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Swapnil Joshi

2026-05-06T10:10:04Z

Dr. D. Maheswari:

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swapnil Joshi
| image = Swapnil Joshi at the trailer launch of MPM 2.JPG
| caption = Joshi at the trailer launch of ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 2]]''
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1977|10|18}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2020|title=Happy Birthday Swapnil Joshi|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/birthday-special-happy-birthday-marathi-actor-swapnil-joshi-ssj-93-2304760/|access-date=8 February 2021|website=Loksatta|language=mr-IN}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| othername =
| education = {{unbulleted list|[[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]]|}}
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1989–present
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Aparna Joshi|2005|2009|end=div}}|{{marriage|Leena Aradhye|2011}}}}
| children = 2
| domesticpartner =
| website = https://swwapniljoshi.com
}}

'''Swapnil Joshi''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[sʋəpniːl d͡ʒoʃiː]]]; born 18 October 1977) is an Indian film and television actor, in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language]]s. At nine years old, he appeared in the [[Ramanand Sagar]] show ''[[Uttar Ramayan]]''.

He has done some of the most successful series in television such as [[Krishna (TV series)|Krishna]], ''[[Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta]]'' as well as films like ''[[Duniyadari]]'', ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]'' casting him as the lead actor. He has done many comedy shows like ''[[Comedy Circus]]'' and ''[[Papad Pol – Shahabuddin Rathod Ki Rangeen Duniya]]'' in Hindi industry. Swapnil owns a [[wrestling]] team named 'Vidarbhache Wagh' in [[Zee Maharashtra Kusti Dangal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/zee-maharashtra-kusti-dangal-team-owners-squads-unveiled/|title=Zee Maharashtra Kusti Dangal team owners, squads unveiled|date=22 October 2018|work=TelevisionPost|access-date=4 November 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101175449/https://www.televisionpost.com/zee-maharashtra-kusti-dangal-team-owners-squads-unveiled/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was ranked twelfth in ''[[The Times of India]]''<nowiki/>'s Top 20 Most Desirable Men of Maharashtra in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra's Most Desirable Men 2017|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/times-poll-2017/pune-times-most-desirable-men|date=6 March 2018|access-date=4 June 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Joshi was born on 18 October 1977 in [[Girgaon]], [[Mumbai]]. He attended the [[Byramjee Jeejeebhoy|Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Parsee Charitable Institution]], and later, he pursued a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]]. While his parents worked in government services, Joshi, on the other hand, is known for his career as an actor. He is the only son of his parents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=As Bhikari Completes 5 Years, Swapnil Joshi's Mother Recalls Heart-Touching Moment |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/as-bhikari-completes-5-years-swapnil-joshis-mother-recalls-heart-touching-moment-5693173.html |access-date= |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
===Debut and breakthrough (1989–2010)===
[[File:Swapnil Joshi and Mukta Barve at premiere of Marathi film 'Mumbai Pune Mumbai' (13).jpg|thumb|right|Joshi with costar [[Mukta Barve]] at premiere of Marathi film ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]'']]
At the age of nine, Joshi started his acting career with [[Ramanand Sagar]]'s show ''Uttar Ramayana'', where he played the role of young [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]]. In 1993, he was offered the role of young [[Krishna]] in another Ramanand Sagar's show named ''[[Krishna (TV series)|Krishna]]''. Later, Joshi took a break from acting and made a comeback as a youth actor with Sanjeev Bhattacharya's show ''Campus''. He then continued working in Hindi shows like ''[[Hudd Kar Di]]'', ''[[Dil Vil Pyar Vyar]]'', ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]'', ''[[Hare Kkaanch Ki Choodiyaan]]'' to name a few. In 1997, he played the role of Inder in [[Zee TV]]'s popular show ''[[Amanat (Indian TV series)|Amanat]]''. Then, he played the role of Dhruv, a parallel lead in the serial ''[[Kehta Hai Dil]]''. In 1997, he first played the supporting role of Vikram Dixit in the film ''[[Ghulam-E-Mustafa]]'', starring [[Nana Patekar]] and [[Raveena Tandon]].

He also portrayed the role of Dr. Prakash in the popular show ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]''. He played the role of Arjun, [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]'s youngest son in the show ''Kadvee Khatee Meethi'', which was a sequel of super-hit comedy show ''[[Tu Tu Main Main]]''. He also hosted the kid's talent show named ''[[Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka]]''. In 2008, he participated on [[Sony TV]]'s show ''[[Mr. & Ms. TV]]'', which was judged by [[Madhur Bhandarkar]] and [[Sonali Bendre]]. He won the show along with actress Purvi Joshi. His first Marathi film was ''Manini'', where he played the lead role of Deepak Rajyadhakshya. In 2008, he acted in the multi-starrer film ''[[Checkmate (2008 film)|Checkmate]]''.

He played the role of Chingya in the comedy film ''[[Amhi Satpute]]''. He then played the lead character of Yash in the Marathi series ''Adhuri Ek Kahani'' opposite [[Kishori Godbole]]. He also acted in the comedy show ''Tere Gharchya Samor''. He played the role of Pratap in the show ''Ardhangini''.

===Established actor (2010–present)===
[[File:MPM 2 Trailer Launch 3.jpg|thumb|left|Joshi with [[Satish Rajwade]] (center) and [[Mukta Barve]] at MPM 2 trailer launch]]
In 2010, he played the lead role of a boy from [[Pune]] in the hit, romantic film ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]'' opposite [[Mukta Barve]]. His chemistry with Barve in the film was compared to that of [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Kajol]]. He also played the lead role of Yash Kumar in the Hindi film ''The Life Zindagi'' in 2011.

Joshi then turned his attention towards comedy shows and participated in the first season of ''[[Comedy Circus]]''. He was paired with [[V.I.P. (comedian)|V.I.P]] and the duo was declared as runner's up of the show. Later, he was the contestant of various seasons of ''Comedy Circus'' like ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus-Chinchpokli To China]]'', ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus- 20-20]]'', ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus Ke Superstars]]'', ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus Ke Tansen]]'' and more. In the eighth season of the show named ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus- Maha Sangram]]'', he became victorious along with his partner VIP. Joshi also hosted the comedy show ''[[Ladies Special]]'' on Zee TV. He also played a small role in [[Sab TV]]'s comedy show ''[[Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo]]''. He played the role of Sameer on [[DD National]]'s show ''[[Bajega Band Baaja]]'', which was followed by Sab TV's ''[[Papad Pol – Shahabuddin Rathod Ki Rangeen Duniya]]'', where he played the role of Vinaychand. In both the series, he was paired with [[Ami Trivedi]].

In 2012, he played the lead role of Sachin on [[Sony SAB|Sony SAB TV's]] comedy show ''[[Golmaal Hai Bhai Sab Golmaal Hai]]''. In the same year anchored the dance reality show ''Eka Peksha Ek'' that aired on Zee Marathi. In 2011, he played an episodic role of Siddhanth, a city boy who is married to a village belle, Gauri (played by Mukta Barve) in the show ''Madhu Ethe Ani Chandra Tithe''. Later, he judged the comedy reality show ''Fu Bai Fu'' and played the role of Ghanashyam Kale in the show ''[[Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta]]'' opposite Mukta Barve on Zee Marathi. He has also had his own Radio show named ''The Swapnil Joshi Show'' on [[Red FM 93.5]]. In 2013, he portrayed the role of Shreyas Talvalkar opposite [[Sai Tamhankar]] in ''[[Duniyadari]]''. In the same year, he was once again paired opposite [[Mukta Barve]] in the film ''Mangalashtak Once More'' where he played Satyajit Pathak.

In 2014, Joshi was seen opposite Sai Tamhankar once again in [[Sanjay Jadhav]]'s film ''[[Pyaar Vali Love Story]]'', which upon the release took good opening and was a hit at the box office. In 2014, Joshi also hosted a talk show ''Dhabal-Ek Timepass'' on [[Star Pravah]]. In 2015, his first appearance was in the film ''[[Mitwaa]]'' as Shivam Sarang alongside [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] and [[Prarthana Behere]].[[Mitwaa]] opened to great response at the box office and was declared “super hit”. His next release was opposite [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], ''[[Welcome Zindagi]]'' where he played Anand Prabhu. He next featured in Sanjay Jadhav's ''[[Tu Hi Re]]'' opposite Sai Tamhankar and [[Tejaswini Pandit]]. His final release of the year was [[Satish Rajwade]]'s ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 2]]'', sequel of ''Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai'' opposite Mukta Barve where he played Gautam Pradhan. In 2016, his initial appearance was in R. Madhesh's film, ''Friends'' opposite Gauri Nalawde and alongside [[Sachit Patil]].

He later starred in a film ''[[Laal Ishq (film)|Laal Ishq]]'' produced by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] and directed by [[Swapna Waghmare Joshi]]. It also stars [[Anjana Sukhani]] for first time in Marathi films. It released on 27 May. He is also starring in a film [[Fugay]] along with [[Subodh Bhave]] and directed by [[Swapna Waghmare Joshi]]. He is also starred in the Marathi film ''[[Bhikari]]'' directed by [[Ganesh Acharya]].

==Personal life==
Swapnil married the dentist Aparna in 2005, but they were divorced in 2009. After two years, he married dentist Leena Aradhye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love, Separation And Second Chances: Swapnil Joshi's Story Of Romance And Redemption |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/love-separation-and-second-chances-swapnil-joshis-story-of-romance-and-redemption-8602700.html |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> They have two children together, a daughter named Myra and a son named Raghav.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 January 2018|title=स्वप्निल जोशीच्या मुलाचे नाव कळले का?|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/swapnil-joshi-and-leena-joshi-blessed-with-a-baby-boy-son-name-raaghav-1622619/|access-date=20 May 2021|website=Loksatta}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
|1991
|''[[Jeeva Sakha]]''
|Younger Jeeva
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Ghulam-E-Mustafa]]''
| Vikram Dixit
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=talkies>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebrities/swapnil-joshi.html|title=Swapnil Joshi|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222090142/http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebrities/swapnil-joshi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Dil Vil Pyar Vyar]]''
| Anil
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="talkies"/>
|-
| 2004
| ''Manini''
| Deepak Rajyadhakshya
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="talkies"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008
| ''[[Checkmate (2008 film)|Checkmate]]''
| Mohan Bhave
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="talkies"/>
|-
| ''Target''
| Swapnil
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="talkies"/>
|-
| ''[[Amhi Satpute]]''
| Chingalya
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rediff.com/movies/review/aamhi/20080418.htm|title=Marathi Satte Pe Satta disappoints|date=18 April 2008|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091357/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/aamhi/20080418.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]''
| Gautam Pradhan
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=talkies/>
|-
| 2011
| ''The Life Zindagi''
| Yash 'Nadan' K. Kumar
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=talkies/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| ''[[Duniyadari]]''
| Shreyas Talvalkar
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-review-marathi-film-duniyadari-is-worth-a-watch-1862998|title=Review: Marathi film Duniyadari is worth a watch|date=20 July 2013|work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223115643/http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-review-marathi-film-duniyadari-is-worth-a-watch-1862998|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Govinda''
| Rajan Mayekar
|
|-
| ''[[Mangalashtak Once More]]''
| Satyajit
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/The-music-is-the-USP-of-Mangalashtak-Once-More/articleshow/23606850.cms|title=The music is the USP of 'Mangalashtak Once More'|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 November 2013|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Por Bazaar]]''
| Special Appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Vali Love Story]]''
| Amar
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/pyaar-vali-love-story-on-october-2/|title=Pyaar Vali Love Story on October 2|date=11 April 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222170545/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/pyaar-vali-love-story-on-october-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015
| ''[[Mitwaa]]''
| Shivam Sarang
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Swapnils-aversion-to-six-packs/articleshow/46200389.cms|title=Swapnil's aversion to six-packs|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618105358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Swapnils-aversion-to-six-packs/articleshow/46200389.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''2 Premi Premache''
| Yash
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Swwapnil to play tumour patient|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Swwapnil-to-play-tumour-patient/articleshow/47368443.cms|access-date=25 May 2015|issue=21 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 May 2015|ref=2 Premi Premache|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525235258/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Swwapnil-to-play-tumour-patient/articleshow/47368443.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Welcome Zindagi]]''
| Anand Prabhu
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/marathi-reviews/Film-Reviews-No-thank-you/articleshow/47835259.cms|title=Film Reviews: No, thank you|work=Pune Mirror|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153351/http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/marathi-reviews/Film-Reviews-No-thank-you/articleshow/47835259.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tu Hi Re]]''
| Siddharth
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Swwapnil-Sai-and-Tejaswini-talk-about-friendship-and-love-post-marriage/articleshow/48791121.cms|title=Swwapnil Sai and Tejaswini talk about friendship and love post marriage|date=3 September 2015|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228161646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Swwapnil-Sai-and-Tejaswini-talk-about-friendship-and-love-post-marriage/articleshow/48791121.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 2]]''
| Gautam Pradhan
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/a-film-should-have-the-ability-to-spread-happiness/|title=A film should have the ability to spread happiness|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123520/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/a-film-should-have-the-ability-to-spread-happiness/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Friends (2016 film)|Friends]]''
| Neil
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/freinds-movie-releasing-on-15th-january-1186859/|title=स्वप्नील-सचितची 'फ्रेंडशिप'|date=8 January 2016|work=[[Loksatta]]|access-date=26 January 2016|archive-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201195521/http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/freinds-movie-releasing-on-15th-january-1186859/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Laal Ishq (film)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Yash Patwardhan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| ''[[Fugay]]''
| Aditya
|
|-
| ''[[Bhikari]]''
| Samrat Jaikar
|
|-
| ''[[Ranangan]]''
| Shlok/Avinash/
Sagar
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Mumbai Pune Mumbai 3]]''
| Gautam Pradhan
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
|''Mi Pan Sachin''
| Sachin
|
|-
| ''[[Mogra Phulaalaa]]''
| Sunil Kulkarni
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=20 February 2019|number = 1098083459191341056 |title=Swwapnil Joshi as Sunil Kulkarni... First glimpse of #Marathi film #MograPhulaalaa... Directed by Shrabani Deodhar... Produced by Arjun Singgh Baran and Kartik Nishandar. https://t.co/rc2Dha7csm}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Bali (2021 film)|Bali]]''
|Shrikant
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/bali-motion-poster-swwapnil-joshi-gives-sneak-peek-into-his-upcoming-horror-film/articleshow/81330107.cms|title='Bali' motion poster: Swwapnil Joshi gives sneak peek into his upcoming horror film|date=4 March 2021|access-date=4 March 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Vaalvi]]''
|Aniket
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |title=13 जानेवारीला प्रदर्शित होणार 'वाळवी', टीझर पाहिलात? |trans-title=Vaalvi Teaser: 'Seems Are Not'; 'Walvi' will be released on January 13, have you seen the teaser?|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/vaalvi-teaser-release-film-will-release-on-13-january-1132072 |date=19 December 2022 |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=ABP Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Nach Ga Ghuma]]''
|Himself
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Naach Ga Ghuma Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/naach-ga-ghuma-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=17 March 2024 |date=30 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bai Ga]]''
| Dhanush
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=सहा अभिनेत्रींचा एक हिरो! स्वप्नील जोशीच्या आगामी 'बाई गं' सिनेमाची शानदार घोषणा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/swapnil-joshi-new-movie-bai-ga-with-sukanya-mone-prarthana-behere-dipti-devi-a-a998/ |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha 2]]''
|Lambodar Deshpande
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Navra Maza Navsacha 2 Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} नवरा माझा नवसाचा 2 {{!}} Navara Maza Navsacha 2 {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/navra-maza-navsacha-2-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=20 July 2024 |date=20 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|''[[Jilabi (2025 film)|Jilabi]]''
|Vijay Karmarkar
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=मेढे |first=जयदीप |date=20 November 2024 |title=मनोरंजनाची लज्जतदार 'जिलबी' येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला; 'हे' कलाकार पहिल्यांदाच दिसणार एकत्र |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/prasad-oak-swapnil-joshi-shivani-surve-jilbi-new-marathi-movie-will-release-in-17-january-entertainment-news-in-marathi-1327756 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[ChikiChiki BooBoomBoom]]''
|Vaibhav
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=5 February 2025 |title='जिलबी' नंतर स्वप्नील घेऊन येत आहे हास्याची अनोखी जत्रा; "चिकी चिकी बुबूम बुम" चित्रपटात अभिनेत्याची विनोदवीर भूमिका! |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/marathi/actor-swapnil-joshi-to-play-comedian-role-in-the-film-chiki-chiki-booboom-boom-774827.html |access-date=6 February 2025 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[SuSheela SuJeet]]''
|Sujeet
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=दरवाजाच्या आड काय आहे गुपित? 'सुशीला- सुजीत' सिनेमाचं पोस्टर चर्चेत, पहिल्यांदाच एकत्र झळकणार 'ही' फ्रेश जोडी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/susheela-sujeet-new-marathi-movie-starring-swapnil-joshi-and-sonali-kulkarni-release-on-this-date-sva-00-4780182/ |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shubhchintak]]''
|Vishwas
|<ref name=BH1>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-swapnil-joshi-make-gujarati-film-debut-says-felt-best-opportunity-expand-horizon/ |title=EXCLUSIVE: Swapnil Joshi to make Gujarati film debut with Shubhchintak; says, “I felt this is the best opportunity to expand my horizon” |date=16 December 2024|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shubhchintak (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Mumbai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mumbai/shubhchintak/ET00436798?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Premachi Goshta 2]]''
|Aburao
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=बोडके |first=चेतन |date=2025-07-09 |title=लव्हस्टोरीच्या अरेंज मॅरेजची गोष्ट, ‘प्रेमाची गोष्ट २’चा हटके टीझर प्रदर्शित; चित्रपट केव्हा होणार रिलीज |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/satish-rajwade-directed-premachi-goshta-2-marathi-movie-teaser-released-on-social-media-925057.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''Macho''
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kiEg4vUQw8E |title=Macho {{!}} Announcement Teaser {{!}} Rohit R {{!}} Usha K Nagraj M {{!}} Swapnil J {{!}} Om Bhutkar {{!}} Vidula C. Alok R |date=2025-11-09 |last=Aatpat |access-date=2025-11-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|Sutka}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2022 |title='Sutaka': Swwapnil Joshi and Prarthana Behere to star in Prasad Oak's next |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sutaka-swwapnil-joshi-and-prarthana-behere-to-star-in-prasad-oaks-next/articleshow/94217883.cms |access-date=15 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Luv Kush|Uttar Ramayan]]''
| [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kush]]
|Television debut
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=krishna>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-played-Krishna-and-people-thought-I-was-God-Swapnil/articleshow/15434215.cms|title=I played Krishna and people thought I was God: Swapnil|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011215915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-played-Krishna-and-people-thought-I-was-God-Swapnil/articleshow/15434215.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Shri Krishna (1993 TV series)|Shri Krishna]]''
|Bal [[Krishna]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Krishna: The show that turned Swapnil Joshi into God|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/shri-krishna-the-show-that-turned-swapnil-joshi-into-god/story-pRZnHUDgao6rAmuqEwsInL.html|access-date=5 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|date=19 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1997–2002
| ''[[Amanat (Indian TV series)|Amanat]]''
| Inder
|
|
|-
| 1998–1999
| ''Dil Vil Pyar Vyar''
| Anil
|
|
|-
| 1999
| ''Nanhe Jasoos''
| Detective
|
|
|-
| 1999–2000
| ''[[Hudd Kar Di]]''
| Neeraj Dhanwa
|
|
|-
| 2000–03
| ''[[Kehta Hai Dil]]''
| Dhruv
|
|
|-
| 2002–03
| ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]''
| Dr. Prakash
|
|
|-
| 2001–05
| ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]''
| Samarjeet Kent
|
|
|-
| 2004
| ''Tere Gharchya Samor''
|
|
|
|-
| 2004–08
| ''[[Adhuri Ek Kahani]]''
| Yash Patwardhan
|
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Hare Kkaanch Ki Choodiyaan]]''
| Sunny
|
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Kadvee Khattee Meethi]]''
| Arjun
|
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Comedy Circus]]''
| Himself
| Contestant
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008
| ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus 2]]''
| Himself
| Contestant
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. & Ms. TV]]''
| Himself
| Contestant
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.photogallery.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/mr-and-ms-tv/articleshow/2900609.cms|title=Mr. and Ms. TV – TV actor Swapnil Joshi dances – Navbharat Times Photodhamal|work=[[Navbharat Times]]|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus Kaante Ki Takkar]]''
| Himself
| Contestant
|
|-
| ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus 20 – 20]]''
| Himself
| Contestant
|
|-
| 2008–09
| ''[[Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka]]''
| Himself
| Host
|
|-
| 2008
| ''Ardhangini''
| Pratap
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009
| ''[[Ladies Special (Zee TV)|Ladies Special]]''
| Himself
| Host
|
|-
| ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus – Chinchpokli To China]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| ''Navat Kay Aahe''
| Himself
| Host
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus Dekh India Dekh]]''
| Himself
| Contestant
|
|-
| ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus Maha Sangram]]''
| Himself
| Contestant
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Ghar Ki Baat Hai]]''
| Kapil Kumar
|
|
|-
| 2009–10
| ''[[Bajega Band Baaja]]''
| Sameer
|
|
|-
| 2009–12
| ''[[Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo]]''
| Bhavesh Bhavsar
|
|
|-
| 2010–11
| ''[[Papad Pol – Shahabuddin Rathod Ki Rangeen Duniya]]''
| Vinay Chand Parikh
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rediff.com/movies/report/tv-swapnil-joshi-on-papad-pol/20100628.htm|title='I'm finally back to playing a man'|date=28 June 2010|website=Rediff.com|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114424/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tv-swapnil-joshi-on-papad-pol/20100628.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus Ke Superstars]]''
| Himself
| Contestant
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| ''Madhu Ethe An Chandra Tithe''
| Siddhanth
| Guest Appearance
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7k0sIyjL3k|title=Madhu Ethe Ani Chandra Tithe – Episode 32|date=4 February 2013|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326034242/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7k0sIyjL3k|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus Ke Tansen]]''
| Himself
| Contestant
|
|-
| ''Eka Peksha Ek''
| Himself
| Host
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Marathi-actors-alter-their-names-for-success/articleshow/25370394.cms|title=Marathi actors alter their names for success|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2010-2014
| ''[[Fu Bai Fu (2009 series)|Fu Bai Fu]]''
| Himself
| Judge
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta]]''
| Ghanashyam Kale
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swapnil is not calling it quits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/swapnil-is-not-calling-it-quits/articleshow/15388166.cms|access-date=5 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Golmaal Hai Bhai Sab Golmaal Hai]]''
| Sachin
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Swapnil-Joshi-plays-cupid-in-SAB-TVs-Golmaal-Hai-Bhai-Sab-Golmaal-Hai/articleshow/15164401.cms|title=Swapnil Joshi plays cupid in SAB TV's Golmaal Hai Bhai Sab Golmaal Hai|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 July 2012|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011215918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Swapnil-Joshi-plays-cupid-in-SAB-TVs-Golmaal-Hai-Bhai-Sab-Golmaal-Hai/articleshow/15164401.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''Dhabal Ek Timepass''
| Himself
| Host
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/star-pravah-invites-viewers-to-its-dhabal’-140508|title=Star Pravah invites viewers to its Dhabal|publisher=[[Indian Television]]|access-date=26 January 2016|archive-date=11 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511161809/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/star-pravah-invites-viewers-to-its-dhabal%E2%80%99-140508|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jawai Vikat Ghene Aahe''
| Himself
| Guest
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati]]''
| Himself
| Host
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Samantar - An MX Original Series|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/mx-player/samantar-an-mx-original-series/webseriesshow/74610780.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423130242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/mx-player/samantar-an-mx-original-series/webseriesshow/74610780.cms|archive-date=23 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 1)|Bigg Boss Marathi 1]]''
| Himself
| Guest
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swwapnil Joshi And Sachin Pilgaonkar Shake A Leg With Mahesh Manjrekar On Bigg Boss Marathi|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-6-may-2018-day-21-show-highlights-swapnil-joshi-and-sachin-pilgaonkar-shake-a-leg-with-mahesh-manjrekar-on-bigg-boss-marathi-3038277/|access-date=5 July 2021|website=India.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019
|''[[Kanala Khada]]''
|Himself
|Guest
|-
| ''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''
| Himself
| Guest
|
|-
| ''[[No. 1 Yaari]]''
| Himself
| Host
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swwapnil to Host Colors Marathi's Show 'No.1 Yaari With Swwapnil' !|url=https://megamarathi.com/marathi-serials/swwapnil-to-host-colors-marathis-show-no-1-yaari-with-swwapnil/|access-date=5 July 2021|website=MegaMarathi.Com|date=20 February 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jeevlaga]]''
| Vishwas Deshpande
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2019 |title=Jeevlaga is a relatable and modern story: Swapnil and Siddharth |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jeevlaga-is-a-relatable-and-modern-story-swapnil-and-siddharth/story-XRJXyHrujeQVMHh6P3iRKI.html |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–present
| ''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''
| Himself
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swwapnil Joshi takes the grand chair on Chala Hawa Yeu Dya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/swwapnil-joshi-takes-the-grand-chair-on-chala-hawa-yeu-dya/articleshow/79229456.cms |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=15 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022 – 2023
|''[[Tu Tevha Tashi]]''
|Saurabh Patwardhan
|Lead role
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swwapnil Joshi begins shooting for 'Tu Tevha Tashi'; see pics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/swwapnil-joshi-begins-shooting-for-tu-tevha-tashi-see-pics/articleshow/89586033.cms |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=15 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" width=60%
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Platform
!Role
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| 2020
|''Samantar''

| rowspan="2" | [[MX Player]]
| rowspan="2" |Kumar Mahajan
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 March 2020|title=All You Need To Know About Swwapnil Joshi and Tejaswini Pandit's Samantar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/all-you-need-to-know-about-swwapnil-joshi-and-tejaswini-pandits-samantar/articleshow/74578638.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526151241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/all-you-need-to-know-about-swwapnil-joshi-and-tejaswini-pandits-samantar/articleshow/74578638.cms|archive-date=26 May 2020|access-date=22 September 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Samantar 2''
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samantar 2 New (MX Player) Webseries Cast, Wiki, Trailer, Release Date|date=2 July 2021 |url=https://www.bollywooddadi.com/web-series/samantar-2-mx-player-webseries/|access-date=5 July 2021|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Theatre===
* ''Get Well Soon''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/being-at-ease/1129888/|title=Being at ease|date=June 2013|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref>
* ''[[Lagna Panchami]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-07 |title=‘लग्नपंचमी’मधून स्वप्निल जोशीचे रंगभूमीवर पुनरागमन |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/swapnil-joshi-returns-to-marathi-theatre-with-lagnapanchami-vsd-99-5556007/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

