4625706}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Shaktimaan]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated action television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated superhero television series]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television spinoffs]]
[[Category:Action television characters]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon India]]
[[Category:Discovery Kids (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into video games]]

Nagarathar

2025-12-25T07:05:12Z

Dr. Katy Jane:

{{Short description|Hindu mercantile caste}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image = Chettinad palace.jpg
| caption =
| group = Nagarathar
| poptime =
| population = [[Wiktionary:circa|c.]] 75,000-1,00,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/nagarathars-in-north-america/article5459738.ece|title=Nagarathars in North America|date=14 December 2013|work=The Hindu|first=S.|last=Muthiah}}</ref>{{efn|This number is for the population of Nattukottai Nagarathars. The exact population of the other Nagarathar communities is unknown.}}
| popplace = [[India]]: [[Chettinad]] region of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Chennai]]
| langs = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| rels = [[Saivam]]
| related = [[Tamil people]]
| native_name = நகரத்தார்
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''Nagarathar''' (நகரத்தார்) is a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] caste found native in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The Nagarathar community was not originally a single caste, but developed from an assortment of related sub-castes, which over time became known under the umbrella term Nagarathar.

Notable castes that use the name Nagarathar include: [[:ta:நாட்டுக்கோட்டை நகரத்தார்|Nattukottai Nagarathar]], [[:ta:அருவியூர்_நகரத்தார்|
Aruviyur Nagarathar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drbtheni.net/doc_pdf/subcaste.pdf|title=தமிழ்நாடு அரசு இடவொதுக்கீட்டுப் பட்டியல்|date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/aruviyur-vadakku-valavu-nagarathar-kural-book-may-2025-kural-book | title=Aruviyur Vadakku Valavu Nagarathar Kural Book May 2025 Kural Book }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSj296Lm7ogC|title=[History of Aruviyur Nagarathar Part1 from 2897BC to till date]|publisher=Alangar Manickam|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[:ta:உறுதிக்கோட்டை நகரத்தார்|Uruthikottai Nagarathar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF.jpg|title=தமிழ்: உறுதிக்கோட்டை நகரத்தார் ஓலை சுவடி|date=6 November 2019|via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> [[Elur Chetty]] Nagarathar, [[Vallanattu Chettiar|Vallanattu Nagarathar Chettiar]], Sundarapattina Nagarathar,<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last=Pattu Veshti Ramanathan|first=Chettiar|title=Analytical History of Nagarathar (நகரத்தார்களின் பகுத்தாய்ந்த வரலாறு)|publisher=Surya Print Solutions|year=2015|location=Sivakasi}}</ref> Muraiyur Nagarathar,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2kJpd&tag=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%20%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D#book1/ | title=செட்டி நாடும் செந்தமிழும் }}</ref> Attangudi Nagarathar, Palaaiyapatti Nagarathar, Dhanavanikar Nagarathar, Nattarasankottai Nagarathar, 96 Oor Nagarathar and Naana Desikal.

A few subsects of the Nagarathar community, such as the Nattukottai Nagarathar, were traditionally wealthy landlords and money lenders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/nattukottai-chettiars-traced-to-more-than-65000-years-ago/|title=Nattukottai chettiars traced to more than 65,000 years ago|first=M. T.|last=Saju|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
Nagarathars are a [[merchant|mercantile community]] who are traditionally involved in [[commerce]], [[banking]] and [[Money-Lending|money lending]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Asian Trade Routes|last=Haellquist|date=2013-08-21|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136100741|pages=150|language=en}}</ref> They use the title [[Chettiar]] and are traditionally concentrated in modern region [[Chettinad]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sociolinguistics and Dialectology: Seminar Papers|last1=Agesthialingom|first1=Shanmugam|last2=Karunakaran|first2=K.|date=1980|publisher=Annamalai Univ|pages=417|language=en}}</ref> They are prominent philanthropists who funded and built several [[Hindu temple]]s, [[Choultry|choultries]], [[school]]s, [[college]]s and [[University|universities]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Parrys 200: A Saga of Resilience|last=Ramaswami|first=N. S.|date=1988|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press|isbn=9788185095745|pages=193|language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term ''Nagarathar'' literally means "town-dweller".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Contributions to Indian Sociology|date=2002|publisher=Mouton|volume=36|location=Contributions to Indian Sociology: Occasional Studies|pages=344|language=en}}</ref>

Nattukottai Nagarathars are also known as ''Nattukottai Chettiar''.<ref name=":2" /> The term ''Nattukottai'' literally means "country-fort" in reference to their fort-like [[Chettinad Mansions|mansions.]]<ref name=":1" /> Their title, [[Chettiar]], is a generic term used by several [[mercantile]] groups which is derived from the ancient Tamil term ''etti'' (bestowed on [[merchant]]s by the Tamil monarchs).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=West Rudner|first=David|date=1987|title=Religious Gifting and Inland Commerce in Seventeenth-Century South India|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=46|issue=2|at=p. 376|doi=10.2307/2056019|jstor=2056019|s2cid=162764761 }}</ref>

== History ==
Nattukottai Nagarathars were originally from the ancient land of [[Naga Nadu|Naganadu]], which is believed to be destroyed (either in an earthquake or floods) and this place was either north or northwest of [[Kanchipuram]].

Nagarathars migrated and lived in the following places:

· [[Kanchipuram]] ([[Tondaimandalam|Thondai Nadu]]) – From 2897 BC for about 2100 years

· [[Poombuhar|Kaveripoompatinam (Poompuhar)]], the capital of the early ([[Chola dynasty|Chola Kingdom]]) – From 789 BC for about 1400 years.

· [[Karaikudi]] ([[Pandya dynasty|Pandiya Kingdom]]) – From 707 AD onwards.

When they were in Naganadu these Dhana [[Vaishyas]] had three different divisions:

1. ''Aaru (Six) Vazhiyar''

2. ''Ezhu (Seven) Vazhiyar''

3. ''Nangu (Four) Vazhiyar''

All these three divisions were devoted to [[Emerald|Maragatha]] [[Ganesha|Vinayagar]]. Only after they migrated to the [[Pandya kingdom (Mahabharata)|Pandya Kingdom]] they were called as Ariyurar, Ilayatrangudiyar, and Sundrapattanathar. They celebrate Pillaiyar Nonbu in honor of Vinayagar based on the communal legend that their ancestors got lost at sea at Kaveripoompatinam and prayed for 21 days before reaching a shore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தொன்மையும், பழமையும் நிறைந்த பிள்ளையார் நோன்பு |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2019/01/12111723/1222487/pillayar-nonbu.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130062815/https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2019/01/12111723/1222487/pillayar-nonbu.vpf |archive-date=30 January 2022 |access-date=30 January 2022 |work=[[Maalaimalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/gods/144502-glory-of-pillayar-festival|title=களங்கம் போக்கும், கவலைகள் தீர்க்கும் பிள்ளையார் நோன்பு!|language=ta|work=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|date=13 December 2018 |access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130062812/https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/gods/144502-glory-of-pillayar-festival|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=பொருள் வரவை பெருக்கும் பிள்ளையார் நோன்பு |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2018/04/20140718/1158008/vinayagar-viratham.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130062814/https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2018/04/20140718/1158008/vinayagar-viratham.vpf |archive-date=30 January 2022 |access-date=20 April 2018 |work=[[Maalaimalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

Nagarathars of Ilayatrangudiyar were later called as Nattukottai Nagarathar. Ariyurar (Aruviyur) Nagarathars further split into 3 divisions: Vadakku Valavu (North),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/aruviyur-vadakku-valavu-nagarathar-kural-book-may-2025-kural-book/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Aruviyur Vadakku Valavu Nagarathar Kural Book May 2025 Kural Book }}</ref> Therku Valavu (South) and [[Elur Chetty]]. Sundrapattanathar Nagarathars migrated to Kollam district in [[Kerala]] and their history is completely lost now since there was no record keeping.<ref name=":13"/>

The Nattukkottai Nagarathars were originally salt traders and historically an itinerant community of merchants and claim [[Chettinad]] as their traditional home.<ref name="Routledge">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-chmCgAAQBAJ&q=nattukottai+salt+traders&pg=PT143|title=A New Economic History of Colonial India|last1=Chaudhary|first1=Latika|last2=Gupta|first2=Bishnupriya|last3=Roy|first3=Tirthankar|last4=Swamy|first4=Anand V.|date=2015-08-20|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317674320|language=en}}</ref> How they reached that place, which at the time comprised adjacent parts of the ancient states of [[Pudukkottai]], [[Ramnad]] and [[Sivagangai]], is uncertain, with various legends being recorded. There are various claims regarding how they arrived in that area.<ref name="Price1996-13">{{cite book|author=Pamela G. Price|title=Kingship and Political Practice in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqKSTs4ajsAC&pg=PA13|date=14 March 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-55247-9|page=13}}</ref> Among those are a claim that they were driven there because of persecution by a [[Chola]] king named Poovandhi Cholan whilst another states that they left due to Poombuhar's proximity to the sea when the city was [[Poombuhar#City's_destruction|destroyed]].<ref name="Book">{{cite book |last=Sundaram |first=So. So. Me.|date= |title=Nine Nagarathar Temples - History & Heritage |url=https://victorianagarathar.org.au/nagarathar-history/ |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article25547717.ece|title=Chettinad's legacy|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=20 November 2018 |url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129223649/https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article25547717.ece|archive-date=29 November 2024|access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref> There are also several legends about the decline in female population prior to moving to the Pandya kindgdom leading to many unmarried men, who were eventually allowed to marry [[Vellalar]] women.<ref name="Book"/><ref name="Arizona">{{Cite web|url=https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/626608/azu_etd_hr_2017_0274_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Arranged Marriage in Malaysia Among Millennial Nagarathar Nattukottai Chettiars|work=[[University of Arizona]]|date=August 2017|first=Ramanathan|last=Somasundaram|access-date=24 May 2025|pages=9}}</ref> No more details are clear about this story and as to why the Nagarathar left the Chola kingdom and moved away from Kaveripoompattinam to the Pandya kingdom.

