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Wives of Muhammad

2023-10-05T18:42:33Z

Dr. K. M. Saifullah: +{{Authority control}} (1 ID from Wikidata); cleanup & BP:GenFixes on, typo(s) fixed: ously- → ously , ’s → 's

{{Short description|Women who were married to Islam's founder}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Mothers of the Believers
| native_name = {{lang|ar|أمهات المؤمنين }}
| image =
| image_size =
| spouse = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;|leftright=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y
|Consort|Married
|[[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]]|595–619
|[[Sawdah bint Zam'ah|Sawdah]]|619–632
|[[Aisha bint Abi Bakr|Aishah]]|623–632
|[[Hafsa bint Umar|Hafsah]]|625–632
|[[Zaynab bint Khuzayma|Umm al-Masakin]]|625–626
|[[Umm Salamah]]|625–632
|[[Zaynab bint Jahsh|Zaynab]]|627–632
|[[Juwayriya bint al-Harith|Juwayriyyah]]|628–632
|[[Umm Habiba]]h|628–632
|[[Safiyya bint Huyayy|Safiyyah]]|629–632
|[[Maymunah bint al-Harith|Maymunah]]|629–632
|[[Rayhana bint Zayd|Rayhanah]]{{efn|(concubine; considered a wife by some Muslims)<ref name="Rayhanah/Mariah">{{cite book|editor1-last=Bennett|editor1-first=Clinton|title=In Search of Muhammad|date=1998|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9780304704019|page=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofmuhamm00benn/page/251 251]|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofmuhamm00benn/page/251}}</ref>}} |627–631
|[[Maria al-Qibtiyya|Mariah]]{{efn|([[Maria al-Qibtiyya#Status as a wife or concubine|status unclear]])<ref name="Rayhanah/Mariah" />}}
|628–632 }}
| family = [[Ahl al-Bayt]]
}}

Eleven women were confirmed to be married to [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. Muslims use the term '''Umm al-Mu'minin''' ({{lang-ar|أم ٱلْمُؤْمِنِين‎}}; meaning '[[The Mother of Believers|Mother of the Believers]]') prominently before or after referring to them as a sign of respect, a term derived from {{qref|33|6|b=y|pl=y}}.<ref name="Aleem">{{cite book|title=Prophet Muhammad(s) and His Family|last=Aleem |first=Shamim| publisher=AuthorHouse|year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4343-2357-6 |page=85|chapter=12. Mothers of Believers}}</ref>

At the age of 25, Muhammad married his first wife, the widow [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]]. This marriage lasted for 25 years. After her death in 619 CE,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Mubārakfūrī|first=Ṣafī al-Raḥmān|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC|title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet|date=2002|publisher=Darussalam|isbn=978-9960-899-55-8|pages=|language=en}}</ref> he married a total of 10 women over the remaining years of his life. From these wives, two bore him [[Muhammad's children|children]]: [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]] and [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]]. All of Muhammad's wives were widows or divorced, with the exception of [[Aisha]].

Muhammad's life is traditionally delineated by two epochs: [[Muhammad in Mecca|pre-hijrah]] [[Mecca]], a city in western [[Arabia]], from the year 570 to 622 CE, and [[Muhammad in Medina|post-hijrah]] in [[Medina]], from 622 until his death in 632. [[Hijrah]] refers to the mass migration of Muhammad and his followers to Medina due to [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|persecution faced by Muslims in Mecca]]. All but two of his marriages were contracted after this migration.

{{Islam}}

==Objectives==
{{Muhammad}}
Muhammad was first married at the age of 25 to the 40-year-old [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]], his employer, a woman of considerable wealth who reportedly supported him financially and emotionally.{{sfn|Lapidus|2012|p=184}}<ref name=tolan>{{cite book|author=[[John Victor Tolan]]|title=Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|page=29}}</ref> He remained [[Monogamy|monogamous]] with her until her death,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Francois-Cerrah |first1=Myriam |date=17 September 2012 |title=The truth about Muhammad and Aisha |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/sep/17/muhammad-aisha-truth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210200347/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/sep/17/muhammad-aisha-truth |archive-date=2013-12-10 |access-date=17 September 2012 |website=theguardian}}</ref> after which, upon his migration to [[Medina]], he acquired about one wife per year. He did not, however, have a Medinan wife, presumably because they did not embrace Islam's approval of [[Polygyny|polyginy]] and its curtailment of their right to inheritance.{{sfn|Phipps|1999|p=141}} Although [[Muslims]] are limited to having only four wives at a time,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbhM6YDoKEkC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Journal of Arabic and Religious Studies |date=1986 |publisher=Department of Religions, University of Ilorin |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> Muhammad was exempted from this ruling and was allowed to have an unlimited number of wives.{{Sfn|Phipps|1999|p=142}} Muhammad's wives were not allowed to remarry after his death, including [[Aisha]] who was only 18 at the time.{{sfn|Rinehart|2019|loc=The Domestic Roles of Wife, Mother, and Sex Slave}}

Orientalist [[William Montgomery Watt]] states that all of Muhammad's marriages had the political aspect of strengthening friendly relationships and were based on the Arabian custom.<ref>Watt (1956), p. 287</ref> Scholar of Islamic studies [[John Esposito]] points out that some of Muhammad's marriages were aimed at providing a livelihood for widows.<ref>Esposito (1998), pp. 16–18.</ref> He noted that remarriage was difficult for widows in a society that emphasized virgin marriages.<ref>John Esposito. ''[[Islam: The Straight Path]]''. Oxford University Press. pp. 17–18.</ref> Academic [[Francis Edward Peters|F.E. Peters]] says that it is hard to make generalizations about Muhammad's marriages: many of them were political, some compassionate, and some perhaps affairs of the heart.<ref>F.E. Peters (2003). p. 84</ref> [[John Victor Tolan]], historian, writes that Muhammad's marriages mainly attempts at forging political alliances.<ref name=tolan/>

The objectives of Muhammad's marriages have been described as:<ref name="E. Phipps">{{cite book|last1=E. Phipps|first1=William|title=Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings|year=1999|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0826412072|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip_s4u1/page/142 142]|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip_s4u1|url-access=registration}}</ref>
# Creating family bonds between him and his companions (Muhammad married the daughters of Abu Bakr and Umar, whereas Uthman and Ali married his daughters. He therefore had family bonds with all the first four Caliphs).
# Spreading the message by uniting different clans through marriage.

===Terminology===
"Mother of the Believers" is a term by which each of Muhammad's wives came to be prefixed over time. It is derived from [[Quran 33:6]]: "The Prophet is closer to the believers than their selves, and his wives are (as) their mothers" is applied to all of the wives.<ref name="Aleem" />

==Family life==
Muhammad and his family lived in small apartments adjacent to the mosque at Medina. Each of these was six to seven spans wide (1.7  meters) and ten spans long (2.3  meters). The height of the ceiling was that of an average man standing. Blankets were used as curtains to screen the doors.<ref>Numani, p. 259-60</ref> According to an account by [[Anas bin Malik]], "The Prophet used to visit all his wives in a round, during the day and night and they were eleven in number." I asked Anas, "Had the Prophet the strength for it?" Anas replied, "We used to say that the Prophet was given the strength of thirty (men)." And Sa'id said on the authority of Qatada that Anas had told him about nine wives only (not eleven)."<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|1|5|268}}: Narrated Qatada: Anas bin Malik said, "The Prophet used to visit all his wives in a round, during the day and night and they were eleven in number." I asked Anas, "Had the Prophet the strength for it?" Anas replied, "We used to say that the Prophet was given the strength of thirty (men)." And Sa'id said on the authority of Qatada that Anas had told him about nine wives only (not eleven)."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://quranx.com/Hadith/Bukhari/USC-MSA/Volume-7/Book-62/Hadith-142 |title=Hadith collection Sahih Bukhari / Volume 7 / Book 62 / Hadith 142 |author=Muhammad al-Bukhari |author-link=Muhammad al-Bukhari |work=QuranX|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>

Although Muhammad's wives had a special status as ''Mothers of the Believers'', he did not allow them to use his status as a prophet to obtain special treatment in public.<ref name = Mariya>Ramadan (2007), p. 168-9</ref>

==Marriages==

===Khadija bint Khuwaylid===

Around the age of 25, Muhammad wed his wealthy employer, [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]], the 28-or 40-year-old widow, and daughter of a merchant.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ibn Ishaq|author-link1=Ibn Ishaq|title=Mustadrak Al-Hakim|page=182|volume=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ibn Sa'd|author-link1=Ibn Sa'd|title=Tabaqat al-Kubra|language=ar|volume=8|quote=أخبرنا هشام بن محمد بن السائب عن أبيه عن أبي صالح عن ابن عباس قال:كانت خديجة يوم تزوجها رسول الله – صلى الله عليه وسلم – ابنة ثمان وعشرين سنة}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Abu ‘Abdullah Al-Hakim|author-link1=Al-Hakim Nishapuri|title=al-Mustadrak|language=ar|volume=3|quote=عن محمد بن إسحاق، أن أبا طالب وخديجة بنت خويلد هلكا في عام واحد، وذلك قبل مهاجر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم إلى المدينة بثلاث سنين، ودفنت خديجة بالحجون، ونزل في قبرها رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، وكان لها يوم تزوجها ثمان وعشرون سنة}}</ref> Muhammad used to manage her caravans; and Khadija, being impressed by the skills of Muhammad, sent a proposal to the Islamic prophet.{{sfn|Tucker|2010|p=849}} Around 595, the couple married, and this marriage, his first, would be both happy and monogamous; Muhammad would rely on the Khadija in many ways, until her death 25 years later.<ref name="Esp2">Esposito (1998), p.18</ref><ref>Reeves (2003), p. 46</ref> They had two sons, [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|Qasim]] and [[Abdullah ibn Muhammad|Abd Allah]] (nicknamed ''al-Ṭāhir'' and ''al-Ṭayyib'' respectively),<ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Gwynne|title=Buddha, Jesus and Muhammad: A Comparative Study|date=23 Dec 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118465493|quote=According to Sunni Islam, Khadija bore Muhammad four daughters (Zaynab, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum and Fatima) and two sons ('Abdallah and Qasim).}}</ref> both died young, and four daughters—[[Zaynab bint Muhammad|Zaynab]], [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqaiya]], [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] and [[Fatimah]]. Some [[Shia Islam|Shia]] scholars dispute the [[genealogy of Khadijah's daughters|paternity of Khadija's daughters]], as they view the first three of them as the daughters from previous marriages and only [[Fatimah]] as the daughter of Muhammad and Khadija.<ref>
[[Muhammad al-Tijani]] in his [[The Shi'a: The Real Followers of the Sunnah]] on Al-Islam.org [http://www.rafed.net/books/other-lang/the-shia/18.html note 274] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504064909/http://www.rafed.net/books/other-lang/the-shia/18.html |date=2006-05-04}}
</ref> During their marriage, Khadija purchased the slave [[Zayd ibn Harithah]], then adopted the young man as her son at Muhammad's request.<ref name = Haykal>
[[Muhammad Husayn Haykal]]. ''[http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MH_LM/default.htm The Life of Muhammad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809201742/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MH_LM/default.htm |date=2007-08-09}}'': "From Marriage to Prophethood." Translated by Isma'il Razi A. al-Faruqi
</ref> Muhammad's uncle [[Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]] and Khadija died in 620 and the Islamic prophet declared the year as ''Aam al-Huzn'' ('Year of Sorrow').<ref>{{cite book|last=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Oxford|page=191}}</ref>