===Radio===
* ''Share it with Swwapnil''<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 October 2018|title=I will be directly accessible to my fans: Swapnil Joshi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/i-will-be-directly-accessible-to-my-fans-swapnil-joshi/story-ENsnFHnJJsIoBoAHZPQWtI.html|access-date=22 September 2020|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105035444/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/i-will-be-directly-accessible-to-my-fans-swapnil-joshi/story-ENsnFHnJJsIoBoAHZPQWtI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Dubbing artist===
*''[[Dhira (film)|Dhira]]'' (2020)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prjE_R7YjGI |title=DHIRA {{!}} Swapnil Joshi {{!}} Mocap Film {{!}} Marathi Trailer {{!}} Watch on Amazon Prime {{!}} A Theorem Studios |date=20 November 2020 |last=ATHEOREM STUDIOS |access-date=14 April 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Awards from popular organisations<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swwapnil Joshi Official Website|url=https://swwapniljoshi.com/|access-date=27 May 2021|website=Swwapnil Joshi Official Website|language=en-US}}</ref>
!Year
!Work
!Awards
!Category
|-
|2002
|''[[Dil Vil Pyar Vyar]]''
|[[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande|Pu La Deshpande Tarunai Sanman]]
|Tarunai Award
|-
|2008
|''[[Checkmate (2008 film)|Checkmate]]''
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|-
|2012
|''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai]]''
|[[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande|Pu La Deshpande Tarunai Sanman]]
|Tarunai Award
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
| rowspan="5" |''[[Duniyadari]]''
|[[MICTA]]
|Best Actor
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Actor|Favourite Actor]]
|-
|Favourite Style Icon
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|Best Actor
|-
|[[Raja Paranjape|Raja Paranjape Sanman]]
|Best Actor
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 2]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Lokmat|Lokmat Awards]]
|Maharashtra's Most Stylish MI Lokmat
|-
|Maharashtra's Most Stylish Readers Choice Awards Lokmat Style Award
|-
|2018
|''[[Mumbai Pune Mumbai 3|Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 3]]''
|[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|Favourite Style Icon
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mogra Phulaalaa]]''
|[[Lokmat|Lokmat Awards]]
|Maharashtra's Most Stylish Actor Marathi Contribution to Regional Cinema
|-
|[[Sakaal Times|Sakaal Premier Awards]]
|Best Actor
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|1738197}}
*{{Twitter}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Swapnil}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]

Hugh Gough (Indian Army officer)

2026-05-04T02:43:55Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: made a details basic info

{{Short description|British Indian Army officer}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
|name= Sir Hugh Gough
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|VC|GCB}}
|image= Hugh Gough.jpg
|caption=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1833|11|14|df=yes}}
|death_date= {{death date and age|1909|05|12|1833|11|14|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]
|death_place= St Thomas Tower, [[Tower of London]]
|burial_place= [[Kensal Green Cemetery]]
|nickname=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[Bengal Army]] [[British Indian Army]]
|service_years= 1853 - 1894
|rank= [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
|unit=
|commands=
|battles= [[Indian Mutiny]] [[Abyssinian War]] [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]] [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
|other_work= [[Master of the Jewel Office|Keeper of the Jewel House]]
|relations= [[Charles John Stanley Gough|Sir Charles Gough]] (brother) [[Hubert Gough|Sir Hubert Gough]] (nephew) [[John Gough (VC)|Sir John Gough]] (nephew)
}}
[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Sir Hugh Henry Gough''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|VC|GCB}} ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|ɒ|f}} {{respell|GOF}}; 14 November 1833 – 12 May 1909) was a senior [[British Indian Army]] officer and a recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

==Early life==

Gough was born into a family of [[Anglo-Irish]] [[landed gentry|gentry]] in [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal]], India, on 14 November 1833. He was commissioned [[Ensign (rank)#United Kingdom|ensign]] in the [[3rd Bengal Light Cavalry]] in September 1853 aged 19, and was still serving with the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] on the outbreak of the [[First Indian War of Independence]] in 1857.<ref name=ODNB>{{cite book |last1=Vibart |first1=H. M. |last2=revised by Robson |first2=Brian |title=Gough, Sir Hugh Henry: [[Dictionary of National Biography#Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=019861411X}}</ref>

==Victoria Cross==
Gough was 23 years old, and a [[lieutenant]] in the [[1st Bengal European Light Cavalry]] (later [[19th Hussars]]) during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 Rebellion]], when the following deeds took place for which he was awarded the VC:
{{blockquote|1st Bengal European Light Cavalry, Lieutenant Hugh Henry Gough

Date of Acts of Bravery, 12th November, 1857, and 25th February, 1858

Lieutenant Gough, when in command of a party of [[4th Horse (Hodson's Horse)|Hodson's Horse]], near [[Alambagh|Alumbagh]], on the 12th of November, 1857, particularly distinguished himself by his forward bearing in charging across a swamp, and capturing two guns, although defended by a vastly superior body of the enemy. On this occasion he had his horse wounded in two places, and his turban cut through by sword cuts, whilst engaged in combat with three [[Sepoy]]s.

Lieutenant Gough also particularly distinguished himself, near [[Jalalabad, Shahjahanpur|Jellalabad]], Lucknow, on 25 February 1858, by showing a brilliant example to his Regiment, when ordered to charge the enemy's guns, and by his gallant and forward conduct, he enabled them to effect their object. On this occasion he engaged himself in a series of single combats, until at length he was disabled by a musketball through the leg, while charging two Sepoys with fixed bayonets. Lieutenant Gough on this day had two horses killed under him, a shot through his helmet, and another through his scabbard, besides being severely wounded.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22212|page=5516|date=24 December 1858}}</ref>}}

==Later career==
Gough commanded the [[5th Horse|12th Bengal Cavalry]] in the 1868 [[Abyssinian War|Abyssinian expedition]], and was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]] in August 1868. He served under General [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Frederick Roberts]] during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]], including the battles of [[Battle of Peiwar Kotal|Peiwar Kotal]] in December 1878 and [[battle of Charasiab|Charasia]] in October 1879. He also commanded the cavalry brigade on Roberts' march from Kabul to Kandahar in August 1880, and the [[Battle of Kandahar (1880)|Battle of Kandahar]] on 1 September 1880. He was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1881.<ref name=ODNB/>

After a number of senior military posts in India, Gough achieved the rank of [[General (United Kingdom)|general]] in 1894. He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1896, before retiring a year later. He was then appointed [[Master of the Jewel Office|Keeper of the Jewel House]] at the [[Tower of London]], dying while still holding this office on 12 May 1909. He was buried at [[Kensal Green Cemetery]].<ref name=ODNB/>

==Family==
General Gough was the third son of Judge George Gough and Charlotte Margaret Becher. He was brother to General [[Charles John Stanley Gough|Sir Charles Gough]], and uncle of the senior First World War commanders General [[Hubert Gough|Sir Hubert Gough]] and Brigadier General [[John Gough (VC)|Sir John Gough]]. He was the grandnephew of Field Marshal [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|The 1st Viscount Gough]].<ref>''Goughie: the Life of General Sir Hubert Gough'' (Anthony Farrar-Hockley, 1975)</ref>

Gough married Anne Margaret Hill on 8 September 1863 and they had five sons and four daughters.<ref name=ODNB/> These included Charlotte Elise Gough (died 17 August 1942), who married Lieutenant General [[Henry Fuller Maitland Wilson|Sir Henry Wilson]], by whom she had three children:<ref>''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage'' ('Wilson')</ref>
*Captain Arthur Henry Maitland Wilson, 12th Cavalry, b 22 January 1885, accidentally killed in Khaniken, Mesopotamia 29 January 1918.<ref>{{cite web|title=War Memorials Register|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/name/453856|accessdate= 23 January 2019 |website=Imperial War Museum}}</ref>
*Hugh Maitland Wilson, 6 April 1886.
*Muriel Maitland Wilson, died unmarried 25 June 1950.

==Works==
* ''Old Memories''. Cornell University Library (1 January 1897) {{ISBN|978-1-4297-4127-9}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*''[[Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross]]'' (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)
*''[[Monuments to Courage]]'' (David Harvey, 1999)
*''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]'' (This England, 1997)

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041028141011/http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/kensalgr.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Kensal Green Cemetery)''
*[http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indiancavalry/hodsonsgough.htm Biography]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gough, Hugh Henry}}
[[Category:1833 births]]
[[Category:1909 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Abyssinian War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:19th Royal Hussars officers]]
[[Category:Bengal Staff Corps officers]]
[[Category:Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Masters of the Jewel Office]]
[[Category:Gough family|Hugh Henry]]

Operation Chumik/Operation Ibex

2026-05-03T21:07:27Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: Made new data!

{{Short description|1984 military conflict}}

{{Unreliable sources|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Chumik/Ibex
| width =
| partof = the [[Siachen conflict]]
| image = Siachen Glacier Satellite Image, 1.jpg
| caption = Satellite imagery of the [[Siachen Glacier]]
| date = 22 February 1989 – 30 April 1989
| place = [[Chumik Glacier]]
| coordinates =
| territory =
| result = Inconclusive
* Demilitarization of the area
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flag|India|23px}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan|23px}}
| units1 = {{army|India}}
| units2 = {{army|Pakistan}} }}

'''Operation Chumik''' and '''Operation Ibex''' refer to two expeditions by [[Pakistan | Pakistani]] and [[India | Indian]] military respectively to seize the strategically important [[Chumik Glacier]]. Due to heavy combat and severe weather conditions, both sides came to negotiating table and the area was demilitarized

==Background==
[[Chumik Glacier|Chumik]] is small region in [[Bilafond]], which was relatively peaceful since 1984. Frontline posts in this area provided a clear view over [[Gyong Glacier]] and Indian military's Baniya Base. A Pakistani post was set up here in 1985.<ref name=bol/><ref name="free library">{{cite book|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Battle+in+the+Death+Zone%3A+high-altitude+mountain+warfare+in+Operation...-a0242670261|title=Battle in death zone, High altitude warfare in Chumik}}</ref><ref name=gpsrr>{{cite web|url=https://gpsrrjournal.com/fulltext/Siachin-Dilemma-Strategic-Importance-and-the-way-forward-for-India-and-Pakistan|title=Siachen dilemma}}</ref><ref name=Tribune>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/368394/the-fight-for-siachen|title=the fight for siachen}}</ref><ref name=def>{{cite web|url=https://defence.pk/threads/chumik-operation-1989.671896/|title=1989 Chumik op}}</ref> The post was later abolished due to heavy losses of life due to severe weather conditions and artillery fire by India.<ref name=bol/> The post was re-established in 1988 by the Northern Light Infantry Regiment on the order of Commander Force Command Northern Area.<ref name=def/><ref name=Tribune/><ref name="free library"/><ref name=gpsrr/>

==Indian activities==

[[Inter Services Intelligence|Pakistani intelligence services]] discovered that India had a plan to capture strategic posts in the Chumik Sector.<ref name=samaa>{{cite news|url=https://www.samaa.tv/2087313897-35th-anniversary-of-operation-chumik-tribute-to-pakistan-s-heroism-on-siachen|title=Celebrating 35th anniversary of chumik operation}}</ref><ref name=def/><ref name=Tribune/><ref name="free library"/><ref name=gpsrr/><ref name=bol>{{cite news|url=https://www.bolnews.com/latest/2021/12/the-chumik-operation/|title=the chumik operation}}</ref> On 22 February, Indian military helicopters conducted recon operations in the area and then the post was bombarded with artillery fire.<ref name=bol/> In response, the Pakistan Army launched its own recon mission and flew helicopters into the area.<ref name=def/><ref name=Tribune/><ref name="free library"/><ref name=gpsrr/> They found out that Indian forces had set up five new posts in Chumik area.<ref name=bol/> A complete battalion of Indian army along with multiple artillery pieces and a Lama Helicopter were stationed there. The Indian bases in the area included Ganga, Sadhu, Agra-I, Agra-II and a heavy machine gun post (doubling as observation post).<ref name=def/><ref name=Tribune/><ref name="free library"/><ref name=gpsrr/> These posts were supplied by Bniya and Rani bases.<ref name=bol/> The Indian Army had also occupied the Naveed Top which was the highest peak in the area and now the Indians had the capability to monitor the activities of Pakistan Army in the area.<ref name=def/><ref name=Tribune/><ref name="free library"/><ref name=gpsrr/> The Indian Army used this used this peak as a launching point and started bombarding Pakistani forces at Asghar Base.<ref name=bol/>

==Operation Chumik==
In response Pakistan launched Operation Chumik. Firstly two bases Kausar 1 and Kausar 2 were set up on 17 April. However, due to difficult terrain and severe weather conditions, the operation was immediately aborted.<ref name=bol/>

The second plan was to deploy SSG troops via helicopter, but due to extremely poor weather and terrain, this mission was also aborted.<ref name=bol/>

After a change in plan, On 19 April 1989, the first Pakistani helicopter took off. An officer Lieutenant Naveed of Azad Kashmir regiment and SSG Naik Yaqoob were air dropped. However, due to severe weather, the remaining personnel were airdropped on 21 April.<ref name=bol/>

==Expeditions to Kamran top==
Pakistani and Indian troops rushed to reach the strategic peak of Kamran top . Pakistani troops reached first and soon Eight Indian soldiers also arrived. When they were about 400 meters from Kamran Top. They were fired upon and forced to retreat.<ref name=bol/> On 30 April 1989, a task force consisting of 11 persons including 4 officers was organised. It was commanded by Major Abdul Rehman Bilal. The party task force reached the machine gun checkpost and attacked it.<ref name=bol/><ref name=def/><ref name=Tribune/><ref name="free library"/><ref name=gpsrr/> Indian troops soon retaliated with small arms and rocket fire, which didn't prove to be very effective as Pakistani forces were protected by a boulder.<ref name=bol/><ref name=def/><ref name=Tribune/><ref name="free library"/><ref name=gpsrr/>

==Operation Ibex==
Indian Army under Brig. R. K. Nanavatty launched Operation Ibex, Firstly an artillery attack was carried out on Kauser-1 Base, the Pakistani logistical node in Chumik and successfully damaged it to the extent that the troops at Kamran post couldn't be resupplied . It prompted Pakistani troops to vacate Chumik posts concluding Operation Ibex.<ref name="Brig. Javed Hassan (Retired)">[http://tribune.com.pk/story/368394/the-fight-for-siachen/ The fight for Siachen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702235210/http://tribune.com.pk/story/368394/the-fight-for-siachen/ |date=2 July 2015 }}, Brig. Javed Hassan (Retd) 22 April 2012, The Tribune (Pakistan)</ref>

==Aftermath==
This battle forced Pakistan and India to negotiate and a truce was signed. The area was then vacated by both sides and was demilitarised.India abandoned its aim of taking any further area after this. <ref name=samaa/><ref name=bol/><ref name=def/><ref name=Tribune/><ref name="free library"/><ref name=gpsrr/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chumik/Ibex 1989}}
[[Category:Military operations of the Siachen conflict]]
[[Category:1989 in India]]
[[Category:1989 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1989]]
[[Category:History of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Operations involving special forces of Pakistan]]
[[Category:February 1989 in India]]
[[Category:March 1989 in India]]
[[Category:April 1989 in India]]
[[Category:February 1989 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:March 1989 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:April 1989 in Pakistan]]

Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)

2026-05-02T16:15:58Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: Made a stub!

{{Short description|Bengaluru based franchise in the Women's Premier League}}
{{About||the men's team|Royal Challengers Bengaluru}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Royal Challengers Bengaluru
| nickname = RCB
| alt_name =
| image = Royal Challengers Bengaluru Logo.svg
| image_size = 160px
| league = [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]
| city = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| colours = {{color box|#FF0000}} {{color box|#0C0C38}}
| coach = [[Malolan Rangarajan]] (2025–present)
| captain = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (2023–present)
| owner = [[Aditya Birla Group]] [[The Times Group]] [[Blackstone Inc.|Blackstone]] (2026–present)
| founded = {{start date and age|2023}}
| title1 = [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|WPL]]
| title1wins = 2 ([[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]], [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]])
| website = {{URL|https://royalchallengers.com/|Website}}
| h_pattern_la =
| h_pattern_b = _rcb25
| h_pattern_ra =
| h_pattern_pants =
| h_leftarm = 0C0C38
| h_body = 191970
| h_rightarm = 0C0C38
| h_pants = FF0000
| h_title = Regular [[Cricket clothing and equipment|kit]]
| ground = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]]
| capacity = 33,800
}}

{{sidebar
| titlestyle = font-size: 120%; background-color: red; color: gold; border: 1px solid #0C0C38
| title = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| contentstyle = padding-top:0.5em;
| content1 = {{aligned table|cols=2|fullwidth=y
| [[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|30px|class=skin-invert]]
| [[File:Cricket pictogram.svg|30px|class=skin-invert]]
| Women's Team
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|Men's Team]]
}}}}

'''Royal Challengers Bengaluru''', formerly '''Royal Challengers Bangalore''', commonly known as '''RCB''', is an Indian professional franchise cricket team based in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]] that competes in the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]. It is owned by [[Aditya Birla Group]], the [[The Times Group]] and [[Blackstone Inc.|Blackstone]]. [[Malolan Rangarajan]] is the coach and [[Smriti Mandhana]] is the captain. RCB won the [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024 season]], bringing home the first trophy for the franchise, and followed it up by winning their second WPL title during the [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026 season]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=On This Day: Royal Challengers Bengaluru win WPL, their first-ever title, defeat Delhi Capitals in 2024 final |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/royal-challengers-bengaluru-2024-wpl-title-win-on-this-day-9891208/ |work=The Indian Express |date=17 March 2025 |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref> The team is the most popular and followed cricket franchise on [[Instagram]] with more than 23 million followers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rathod |first=Karan Singh |date=31 March 2025 |title=Royal Challengers Bengaluru Overtake Chennai Super Kings, Become Most-Followed Team On Instagram |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/royal-challengers-bengaluru-overtake-chennai-super-kings-become-most-followed-team-on-instagram-article-151323827 |work=Times Now |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref>

==History==
In October 2022, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] announced its intentions to hold a five-team women's franchise cricket tournament in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wipl-2023-inaugural-womens-ipl-likely-to-be-played-from-march-3-to-26-1348845 |title=Inaugural Women's IPL likely to be played from March 3 to 26 |date=9 December 2022 |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The tournament was named the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] in January 2023, with investors buying the rights to franchises through a closed bidding process during the same month.<ref name="rights">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mumbai-indians-delhi-capitals-royal-challengers-bangalore-adani-group-capri-global-to-own-womens-ipl-teams-1355823 |title=Owners of Mumbai Indians, Delhi Capitals, RCB win bids to own Women's Premier League teams |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=25 January 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> [[Diageo]], the owners of [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[Indian Premier League]], bought the rights to one of the franchises.<ref name="rights"/>

In February 2023, [[Ben Sawyer]] was announced as head coach of the team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/rcb-name-australian-ben-sawyer-as-head-coach-for-wpl-8446868/ |title=RCB name Australian Ben Sawyer as head coach for WPL |publisher=The Indian Express |date=15 February 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> The inaugural player auction for the WPL was held on 13 February 2023,
Royal Challengers Bangalore signing 18 players for their squad.<ref name="auction">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/live-blog/live-blog-2023-wpl-auction-1358703 |title=Bid-by-bid updates - 2023 WPL auction |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 February 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> On 18 February 2023, [[Smriti Mandhana]] was announced as the team's captain. The team finished fourth in the group stage at the [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|inaugural tournament]].<ref name="23table">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/points-table-standings |title=Women's Premier League 2022/23 - Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref>

In September 2023, [[Luke Williams (cricketer)|Luke Williams]] was announced as the head coach for the [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024 season]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royalchallengers.com/rcb-cricket-news/news/rcb-appoints-big-bash-winner-luke-williams-as-head-coach-for-wpl |title=RCB appoints Big Bash winner Luke Williams as head coach for WPL |publisher=Royal Challengers Bangalore
|date=30 September 2023|access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> The team won three of their five Bangalore-leg matches, and then they went on to win one match out of their next three matches. Ending the league stage with four wins, the team qualified for the playoffs.

In the [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)#Eliminator|eliminator]], the team defeated the defending champions — [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]], to advance into the final. In the final, they defeated [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] to win the title, this was the franchise's maiden title across both men's and women's leagues. Royal Challengers Bangalore's [[Ellyse Perry]] and [[Shreyanka Patil]] won the orange cap and purple cap respectively.

On 5 February 2026, [[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]] defeated the [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] in a thrilling final to secure the WPL 2026 title. Chasing a target of 204, RCB hunted it down in 19.4 overs with 6 wickets in hand to clinch their second championship in three years.<ref>{{cite web |title=RCB Beat DC in Thrilling Final to Win WPL 2026 Title |url=https://www.khelwire.com/articles/rcb-beat-dc-in-thrilling-final-to-win-wpl-2026-title |website=KhelWire |date=5 February 2026 |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>

==Team identity==
Kajaria Tiles was the official title sponsor of Royal Challengers Bengaluru in the inaugural WPL season in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportcal.com/sponsorship/ipl-and-wpl-teams-hurry-to-secure-last-minute-deals-rcb-and-mi-active/ |title=IPL and WPL teams hurry to secure last-minute deals, RCB and MI active |date=3 March 2023 |publisher=Sportcal }}</ref> Mia by Tanishq and [[Dream11]] served as principal partners, while [[Puma (brand)|Puma]], Himalaya and Vega were associate partners. Zuno General Insurance was the official insurance partner for the 2023 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hizuno.com/blog/others/zuno-and-rcb-a-truly-fitting-match |title=Zuno and RCB a truly fitting match |publisher=Zuno General Insurance}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RCBTweets/status/1634496359926763523?lang=en |title=Official Insurance Partner |publisher=RCB-Twitter}}</ref>

===Sponsorship===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Kit manufacturer
! Front sponsor
! Back sponsor
|-
| 2023
| rowspan="4"|[[Puma SE|Puma]]
| rowspan="4"|Kajaria
| rowspan="2"|[[Tanishq|Mia]]
|-
| 2024
|-
| 2025
| [[Alliance University]]
|-
| 2026
| [[Kalyan Jewellers]]
|}

==Kit evolution==
The official colours of Royal Challengers Bengaluru are red, black and gold.