Another older one, recounted to [[Edgar Thurston]], that they were encouraged to go there by a [[Pandyan]] king who wanted to take advantage of their trading skills. The legends converge in saying that they obtained the use of nine temples, with each representing one [[exogamy|exogamous]] part of the community.<ref name="Price1996-13" />

The traditional base of the Nattukottai Nagarathars is the [[Chettinad]] region of the present-day state of Tamil Nadu. It comprises a triangular area around northeast [[Sivagangai]], northwest [[Ramnad]] and south [[Pudukkottai]].
[[File:Chettinad palatial house.jpg|thumb|They have a reputation for living in characteristic mansions in [[Chettinad]]. These were constructed between the late 18th and the early 20th centuries.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Indian & Foreign Review|date=1986|publisher=Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=48|language=en}}</ref>]]
They may have become maritime traders as far back as the 8th century CE. They were trading in salt and by the 17th century, European expansionism in South East Asia during the next century fostered conditions that enabled the community to expand its trading enterprises, including as moneylenders, thereafter.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Price1996-13" /> By the late 18th century expanded them to inland and coastal trade in cotton and rice.<ref name="Routledge"/>

In the 19th century, following the [[Permanent Settlement]], some in the Nagarathar community wielded considerable influence in the affairs of the [[zamindar]] (landowners) elite. There had traditionally been a relationship between royalty and the community based on the premise that providing worthy service to royalty would result in the granting of high honours but this changed as the landowners increasingly needed to borrow money from the community in order to fight legal battles designed to retain their property and powers. Nagarathars provided that money as mortgaged loans but by the middle of the century they were becoming far less tolerant of any defaults and were insisting that failure to pay as arranged would result in the mortgaged properties being forfeited.<ref name="Price1996-103-104">{{cite book|author=Pamela G. Price|title=Kingship and Political Practice in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqKSTs4ajsAC&pg=PA13|date=14 March 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-55247-9|pages=103–104}}</ref> By the 19th century were their business activities developed into a sophisticated banking system, with their business expanding to parts of South and [[Southeast Asia]]n countries such as [[Sri Lanka]], [[Myanmar]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/in-saigon-discover-a-bit-of-india-through-the-temples-of-meriamman-and-muruga/article7561394.ece|title=A slice of Indian tradition|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 August 2015|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725230245/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/in-saigon-discover-a-bit-of-india-through-the-temples-of-meriamman-and-muruga/article7561394.ece|archive-date=25 July 2023|access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Arizona"/>

===Varna classification===
In the absence of a proper ''chaturvarna'' (four-fold varna) system in South India, the Nattukottai Nagarathars (also known as Chettiars) have been classified as high-class [[Vaishya]]s (merchant caste) due to their extensive involvement in trade, finance, and banking activities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chandrasekhar |first=Sripati |year=1980 |title=The Nagarathars of South India: An Essay and a Bibliography on the Nagarathars in India and South-East Asia |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |page=22}}</ref> Their economic prominence and wealth elevated their social status, and they were often considered above [[Brahmins]] in certain contexts.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bayly |first=Susan |year=1989 |title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900 |journal=Cambridge University Press |volume=1 |pages=317–318 |isbn=978-0521372015}}</ref>

In addition to their economic prominence, the Nattukottai Nagarathars have been renowned for their philanthropic contributions to religious and social causes. They donated generously to the construction, renovation, and maintenance of numerous [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]] temples across Tamil Nadu and other regions, leaving a lasting legacy in the religious and cultural heritage of South India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780810864450 |location=Lanham |page=146}}: "The Chettiars donated vast sums for the construction of temples dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu, with their wealth leaving a religious legacy."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Raman |first=K. R. |year=2010 |title=The Temple Town Economy in South India |publisher=Routledge |location=London |page=68 |isbn=9780415544597}}: "The Nagarathars funded several iconic temples, especially in Tamil Nadu, as a mark of their religious devotion and status."</ref> This charitable tradition further elevated their social standing and cemented their role as patrons of South Indian religious institutions.

Furthermore, some Nattukottai Nagarathars ascended to kingship through their wealth and influence. Although kings are traditionally associated with the [[Kshatriya]] varna in the ''chaturvarna'' system, the Nattukottai Nagarathars' rise to power was based on their economic achievements rather than hereditary lineage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780810864450 |location=Lanham |page=145}}</ref>

=== Community divisions or clans ===
The nine Hindu temples connected with the Nattukottai Nagarathar community that were built in the 8th century include: [[Ilayathangudi]], Iluppaikudi, Iraniyur, Mathur, Nemam, [[Karpaka Vinayakar Temple|Pillayarpatti]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Aline Dobbie|title=India: The Elephant's Blessing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckpEd4emnCkC&q=India:+The+Elephant%27s+Blessing&pg=PA101|date=2006|publisher=Melrose Books|isbn=1-905226-85-3|page=101}}</ref> Soorakudi, [[Vairavapatti|Vairavan]], and Velangudi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/article25547717.ece|title=Chettinad's legacy|date=2018-11-20|work=Frontline|access-date=2018-12-27|language=en}}</ref><ref name="R">{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342412045 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526062931/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manikandan-Manickam/publication/342412045_Historical_Studies_of_Nine_Nagara_Temples_of_Nattukkottai/links/5ef3314ea6fdcc158d261a22/Historical-Studies-of-Nine-Nagara-Temples-of-Nattukkottai.pdf | archive-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> Each temple maintains a count of the number of families associated with it called ''pulli''. Marriage between members of the same temple (''pangali'') is not allowed.<ref>{{Cite web| title=The overview of traditional life of Nagarathars – the historical study | url=https://www.ijmra.us/project%20doc/2019/IJRSS_JANUARY2019/IJMRA-14969.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725215658/https://www.ijmra.us/project%20doc/2019/IJRSS_JANUARY2019/IJMRA-14969.pdf | archive-date=2020-07-25}}</ref><ref name="Arizona"/> Ilayathangudi and Mathur temples have divisions (''pirivu''), which allows people of different divisions of the same temple to get married.<ref name="P">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pillayarpattitemple.com/about/nagarathar.php|title=Pillaiyarpatti Karpaga Vinayagar Temple, Sivagangai, Tamil nadu|website=www.pillayarpattitemple.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyMaAQAAMAAJ&q=%22pirivu%22+nagarathar | title=Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar | date=1985 | publisher=Annamalai University }}</ref> Vairavan temple also has divisions but does not follow this rule.<ref name="P"/> Members of Iraniyur and Pillayarpatti cannot intermarry since they are considered family after a pair of brothers were split between the two temples during the 13th century.<ref name="R"/>

==Cuisine==
{{See also|Chettinad cuisine}}

== Famous personalities ==

*[[Kannagi]], a symbol (goddess) of chastity
*[[Iyarpagai Nayanar]], a [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint (third in the list of 63)
*[[Murthi Nayanar]], a [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saint (fifteenth in the list of 63)
*[[Pattinathar]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar|author=Krishnaswami Nagarajan|publisher=Annamalai University, 1985|page=7}}</ref> a philosopher and ascetic who belonged to the 10th or 14th century CE
*[[Karaikkal Ammaiyar]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961, Volume 25, Part 6|author=India. Office of the Registrar General|publisher=Manager of Publications, 1969|page=136}}</ref> a [[Saivite]] saint and one of the 63 [[Nayanmars]]
*[[S. Rm. M. Annamalai Chettiar]], [[Raja of Chettinad]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Current Affairs December 2015 eBook: by Jagran Josh|author=Jagran Josh|page=301|publisher=Jagran Josh}}</ref>
*[[Alagappa Chettiar]], businessman and philanthropist
*[[A. Nagappa Chettiar]], an industrialist and one of the pioneers of the Indian leather industry
*[[A. C. Muthiah]], Indian industrialist<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy, Jawaharlal Nehru University|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield, 2017|page=98}}</ref>
*[[Kannadasan]], famous poet and cinema lyricist
*[[Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar]], businessman
*[[R. M. Pitchappan]], a biologist known for his studies on [[immunogenetics]] and [[infectious diseases]].
*A.M.Murugappa Chettiar, founder of [[Murugappa Group]]
*[[A. V. Meiyappan]], founder of [[AVM Productions]] and one of the pioneers of Tamil cinema
*[[A. K. Chettiar]], a pioneer in travelogue writing in Tamil
*[[Azha Valliappa]], a great contributor to children's literature in Tamil
*[https://ta.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE._%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D Rama.Periyakaruppan (Thamizhannal)], one of the notable Tamil personalities of the 20th century

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Nagarathar}}
{{Reflist}}

===Resources===
* Rajeswary Brown. (1993). Chettiar capital and Southeast Asian credit networks in the inter-war period. In G. Austin and K. Sugihara, eds. ''Local Suppliers of Credit in the Third World, 1750-1960''. New York: St. Martin's Press.
* David Rudner. (1989). "Banker's Trust and the culture of banking among the Nattukottai Chettiars of colonial South India". ''Modern Asian Studies'' 23(3), 417–458.
* {{cite book|author=David West Rudner|title=Caste and Capitalism in Colonial India: The Nattukottai Chettiars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQSjQgAACAAJ|year=1994|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08350-9}}
* Heiko Schrader. (1996). "Chettiar finance in Colonial Asia". ''Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie'' 121, 101–126.
* {{cite book|author=Yūko Nishimura|title=Gender, Kinship And Property Rights: Nagarattar Womanhood in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyNuAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564273-5}}

{{Chettinad Villages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chettiar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]
[[Category:Vaishya community]]

Day of Deliverance

2025-12-22T10:42:36Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Creating Initial Info V1 - done

{{Short description|1939 All-India Muslim League celebration}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}The '''Day of Deliverance''' was a celebration day marked by the [[All-India Muslim League]] and others on 22 December 1939 during the [[Indian independence movement]]. It was led by the Muslim League's president [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and was intended to celebrate the resignation of all members of the rival [[Indian National Congress]] party from provincial and central offices in protest over their not having been consulted over the decision to enter [[World War II]] alongside Britain.

== Background==

In 1938 and 1939, the Muslim League tried to bring light to the grievances of Muslims and Muslim groups in Indian states run by Congress governments; the effort led to documents like the Pirpur Report: 1938, Muslim sufferings under the Congress rule by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] and Sharif Report: 1938,<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/21781/15/15_chapter%206.pdf |chapter=Rise and Growth of Communalism in Central Provinces and Berar (1936–1942) |title=Communalism in CPB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913135534/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/21781/15/15_chapter%206.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-13}}{{page needed|date=December 2019}}</ref> documenting pro-Hindu and anti-Muslim bias under Congress governments.