===Hijrah (migration) to Medina===
{{See also|Hijrah}}

====Sawda bint Zamʿah====

Before he left for Medina, it was suggested by [[Khawlah bint Hakim]] that he should marry [[Sawdah bint Zam'ah]], who had suffered many hardships after she became a Muslim. Prior to that, Sawdah was married to a paternal cousin of hers named As-Sakran ibn ‘Amr and had five or six children from her previous marriage. She along with her husband migrated to Abyssinia due to persecution of Muslims by Meccans. Her husband died in Abyssinia and hence Sawdah had to come back to Mecca. There are disagreements in Muslim tradition whether Muhammad first married Sawdah or [[Aisha]], but Sawda is usually regarded as his second wife and she was living with him before Aisha joined the household.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2116|website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|title=Sawda bint Zama|access-date=20 April 2019|others=From ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', ed. John Esposito, 2003}}</ref> Sawda was about 30 years old at the time.<ref name="Watt">Watt,"Aisha bint Abu Bakr", ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'' Online</ref>

As Sawdah got older, and some time after Muhammad's marriage to [[Umm Salama]],<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Gorgias Press LLC| isbn = 978-1-59333-398-0| last = Al-Shati| first = Bint| author-link=Bint al-Shati| others = Matti Moosa (trans.), D. Nicholas Ranson| title = The wives of the Prophet| date = December 2006 |page=52}}</ref> there are reports that Muhammad was neglecting Sawdah and had planned to divorce her. But Sawdah stopped him in the street and begged him to take her back, offering to give up her turn for his nightly conjugal visits to [[Aisha]], whom he was very fond of.<ref name="EI2-Sawda2">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1995 |title=Sawda BT. Zamʿa B. Ḳayyis B. ʿAbd Shams |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |last=Vacca |first=V. |edition=2nd |volume=9 |pages=89–90 |isbn=90-04-10422-4}}</ref> Sawdah pleaded that she was old anyway and did not care for men; her only wish was to be resurrected as the Prophet's wife on the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Day of Judgment]]. Muhammad agreed to her proposal, and [[Quran|Qur'an]] 4:128-9 was revealed. Other traditions say that Muhammad did not really reject her, but that she was afraid that he would, and it was not rejection that was considered in the revelation of the verse, but rather a compromise on divorce so long as she could remain his wife in name.<ref name="Wessels2">{{Cite book |last=Wessels |first=Antonie |title=A modern Arabic biography of Muḥammad: a critical study of Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal's Ḥayāt Muḥammad |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1972 |isbn=978-90-04-03415-0 |pages=105–6}}</ref>

====Aisha bint Abu Bakr====
Aisha was the daughter of Muhammad's close friend [[Abu Bakr]]. She was initially betrothed to [[Jubayr ibn Muṭʽim]], a Muslim whose father, though [[Paganism|pagan]], was friendly to the Muslims. When [[Khawlah bint Hakim]] suggested that Muhammad marry Aisha after the death of Muhammad's first wife (Khadija), the previous agreement regarding the marriage of Aisha with ibn Mut'im was put aside by common consent.<ref name="Watt" />

Muhammad converted friendship of his four friends who later became the [[Rashidun|four Islamic rulers]] or successors, into relationship through marriage. He married Aisha and Hafsa daughters of [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Omar|Umar]] and he gave his daughters to [[Uthman]] and [[Ali]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mubarakpuri|first=Safiur Rahman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ho0xzgEACAAJ|title=When The Moon Split: A Biography of Prophet Muhammad|date=2021-02-03|publisher=Independently Published|isbn=979-8-7042-9780-2|language=en}}</ref> Aisha was the only virgin he married.<ref name=":0" />

The majority of traditional sources state that Aisha was betrothed to Muhammad at the age of six or seven, but she stayed in her parents' home until the age of nine, or ten according to [[Ibn Hisham]],<ref name=spellberg40>{{harvnb|Spellberg|1994|pp=39–40}}</ref> when the marriage was [[consummation|consummated]] with Muhammad, then 53, in [[Medina]].<ref name=armstrong157>{{harvnb|Armstrong|1992|p=157}}</ref><ref name="aisha_hadith">{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|5|58|234}}, {{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes-usc|5|58|236}}, {{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes-usc|7|62|64}}, {{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes-usc|7|62|65}}, {{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes-usc|7|62|88}}, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|8|3309}}, {{Hadith-usc|muslim|8|3310}}, {{Hadith-usc|muslim|8|3311}}, {{Hadith-usc|abudawud|41|4915}}, {{Hadith-usc|abudawud|usc=yes|41|4917}}</ref> Aisha's age at marriage has been a source of controversy and debate, and some historians, Islamic scholars, and Muslim writers have challenged the previously accepted timeline of her life.<ref name="Kecia">{{cite book|title=Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence |last1=Ali| first1=Kecia|year=2016 |publisher=OneWorld |pages=173–186|isbn= 978-1780743813}}</ref> Both Aisha and Sawda, his two wives, were given apartments adjoined to the [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] [[mosque]].<ref name=Nomani1>Nomani (1970), p. 257-9</ref>

Aisha was extremely scholarly and inquisitive. Her contribution to the spread of Muhammad's message was extraordinary, and she served the Muslim community for 44 years after his death.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = AuthorHouse| isbn = 9781434323576| last = Aleem| first = Shamim| title = Prophet Muhammad(s) and His Family: A Sociological Perspective| date = 2007|page=130}}</ref> She is also known for narrating 2210 hadith,<ref>Islamyat: a core text for students</ref> not just on matters related to Muhammad's private life, but also on topics such as [[nikkah|marriage]], [[Islamic inheritance]], [[Hajj]] and [[Islamic eschatology]], among other subjects.<ref name=Asma>{{Cite book| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 9781107031586| last = Sayeed| first = Asma| title = Women and the Transmission of Religious Knowledge in Islam| date = 2013-08-06 |pages=26–29}}</ref> She was highly regarded for her intellect and knowledge in various fields, including poetry and medicine, which received plenty of praise by the traditionist [[Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri|al-Zuhri]] and by her student [[Urwa ibn al-Zubayr]].<ref name=Asma />

===Widows of the war with Mecca===

====Hafsa bint Umar and Zaynab bint Khuzayma====

During the [[Conquest of Mecca|Muslim war with Mecca]], many men were killed leaving behind widows and orphans. [[Hafsa bint Umar]], daughter of [[Umar ibn Al-Khattab]], was widowed at [[Battle of Badr]] when her husband [[Khunais ibn Hudhaifa]] was killed in action. Muhammad married her in 3 A.H./625 CE.<ref>Nomani (1970), p. 360</ref> [[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] was also widowed at the battle of Badr. She was the wife of [[Ubaydah ibn al-Harith]],<ref>Watt(1956), p. 393</ref> a faithful Muslim and from the tribe of Al-Muttalib, for which Muhammad had special responsibility.<ref>Watt(1956), p. 287</ref> When her husband died, Muhammad aiming to provide for her, married her in 4 A.H. She was nicknamed Umm Al-Masakeen (roughly translates as the mother of the poor), because of her kindness and charity.<ref>Lings (1983), p. 201</ref>

Close to Aisha's age, the two younger wives Hafsa and Zaynab were welcomed into the household. Sawda, who was much older, extended her motherly benevolence to the younger women. Aisha and Hafsa had a lasting relationship. As for Zaynab, however, she became ill and died about three months after her marriage.<ref>Lings (1983), p. 165</ref><ref name =Zaynab>Lings (1983), p. 206</ref><ref>Nomani (1970), p. 345</ref>

====Hind bint Suhayl (Umm Salama)====
The death of Zaynab coincided with that of Abu Salamah, a devout Muslim and Muhammad's foster brother, as a result of his wounds from the [[Battle of Uhud]].<ref name=Zaynab /> Abu Salamah's widow, [[Umm Salama]], also a devoted Muslim, had none but her young children. Her plight of being without a man reportedly saddened the Muslims, and after her ''[[iddah]]'' some Muslims proposed marriage to her; but she declined. She was the paternal cousin of [[Khalid ibn al-Walid|Khalid Ibn Al Waleed]], the military commander who fought against Muhammad in many battles. Her marriage made Khalid take an indecisive attitude at the [[battle of Uhud]].<ref name=":0" /> When Muhammad proposed her marriage, she was reluctant for three reasons: she claimed to suffer from jealousy and pointed out the prospect of an unsuccessful marriage, her old age, and her young family that needed support. But Muhammad replied that he would pray to God to free her from jealousy, that he too was of old age, and that her family was like his family.<ref name=Prophet>{{cite book |last=Hamid |first=AbdulWahid|title=Companions of the Prophet Vol. 1 |date=1998 |publisher=MELS|location=London|isbn=0948196130|page=139}}</ref> She married Muhammad around the end of 4 AH.<ref>''Umm Salamah''. Courtesy of ISL Software. University of Southern California.</ref>