{| style="margin:1em auto;"
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _rcb25
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_pants =
| leftarm = 0c0c38ff
| body = 191970
| rightarm = 0c0c38ff
| pants = FF0000
| title = {{nowrap|2023–present}}
}}
|}

==Squad==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!#
!Role
!Nationality
!Player
|-
|18
|Batter
|{{crw|IND}}
|[[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[Captain|C]])
|-
|13
|Batter
|{{crw|AUS}}
|[[Georgia Voll]]
|-
|56
|All-rounder
|{{crw|IND}}
|[[Arundhati Reddy]]
|-
|42
|All-rounder
|{{crw|IND}}
|[[Dayalan Hemalatha]]
|-
|99
|All-rounder
|{{crw|IND}}
|[[Gautami Naik]]
|-
|29
|All-rounder
|{{crw|AUS}}
|[[Grace Harris]]
|-
|17
|All-rounder
|{{crw|RSA}}
|[[Nadine de Klerk]]
|-
|88
|All-rounder
|{{crw|IND}}
|[[Pooja Vastrakar]]
|-
|90
|All-rounder
|{{crw|IND}}
|[[Prema Rawat]]
|-
|10
|All-rounder
|{{crw|IND}}
|[[Radha Yadav]]
|-
|33
|All-rounder
|{{crw|IND}}
|[[Sayali Satghare]]
|-
|21
|All-rounder
|{{crw|IND}}
|[[Shreyanka Patil]]
|-
|8
|Bowler
|{{crw|ENG}}
|[[Lauren Bell]]
|-
|44
|Bowler
|{{crw|ENG}}
|[[Linsey Smith]]
|-
|55
|Wicket-keeper
|{{crw|IND}}
|[[Prathyoosha Kumar]]
|-
|36
|Wicket-keeper
|{{crw|IND}}
|[[Richa Ghosh]]
|-
|}

==Coaching staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
! Ref
|-
| Head Coach
| [[Malolan Rangarajan]]
|
|-
| Assistant Coach
| [[Anya Shrubsole]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=RCB appoint Anya Shrubsole as assistant coach for WPL 2026|url=https://royalchallengers.com/rcb-cricket-news/news/rcb-appoint-anya-shrubsole-as-assistant-coach-for-wpl-2026|website=royalchallengers.com|date=2025-11-09|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Assistant Coach
| [[Sunetra Paranjpe]]
|
|-
| Batting Coach
| RX Muralidhar
|
|-
| Therapist
| Navnita Gautam
|
|-
| Doctor
| rowspan="2" |Harini Muralidharan
|
|-
| Team Manager
|
|-
| Head Physio
| Sabyasachi Sahoo
|
|-
| Assistant Physio
| Mitra Amin
|
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|[https://www.royalchallengers.com/rcb-squad-women Source]
|}

==Performance record==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!League Standings
!Final Standings
!Most Runs
!Most Wickets
|-
![[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]]
|4/5
|League Stage
|[[Sophie Devine]]
|[[Shreyanka Patil]]
|- bgcolor=gold
![[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]]
|3/5
| '''Champions'''
|[[Ellyse Perry]]
|[[Shreyanka Patil]]
|-
![[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]]
|4/5
|League Stage
|[[Ellyse Perry]]
|[[Georgia Wareham]]
|- bgcolor=gold
![[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]]
|1/5
|'''Champions'''
|[[Smriti Mandhana]]
|[[Nadine de Klerk]]
|-
!Total
!colspan=2|''Champions x 2''
![[Smriti Mandhana]]
![[Shreyanka Patil]]
|}

[https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/women-s-premier-league-988?team=7053 Source]

==Captaincy record==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Player
! Duration
! Matches
! Won
! Lost
! Win Percentage
! Best Result
|-
| [[Smriti Mandhana]]
| 2023–present
| 35
| 18
| 17
| 51.42%
|bgcolor=gold|'''Champions''' ([[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]], [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]])
|}

==Player statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! #
! Player
! Runs
! Innings
! Duration
|-
|1
![[Smriti Mandhana]]
|1023
|35
|2023–present
|-
|2
![[Ellyse Perry]]
|972
|25
|2023–present
|-
|3
![[Richa Ghosh]]
|814
|33
|2023–present
|-
|4
![[Sophie Devine]]
|402
|18
|2023–2024
|-
|5
![[Grace Harris]]
|237
|9
|2026–present
|}

[https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-runs-career/women-s-premier-league-988?team=7053 Source]

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! #
! Player
! Wickets
! Innings
! Duration
|-
|1
![[Shreyanka Patil]]
|30
|24
|2023–present
|-
|2
![[Georgia Wareham]]
|19
|18
|2024–2025
|-
|3
![[Nadine de Klerk]]
|18
|10
|2026–present
|-
|4
![[Asha Sobhana]]
|17
|15
|2023–2024
|-
|5
![[Ellyse Perry]]
|14
|20
|2023–present
|}

[https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-most-wickets-career/women-s-premier-league-988?team=7053 Source]

==Awards==
===[[List of Women's Premier League (cricket) awards|Women's Premier League]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Recipient
! Ref
|-
| [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]]
| [[List of Women's Premier League (cricket) awards#Most Sixes|Most Sixes]]
! [[Sophie Devine]]
|
|-
| rowspan=5|[[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]]
| [[List of Women's Premier League (cricket) awards#Orange Cap|Orange Cap]]
! [[Ellyse Perry]]
| rowspan=5|<ref>{{Cite web |title=WPL 2024 Full List of Awards: RCB's Ellyse Perry grabs Orange Cap, Shreyanka Patil takes Purple; Deepti Sharma MVP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/wpl-2024-full-list-of-awards-rcb-ellyse-perry-grabs-orange-cap-shreyanka-patil-takes-purple-deepti-sharma-mvp-101710730188479.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| [[List of Women's Premier League (cricket) awards#Purple Cap|Purple Cap]]
! [[Shreyanka Patil]]
|-
| [[List of Women's Premier League (cricket) awards#Best Strike Rate|Best Strike Rate]]
! [[Georgia Wareham]]
|-
| [[List of Women's Premier League (cricket) awards#Emerging Player|Emerging Player of the Season]]
! [[Shreyanka Patil]]
|-
| [[List of Women's Premier League (cricket) awards#Fairplay Award|Fairplay Award]]
! Royal Challengers Bengaluru
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]]
| [[List of Women's Premier League (cricket) awards#Orange Cap|Orange Cap]]
! [[Smriti Mandhana]]
|
|-
| [[List of Women's Premier League (cricket) awards#Best Strike Rate|Best Strike Rate]]
! [[Grace Harris]]
|
|}

===Others===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref
|-
| 2024
| [[Indian Sports Honours]]
| Club of the Year
| {{nom}}
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Sports in Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's Premier League (cricket)}}
{{Royal Challengers Bangalore WPL squad}}
{{Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)}}

[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2023]]
[[Category:Women's Premier League (cricket) teams]]
[[Category:United Breweries Group]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)]]

Sumaithaangi

2026-05-02T07:47:28Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: added first post basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sumaithaangi
| image = Sumaithaangi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[C. V. Sridhar]]
| screenplay = C. V. Sridhar
| based_on = {{based on|''Sumaithaangi''|[[Ra. Ki. Rangarajan]]}}
| producer = [[Kovai Chezhiyan]]
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Devika]] [[R. Muthuraman]]
| cinematography = [[A. Vincent]]
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Visalakshi Films
| released = {{Film date|1962|12|07|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sumaithaangi''''' ({{Translation|Bearer of Burdens}})<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sivakumaran |first=K S |date=11 July 2012 |title=Mani Oasai and Sumai Thaangi |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2012/07/11/fea26.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003521/http://archives.dailynews.lk/2012/07/11/fea26.asp |archive-date=13 November 2017 |access-date=12 November 2017 |work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News Sri Lanka]] |language=en}}</ref> is a 1962 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], written and directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]]. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Devika]] and [[R. Muthuraman]]. Based on [[Ra. Ki. Rangarajan]]'s novel of the same name that was serialised in ''[[Kumudam]]'', it revolves around a man who could not lead his life the way he wanted, and gets forced to undergo many sacrifices. The film, produced by [[Kovai Chezhiyan]], was released on 7 December 1962. Ganesan won the Film Fans Association Award for Best Actor

== Plot ==
Ramu ([[R. Muthuraman]]) leads a middle-class family while supporting his retired father Sarangapani, younger brother Babu ([[Gemini Ganesan]]), and younger sister Lakshmi ([[L. Vijayalakshmi]]). On a dare from his college mates, Babu successfully woos Radha ([[Devika]]), the daughter of their former schoolteacher Rathnavel ([[V. S. Raghavan]]). But at this point, Ramu's disemployment plunges the family into financial distress. As a result, Babu is forced to abandon his studies and love life to take up a job..

Meanwhile, Lakshmi falls in love and gets married. Babu’s honest act of returning a lost purse to a retired judge leads to a marriage proposal for Babu with the judge’s daughter, Indira Devi—whose [[seizure]] episodes are hidden by Sarangapani from Babu for the family’s sake.

Rathnavel proposes Radha’s marriage to Babu, but Sarangapani rejects it. Pressured by his family, Babu agrees to marry Indira Devi, but the marriage is called off when she has a seizure on the wedding day. Babu continues to sacrifice, giving his bonus money to his sister’s husband for a job deposit.

Balaji, a friend of Nagesh and Rathnavel’s relative, offers Babu a job, but Ramu takes it to reclaim his breadwinner role. A dejected Babu resigns and isolates himself, ignoring his family’s pleas to return.

As Radha’s wedding to Balaji nears, Lakshmi persuades Radha to reconsider her love for Babu. Balaji agrees to cancel the wedding. But Babu, unaware of this, leaves his family. He sends a letter to Ramu explaining his decision. Ramu, finding out from the letter's [[postmark]] that Babu is in [[Kodaikanal]], takes Rathnavel and Radha to Kodaikanal in search of Babu.

In Kodaikanal, the trio's car is delayed by a herd of cattle. Then comes a [[Procession#Christian practice|procession]] of about 40 [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Catholic priests]] approaching the town's famed [[Our Lady of La Salette|La Saleth]] Church, reciting the [[Lord's Prayer]] in English. As the priests move to a post-confessional prayer, Radha is shocked to see that Babu is one among them. Babu too spots the trio and looks at them stoically for a while. He then moves on, joining in the procession's recital of the [[Suscipe#Ignatian Suscipe|Ignatian Suscipe]] and another portion of the post-confessional prayer. The film ends with a shot of the church’s altar.

== Cast ==
*[[Gemini Ganesan]] as Babu
*[[Devika]] as Radha
*[[R. Muthuraman]] as Ramu
*[[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as Lakshmi
*[[Nagesh]]
*[[Haranath (actor)|Raja]]
*[[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
*[[K. Sarangapani]]
*[[V. S. Raghavan]] as Rathnavel
*[[K. Balaji]]
*S. A. Natarajan
*[[K. R. Indira Devi]]
*[[G. Sakunthala]]
*[[Kumari Kamala]] as dancer (four roles) in the song Malaiyai Padaithavan

== Production ==
''Sumaithaangi'' is based on [[Ra. Ki. Rangarajan]]'s novel of the same name that was serialised in ''[[Kumudam]]''. Mid-way through production it was retitled ''Aayiram Vaasal Idhayam'' ({{Translation|A heart with a thousand entrances}}), but this was reversed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2009 |title=வந்த துன்பம் எதுவென்றாலும் வாடி நின்றால் ஓடுவதில்லை... - கலாப்ரியாவின் 'நினைவின் தாழ்வாரங்கள்'28 |url=http://andhimazhai.com/news/view/seo-title-9521.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221110074227/http://andhimazhai.com/news/view/seo-title-9521.html |archive-date=10 November 2022 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Andhimazhai |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Manithan Enbavan" was shot at [[Marina Beach]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=22 August 2017 |title=Madras Day: The film songs that best capture the city's diverse spirit |url=https://scroll.in/reel/848005/madras-day-the-film-songs-that-best-capture-the-citys-diverse-spirit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713111432/https://scroll.in/reel/848005/madras-day-the-film-songs-that-best-capture-the-citys-diverse-spirit |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=4 June 2014 |title=From Madras to Chennai, the shoot continues... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/from-madras-to-chennai-the-shoot-continues/article6082139.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713111425/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/from-madras-to-chennai-the-shoot-continues/article6082139.ece |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Aishwaryaa |first=R. |date=22 August 2025 |title=Marina beach in Chennai: silent witness to Tamil cinema’s many moods |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/silent-witness-to-tamil-cinemas-many-moods/article69952575.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822113537/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/silent-witness-to-tamil-cinemas-many-moods/article69952575.ece/amp/ |archive-date=22 August 2025 |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

The music was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policekaran Magal- Sumaithangi Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by MS Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/policekaran-magal-sumaithangi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ms-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914092921/https://mossymart.com/product/policekaran-magal-sumaithangi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ms-viswanathan/ |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Endhan Paruvathin Kelvikku" was replaced as "Endha Paarvaiyin Kelvikku" in the film.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2005 |title=சென்சார் செயல்பாடுகளும் அதன் குழப்பங்களும் |url=http://www.tamil.cinesouth.com/specials/specials/censor.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523031235/http://www.tamil.cinesouth.com/specials/specials/censor.shtml |archive-date=23 May 2006 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=Cinesouth |language=Ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "En Annai Seitha" || [[S. Janaki]] || 03:37
|-
| "Endhan Paarvaiyin" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[S. Janaki]] || 03:24
|-
| "Mambazhathu Vandu" || P. B. Sreenivas, S. Janaki || 03:30
|-
| "Manithan Enbavan" || P. B. Sreenivas || 03:25
|-
| "Mayakkamma" || P. B. Sreenivas || 02:39
|-
| "Puriyadhu" || P. B. Sreenivas|| 04:41
|-
| "Radhaiketra Kannano" || S. Janaki || 03:26
|-
| "Malaiyai Padaithavan" || S. Janaki ||| 06:14
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Sumaithaangi'' was released on 7 December 1962.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 1962 |title=Sumaithangi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19621207&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=30 September 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 1962 |title=Sumaithangi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19621214&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=30 September 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' positively reviewed the film for the cast performances, particularly Radha.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=30 December 1963 |title=சுமைத்தாங்கி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1962/dec/30-12-1962/p63.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220726054939/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1962/dec/30-12-1962/p63.jpg |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=63 |language=Ta}}</ref> Ganesan won the Film Fans Association Award for Best Actor.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=5 October 1963 |title=Tit-Bit |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n277/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230202063600/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n277/mode/2up |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 February 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=50 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |volume=17}}</ref> Director [[Vasanth]] said, "''Sumaithangi'' made a huge impact on me. I cried watching it and emerged from the cinema hall as a different person. I think a film should teach you something and bring about a change".<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2016 |title=Director's cut |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Director%E2%80%99s-cut/article14576485.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191117/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Director%E2%80%99s-cut/article14576485.ece |archive-date=9 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{C. V. Sridhar}}

[[Category:1962 Indian films]]
[[Category:1962 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1962 drama films]]
[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Delhi Private School, Dubai

2026-04-30T06:10:06Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: new

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{About|the CBSE school|the now-defunct ICSE school in Dubai with a similar name|DPS Academy||DPS (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Delhi Private School, Dubai
| native_name = مدرسة دلهي الخاصة، دبي
| image = [[File:Delhi Private School, Dubai front view.jpg|frameless|center]]
| logo = File:Delhi Private School Dubai Logo.png
| motto = "Service Before Self"
| established = 2003
| type = [[Private school]]
| system = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| gender = [[Co-educational]]
| age_range = 4–17
| years = KG1 – Grade 12
| enrollment = 3,840
| faculty = 298
| chairman = Mohammed Jovino Abadallah Jojji <ref>https://dpsajman.com/our-leadership-team/</ref>
| principal = Rashmi Nandkeolyar <ref>https://ae.linkedin.com/in/rashmi-nandkeolyar-b6905786</ref>
| colours = {{color box|White}} White {{color box|Green}} Green
| area = [[The Gardens, Dubai|The Gardens]], [[Jebel Ali]]
| city = [[Dubai]]
| country = [[United Arab Emirates]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|02|20.1|N|55|07|19.9|E|region:AE-DU|display=inline,title}}
| fees = AED 10,800 – 15,200 per annum<ref name="KHDAReport2023">{{cite web |title=DPS Report 2023–24 |url=https://www.khda.gov.ae/DISB/AttachmentDownload.aspx?DOC_ID=gPa7FYMbabA%3d |website=KHDA |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>
| sister_school = [[Delhi Private School, Sharjah]] Delhi Private School, Ras Al Khaimah Delhi Private School, Ajman<ref>https://dpsajman.com/</ref>
| other_name = DPS Dubai, DPSD
| website = {{URL|http://website.dpsdubai.com/}}
| lastupdate = November 2024
}}

'''Delhi Private School, Dubai''' ('''DPS Dubai'''; {{lang|ar|مدرسة دلهي الخاصة، دبي}}) is a private, co-educational day school located in [[Jebel Ali]], [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. The school offers the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] curriculum and primarily serves the Indian expatriate community. Established in 2003, it provides education from Kindergarten (KG1) to Grade 12.

==Overview==
Initially established under the aegis of the [[Delhi Public School Society]] (DPS Society), the school was part of a global network of DPS institutions. In May 2018, the DPS Society formally ended its association with the school.<ref name="DPSAssociationEnd">{{cite news|title=DPS Society announces end of association with two UAE schools|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/education/dps-society-announces-end-of-association-with-two-uae-schools-1.2233697|work=Gulf News|access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref> DPS Dubai has since operated independently while continuing to follow the CBSE curriculum.

==History==
Delhi Private School, Dubai, opened in 2003, initially offering co-education up to Grade 4. By 2014, the school transitioned to a fully co-educational model across all grade levels. The institution has grown significantly in both enrollment and facilities since its inception.

The school is led by Principal Rashmi Nandkeolyar, who has played a pivotal role in shaping its academic and extracurricular profile.

==Campus and facilities==
Located in [[The Gardens (Jebel Ali)|The Gardens]], a residential area in southern Dubai, the campus features:
* Purpose-built academic blocks
* Science, mathematics, and computer laboratories
* Libraries and digital resource centers
* Multipurpose sports courts, a football ground, and a swimming pool
* Auditoriums and dedicated performance spaces
* Cafeteria and on-campus medical facilities

The school also emphasizes sustainability, integrating eco-friendly practices into its operations and curriculum.

==Academics==
DPS Dubai follows the CBSE curriculum prescribed by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), India. At the senior secondary level, students can opt for Science, Commerce, or Humanities streams.

The school consistently records strong academic results in CBSE Grade 10 and Grade 12 board examinations. A significant number of graduates pursue higher education in reputed universities both in India and abroad.

==Regulatory evaluation==
Delhi Private School, Dubai, is regulated by the [[Knowledge and Human Development Authority]] (KHDA), which oversees private education in Dubai. As per the most recent KHDA inspection, the school received a rating of "Very Good" for the academic year 2023–24.<ref name="KHDAReport2023" />

==Sister schools==
DPS Dubai is affiliated with two sister institutions within the United Arab Emirates:
* [[Delhi Private School, Sharjah]] – established in 2000
* Delhi Private School, Ras Al Khaimah – opened in April 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Private School Ras Al Khaimah Review |url=https://whichschooladvisor.com/uae/school-review/delhi-private-school-ras-al-khaimah |website=Which School Advisor |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>

These schools operate independently but share similar pedagogical approaches and values.

==See also==
* [[Delhi Private School, Sharjah]]
* [[The Winchester School, Jebel Ali]]
* [[List of schools in the United Arab Emirates]]
* [[Education in Dubai]]

==References==
{{Portal|Schools|India|United Arab Emirates}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://website.dpsdubai.com/ Official website]
* [https://www.khda.gov.ae/en/directory/schools-search-results/school?id=245 KHDA school profile]

{{DPS Society aegis}}
{{International schools in Dubai}}
{{Indian international schools}}
{{UnitedArabEmirates-school-stub}}

[[Category:2003 establishments in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2003]]
[[Category:International schools in Dubai]]
[[Category:Private schools in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Indian international schools in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Delhi Public School Society]]

Institute of Life Sciences, India

2026-04-30T05:56:28Z

Dr. D. Maheswari:

{{Short description|Government biotechnology research institute in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox laboratory
| name = Institute of Life Sciences, India
| image = Institute of Life Sciences Logo.jpg
| motto = Seeking Insights into Life
| operating_agency = [[Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council]]
| lab_type = [[Autonomous]] [[Research Institute]]
| type = [[Multidisciplinary research]] in [[Life sciences]]
| research_field = {{ulist|[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|[[Cancer Biology & Therapeutic Oncology|Cancer Biology]]|[[Genetics|Genetic]] & [[Autoimmune disease|Autoimmune Diseases]]|[[Plant biotechnology|Plant]] & [[Microbial Biotechnology]]}}
| established = {{start date and age|1989|02|11}}
| head_label = Chairperson
| head = [[Rajesh Sudhir Gokhale]]
| director = [[Debasis Dash]]
| city = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| free_label = Funded by
| free = [[Department of Biotechnology]]
| affiliations = [[Regional Centre for Biotechnology]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20.3140528|N|85.814883|E|type:edu_region:IN-OD|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.ils.res.in/}}
}}

The '''Institute of Life Sciences, India''' ('''ILS''') is an autonomous research institute located in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar {{!}} India Science, Technology & Innovation - ISTI Portal |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/organisations/ministry-and-departments/department-biotechnology-dbt-govt-india/institute-life-sciences-ils-bhubaneswar |website=www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in}}</ref> under the [[Department of Biotechnology]] (DBT) for research in the area of [[cancer]] biology, [[infectious disease]] and [[plant biotechnology]] research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bric.nic.in/ibric-ils/|title=iBRIC-ILS – BRIC}}</ref>

It was established in the year 1989 as an autonomous institute by the [[Government of Odisha]]. In 2002 the institute was taken over by [[Department of Biotechnology]], India and was later [[Prime Minister of India]] Shri [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] dedicated the institute to the nation in July 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/isw/A-new-pact-forged-to-promote-advanced-research-in-human-health.html|title=A new pact forged to promote advanced research in human health|website=vigyanprasar.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PIB Press Releases |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/release02/lyr2002/rdec2002/24122002/r241220025.html |work=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Research institute lands in trouble |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/research-institute-lands-in-trouble/articleshow/18771745.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 March 2013}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the institute played a crucial role in sequencing and monitoring of the [[SARS-CoV-2]] strains.<ref>{{cite news |title=Genomics researchers find 20C clade of SARS-CoV-2 specific to Odisha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/Aug/01/genomics-researchers-find-20c-clade-of-sars-cov-2-specific-to-odisha-2177840.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=1 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The institute also established several facilities to extend their capability of infectious disease research.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1699058|title= Dr. Harsh Vardhan hails Scientific Contribution of DBT-ILS on its 32nd Foundation Day|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

The Institute of Life Sciences is currently ranked 13th in [[India]] for [[Biological science]] category of [[Nature Index]] and 26th for [[Health Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/institution-outputs/india/institute-of-life-sciences-ils/5760b9a8140ba00a558b456a |website=Nature Index |language=en}}</ref>

The institute has recently signed MoUs with [[IIT Bhubaneswar]] and [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar]] to collaborate in human health research and technical education.<ref>{{cite news |title=IIT Bhubaneswar and ILS Join Forces for Technical Education and Research |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/iit-bhubaneswar-and-ils-join-forces-for-technical-education-and-research/articleshow/110599317.cms |work=The Times of India |date=31 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=HC |first1=Prathibha |title=ILS Bhubaneswar & AIIMS Collaborate For Advanced Research in Human Health |url=https://www.biotecnika.org/2020/01/ils-bhubaneswar-and-aiims-partnership-for-advanced-research/ |work=BioTecNika |date=6 January 2020}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Odisha]]
[[Category:Biotechnology organizations]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1989]]
{{India-org-stub}}

Sujana Chowdary

2026-04-21T22:40:18Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: added first entry more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sujana Chowdary
| image = Set1-3 (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1961|06|02}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dst.gov.in/about_us/yschowdary.htm |title=Welcome to Department of Science and Technology, Govt. Of India :: |access-date=10 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717181936/http://dst.gov.in/about_us/yschowdary.htm |archive-date=17 July 2015 }}</ref>
| occupation = Businessman, politician
| spouse = Padmaja (m. 1989)
| office1 = [[Minister of Science and Technology (India)|Union Minister of State for Science & Technology]]
| predecessor1 =
| term_start1 = 9 November 2014<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajya-sabha-members-alloted-to-telangana-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/35792140.cms|title=Rajya Sabha members {{sic|allo|ted|nolink=y}} to Telangana, Andhra Pradesh|date=30 May 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 8 March 2018
| prime_minister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1 = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]] [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| predecessor2 = [[Gireesh Kumar Sanghi]]
| term_start2 = 22 June 2010
| term_end2 = 2 April 2022
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology]], [[Hyderabad]] [[PSG College of Technology]], [[Coimbatore]]
| website = [http://www.yschowdary.com/ YSChowdary.com]
| footnotes =
| birth_place = [[Kanchikacherla]], [[Krishna district]], (present [[NTR district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_name = Yalamanchili Satyanarayana Chowdary
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Vijayawada West Assembly constituency|Vijayawada West]]
| predecessor = [[Vellampalli Srinivas]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
}}

'''Yalamanchili Satyanarayana Chowdary''' (born 2 June 1961), popularly known as '''Sujana Chowdary''', is an Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh. He is a former Member of Parliament, [[Rajya Sabha]], elected from the [[Telugu Desam Party]] and later moved to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was the Indian union [[Minister of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of State for Science, Technology]] from 9 November 2014 to 8 March 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Telugu-Desam-will-continue-its-efforts-for-SCS-Sujana/article14556402.ece|title=Telugu Desam will continue its efforts for SCS: Sujana|author=Staff Reporter|date=7 August 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

Sujana Chowdary contested and won the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Elections]] from [[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada West Assembly]] Constituency and won with a margin of 47,032 votes.

==Early life and career==
Sujana Chowdary was born in [[Kanchikacherla]] village in the [[Krishna district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He married Padmaja on 6 August 1989. The couple have two children, Y. S. Karthik and Y. Naga Chandini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-09 |title=Yalamanchili Satyanarayana Chowdary {{!}} MP {{!}} Rajya Sabha {{!}} Andhra Pradesh {{!}} BJP |url=https://theleaderspage.com/yalamanchili-satyanarayana-chowdary/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> He graduated in 1984 with a degree in Mechanical Engineering from the [[Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology]] in [[Hyderabad]]. He completed his master's degree in Machine Tool Engineering from the [[PSG College of Technology]] in [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu. In 1986, he founded the Sujana Group of Companies and headed the Hyderabad-based group of Industries before retiring from business to join politics.<ref name="BJP’s Sujana Chowdary wins over YSRCP’s Asif Shaik in Vijayawada West constituency">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=4 June 2024 |title=BJP's Sujana Chowdary wins over YSRCP's Asif Shaik in Vijayawada West constituency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/bjps-sujana-chowdary-wins-over-ysrcps-asif-shaik-in-vijayawada-west-constituency/article68252261.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605054104/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/bjps-sujana-chowdary-wins-over-ysrcps-asif-shaik-in-vijayawada-west-constituency/article68252261.ece |archivedate=5 June 2024 |accessdate=5 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Political career==
Chowdary entered politics in 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in:80/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2144|title=Detailed Profile – Shri Y. S. Chowdary – Members of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) – Who's Who – Government: National Portal of India|date=5 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505222406/http://india.gov.in:80/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2144|archive-date=5 May 2012}}</ref> when he was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], India's upper house of Parliament, representing the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) from [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 22 June 2010.

On 9 November 2014, during the first expansion of the Council of Ministers of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s NDA Government ([[National Democratic Alliance (India)]]), Chowdary was appointed the Minister of State for Science & Technology, & Earth Sciences. He was elected as the TDP's Parliamentary Leader on 4 June 2014.