[[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]], the [[Viceroy of India]], declared India [[India in World War II|at war]] with [[Nazi Germany]] on 3 September 1939.<ref name="british-empire-fall">{{cite web |url=http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/kenanderson/histempsequel/page5.html |title=Gandhi – The Great Soul |accessdate=2007-12-04 |last=Anderson |first=Ken |work=The British Empire: Fall of the Empire |archive-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723053926/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/kenanderson/histempsequel/page5.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Indian National Congress, the dominant political party of Subcontinent, objected strongly to the declaration of war without prior consultation with Indians. The Congress Working Committee suggested that it would cooperate if there were a central Indian national government formed, and a commitment made to India's independence after the war.<ref name="plassey-to-partition">{{cite book |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |last=Bandhyopadhyay |first=Sekhara |year=2004 |publisher=Orient Longman |location=[[India]] |isbn=81-250-2596-0 |page=412 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EpNz0U8VEQC}}</ref> The Muslim League promised its support to the British,<ref name="afghan-frontier">{{cite book |title=Afghan Frontier: Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |year=2003 |publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks |location=[[London]], [[New York City|New York]] |isbn=1-86064-895-9 |pages=232–233 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OIcYibR7pUC}}</ref> with Jinnah calling on Muslims to help the Raj by "honourable co-operation at the critical and difficult juncture," while asking Linlithgow for increased protection for Muslims.<ref name="wolpert-jinnah-speech">{{cite web |url=http://www.humsafar.info/wolp02.htm |title=Lecture by Prof. Stanley Wolpert: Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah's Legacy to Pakistan |accessdate=2007-12-11 |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |date=1998-03-22 |work=Jinnah of Pakistan |publisher=Humsafar.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227015059/http://www.humsafar.info/wolp02.htm |archivedate=27 December 2007 }}</ref>

Congress considered Linlithgow's subsequent response "wholly unsatisfactory and calculated to rouse resentment among all those who are anxious to gain India's independence," and on 22 October 1939, "call[ed] upon all Congress ministries to tender their resignations." The unilateral protest resignation was supported by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], but less so by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who felt that it would "strengthen the [Muslim] League and give the British full freedom in militarizing India throughout the war."<ref name="gandhis-passions">{{cite book |title=Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-515634-X |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhispassionli00wolp/page/192 192]–193|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhispassionli00wolp |url-access=registration |accessdate=2007-12-04}}</ref> Both Linlithgow and Jinnah were pleased with the resignations.<ref name="british-empire-fall"/><ref name="plassey-to-partition"/>

== Jinnah's appeal ==

On 2 December 1939, Jinnah put out an appeal, calling for Indian Muslims to celebrate 22 December 1939 as a "Day of Deliverance" from Congress:<ref name="nazaria-e-pakistan">{{cite web |url=http://www.nazariapak.info/quaid/students/2ndDecember-1939.asp |title=Appeal for the observance of Deliverance Day, issued from Bombay, on 2nd December, 1939 |accessdate=2007-12-04 |author=Nazaria-e-Pakistan Foundation |work=Quaid-i-Azam’s Speeches & Messages to Muslim Students |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070729232113/http://www.nazariapak.info/quaid/students/2ndDecember-1939.asp |archivedate=29 July 2007 }}</ref>

{{Quote
|text=I wish the Muslims all over India to observe Friday 22 December as the "Day of Deliverance" and thanksgiving as a mark of relief that the Congress regime has at last ceased to function. I hope that the provincial, district and primary Muslim Leagues all over India will hold public meetings and pass the resolution with such modification as they may be advised, and after Jumma prayers offer prayers by way of thanksgiving for being delivered from the unjust Congress regime. I trust that public meetings will be conducted in an orderly manner and with all due sense of humility, and nothing should be done which will cause offence to any other community, because it is the High Command of the Congress that is primarily responsible for the wrongs that have been done to the Musalmans and other minorities.
}}

=== Congress reaction ===
The proposed Day of Deliverance was criticized as being divisive. On 9 December 1939, Gandhi appealed to Jinnah to end the observance in light of pending Congress/Muslim league unity discussions, and in anticipation of third party review of Muslim League allegations made about Congress' treatment of Muslims.<ref name="gandhiserve">{{cite web |url=http://www.gandhiserve.org/information/chronology_1939/chronology_1939.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021118054414/http://www.gandhiserve.org/information/chronology_1939/chronology_1939.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2002 |title=Chronology 1939 |accessdate=2007-12-04 |author=GandhiServe Foundation}}</ref>

Nehru exchanged several letters with Jinnah between 9–14 December 1939, offering to deal with specific allegations of anti-Muslim actions, but the discussions fell through because Nehru refused to disassociate Congress from Indian Muslims unaffiliated with the Muslim League, and concluded that:<ref>{{cite book |first=J.C. |last=Johari |title=Voices of Indian Freedom Movement, Volume X: Voice of Muslim Nationalism and Communialism, Part 4 |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18fP2fUCb6QC |publisher=Anmol Publications PVT |location=[[New Delhi]] |isbn=81-7158-225-7 |pages=575–579 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{{Quote
|text=I regret to learn this for this means that, apart from communal questions, we differ entirely on purely political grounds. The Congress demand is essentially for a declaration of war aims and more especially for a declaration of Indian independence and the right of the Indian people to frame their own constitutions without external interference. If the Muslim League does not agree to this, this means that our political objectives are wholly dissimilar.
}}

The celebration was also criticized by prominent senior Muslim members of Congress, including [[Abul Kalam Azad]], who stated:<ref name="abdul-ghaffar-khan-faith-i-a-battle">{{cite book |title=Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Faith is a Battle |last=Tendulkar |first=D.G. |date=August 1967 |publisher=[[Gandhi Peace Foundation]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |pages=297–298 }}</ref>

{{Quote
|text=And now, when the Congress has given up on the government of eight provinces of its own choice and free will, what advice has the League President to offer to the Muslims? It is this that they should march toward the mosques and thank God on their deliverance from Congress ministries which preferred duty to power and have resigned not only on the issue of India's freedom but for the rights of all downtrodden peoples of the East. It is difficult to imagine any group of Muslims, howsoever at loggerheads with the Indian National Congress, would tolerate to be presented to the world in such colors.
}}

== Observance ==

The Day of Deliverance was celebrated in many parts of India by Muslim League supporters, as well some non-Muslim Congress opponents. The latter included the All-India Depressed Classes Association, [[Dalit]] leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and the [[Independent Labour Party (India)|Independent Labour Party]], [[Periyar]], as well as some [[Parsi people|Parsis]], and [[Anglo-Indian]]s.<ref name="proudest-day">{{cite book |title=The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence |last=Read |first=Anthony |author2=David Fisher |year=1998 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[London]] |isbn=0-393-31898-2 |page=290|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9ebuSG64dkC}}</ref>{{Sfn|Keer|1954|p=330}}

Before the Day of Deliverance events, Ambedkar stated that he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement and I felt ashamed to have allowed him to steal a march over me and rob me of the language and the sentiment which I, more than Mr. Jinnah, was entitled to use." He went on to suggest that the communities he worked with were twenty times more oppressed by Congress policies than were Indian Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not all Hindus.{{Sfn|Keer|1954|p=330}}

Jinnah and Ambedkar jointly addressed the heavily attended Day of Deliverance event in [[Bhindi Bazaar]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], where both expressed "fiery" criticisms of the Congress party, and according to one observer, suggested that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.{{Sfn|Keer|1954|p=330}}<ref name="man-who-divided-india">{{cite book |title=The Man Who Divided India: An Insight into Jinnah's Leadership and Its Aftermath |last=Zakaria |first=Rafiq |year=2001 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=[[Mumbai]] |isbn=81-7154-892-X |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbM6622HXCcC}}</ref>

Periyar of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] called upon his party and all Dravidians to celebrate 22 December "on a grand scale...to rid the country of the menace of the Congress."<ref name="ambedkar-jinnah-periyar">{{cite web |url=http://www.unarvukal.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=4269&hl= |title=The Historic Meeting of Ambedkar, Jinnah and Periyar |accessdate=2007-12-27 |last=Rao |first=K. V. Ramakrishna |date=2001-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717154058/http://www.unarvukal.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=4269&hl= |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Meetings and rallies were held by Muslims in various parts of [[Bengal]], which was a step in the development of Bengali Muslim separatist politics.<ref name="banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Day of Deliverance |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Day_of_Deliverance |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

== Remembrance ==

The Day of Deliverance is included in the Pakistani Federal Public Service Commission and Civil Service Commission's competitive examinations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fpsc.gov.pk/icms/admin/File/CSS/HISTORY%20OF%20PAKISTAN%20&%20INDIA.pdf |title=Federal Public Service Commission Competitive Examination for Recruitment to Posts in BPS-17, Under the Federal Government, 2007 |accessdate=2007-12-06 |author=Government of Pakistan Federal Public Service Commission |year=2007 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.css.com.pk/past%20papers/Pakistan%20Affairs_1971-1996.pdf |title=Federal Govt. Grades 16 & 17 Recruitment Competitive Examination: Pakistan Affairs, 1971–1996 |accessdate=2007-12-06 |author=Civil Service of Pakistan}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |last=Keer |first=Dhananjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC |title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1954 |isbn=81-7154-237-9 |location=[[Mumbai]]}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Jinnah}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}
}}

[[Category:1939 in India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:December 1939 in Asia]]

St. Lawrence Church, Edacochin

2025-11-29T08:30:52Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Made The Details V1...

{{refimprove|date=August 2024}}
{{Short description|Church in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin in Kerala, India}}
{{Notability|date=March 2024}}
'''St. Lawrence Church''', [[Edakochi|Edacochin]], is a church in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin]] in [[Kerala]], India. The church is known for its Portuguese-influenced architecture, as well as for the tomb of [[Servant of God]] [[Lawrence Puliyanath]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=ST. LAWRENCE CHURCH (Estd.-------) {{!}} Diocese |url=https://www.dioceseofcochin.org/parish/st-lawrence-church-estd |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.dioceseofcochin.org}}</ref> the church is a centre of Christian pilgrimage in [[Kochi]].{{Infobox church
| name = St Lawrence Church Edacochin
| fullname = Ecclesia Sancti Laurentii Edacochin
| other name = Igreja de São Lourenço Edacochim
| image = St. Laurence's Church, Edakochi 03.jpg
| country = [[India]]
| location = Edakochi[[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]]
| address = St. Lawrence Church, Edacochin
Cochin - 682010
| previous denomination =
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| website = [http://www.lawrenceofedacochi.org]
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| founded date = 1119
| founder =
| dedication = [[Saint Lawrence]]
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| status = [[Catholic Church]]
| functional status = Active
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| style = Inspired by [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]
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| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin]]
| province = [[Verapoly]]
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| district = [[Ernakulam]]
| division =
| subdivision =
| archbishop =
| bishop = [[Antony Kattiparambil]]
| abbot =
| vicar = Rev Dr Marian Arackal
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| asstpriest = Rev Fr Arun Mathew Thaiparambil
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| language(s) = Malayalam & English
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}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:St. Laurence's Church, Edakochi 03.jpg|St Lawrence Church
File:Edakochi St. Laurence's Church Parish Museum 02.jpg|Oldest Parochial House
File:Tomb of Monsignor Lawrence Puliyanath.jpg|St Sebastians Church
File:St. Laurence's Church, Edakochi 06.jpg|Side View
File:St. Laurence's Church, Edakochi.jpg|Front View
File:St. Laurence's Church, Edakochi 04.jpg|Full View
File:St. Laurence's Church, Edakochi - east door.jpg|Front Door
File:St. Laurence Parish Museum, Edakochi.jpg|Parochial House
File:Stained glass windows of St. Laurence's Church, Edakochi.jpg|Stained Glass Windows
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{coord|9.89685|76.29607|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Churches in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Kerala]]