====Rayhana bint Zayd====

[[Rayhana bint Zayd]] was a [[Jewish]] woman from the [[Banu Nadir]] tribe. In 627, the [[Banu Qurayza]] tribe was defeated and Rayhana was enslaved.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Al-Baghdadi | first=Ibn Sa'd | author-link=Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi |title=Tabaqat |pages= vol VIII, p. 92–3| no-pp=true}}</ref> [[Ibn Sa'd]] wrote that Rayhana went on to be manumitted and subsequently married to the prophet upon her conversion to Islam.<ref>[[Alfred Guillaume|Guillaume, Alfred]]. ''The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah'', p. 466. Oxford University Press, 1955. {{ISBN|0-19-636033-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ibn Sa'd |title=Tabaqat |pages=vol VIII, pg. 92–3 |no-pp=true}}</ref> [[Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi|Al-Tha'labi]] reports that the prophet paid a [[mahr]] for her and [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Hajar]] makes reference to Muhammad giving Rayhana a home upon their marriage.<ref>Ibn Hajar. ''Isabaha''. Vol. IV, pg. 309.</ref>

===Internal dissension===
An incident happened in which Aisha left her camp to search for her lost necklace, and returned with a companion of Muhammad.<ref name="Spellberg2">[[Denise A. Spellberg]], Aisha bint Abī Bakr, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an</ref>

====Zaynab bint Jahsh====
[[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] was Muhammad's cousin, the daughter of one of his [[Umama bint Abdulmuttalib|father's sisters]].<ref name="Watt2">Watt (1974), p.156-159</ref>

In the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Pre Islamic Era]], Arabs used to consider children who had been sponsored exactly the same as their biological children as far as rights such as inheritance and sanctities were concerned.<ref>{{Cite book|last=IslamKotob|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTJoiXp3pS4C|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir all 10 volumes|publisher=IslamKotob|language=en}}</ref> However, after marriage the sponsored children lost their inheritance rights and were henceforth known as the children of their biological parents. After attaining puberty, they could not live with the sponsoring family but were still subsidised. This was to reduce the enmity of biological children towards sponsored children and to prevent the mingling of male sponsors with adult sponsored females.<ref name=":0" />

In Medina Muhammad arranged the widowed Zaynab's marriage to his adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah. [[Caesar E. Farah]] states that Muhammad was determined to establish the legitimacy and right to equal treatment of the adopted.<ref>Caesar E. Farah, ''Islam: Beliefs and Observances'', p.69</ref> Zaynab disapproved of the marriage, and her brothers rejected it, because according to [[Ibn Sa'd]], she was of aristocratic lineage and Zayd was a former slave.<ref name="Freyer88" /><ref name="W158">Watt (1974), p. 158.</ref> [[William Montgomery Watt|Watt]] states that it is not clear why Zaynab was unwilling to marry Zayd as Muhammad esteemed him highly. He postulates that Zaynab, being an ambitious woman, was already hoping to marry Muhammad; or that she might have wanted to marry someone of whom Muhammad disapproved for political reasons.<ref name="Watt157158">Watt (1974), p. 157-158.</ref> According to [[Maududi]], after the Qur'anic verse {{qref|33|36|t=tq}} was revealed,<ref>{{cite book |last = Maududi| first = S. Abul A'la| author-link = Abul Ala Maududi| title = The Meaning of the Qur'an| volume = 4| publisher = Islamic publications ltd. |year = 1967 |url = http://www.tafheem.net/main.html |page=108 |access-date=2008-01-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080221062727/http://www.tafheem.net/main.html| archive-date = 2008-02-21| url-status = live}}
</ref> Zaynab acquiesced and married Zayd.

Zaynab's marriage was unharmonious.<ref name="Freyer88">Freyer Stowasser (1996), p. 88, Oxford University Press</ref> According to Watt, it is almost certain that she was working for marriage with Muhammad before the end of 626. "Zaynab had dressed in haste when she was told 'the Messenger of God is at the door.' She jumped up in haste and excited the admiration of the Messenger of God, so that he turned away murmuring something that could scarcely be understood. However, he did say overtly: 'Glory be to God the Almighty! Glory be to God, who causes the hearts to turn!'"<ref>{{cite book |last=Fishbein| first=Michael| author-link=Michael Fishbein (translator)| title=The History Al-Tabari: The Victory of Islam| publisher=State University of New York Press|date=February 1997| isbn=978-0-7914-3150-4 |pages=2–3}}</ref> Zaynab told Zayd about this, and he offered to divorce her, but Muhammad told him to keep her.<ref name="Watt" /> The story laid much stress on Zaynab's perceived beauty.<ref name=Rod /> Nomani considers this story to be a rumor.<ref name="Nomani">Nomani (1970). ''Sirat al-Nabi''.</ref> Watt doubts the accuracy of this portion of the narrative since it does not occur in the earliest source. He thinks that even if there is a basis of fact underlying the narrative, it would have been subject to exaggeration in the course of transmission as the later Muslims liked to maintain that there was no celibacy and monkery in Islam.<ref name="W158" /> Rodinson disagrees with Watt arguing that the story is stressed in the traditional texts and that it would not have aroused any adverse comment or criticism.<ref name="Rod" />

Muhammad, fearing public opinion, was initially reluctant to marry Zaynab. The marriage would seem incestuous to their contemporaries because she was the former wife of his adopted son, and adopted sons were considered the same as biological sons.<ref name="Watt" /> According to Watt, this "conception of incest was bound up with old practices belonging to a lower, communalistic level of familial institutions where a child's paternity was not definitely known; and this lower level was in process being eliminated by Islam."<ref name="Watt1">William Montgomery Watt (1974), p.233</ref> The Qur'an {{qref|33|37}} however, indicated that this marriage was a duty imposed upon him by God. It implied that treating adopted sons as real sons was objectionable and that there should now be a complete break with the past.<ref name="Watt" /> Thus Muhammad, confident that he was strong enough to face public opinion, proceeded to reject these taboos.<ref>Watt(1956), p.330-1</ref> When Zaynab's waiting period was complete, Muhammad married her.<ref>''Watt,'' p. 156.</ref> An influential faction in Medina, called "[[Munafiqun|Hypocrites]]", a term that refers to those who convert to Islam while secretly working against it <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hypocrite - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e910|access-date=2021-03-15|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com}}</ref> in the Islamic tradition,<ref name = FS89>Freyer Stowasser (1996), p. 89</ref> did indeed criticize the marriage as incestuous.<ref name="Watt" /> Attempting to divide the Muslim community, they spread rumors as part of a strategy of attacking Muhammad through his wives.<ref name=FS89 /> According to Ibn Kathir, the relevant Qur'anic verses were a "divine rejection" of the Hypocrites' objections.<ref name=FS89 /> According to Rodinson, doubters argued the verses were in exact conflict with social taboos and favored Muhammad too much. The delivery of these verses, thus, did not end the dissent.<ref name=Rod>Rodinson, p. 207.</ref>

===Reconciliation===

====Juwayriyya bint al-Harith====

One of the captives from the skirmish with the [[Banu Mustaliq]] was [[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith|Juwayriyya bint Al-Harith]], who was the daughter of the tribe's chieftain. Her husband, Mustafa bin Safwan, had been killed in the battle. She initially fell among the booty of Muhammad's companion [[Thabit ibn Qays|Thabit ibn Qays ibn Al-Shammas]]. Upon being enslaved, Juwayriyya went to Muhammad requesting that she - as the daughter of the lord of the Mustaliq - be released, however, he refused. Meanwhile, her father approached Muhammad with [[ransom]] to secure her release, but Muhammed still refused to release her. Muhammad then offered to marry her, and she accepted.<ref>Rodinson, p. 196.</ref> When it became known that tribes persons of Mustaliq were [[Kinship|kinsmen]] of the prophet of Islam through marriage, the Muslims began releasing their captives.<ref>Lings (1983), p. 241-2</ref> Thus, Muhammad's marriage resulted in the freedom of nearly one hundred families whom he had recently enslaved.<ref>Nomani, p. 365-6</ref>

====Safiyya bint Huyayy Ibn Akhtab====
[[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] was a noblewoman<ref name="shati_saf1">Al-Shati', 1971, 171</ref> and the daughter of [[Huyayy ibn Akhtab]], the chief of the Jewish tribe [[Banu Nadir]], who was executed by Muhammad's order after surrendering at the [[Battle of the Trench]].<ref>Ibn Ishaq, ''Sirat Rasul Allah''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad'', p. 464. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Ahmad ibn Jabir al-Baladhuri, ''Kitab Futuh al-Buldan''. Translated by Hitti, P. K. (1916). ''Origins of the Islamic State'' vol. 1 p. 41. New York: Columbia University.</ref> She had been married first to the poet [[Sallam ibn Mishkam]], who had divorced her, and second to [[Kenana ibn al-Rabi]], a commander.<ref name=shati_saf1 /><ref>V. Vacca, Safiyya bt. Huyayy b. Ak̲htab, Encyclopedia of Islam</ref>

In 628,<ref>Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 510.</ref> [[Battle of Khaybar|Muhammad attacked Khaybar]] and made the inhabitants, including the Banu Nadir, surrender. Kenana, who was Safiyya's husband at the time, was tortured on Muhammad's command with a hot steel and beheaded after he refused to reveal the location of his tribe's treasure.{{sfn|Zeitlin|2007|p=135–6}}{{sfn|Rodinson|1971|p=254}}{{sfn|Hishām|Isḥāq|1997|p=514-5}} One of Muhammad's companions, [[Dihyah al-Kalbi|Dihya al-Kalbi]], asked Muhammad to be allowed to take a slave girl from the captives; he gave permission, so Dihya went and took Safiyya. However, a man then came to Muhammad reporting that Dihya had taken Safiyya, who was the chief mistress of the [[Banu Qurayza|Qurayza]] and the Nadir, which he thought was only suitable for Muhammad. Thus, Muhammad gave the order to call them.{{sfn|Garst|2018|loc=Of Women, Donkeys, and Black Dogs}}{{sfn|Bukhārī|1997|p=249|loc=no. 371}}

When Safiyya was brought, she was with another woman, and when the woman saw the headless bodies, she screamed wildly, struck herself in the face, and poured sand on her own head.{{sfn|Zeitlin|2007|p=136}}{{sfn| al-Ṭabarī|1997|p=122}} Muhammad ordered to take what he considered the "she-devil" away.{{sfn| al-Ṭabarī|1997|p=122}} Muhammad then took Safiyya for himself and told Dihya to take any other slave girl from the captives.{{sfn|Garst|2018|loc=Of Women, Donkeys, and Black Dogs}}{{sfn|Bukhārī|1997|p=249|loc=no. 371}} Reportedly, Dihya got seven slaves in exchange.{{Sfn| Ibn Mājah|2007|p=298|loc=Vol. 3, no. 2272}} After that, Muhammad married her and brought her into his bed that very night. She was 17 years old at the time and was known to be exceptionally beautiful.{{sfn|Rodinson|1971|p=254}}