Chowdary served as member of the Indo-Singapore Parliamentary Friendship Group, jointly set up as a step towards strengthening bilateral ties between the two countries’ Parliaments. He was a member of the [[Government of India]]'s Parliamentary Standing Committee on Commerce, the Parliamentary Forum on Youth, the Consultative Committee for the [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries]].

==Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana==
Under the Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) programme, Sujana Chowdary adopted Ponnavaram village, which is located about 60 km from [[Vijayawada]] in Krishna District of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Under the programme, he has initiated the transformation of the place into a model village<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/chowdary-adopts-ponnavaram-village-for-development-115020601392_1.html|title=Chowdary adopts Ponnavaram village for development|agency=Press Trust of India|date=6 February 2015|work=Business Standard}}</ref> by implementing various development programs such as digital class rooms in the local government school, conducting medical camps, laying cement roads, building toilets for the households.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-12-20/Ponnavaram-to-go-hitech/194510|title=Ponnavaram to go hitech|website=The Hans India|date=21 December 2015}}</ref>

==Sujana Charitable Trust==
The Sujana Charitable Trust and the Sujana Foundation, manifest the Sujana Group's Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.leaderbiography.com/ys-sujana-chowdary/ | title=Y. S. Chowdary | date=27 April 2022 }}</ref> The Foundation supports two schools for challenged children in [[Chennai]], an Old Age Home in [[Hyderabad]], and grants scholarships and merit awards for excellence to students in the areas of academics, [[sports]], [[social entrepreneurship]], innovation in engineering, agriculture, [[poverty alleviation]] and [[rural development]].

==Controversy==
Chowdary was under media scanner for an allegation by the [[Mauritius Commercial Bank]] Ltd of [[Mauritius]] on the grounds that the company defaulted on the Rs 1.92 billion loan it availed through its subsidiary. This allegation popped up a day after the Rajya Sabha MP-cum-industrialist was sworn in as a [[Union minister]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/non-bailable-warrant-against-union-minister-ys-chowdary-1340092 | title=Union Minister YS Chowdary Faces Arrest Over Alleged Loan Default | date=8 April 2016 | publisher=NDTV | access-date=31 January 2019 }}</ref>

A clarification from the MP's office later said that he had not secured loan from the [[Mauritius Commercial Bank]]. It was his group firm – Sujana Universal Industries —that borrowed the funds and he only stood as a guarantor to the loan obtained by that step-down subsidiary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/did-not-take-loan-only-gave-guarantee-mos-ys-chowdary-claims-he-did-not-default-on-rs-106-cr-loan-2719534.html|title=Did not take loan, only gave guarantee: MoS YS Chowdary claims he did not default on Rs 106 cr loan – Firstpost|website=firstpost.com|date=8 April 2016 }}</ref>

On 23 and 24 November 2018, searches were conducted by [[Enforcement Directorate]], at the residence and office of Sujana Chowdary in Hyderabad and Delhi. The agency claimed, the group of companies belonging to him defrauded banks to the tune of Rs 57 billion. The documents seized by the agency indicated that the group was controlling over 120 companies that were only on paper without any genuine business activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ed-it-raids-on-ex-union-minister-and-tdp-mp-ys-chowdary-in-hyderabad/story-EMLYrTdJkNV872AsoZge4L.html|title=ED, IT raids on ex-Union minister and TDP MP YS Chowdary in Hyderabad|date=24 November 2018}}</ref> Chowdary alleged that he was being targeted for political reasons and said he would take legal recourse against the ED. He claimed his companies were maintaining all records and the allegations made by the ED were baseless.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-11-25/ED-raids-Sujana-cries-foul-/447665|title=ED raids: Sujana cries foul|website=The Hans India|date=26 November 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdary, Y. S.}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Union ministers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from NTR district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Shiva Rindani

2026-04-19T23:56:20Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: added some article needs work

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1964)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=February 2013}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shiva Rindani
| image =
| birth_name = Mukesh Rindani
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor
| spouse =
| yearsactive = 1984–present
}}

'''Shiva Rindani''' (born Mukesh Rindani) is an Indian actor who appeared in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films - mostly - in either villainous roles or in comic roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/popular-bollywood-actor-from-the-90s-shiva-rindani-to-make-his-comeback-with-kavach-708840/ |title=Popular Bollywood actor from the 90's, Shiva Rindani to make his comeback with Kavach! |date=26 April 2016 |author= Chaubal, Gauri |work=Bollywood Life}}</ref>

He has appeared in more than 100 films. His latest film was ''[[Deshdrohi]]'' in 2008, and ''[[Hum (1991 film)|Hum]]'' as Captain Attack and ''[[Ghatak: Lethal]]''.

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role Played !! Notes
|-
|1984 || ''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (film)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]''|| ||
|-
|1985 || ''[[Mera Jawab]]''|| Bunty||
|-
|Rowspan="4"|1987 ||''Hamari Jung''|| Shiva||
|-
|''[[Dadagiri (film)|Dadagiri]]''|| Vicky ||
|-
|''[[Dance Dance (film)|Dance Dance]]''|| Molestor||
|-
|''[[Khooni Mahal]]''|| Shiva ||
|-
|Rowspan="13"|1988 ||''[[Hum Farishte Nahin]]''|| Babu ||
|-
|''[[Shiv Shakti]]''|| Girija ||
|-
|''Shukriyaa''|| Shiva||
|-
|''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]''|| Balwant Singh||
|-
|''[[Commando (1988 film)|Commando]]''|| Shiva,Security Guard||
|-
|''[[Zulm Ko Jala Doonga]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Hum To Chale Pardes]]''|| Eve Teaser in Kashmir||
|-
|''[[Halaal Ki Kamai]]''|| Babu ||
|-
|''[[Zakhmi Aurat]]''|| Ranjit||
|-
|''[[Aag Ke Sholay]]'' || Daku Bhupat Singh ||
|-
|''[[Maar Dhaad]]''|| Arun ||
|-
|''[[Rama O Rama]]''|| Johny D'Souza||
|-
|''[[Bees Saal Baad (1988 film)]]''|| Badal||
|-
| rowspan="11" |1989||''[[Farz Ki Jung]]''|| Shekhar||
|-
|''[[Gair Kanooni]]''|| Man Planted Bomb In Car || Uncredited role
|-
|''Mera Naseeb''|| Javed ||
|-
|''[[Aakhri Ghulam]]''|| Jaggu Brother ||
|-
|''[[Hisaab Khoon Ka]]''|| False Police Constable ||
|-
|''[[Gentleman (1989 film)|Gentleman]]'' || Ramsay henchmen as Shiva ||
|-
|''[[Lashkar (film)|''Lashkar'' (film)]]'' || Sangraam Goon as Shiva ||
|-
|''[[Sindoor Aur Bandook]]'' || Pratap ||
|-
|''[[Hum Intezaar Karenge]]'' || Shankar ||
|-
|''[[Aakhri Baazi]]''|| Shiva||
|-
|''Paanch Paapi''
|Chaudhary Raghuveer Singh's son
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1990||''[[Taqdeer Ka Tamasha]]''|| Shiva ||
|-
|''[[Shandaar]]''|| Daboo||
|-
|''[[Izzatdaar]]''|| Shiva||
|-
|''[[Aaj Ke Shahenshah]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Sher Dil (Indian film)|Sher Dil]]''|| Ranjeet Sidekick ||
|-
|''Awaragardi''|| Dharma Friend||
|-
|''[[Jungle Love (film)|Jungle Love]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Jungle Love (1990) Complete Cast & Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/jungle-love-1990-hindi-movie/cast-crew |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Karma
|
|-
|''Kanoon Ki Zanjeer''|| ||
|-
|''[[Khatarnaak]]''|| Shiva ||
|-
|''Andher Gardi''|| ||
|-
|Rowspan="8"|1991||''Hatyarin''||Baldev ||
|-
|''[[Jungle Queen (1991 film)|Jungle Queen]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Hum (film)|''Hum'' (film)]]''|| Captain Zaatack /Attack ||
|-
|''[[Deshwasi]]''|| Shiva||
|-
|''[[Naya Zaher]]''|| Babu ||
|-
|''[[Pratikar]]''|| Shiva||
|-
|''[[Raiszaada]]''|| Munna Thakur||
|-
|''[[Swarg Jaisaa Ghar]]''||Chaman||
|-
|Rowspan="11"|1992|| ''[[Vajraghat]]''|| ||
|-
|''Sanam Aap Ki Khaatir'' || ||
|-
|''Giraft''|| ||
|-
|''Geet Milan Ke Gaate Rahenge''|| ||
|-
|''[[Mere Sajana Saath Nibhana]]''|| Thakur Ranjit Pratap Singh ||
|-
|''[[Virodhi (1992 film)|Virodhi]]''|| Corrupt Police Inspector Nagraj ||
|-
|''[[Jaagruti]]'' || Mahesh ||
|-
|''[[Roja (film)|''Roja'' (film)]]'' || Wasim Khan ||
|-
|''[[Isi Ka Naam Zindagi]]''|| Shera ||
|-
|''Tilak''|| Lakhna||
|-
|''[[Dil Aashna Hai]]''|| Kidnapper||
|-
| rowspan="9" |1993||''[[Zakhmi Rooh]]''|| Sanki||
|-
|''[[Krishan Avtaar]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Pyar Pyar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pyar Pyar |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/pyar-pyar/cast/2030156285/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Monty
|
|-
|''[[Police Wala]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Chor Aur Chaand]]''|| Ranga||
|-
|''[[Aaja Meri Jaan]]''|| Charlie ||
|-
|''Boyfriend''|| Ajit||
|-
|''[[Chandra Mukhi]]''|| Bob ||
|-
|''Gopalaa''||Shemaroo ||
|-
| rowspan="13" |1994||''Aag Aur Chingaari''|| Mangal Singh ||
|-
|''[[Zamane Se Kya Darna]]''|| Gypsy ||
|-
|''[[Ekka Raja Rani]]''|| Raageshwar ||
|-
|''[[Eena Meena Deeka (film)|Eena Meena Deeka]]''|| Bhujang's Son ||
|-
|''[[Fauj]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fauj - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=3091 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>''
|Thakur Yuvraj Singh's ([[Kiran Kumar]]) second son
|
|-
|''[[Janta Ki Adalat]]''|| Corrupt Police Inspector||
|-
|''[[Kranti Kshetra]]'' || Shankara ||
|-
|''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' ||Goli's Henchman||
|-
|''[[Ikke Pe Ikka]]''|| Kunthi Putra ||
|-
|''[[Udhaar Ki Zindagi]]'' || Arjun||
|-
|''[[Gopi Kishan]]'' || Sharad ||
|-
|''[[Zaalim]]''|| Gaekwad||
|-
|''[[Sangdil Sanam]]''|| Sherkhan Pathan ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1995||''[[God and Gun]]''|| Raghu||
|-
|''[[Paandav]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paandav |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/paandav/cast/2000054089/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|David
|
|-
|''[[Nazar Ke Samne]]''||Jimmy ||
|-
|''[[Aatank Hi Aatank]]''|| Ganga's Killer ||
|-
|''[[The Gambler (1995 film)|The Gambler]]''|| Babu Kaniya ||
|-
|''Sanam Harjai''|| Ruffian ||
|-
|Rowspan="9"|1996||''[[Vijeta (1996 film)|''Vijeta'' (1996 film)]]''|| Pratap Sharma||
|-
|''[[Ek Tha Raja]]''|| Chhotey ||
|-
|''[[Jaan (film)|''Jaan'' (film)]]''|| Dilawar||
|-
|''[[Daraar (film)|Daraar]]''|| Rony,Boat Motorman ||
|-
|''[[Muqadama]]''|| Bablu ||
|-
|''[[Krishna (1996 Hindi film)|''Krishna'' (1996 Hindi film)]]'' || Safed Ghoda/Pandu ||
|-
|''Daanveer''|| ||
|-
|''[[Ghatak: Lethal]]''|| Chandru ||
|-
|''Khoon Ki Pyasi''|| Surinder||
|-
|Rowspan="10"|1997 ||''Ganga Maange Khoon''|| ||
|-
|''Salma Pe Dil Aa Gaya'' || Halaku ||
|-
|''Mohabbat Ki Aag''|| Suresh Rastogi||
|-
|''Ghoonghat''|| Hajam ||
|-
|''Do Rahain''|| Military Commando Chief Roy ||
|-
|''[[Lahu Ke Do Rang (1997 film)|Lahoo Ke Do Rang]]''|| Salim Surti ||
|-
|''Suraj''|| Police Inspector Shakti Singh||
|-
| [[Mohabbat (1997 film)|''Mohabbat'' (1997 film)]]|| Shiva the goon || Special Appearance at the beginning
|-
|''[[Deewana Mastana]]''|| Goon in the Pub ||
|-
|''[[Bhai (1997 film)|Bhai]]''|| Nepali Goon ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |1998 || ''[[Jaane Jigar]]''|| Chhotey ||
|-
|''[[Aakrosh (1998 film)|Aakrosh]]''|| Goonga/Girdhari ||
|-
|[[Hitler 1998 film|''Hitler'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hitler - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2570 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|Corrupt Deputy Jailer
|
|-
| ''[[Humse Badhkar Kaun]]'' || Johnny ||
|-
|''[[Barood (1998 film)|Barood]]'' || Shiva ||
|-
|''[[Zulm-O-Sitam]]''|| Rana ||
|-
|''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Phool Bane Patthar]]'' || Shiva ||
|-
|Rowspan="6"|1999||''Sikandar Sadak Ka''|| ||
|-
|''Aakhri Raat''|| ||
|-
|''[[International Khiladi]]''|| Rapist in Train||
|-
|''[[Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet]]''|| Dum Dum ||
|-
|''[[Phool Aur Aag]]''||Shiva ||
|-
|''[[Maa Kasam (1999 film)|Maa Kasam]]''||Thakur Khadak Singh ||
|-
|Rowspan="6"|2000|| ''Rahasya'' || ||
|-
|''Chehron Ke Pichhe'' || ||
|-
|''[[Daku Maharani]]''|| Police Inspector Tejaa ||
|-
|''[[Aaghaaz]]''|| Suku ||
|-
|''Kaali Ki Saugandh''|| Badlu ||
|-
|''[[Billa No. 786]]'' || Kaalu Tagda ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2001|||''Hum Deewane Pyar Ke'' || Suresh ||
|-
|[[Arjun Devaa (film)|''Arjun Devaa'']]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/arjun-devaa-am328311/cast-crew |title=Arjun Devaa (2001) - Imraan Khan {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} AllMovie |language=en |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=www.allmovie.com}}</ref>
|Aslam Pathan
|
|-
| ''Zakhmi Sherni'' || ||
|-
|''[[Khooni Tantrik]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
|''[[Ittefaq (2001 film)|Ittefaq]]'' || Banta ||
|-
|''[[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]'' || Police Inspector Patil ||
|-
|''[[Dubai (2001 film)|Dubai]]'' || Mansoor ||
|-
|2002
|''[[Kranti (2002 film)|Kranti]]'' || Zafardari ||
|-
|2003
|''[[Janasheen]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janasheen - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=520 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|Chang
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Meri Biwi Ka Jawaab Nahin|Mere Biwi Ka Jawab Nahin]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meri Biwi Ka Jawab Nahin - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=503 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|G.G.
|
|-
|2022
|[[Monica, O My Darling]] || Tamang Rana||
|-
|2025
|''[[Kesari Veer]]''
|Qazi
|}
*Kandy Twist (2019) as Director
*Raqt (2013) as Director

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Junoon (1994 TV series)|Junoon]]'' || Mukhtyar || [[DD National]] ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Saturday Suspense]]''||Duplicate (Episode 11) || rowspan="2"|[[Zee TV]] ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Zee Horror Show]]'' || ||
|-
| 1999–2000 || ''[[Gul Sanobar]]'' || || [[DD National]]||
|-
| 1999-2001 || Jai Ganesha || Tripurasur || [[Zee TV]] ||

|-
| 2001 || ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]''|| Woh Koun Thi-Durjan Singh/The Guide (Episode 14)/Jinn (Episode 25) || [[Star Plus]] ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Black (Indian TV series)|Black]]'' || Father D'Cunha || [[9X (TV channel)|9X]] ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Kaala Saaya]]'' || Father D'Cunha || [[Sahara One]] || Reprisal series of '''[[Black (Indian TV series)|Black]]'''
|-
| 2017-2018 || ''Rudra Ke Rakshak'' || Gurukaal || [[Big Magic]] ||
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Kyunkii Tum Hi Ho]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-actor-shiva-rindani-replaces-manish-khanna-in-tv-show-kyunkii-tum-hi-ho/articleshow/96228335.cms|title=Exclusive: Actor Shiva Rindani replaces Manish Khanna in tv..|work=The Times of India |date=15 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-15}}</ref>
| Bhanu Pratapsingh
| Shemaroo Umang
| Negative Role
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1064300}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rindani, Shiva}}
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

Chandrakant Shetye

2026-04-19T01:59:52Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chandrakant Shetye
| birth_name =
| caption = Shetye in 2024
| image = Chandrakant Shetye.png
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bicholim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Bicholim]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Rajesh Patnekar]]
| successor =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| education = M.S. Ophthalmology
| alma_mater = [[Goa Medical College]]
| profession = [[Ophthalmologist]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Chandrakant Shetye''' is an Indian politician and [[ophthalmologist]] who serves as a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]. Shetye won the [[Bicholim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Bicholim Assembly constituency]] as an [[Independent politician|Independent]] in the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]. He defeated [[Naresh Sawal]] of [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] by 318 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dr-shetye-to-contest-from-bicholim/articleshow/88461667.cms|title=Dr Shetye to contest from Bicholim|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=131|title=Dr. Chandrakant Shetye (Criminal & Asset Declaration)|website=My Neta.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetye, Chandrakant}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Politicians from North Goa district]]

{{Goa-politician-stub}}

Ghulam-E-Musthafa

2026-04-14T11:24:13Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: data

{{short description|1997 film by Partho Ghosh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ghulam-E-Musthafa
| image = Ghulam-E-Mustafa_(1997).jpg
| alt = poster featuring the main leads of film
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Partho Ghosh]]
| producer = P.G. Shrikanth Dinesh Gandhi
| screenplay = Prasanna Kumar Mangesh Kulkarni Imtiaz Hussain
| story = Prasanna Kumar
| starring = [[Nana Patekar]] [[Raveena Tandon]]
| music = [[Amar Haldipur]] [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| cinematography = K.V. Rammana
| editing = R. Rajendran
| studio = S.G.S. Cinearts International [[Eros International]]
| distributor = Audio Time D. S. Mittal & Sons Eros International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1997|10|31}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|5.5|m}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|14.5|m}}
}}

'''''Ghulam-E-Musthafa''''' ({{translation|Slave of Mustafa}}) is a 1997 [[Hindi]]-language [[crime drama film]] directed by [[Partho Ghosh]], starring [[Nana Patekar]] and [[Raveena Tandon]], it was produced by P.G. Shrikanth and Dinesh Gandhi under the S.G.S. Cinearts International and [[Eros International]] banners. Set in early 1996, ''Ghulam-e-Musthafa'' centers on the turbulent and tragic relationship between Gangster Mustafa and Dancer Kavita, a relationship which come to an end with the death of Kavita due to his field. The film was a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Musthaffaa]]'' (1996).<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news |last=Chatterji |first=Shoma A. |author-link=Shoma A. Chatterji |date=12 March 2010 |title=Man of TODAY |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/man-of-today/588723/0 |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711201247/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/man-of-today/588723/0 |archive-date=11 July 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film revolves around a gangster named Mustafa ([[Nana Patekar]]), who is a [[contract killer]], can go to any length to satisfy his superiors and is portrayed as a Muslim who offers 5 times [[Namaz]] (obeisance). He was adopted by a powerful don Shanta Prasad ([[Paresh Rawal]]) when he was a child. He calls Shanta his Abba (an [[Urdu]] term for father). Abba taught him the crime tactics and made Mustafa his weapon for his illicit goals. Mustafa's only aide is Sudama, his childhood best friend. Abba shares enmity with the Verma brothers Mahesh and Rohan ([[Vishwajeet Pradhan|Pradhan]] and [[Mohan Joshi|Joshi]]), who want to kill Abba. Meanwhile, a dancer Kavita ([[Raveena Tandon]]) works in Verma's dance club. Mustafa falls for her, which heats up the enmity of the Vermas and Mustafa. Kavita meets Mustafa and he tells his life's story, to which Kavita develops a soft core for Mustafa. He marries her and starts to live a peaceful life. But this happiness does not last long as Kavita gets killed in a car blast (a plan hatched by the Vermas to kill Abba instead). Her death made Mustafa realise his mistakes and he wants to give up crime. He kills Mahesh's son by planting a bomb on his forehead. He goes to Dixit's house, where he is disliked by them, but his heart warming nature wins the Dixit family's heart. Abba is happy that Mustafa is recovering from his trauma and helps Vikram ([[Swapnil Joshi|Joshi]]) for his education and job, bails out Dayanand Dixit ([[Shivaji Satam|Satam]]) who was jailed in a fake bribery case by Bipin ([[Mohnish Bahl|Bahl]]) and helps Vidya to marry Arun ([[Ravi Behl|Behl]]). Meanwhile, Bipin's lustful eyes falls on Vidya and teams up with the Vermas to exact revenge on Mustafa. During elections, Mustafa gets involved in a brawl where he kills Mahesh and his brother in a bomb blast and helps the politician Imtiaz to win. Mustafa now wants to surrender himself to the police and refuses to work for Imtiaz and Abba anymore. Imtiaz orders Abba to kill Mustafa in fear that in future he will confess the crimes of Imtiaz and Abba. On the wedding night, Bipin enters the house and tries to [[rape]] Vidya, but Mustafa slits him with a mirror piece. Police arrive and Mustafa is about to surrender, but first, he wants the marriage ceremony to be completed. Abba arrives and offers Mustafa to continue his work again, but he refuses. Mustafa offers Namaz for thanking Allah. Helpless, Abba has no other option but to obey the orders of Imtiaz and finally orders his men to shoot Mustafa and kill him. A heartbroken and angered Sudama then kills Abba.<ref name="indianexpress"/>

==Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Nana Patekar]] as Ghulam-E-Mustafa. Husband of Kavita.
*[[Ravi Behl]] as Arun. Husband of Vidya Dixit, Brother in law of Vikram, Son in law of Bhagyalaxmi and Dayanand.
*[[Raveena Tandon]] as Kavita. Wife of Ghulam E Mustafa.
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Shanta Prasad/Abba. Foster father of Ghulam E Mustafa.
*[[Aruna Irani]] as Bhagya Laxmi (Mrs. Dixit). Wife of Dayanand Dixit, Mother of Vikram and Vidya, Mother in law of Arun.
*[[Shivaji Satam]] as Dayanand Dixit.Husband of Bhagyalaxmi Dixit, Father of Vikram and Vidya, Father in law of Arun.
*[[Swapnil Joshi]] as Vikram Dixit.Son of Dayanand and Bhagyalaxmi Dixit, Brother of Vidya, Brother - in - law of Arun.
*[[Keerthi Chawla]] as Vidya Dixit. Wife of Arun and daughter of Dayanand and Bhagyalaxmi Dixit, Sister of Vikram.
*[[Mohnish Bahl]] as Bipin Verma
*[[Mohan Joshi]] as Mahesh (Club Owner)
*[[Sulabha Deshpande]] as Kavita's Mother (uncredited)
*[[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Rohan (Mahesh's Brother)
* [[Imtiyaz Husain]] as Minister Imtiyaz
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Qawwali singer Narayan
*[[Satish Shah]] as Qawwali singer Pritam
*Ashwin Kaushal as Vikrant Verma, (Mahesh's Son)
*Asha Sharma as Saraswati, Arun's mother
*Ram Singh as Sudama
{{div col end}}

==Production==

===Development===
In early 1996, P.G Srikanth and Dinesh decided to make the film, on the script which is given by Tamil writer Prasanna Kumar. Before that, [[Subhash Ghai]] was approached to direct the film, but later on, for unknown reasons, Partho signed for directing the film, under the banners of Dinesh Gandhi's, S.G.S. Cinearts international studio and with the collaboration of marketing partner [[Eros International]] production house.<ref name="indianexpress"/>

===Title issue===
The film was initially titled ''Mustafa'', but this was changed to ''Ghulam-E-Mustafa'' to avoid potential objection from Muslim sects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-09-11 |title=Publicity of another kind? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/publicity-of-another-kind/story-sTwu1JzYQcijvfRXotL8DI.html |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219201544/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/publicity-of-another-kind/story-sTwu1JzYQcijvfRXotL8DI.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Casting===
As things were clear, both producers hunt for an actor for the character of Ghulam-e-Mustafa, many options were on the list, but both of them decided to take the role of Mustafa to Nana Patekar without any screening test, first [[Juhi Chawla]] was approached for the role of Kavita, but Juhi walked out due to her already lined up filming schedules, later on, Raveena gave the screen test for Kavita and got the role.<ref name="indianexpress"/>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] for the film began in January 1997 with the film's lead cast. The film was shot in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], at studios [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], [[Kamalistan Studios]], Najabhai Jewellers Mumbai, Polachi, Kerala, Vauhini Studios, Vijaya Studios. Although due to bombing and explosive shooting scenes the film was shot in an abandoned area, of Tamil Nadu. The film was only shot in South India due to the South Indian cast and crew of the film. It was also dubbed in Tamil and Telugu for South Indian audiences.<ref name="indianexpress"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ghulam-E-Mustafa
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Amar Haldipur]] [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|09|25}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = {{Duration|m=29|s=07}}
| label = Time Audio
| producer = P.G. Shrikanth Dinesh Gandhi
| chronology = Amar Haldipur
| prev_title = '''Yaar Mera Payar'''
| prev_year = 1996
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Papa Kehte Hai]]
| prev_year = 1996
| title = Ghulam-e-Mustafa
| year = 1997
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
}}