{{India-RC-church-stub}}

Dulla Bhatti

2025-11-19T14:13:06Z

Dr. Katy Jane:

{{Short description|Punjabi folk hero}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{about||the Pakistani Punjabi film|Dulla Bhatti (1956 film)|the Indian Punjabi film|Dulla Bhatti (2016 film)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dulla Bhatti
| title = Rai
| other_names = Son of Punjab [[Robin Hood]] of Punjab
| image =
| alt =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Zamindar]]|[[Social banditry|Social Bandit]]|[[Rebellion|Rebel]]}}
| caption =
| known for = Rebelling and fighting against the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]]'s centralised land revenue scheme (lagaan)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1547|07|23}}
| birth_place = [[Pindi Bhattian]], [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1599|03|26|1547|07|23}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day Punjab, Pakistan)}}
}}
{{Punjabi folklore}}

'''Rai Abdullah Khan Bhatti'''{{efn|{{langx|pa| رائے عبداللہ خان بھٹی {{small|([[Shahmukhi]])}}, ਰਾਏ ਅਬਦੁੱਲਾ ਖਾਨ ਭੱਟੀ {{small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}|translit=Rāi Abdullāh Khān Bhattī}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-11 |title=In Pakistan, a bid to revive Lohri – and remember Dulla Bhatti, a forgotten folk hero |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/pakistan-lohri-revival-efforts-by-remembering-folk-hero-dulla-bhatti-9105155/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> (23 July 1547 – 26 March 1599),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dulla Bhatti: Robinhood of Punjab, centerpiece of all Lohri songs, was hanged by Akbar publicly to set an example - Read full Story |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/lohri-2023-dulla-bhatti-story-and-significance-january-13-or-14-robinhood-of-punjab-centerpiece-of-all-lohri-songs-was-hanged-by-akbar-publicly-to-set-an-example-read-full-story-2560709.html |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> popularly known through his moniker '''Dulla''' or '''Dullah Bhatti''', was a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[folk hero]] who led a revolt against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule during the reign of [[Akbar|Emperor Akbar]]. He is entirely absent from the recorded history of the time, and the only evidence of his existence comes from [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] folk songs.<ref name="SinghGaur2008">{{cite book|author1=Surinder Singh|author2=I. D. Gaur|title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA89|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1358-7|pages=89–90}}</ref>

The deeds of Bhatti are recounted in [[folklore]] and took the form of [[social bandit|social banditry]]. According to Ishwar Dayal Gaur, although he was "the trendsetter in peasant insurgency in medieval Punjab", he remains "on the periphery of [[Punjab]]'s historiography".{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=27, 37, 38|ps=}}<ref name=Dawn/>

== Biography ==
Abdullah Bhatti was a Punjabi [[Muslim Rajput]] of the [[Bhatti]] tribe.<ref name=JP>{{Cite book|first=Ishwar|last=Dayal|title=Martyr as Bridegroom: A Folk Representation of Bhagat Singh|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2008|pages=37|isbn=9788190583503|quote=a Muslim Rajput, Dulla Bhatti, the son of local zamindar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ4CWDeKSxUC&q=dulla+bhatti+rajput&pg=PA37|access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref><ref name="Daniyal">{{Cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=Lohri legends: the tale of Abdullah Khan 'Dullah' Bhatti, the Punjabi who led a revolt against Akbar |url=http://scroll.in/article/801803/lohri-legends-the-tale-of-abdullah-khan-dullah-bhatti-the-punjabi-who-led-a-revolt-against-akbar |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Surinder | title=Situating Medieval India | publisher=Boydell & Brewer | date=2023-12-12 | isbn=978-1-83765-125-2 | chapter=Revolt of Dulla Bhatti against the Mughal state | page=140| quote= Dulla Bhatti as a brave Rajput warrior, who shook the foundations of the Mughal state}}</ref> Abdullah Bhatti lived at [[Pindi Bhattian]] in [[Punjab]],{{sfnp|Ahsan|1996|p=120|ps=}} and came from a family of hereditary local rural chiefs of the [[zamindar]] class. Both his father, Farid, and his grandfather, variously called Bijli or Sandal,{{efn|Surinder Singh's analysis of regional folklore names Bhatti's grandfather as Sandal and suggests the possibility, given the influence that he had in the region, that the area of [[Sandal Bar]] is named after him.{{sfnp|Singh|2008|p=106|ps=}}}}<ref name=Dawn/> were executed for opposing the new and centralised land revenue collection scheme imposed by the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]]. Dulla was born to Ladhi four months after the death of his father.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=34, 37|ps=}}<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1112454 |author=Mushtaq Soofi|title=Punjab Notes: Bar: forgotten glory of Punjab |date=13 June 2014|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref>

Akbar's son, Shaikhu (later known as [[Jahangir]]), was born on the same day. Advised by his courtiers that Shaikhu's future bravery and success would be ensured if the child was fed by a woman whose own son was born on same day (which happens to be Dhulla Bhatti), Akbar gave that responsibility to Ladhi despite her connection to a man who had rebelled against the Mughal throne. This decision appears to have its basis in [[realpolitik]]: Akbar perceived that Ladhi was resentful, that Bhatti might become the third generation of rebels and that Akbar's royal favour might offset this.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=35|ps=}}

A part of the royal patronage was that Bhatti attended school. Although, at that time, unaware of the fate of his ancestors, he refused to accept the strictures that were intended to mould him into a good citizen and objected to being a part of an establishment that was designed to produce elites. He left to engage instead in childish mischief-making.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=35|ps=}}[[File:Lohri.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lohri|Lohri Bonfire]], it is celebrated in the wider [[Punjab]] region in remembrance of Dulla Bhatti]]
A chance remark led to Ladhi having to explain the fate of Farid and Bijli to her son. Gaur says that this caused his general anti-authoritarian, rebellious nature to "crystallise" with the Akbar regime as its target, although not as a means of revenge specifically for the deaths of his relatives but in the wider sense of the sacrifices made by rural people generally. Bhatti saw this, says Gaur, as a "peasant class war".{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=35-36|ps=}}

=== Banditry ===
Bhatti's class war took the form of social banditry, taking from the rich and giving to the poor.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=36|ps=}}{{efn|''Social bandit'' is a concept devised by [[Eric Hobsbawm]], defined as "peasant outlaws whom the lord and state regard as criminals, but who remain within peasant society, and are considered by their people as heroes, as champions."{{sfnp|Hobsbawm|2010|p=13}}}} Folklore gave him a legendary status for preventing girls from being abducted and sold as slaves. He arranged marriages for them and provided their [[dowry|dowries]].{{sfnp|Purewal|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AxzmEYM0g84C&pg=PA83 83]|ps=}}

In one incident, [[Jahangir|Prince Salim]] crossed over into Dulla Bhatti’s territory during a hunt. Releasing him, Bhatti argued that his conflict was with the emperor, not his son. On another occasion, it is also said that Akbar got away from his guards and was apprehended by the soldiers of Dulla Bhatti. Akbar posed as the Mughal court jester when brought before Dulla Bhatti, which allowed him to be freed.<ref name="dawn"/>

His efforts may have influenced Akbar's decision to pacify [[Guru Arjan Dev]], and through Guru Arjan Dev's influence the people of Bari Doab, by exempting the area from the requirement to provide land revenues.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=36|ps=}}

== Death and legacy ==
[[File:Dulla Bhatti (4067802963).jpg|thumb|Grave of Dulla Bhatti at [[Miani Sahib Graveyard]]]]
The end for Bhatti came in 1599 when he was hanged in Lahore. Akbar had hoped to make an example of him at the public execution, expecting that he would quake with fear, but Bhatti was steadfast in his resistance to the end. Bhatti's last words were abuses against Akbar.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1392730|title=Remembering Dulla Bhatti, the landlord who stood up to the mighty Akbar|work=Dawn.com|date=2 March 2018|access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref> Shah Hussain, a contemporary [[Sufi]] poet who wrote of him, recorded his last words as being "No honourable son of Punjab will ever sell the soil of Punjab".{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=37|ps=}}{{sfnp|Ayres|2009|p=76|ps=}}

A fragments of the ''[[vaar|vars]]'' (medieval poetry put to music) concerning Dulla Bhatti have survived to the present day. {{sfnp|Singh|1997|p=448|ps=}} and ''[[Dhadi (music)|dhadi]]'' Performances recounting his exploits have become less common.{{sfnp|Nijhawan|2004|p=267|ps=}}

The memory of Bhatti as a saviour of Punjabi girls is recalled at the annual [[Lohri]] celebrations in the region to this day, although those celebrations also incorporate many other symbolic strands.{{sfnp|Purewal|2010|p=83|ps=}} The song "Sundri-Mundri" is sung during the celebrations and is a tribute to him.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=37|ps=}} Among the significant modern literature inspired by the life is ''Takht-e-Lahore'', a 1973 play written by [[Najam Hussein Syed]].{{sfnp|van Erven|1992|p=174|ps=}} A novel based on the life of Dulla Bhatti has been written by [[Baldev Singh Sadaknama]].

A number of Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language films have been produced on his life, including – ''Dulla Bhatti'' (1966) by Baldev R. Jhingan, ''Dulla Bhatti'' (1998) by Pammi Varinder, [[Dulla Bhatti (film)|''Dulla Bhatti'']] (2016) by Minar Malhotra.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|publisher=British Film Institute|year=1999|isbn=9780851706696 |access-date=12 August 2012|url-access=registration}}</ref> A Pakistani film ''Dulla Bhatti'' (1956) has also been made.