According to [[Martin Lings]], Muhammad had given Safiyyah the choice of returning to the defeated Banu Nadir, or becoming Muslim and marrying him, and Safiyyah opted for the latter choice.<ref>Martin Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based On The Earliest Sources (George Allen & Unwin, 1983), p. 269</ref> [[W. Montgomery Watt]] and Nomani believe that Muhammad married Safiyya as part of reconciliation with the Jewish tribe and as a gesture of goodwill.<ref>Nomani(1970) p. 424.</ref><ref>Watt (1964) p. 195</ref> John L. Esposito states that the marriage may have been political or to cement alliances.<ref>John L. Esposito, Islam: The Straight Path, pp. 19-20</ref><ref name="Mawsili, Musnad p. 168">Abu Ya'la al-Mawsili, Musnad, vol. 13, p. 168, Cited in Muhammad Fathi Mus'ad, The Wives of the Prophet Muhammad: Their Strives and Their Lives, p.172)</ref> Haykal opines that Muhammad's manumission of and marriage to Safiyaa was partly in order to alleviate her tragedy and partly to preserve their dignity, and compares these actions to previous conquerors who married the daughters and wives of the kings whom they had defeated.<ref>Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad (North American Trust Publications, 1976), p. 373</ref> According to some, by marrying Safiyyah, Muhammad aimed at ending the enmity and hostility between Jews and Islam.<ref name="Mawsili, Musnad p. 168" />

Muhammad convinced Safiyya to convert to Islam.<ref name =Rodinson254>Rodinson (1971), p. 254.</ref> According to Abu Ya'la al-Mawsili, Safiyya came to appreciate the love and honor Muhammad gave her, and said, "I have never seen a good-natured person as the Messenger of Allah".<ref>Abu Ya'la al-Mawsili, Musnad, vol. 13, p. 38, Cited in Muhammad Fathi Mus'ad, The Wives of the Prophet Muhammad: Their Strives and Their Lives, p.172)</ref> Safiyyah remained loyal to Muhammad until he died.<ref>Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad (North American Trust Publications, p. 374</ref>

According to Islamic tradition, Safiyya was beautiful, patient, intelligent, learned and gentle, and she respected Muhammad as "Allah's Messenger". Muslim scholars state she had many good moral qualities.<ref name="islamonline.com">Safiyah Bint Huyeiy Ibn Akhtab, www.islamonline.com</ref> She is described as a humble worshiper and a pious believer. [[Ibn Kathir]] said, "she was one of the best women in her worship, piousness, ascetism, devoutness, and charity".<ref>Ibn Kathir, Al-Bidayah wa an-Nihayah, vol. 8, p. 47, Cited in Muhammad Fathi Mus'ad, The Wives of the Prophet Muhammad: Their Strives and Their Lives, p.177</ref> According to Ibn Sa'd, Safiyyah was very charitable and generous. She used to give out and spend whatever she had; she gave away a house that she had when she was still alive.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat, vol. 8, p. 102, Cited in Muhammad Fathi Mus'ad, The Wives of the Prophet Muhammad: Their Strives and Their Lives, p.178</ref>

Upon entering Muhammad's household, Safiyya became friends with Aisha and Hafsa. Also, she offered gifts to Fatima. She gave some of Muhammad's other wives gifts from her jewels that she brought with her from Khaybar.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat, vol.8, p.100, Cited in Muhammad Fathi Mus'ad, The Wives of the Prophet Muhammad: Their Strives and Their Lives, p.172</ref> However, some of Muhammad's other wives spoke ill of Safiyya's Jewish descent. Muhammad intervened, pointing out to everyone that Safiyya's "husband is Muhammad, father is [[Aaron#Islam|Aaron]], and uncle is [[Moses in Islam|Moses]]", a reference to revered prophets.<ref name = shati_saf2>Al-Shati', 1971, 178-181</ref>

Muhammad once went to [[hajj]] with all his wives. On the way, Safiyya's camel knelt down, as it was the weakest in the caravan, and she started to weep. Muhammad came to her and wiped her tears with his dress and hands, but the more he asked her not to cry, the more she went on weeping.<ref>Ahmad, vol.6, p. 337, Cited in Muhammad Fathi Mus'ad, The Wives of the Prophet Muhammad: Their Strives and Their Lives, p.176</ref> When Muhammad was terminally ill, Safiyya was profoundly upset. She said to him "I wish it was I who was suffering instead of you."<ref name="islamonline.com" />

====Ramla bint Abi Sufyan (Umm Habiba)====

In the same year, Muhammad signed a [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah|peace treaty with his Meccan enemies]], the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] effectively ending the state of war between the two parties. He soon married the daughter of the Quraysh leader and military commander, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb]], aimed at further reconciling his opponents.<ref>Watt (1961), p. 195</ref> He sent a proposal for marriage to [[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan]], who was in Abyssinia at the time when she learned her husband had died. She had previously converted to Islam (in Mecca) against her father's will. After [[Second migration to Abyssinia|her migration to Abyssinia]] her husband had converted to [[Christianity]].<ref>
[http://www.islamonline.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=933 Umm Habibah: Ramlah Bin Abi Sufyan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927133302/http://www.islamonline.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=933 |date=2011-09-27}}. IslamOnline.
</ref> Muhammad dispatched 'Amr bin Omaiyah Ad-Damri with a letter to the [[Negus]] (king), asking him for Umm Habiba's hand—that was in [[Muharram]], in the seventh year of Al-Hijra.

==== Mariyah bint Shamoon al-Qibtiya ====
[[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] was one of several slaves whom the Governor of Egypt sent as a present to Muhammad. He kept her as a concubine despite the objections of his official wives. It is mentioned in all earliest biography of Prophet Muhammad that Mariyah is a slave girl or concubine. Mariyah bore Muhammad a son, Ibrahim who later died at 18 months.<ref>A. Guillaume/Ishaq 653</ref><ref>Al Tabari, Vol. 9:137, 141; Al Tabari, Vol. 39:193-195.</ref><ref>Bewley/Saad 8:148-151.</ref>

====Maymuna binti al-Harith====

As part of the [[treaty of Hudaybiyah]], Muhammad visited Mecca for the pilgrimage. There [[Maymuna bint al-Harith]] proposed marriage to him.<ref name=shati_may1>Al-Shati', 1971, 222-224</ref> Muhammad accepted, and thus married Maymuna, the sister-in-law of Abbas, a longtime ally of his. By marrying her, Muhammad also established kinship ties with the banu Makhzum, his previous opponents.<ref>Ramadan (2007), p. 1701</ref> As the Meccans did not allow him to stay any longer, Muhammad left the city, taking Maymuna with him. Her original name was "Barra" but he called her "Maymuna", meaning the blessed, as his marriage to her had also marked the first time in seven years when he could enter his hometown Mecca.<ref name=shati_may1 />

===Muhammad's widows===
[[File:Location of grave of Fatema and others at J.Baqi,Medina.JPG|thumb|A map showing the grave of the wives of Muhammad and his daughters in [[Al-Baqi'|al-Baqīʿ Cemetery]]. Central rectangle just in front of Main Gate.]]
[[File:Grave Ajvaje(wife) nabi 1.JPG|thumb|Grave of the wives of Muhammad in [[Al-Baqi'|al-Baqīʿ Cemetery]], [[Medina]]]]

According to the Qur'an, God forbade anyone to marry the wives of Muhammad, because of their respect and honour, after he died.
{{blockquote|...And it is not right for you to annoy the Messenger of Allah, nor ever marry his wives after him. This would certainly be a major offence in the sight of Allah.|{{qref|33|53|c=y}}}}

The extent of Muhammad's property at the time of his death is unclear. Although Qur'an [2.180] clearly addresses issues of inheritance, Abu Bakr, the new leader of the Muslim [[ummah]], refused to divide Muhammad's property among his widows and heirs, saying that he had heard Muhammad say:

{{blockquote|We (Prophets) do not have any heirs; what we leave behind is (to be given in) charity.<ref name="OR">
{{Cite web
|url = http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/muslim/019.smt.html#019.4351
|title = The Book of Jihad and Expedition (Kitab Al-Jihad wa'l-Siyar)
|access-date = 2007-10-05
|work = USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
|publisher = University of Southern California
|pages = Chapter 16, Book 019, Number 4351
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080509100919/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/muslim/019.smt.html#019.4351
|archive-date = 2008-05-09
}}</ref>}}

Muhammad's widow Hafsa played a role in the collection of the first Qur'anic manuscript. After Abu Bakr had collected the copy, he gave it to Hafsa, who preserved it until Uthman took it, copied it and distributed it in Muslim lands.<ref>Al-Shati', 1971, p. 110</ref>

Some of Muhammad's widows were active politically in the Islamic state after Muhammad's death. Safiyya, for example, aided the Caliph Uthman during his siege.<ref name=shati_saf2 /> During the first fitna, some wives also took sides. Umm Salama, for example, sided with Ali, and sent her son Umar for help.<ref name=shati_umm2>Al-Shati', 1971, p. 135</ref> The last of Muhammad's wives, Umm Salama lived to hear about the tragedy of [[Karbala]] in 680, dying the same year.<ref name=shati_umm2 /> The grave of the wives of Muhammed is located at [[Al-Baqi'|al-Baqīʿ Cemetery]], [[Medina]].

==Timeline of marriages==

{{Hatnote|Note: Not all sources agree on these exact dates}}
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:400
PlotArea = left:200 bottom:60 top:0 right:50
Alignbars = justify
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:0570 till:0632
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy
ScaleMajor = increment:4 start:0571
ScaleMinor = increment:4 start:0573

LineData =
at:0610 color:black layer:back
at:0622 color:black layer:back
at:0624 color:black layer:back

BarData =
bar:Khadija text:"Khadija bint Khuwaylid”
bar:Sawda text:"Sawda bint Zamʿa"
bar:Aisha text:"Aisha bint Abi Bakr"
bar:ZaynabK text:"Zaynab bint Khuzayma"
bar:Hind text:"Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya "
bar:Hafsa text:"Hafsa bint Umar"
bar:ZaynabJ text:"Zaynab bint Jahsh"
bar:Rayhana text:"Rayhana bint Zayd"
bar:Juwayriyya text:"Juwayriyya bint al-Harith"
bar:Ramla text:"Ramla bint Abi Sufyan"
bar:Safiyya text:"Safiyya bint Huyayy"
bar:Maymuna text:"Maymuna bint al-Harith"
bar:Maria text:"Maria al-Qibtiyya"

PlotData=
width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
bar:Khadija from:0595 till:0619 color:red
bar:Sawda from:0620 till:0632 color:red
bar:Aisha from:0623 till:0632 color:red
bar:ZaynabK from:0624 till:0626 color:red
bar:Hind from:0625 till:0632 color:red
bar:Hafsa from:0626 till:0632 color:red
bar:ZaynabJ from:0627 till:0632 color:red
bar:Rayhana from:0627 till:0631 color:red
bar:Juwayriyya from:0628 till:0632 color:red
bar:Ramla from:0629 till:0632 color:red
bar:Safiyya from:0629 till:0632 color:red
bar:Maymuna from:0629 till:0632 color:red
bar:Maria from:0630 till:0632 color:red

</timeline>

The vertical lines in the graph indicate, in chronological order, the start of prophethood, the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]], and the [[Battle of Badr]].