[[Rajesh Roshan]] composed the music for the film and the background score was given by [[Amar Haldipur]], with lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]]. The music of the movie was released under the label ''Time Audio''.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dum Dum Danke Pe Chot Padi
| extra1 = [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Udit Narayan]]
| music1 = [[Rajesh Roshan]], [[Amar Haldipur]]
| lyrics1 = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| length1 = 5:12
| title2 = Ho Mubarak Tujhe (Qawali)
| extra2 = Iqbal Sabri, Afzal Sabri
| music2 = Rajesh Roshan
| lyrics2 = Anand Bakshi
| length2 = 6:53
| title3 = Ladke Idher Bhi
| extra3 = Udit Narayan, [[Uttam Singh|Preeti Uttam Singh]]
| music3 = Rajesh Roshan, Amar Haldipur
| lyrics3 = Anand Bakshi
| length3 = 6:34
| title4 = Sara Shehar Aaj Jaagega
| extra4 = [[Sunita Rao]]
| music4 = Amar Haldipur
| lyrics4 = Anand Bakshi
| length4 = 5:06
| title5 = Tera Ghum Mera Ghum
| extra5 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| music5 = Rajesh Roshan, Amar Haldipur
| lyrics5 = Anand Bakshi
| length5 = 5:05
| title6 = Tera Ghum Mera Ghum (Sad)
| extra6 = Kavita Krishnamurthy, Hariharan
| music6 = Rajesh Roshan, Amar Haldipur
| lyrics6 = Anand Bakshi
| length6 = 1:17
}}{{clear}}

==Reception==

''Ghulam-e-Mustafa'' was a commercial success and received mixed to positive reviews, [[Bollywood Hungama]] rate the film with 6 points out 10, while on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] film aggregate is 55% and on [[IMDb]] film earns 6.7 ratings based on 201 critics.<ref name="indianexpress"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0185335|title=Ghulam-E-Musthafa}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]
[[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:1997 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:1997 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:1990s vigilante films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films directed by Partho Ghosh]]
[[Category:Films about Islam]]

N. M. Perera

2026-04-05T18:05:44Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: new a data

{{Short description|Sri Lankan politician}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable|Hon.]]
| name = N. M. Perera
| native_name = එන්. එම්. පෙරේරා
| image = DR.N. M. Perera.jpg
| honorific_suffix =
| image_size = 271 × 168
| office1 = 1st [[Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| prime_minister1 = [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]]
| term_start1 = 19 April 1956
| term_end1 = 5 December 1959
| predecessor1 = [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]]
| successor1 = [[C. P. de Silva]]
| prime_minister2 = [[D. S. Senanayake]] [[Dudley Senanayake]]
| term_start2 = 14 October 1947
| term_end2 = 8 April 1952
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]]
| order3 = [[Minister of Finance (Sri Lanka)|Minister of Finance]]
| term_start3 = 10 May 1970
| term_end3 = 2 September 1975
| predecessor3 = [[U. B. Wanninayake]]
| successor3 = [[Felix Dias Bandaranaike]]
| prime_minister3 = [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]
| term_start4 = 11 June 1964
| term_end4 = 17 December 1964
| predecessor4 = [[T. B. Ilangaratne]]
| successor4 = [[U. B. Wanninayake]]
| prime_minister4 = Sirimavo Bandaranaike
| office5 = [[Mayor of Colombo]]
| term_start5 = 13 August 1954
| term_end5 = 28 February 1956
| predecessor5 = [[T. Rudra]]
| successor5 = [[V. A. Sugathadasa]]
| constituency_MP6 = [[Yatiyantota Electoral District|Yatiyantota]]
| parliament6 = Ceylon
| term_start6 = 1960
| term_end6 = 1977
| predecessor6 = ''seat created''
| successor6 = K. Vincent Perera
| constituency_MP7 = [[Ruwanwella Electoral District|Ruwanwella]]
| parliament7 = Ceylon
| term_start7 = September 1947
| term_end7 = 1960
| predecessor7 = ''seat created''
| successor7 = [[H. G. Somabandu]]
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1904|06|06}}
| birth_place = [[British Ceylon]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1979|08|14|1904|06|06}}
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| alma_mater = [[Ananda College]], [[University College, Colombo]], [[London School of Economics]]
| years_active =
| party = [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]]
| spouse = [[Selina Perera]]
| children =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| occupation = Economist
}}

'''Nanayakkarapathirage Martin Perera''', commonly known as '''Dr. N. M. Perera''' ([[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] එන්.එම්.පෙරේරා {{IPA|si|en em pe reaira|}}; 6 June 1904 – 14 August 1979), was one of the leaders of the Sri Lankan [[Trotskyist]] [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] (LSSP). He was the first Trotskyist to become a cabinet minister. He served two terms as [[Minister of Finance (Sri Lanka)|Minister of Finance]], another two as [[Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)|Leader of the Opposition]], as well as one term as the [[Mayor of Colombo]].

==Early life and education==
Born to Nanayakkarapathirage Abraham Perera, a rent collector at 36 St Joseph's Street, in [[Grandpass]], [[Colombo]], and Johana Perera. He was the fifth of nine siblings, including five boys and four girls.<ref name=" pdfs.island.lk ">{{cite web|url=http://pdfs.island.lk/2009/08/13/p6.pdf|title=Dr. NM Perera: a politician ahead of his times|access-date=13 August 2009|year=2009|publisher=pdfs.island.lk|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002907/http://pdfs.island.lk/2009/08/13/p6.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Perera started his schooling in the [[vernacular]] section of St. Joseph's School, Grandpass and was later admitted to the English section. From there he spent a year at the Cathedral Boys' School, Mutwal a branch school of [[S. Thomas' College, Mutwal]],<ref>[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2004/08/15/fea02.html Dr. N.M. Perera 1905 – 1979 : An honest and upright politician]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/08/14/news57.asp |title=Dr. N. M. Perera: A true visionary |access-date=28 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222181835/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/08/14/news57.asp |archive-date=22 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130703021229/http://www.dailynews.lk/2012/08/14/fea04.asp Doughty fighter and man of principles]</ref> then known as Cathedral Boys School, Mutwal. In 1919, he entered [[S. Thomas' College, Mutwal|S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia]] and left in 1922 to join [[Ananda College]]. At Ananda he played [[cricket]] for the college team.

From 1922 to 1927, he studied at the [[University College, Colombo]] where he was a contemporary of [[J. R. Jayewardene]], future president of Sri Lanka. Perera graduated with a [[BSc]] degree from the [[University of London External System]]. Thereafter he left for the [[United Kingdom]], to enter the [[London School of Economics]] in 1927. He was in London from 1927 to 1933, where he studied under Professor [[Harold Laski]], gaining his [[PhD]] with the thesis on the [[Weimar Constitution|Constitution of the German Weimar Republic]]. This was followed by a further comparative study, of the Constitutions of the UK, United States, France and Germany; which gained him a [[DSc]] from the [[University of London]]. Perera was the first Ceylonese to gain a degree of Doctor of Science from the [[University of London]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of Marxism:">{{cite web|url= http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/p/e.htm|title= MIA: Encyclopedia of Marxism: Glossary of People |publisher=Encyclopedia of Marxism}}</ref>

==Formation of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party==
Perera returned to Ceylon in 1933. The work done by Perera (as a member of the [[Suriya-Mal Movement]]) in the [[Kegalle]] district during the [[1934-35 malaria outbreak in Ceylon|malaria epidemic of 1934]] and during the subsequent floods gained for him the support of the poor and [[caste]]-oppressed people of the area, who called him ''Parippu Mahathmaya'' after the [[dhal]] (or ''parippu'') he distributed as relief supplies. In 1935 Perera was one of the founder members of the LSSP and played a leading role in the party's Trotskyist activities between 1936 and 1940.

==State Council of Ceylon==
In 1936, he contested the Ruwanwella constituency — which at the time comprised the Thun Korale areas of Yatiyantota, Ruwanwella, and Deraniyagala, along with parts of the present Galigamuwa electoral division — as a candidate of the LSSP. His opponent was the incumbent [[Adeline Molamure|Molamure Kumarihamy]] of the ''Meedeniya Walauwa'', the [[feudal]] [[Manorialism|manor]] which had tremendous power over the poor people of the [[Sabaragamuwa]] area at the time. He went on to hold this seat, or its Yatiyantota portion after the division of the constituency, continuously until 1977. Following his election, he and [[Philip Gunawardena]], the other LSSP member of the State Council, used it as a platform to voice the party's policy and objectives for complete independence from Britain, in contrast to the [[Ceylon National Congress]]<nowiki/>which advocated for self-rule.In 1937, he founded the Ratmalana Railway Workers' Union and served as the LSSP delegate to that year’s session of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="i1">{{cite news |last1=Wijenayake |first1=Walter |title=Dr. N. M. Perera: a politician ahead of his times |url=https://www.island.lk/2009/08/13/features7.html |access-date=8 November 2019 |publisher=Island}}</ref>

==Anti-war activity and imprisonment==
With the outbreak of [[World War II]], the [[Second Board of Ministers of Ceylon|Board of Ministers]] declared its support to the [[British government]]. The LSSP opposed the move, claiming that it was an imperialist war and organized protest. In 1939, Perera formed the All-Ceylon Estate Workers' Union and lead a militant strike at Mooloya Plantation in January 1940. Perera and Gunawardana voted against the war budget in the State Council. Following complaints from plantation owners, the [[Governor of Ceylon]] declared LSSP activities against the [[war effort]] to be [[subversive]] and order the police to arrest the leaders of the LSSP. On 18 June 1940, N.M. Perera, Philip Gunawardena, and [[Colvin R de Silva|Colvin R. de Silva]] were arrested by the police with [[Edmund Samarakkody]] being arrested the following day, but [[Leslie Goonewardene]] evaded arrest. The LSSP called for a gathering to protest the arrest and carried out a protest march which was dispersed by the police with a [[baton charge]] followed by further arrests. LSSP leaders were detained at [[Welikada Prison]] but was later transferred to [[Bogambara Prison]] after it was suspected that they were planning a hunger strike. On 5 April 1942 during the [[Easter Sunday Raid]], Perera along with several other imprisoned LSSP members escaped from prison. He was smuggled into [[Bombay]] in July 1942 and worked with the [[Bolshevik-Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma]] (BLPI) in the [[Indian Independence Movement]]. He was arrested in Bombay in July 1943, deported to Ceylon, and sentenced by the Magistrate’s Court of Kandy to six months of rigorous imprisonment for escaping custody. He was held in Badulla for the remainder of the war and was released in 1945.<ref name=" Encyclopedia of Marxism:"/><ref name="i1"/>

==Leader of the LSSP==
During the war, the LSSP experienced several internal divisions. The first occurred in 1940 with the split of the pro-Moscow faction led by [[S. A. Wickremasinghe]], M. G. Mendis, [[Pieter Keuneman]], and A. Vaidialingam. This was followed by a second split over the opposition of N. M. Perera and Philip Gunawardena to the proposed merger with the [[Bolshevik-Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma]], which led to the formation of the ''Workers' Opposition''. After the war, this faction rebuilt the LSSP as an independent political party, with N. M. Perera emerging as its leader.<ref name="i1"/>

===Trade union activities===
Perera served as president of [[All Ceylon United Motor Workers' Union]], and [[United Corporations and Mercantile Union]] of the [[Ceylon Federation of Labour]] (CFL). During the 1946 [[general strike]], the striking workers appointed him as their chief negotiator. .

==Leader of the opposition (1947-1952)==
Having lost their seats in the State Council due to their imprisonment, the LSSP contested the [[1947 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1947 general elections]] under the new constitution. N. M. Perera was elected from [[Ruwanwella Electoral District|Ruwanwella]] and the LSSP gained the 28 seats in parliament, becoming the second largest representation, making Perera the [[Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)|Leader of the Opposition]]. He opposed the [[Ceylon Citizenship Act]]. On reunification with the [[Bolshevik Samasamaja Party]] (BSSP), he remained with the LSSP when the [[Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] (VLSSP) split off under [[Philip Gunawardena]]. He served as opposition leader until fresh elections were called in 1952. In the [[1952 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1952 general elections]], he was re-elected, but the LSSP became the second largest party in the opposition and [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]] became the opposition leader.<ref name="i1"/>

==Mayor of Colombo==
In 1954, the LSSP won a string of [[Local government in Sri Lanka|local government election]]s which included nine Village Councils and three Urban Councils and the Colombo Municipal Council, where N. M. Perera was elected [[Mayor of Colombo]], only non-[[United National Party]]-politician to win that office after 1945. He was Mayor for two years, before he was voted out of office on 28 February 1956 by the United National Party with the support of [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]] of the [[Ceylon Labour Party]].<ref name="i1"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Mohamed v. 'Gopallawa |publisher=Ceylon Law Reports |url=https://www.lawnet.gov.lk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/100-NLR-NLR-V-58-M.-H.-MOHAMED-Petitioner-and-1-W.-GOPALLAWA-2-DR.-N.-M.-PERERA-Respond.pdf |access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abeynayake |first1=Stanley E. |title=Dr. N. M. Perera: The first Leftist Mayor of Colombo |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2006/04/30/fea08.html |access-date=13 July 2020 |publisher=Sunday Observer}}</ref>

==Leader of the opposition (1956-1959)==
N. M. Perera contested the [[1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1956 general elections]], where the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] of the Bandaranaike gained landslide victory over the United National Party which was reduced to eight seats in parliament. Once again N. M. Perera was elected leader of the opposition in parliament, a post he held until 1959. He was a strong opponent of the [[Sinhala Only Act|Official Language Act]], and narrowly escaped death when a bomb was thrown on stage when he was addressing a crowd at the Old Town Hall.<ref name="i1"/>

==Split in the party==
He was re-elected in the [[March 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1960 March general election]] and the [[July 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1960 July general election]] from [[Yatiyantota Electoral District|Yatiyantota]] and sat in the opposition.
When LSSP was divided over possible government participation in the early 1960s, Perera was the principal leader of the wing that wanted to enter into government with the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]], which led to LSSP's expulsion from the [[Fourth International]] in 1964.

==Minister of Finance (1964)==
A short lived coalition government was formed in 1964 known as the [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] and Perera was appointed [[Minister of Finance]] in it. He had to step down as minister when the United Front was defeated in the [[1965 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1965 general elections]] and sat in the opposition having retained his seat in parliament.

==Minister of Finance==
He was reappointed as Minister of Finance in 1970, when the [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] won the [[1970 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1970 general elections]]. He served as Minister of Finance from 10 May 1970 to 2 September 1975. Facing a substantial budget deficit, Perera first attempted to increase government revenue through taxation. In October 1970, he initiated the [[Prevention of the Avoidance of Income Tax Act|demonetization of the 50- and 100-Rupee notes]] in an effort to flush out black money. The measure, however, failed to generate significant additional revenue and imposed considerable operational costs on the Central Bank. The [[1971 JVP Insurrection (Sri Lanka)|1971 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) Insurrection]] took the leftist government by surprise and threatened to topple it. In the aftermath, Perera advanced a program of nationalizing private property and industries. These measures, however, discouraged both domestic and foreign investment, while unemployment and inflation remained unresolved.{{sfn|Richardson|2005|pp=321–322}}{{sfn|''The Anniston Star''|1970|p=42}}{{sfn|Phadnis|1971|p=273}} By 1974, the budget deficit had reached $195 million, and Ceylon was facing a severe foreign exchange crisis. This situation was partly due to global economic pressures such as the [[1973 oil crisis]] and partly the result of domestic policies — including the Bandaranaike government’s efforts to centralize the economy and enforce price controls — which contributed to declining revenues from coconut, rubber, and tea exports, as well as increased food-importation costs. In September 1975, N. M. Perera and other LSSP ministers were dismissed by Prime Minister [[Sirima Bandaranaike]]. In the [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1977 general elections]], which the [[United National Party]] won with a landslide of 5/6 of the seats, the LSSP, along with other leftist parties, suffered a complete defeat and lost all parliamentary representation. Perera himself lost his long-held Yatiyantota seat.<ref name="i1"/>

==Later years==
From 1977 to 1978, he served as Chairman of the [[Sri Lanka Cricket|Board of Control of Cricket in Sri Lanka]], and worked hard to obtain [[test status]] for Sri Lanka. In 1978, he represented Sri Lanka at the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] as an adviser. He died on 14 August 1979 at the Colombo National Hospital following gall-bladder complication, aged 75 and his funeral gathered large crowds.<ref name=" dailynews 2 ">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/08/14/fea01.asp|title=Colossus among political leaders|access-date=14 August 2009|year=2009|publisher=dailynews|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817185144/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/08/14/fea01.asp|archive-date=17 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abeynayake |first1=Stanley |title=Dr N M Perera's 33rd death anniversary : Doughty fighter and man of principles |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2012/08/14/fea04.asp |access-date=8 November 2019 |work=Daily News}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married fellow LSSP founding member and later party secretary, [[Selina Perera|Selina Margaret Peiris]] on 6 March 1936. N. M. Perera was an avid [[cricket]] fan and a keen tennis player.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Epasinghe |first1=Premasara |title=Dr N M Perera, colossus among national leaders |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2013/06/01/news40.asp |access-date=8 November 2019 |work=Daily News}}</ref>

==Publications==
* ''Parliamentary Democracy'' (1931)
* ''The Case for Free Education'' (1944)
* ''External Economic Assistance'' (1964)
* ''The Economy of Ceylon: Trends and Prospects'' (1971)
* ''Critical Analysis of the New Constitution of the Sri Lanka Government'' (1979)<ref name=" Encyclopedia of Marxism:"/>

==See also==
*[[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]]
*[[GCSU Sri Lanka]]

==Further reading==
*''Dr. N.M. Perera's Policies and Achievements'' by Prof. B. Hewavitharana<ref name="NM-Book">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/01/10/fea01.asp|title=Dr. N.M. Perera – Parliamentarian – par excellence|work=Daily News|date=10 January 2007|access-date=22 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321235904/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/01/10/fea01.asp|archive-date=21 March 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080608095013/http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/06/06/fea02.asp Dr N.M. Perera a colossus among leaders]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100910053923/http://www.dailynews.lk/2001/08/08/fea01.html 'Why Implant a New System of Government?' Part I]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100910060515/http://www.dailynews.lk/2001/08/09/fea02.html 'Why Implant a New System of Government?' Part 2]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150601224255/http://www.samasamaja.org/ Official Website of Lanka Sama Samaja Party]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080322230438/http://www.nmperera.org/index.html Official Website of DR.N.M. PERERA TRUST]
*[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2004/08/15/fea02.html Dr. N.M. Perera 1905 – 1979 :An honest and upright politician]
*[http://www.dailymirror.lk/article/Double-Doctor-and-only-non-UNP-Mayor-of-CMC-130329.html Double Doctor and only non-UNP Mayor of CMC]

{{Sri Lankan Leaders of the Opposition}}
{{Sri Lankan finance ministers}}
{{Members of the 2nd State Council of Ceylon}}
{{Members of 1st Parliament of Ceylon}}
{{Members of 2nd Parliament of Ceylon}}
{{Members of 3rd Parliament of Ceylon}}
{{Members of 4th Parliament of Ceylon}}
{{Members of 5th Parliament of Ceylon}}
{{Members of 6th Parliament of Ceylon}}
{{Members of 7th Parliament of Ceylon}}
{{LSSP}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Perera, N. M.}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Ananda College]]
[[Category:Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Ceylon University College]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of University of London Worldwide]]
[[Category:Escapees from British Ceylon detention]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted by Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Lanka Sama Samaja Party politicians]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition (Sri Lanka)]]
[[Category:Mayors of Colombo]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd State Council of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Members of the 1st Parliament of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd Parliament of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Members of the 3rd Parliament of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Members of the 4th Parliament of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Members of the 5th Parliament of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Members of the 6th Parliament of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Members of the 7th Parliament of Ceylon]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British Ceylon]]
[[Category:Sinhalese people]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan academics]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan independence activists]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan socialists]]
[[Category:20th-century Sri Lankan trade unionists]]

Shipra Goyal

2026-03-28T06:33:07Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: updated page

{{short description|Indian singer (born 1991)}}
{{Use Indian English|date = November 2015}}{{Use dmy dates|date = November 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Shipra Goyal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|09|25}}
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| genre = Pop, dance
| occupation = Singer, lyricist, composer
| years_active = 2009–present
| label = Blue Beat Studios
| website = {{Instagram|theshipragoyal}}
}}
''' Shipra Goyal ''' is an Indian singer, popular for her songs like "Ishq Bulava", "Angreji Wali Madam", "Ungli", "Tutti Bole Wedding Di", "Yadaan Teriyaan", "Lovely VS PU", "Mainu Ishq Lagaa" and "Paro".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/artist/shipra-goyal|title=Shipra Goyal|website=Gaana.com|accessdate=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022255/https://gaana.com/artist/shipra-goyal|archive-date=15 December 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Shipra Goyal was born and brought up in Delhi. Her parents, Subhash and Anju Goyal, are both singers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Shipra-Goyal-Kumaar-is-my-mentor-in-Bollywood/articleshow/49012712.cms|title=Shipra Goyal: Kumaar is my mentor in Bollywood – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 September 2015 |accessdate=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929162219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Shipra-Goyal-Kumaar-is-my-mentor-in-Bollywood/articleshow/49012712.cms|archive-date=29 September 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Career ==

After graduating in classical music from [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]], she moved to Mumbai in 2013, and soon made her debut with [[Vishal–Shekhar]]'s 'Ishq Bulaava'. Since then she has sung many songs in [[Bollywood]] and [[Cinema of Punjab|Pollywood]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shipra Goyal – Listen & Enjoy the music of Your Favourite Artist on Hungama |url=https://www.hungama.com/artists/shipra-goyal/107094 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Hungama.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/shipra-goyal-croons-tutti-bole-welcome-back-150817|title=Shipra Goyal croons 'Tutti Bole' from 'Welcome Back'|website=www.radioandmusic.com|accessdate=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230204842/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/shipra-goyal-croons-tutti-bole-welcome-back-150817|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Track
!Lyrics
!Music
!Label
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|Akh Jatti Di
|[[Veet Baljit]]
|Nick Dhamnu
|White Hill Music
|-
|OMG (Oh My God)
|Mike Randhawa
| rowspan="3" |[[Rajat Nagpal]]
|[[Zee Music Company]]
|-
|Choti Choti Gal
|[[Akhil (singer)]]
| rowspan="5" |[[T-Series (company)]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|Viah Wala Joda
|Mike Randhawa
|-
|4 By 4
|[[Alfaaz]]
|Ikwinder Singh
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|DJ Te
|[[Veet Baljit]]
|Vee
|-
|Main Teri Rani
|Nirmaan
|[[Abhijit Vaghani]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |2020
|Ik Din<ref>{{Cite news |title=This is why Babbu Maan wrote a song for a female singer – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/this-is-why-babbu-maan-wrote-a-song-for-a-female-singer/articleshow/76629379.cms |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=The Times of India |date=25 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Babbu Maan]]
|[[Babbu Maan]]
|Swag Music
|-
|Patola
|Veet Baljit
|Intense
|Humble Music
|-
|Haye Tauba (ft.[[Parmish Verma]]){{citation needed|date=May 2022}}
|Nirmaan
|Enzo
|Gringo Entertainment
|-
|BBC
|Raana
|Vee
| rowspan="2" |[[T-Series (company)]]
|-
|Saah Chalde
|Nikk
|[[MixSingh]]
|-
|Jhanjran
|[[Garry Sandhu]]
|Ikwinder Singh
|Fresh Media Records
|-
|I Don't Care
|Khan Bhaini
|Sycostyle
| rowspan="2" |Blue Beat Studios
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
|Koke (ft.[[Arjan Dhillon]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-09 |title=Shipra Goyal -Arjan Dhillon are all set to increase heat with their next 'Koke' |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/shipra-goyal-arjan-dhillon-are-all-set-to-increase-heat-with-their-next-koke |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Arjan Dhillon]]
|[[Dr Zeus]]
|-
|Tohmat (ft. [[Gauahar Khan]])
|Nirmaan
|Enzo
|Speed Records
|-
|Suit Purane (ft. Inder Chahal)
|Babbu
|[[MixSingh]]
|White Hill Music
|-
|Hold
|Shipra Goyal
|Mrxci
| rowspan="4" |Blue Beat Studios
|-
|Pind
|Romey Maan
|Sulfa
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|Chamba
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|B Show
|-
|Ride
|Shipra Goyal
|Mrxci
|-
|Subah Se Shaam<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Pratik Sehajpal and Shipra Goyal to act in a new single |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/pratik-sehajpal-and-shipra-goyal-to-act-in-a-new-single-383197 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|[[Abhijit Vaghani]]
|Meri Tune
|-
|Jee Lain De
| colspan="2" |Shipra Goyal
|Blue Beat Studios
|}