==See also==
*[[Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal]]
*[[Nizam Lohar]]
*[[Porus]]
*[[Jagga Jatt]]
*[[Malangi (bandit)|Malangi]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |title=The Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan |first=Aitzaz |last=Ahsan |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780195776935 |page=120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3bjAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{citation |title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan |first=Alyssa |last=Ayres |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780521519311}}
*{{citation |title=Martyr as Bridegroom: A Folk Representation of Bhagat Singh |first=Ishwar Dayal |last=Gaur |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2008 |isbn=9788190583503 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ4CWDeKSxUC}}
*{{citation |title=The Playful Revolution: Theatre and Liberation in Asia |first=Eugene |last=van Erven |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1992 |isbn=9780253112880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzBlJeYSqSoC}}
*{{citation |title=Bandits |first=Eric |last=Hobsbawm |author-link=Eric Hobsbawm |publisher=Hachette UK |year=2010 |orig-year=1969 |isbn=978-0-297-86531-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rVNXz-WhhwC |access-date=4 February 2014}}
*{{citation |first=Michael |last=Nijhawan |chapter=Transitions in the Public Realm: Dhadi in the Early Twentieth Century |title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society |editor1-first=M. D. |editor1-last=Muthukumaraswamy |editor2-first=Molly |editor2-last=Kaushal |publisher=National Folklore Support Centre (India) |year=2004 |isbn=9788190148146}}
*{{citation |title=Son Preference: Sex Selection, Gender and Culture in South Asia |first=Navtej K. |last=Purewal |publisher=Berg |year=2010 |isbn=9781845204686 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3dMJZlVUfMC}}
*{{citation |title=Medieval Indian Literature |volume=1 |first=Harbhajan |last=Singh |author-link=Harbhajan Singh (poet) |chapter=Medieval Punjabi Literature |editor-first=K. Ayyappa |editor-last=Paniker |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1997 |isbn=9788126003655 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC}}
*{{citation |title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia |first=Surinder |last=Singh |chapter=Mughal Centralization Local Resistance in North-Western India: An Exploration of the Ballad of Dulla Bhatti |editor1-first=Surinder |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=Ishwar Dayal |editor2-last=Gaur |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=9788131713587 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA89}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Surinder |chapter=Revolt of Dulla Bhatti against the Mughal State: A Study of Oral Tradition and Modern Cultural Forms |title=Situating Medieval India: Polity, Society and Culture |pages=139-162 |publisher=Boydell and Brewer |date=2023 |doi=10.1515/9781805431473-008}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatti, Dulla}}

[[Category:1547 births]]
[[Category:1599 deaths]]
[[Category:People executed by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:People executed by India by hanging]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:People from Hafizabad District]]
[[Category:Punjabi Muslims]]
[[Category:Punjabi warriors]]
[[Category:Burials at Miani Sahib Graveyard]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:16th-century executions]]

Danduwal

2025-09-28T13:41:58Z

Dr. Katy Jane: slightly refined intro as per guidelines further and added references

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Danduwal
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.1364786|N|75.6830443|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rurka Kalan]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m = 246
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1287<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=32798|title=Village Population per Census India|work=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 663/624 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144037
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code = 01824
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]- 08
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]

| blank1_name_sec2 = Post Office
| blank1_info_sec2 = Pasla
| website = {{URL|jalandhar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Danduwal''' is a village in [[Rurka Kalan]] tehsil in [[Jalandhar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located 2.4 km away from [[Rurka Kalan]], 19.6 km from [[Phillaur]], 29 km from district headquarter [[Jalandhar]] and 132 km from state capital [[Chandigarh]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per [[Panchayati raj (India)]].

== Education ==
The village has a Punjabi medium, co-ed primary school (PRI Danduwal). The school provide [[Mid day meals|mid-day meal]] as per Indian [[Midday Meal Scheme]] and the meal prepared in school premises and it was found in 1972.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/pri-danduwal/03041001301 | title=Details Of School | work=ICBSE}}</ref>

== Demography ==
According to the report [[published]] by [[2011 Census of India|Census India in 2011]], Danduwal has a total number of 270 houses and population of 1287 of which 663 males and 624 females. [[Literacy]] rate of Danduwal is 81.63%, higher than state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 106 which is 8.24% of total population of Danduwal, and child sex ratio is approximately 738 lower than state average of 846.

Most of the people are from [[Schedule Caste]] which constitutes 51.90% of total population in Danduwal. The town does not have any [[Schedule Tribe]] population so far.

As per census 2011, 549 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Danduwal which includes 398 males and 151 females. According to census survey report 2011, 81.60% workers describe their work as main work and 18.40% workers are involved in marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.<ref name=census />

== Transport ==
Nurmahal railway station is the nearest [[train station]]; however, Phagwara Junction [[train station]] is 16.4 km away from the village. The village is 53.2 km away from [[domestic airport]] in [[Ludhiana]] and the nearest [[international airport]] is located in Chandigarh also [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] is the second nearest airport which is 132 km away in [[Amritsar]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalandhar district}}


[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]

Gurumayum Gourakishor Sharma

2025-09-17T13:00:00Z

Dr. Katy Jane: edit

{{Short description|Indian martial art exponent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Gurumayum Gourakishor Sharma''' is an exponent and teacher of [[thang-ta]].

In 2009, he received the high [[Padma Shri]] honor award from the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] for his contributions to the preservation and advancement of thang-ta.<ref name="assamtribune2009jsk">{{Citation | title=Manipur martial art guru gets Padmashri | newspaper=Assam Tribune | date=2009-01-28 | access-date=2009-07-24 | url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=jan2809/ne1 | quote=... Gurumayum Gourakishore Sharma, who is well-known for his invaluable contribution in the field of thang-ta, the traditional martial art, has been conferred the prestigious Padmashri award ... | archive-date=28 September 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928145501/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=jan2809/ne1 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="apnet2009wdi">{{Citation | title=Guru G. Gourakishor, the master of Manipuri martial art form | newspaper=AndhraNews.net | date=2009-04-24 | quote=... Guru G. Gourakishor Sharma was recently conferred the coveted Padamshree award for 2008-2009 to honour his lifetime contribution to Manipuri Martial Art, Thang-Ta ...}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Thang-Ta]]
*[[Indian martial arts]]
*[[Mukna]]
*[[Sarit Sarak]]
*[[Banshay]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Gurumayum Gourakishor}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian male martial artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-martialart-bio-stub}}

Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company

2025-09-03T22:03:15Z

Dr. Katy Jane:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Short description|One of India's first indigenous shipping companies}}
The '''Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company''' ('''SSNC''') was one of the first indigenous Indian shipping companies set up during the [[Indian independence movement]]. It was started in 1906<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/swadeshi-ship-on-the-blue-waters-of-tuticorin/article4015532.ece | title=Swadeshi ship on the blue waters of Tuticorin | date=20 October 2012 | access-date=17 August 2014 | author=Manian, Ilasai}}</ref> by [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]] to compete against the monopoly of the [[British India Steam Navigation Company]] (BISNC).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/VOCs-descendants-found-in-dire-straits/articleshow/11236236.cms | title=VOC's descendants found in dire straits | date=25 December 2011 | agency=TNN | access-date=17 August 2014 | author=J, Arockiaraj | location=Madurai}}</ref> It sailed ships between [[Tuticorin]] and [[Colombo]] until it was [[Liquidation|liquidated]] in 1911.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bharti |first=Sushant |title=Sagar Ke Senani |publisher=National Book Trust |year=2023 |isbn=978-93-549-1673-1 |edition=First |location=New Delhi |publication-date=2023 |pages=38–40 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

==Background==
In the early 20th century, the [[British India Steam Navigation Company]] (BISNC) had a monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean region. The merchants of [[Tuticorin]], a port city in [[South India]], decided to break the monopoly. They hired a ship from the Shawline Steam Company to run between Tuticorin and [[Colombo]], the capital of [[Ceylon]]. After the intervention of the [[British Raj]], the hired company withdrew the lending.<ref name="R.N.SampathMani2017">{{cite book|author1=R.N.Sampath|author2=Pe. Su. Mani|title=V.O.Chidambaram Pillai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEg1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT50|date=30 August 2017|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2557-5|pages=50–55}}</ref>

During this time, [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]], a [[special pleader|pleader]] from Tuticorin who was involved in the [[Swadeshi movement]], which argued for self-reliance, started a navigation company as an act of political and financial opposition to the British.<ref name="R.N.SampathMani2017"/>

==Company==
Pillai registered the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company on 16 October 1906 with a capital of bought {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=on|year=1906}} from the issue of 40,000 shares.<ref name="R.N.SampathMani2017"/> Pillai formed the company not for profit but for ideals of nationalism. Any individuals in Asia were eligible to hold the shares.<ref name="R.N.SampathMani2017"/> '''''Haji Mohammed Rowther Sait,''''' Landlord and Merchant bought {{INRConvert|2|l|year=1906|lk=on}} indian rupees and purchased largest 8000 shares of company and Rowther became secretary of the company. [[Pandithurai Thevar]], the [[zamindar]] of [[Palavanatham]], bought {{INRConvert|1.5|l|year=1906|lk=on}} of shares by selling [[Pambur]], a village in his zamin;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=Pandithurai Thevar: A Poet, A Patron and A Protector |url=https://www.news18.com/opinion/pandithurai-thevar-a-poet-a-patron-and-a-protector-7349233.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Thevar became the president and Pillai became the assistant secretary.<ref name="R.N.SampathMani2017"/>
The objective of the company was to run a ship between Tuticorin and Colombo and also to train Asians in navigation and ship building.<ref name="R.N.SampathMani2017"/> Pillai toured throughout India to raise money for the company,<ref name="Navy1989">{{cite book|author=Indian Navy|title=Maritime Heritage of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1acCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38|year=1989|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-93-5206-917-0|page=38}}</ref> while poet [[Subramanya Bharathi]] wrote essays about its importance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/first-call-to-make-in-india-came-from-bharati-in-1909/|title=First call to 'make in India' came from Bharati in 1909|date=12 September 2016|website=Times of India Blog}}</ref>
The first ship, the SS ''Galia'', was purchased from France<ref name="Navy1989"/> with the help of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Aurobindo Ghose]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/22/stories/13221102.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020228055207/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/22/stories/13221102.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-02-28|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2001-09-22|title=Doyen of Swadeshi shipping}}</ref> and arrived in Tuticorin in 1907. The ship travelled between Tuticorin and Colombo and could carry 1300 passengers and 40,000 bags of cargo.<ref name="Khilnani2016">{{cite book|author=Sunil Khilnani|title=Incarnations: India in 50 Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=poiGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT251|date=25 February 2016|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-241-20823-6|page=251}}</ref> The ship bore a flag with the slogan "[[Vande mataram]]".<ref name="Khilnani2016" /> It would later be joined by another French ship, the SS ''Lavo''.<ref name="Navy1989"/>

A trade war broke out between the SSNC and BISNC; when the BISNC reduced the fare to one rupee, Pillai reduced the fare to 50 [[paisa]]. The BISNC then gave free umbrellas to passengers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/unsung-hero/article25548136.ece|title=Unsung hero|first=Seline|last=Augustine|date=22 November 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Due to nationalist sentiment, the SSNC received support from traders and passengers even when the BISNC offered free service.<ref name="Navy1989"/> The BISNC, with the help of the [[British Raj]], suppressed the activities of the SSNC by denying it the place and time schedule in the port<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/how-indians-fought-back-on-high-seas/|title=How Indians fought back on high seas|date=2 November 2015|website=Times of India Blog}}</ref> and delaying the medical and customs clearance of SSNC passengers.<ref name="Khilnani2016"/>
In 1908, Pillai was part of a group that planned to celebrate the release of independence advocate [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] from prison as Swarajya (self-rule) day.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2619/stories/20090925261908500.htm|title=An Irish link|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|first=A.R. |last=Venkatachalapathy|date=September 2009|volume=26|issue=19}}</ref> In response, on 12 March 1908, the British arrested [[Subramania Siva]] and Pillai on charges of sedition for organising meetings against the government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/remembering-july-7-1908-the-judgement-day/article6185099.ece|title=Remembering July 7, 1908, the judgement day|first=Mohamed Imranullah|last=S|date=7 July 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Pillai was sentenced to two terms of life imprisonment (40 years).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/154337/freedom-fighter-tamil-nadu-chidambaram-pillai/|title=This Fiery Freedom Fighter From Tamil Nadu Challenged the British Raj on the Seas!|date=2 August 2018|website=The Better India}}</ref> During his jail term, the British Raj further suppressed the activities of the company, and shareholders withdrew following harassment from the authorities.<ref name="R.N.SampathMani2017"/> The SSNC liquidated in 1911, and one of the ships was sold to its rival British company.<ref name="auto"/>