==Family tree==
 
{{chart/start|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;|align=center}}
{{chart | KiM |y| FbS | | | | | KiM='''[[Kilab ibn Murrah]]'''|FbS='''[[Fatimah bint Sa'd]]'''}}
{{chart | |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{chart | ZiK | | QiK |y| HbH | ZiK='''[[Zuhrah ibn Kilab]]''' (progenitor of [[Banu Zuhrah]]) maternal great-great-grandfather<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ww12.urlsamo.com/n6FHx|title=urlsamo.com|website=ww12.urlsamo.com}}</ref>|QiK='''[[Qusai ibn Kilab]]''' paternal great-great-great-grandfather|HbH='''[[Hubba bint Hulail]]''' paternal great-great-great-grandmother}}
{{chart | |!| | | | | |!|}}
{{chart | AMZ | | | | AMQ |y| AbM | AMZ='''{{'}}[[Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah]]''' maternal great-grandfather|AMQ='''{{'}}[[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]]''' paternal great-great-grandfather|AbM='''[[Atikah bint Murrah]]''' paternal great-great-grandmother}}
{{chart | |!| | | | | | | |!|}}
{{chart | WiA | | | | | | HiA |y| SbA | WiA='''[[Wahb ibn Abd Manaf|Wahb ibn 'Abd Manaf]]''' maternal grandfather|HiA='''[[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf]]''' (progenitor of [[Banu Hashim]]) paternal great-grandfather|SbA='''[[Salma bint Amr|Salma bint 'Amr]]''' paternal great-grandmother}}
{{chart | |!| | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{chart | |!| | | FbA |y|~|~| AuM |~|~|~|~|y| HbW | FbA='''[[Fatimah bint Amr|Fatimah bint 'Amr]]''' paternal grandmother|AuM='''{{'}}[[Abdul-Muttalib]]''' paternal grandfather|HbW=[[Halah bint Wuhayb]] paternal step-grandmother}}
{{chart | |!| | | |,|-|+|-|.| |)|-|.| | | |!|}}
{{chart | Ami |y| AiA |!| AZi |!| Har | | Ham | | Ami='''[[Aminah]]''' mother|AiA='''[[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|'Abdullah]]''' father|AZi=[[Az-Zubayr ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Az-Zubayr]] paternal uncle|Har=[[Harith ibn Abdul-Muṭṭalib|Harith]] paternal half-uncle|Ham=[[Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib|Hamza]] paternal half-uncle}}
{{chart | | | |!| | | |`|-|.| |`|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart | Thu |!| Hal | | ATi | | AAi | | ALa | | oth | Thu=[[Thuwaybah]] first nurse|Hal=[[Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb|Halimah]] second nurse|ATi=[[Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]] paternal uncle|AAi=[[Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|'Abbas]] paternal half-uncle|ALa=[[Abū Lahab|Abu Lahab]] paternal half-uncle|oth=''6 other sons and 6 daughters''}}
{{chart | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | |!}}
{{chart |F|~| Muh |y| KbK |!| | | AAA | Muh='''Muhammad'''|KbK=[[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]] first wife|AAA=[[Abd Allah ibn Abbas|'Abd Allah ibn 'Abbas]] paternal cousin}}
{{chart |:| | | | |)|.| | |!| | | |,|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart |:|,|-| Fat |t|~| Ali | | |!| | QiM | | AiM | Fat='''[[Fatimah]]''' daughter|Ali=[[Ali]] paternal cousin and son-in-law [[Family tree of Ali|family tree]], [[Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib|descendants]]|QiM='''[[Qasim ibn Muhammad|Qasim]]''' son|AiM='''[[Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad|'Abd-Allah]]''' son}}
{{chart |:|!| | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart |:|!| | | | ZbM | | RbM |y| UbA |~| UKM | | ZiH | ZbM='''[[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]]''' daughter|RbM='''[[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]]''' daughter|UbA=[[Uthman ibn Affan|Uthman]] second cousin and son-in-law [[Family tree of Uthman|family tree]]|UKM='''[[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]]''' daughter|ZiH=[[Zayd ibn Harithah|Zayd]] adopted son}}
{{chart |:|!| | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{chart |:|!| | AiZ | | UbZ | | AAU | | | | RbZ |7| UiZ | AiZ='''[[Ali ibn Zainab]]''' grandson|UbZ='''[[Umamah bint Zainab]]''' granddaughter|AAU='''{{'}}[[Abd-Allah ibn Uthman]]''' grandson|RbZ=[[Rayhana bint Zayd|Rayhana]] (marriage disputed)|UiZ=[[Usama ibn Zayd]] adoptive grandson}}
{{chart |:|`|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |:| |}}
{{chart |:| MiA | | Has | | Hus | | UKA | | ZbA |D| SbH | MiA='''[[Muhsin ibn Ali]]''' grandson|Has='''[[Hasan ibn Ali]]''' grandson|Hus='''[[Husayn ibn Ali]]''' grandson [[Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali|family tree]]|UKA='''[[Umm Kulthum bint Ali]]''' granddaughter|ZbA='''[[Zaynab bint Ali]]''' granddaughter|SbH=[[Safiyya bint Huyayy|Safiyya]] tenth / eleventh wife*}}
{{chart |D|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|C| |}}
{{chart |:| AbB |D| SbZ |:| Uma |D| USa |D| JbH |D| MbH | AbB=[[Abu Bakr]] father-in-law [[Family tree of Abu Bakr|family tree]]|SbZ=[[Sawda bint Zamʿa|Sawda]] second / third wife*| Uma=[[Umar]] father-in-law [[Family tree of Umar|family tree]]|USa=[[Umm Salama]] sixth wife|JbH=[[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith|Juwayriya]] eighth wife|MbH=[[Maymuna bint al-Harith|Maymuna]] eleventh / twelfth wife*}}
{{chart |:| |!| |:| | | |:| |!| |:| | | |:| | | |:| |}}
{{chart |L| Ais |L| ZbK |L| HbU |L| ZbJ |L| RbA |L| MaQ | Ais=[[Aisha]] second / third wife* [[Family tree of Abu Bakr|Family tree]]|ZbK=[[Zaynab bint Khuzayma|Zaynab]] fifth wife|HbU=[[Hafsa bint Umar|Hafsa]] fourth wife|ZbJ=[[Zaynab bint Jahsh|Zaynab]] seventh wife|RbA=[[Umm Habiba]] ninth wife|MaQ=[[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] }}
{{chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IiM |IiM='''[[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad|Ibrahim]]''' son}}
{{chart/end}}
* * indicates that the marriage order is disputed
* Note that direct lineage is marked in '''bold'''.

==See also==
* [[Ahl al-Bayt]]
* [[Women in Islam]]
* [[Children of Muhammad]]

==References==
{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==

===Wives of Muhammad===

*{{cite book| publisher = Gorgias Press LLC| isbn = 978-1-59333-398-0| last = Al-Shati| first = Bint| author-link=Bint al-Shati| others = Matti Moosa (trans.), D. Nicholas Ranson| title = The wives of the Prophet| date = December 2006}}

===Women in Islam===

* {{cite book
| last=Freyer Stowasser
| first=Barbara
| title=Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation
| publisher=Oxford University Press
| year=1996 | isbn=978-0-19-511148-4}}
* {{cite book
| last = Mernissi
| first = Fatima
| author-link = Fatima Mernissi
| quote = originally published 1987 in French, 1991 english translation, Paperback 1993
| title = The Veil and the Male Elite; A Feminist Interpretation of Women's Rights in Islam
| year = 1991
| url = https://archive.org/details/veilmaleelite00mern
| url-access = registration
| publisher = Addison-Wesley (now Perseus Books)| isbn = 9780201632217
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Khadduri
| first = Majid
| author-link = Majid Khadduri
| title = Marriage in Islamic Law: The Modernist Viewpoints
| journal = American Journal of Comparative Law
| volume = 26
| issue = 2
| pages =213–218
| publisher = The American Society of Comparative Law
|year=1978
| doi = 10.2307/839669
| jstor = 839669}}