=== Duo collaboration ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Co Singer/s
!Music
!Lyrics
!Record label
|-
|2014
|Lovely Vs PU
|[[Ravinder Grewal]]
|Dj Flow
|Preet Sanghreri
|Tedi Pag Records
|-
|2016
|''Filmy Jatt''
|Vicky Vik
|Beat Minister
|Kumaar Sunny
|[[9X Tashan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|3 Saal
|Sukhpal Channi
|Qaistrax
|Veet Baljit
|White Hill Music
|-
|Angreji Wali Madam
|[[Kulwinder Billa]]
|[[Dr Zeus]]
|Shivjot
|Speed Records
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|Naraan
|Sajjan Adeeb
|Music Empire
|Aman Bilaspuri
|VS Records
|-
|Piche Piche
|[[Alfaaz]]
|Intense
|Alfaaz
|[[Eros Now]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|Jigriaa Yaara
|Jimmy Kaler
|Rox-A
|Jimmy Kaler
|Geet MP3
|-
|Bulgari
|[[Kulwinder Billa]]
|Dr Zeus
|Alfaaz
|Speed Records
|-
|Kharche<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurnam Bhullar Ft. Shipra Goyal New Song 'Kharche' Is Out Now {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/pollywood/pollywood-news/gurnam-bhullar-ft-shipra-goyal-new-song-kharche-is-out-now/5d16265bce023e2eafe109a4 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Gurnam Bhullar]]
|Music Empire
|Dalveer
|Jass Records
|-
|Gaddi Pichhe Naa
| rowspan="2" |Khan Bhaini
| rowspan="2" |Sycostyle
| rowspan="2" |Khan Bhaini
| rowspan="2" |Single Track Studios
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|Nakhro
|-
|Tere Ala Jatt
|[[Gippy Grewal]]
|Jay K
|Vickhy Sandhu
|GEET MP3
|-
| rowspan="12" |2021
|Lambhorghini
| rowspan="2" |Khan Bhaini
| rowspan="2" |Sycostyle
| rowspan="2" |Khan Bhaini
|Single Track Studios
|-
|Churi<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-11 |title=Khan Bhaini- Shipra Goyal-Sonnalli Seygall to release their next banger 'Churi'! |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/khan-bhaini-shipra-goyal-sonnalli-seygall-to-release-their-next-banger-churi |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en}}</ref>
|Street Gang Music
|-
|Jatt Nikle<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-17 |title=PTC Punjabi- Live Gurbani {{!}} World's No.1 Punjabi Entertainment Channel |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/ninja-and-shipra-goyal-are-all-set-to-flaunt-classy-look-for-their-upcoming-song-check-out-the-full-story-here |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Ninja (singer)]]
|Sehmby K
|Pardeep Malak
|White Hill Music
|-
|Sohneya Ve<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sohneya Ve: Singer Ninja And Shipra Goyal Make A Stunning On-Screen Couple For Their Upcoming Song; Watch Trailer {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/pollywood/pollywood-news/sohneya-ve-singer-ninja-and-shipra-goyal-make-a-stunning-on-screen-couple-for-their-upcoming-song-watch-trailer/61122449e002610f01678193 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Yeah Proof
|Laddi Chahal
|Nischay Records
|-
|Romantic Raaja<ref>{{Cite web |title=सिंगर शिप्रा गोयल के साथ Khesari Lal का 'रोमांटिक राजा', सलमान खान के कोरियोग्राफर हैं निर्देशक |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/khesari-lal-yadav-and-punjabi-pop-singer-shipra-goyal-collaborate-for-new-song-romantic-raja-tmov-1372851-2021-12-13 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Aaj Tak |date=13 December 2021 |language=hi}}</ref>
|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]
|[[Abhijit Vaghani]]
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|Blue Beat Studios
|-
|Sira
|[[Dilpreet Dhillon]]
|Desi Crew
|Kaptaan
|Speed Records
|-
|Ishq
|[[Garry Sandhu]]
|Ikky
|[[Garry Sandhu]]
|Fresh Media Records
|-
|1 Hour
|Korala Maan
|Sycostyle
|Korala Maan
|Team7 Picture
|-
|Paune 12
|Karan Randhawa
|Raka
|Jind Dhaliwal
|GEET MP3
|-
|DD1
|[[Veet Baljit]]
|Sycostyle
|[[Veet Baljit]]
|State Studios
|-
|Ilaaj
|[[Gippy Grewal]]
|StarBoy Music X
|Mani Longia
|Humble Music
|-
|U Turn
| rowspan="3" |R Nait
|Laddi Gill
| rowspan="3" |R Nait
|White Hill Music
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|Ladaaka
|[[Dr Zeus]]
|Blue Beat Studios
|-
|Big Men (Chapter 2)
|Laddi Gill
|R Nait Music
|-
|Chak Chak Chak
|Khan Bhaini
|Sycostyle
|Khan Bhaini
|Bang Music
|-
|Gaddi Kaali<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Jassie Gill and Shipra Goyal all set to release their next banger 'Gaddi Kaali'; details inside |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/jassie-gill-and-shipra-goyal-all-set-to-release-their-next-banger-gaddi-kaali-details-inside |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Jassie Gill]]
|Preet Romana
|Kaptaan
|Jassie Gill Music
|-
|Itna Pyaar Karuga<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Babbu Maan collaborates with Shipra Goyal for 'Itna Pyaar Karunga', teaser out |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/babbu-maan-collaborates-with-shipra-goyal-for-itna-pyaar-karunga-teaser-out-397399 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Babbu Maan]]
|Shipra Goyal
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|Blue Beat Studios
|-
|Tainu Bhulna
|Simar Doraha
|Goldboy
|Simar Doraha
|Tuneslay Entertainment
|}

=== Soundtrack album ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Movie !! Title !! Lyrics !! Music !! Co-singer !! Length
|-
!colspan=7|[[Bollywood]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
| [[Hasee Toh Phasee]] || "Ishq Bulava" || rowspan="10" | [[Kumaar]] || [[Vishal–Shekhar]] || [[Sanam Puri]] || 4:04
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Crazy Cukkad Family]]
|Crazy Kukkad
| rowspan="2" |Sidhartha Suhaas
|[[Shahid Mallya]]
|3:26
|-
|Yeh Dil Jaane Na
|Ankit Dayal
|4:11
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
|[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]
|"Tutti Bole Wedding Di"
| colspan="2" |[[Meet Bros]]
|4:23
|-
|[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]
|"Paro"
|Hitesh Sonik
| rowspan="4" |[[Dev Negi]]
|4:27
|-
|[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]
|"Yaadan Teriyaan"
|[[Arjuna Harjai]]
|2:52
|-
|[[Love Exchange (film)|Love Exchange]]
|"Tujhse Door"
|[[Jaidev Kumar]]
|4:22
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|[[Ungli]]
|"Ungli Pe Nachalein"
|Aslam Keyi
|3:05
|-
|MMIRSA
|"O Mere Khuda (Duet)"
|Jaidev Kumar
|[[Amit Gupta]]
|5:00
|-
|[[One Night Stand (2016 film)|One Night Stand]]
|"Ki Kara"
|Vivek Kar
|Solo
|5:30
|-
|2021
|[[Helmet (film)|Helmet]]
|"Barbaad"
|Nirmaan
|Goldboy
|Goldboy
|4:26
|-
!colspan=7|[[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]]
|-
|2009
|[[Mitti (2010 film)|Mitti]]
|"Boliyan"
|Rana
| colspan="2" |[[Mika Singh]]
|4:57
|-
|2012
|[[Taur Mittran Di]]
|"Darshan Di Bukh"
|Jaggi Singh
| rowspan="3" |[[Jaidev Kumar]]
|[[Amrinder Gill]]
|4:36
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|[[Rangeelay]]
|"Yaara Tu"
|[[Kumaar]]
|Ashim Kemson
|5:02
|-
|[[Haani (film)|Haani]]
|"Teri Meri Jodi"
|[[Babu Singh Maan]]
|[[Dev Negi]]
|4:01
|-
| rowspan="10" |2014
| rowspan="2" |Baaz
|"Kuddi Mardi"
| rowspan="2" |[[Babbu Maan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Babbu Maan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Babbu Maan]]
|3:48
|-
|"Makaan"
|6:51
|-
|[[Mr & Mrs 420]]
|"Haathhan Vich"
|Kumaar
|Jaidev Kumar
|Solo
|3:53
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Happy Go Lucky (2014 film)|Happy Go Lucky]]
|"33 Number"
| rowspan="3" |[[Kumaar]]
| rowspan="3" |Jassi Katyal
|Jassi Katyal
|3:30
|-
|"Coffee Shop – Female"
|Solo
|4:05
|-
|[[Mundeyan Ton Bachke Rahin]]
|"Ranno"
|Jassi Katyal
|3:49
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]
|"Vela Aa Gaya"
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Jaidev Kumar]]
|[[Jaspinder Narula]]
|4:26
|-
|"Sat Guru Nanak Pargatya"
|
|[[Asa Singh Mastana]]
|4:02
|-
| rowspan="2" | Dili 1984 || "Dil De Cubare" || rowspan="2" |Preet Mohinder Tiwari
| rowspan="2" |Gurdeep Mehndi|| [[Jasbir Jassi]] || 3:37
|-
|"Love Ho Gaya"
|Gurdeep Mehndi
|3:53
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|[[Judge Singh LLB]]
|"Pari"
|Joban Cheema
|Dj Flow
|[[Ravinder Grewal]]
|3:35
|-
|Gadaar
|"Yadaan"
|Babu Singh Maan
|Jaidev Kumar
|[[Harbhajan Mann]]
|4:36
|-
|[[Shareek]]
|"Mainu Ishq Lagaa"
| rowspan="2" |Devinder Khannewala
| rowspan="2" |[[Jaidev Kumar]]
|Shaukat Ali Matoi
|4:44
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|[[25 Kille]]
|"Rabb Di Mehar"
|Saanjh
|3:46
|-
|[[Goreyan Nu Daffa Karo]]
|"Goreyan Nu Daffa Karo"
|Kumaar
|[[Jatinder Shah]]
|[[Amrinder Gill]]
|3:12
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017
|Mahi NRI
|"Tere Bina"
|Kumaar
|Arjunaa Harjai
|[[Master Saleem]]
|3:53
|-
|Dushman
|"Mehrama"
|Devinder Khannewala
|Jaidev Kumar
|Solo
|4:37
|-
|[[Toofan Singh (film)|Toofan Singh]]
|"Tere Mere Khwabaan Da Desh"
|Gurcharan Virk
|[[Charanjit Singh (musician)|Charanjit Singh]]
|[[Ranjit Bawa]]
|5:58
|-
|[[Jindua]]
|"Dholna"
|Dr. Devendra Kafir
|Jaidev Kumar
|Prabh Gill
|2:23
|-
|Rupinder Gandhi 2: The Robinhood
|"Buklan"
| rowspan="3" |[[Veet Baljit]]
|Qaistrax
|Solo
|3:41
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|[[Daana Paani (2018 film)|Daana Paani]]
|"Rabb Khair Kare"
|Jaidev Kumar
|Prabh Gill
|3:04
|-
|[[Dakuan Da Munda]]
|"Pyaar"
|Qaistrax
|[[Veet Baljit]]
|2:51
|-
|[[Carry On Jatta 2]]
|"Gabru"
| rowspan="2" |[[Happy Raikoti]]
|Jassi Katyal
|[[Gippy Grewal]]
|3:06
|-
| rowspan="6" |2019
|[[Shadaa]]
|"Mehndi"
|Nick Dhamnu
|[[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|2:46
|-
|[[Saak (film)|Saak]]
|"Gabru Di Gall"
|Veet Baljit
|Qaistrax
|Veet Baljit
|3:19
|-
|Ishq My Religion
|"Bhabhi"
|Preet Tapri
|Jaidev Kumar
|[[Abrar-ul-Haq]]
|4:38
|-
|[[Singham (2019 film)|Singham]]
|"Demand"
|Raj Ranjodh
|Desi Crew
|Goldy Desi Crew
|2:25
|-
|Tu Mera Ki Lagda
|"Jaroorat Sahan Di"
|Bachan Bedil
|[[Atul Sharma]]
|[[Harjit Harman]]
|3:15
|-
|Munda Faridkotia
|"Sun Layi"
|Jogi Raikoti
|Jaggi Singh
|[[Roshan Prince]]
|4:02
|-
|2020
|Ik Sandhu Hunda Si
|"Charche"
|[[Happy Raikoti]]
|DJ Flow
|[[Gippy Grewal]]
|3:01
|-
|2021
|[[Chal Mera Putt 2]]
|"Russeya Karun"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-26 |title=Russeya Karun: Shipra Goyal-Gurshabad's song in 'Chal Mera Putt 2' flattered everyone! |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/russeya-karun-shipra-goyal-gurshabads-song-in-chal-mera-putt-2-flattered-everyone |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en}}</ref>
|Khushi Pandher
|[[Dr Zeus]]
|Gurshabad
|2:48
|-
|2022
|[[Dakuan Da Munda|Dakuan Da Munda 2]]
|"Shy – Sang Lagdi Aa"
|[[Veet Baljit]]
|Nick Dhamnu
|[[Veet Baljit]]
|2:58
|-
! colspan="7" |[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
|-
|2015
|[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]
|"Puli"
|[[Vairamuthu]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Vijay Prakash]]
|4:37
|-
! colspan="7" |[[Kannada cinema|Kannada]]
|-
|2015
|[[Care of Footpath 2]]
|"Bullet Nanna"
|Raghu Niduvali
|[[Kishan Shrikanth]]
|Girik Aman
|4:28
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
|2019
|[[Laiye Je Yaarian]]
|Herself (special appearance)
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

*Nominated in the category of Best Duet Vocalist for "Lovely Vs PU" alongside singer [[Ravinder Grewal]] (PTC Punjab Music Awards 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/PTC-Punjabi-Music-Awards-2015-Nominations-list/articleshow/46904042.cms|title=PTC Punjabi Music Awards 2015: Nominations list – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911113514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/PTC-Punjabi-Music-Awards-2015-Nominations-list/articleshow/46904042.cms|archive-date=11 September 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*Nominated in the category of Best Female Singer for "Hatthan VIch Luk Luk Ke" ([[Mirchi Music Awards]] Punjabi 2014).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/shipra-goyal-nominations/ |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2023: Celebrate Talent from World of Music |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124004134/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/shipra-goyal-nominations/ |archive-date=24 November 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Shipra-Goyal-Kumaar-is-my-mentor-in-Bollywood/articleshow/49012712.cms Shipra Goyal in Bombay Times ]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Singer-Shipra-Goyal-celebrated-her-bday-in-Delhi/articleshow/16556454.cms Shipra Goyal in Delhi Times ]
* [http://www.hungama.com/artists/shipra-goyal/107094 Hungama ]
*[https://newstomark.com/shipra-goyal-wiki-height-biography/ Newstomark]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goyal, Shipra}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Mansa district, India]]

Contai III

2026-03-23T12:04:09Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: quick reworked citations also and corrected details to improve readability

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Contai III
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Jagannath Deul temple at Dihi Bahiri under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 01.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Jagannath deul at [[Dihibahiri]] built in 1584
| image_map = Contai-III in Purba Medinipur (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.8235763|N|87.7285767|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 155.52
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 4
| population_total = 157,793
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721449 (Marisda)
| area_code = 03224
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-29, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-30, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-31, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-32, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-33
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 89.88%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kanthi Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanthi Dakshin]], [[Kanthi Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanthi Uttar]]
| website = {{URL|purbamedinipur.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Contai III''' (also known as Kanthi III block) is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Contai subdivision]] of [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Purba Medinipur district is part of the lower [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] and [[Eastern coastal plains]]. Topographically, the district can be divided into two parts – (a) almost entirely flat plains on the west, east and north, (b) the coastal plains on the south. The vast expanse of land is formed of [[alluvium]] and is composed of younger and coastal alluvial. The elevation of the district is within 10 metres above mean sea level. The district has a long coastline of 65.5 km along its southern and south eastern boundary. Five coastal CD Blocks, namely, Khejuri II, Contai II (Deshapran), Contai I, Ramnagar I and II, are occasionally affected by cyclones and tornadoes. Tidal floods are quite regular in these five CD Blocks. Normally floods occur in 21 of the 25 CD Blocks in the district. The major rivers are Haldi, Rupnarayan, Rasulpur, Bagui and Keleghai, flowing in north to south or south-east direction. River water is an important source of irrigation. The district has a low 899 hectare forest cover, which is 0.02% of its geographical area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/dips/PURBA%20MIDNAPORE-wb.pdf |title = Brief Industrial Profile of Purba Midnapur District |publisher= Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Industries, Government of India | access-date = 29 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262525164 |title = Mapping Dynamics of land utilization and its changing Patterns of Purba Medinipure District - W.B | access-date = 29 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Purba Medinipur| work = Chapter I Introduction| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 29 June 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923122628/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf| archive-date = 23 September 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Durmuth, a constituent panchayat of Contai III block, is located at {{coord|21.8235763|N|87.7285767|E|format=dms|}}.

Contai III CD Block is bounded by [[Bhagabanpur II]] and [[Khejuri I]] CD Blocks in the north, [[Deshapran (community development block)|Deshapran]] CD Block in the east, [[Contai I]] CD Block in the south and [[Egra II]] CD Block in the west.

It is located 59 km from [[Tamluk]], the district headquarters.

Contai III CD Block has an area of 160.52 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 8 [[gram panchayat]]s, 117 gram sansads (village councils), 165 [[mouza]]s and 166 inhabited villages. [[Marishda#Police station|Marishda]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 29 March 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Marishda.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Purba Medinipur | work= Map of Purba Medinipur with CD Block HQs and Police Stations |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 9 November 2016 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Contai III block/ panchayat samiti are: Bhajachauli, Debendra, Durmuth, Kaniadighi, Kumirda, Kusumpur, Lauda and Marishda.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Purba Medinipur - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 22 June 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Contai III CD Block had a total population of 157,793, all of which were rural. There were 81,143 (51%) males and 76,650 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 17,985. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 20,832 (13.20%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 144 (0.09%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 1 July 2016}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Contai III block had a total population of 137,364, out of which 70,418 were males and 66,946 were females. Contai III block registered a population growth of 12.52 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the combined Midnapore district was 14.87 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, (erstwhile) Medinipur District | access-date = 7 June 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205819/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Contai III CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Marishda]] (5,953), Kanaidighi (8,783).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Contai III CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Bhaja Chauli (2,541), Kumirda (3,625), Lauda (1,124), [[Dihibahiri]] (161).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per 2011 census the total number of literates in Contai III CD Block was 125,656 (89.88% of the population over 6 years) out of which 68,135 (54%) were males and 57,541 (46%) were females.<ref name=census2011/>

As per 2011 census, literacy in Purba Medinipur district was 87.02%.<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/19-purba-medinipur.html |title = Purba Medinipur (East Midnapore) District: Census 2011 data | work= 2016 Digital Trends |publisher= Census Population 2015 Data | access-date = 27 June 2016}}</ref> Purba Medinipur had the highest literacy amongst all the districts of West Bengal in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/districtlist/west+bengal.html |title = Districts of West Bengal | work= High Literacy |publisher= Census Population 2015 Data | access-date = 27 June 2016}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purba Medinipur district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Contai III CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|96.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|3.54}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.11}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 152,038 and formed 96.35% of the population in Contai III CD Block. Muslims numbered 5,584 and formed 3.54% of the population. Others numbered 171 and formed 0.11% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Hindus made up 96.39% and Muslims 3.54% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 98.55% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
The District Human Development Report for Purba Medinipur has provided a CD Block-wise data table for [[Human Poverty Index|Modified Human Poverty Index]] of the district. Contai III CD Block registered 29.68 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHPI was estimated at 24.78. Eleven out of twentyfive CD Blocks were found to be severely deprived in respect of grand CD Block average value of MHPI (CD Blocks with lower amount of poverty are better): All the CD Blocks of Haldia and Contai subdivisions appeared backward, except Ramnagar I & II, of all the blocks of Egra subdivision only Bhagabanpur I appeared backward and in Tamluk subdivision none appeared backward.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Purba Medinipur | work = May 2011. Pages: 2214-215 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923122628/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 23 September 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Paddy field at Daisai.jpg|thumb|250 px|left|Paddy field at [[Daisai]]]]

===Livelihood===
In Contai III CD Block in 2011, total workers formed 41.29% of the total population and amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 19.18%, agricultural labourers 33.94%, household industry workers 7.18% and other workers 39.70.%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Tables 2.7, 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 29 March 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 166 inhabited villages in Contai III CD block. All 166 villages (100%) have power supply. 164 villages (98.8%) have drinking water supply. 27 villages (16.27%) have post offices. 155 villages (93.37%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 25 villages (15.06%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 31 villages (18.67%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 35 villages (31.08%) have [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit societies]]. 13 villages (7.83%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Purba Medinipur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 93 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 March 2019}}</ref>

In 2007–08, around 40% of rural households in the district had electricity.<ref name=humandev2>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Purba Medinipur | work = May 2011. Pages: 26, 30-33, 37, 61-63, 89-94 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923122628/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 23 September 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, there were 71 fertiliser depots, 12 seed stores and 32 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Contai III CD Block'''
|value1= 7.19
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 27.28
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 2.66
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 29.45
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 33.42
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

According to the District [[Human Development Report]] of Purba Medinipur: The agricultural sector is the lifeline of a predominantly rural economy. It is largely dependent on the Low Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 50%) or High Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 27%) for irrigation, as the district does not have a good network of canals, compared to some of the neighbouring districts. In many cases the canals are drainage canals which get the backflow of river water at times of high tide or the rainy season. The average size of land holding in Purba Medinipur, in 2005–06, was 0.73 hectares against 1.01 hectares in West Bengal.<ref name=humandev2/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Contai III CD Block was 4,953 hectares, out of which 2,543 hectares were irrigated by tank water, 1,710 hectares by deep tube well and 700 hectares by shallow tube well.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 29 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Contai III CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 7.19%, patta (document) holders 27.28%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 2.66%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 29.45% and agricultural labourers 33.42%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Contai III CD Block produced 18,098 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 13,195 hectares, 6,413 tonnes of Boro paddy, the spring crop, from 2,095 hectares and 118 tonnes of potatoes from 164 hectares. It also produced oil seeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Betel]]vine is a major source of livelihood in Purba Medinipur district, particularly in Tamluk and Contai subdivisions. Betelvine production in 2008-09 was the highest amongst all the districts and was around a third of the total state production. In 2008–09, Purba Mednipur produced 2,789 tonnes of [[Cashew|cashew nuts]] from 3,340 hectares of land.<ref name=humandev2/>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Concentration of Handicraft Activities in CD Blocks
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
* '''Horn Craft''' - Kolaghat
* '''Pata Chitra''' - Chandipur, Nandakumar
* '''Sea Shell''' – Ramnagar I & II
* '''Mat & Mat Diversified Products''' – Ramnagar I, Egra I & II, Patashpur I
* '''Brass & Bell Metal''' – Ramnagar I, Mahisadal, Patashpur II, Egra I
* '''Diversified Jute Products''' – Ramnagar II, Nandakumar, Kolaghat, Shahid Matangini
* '''Cane & Bamboo Products''' - Chandipur, Nandakumar, Kolaghat, Shahid Matangini
* '''Sola Craft''' - Tamluk, Kolaghat
* '''Pottery/Terracotta''' - Panskura, Tamluk, Sahid Matangini, Nandakumar
* '''Wood Craft''' - Tamluk
* '''Zari work'''- Sutahta, Mahisadal, Haldia, Nandakumar
Source: District Human Development Report, Purba Medinipur, Page 97
|}

===Pisciculture===
Purba Medinipur's net district domestic product derives one fifth of its earnings from fisheries, the highest amongst all the districts of West Bengal.<ref name=humandev2/> The nett area available for effective pisciculture in Contai III CD Block in 2013-14 was 750.60 hectares. 2,755 persons were engaged in the profession and approximate annual production was 28,598 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Contai III CD Block had offices of 4 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Medinipur East district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Contai III CD Block has 3 ferry services, 3 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Contai III CD Block had 132 primary schools with 5,934 students, 14 middle schools with 828 students, 8 high schools with 6,216 students and 11 higher secondary schools with 12,443 students. Contai III CD Block had 1 general college with 538 students and 290 institutions for special and non-formal education with 12,305 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Contai III CD block, amongst the 166 inhabited villages, 21/22 villages did not have a school, 49 villages had two or more primary schools, 35 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 23 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Purba Mednipur, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1091-92, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 30 March 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Contai III CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 2 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] with total 10 beds and 5 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 24 family welfare sub centres. 515 patients were treated indoor and 126,451 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Kharipukuria Block Primary Health Centre at [[Kharipukuria]], PO Nachinda Bazar (with 10 beds) is the main medical facility in Contai III CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Banamalichatta (with 10 beds), Bhaitgarh (with ? beds) and Deulbarh (with 2 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 March 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Purba Medinipur topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Purba Medinipur district]]

Razakars (Hyderabad)

2026-03-22T14:05:34Z

Dr. D. Maheswari:

{{Short description|1940s Muslim anti-accession militia in Hyderabad}}
{{distinguish|Razakars (Pakistan)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = Razakar_units_being_trained_from_Muslim_volunteers.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Razakar units being trained
| motto =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation = 1938
| founder = [[Bahadur Yar Jung]]
| dissolved = 1948
| type = [[Paramilitary]]
| headquarters = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| coords =
| language =
| leader_title =
| leader_name = Bahadur Yar Jung [[Qasim Razvi]]
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| affiliations = [[Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| budget =
| remarks =
| name = Razakars
| size = 250px
| abbreviation =
| purpose = Supporting [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII]] in resisting the [[integration of Hyderabad]] with India
| location =
| region_served = [[Hyderabad State]]
| general =
| parent_organisation =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website =
| former name =
}}
The '''Razakars''' were a [[paramilitary]] wing of the [[Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (MIM; {{Translation|Council for Muslim Unity}}), an Islamic political party in the [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[princely state]] of [[British Raj|British India]]. Formed in 1938 by MIM leader [[Bahadur Yar Jung]], the organisation expanded considerably during the leadership of [[Qasim Razvi]] around the time of the [[partition of India]].{{sfnp|Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration|2000|p=99}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Shashi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1znBBwAAQBAJ&dq=razakar+communist+alliance&pg=PT196 |title=The Last Durbar |date=2005-12-31 |publisher=[[Roli Books Private Limited]] |isbn=978-93-5194-080-7 |language=en}}</ref> Its primary objective was to maintain the rule of the Muslim [[Nizams of Hyderabad]] and prevent the accession of Hyderabad to India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sayeed |first=Vikhar Ahmed |date=2023-11-02 |title=Hyderabad's dark history: A tale of two massacres |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/history-a-tale-of-two-massacres-in-hyderabad-karnataka-razakars-1948-police-action-annexation-of-hyderabad-nizam-anti-muslim-attacks-kalaburagi-bidar/article67442047.ece |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