==Impact==
On 17 June 1911, the collector of [[Tinnevely District (Madras Presidency)|Tinnevely District]], [[Robert Ashe (administrator)|Robert Ashe]], was shot dead at [[Vanchi Maniyachchi Junction railway station|Maniyachchi Junction railway station]] by [[Vanchinathan]], a member of a secret society.<ref name="auto1"/> During the trial, it was revealed that Vanchinathan considered Ashe to be responsible for the suppression of the SSNC.<ref name="auto1"/>

In [[Tamil Nadu]], Pillai is remembered as ''Kapallotiyya Tamilan'' (the [[Tamilan]] who sailed ships).<ref>{{cite book|title=Prosperous Nation Building Through Shipbuilding|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zE26DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT39|date=15 March 2013|publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-85714-81-8|page=39}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] changed the name of the [[Tuticorin Port Trust]] to the V.O. Chidambaranar Port Trust to honour Pillai's contribution towards the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=69370|title=Renaming of Tuticorin Port Trust as V.O. Chidambaranar Port Trust|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Defunct shipping companies of India]]
[[Category:Maritime history of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1906]]
[[Category:1910s disestablishments in India]]

Piranmalai

2025-05-17T21:02:41Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Adding The Post Needs Work!

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Piranmalai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Piranmalai
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Piranmalai (26).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.235859|N|78.437956|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sivaganga district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| postal_code = 630502
}}

'''Piranmalai''' is a village located in [[Singampunari]] Taluk in [[Sivaganga]] district, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> The nearest town is [[Singampunari]] located {{convert|7|km|mi|sp=us}} away.

Piranmalai is a fortified hill at an elevation of over {{convert|2,500|ft|m}}. This is a last outcrop of the [[Eastern Ghats]], with a [[Bhairavar temple]] and five peedas in the rocks of the hill called the Pandava Therthams, is also sacred to the Muslims with a [[dargah]] of Waliullah Sheikh Abdullah Shaheb on its peak. At the foot hill, there are traces of a moat and Fort Marudhu, which was pulled down in early 19th century.

One of the seven vallal (freehearted), [[Paari]] ruled this area. The barren hill is believed to have been covered with dense jungle in the days of [[Maruthu Pandiyar]]'s rule from late 17th century to 1801. It was part of a large jungle that extended from the [[Eastern Ghats]] to the [[Palk Straits]].

The hilly village includes five areas (Piranmalai Main, Mathagupatti, Pudupatti, Pappapatti, Gopalapuram).

[[Piranmalai Kodunkundreeswar Temple]] is a [[hill temple]] reached by a flight of steps.

==Festivals==
The grand [[Bhrammotsavam]] is celebrated in the Tamil month of [[Chittirai]]. The Ugra Bhairavar Shrine here witnesses a special festival in the month of [[Tamil calendar|Thai]]. Other festivals here include [[Kartikai Deepam]], [[Arudra Darisanam]], [[Vinayaka Chaturthi]] and [[Navaratri]].

==Location==
The bus service to [[Ponnamaravathi]] from [[Madurai]] Mattuthavani stand goes via this village Piranmalai. There are also several bus service available from [[Singampunari]] which is {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} from here. The Dargah and temple is located {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Tiruppattur, Tirupattur district|Tiruppathur]], {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the city of [[Karaikudi]] and {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the city of [[Pudukottai]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sivaganga district]]

Paat Baba Mandir

2025-04-20T19:47:38Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Adding A Details Basic Info

{{Short description|Hanuman Temple in Jabalpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Paat Baba Mandir
|deity=Lord Hanuman
|location=Jabalpur
|state=Madhya Pradesh
|country=India
|creator=Smith (a British officer)
|established={{start date and age|df=yes|1903|08|12}}
|image=Paat Baba Mandir.jpg}}
'''Paat Baba Mandir''' is a Hanuman temple located in [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It was built by a British officer on 12 August 1903. It is believed that [[Lord Hanuman]] helped in building the [[Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur|Gun Carriage Factory]], and he still protects it. Special [[aarti]] of Lord Hanuman is performed every Tuesday at 7:30 pm in the Paat Baba Mandir.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-16 |title=इस मंदिर का एक ब्रिटिश अफसर ने कराया था निर्माण, जानिए गन कैरिज फैक्ट्री से जुड़ी चमत्कारिक घटना |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-how-jabalpurs-gcf-connect-with-patbaba-temple-6870517.html |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/jabalpur/news/gcf-factorys-defense-armor-hanuman-guards-the-hill-of-gcf-factory-in-jabalpur-came-in-the-dream-of-the-british-every-crisis-is-averted-by-reaching-the-temple-129668474.html|title=GCF फैक्ट्री के रक्षा कवच हैं महाबली: जबलपुर में पहाड़ी से पहरा देते हैं हनुमान, अंग्रेजो के सपने में आए थे, मंदिर पहुंचने से टल जाते हैं हर संकट - Jabalpur News|date=16 April 2022|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-07 |title=Today in Jabalpur : पाट बाबा में श्री हनुमानजी की विशेष पूजा |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-today-in-jabalpur-7574954 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref>

==History==
British officer Smith wanted to build a factory in Jabalpur for the mass production of weapons. He named it as 'Gun Carriage Factory'.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Whenever he built the wall of the factory, the wall would automatically collapse at night. This continued for several days and the whole work would get ruined at night.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Being troubled by this event, when Smith went to sleep, Lord Hanuman appeared in his dream and told him that there was a statue near the factory, which is buried in the ground.

The next day, Smith started excavation process all around the factory. He found a statue of Lord Hanuman, buried in the ground. He wrapped the statue in a red cloth. On 12 August 1903, the construction of the Paat Baba Mandir began.

After the construction finished, as soon as the work of building the Gun Carriage Factory started, it was finished safely, without any trouble. It is believed that Lord Hanuman helped in the development of the Gun Carriage Factory, and he still protects it.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==More temples in Paat Baba Mandir==
[[File:Pateshwar Mahadev temple.jpg|thumb|Pateshwar Mahadev temple]][[File:Paat Baba Mandir Durga temple.jpg|thumb|Durga temple]]
Apart from the temple of Lord Hanuman, a temple of Pateshwar Mahadev has been built in the Paat Baba Mandir. Also, a temple of Maa Durga has been built.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|23.17255|79.97825|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hanuman temples]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh]]

2023 Doda bus accident

2025-01-31T08:56:33Z

Dr. Katy Jane: started a pg - done

{{Short description|2023 bus accident in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox public transit accident
| name = 2023 Doda bus accident

| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| image_map=
| image_map_alt=
| image_map_caption=
| pushpin_map=
| pushpin_map_alt=
| pushpin_map_caption=
| coordinates = {{Coord|33|07|39|N|75|24|23|E|type:event_region:IN|display=inline,title}}

| date = 15 November 2023
| time = 11:50 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| location = [[Doda district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| location_dir =
| location_city = [[Assar]], Doda district
| location_dist_km =
| location_dist_mi =
| country = India
| line =
| operator = Private bus
| owner =
| service =
| type = Bus plunge
| cause =
| bus = 1
| trains =
| vehicles =
| passengers = 54
| crew = 2
| pedestrians =
| deaths = 39
| injuries = 17
| damage = Bus
| property =
| footnotes =
}}

On 15 November 2023, 39 people died and 17 more were injured when the driver of a passenger bus lost control and the vehicle plunged into a {{Convert|300|–|400|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep gorge in the hilly area of [[Doda district]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=37 killed, 19 hurt as bus falls into gorge in J&K's Doda: Officials |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/36-killed-19-hurt-as-bus-falls-into-gorge-in-j-k-s-doda-officials-123111500442_1.html |website=Business standard |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115144225/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/36-killed-19-hurt-as-bus-falls-into-gorge-in-j-k-s-doda-officials-123111500442_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2023 |title=39 killed, 17 injured as bus falls into deep gorge in JK's Doda; PM announces ex-gratia |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jammu/many-feared-dead-after-bus-falls-into-gorge-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-doda-district/articleshow/105229774.cms |access-date=15 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115150006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jammu/many-feared-dead-after-bus-falls-into-gorge-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-doda-district/articleshow/105229774.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=38 killed, 17 injured in J&K as bus plunges into 400-ft gorge |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/at-least-10-dead-as-bus-falls-into-gorge-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-doda-9027520/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115144226/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/at-least-10-dead-as-bus-falls-into-gorge-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-doda-9027520/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Crash==
The bus, which had registration number JK02CN-6555, was carrying 54 passengers, a driver and a conductor, when it plunged from the [[National Highway 244 (India)|Batote-Kishtwar national highway]] near Trungal-Assar and fell {{Convert|300|–|400|ft|m|abbr=off}} down a gorge. The bus landed on a disused road, {{Convert|4|km|mi|order=flip}} from [[Rajgarh, Jammu and Kashmir|Rajgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=36 killed as bus falls into gorge in Jammu and Kashmir's Doda district |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/at-least-10-dead-as-bus-falls-into-gorge-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-doda-9027520/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115144226/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/at-least-10-dead-as-bus-falls-into-gorge-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-doda-9027520/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2023 |title=36 killed as bus falls into gorge in J&K's Doda district |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/many-dead-dozens-injured-in-doda-bus-accident/article67535461.ece |access-date=15 November 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115144225/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/many-dead-dozens-injured-in-doda-bus-accident/article67535461.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The bus was over its 38 passenger capacity, which may have contributed to the driver being unable to negotiate the tight turn.<ref name=":0" />
==Rescue==
Soon after the incident, [[Ababeel (NGO)|Ababeel]] and Al-Khair Organisation volunteers, along with locals, initiated the rescue operation.<ref>{{cite news | title=Locals blame 'dilapidated' roads for mishaps | edition=Delhi | website=[[The Tribune (India)]] | date=16 November 2023 | url=https://epaper.tribuneindia.com/c/73902590 | access-date=19 November 2023 | archive-date=19 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119081142/https://epaper.tribuneindia.com/c/73902590 | url-status=live }}</ref> They were later joined by the police, SDRF, and other government rescue agencies. Indian Air Force helicopters were called for airlifting the critically wounded.<ref>{{cite news | title=Measures initiated by administration after Doda bus accident: Seriously injured airlifted to Jammu in IAF choppers | website=[[The Tribune (India)]] | date=17 November 2023 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/measures-initiated-by-administration-after-doda-bus-accident-seriously-injured-airlifted-to-jammu-in-iaf-choppers-563004 | access-date=19 November 2023 | archive-date=19 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119081141/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/measures-initiated-by-administration-after-doda-bus-accident-seriously-injured-airlifted-to-jammu-in-iaf-choppers-563004 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Responses==
[[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] issued a statement expressing distress and extended condolences to the families. He announced compensation payments of Rs. 2 lakh from the [[Prime Minister's National Relief Fund]] for each victim and Rs. 50,000 for the injured.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu Bus Accident: 36 Dead, Many Injured as Vehicle Falls into Chenab River Gorge in Doda; PM Modi Declares ₹2 Lakh Ex-Gratia |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/jk-at-least-20-killed-several-injured-as-bus-plunges-into-chenab-river-gorge-in-doda-disturbing-visuals-surface |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115150849/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/jk-at-least-20-killed-several-injured-as-bus-plunges-into-chenab-river-gorge-in-doda-disturbing-visuals-surface |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Amit Shah|Home Minister Amit Shah]] shared anguish over the loss of lives, conveyed condolences to the families, and acknowledged the ongoing rescue operations by local administration.<ref name="i719">{{cite news |author=Anzer Ayoob |date=15 November 2023 |title=Doda Bus Accident Toll Reaches 39 as Three More Succumb |website=[[The Chenab Times]] |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/11/15/doda-accident-atleast-36-lost-lives-in-bus-accident-toll-may-rise-pm-modi-announces-ex-gratia/ |access-date=17 November 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117032922/https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/11/15/doda-accident-atleast-36-lost-lives-in-bus-accident-toll-may-rise-pm-modi-announces-ex-gratia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Manoj Sinha|Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha]] expressed sorrow and offered condolences to the bereaved families. He directed the division commissioner and district administrator to provide assistance.<ref name="i719" />