===General===
* {{Cite book |last= Ibn Mājah |first=Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Yazīd |url=https://www.amazon.com/English-Translation-Sunan-Majah-Commentary/dp/B001AQ6JLM |title=English Translation of Sunan Ibn Majah with Commentary |date=2007 |publisher=Darussalam Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-9960-9881-3-9 |location=Riyadh |language=English}}
* {{Cite book |last=al-Ṭabarī |first=Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_History_of_Al_Tabari_Vol_8.html?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC |title=The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 8: The Victory of Islam: Muhammad at Medina A.D. 626-630/A.H. 5-8 |date=1997|publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3150-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bukhārī |first=Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl |url=https://www.amazon.com/Translation-Meanings-Sahih-Al-Bukhari-Arabic-English/dp/9960717313 |title=Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī: The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari : Arabic-English |date=1997 |publisher=Darussalam Pub. & Distr. |isbn=9960-717-32-1 |volume=1 |language=Ar-En}}
* {{Cite book |last=Garst |first=Karen L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJNcDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Women v. Religion: The Case Against Faith—and for Freedom |date=2018 |publisher=Pitchstone Publishing (US&CA) |isbn=978-1-63431-171-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zeitlin |first=Irving M. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Historical_Muhammad.html?id=_ScS1MjUzdYC&source=kp_book_description |title=The Historical Muhammad |date=2007 |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-0-7456-3998-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rinehart |first=Christine Sixta |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Sexual_Jihad.html?id=4--YDwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description |title=Sexual Jihad: The Role of Islam in Female Terrorism |date=2019|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-5752-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Islamic_Societies_to_the_Nineteenth_Cent.html?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC |title=Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51441-5 |language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Phipps|first1=William E.|title=Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings|year=1999|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0826412072|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip_s4u1/page/142 142]|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip_s4u1|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last=Ramadan |first=Tariq |author-link=Tariq Ramadan |year=2007 |title=In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad | publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530880-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00ramac}}
*{{cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis Edward |author-link=F. E. Peters |year=2003 |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-11553-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepec}}
*{{cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis Edward |author-link=F. E. Peters |year=2003b |title=The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition| url=https://archive.org/details/monotheistsjewsc00pete_0 |url-access=registration |publisher=Princeton University Press |id=ASIN: B0012385Z6 |isbn=0-691-11461-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Peterson |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel C. Peterson |year=2007 |title=Muhammad, Prophet of God |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0}}
* {{cite book
| last=Esposito
| first=John
| author-link=John Esposito
| year=1998
| title=Islam: The Straight Path
| publisher=Oxford University Press
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-05LGwAACAAJ&q=Islam:+The+Straight+Path
| isbn=0-19-511233-4
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Guillaume
| first=Alfred
| author-link=Alfred Guillaume
| year=1955
| title=The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah
| publisher=Oxford University Press
| isbn=0-19-636033-1
}}
* {{cite book| publisher = Brill Archive| isbn = 978-90-04-03415-0| last = Wessels| first = Antonie| title = A modern Arabic biography of Muḥammad: a critical study of Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal's Ḥayāt Muḥammad| year = 1972}}
* {{Cite book
| last=Haykal
| first=Muhammad Husayn
| author-link=Muhammad Husayn Haykal
| year= 1976
| title= The Life of Muhammad
}}
* {{cite book| author = Lings, Martin | title = Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources| publisher = Inner traditions international |year=1983| author-link = Martin Lings}}
* {{cite book
| last = al-Mubarakpuri
| first = Safi ur Rahman
| title = [[Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum]]
| publisher = Muslim World League
| year = 1979
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Nomani
| first = Shibli
| author-link = Shibli Nomani
| title = Sirat Al-Nabi
| publisher = Pakistan Historical Society
| year = 1970
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Reeves
| first=Minou
| author-link=Minou Reeves
| title=[[Muhammad in Europe]]: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making
| year=2003
| publisher=NYU Press
| isbn=978-0-8147-7564-6
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Rodinson
| first = Maxime
| author-link = Maxime Rodinson
| title = Muhammad
| publisher = Allen Lane the Penguin Press
| year = 1971
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqR_mU0qpE4C&q=muhammad+rodinson
| isbn =978-1-86064-827-4}}
* {{cite book
| last = Watt
| first = William Montgomery
| author-link = William Montgomery Watt
| title = Muhammad at Medina
| publisher = Clarendon Press
| year = 1956
|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp
| isbn = 0-19-577286-5}}
* {{cite book
| last = Tucker
| first = Spencer C.
| author-link = William Montgomery Watt
| title = The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts [5 volumes]: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts
| publisher = ABC-CLIO
| year = 2010
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC
| isbn = 9781851099481}}
* {{cite book
| last = Watt
| first = William Montgomery
| author-link = William Montgomery Watt
| title = Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 1974
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLN2hNidLw4C&q=muhammad+watt
| isbn = 0-19-881078-4}}

{{Wives of Muhammad}}
{{Honoured women in Islam}}
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}

[[Category:Wives of Muhammad| ]]
[[Category:Marriage in Islam]]
[[Category:Lists of wives]]

[[Category:Polygyny]]

Patsho Nyu

2023-09-10T07:13:17Z

Dr. K. M. Saifullah:

{{Short description|Major Naga language group}}
'''Patsho Nyu''' is a language widely spoken in [[Noklak]] district of [[Nagaland]] occupied by [[Khiamniungan]] tribe in North Eastern States of India.<ref>[https://issuu.com/jessietiong/docs/how_the_cocks_started_crowing : How the cock started crowing:Jessie Tiong | isuu ]</ref>

{{Infobox language
| name = Patsho Nyu
| pronunciation = {{IPA|[[kix]] (Khiamniungan Naga)|/Pɑtsʰɒ|ɲu/}}
[[File:En-Patsho Nyu.ogg]]
| states = [[Patsho]], [[Patsho Nokking]], [[Iekhau Village]], [[Patsho Town]], [[Yokau Village]], [[Tsüvau]], [[Lingnyu]], [[Kingnyu]], [[Lümuoking]], [[Thongtsu]], [[Sanglau]], [[New Sanglau]], [[Pang village]], [[Thounoknyu]], [[Wui both wui and Patsho|wui]], [[Chilliso]], [[Longsingking]] and other locations in the [[Patsho-speaking villages]]
| speakers = [[First language|L1]]: {{nowrap|120,000 approx. in Myanmar and 61,647 (2011), Nagaland}}<ref>{{cite web |title=CENSUS OF ST |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html |website=CENSUS INDIA |publisher=MHA GOI}}</ref>
| speakers_label = Speakers
| date = 2022
| ethnicity = Khiamniungan Naga
| ref =
| script = {{plainlist|
* [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[English alphabet]])
}}
| iso1 = kix
| iso2 = kix
| iso3 = kix
| notice = IPA
| sign = [[Manually coded Patsho]] (multiple systems)
| glotto = khia1236
| glottorefname = Khiamniungan Naga
| map =
}}

==Typology==
Patsho Nyu is related to sino-Tibetan<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kix/: Ethnologue.com language kix Khiamniungan Naga]</ref> compounded by two words and can be define accordingly where [[Patsho]] is a village in Nagaland and '''Nyu''' literally means language. Thus, forms the word Patsho Nyu.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349859305_Linguistic_diversity_and_language_contact_in_Nagaland : Linguistic diversity and language contact in Nagaland]</ref> Almost all the Khiamniungans are well versed with this language except people from north eastern part of the region finds it difficult to conversed.

==Language development==
Orthography which is in Latin script has been written and published for language development and preservation for cultural identity. Along with other pedagogical materials and dictionary for the oral language.<ref>[https://glocal.soas.ac.uk/cala2019-353/ : From oral tradition to written language: The Patsho Khiamniungan and Mongsen Ao dictionary projects]</ref>

==Writing System==
Patsho Nyu is written in Latin script with twenty eight(28) alphabets while some of them are combined to form one letter, for example '''t, s, h,''' are different and separate letter but also has '''tsh''' as one word like it is found in the word '''Patsho'''.<ref>[Patsho Range Students' Union (2023): Patsho Khiamniungan Orthography : Published by Patsho range students' Union in collaboration with dictionary team, Patsho Khiamniungan]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}

[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Naga languages]]

The Queer Explorer

2023-09-09T18:33:18Z

Dr. K. M. Saifullah: Established an original page.

{{Short description|French travel documentary television series}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|French|Les voyages de Nicky}}
| genre = [[Documentary]]
| creator = [[Nicky Doll]] and Maxime Donzel
| writer = Maxime Donzel and [[Nicky Doll]]
| director = Maxime Donzel
| presenter = [[Nicky Doll]]
| theme_music_composer = [[:fr:Josselin Bordat|Josselin Bordat]]
| country = France
| language = French
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 4
| runtime = 51-52 minutes
| network = [[France 5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|08|29|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| company = {{Plainlist|
* Effervescence Doc
* [[France Télévisions]]
}}
}}

'''''The Queer Explorer''''' ({{lang-fr|Les voyages de Nicky}}) is a French [[Television documentary|documentary]] [[television show]] on [[France 5]] that debuted on August 29, 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title='Les voyages de Nicky': France 5 explore le genre et le drag au-delà des frontières|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/arts-stars/television/4044576-20230829-voyages-nicky-france-5-explore-genre-drag-dela-frontieres|publisher=[[20_minutes_(France)|20 Minutes]]|access-date=September 6, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dans 'Les Voyages de Nicky', Nicky Doll rencontre l’Inde queer et ses variations autour du genre|url=https://www.telerama.fr/television/les-voyages-de-nicky-saison-1_cri-7027960.php|publisher=[[Télérama]]|access-date=September 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Les Voyages de Nicky': 'Je suis émue de faire la télé que j'aurais aimé voir il y a 20 ans'|url=https://tetu.com/2023/08/28/tv-programme-voyages-nicky-doll-serie-documentaire-drag-queen-genre-lgbt-queer-france-5/|publisher=[[Têtu]]|access-date=September 7, 2023}}</ref> The series follows [[Nicky Doll]] as she explores queer communities and gender expression around the world. The first season is comprised of 4 episodes that showcase queer culture, [[LGBT rights]] and activism, and the [[Drag_queen#Art_of_drag|art of drag]] in [[India]], [[Greece]], [[Mexico]], and [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Les Voyages de Nicky, un docu-série tous publics porté par Nicky Doll, tisse des liens entre drag et traditions ancestrales|url=https://www.konbini.com/amp/popculture/les-voyages-de-nicky-un-docu-serie-tous-publics-porte-par-nicky-doll-tisse-des-liens-entre-drag-et-traditions-ancestrales/|publisher=[[:fr:Konbini_(site_web)|Konbini]]|access-date=September 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Les Voyages de Nicky' sur France 5: Tour du monde en 80 genres|url=https://www.komitid.fr/2023/08/24/les-voyages-de-nicky-sur-france-5-tour-du-monde-en-80-genres/|publisher=[[:fr:Komitid|Komitid]]|access-date=September 8, 2023}}</ref> On August 30, 2023, CAN'T STOP media announced that they have acquired the global distribution rights to the series.<ref name="CAN'T STOP">{{cite web |title=CAN’T STOP media acquires global distribution rights to "The Queer Explorer", a new docuseries produced for France Télévisions|url=https://www.cantstopmedia.com/2023/08/30/cant-stop-media-acquires-global-distribution-rights-to-the-queer-explorer-a-new-docuseries-produced-for-france-televisions/ |access-date=September 5, 2023}}</ref>