One of the pretexts for [[Operation Polo]] by India which led to its [[annexation of Hyderabad]] was the refusal by the Nizam to disband the Razakars. The Razakars were the main resistance to the Indian Army during the operation.<ref>{{harvp|Kamat, Border incidents, internal disorder|2007|p=220}}: "A little over 800 people died on both sides during the operation, with the Razakars suffering the majority of the casualties."
</ref> After they were defeated, the Nizam surrendered and agreed to disband the Razakars.{{sfnp|Kamat, Border incidents, internal disorder|2007|p=220}} Qasim Razvi was initially jailed and then allowed to move to Pakistan where he was granted asylum.<ref name="clan">{{cite web |title=Hate speech not new for Owaisi clan |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 January 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hate-speech-not-new-for-Owaisi-clan/articleshow/17963124.cms}}</ref>

They were involved in various human right abuses and committed atrocities including mass killings, rapes and looting of villages, against the Hindu majority (which overwhelmingly favored Hyderabad's accession with India), and against participants of the [[Telangana Rebellion]].{{sfnp|Sherman, The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad|2007|pp=6–7}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-20 |title=Hyderabad's Razakars Chapter: Paramilitary Force Killed Hindus, Later Hired by Zamindars to Fight Communists |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/hyderabads-razakars-chapter-paramilitary-force-killed-hindus-later-hired-by-zamindars-to-fight-communists-8379229.html |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Qasim Razvi.jpg|thumb|[[Qasim Razvi]], the leader of Razakars.]]
[[File:Razakars.jpg|thumb|Razakars during [[Operation Polo]].]]
With the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], the British left the princely states with the option of join either [[Dominion of India|India]] or [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] or opting for full independence. However, by 1948 almost all had [[Instrument of Accession|acceded]] to either India or Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehrotra |first=S. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100154 |title=Towards Indias Freedom And Partition |date=1979}}</ref> One major exception was Hyderabad, where [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII]], a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population, chose [[independence]] and hoped to maintain this with the help of Razakars and entered into a [[standstill agreement (India)|standstill agreement]] with India on 29 November 1947 to maintain the [[status quo]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC |title=A Concise History of India |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63974-3 |language=en}}</ref> The move was strongly resisted primarily by the Hindu subjects of the kingdom, who wanted state's accession with India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracing Razakar legacy: When Razvi's granddaughter visited Hyderabad |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2021/09/30/tracing-razakar-legacy-when-razvis-granddaughter-visited-hyderabad.html |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

In 1926, Mahmud Nawaz Khan, a retired Hyderabad official, founded the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|Majlis-e-Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen]] (also known as MIM). The MIM became a powerful organization, with a principal focus of marginalizing the political aspirations of Hindus and progressive Muslims through its actions, including the insistence that Hyderabad be declared a Muslim state.{{sfn|Kate, Marathwada under the Nizams|1987|p=73}}

MIM "had its storm troopers in the Razakars who were headed by [[Kasim Razvi]], a Muslim educated at [[Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh University]] who claimed Hyderabad was a Muslim state and that Muslim supremacy was based upon the right of conquest".<ref>Moraes, Frank, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mumbai: Jaico. 2007, p.390</ref> The Razakars demanded special powers from the Nizam, which they started to misuse and the Nizam had to abide by their dictats. The Nizam sent a delegation to the [[United Nations]] to refer the Hyderabad State case to the [[UN Security Council]].

The Razakar militia brutally put down the armed revolts by Communist sympathizers and the peasantry and even eliminated Muslim activists such as journalist Shoebullah Khan who advocated merger with India.<ref>Rao, P.R., ''History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh: From the Earliest Times to 1991'', New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 2012. p. 284</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Remembering-a-legend/article15287211.ece Remembering a legend], The Hindu, 22 August 2008; Aniket Alam, [http://www.thehindu.com/2003/01/06/stories/2003010604090400.htm A one-man crusade, it was and still is]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''The Hindu'', 6 January 2003.</ref> The Razakars terrorised the Hindu population and its sympathizers, causing many to flee to safety into the jungles, uninhabited mud forts, or neighboring Indian provinces.{{sfn|Kate, Marathwada under the Nizams|1987|p=84}} The [[Hyderabad State Congress]] was banned and its leaders forced to flee to [[Vijaywada|Bezawada]] or [[Bombay]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

==Annexation after Operation Polo==
{{Main|Indian annexation of Hyderabad}}
Finally, [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], the Indian Minister for Home Affairs, decided to undertake "police action" in Hyderabad State to force the Nizam's hand. [[Operation Polo]] was launched and the [[Indian Army]], led by Major General J. N. Chaudhuri, entered the state from five directions. The Razakars fought briefly against the overwhelming attack by Indian forces before surrendering on 18 September 1948. [[Mir Laik Ali]], the [[prime minister]] of the Nizam, and [[Kasim Razvi]] were arrested.

On 22 September 1948, the Nizam withdrew his complaint from the UN Security Council. The merger of Hyderabad into the Indian Union was announced. Major General Chaudhuri took over as military governor of Hyderabad and stayed in that position till the end of 1949. In January 1950, [[M. K. Vellodi]], a senior civil servant was made the Chief Minister of the state and the Nizam was given the position of "[[Rajpramukh|Raj Pramukh]]" or "Governor".

The [[Pandit Sunderlal Committee Report]] estimated that between 27,000 and 40,000 lost their lives in the violence that ensued after the operation.<ref name="India hidden massacre">{{Cite news | last = Thomson | first = Mike | title = India's hidden massacre | work = BBC | accessdate = 2013-09-26 | date = 2013-09-24 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24159594 }}</ref>

==Disbandment==
The Razakars were disbanded after the merger of Hyderabad with India and the Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen was initially banned—though it was allowed to be rechartered as [[Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|All India MIM (AIMIM)]] under new leadership in 1957. Qasim Rizvi was jailed and remained in Indian prisons for almost a decade. After his release, he [[Emigration|emigrated]] to [[Pakistan]].<ref name="clan"/>

== Popular culture ==
*In 2015, the Indian Marathi-language film ''[[Razzakar (film)|Razzakar]]'' was released.
*''[[Razakar – Silent Genocide of Hyderabad]]'', a 2024 Indian film was released in Telugu, Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/razakar-the-silent-genocide-of-hyderabad/movieshow/106291570.cms |title=Razakar: The Silent Genocide Of Hyderabad Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}}eTimes |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=29 February 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Muslim National Guard]]
* [[Razakar (Pakistan)|Razakars (East Pakistan)]]
* [[Hyderabad State Forces]]
* [[Kasim Razvi]]
* [[Mallikarjun Kharge]], the current president of the Indian National Congress, lost his mother and sister in a fire set off by the Razakars while he himself had a narrow escape at the age of 7

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |first=Lucien D. |last=Benichou |title=From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938-1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Loiq3YrFy40C |date=2000 |orig-date=University of Western Australia, 1985 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1847-6 |ref={{sfnref|Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration|2000}}}}
* {{citation |last=Kamat |first=Manjiri N. |chapter=Border incidents, internal disorder and the ''Nizam'''s claim for an independent Hyderabad |editor1=Waltraud Ernst |editor2=Biswamoy Pati |title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&pg=PA216 |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-11988-2 |pages=212–224 |ref={{sfnref|Kamat, Border incidents, internal disorder|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Kate |first=P. V. |title=Marathwada under the Nizams, 1724-1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjndiykddsIC&pg=PA73 |year=1987 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-017-8 |pages=73– |ref={{sfnref|Kate, Marathwada under the Nizams|1987}}}}
* {{citation |last=Sherman |first=Taylor C. |title=The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=44 |number=4 |year=2007 |pages=489–516 |doi=10.1177/001946460704400404 |s2cid=145000228 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32805/ |ref={{sfnref|Sherman, The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad|2007}}}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first=Mohammed |last=Hyder |title=October Coup, A Memoir of the Struggle for Hyderabad |publisher=Roli Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-8174368508 }}
* {{cite book |first=Omar |last=Khalidi |author-link=Omar Khalidi |title=Hyderabad, after the fall |publisher=Hyderabad Historical Society |location=Wichita, Kansas |year=1988 |isbn=093081102X }}
* {{cite book |first=V. P. |last=Menon |author-link=V. P. Menon |title=The Story of Integration of the Indian States |publisher=MacMillan |year=1956 }}
* {{citation |last=Sherman |first=Taylor C. |title=Muslim Belonging in Secular India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs8_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |year=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-09507-6 |ref={{sfnref|Sherman, Muslim Belonging in Secular India|2015}}}}
* {{cite journal |first=Sukumar |last=Muralidharan |title=Alternate Histories: Hyderabad 1948 Compels a Fresh Evaluation of the Theology of India's Independence and Partition |journal=[[History and Sociology of South Asia]] |year=2014 |volume=8 |number=2 |pages=119–138 |doi=10.1177/2230807514524091|s2cid=153722788 }}
* {{cite book |first=A. G. |last=Noorani |author-link=A. G. Noorani|title=The Destruction of Hyderabad |publisher=Hurst & Co |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-84904-439-4 }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{cite news |title=This day, that year: How Hyderabad became a part of the union of India |newspaper=News Minute |date=16 September 2018 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/day-year-how-hyderabad-became-part-union-india-88407 }}
* [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/170919/of-bonds-broken-promises-and-betrayals.html Razakars - a "rope around the neck" of the Nizam]

[[Category:Military history of Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Military history of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Monarchists]]
[[Category:Government paramilitary forces]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in India]]
[[Category:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
[[Category:Military wings of nationalist parties]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Kangla Nongpok Thong

2026-03-21T03:30:06Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: made some details w/ refs

{{Short description|Eastern Gate of the Kangla Fort}}
{{About|the eastern entrance to the [[Kangla Palace]]|the western entrance|Kangla Sanathong}}
{{Distinguish|Kangla Nongpok Torban}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Kangla Eastern Gate
| native_name = Kangla Nongpok Thong
| native_name_lang = mni
| logo =
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| alternate_names = Nongpok Thong
| etymology = Eastern Entrance Gate of the [[Kangla]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Biren Singh hands over historic Kangla Nongpok Thong to people of Manipur - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/biren-singh-hands-over-historic-kangla-nongpok-thong-to-people-of-manipur/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |date=2023-01-10 |title=Manipur CM hands over eastern gate of historic Kangla Fort in Imphal |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/manipur-cm-hands-over-eastern-gate-of-historic-kangla-fort-in-imphal-1456813 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>
| status = open
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| building_type = Gate Bridge
| architectural_style = [[Meitei architecture]]
| classification = Gate Bridge
| location = [[Imphal River]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Biren Singh hands over historic Kangla Nongpok Thong to people of Manipur - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/biren-singh-hands-over-historic-kangla-nongpok-thong-to-people-of-manipur/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |date=2023-01-10 |title=Manipur CM hands over eastern gate of historic Kangla Fort in Imphal |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/manipur-cm-hands-over-eastern-gate-of-historic-kangla-fort-in-imphal-1456813 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>
| address = frontier between [[Imphal East district]] and [[Imphal West district]]
| location_city = [[Imphal]] 
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* {{flagicon image|Flag of Manipur.svg}} [[Manipur Kingdom]] (historical)
* {{IND}} (present)
| grid_name =
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| namesake = [[Kangla Nongpok Torban]]
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| demolished_date = 1891 [[Anglo Manipur War]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=Signpost |date=2023-01-11 |title=After Nongpok Thong of Kangla, next Eastern Gate of Kangla |url=https://signpostnews.com/after-nongpok-thong-of-kangla-next-eastern-gate-of-kangla/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Signpost News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nongpok Thong and Nongpokthong |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/editorial/nongpok-thong-and-nongpokthong |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en |quote=The references with regard to reopening of 'Nongpokthong' in our ancient chronicles has been interpreted in many ways in modern times among which opening of trade relations with Myanmar and Southeast Asia is one.}}</ref>
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| footnotes =
}}
The {{langnf|mni|'''Kangla Nongpok Thong'''|[[Kangla]] Eastern Gate}}, shortly known as the {{langnf|mni|'''Nongpok Thong'''|Eastern Gate}}, is the Eastern Gate Bridge{{efn|In [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]]), "Thong" ({{langx|mni|{{script|Mtei|ꯊꯣꯡ}}}}) may refer to [[door]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("thong" - door) |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1+thong+door&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]]}}</ref> or [[bridge]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary ("thong" - bridge) |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1+thong+bridge&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]]}}</ref>}} of the [[Kangla Fort]] of [[Imphal]], {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-10 |title=Kangla Nongpok Thong opens to public |work=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2023/01/10/kangla-nongpok-thong-opens-to-public/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur's Kangla Nongpok Thong reopens to public, Western gate to remain closed |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipurs-kangla-nongpok-thong-reopens-to-public-western-gate-to-remain-closed |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2023-01-10 |title=Manipur: Kangla Nongpok Thong in Imphal opens to public |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/01/10/manipur-kangla-nongpok-thong-in-imphal-opens-to-public/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>
With the re-opening of the modern Eastern Gate of the [[Kangla]], the [[Kangla Western Gate]] ({{langx|mni|Kangla Nongchup Thong}}) was closed forever, under the leadership of [[Nongthombam Biren]], the then [[Chief Minister of Manipur]], due to the traditional Meitei belief that the western gate is regarded as the gate of the dead and it is ominous to enter the [[Kangla]] through the western doorway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM dedicates Kangla Nongpok Thong to public: 11th jan23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=25..110123.jan23 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=e-pao.net |quote=While dedicating the Kangla Nongpok Thong to the public, the chief minister also informed that the Kangla Nongchup Thong (western gate) will be closed henceforth. He explained that according to Meetei's beliefs, the western gate is regarded as the gate of the dead and it is an omen to enter through the western gate or door. Considering the welfare of the Manipuri society, the state government in consultation with various experts and scholars of Manipur initiated the construction of the Kangla eastern gate and to close the Kangla Western gate forever. "Therefore, from today onwards, since the eastern gate has been opened for the public, the Western Gate will remain closed for all time".}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CM dedicates Kangla Nongpok Thong to public: 11th jan23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1..110123.jan23 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=e-pao.net |quote=Speaking at the inaugural function which was organised by the State Archeology Department, the Chief Minister stated that the back door or western door is generally associated with death and misery as per Meitei worldview and beliefs. As such, many senior citizens and experts are of the opinion that it would not bode well for the public if the western gate of Kangla is used as the entrance and exit gate.}}</ref>

== History ==
The antique Kangla Nongpok Thong was dismantled by the [[British Army]] after their victory in the [[Anglo-Manipur War]] of 1891 AD,<ref>{{Cite news |author=K. Sarojkumar Sharma|date=9 Jan 2023 |title=Manipur Evicts Encroachers From Kangla Nongpok Thong |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipur-evicts-encroachers-from-kangla-nongpok-thong/articleshow/96843183.cms |access-date=2023-01-13 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> as the [[Assam Rifles]] was stationed inside the western side of the [[Kangla]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-11 |title=After Nongpok Thong of Kangla, next Eastern Gate of Kangla |url=https://signpostnews.com/after-nongpok-thong-of-kangla-next-eastern-gate-of-kangla/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |work=Signpost News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nongpok Thong and Nongpokthong |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/editorial/nongpok-thong-and-nongpokthong |access-date=2023-01-13 |work=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en |quote=The references with regard to reopening of 'Nongpokthong' in our ancient chronicles has been interpreted in many ways in modern times among which opening of trade relations with Myanmar and Southeast Asia is one.}}</ref>

== Modern re-construction ==
During June 2019, a decision to reconstruct the old Kangla Nongpok Thong was taken in a meeting session of the Kangla Fort Board (KFB) with the [[Manipur Chief Minister]] [[N Biren Singh]] in the chair inside the premises of the [[Kangla Fort]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samom |first=Sobhapati |date=2019-06-09 |title=Manipur government to reconstruct eastern bridge of Kangla Fort |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur-government-to-reconstruct-eastern-bridge-of-kangla-fort.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>

The re-construction of the modern Kangla Nongpok Thong was done by the Manipur Police Housing Corporation Limited (MPHC Ltd). It was financed by the Imphal Smart City Limited (ISCL).<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2023-01-10 |title=Manipur: Kangla Nongpok Thong in Imphal opens to public |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/01/10/manipur-kangla-nongpok-thong-in-imphal-opens-to-public/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-10 |title=Kangla Nongpok Thong opens to public |work=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2023/01/10/kangla-nongpok-thong-opens-to-public/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The timing of the reopening of the Nongpok Thong was expected to be around October of the year 2021, as planned by Chief minister Biren. But due to some reasons, it got delayed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Usham |first=Joyshree |title=NONGPOK-THONG IS EXPECTED TO BE OPENED BY OCT, 2021: CM BIREN - Impact TV - The Official Website |url=https://impacttv.in/latest-news/item/1434-nongpok-thong-is-expected-to-be-ready-by-oct-2021-cm-biren |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=impacttv.in |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Re-opening ==
On 6 January 2023, the Kangla Nongpok Thong was officially inaugurated by [[Amit Shah]], the then [[Minister of Home Affairs]] of the [[Union Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM dedicates Kangla Nongpok Thong to public: 11th jan23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1..110123.jan23 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=e-pao.net |quote=Speaking at the inaugural function which was organised by the State Archeology Department, the Chief Minister stated that the back door or western door is generally associated with death and misery as per Meitei worldview and beliefs. As such, many senior citizens and experts are of the opinion that it would not bode well for the public if the western gate of Kangla is used as the entrance and exit gate.}}</ref> Later, on 10 January 2023, [[Government of Manipur]] led by Chief minister [[Nongthombam Biren]], handed the Eastern Gate over to the public of Manipur, in the presence of [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]], after performing a religious ritual ceremony with the help of the {{langnf|mni|[[:simple:Maiba|Maiba]]s|priests}} and {{langnf|mni|[[Maibi]]s|priestesses}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur's Kangla Nongpok Thong reopens to public, Western gate to remain closed |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipurs-kangla-nongpok-thong-reopens-to-public-western-gate-to-remain-closed |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Biren Singh hands over historic Kangla Nongpok Thong to people of Manipur - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/biren-singh-hands-over-historic-kangla-nongpok-thong-to-people-of-manipur/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |date=2023-01-10 |title=Manipur CM hands over eastern gate of historic Kangla Fort in Imphal |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/manipur-cm-hands-over-eastern-gate-of-historic-kangla-fort-in-imphal-1456813 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>
On the occasion of inauguration, [[Nongthombam Biren]], the then [[Chief Minister of Manipur]], said:
{{Blockquote|"I had the honor to hand over and dedicate the Nongpok Thong on the eastern side of Kangla to the public today. The bridge to restore order, peace, harmony, and prosperity in the state has finally been opened."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Biren Singh hands over historic Kangla Nongpok Thong to people of Manipur - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/biren-singh-hands-over-historic-kangla-nongpok-thong-to-people-of-manipur/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |date=2023-01-10 |title=Manipur CM hands over eastern gate of historic Kangla Fort in Imphal |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/manipur-cm-hands-over-eastern-gate-of-historic-kangla-fort-in-imphal-1456813 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref> "We have a belief that there will be a feeling of oneness, peace, harmony, and prosperity in the state when we open the Nongpok-Thong (Eastern Gate) of Kangla. It will be remembered in the history of Manipur as the moment when the prophecy of Nongpok Thong Hangba was fulfilled."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Biren Singh hands over historic Kangla Nongpok Thong to people of Manipur - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/biren-singh-hands-over-historic-kangla-nongpok-thong-to-people-of-manipur/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |date=2023-01-10 |title=Manipur CM hands over eastern gate of historic Kangla Fort in Imphal |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/manipur-cm-hands-over-eastern-gate-of-historic-kangla-fort-in-imphal-1456813 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref> "The opening of Kangla Nongpok Thong has a very important cultural significance. This Eastern Gate of Kangla is considered to be the pathway to peace, prosperity and happiness for the people of Manipur. 
As promised we have finally opened KANGLA NONGPOK THONG."<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM congratulates people of Manipur on opening of Kangla Nongpok Thong |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1889338 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2023-01-07 |title=PM congratulates people of Manipur on opening of Kangla Nongpok bridge |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/pm-congratulates-people-of-manipur-on-opening-of-kangla-nongpok-bridge-1503144737.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-07 |title=PM congratulates people of Manipur on the opening of Kangla Nongpok Thong |work=INDToday |url=https://indtoday.com/pm-congratulates-people-of-manipur-on-the-opening-of-kangla-nongpok-thong/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>|[[Nongthombam Biren]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM congratulates people of Manipur on opening of Kangla Nongpok Thong |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1889338 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>}}
On the same occasion, [[Narendra Modi]], the then [[Prime minister of India]], replied to Manipur Chief Minister's speech as:
{{Blockquote|"Congrats Manipur! May the spirit of peace, prosperity and happiness be enhanced across the state."|[[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM congratulates people of Manipur on opening of Kangla Nongpok Thong |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1889338 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2023-01-07 |title=PM congratulates people of Manipur on opening of Kangla Nongpok bridge |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/pm-congratulates-people-of-manipur-on-opening-of-kangla-nongpok-bridge-1503144737.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-07 |title=PM congratulates people of Manipur on the opening of Kangla Nongpok Thong |work=INDToday |url=https://indtoday.com/pm-congratulates-people-of-manipur-on-the-opening-of-kangla-nongpok-thong/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>}}

== Development ==
According to the plans of [[Manipur Chief Minister]] [[Nongthombam Biren]], the Nongpok Thong will be guarded by [[Indian Reserve Battalion|Indian Reserve Battalion (IRB)]] policemen, wearing traditional Meitei uniforms, instead of modern formal ones, the [[Kangla Sanathong|Nongchup Thong]] ([[Western Kangla Gate]]) will be closed afterwards, vehicles will only be allowed to enter from the Northern Gate of the [[Kangla]], the roadway from the Eastern Gate towards the office of the [[District collector|District collector (DC)]] of [[Imphal East district]], will be made as a [[Lane|double lane]] one.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur's Kangla Nongpok Thong reopens to public, Western gate to remain closed |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipurs-kangla-nongpok-thong-reopens-to-public-western-gate-to-remain-closed |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-10 |title=Kangla Nongpok Thong opens to public |work=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2023/01/10/kangla-nongpok-thong-opens-to-public/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2023-01-10 |title=Manipur: Kangla Nongpok Thong in Imphal opens to public |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/01/10/manipur-kangla-nongpok-thong-in-imphal-opens-to-public/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Eviction ==
The [[Government of Manipur]] performed eviction of the illegal encroachers from the areas near the historic Kangla Nongpok Thong after its opening program.
The departments concerned used heavy machinery to bring down many residential and commercial buildings built encroaching the place near the eastern-most area of the Kangla Nongpok Thong.<ref>{{Cite news |author=K. Sarojkumar Sharma|date=9 Jan 2023 |title=Manipur Evicts Encroachers From Kangla Nongpok Thong |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipur-evicts-encroachers-from-kangla-nongpok-thong/articleshow/96843183.cms |access-date=2023-01-13 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Interpretation of the event ==
The incident of the reopening of the ''"Nongpok Thong"'' was mentioned in the old Meitei chronicles. In modern times, it is interpreted in many ways by many scholars. Among the various interpretations, one is that the reopening of the Nongpok Thong refers to the [[Decolonization|overturning colonial disruptions]] in {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}}. Another interpretation is that it refers to the opening of trade relations with [[Myanmar]] and other [[Southeast Asia]]n nations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nongpok Thong and Nongpokthong |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/editorial/nongpok-thong-and-nongpokthong |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en |quote=The references with regard to reopening of 'Nongpokthong' in our ancient chronicles has been interpreted in many ways in modern times among which opening of trade relations with Myanmar and Southeast Asia is one.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nongpok Thong Hangba The Revelation of Puya |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.RK_Shivachandra_Opinion.Nongpok_Thong_Hangba_The_Revelation_of_Puya |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hijagang]]
* [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla|Iputhou Pakhangba Laishang]]
* [[Kangla Sha]]
* [[Manung Kangjeibung]]
* [[Sanggai Yumpham]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://iaspoint.com/kangla-nongpok-thong/ Kangla Nongpok Thong] at {{URL|iaspoint.com}}
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Kangla+Nongpok+Thong&sa.x=0&sa.y=0 Kangla Nongpok Thong] at {{URL|e-pao.net}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei architecture]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Imphal]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Meitei royalty]]
[[Category:Public art in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Manipur]]

Samiulla Khan

2026-03-21T00:51:05Z

Dr. D. Maheswari:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Samiulla Khan
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = 1899
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date = {{death year and age|1967|1899}}
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]] [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency= [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| term = 1952–1954
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| religion =
| otherparty =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source = http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/k.pdf
}}
'''Samiulla Khan''' was an Indian politician. He was a [[Member of Parliament]], representing [[Madhya Pradesh]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/k.pdf| title=RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952 - 2003 | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | accessdate=23 December 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne

2026-03-18T17:03:19Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: quick update