[[Mehbooba Mufti|PDP President Mehbooba Mufti]] conveyed shock and sadness, offering condolences. She urged expedited rescue operations by the administration.<ref name="i719" /> [[Ghulam Nabi Azad|DPAP Chairman Ghulam Nabi Azad]] emphasized the need for improved road infrastructure and urged support for affected families. He called on Sinha to ensure that necessary assistance is provided.<ref name="i719" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Road incidents in 2023}}
{{Disasters in India in 2023}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buldhana bus accident, 2023}}
[[Category:2023 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2023 road incidents in Asia]]
[[Category:November 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Bus incidents in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Doda district|2023 bus accident]]
[[Category:Doda]]
[[Category:2020s in Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{Bus-accident-stub}}

Kwan Yin Chan Lin

2024-12-28T06:13:32Z

Dr. Katy Jane:

{{short description|Singaporean and Malaysian Buddhist zen centre}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{multiple issues
|{{primary sources|date=September 2014}} {{original research|date=September 2014}}{{more citations needed|date=November 2014}}
}}
{{Infobox monastery
| image = Kwan Yin Chan Lin.png
| caption = Kwan Yin Chan Lin
| name = Kwan Yin Chan Lin
| full = Kwan Yin Chan Lin Zen Meditation Centre
| established = 1991
| order = [[Mahayana]] [[Kwan Um School of Zen]]
| founder = Venerable [[Chi Boon]]
| location = 21 Lorong 25 [[Geylang]], [[Singapore]]
| public_access = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|1.3143|N|103.8825|E|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{url|https://kyclzen.sg}}
}}
{{buddhism}}
'''Kwan Yin Chan Lin Zen Meditation Centre''' (KYCL) ({{zh|t=観音禪林}}) is a [[Buddhist]] [[zen]] centre in [[Singapore]] and [[Malaysia]]. The organization was set up by Venerable [[Chi Boon]] (釋繼聞法師) in 1991. The present KYCL centres are located at [[Geylang]], [[Singapore]], KYCL International Zen Centre at [[Pengerang]], [[Desaru]] and Fu Hui Yuan at [[Muar (district)|Muar]] (inaugurated in 2018) in [[Johor]], Malaysia.

==Overview==
Kwan Yin Chan Lin Zen Meditation Centre was founded in 1991 by Venerable [[Chi Boon]] with Venerable [[Chuk Mor]] (竺摩長老), [[Seung Sahn]] Dae Soen Sa Nim (崇山大禪師) and [[Harada Tangen]] Roshi (原田湛玄禪師) being the spiritual teacher. Venerable [[Chi Boon]] received the ‘[[inka shōmei|inka]]’ as Zen Guiding Teacher or Ji Do Bop Sa (指導法師) on 8 November 1998 from Seung Sahn, as an acknowledgment of accomplishment in Zen practice and authorization in teaching Kwan Um School of Zen's teaching style.{{citation needed|date= November 2014}}. KYCL is the only Korean Buddhism Kong-an Zen practice (公案禪) monastery or centre in Singapore.

==Events==
Regular events at the centre include:
* Kong-an Zen Group Practice
* Sutra Chanting and Repentance Ceremony
* Dharma Talks and Sharing
* Traditional Chinese Medical Free Clinic Service
* Youth Club
* Children Classes.<ref>{{cite web | title = Regular Events | publisher = Kwan Yin Chan Lin | url = http://kyclzen.org/regular.html | access-date = 2014-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=2006 April Activities|journal=For You Information|issue=204}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Buddhism in Singapore]]
*[[Kwan Um School of Zen]]
*[[Korean Buddhism]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://kyclzen.sg/}}
*{{website|http://kwanumzen.org/}}

{{Buddhism in Singapore}}

[[Category:Buddhist organisations based in Singapore]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Singapore]]
[[Category:Geylang]]

{{Buddhism-monastery-stub}}
{{Singapore-struct-stub}}

Loharinag Pala Hydropower Project

2024-10-21T23:18:29Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Enhanced content and organization

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name =Loharinag Pala Hydropower Project
| image =Bhagirathi River at Gangotri.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = The [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]] river, the source stream of the [[Ganges River]], in [[Gangotri]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| name_official =
| dam_type = [[Weir]]
| dam_crosses =[[Bhagirathi River]]
| res_name =
| location =[[Uttarkashi District|Uttarkashi Dt]], [[Uttarakhand]] state, [[India]] (near [[Uttarkashi]] {{convert|18.7|km|abbr=on}} ExNE)
| plant_operator = [[National Thermal Power Corporation]]
| dam_length ={{convert|115|m|abbr=on|1}}
| dam_height = {{convert|15|m|abbr=on|1}}
| plant_hydraulic_head ={{convert|475.67|m}}
| dam_width_base =
| res_max_depth = {{convert|8.5|m|abbr=on|1}}
| spillway_type = 4 [[Floodgates|gates]] @ {{convert|13|m|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|8.5|m|abbr=on}} high
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began = 19 February 2004<ref name="staff">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/20/stories/2004022003290500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104044456/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/20/stories/2004022003290500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-11-04|title=Work at Loharinag power project begins |last=Staff Correspondent|date=2004-02-20|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=6 March 2010}}</ref>
| opening = October 2011 est.
| status =Discontinued
| cost =Rs 28,951 million (US$ 658 million).
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|190320|m3}}
| res_catchment = {{convert|3316 |km2|abbr=on}}
| res_surface = {{convert|3 |ha|km2|abbr=on|1}}
| res_elevation = {{convert|2147.5|m|abbr=on}}
| plant_turbines = four [[Pelton Turbine]]s @ 150 [[megawatt|MW]]
| plant_capacity = 600 MW
| plant_annual_gen =2,353.37 [[GW*h#Watt hour multiples and billing units|Gigawatt hours]] per year
| plant_commission =October 2011 est.
| plant_decommission =
| website =[https://web.archive.org/web/20110607012755/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Environment/IND/41904-IND-SEIA.pdf III. LOHARINAG–PALA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT 16]
| location_map = Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|30|49|6|N|78|37|5|E|display=inline,title}}
| extra = Designer: Voith Hydro (E&M Package)
}}
'''Loharinag Pala Hydropower Project''' is a [[run-of-the-river]] [[hydroelectricity]] generating project planned by the [[National Thermal Power Corporation]] (NTPC) Ltd to have an output capacity of 600 [[Watt#Megawatt|MW]] (150 MW x 4 Units). The project is located on the river [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]], the [[headstream]] of the [[Ganges River]] at [[Loharinag Pala]], below the confluence of the [[Songad River]], next to [[National Highway 108 (India)|NH 34]] in [[Uttarkashi District]] of [[Uttarakhand]] state, [[India]]. This is about {{convert|100|km}} upstream of the [[Tehri Dam]].<ref>(ADB) p. 16</ref>

The main project construction contracts were awarded and construction started in 2006,<ref>Construction of the 600 MW Loharinag-Pala Hydropower Project on thel Bhagirathi River in Uttarakhand, India, 2008. [http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/-himalayas/loharinag-pala-india?size=_origina Photo]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}: Matu People's Organization</ref> however, work was stopped in 2009 after Professor [[G. D. Agrawal]], one of India's eminent scientists,<ref>[http://drishtikone.com/?q=blog/professor-gd-agrawals-fast-unto-death-over-dam-bhagirathi Professor GD Agrawal's Fast unto death over Dam on Bhagirathi]</ref> came close to dying on the 38th day of his [[Fasting#Political fasting|fast]] in protest of the blocking the headwaters of the [[sacred]] [[Ganges in Hinduism|River Ganges]].<ref name="Vidal"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/02/21/stories/2009022151120300.htm|title=NTPC suspends work at Loharinag-Pala project|date=21 February 2009|work=Business Line}}</ref> ''Tarun Bharat Sangh'', headed by Magsaysay award-winner, [[Rajendra Singh (environmentalist)|Rajendra Singh]] also played a pivotal role in stopping the project.<ref>{{cite news |title='Waterman' becomes Ganga's saviour|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Waterman-becomes-Gangas-saviour/articleshow/6493662.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701133600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-05/lucknow/28251496_1_ganga-action-plan-gangasagar-hunger-strike |url-status=live |archive-date=1 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 September 2010 }}</ref> The project was officially scrapped in 2010.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

The Loharinag-Pala project was one of several hundred dams and [[weir|barrages]] planned or now being constructed by India, in the southern foothills of the [[Himalayas]]. Together they are expected to provide 150,000 MW of electricity for areas in which power cuts are frequent and demand is growing fast.<ref name="Vidal">{{cite news|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/4266|title=Himalayas hydroelectric dam project stopped after scientist on hunger strike against the project almost dies|last=John Vidal |date=2009-03-13|work=reprint by International Rivers|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|accessdate=1 March 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002141529/http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/4266|archivedate=2 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Description==
The [[Hydroelectricity]] project had been envisaged for installation of 4 generating Units of 150 MW utilizing a hydraulic head of {{convert|476.5 |m}} to have a maximum capacity of 600 MW. The facilities would include 4 vertical shaft [[Pelton wheel turbine]]s. The generators would be of synchronous vertical shaft type. The [[Electrical generator|generators]] would have capacity at a lagging [[power factor]] of 0.90, 3 phase, 250 rpm, and rated voltage of 11 to 18 kV. The generator [[transformer]] would be 4 nos [[Transformer#Cores|oil forced air forced]] (OFAF) type with step-up voltage capacity of 400 kV. The estimate of [[Greenhouse gases]] (GHG) [[Carbon offset|abatement]] in tonnes [[carbon dioxide|CO2]] equivalent is 5,268,027 t (Starting from 2010). Host Country Approval Status was Approved.<ref name="CDM"/>