==Production==
In an interview with ''[[Elle_(magazine)|Elle]]'', [[Nicky Doll]] credited [[Anthony Bourdain]] and her own exposure to different cultures while living in [[France]], [[Saint_Martin_(island)|Saint Martin]], and [[Morocco]] as the inspiration for the show.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicky Doll explore le genre dans le monde avec 'Les voyages de Nicky'. Rencontre.| url=https://www.elle.fr/Societe/News/Nicky-Doll-explore-le-genre-dans-le-monde-avec-Les-voyages-de-Nicky-Rencontre-4146715|publisher=[[Elle_(magazine)|Elle]]|access-date=September 7, 2023}}</ref> The series was one of two documentaries selected for [[France 5]]'s 2023 summer programming out of 232 candidates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Télé : 'Les voyages de Nicky', avec la drag-queen Nicky Doll, et 'Ambre coiffure', retenus pour les docs d’été sur France 5| url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/info-medias/tele-les-voyages-de-nicky-avec-la-drag-queen-nicky-doll-et-ambre-coiffure-retenus-pour-les-docs-d-ete-sur-france-5_5610692.html|publisher=[[France_Info|France Info]]|access-date=September 7, 2023}}</ref>

==Episodes==
===Season 1 (2023)===
{{Episode table |background=#FFA6B9 |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |country=France |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2=1
|EpisodeNumber=1
|Title=En [[India|Inde]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2023|08|29}}
|ShortSummary=Nicky travels to India, where she goes [[sari]] shopping and navigates the backwaters of [[Kerala]] with [[Maya_the_Drag_Queen|Maya the Drag Queen]]. Nicky then visits a [[Hijra_(South_Asia)|Hijra]] village founded by [[Grace_Banu|Grace Banu]], a transgender activist. She then attends the [[Navratri]] festival in [[Tiruchendur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], where men crossdress to pay respects to the goddess [[Kali]]. Nicky ends her trip with a [[Bollywood]]-style performance in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=En Inde |url=https://www.france.tv/france-5/les-voyages-de-nicky/saison-1/5165787-en-inde.html |access-date=September 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Voyage en Inde avec Nicky Doll|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/capture-d-ecrans/capture-d-ecrans-du-mardi-29-aout-2023-5244936|publisher=[[France Inter]]|access-date=September 8, 2023}}</ref>
|LineColor=FFA6B9
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2=2
|EpisodeNumber=2
|Title=En [[Greece|Grèce]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2023|08|29}}
|ShortSummary=Nicky meets the drag queen Kangela and watches her perform at the first and only queer comedy club in [[Athens]]. Nicky then sets sail for [[Sifnos]], where she has a photoshoot with fashion photographer René Habermacher and meets a local sculptor. She then travels to [[Lesbos]] to meet one of the pioneers of the local lesbian community and discover [[Sappho]]'s lasting imprint on the island.<ref name="En Grèce">{{cite web |title=En Grèce |url=https://www.france.tv/france-5/les-voyages-de-nicky/saison-1/5165784-en-grece.html|access-date=September 5, 2023}}</ref>
|LineColor=FFA6B9
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2=3
|EpisodeNumber=3
|Title=Au [[Mexico|Mexique]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2023|09|04}}
|ShortSummary=Nicky travels to [[Juchitán_de_Zaragoza|Juchitán, Oaxaca]] to learn about the [[Muxe]] community. She then makes her way to the city of [[Izamal]] to understand the ties between [[Maya_civilization|Mayan culture]] and today's LGBQT communities, followed by a performance with a local drag queen in a [[cenote]]. She then reunites with [[Lolita_Banana|Lolita Banana]] in [[Mexico_city|Mexico City]] for an initiation to [[Lucha_libre|lucha libre]] by [[Chik Tormenta]], a conversation with Lolita's father, and a joint performance. While in Mexico City, Nicky discusses progress in [[LGBT_rights_in_Mexico#Gender_identity_and_expression|transgender rights]] with [[Salma Luévano]].<ref name="Au Mexique">{{cite web |title=Au Mexique |url=https://www.france.tv/france-5/les-voyages-de-nicky/saison-1/5182236-au-mexique.html|access-date=September 5, 2023}}</ref>
|LineColor=FFA6B9
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber2=4
|EpisodeNumber=4
|Title=Au [[Japan|Japon]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2023|09|04}}
|ShortSummary=Nicky explores the influence of [[geishas]] on drag queens in [[Osaka]] and the fluidity of gender roles in a [[Taishū engeki]] performance in [[Kyoto]]. She spends several days with [[Kodo Nishimura]], a Buddhist monk and LGBQT activist, in [[Oshino, Yamanashi|Oshino]]. They discuss Kodo's path to becoming a monk, take a [[kimono]] class, and participate in a [[Japanese tea ceremony|tea ceremony]]. Finally, Nicky attends [[LGBT_culture_in_Tokyo#Recreation|Tokyo Rainbow Pride]] and talks to activists fighting for the legalization of gay marriage.<ref name="Au Japon">{{cite web |title=Au Japon |url=https://www.france.tv/france-5/les-voyages-de-nicky/saison-1/5182230-au-japon.html|access-date=September 5, 2023}}</ref>
|LineColor=FFA6B9
}}
}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Queer Explorer, The}}
[[Category:French television series]]
[[Category:French LGBT-related television shows]]
[[Category:French documentary television series]]
[[Category:Drag (entertainment) television shows]]
[[Category:2023 in French television]]
[[Category:2023 French television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s LGBT-related television series]]

MissMalini.com

2023-07-14T08:39:39Z

Dr. K. M. Saifullah: Shaped a unique article.

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox website
| name = MissMalini.com
| logo =
| caption =
| screenshot =
| collapsible =
| collapsetext =
| screenshot_size =
| url = [https://www.missmalini.com www.missmalini.com]
| commercial = Yes
| type = Online platform
| registration = Optional
| language = [[English language|English]]
| launch_date = 2008
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| owner = Good Media Co ([[Good Glamm Group]])
| author = [[Malini Agarwal]]
| current_status = Active
}}

'''MissMalini.com''' is an online platform that was established in 2008 and is based in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, India]]. It publishes lifestyle and entertainment content, including Bollywood news, gossip, fashion trends, and lifestyle entertainment news.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From a celebrity blogger to content-to-commerce entrepreneur: MissMalini's Malini Agarwal has come a long way |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/from-a-celebrity-blogger-to-content-to-commerce-entrepreneur-missmalinis-malini-agarwal-has-come-a-long-way-7825941.html |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930004819/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/from-a-celebrity-blogger-to-content-to-commerce-entrepreneur-missmalinis-malini-agarwal-has-come-a-long-way-7825941.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Behal |first=Ambika |title=How India's First Bollywood Blog Turned Into A Media House: A Question and Answer With MissMalini |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/abehal/2015/04/08/how-indias-first-bollywood-blog-turned-into-a-media-house-a-qa-with-missmalini/ |access-date= |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515161303/http://www.forbes.com/sites/abehal/2015/04/08/how-indias-first-bollywood-blog-turned-into-a-media-house-a-qa-with-missmalini/ |url-status=live }}</ref> MissMalini is now a part of Good Media Co, the media division of the Good Glamm Group, following its acquisition in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pradeep |first=Sethu |title=Good Glamm Group Acquires MissMalini Entertainment |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/good-glamm-group-acquires-missmalini-entertainment/ |access-date= |website=Inc42 Media |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201152125/https://inc42.com/buzz/good-glamm-group-acquires-missmalini-entertainment/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Tarush |title=Good Glamm Group makes fifth acquisition in 2021, acquires Miss Malini |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/good-glamm-group-makes-fifth-acquisition-in-2021-acquires-miss-malini-11639405956204.html |access-date= |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325092550/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/good-glamm-group-makes-fifth-acquisition-in-2021-acquires-miss-malini-11639405956204.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The platform is frequently referenced by publications such as [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune India]],<ref name=":1" /> [[The Quint]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahid Kapoor on Wife Mira Rajput’s Bollywood Debut |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/shahid-kapoor-on-wife-mira-rajputs-bollywood-debut |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710101907/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/shahid-kapoor-on-wife-mira-rajputs-bollywood-debut |url-status=live }}</ref> [[ScoopWhoop]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katrina Kaif Takes A Feminist Stance But Denies Being A Feminist |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/katrina-kaif-takes-a-feminist-stance-but-denies-being-a-feminist/ |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=ScoopWhoop |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812085502/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/katrina-kaif-takes-a-feminist-stance-but-denies-being-a-feminist/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Times of India]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shraddha Kapoor: Lesser known facts |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/shraddha-kapoor-lesser-known-facts/photostory/47720856.cms |access-date=10 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308190807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/shraddha-kapoor-lesser-known-facts/photostory/47720856.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Pinkvilla]], and others.

== History ==
MissMalini.com was launched in 2008 by [[Malini Agarwal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social media jedi: How MissMalini built her brand |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/books/social-media-jedi-how-missmalini-built-her-brand.html |access-date= |website=theweek.in |archive-date=19 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319200831/https://www.theweek.in/review/books/social-media-jedi-how-missmalini-built-her-brand.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as a personal blog.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New show on TV: Get up close & personal with Bollywood's biggies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/whats-hot/story/new-show-on-tv-missmalini-world-bollywood-stars-shah-rukh-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-kangana-ranaut-hrithik-roshan-287704-2015-08-11 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227174022/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/whats-hot/story/new-show-on-tv-missmalini-world-bollywood-stars-shah-rukh-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-kangana-ranaut-hrithik-roshan-287704-2015-08-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> She had previously been writing a gossip column for ''[[Mid-Day]]'', a [[Mumbai]] [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]], and decided to expand her writing into a blog.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blogging It Right {{!}} Verve Magazine |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/celebrity-blogger-malini-agarwal |access-date= |website=www.vervemagazine.in |language=en-US |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227174126/https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/celebrity-blogger-malini-agarwal |url-status=live }}</ref> As the blog gained popularity, she left her job at [[Channel V]] to focus on it full-time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Malini Dot Who? |url=https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/miss-malini-dot-who/ |access-date= |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227174018/https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/miss-malini-dot-who/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ब्लॉगिंग के शौक ने मालिनी को बनाया STAR, जो लिखती हैं, बन जाता है ट्रेंड |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/news/UP-ALAH-miss-malini-agarwal-success-story-from-allahabad-news-hindi-5379417-PHO.html?seq=12 |access-date=10 July 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227174129/https://www.bhaskar.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/news/UP-ALAH-miss-malini-agarwal-success-story-from-allahabad-news-hindi-5379417-PHO.html?seq=12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celeb Malini Agarwal blog goes viral on web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20120130-celebrity-malini-agarwal-blog-goes-viral-on-internet-757028-2012-01-19 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710101906/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20120130-celebrity-malini-agarwal-blog-goes-viral-on-internet-757028-2012-01-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> MissMalini.com covers a variety of topics, including [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]], fashion, lifestyle, travel, food, and [[nightlife]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Duttagupta |first=Ishani |title=MissMalini.com: How Malini Agarwal has opened a new growth avenue of Bollywood fashion in lifestyle e-tail |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/missmalini-com-how-malini-agarwal-has-opened-a-new-growth-avenue-of-bollywood-fashion-in-lifestyle-e-tail/articleshow/48939156.cms |access-date= |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227174016/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/missmalini-com-how-malini-agarwal-has-opened-a-new-growth-avenue-of-bollywood-fashion-in-lifestyle-e-tail/articleshow/48939156.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moving from website to TV: MissMalini.com |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features/movingwebsite-to-tv-missmalinicom-1043152.html |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227174016/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features/movingwebsite-to-tv-missmalinicom-1043152.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The platform is inspired by international sites like ''[[PopSugar]]'' and ''[[Perez Hilton]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Malini Agarwal: Sitting pretty |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/malini-agarwal-sitting-pretty-/100228 |access-date= |website=fortuneindia.com |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402021400/http://www.fortuneindia.com/people/malini-agarwal-sitting-pretty-/100228 |url-status=live }}</ref> MissMalini.com became an official media partner for major fashion events in India, such as [[Lakme Fashion Week]], Blender's Pride Fashion Tour, and India Resort Fashion Week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reebok salutes women in the first #FITTOFIGHT Awards |url=https://www.adgully.com/reebok-salutes-women-in-the-first-fittofight-awards-70328.html |access-date= |website=adgully.com |language=en-US |archive-date=21 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221150514/http://www.adgully.com/reebok-salutes-women-in-the-first-fittofight-awards-70328.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