The Project Owner/Proponent was Mr. Piyush Pradhan, CDM Representative, Engineering Division, Project Engineering (Mech-CDM) (NTPC) Limited, NTPC Bhawan, Core-7; Scope Complex, 7-Institutional Area, Lodhi Road NTPC Bhawan, Scope Complex, [[New Delhi]] – 110003. The baseline methodology used for the project evaluation was ACM 0002: Consolidated methodology for grid-connected electricity generation from renewable sources – version 6; The latest version of the tool for demonstration and assessment of [[wikt:additionality|additionality]] (the additionality tool). The expected date for commissioning of the project was in the year 2010. Duration of the project activity is 21 years.<ref name="CDM">{{cite web|url=http://indscanblog.com/2009/03/15/loharinag-pala-hydroelectric-project-4-x-150-mw/|title=Loharinag Pala Hydroelectric Project (4 x 150 MW)|work=CDM Projects India|publisher=Clean Development Mechanism Projects|accessdate=1 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025857/http://indscanblog.com/2009/03/15/loharinag-pala-hydroelectric-project-4-x-150-mw/|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Project land==
For {{convert|16.455|ha|0}} of private land, The District Magistrate (DM), Uttarkashi was instructed by The [[Government of Uttarakhand]] state to issue award in line to land acquisition (LA) Act. The Village Development Advisory Committee (VDAC) meeting was held on 08-05-2006 at Uttarkashi. f Award by the Special Land Acquisition Officer (SLAO) had been declared.

For [[reserve forest]] Civil Soyam land (total {{convert|139.029|ha|0}}), the draft CAT Plan was submitted by District Forest Officer, Uttarkashi on 20-02-2006. Approval of the Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan by GoUA was done.

For Forest Clearance, The Certificate for "Non Availability of Non-Forest Land for afforestation" was obtained by UPCL from Chief Secretary (UA). Certificate was submitted to Nodal Officer on 01-05-2006. Proposal has been cleared by Nodal Officer.

For '''township Land''' at Matli, private land needed was {{convert|11.383|ha|0}} and government land needed was 1.835 ha. The revised proposal for Section IV was submitted in DM Office on 23-03-06. The Proposal was sent by DM, Uttarkashi to GoUA.now with discontinuation of the project by orders of India government the land acquisition is not being done.

For township land at Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Colony at Kyark, private land needed was {{convert|9.979|ha|0}} and government land needed was {{convert|1.436|ha|0}}. The proposal for Section IV was submitted in DM Office on 17-03-2006. The Proposal was sent to GoUA by DM, Uttarkashi but now not required as project has been discontinued by India government.

The project site starts from confluence of the Songad river on the Bhagirathi River in the [[Shivling (Garhwal Himalaya)|Garhwal Himalaya]] to {{convert|18|km}} down stream at Thirang gad confluence with Bhagirathi river. The barrage site is next to NH 108 at Loharinag Temple. The Project has a mountainous [[Drainage basin|catchment area]] of {{convert|3316|km2}}, of which {{convert|1849|km2}} (56%) is covered in snow or glacier. The source of the Bhagirathi is about {{convert|82|km}} above the barrage.<ref>(ADB) p. 17</ref>

==Construction of approach roads==
For construction of approach road to Dabrani Adit ({{convert|750|m}} long ) private, forest and government land was needed. The LOA No. was LOA-54 dated 07-04-05 and the Deposit Work Agency was PWD, UA. Completion period was 6 months. The Date PWD Awarded the Work was 18-06-2005, Date of Start of Work was 01-08-2005 and the scheduled completion date was 31-01-2006. The formation width required was 10 m .

For construction of approach road to Gunaga Adit ({{convert|4000|m}} long )Private, Forest and Govt land was needed. The LOA No. was LOA-32 dated 20-12-04 and Deposit Work Agency was PWD, UA. The completion period was 10 months and date PWD awarded the work was 28-02-2005. The date of start of Work was 16-07-2005, scheduled completion date was 16-05-2006, formation width Required was 10m.

For construction of approach road to Helgu Adit ({{convert|6000|m}} long) private, forest and Govt land was needed. The LOA No. LOA-53 was dated 07-04-05. Deposit Work, Agency was PWD, UA. The completion period was 20 months, date PWD awarded the work was 18-06-2005, date of start of work was 19-01-2006, scheduled completion date was 18-09-2007. The formation{{clarify|date=August 2014}} required was {{convert|10|m}}. This road could not be completed due to geotechnical reason and alignment was require change but due to suspension of work forest land needed was not transferred. The formation{{clarify|date=August 2014}} width was 10 m.

For construction of approach road to surge shaft, a {{convert|6810|m}} long Bhukki -Kujjan road was to be constructed. LOA No. was LOA-09 dated 29-03-2004. The Deposit Work Agency was BRO{{clarify|date=August 2014}}. Completion period was 24 Months, date of start of work was 01-07-2005 and scheduled completion date was 30-06-2007. Formation width was 10 m. Private land/forest land was acquired to start the work.

==Construction of dam and powerhouse==
{{Original research|section|date=August 2015}}For construction of three units, there were audits of 18-01-05 account, 17-03-05 account and 29-07-05 account, 13 months were awarded. For the Head Race Tunnel Package, on 18-04-05 account, 15-09-05 account and June 2006 account, there were 38 months. Evaluation was in progress. For underground power house and Penstock Package on 25-10-05 account, May 2006 account and Sept 2006, there was a schedule for 45 months. Bids were invited. For the electro-mechanical package April 2006 account, 09-06-06 and schedule Oct ’06, there was a schedule for 44 months. Bids were invited. For the hydro-mechanical package, Jan ’06, Account 31-05-06 Schedule Sep ’06, Schedule 40 months bids were invited. For construction of barrage and de-silting chamber 16-08-05, account 16-12-05. account June ’06 and anticipated 40 months, the evaluation was in progress.

==Commissioning==

===Old schedule===
Commissioning dates scheduled were: UNIT #1 February ’2011, UNIT #2 March ’2011, UNIT #3 April ’2011 and UNIT #4 - May ’2011. At present the schedule has slipped to end the project somewhere in second quarter of 2013<ref name="MOS">{{cite book|author=Infrastructure and Project Monitoring Division|title=PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION STATUS REPORT OF CENTRAL SECTOR PROJECTS Costing Rs.20 crore & above|publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|date=January–March 2008|pages=134|url=http://mospi.nic.in/QPISR_Jan_Mar_2008.pdf|access-date=5 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114005809/http://www.mospi.nic.in/QPISR_Jan_Mar_2008.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Update===
Work on the Loharinag Pala Hydropower Project was stopped after one of India's eminent scientists came close to dying on the 38th day of his [[Fasting#Political fasting|fast]] in protest of the harnessing of the river Bhagirathi, a source stream of the Ganges River.

Professor G. D. Agrawal (b. 1932), former dean of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]], in the first week of March 2009 called off his second fast in a year against Himalayan dam projects, after the Indian government agreed to speed up its inquiry into how electricity could be generated without the flow of the Ganges being impeded. The free-running of the river is a crucial element of its sacred status.
:Before his fast began in January, Agrawal said,: "The water ...(of the Ganges) is not ordinary water to a Hindu. It is a matter of the life and death of Hindu faith".<ref name="Vidal"/>

In August 2010, the Group of Ministers discontinued the project.<ref>{{cite web|title=GoM decides to scrap NTPC hydel project on Bhagirathi river|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-20/news/27599592_1_hydel-project-bhagirathi-river-loharinag-pala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505042620/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-20/news/27599592_1_hydel-project-bhagirathi-river-loharinag-pala|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2013|publisher=The Economic Times|accessdate=23 November 2011|date=20 August 2010}}</ref>

==Impact==
Addition of 2,353.37 GWh of electricity generation to the Northern region grid would be the main measurable benefit of the Project. The average unit cost of electricity generated by the plant would be about Rs2.00 (US$0.0455) per kWh. The project appears to be economically viable under normal operating conditions. This table power supply is crucial for increased employment balanced growth in the area. The unit power cost from plants like the Loharinag–Pala HEP is less than the cost of private on site generation of electricity due to less-efficient technology and high fuel cost used of private off-grid generation.<ref>(ADB) p. 24</ref>

The [[Environmental impact statement]] (EIS) prepared by the NTPC indicates the main adverse environmental impacts of the project will be changes in [[river]] [[hydrology]], a decline in the quality of [[aquatic ecosystems]], loss of agricultural and forest land, and [[Population transfer|resettlement]]. Impacts on the rivers will be mitigated by the release of a 0.85–1.1 m3/s minimum environmentally acceptable dry season flow from the Loharinag–Pala dam, the release of monsoon season flushing flows, and yearly restocking of rivers above and below the barrage sites with [[common snowtrout]].<ref>(ADB) p. 28</ref>

The loss of private agricultural and forest land has been or will be mitigated by the acquisition of private land at an above-market rate. The social impact of the projects will be mitigated by NTPC's resettlement and rehabilitation procedures, with fair compensation being paid by NTPC.<ref name="ADB">{{cite book|last=(ADB) by NTPC Limited for the Asian Development Bank|title=Summary Environmental Impact Assessment - Project Number: 41904|publisher=Asian Development Bank|date=August 2007|series=India: NTPC Capacity Expansion Financing II (Tapovan–Vishnugad Hydroelectric Project and Loharinag–Pala Hydroelectric Project)|pages=16–27|chapter=III. LOHARINAG–PALA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Environment/IND/41904-IND-SEIA.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607012755/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Environment/IND/41904-IND-SEIA.pdf|archivedate=7 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Also the owner of the project is not been fair on their contractual part as of not clearing the situation of uncertainty prevailing from so long duration to their contractors causing high stakes and risks at contractors end.

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{stack|{{Portal|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5d8OPkKJPs Save the Ganga! (1/11)- Ganga Aahwaan Ganga Bachao Tripathagamini] Video 4:55

{{NTPC Power Stations}}
{{Power Stations of Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Dams in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Cancelled hydroelectric power stations]]
[[Category:Uttarkashi district]]
[[Category:Dams on the Bhagirathi River]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Uttarakhand]]

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2024-08-05T22:58:21Z

Dr. Katy Jane: Made redirect

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