MissMalini.com has also covered fashion events outside India, including Cape Town Fashion Week 2012. Malini Agarwal hosts "Inside Access with Miss Malini," a show where she interviews celebrities.

In December 2021, Good Glamm Group acquired MissMalini Entertainment, integrating its divisions into various verticals of the group. MissMalini now operates as Good Media Co., led by [[Priyanka Gill]]. MissMalini's talent management division, ignite edge, merged with Good Creator Co, led by Sachin Bhaita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Tarush |title=Good Glamm Group makes fifth acquisition in 2021, acquires Miss Malini |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/good-glamm-group-makes-fifth-acquisition-in-2021-acquires-miss-malini-11639405956204.html |access-date= |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325092550/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/good-glamm-group-makes-fifth-acquisition-in-2021-acquires-miss-malini-11639405956204.html |url-status=live }}</ref> MissMalini Girl Tribe<ref>{{Cite web |title=Her tribal comfort: MissMalini founder launches digital platform 'Girl Tribe App' solely for women |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/may/09/her-tribal-comfort-missmalinifounder-launches-digital-platform-girl-tribe-app-solely-for-women-2299323.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603111334/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/may/09/her-tribal-comfort-missmalinifounder-launches-digital-platform-girl-tribe-app-solely-for-women-2299323.html |url-status=live }}</ref> became part of the Good Community, led by Naiyya Saggi. The founders of MissMalini, [[Malini Agarwal]], Nowshad Rizwanullah, and Mike Melli, joined as co-founders of Good Creator Co with Sachin Bhatia, Rahul Singh, Nishant Radia, Nikhil Kumar, Subrat Kar, and Ajay Mishra.

In January 2022, Good Creator Co. launched the Good Creator Co. x Dabboo Ratnani Creator Calendar 2022, curated by MissMalini. The calendar featured 12 content creators and influencers from various fields, including Ranveer Allahbadia, [[Faye D'Souza]], Be YouNick, [[Malini Agarwal]], [[Sushant Divgikar]], [[Pooja Dhingra]], [[CarryMinati|CarryMinati]], Masoom Minawalla, Mr Faisu, Mrunal Panchal, Melvin Louis, and [[Prajakta Koli]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Good Creator Co Announces The Launch Of The Good Creator Co X Dabboo Ratnani Creator Calendar 2022 Curated By Missmalini |url=http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/Good-Creator-Co-Announces-The-Launch-Of-The-Good-Creator-Co-X-Dabboo-Ratnani-Creator-Calendar-2022-Curated-By-Missmalini-/28-01-2022-418997 |access-date= |website=BW Disrupt |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526145439/http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/Good-Creator-Co-Announces-The-Launch-Of-The-Good-Creator-Co-X-Dabboo-Ratnani-Creator-Calendar-2022-Curated-By-Missmalini-/28-01-2022-418997/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Shows and events ==
In July 2022, MissMalini, along with the Good Creator Club and The British Brow Bar, organised the 'Boss Lady' dinner in Mumbai. The guest list included Naiyya Saggi, [[Aahana Kumra]], Sherry Shroff, Preeta Sukhtankar, [[Anusha Dandekar]], Radhika Karle, Sunila Duggal, Shereen Love Bug, Shruti Tejwani, and more. The Good Creator Co. launched "Actor's Circle," a show supporting creators in their film industry journey. The second episode, hosted by [[Malini Agarwal]] at All Saints Mumbai on 15 January, featured special guest actor [[Aparshakti Khurana]]. In April 2023, Good Creator Co. launched The Good Creator Show, a bi-weekly podcast hosted by Malini Aggarwal. The podcast features influential guests from the influencer marketing field, including Hitesh Dhingra, Rij Eappen, [[Pooja Dhingra]], Malvika Sitlani, and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Good Creator Show |url=https://www.adgully.com/the-good-creator-co-presents-the-good-creator-show-130293.html |access-date= |website=adgully.com |language=en-US |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404140049/https://www.adgully.com/the-good-creator-co-presents-the-good-creator-show-130293.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Funding ==
MissMalini has raised $4.15M in total funding over five rounds, with the latest being a seed round on 6 October 2021, for $2,68,000.<ref name=":1" />

The platform has over 4 million unique monthly visitors and has tied up with online fashion brands, including Koovs, [[Myntra]], Exclusively.in, and [[Limeroad]].<ref name=":0" />

== Recognition ==

* The platform was named in the 2018's HT-Nielsen top 10 by [[Hindustan Times|''Hindustan Times'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HT-Nielsen top 10: Miss Malini’s To The Moon new entrant on nonfiction list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/ht-nielsen-top-10-miss-malini-s-to-the-moon-new-entrant-on-nonfiction-list/story-BGKgBl66qmAQWZbX0lVvAK.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227174016/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/ht-nielsen-top-10-miss-malini-s-to-the-moon-new-entrant-on-nonfiction-list/story-BGKgBl66qmAQWZbX0lVvAK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* It is regularly featured in various fashion and lifestyle publications, such as ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'',<ref>Datta, Joy [http://46.137.219.198/maliniagarwal/photos/1628 "Friday Style"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130410012050/http://46.137.219.198/maliniagarwal/photos/1628}}, ''Elle India'', January 2011</ref> ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'',<ref>Chawla, Akanksha [http://cosmo.intoday.in/story/the-cool-thing-i-do/1/8626.html/ ''The Cool Thing I Do...''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131193937/http://cosmo.intoday.in/story/the-cool-thing-i-do/1/8626.html }}, ''Cosmopolitan India'', April 2012</ref> ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'',<ref>Malini Agarwal, Trousseau Talk, ''Harper's Bazaar'', October 2011</ref> ''[[Grazia]]'',<ref>"A Day in the Life of Celebrity Blogger MissMalini", ''Grazia India'', June 2012</ref> [[Femina (India)|''Femina'' (India)]],<ref>Dhruv, Saloni "Little Miss Perfect", Femina, June 2012</ref> and ''Glamrs.com<ref>Symons, Pallavi [http://glamrs.com/glamrstv/34-Get-The-Look-BASIC-CAT-EYE/ "Miss Malini's Cover Look: Step-by-Step Tutorial"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130411011618/http://glamrs.com/glamrstv/34-Get-The-Look-BASIC-CAT-EYE/}}, ''Glamrs.com'', February 2013</ref>''

== See also ==

* [[Blog]]
* [[Digital media]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian news websites]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mass media about Internet culture]]

V. Shinilal

2023-07-13T19:35:31Z

Dr. K. M. Saifullah: Constructed a new page format.

{{Short description|Malayalam language writer}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = V. Shinilal
| image =
| image_upright =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
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| nationality = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Writer
| years_active =
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| employer =
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works ={{ubl|''Sambarkkakranti''}}
| awards = {{ubl|2022 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]]}}
}}

'''V. Shinilal''' is an Indian novelist and short story writer of the contemporary [[Malayalam literature]]. He won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel|Kerala Sahitya Akademi award for Novel]] in [[2022 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2022]] for his work Sambarkkakranti.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=കഥകളുടെ ലോക്കോ പൈലറ്റ്; വാക്കുകളുടെ ബുദ്ധനും ഗുണ്ടാത്തലവനും |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2020/12/26/talk-with-writer-v-shinilal.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

==Biography==
Shinilal was born at [[Nedumangad]] Irinchayat in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] in [[Kerala]]. He works as a traveling ticket inspector in [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division|Thiruvananthapuram Division]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=കുമാരന്‍ |first=ജിഗീഷ് |title=ടിടിആർ കഥയെഴുതുകയാണ്.! : വി. ഷിനിലാൽ അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.thecue.in/books/literature/v-shinilal-writer-interview-jigish-kumaran |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Cue |language=ml}}</ref> His major works includes ''Adi'', ''124'', ''Sambarkkakranthi,'' ''Buddhapatham'', ''Garisappa Aruvi Adhava Oru Jalayathra'' In 2023, Shinilal was awarded the [[2022 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2022 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for the novel Sambarkkakranti. He is also a recipient of the first [[Karoor Neelakanta Pillai|Karoor Award]] and [[Padmarajan Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards announced, V Shinilal's 'Sambarkkakranthi' best novel |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-announced-v-shinilal-s-sambarkkakranthi-wins-best-novel-1.8688660 |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinilal, V}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayalam novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

1997 Indian Rajya Sabha elections

2023-01-22T09:39:00Z

Dr. K. M. Saifullah: Created an inspiring manuscript.

#REDIRECT [[1997 Rajya Sabha elections]]

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P R Natarajan

2022-12-17T02:23:06Z

Dr. K. M. Saifullah: Added a new entry to the collection.

#REDIRECT [[P. R. Natarajan]]
{{R from modification}}

SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund

2022-10-08T13:26:06Z

Dr. K. M. Saifullah: Published a valuable publication.

#REDIRECT [[COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia#SAARC%20COVID-19%20Emergency%20Fund]]