{{Short description|Viceroy of India from 1888 to 1895}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] [[The Most Honourable]]
| name = The Marquess of Lansdowne
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Garter|KG]] [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]] [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]] [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]]
| image = Marquess of Lansdowne.jpg
| order = 9th [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]
| term_start = 10 December 1888
| term_end = 11 October 1894
| monarch = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]
| prime_minister = [[William Ewart Gladstone]] [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|The Marquess of Salisbury]]
| predecessor = [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|The Earl of Dufferin]]
| successor = [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin|The Earl of Elgin]]
| order1 = 5th
| office1 = Governor General of Canada
| term_start1 = 23 October 1883
| term_end1 = 11 June 1888
| monarch1 = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]
| prime_minister1 = Canadian: [[John A. Macdonald]] British: [[William Ewart Gladstone]] [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|The Marquess of Salisbury]]
| predecessor1 = [[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll|The Marquess of Lorne]]
| successor1 = [[Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby|The Lord Stanley of Preston]]
| office2 = [[Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)|Minister without Portfolio]]
| monarch2 = [[George V]]
| prime_minister2 = [[H. H. Asquith]]
| term_start2 = 25 May 1915
| term_end2 = 10 December 1916
| predecessor2 = [[Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn|Michael Hicks Beach]]
| successor2 = [[Arthur Henderson]]
| office3 = [[Leader of the House of Lords]]
| monarch3 = [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]]
| prime_minister3 = [[Arthur Balfour]]
| term_start3 = 13 October 1903
| term_end3 = 4 December 1905
| predecessor3 = [[Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire|The Duke of Devonshire]]
| successor3 = [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|The Marquess of Ripon]]
| office4 = [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]]
| monarch4 = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] [[Edward VII]]
| prime_minister4 = [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|The Marquess of Salisbury]] [[Arthur Balfour]]
| term_start4 = 12 November 1900
| term_end4 = 4 December 1905
| predecessor4 = [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|The Marquess of Salisbury]]
| successor4 = [[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Sir Edward Grey]]
| order5 = [[Secretary of State for War]]
| monarch5 = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]
| prime_minister5 = [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|The Marquess of Salisbury]]
| term_start5 = 4 July 1895
| term_end5 = 12 November 1900
| predecessor5 = [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]]
| successor5 = [[St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton|St John Brodrick]]
| order6 = [[Under-Secretary of State for India|Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for India]]
| monarch6 = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]
| prime_minister6 = [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
| term_start6 = 29 April 1880
| term_end6 = 1 September 1880
| predecessor6 = [[Edward Stanhope|Hon. Edward Stanhope]]
| successor6 = [[George Byng, 3rd Earl of Strafford|The Viscount Enfield]]
| order7 = [[Under-Secretary of State for War|Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for War]]
| monarch7 = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]
| prime_minister7 = [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
| term_start7 = 25 April 1872
| term_end7 = 17 February 1874
| predecessor7 = [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|The Lord Northbrook]]
| successor7 = [[George Herbert, 13th Earl of Pembroke|The Earl of Pembroke]]
| order8 = [[Lords Commissioners of the Treasury|Lord Commissioner of the Treasury]]
| monarch8 = [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]]
| prime_minister8 = [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
| term_start8 = 16 December 1868
| term_end8 = 25 April 1872
| predecessor8 = [[Lord Claud Hamilton (1813–1884)|Lord Claud Hamilton]]
| successor8 = [[Lord Frederick Cavendish]]
| office9 = Member of the [[House of Lords]] [[Lord Temporal]]
| term_start9 = 5 July 1866
| term_end9 = 3 June 1927 [[Hereditary Peerage]]
| preceded9 = [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 4th Marquess of Lansdowne|The 4th Marquess of Lansdowne]]
| succeeded9 = [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 6th Marquess of Lansdowne|The 6th Marquess of Lansdowne]]
| birth_name = Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice
| birth_date = {{birth date|1845|1|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[London]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1927|6|3|1845|1|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Clonmel]], [[County Tipperary]], Ireland
| alma_mater = [[Balliol College, Oxford]]
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] (until 1886) [[Liberal Unionist Party|Liberal Unionist]] (1886-1912) [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] (1912-1927)
| spouse = [[Maud Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marchioness of Lansdowne|Lady Maud Hamilton]]
| children = [[Evelyn Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire]] [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 6th Marquess of Lansdowne]] [[Lord Charles Petty-Fitzmaurice]] [[Beatrix Beauclerk, Duchess of St Albans]]
| parents = [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 4th Marquess of Lansdowne]] [[Emily Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marchioness of Lansdowne|Emily, 8th Lady Nairne]]
}}

'''Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne''' [[Order of the Garter|KG]] [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]] [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]] [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]] (14 January 1845{{snd}}3 June 1927), was a British statesman who served successively as [[Governor General of Canada]], [[Viceroy of India]], [[Secretary of State for War]] and [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]].

In 1917, during the [[First World War]], he wrote the "[[Lansdowne letter]]", advocating in vain a compromise peace. A millionaire, he had the distinction of having held senior positions in [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] governments.<ref name=Debrett/>
[[File:Lansdowne House, England1.png|thumb|[[Lansdowne House]], England, London seat of the [[Marquess of Lansdowne]]]]

==Early years, 1845–1882==
[[File:George Stubbs - Bowood Wiltshire, the Seat of the Marquis of Lansdown - B1991.40.110 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|[[Bowood House]], estate inherited by Lansdowne]]
A great-grandson of British Prime Minister [[William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne|Lord Shelburne]] (later 1st [[Marquess of Lansdowne]]) and the eldest son of [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 4th Marquess of Lansdowne]], and his wife, [[Emily Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marchioness of Lansdowne|Emily, 8th Lady Nairne]] (''née'' de Flahaut), Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice was born in 1845 at [[Lansdowne House]], their family seat in London.<ref name="Lansdowne Irish1">Geoghegan, Patrick M. (2009). [https://www.dib.ie/biography/fitzmaurice-henry-charles-keith-petty-a3224 Fitzmaurice, Henry Charles Keith Petty], Dictionary of Irish Biography</ref> His maternal grandfather, Count [[Charles de Flahaut]], was an important French general to [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], and a member of his family. He fought along his side during many battles and later occupied the functions of Ambassador and Senator of the Empire. Through his mother [[Emily Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marchioness of Lansdowne|Emily]], Lansdowne was half-nephew of Emperor [[Napoleon III]], a step-grandson of Queen [[Hortense de Beauharnais|Hortense Bonaparte]], and a great-grandson of Prince [[Talleyrand]], the Emperor's foreign minister.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dard |first=Emile |title=Trois Générations: Talleyrand, Flahaut, Morny: II|journal=Revue des Deux Mondes (1829-1971) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44850143 |volume=46|publisher=Revue des Deux Mondes |location=France |year=1938 |issue=3 |page=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44850143?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents 341-342]|jstor=44850143 }}</ref> His maternal great-grandfather, [[George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith]], was also the Admiral who prevented [[Napoleon]]'s escape from France after the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and who received and supervised his final exile to [[St. Helena]] in 1815.<ref>[https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-14289 Admiral George Keith Elphinstone, 1746-1823, 1st Viscount Keith]</ref>

Lord Lansdowne was a member of the [[Fitzmaurice]]/[[Petty-Fitzmaurice]] family, a cadet branch of the [[House of FitzGerald]] of Ireland.<ref name="canadaehx.com">[https://canadaehx.com/2022/04/08/henry-petty-fitzmaurice/ Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, Canadian History Ehx.]</ref><ref>Wright, C. J. (2005), [https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-93786?back=%2C10024 Holland House (act. 1797–1845)], Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</ref> He held the [[courtesy titles in the United Kingdom|courtesy title]] ''Viscount Clanmaurice'' from birth to 1863 and then the courtesy title ''[[Earl of Kerry]]'' until he succeeded as ''[[Marquess of Lansdowne]]'' in 1866. Upon his mother's death in 1895, he succeeded her as the [[Lord Nairne|9th Lord Nairne]] in the [[Peerage of Scotland]]. He was estimated to be the sixteenth richest peer in the United Kingdom, and the fourth largest landowner.<ref name="Lansdowne Irish1"/>

After studying at [[Eton College|Eton]] and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], he succeeded his father as 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (in the [[Peerage of the United Kingdom]]) and 6th Earl of Kerry (in the [[Peerage of Ireland]]) at the relatively early age of 21 on 5 June 1866.<ref name=Debrett/> He [[heir|inherited]] a vast estate (including [[Bowood House]], a [[Wiltshire]] estate of over 142,000 [[acres]]) and great wealth.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/greatlandownerso00bateuoft/page/259/mode/1up The great landowners of Great Britain and Ireland]</ref> At one of his inherited properties, [[Derreen House and Gardens|Derreen House]] (Lauragh, [[County Kerry]], in the present-day [[Republic of Ireland]]), Lord Lansdowne started to develop a great garden from 1871 onwards. For most of the rest of his life, he spent three months of the year at Derreen.

Lord Lansdowne entered the [[House of Lords]] as a member of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] in 1866. He served in [[William Ewart Gladstone]]'s government as a [[Lord of the Treasury]] from 1869 to 1872 and as [[Under-Secretary of State for War]] from 1872 to 1874. He was appointed [[Under-Secretary of State for India]] in 1880 and, having gained experience in overseas administration, was appointed [[Governor General of Canada]] in 1883, replacing [[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll]], the son-in-law of [[Queen Victoria]].<ref name=Debrett/>

He was a member and trustee of [[Brooks's Club]] in London, along notable members such as [[Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire]] of [[Chatsworth House]], [[Lord Rosebery]] of [[Mentmore Towers]], and Baron [[Lionel de Rothschild]] of [[Tring Park Mansion|Tring Park]], son of [[Nathan Mayer Rothschild|Nathan Mayer]] of [[Gunnersbury Park]], and grandson of [[Mayer Amschel Rothschild|Mayer Amschel]], founder of the [[House of Rothschild]].<ref>[https://search.lma.gov.uk/LMA_DOC/ACC_2371.PDF London Metropolitan Archives, Brooks's Club]</ref> His great-grandfather, [[Lord Shelburne]], had previously founded [[Boodle's|Boodle's Club]], which had as members [[Adam Smith]], the [[Duke of Wellington]], Sir [[Winston Churchill]], and [[Ian Fleming]], among others, and is now the second oldest club in the world.<ref>[https://www.sah.org/publications-and-research/sah-newsletter/sah-newsletter-ind/2022/07/20/sahara-highlights-clubs Society of Architectural Historians], Sahara Highlights: Clubs, Jacqueline Spafford and Mark Hinchman, SAHARA Co-Editors, 2022</ref>

In 1897, he also became a founding trustee of the [[National Gallery of British Art]], with the [[George Howard, 9th Earl of Carlisle|Earl of Carlisle]] of [[Castle Howard]], [[Peregrine Cust, 6th Baron Brownlow|Lord Brownlow]] of [[Belton House]], [[Alfred de Rothschild]] of [[Halton House]], Sir [[Charles Tennant]] of [[The Glen, Scottish Borders|Glen House]], [[John Postle Heseltine]] of [[John Postle Heseltine#Personal life|Walhampton House]], and Sir John Murray Scott.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ce0sj2qmBsYC&dq=National+Gallery+of+British+Art+trustee+Lord+Lansdowne%2C+the+Earl+of+Carlisle%2C+Lord+Brownlow%2C+Alfred+Rothschild%2C+Sir+Charles+Tennant%2C+J.P.+Heseltine+and+Murray+Scott&pg=PA119 Art for the Nation: Exhibitions and the London Public, 1747-2001], Manchester University Press, Brandon Taylor, 1999, p. 119</ref>

==Governor General of Canada, 1883–1888==
Lord Lansdowne was Governor General during turbulent times in Canada. His Protestant Irish connections made him unpopular with the Catholic Irish element.<ref>Donald Creighton, ''John A. Macdonald: The Old Chieftain'' (1955) 2: 355–56.</ref> He was appointed GCMG in January 1884.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/knightsofengland01shawuoft/page/339/mode/1up The Knights of England]</ref>

Prime Minister Sir [[John A. Macdonald]]'s government was in its second term and facing allegations of scandal over the building of the railway (the [[Pacific Scandal]]), and the economy was once again sliding into recession. The [[North-West Rebellion]] of 1885 and the controversy caused by its leader, [[Louis Riel]], posed a serious threat to the equilibrium of [[Canadian politics]].<ref name=dcb/> To calm the situation, he travelled extensively throughout [[Western Canada]] in 1885 and met many of Canada's [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations peoples]]. He publicly objected to the treatment of the Indigenous by Indian Agents, and supported Chiefs [[Crowfoot]] and [[Poundmaker]].<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca">[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/lansdowne-henry-charles-keith-petty-fitzmaurice-5e-marquis-de Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5e marquis de]</ref> His experiences in Western Canada gave Lansdowne a great love of the Canadian outdoors and the physical beauty of Canada. He was an avid fisherman and was intensely interested in winter sports. His love of the wilderness and the Canadian countryside led him to purchase a second residence (first Cascapedia House, built in 1880, later renamed Lorne Cottage, and then New Dereen Camp, built in 1884<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cascapedia.org/fishingcamps/index.htm|title=Fishing Camps: The Cascapedia River Museum|first=Jessica Elizabeth|last=Dell|website=www.cascapedia.org|access-date=11 May 2017}}</ref>) on the [[Cascapédia River]] in the [[Gaspé Peninsula]], Quebec.<ref name=dcb>{{cite DCB |first=P.B. |last=Waite |Petty-Fitzmaurice, Henry Charles Keith, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne |volume=15 |url=https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/petty_fitzmaurice_henry_charles_keith_15E.html |access-date=11 May 2017}}</ref> The same area was previously used by the past Viceroy of Canada, [[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll]], and his wife, [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll|Princess Louise]], the daughter of [[Queen Victoria]].<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca"/>

Lansdowne proved to be an adept statesman in helping to settle a dispute over fishing rights between Canada and the [[United States]] in 1886–1887.<ref name=dcb/> He successfully negotiated a new trade agreement with U.S. President [[Grover Cleveland]] (though it later failed to pass in the Senate). He was also a supporter of scientific development and presided over the inaugural session of the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]] in 1884. In Quebec, he was very popular, as he spoke French fluently, which gained him the admiration of French-Canadians, and a big round of applause during his first speech.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca"/> His French came from his maternal grandfather, Count [[Charles de Flahaut]], who had been a French general to [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]. Lord Lansdowne also made multiple speeches at the [[Citadelle of Quebec]], near [[Château Frontenac]], and joined the Montreal Winter Carnival, making him and his wife, the first vice-royal couple to skate at that event.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca"/>

Lansdowne departed Canada "with its clear skies, its exhilarating sports, and within the bright fire of Gatineau logs, with our children and friends gathered round us" to his regret.<ref name=dcb/> He gave his wife a great deal of the credit for his success in Canada. One of her happiest and most successful endeavours at [[Rideau Hall]] was a party that she threw for 400 Sunday school children. Lady Lansdowne was decorated with the [[Royal Order of Victoria and Albert|Order of Victoria and Albert]] and the Imperial [[Order of the Crown of India]]. Lord Lansdowne's military secretary, Lord Melgund, later became [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]] and served as Governor General between 1898 and 1904. Parc Lansdowne and Lansdowne Avenue in [[Westmount]], Montreal, next to [[Westmount Park]], was named in his honor, as well as Lansdowne Ridge and Upper-Lansdowne, both located on [[Westmount Summit|Westmount's summit]] next to [[Villa Sainte-Marcelline]] and [[Saint Joseph's Oratory]].<ref>[https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1067848/coupe-grey-la-fascinante-histoire-du-parc-lansdowne Coupe Grey : la fascinante histoire du parc Lansdowne]</ref><ref name="canadaehx.com"/>

==Viceroy of India, 1888–1894==
Lord Lansdowne was appointed [[Viceroy of India]] the same year that he left Canada. In December 1888 he was appointed GCSI <ref>[https://archive.org/details/knightsofengland01shawuoft/page/313/mode/1up The Knights of England]</ref> and GCIE <ref>[https://archive.org/details/knightsofengland01shawuoft/page/401/mode/1up The Knights of England]</ref> The office, which he held from 1888 to 1894,<ref name=Debrett/> was offered to him by the Conservative prime minister, [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]] of [[Hatfield House]], and marked the pinnacle of his career. He worked to reform the army, police, local government and the mint. There was an [[Anglo-Manipur War]] in 1890 in which [[Manipur]] was subjugated. Lansdowne secured the death penalty for the instigator in the face of considerable opposition from Britain. His attempt in 1893 to curtail trial by jury was, however, overruled by home government. He returned to England in 1894. His policies [[partition of India#background|exacerbated tensions between Hindu and Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book|author=S. N. Sen|title=History Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC&pg=PA142|year=2006|publisher=New Age International|page=142|isbn=9788122417746}}</ref>
The present day town of Lansdowne in Uttarakand state was established in 1887 and named after him.

==Secretary of State for War, 1895–1900==
Upon his return, as a [[Liberal Unionist]], he aligned with the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]. Prime Minister [[Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]] appointed Lansdowne to the post of [[Secretary of State for War]] in June 1895. The unpreparedness of the [[British Army]] during the [[Second Boer War]] brought calls for Lansdowne's [[impeachment]] in 1899. His biographer, P. B. Waite, considers that he was unjustly criticised for British military failures, but ever the good minister, he took full responsibility and said nothing.<ref name=Debrett/><ref name=dcb/> [[Simon Petty-Fitzmaurice, Earl of Kerry|Simon Kerry]] has argued that due to the lack of Parliamentary interest and political rivalries the War Office and Army were unreformable.<ref>[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/41989206.pdf Lord Lansdowne at the War Office (1895-1900)]</ref>

==Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1900–1905==
{{Main|History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom#1900–1914|Splendid isolation|}}
After the Unionist victory in the [[1900 United Kingdom general election|general election of October 1900]], Salisbury reorganised his cabinet, gave up the post of [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Foreign Secretary]] and appointed Lansdowne to replace him.<ref name=Debrett/> Lansdowne remained at the Foreign Office under Salisbury's successor [[Arthur Balfour]]. As British Foreign Secretary, he approved of [[Protectorate of Uganda|protectorate]] Commissioner [[George Wilson (Chief Colonial Secretary of Uganda)|Wilson's]] [[Ankole |1901 Anglo-Ankole agreement]] in Uganda, he also signed the 1902 [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] at his London home, the back half of which still exists as the [[Lansdowne Club]], and negotiated the 1904 Anglo-French [[Entente Cordiale]] with French Foreign Minister [[Theophile Delcassé]].<ref>[[G. P. Gooch]], ''Before the War: Studies in Diplomacy'' (vol 1 1936), pp. 1–86 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.2275 online]</ref>
According to G. W. Monger's summary of the Cabinet debates in 1900 to 1902:<blockquote>[[Joseph Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] advocated ending Britain's isolation by concluding an alliance with Germany; [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Salisbury]] resisted change. With the new crisis in China caused by the Boxer rising and Landsdowne's appointment to the Foreign Office in 1900, those who advocated a change won the upper hand. Landsdowne in turn attempted to reach an agreement with Germany and a settlement with Russia but failed. In the end Britain concluded an alliance with Japan. The decision of 1901 was momentous; British policy had been guided by events, but Lansdowne had no real understanding of these events. The change of policy had been forced on him and was a confession of Britain's weakness.<ref>G. W. Monger, "The End of Isolation: Britain, Germany and Japan, 1900-1902" ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' vol. 13, 1963, pp. 103–21 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3678731 online]</ref></blockquote>

===Big Revolver===
On 15 June 1903, he made a speech in the House of Lords defending fiscal retaliation against countries with high tariffs and governments subsidising products for sale in Britain (known as 'bounty-fed products', also called [[dumping (pricing policy)|dumping]]). Retaliation was to be done by threatening to impose tariffs in response against that country's goods. His Liberal Unionists had split from the Liberals, who promoted [[Free Trade]], and the speech was a landmark in the group's slide towards [[protectionism]]. Landsdowne argued that threatening retaliatory tariffs was similar to getting respect in a room of armed men by showing a big revolver (his exact words were "a rather larger revolver than everybody else's"). The "Big Revolver" became a catchphrase of the day and was often used in speeches and cartoons.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hugh Montgomery|author2=Philip George Cambray|title=A Dictionary of Political Phrases and Allusions: With a Short Bibliography|publisher=S. Sonnenschein|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24174|year=1906|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24174/page/n41 33]}}</ref>

==Unionist leader in Lords==
[[File:Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne by Philip Alexius de László.jpg|thumb|upright|The Marquess of Lansdowne by [[Philip Alexius de László]], 1920]]
In 1903, Lord Lansdowne became the leader of Unionists (Conservative and Liberal Unionist peers) in the House of Lords.<ref name=Debrett/><ref name=dcb/> This was followed shortly by the Liberal victory in the January 1906 general elections. In his new role as head of the opposition peers, he was instrumental in the Unionist leader [[Arthur Balfour]]'s plans to obstruct Liberal policies through the Unionist majority in the upper house. Although he and Balfour had some misgivings, he led the Lords to reject the [[People's Budget]] of 1909. After the Liberals won two elections in 1910 on the pledge to reform the House of Lords and to remove its veto power and after a series of failed negotiations in which Lansdowne was of key importance, the Liberals moved forward to end the Lords veto, if necessary by recommending to the King to create hundreds of new Liberal peers. Lansdowne and the other Conservative leaders were anxious to prevent such an action by allowing the bill, distasteful as they found it, to pass, but soon, Lansdowne found that he could not count on many of the more reactionary peers, who planned on a last-ditch resistance. Ultimately, enough Unionist peers either (like Lansdowne himself) abstained from the vote ("hedgers") or even voted for the bill ("rats") to ensure its passage into the [[Parliament Act 1911]].

In the following years, Lansdowne continued as Opposition Leader in the Lords, his stature increasing when Balfour, the party leader in the Commons, resigned and was replaced by the inexperienced [[Bonar Law]], who had never held cabinet office. In 1914, the suffragettes [[Flora Drummond]] and Norah Dacre Fox (later known as [[Norah Elam]]) besieged Lansdowne's home and argued that Ulster's incitement to militancy had passed without notice, but suffragettes were charged and imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oldsuffragette.co.uk/|title=Home - Mosley's Old Suffragette: A Biography of Norah Dacre Fox|date=2012-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113154415/http://www.oldsuffragette.co.uk/|access-date=2020-03-03|archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> In 1915, Lansdowne joined the wartime coalition cabinet of [[H. H. Asquith]] as a [[Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)|Minister without Portfolio]] but was not given a post in the [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]] government formed the following year, despite Conservative pre-eminence in that government. In 1917, having discussed the idea with colleagues for some time with no response, he published the controversial "[[Lansdowne letter]]", which called for a statement of postwar intentions from the Entente Powers, and an end to the war on the basis of a return to the [[Status quo ante (phrase)|status quo ante]]. He was criticised as acting contrary to cabinet policy.<ref>Harold Kurtz, "The Lansdowne Letter", ''History Today'' 18.2 (1968): 84–92.</ref><ref>Douglas Newton, "The Lansdowne 'Peace Letter' of 1917 and the Prospect of Peace by Negotiation with Germany." ''Australian Journal of Politics & History'' 48.1 (2002): 16–39.</ref><ref>"Branded a traitor for just seeking peace- a Tory statesman became a pariah when he wrote to The Times calling for an end to the Great War" [[The Times]] issue no 72,390 (dated Saturday 25 November 2017), p. 37.</ref>

== Death ==
Lord Lansdowne died at [[Clonmel]], Ireland on 3 June 1927 at the age of 82.<ref name="dcb" /> The probate on his estate was granted with the value sworn at {{GBP|1044613|1927|round=-5|about=yes|long=no}} in land and another £233,888 in other assets.<ref name="pr">https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk Calendar of Probates and Administrations</ref> His widow died in 1932, and their tombs are in the churchyard at [[Derry Hill]], near their [[Bowood House|Bowood]] estate in Wiltshire.<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1253593|desc=Christ Church|access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>

==Family==
[[File:Lady Maud Evelyn Hamilton, Marchioness of Lansdowne by Cowell, Simla, India.jpg|thumb|upright|Lady Maud Evelyn Hamilton, Marchioness of Lansdowne by Cowell, Simla, India]]
Henry Petty-FitzMaurice married [[Maud Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marchioness of Lansdowne|Lady Maud Evelyn Hamilton]], a daughter of [[James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn]] and his wife Lady [[Louisa Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn|Lady Louisa Jane Russell]], daughter of [[John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford]] in 1869. The couple had four children:<ref name=Debrett/>

*[[Evelyn Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|Lady Evelyn Emily Mary Petty-Fitzmaurice]] (27 August 1870{{snd}}2 April 1960), married [[Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire]].
*[[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 6th Marquess of Lansdowne|Henry William Edmund Petty-Fitzmaurice, 6th Marquess of Lansdowne]] (14 January 1872{{snd}}5 March 1936), was cousin of [[Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough]], cousin of [[Winston Churchill]] and husband of [[Consuelo Vanderbilt]].
*[[Lord Charles Petty-Fitzmaurice|Lord Charles George Francis Petty-Fitzmaurice]] (12 February 1874{{snd}}30 October 1914), his widow, Baroness [[Violet Astor, Baroness Astor of Hever|Violet Astor]], remarried to [[John Jacob Astor V]].
*[[Beatrix Beauclerk, Duchess of St Albans|Lady Beatrix Frances Petty-Fitzmaurice]] (25 March 1877{{snd}}5 August 1953),<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Morgan |editor-first=Henry James |editor-link=Henry James Morgan |title=Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada |location=Toronto |publisher=Williams Briggs |date=1903 |url=https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft/page/193 193]}}</ref> married firstly [[Henry Beresford, 6th Marquess of Waterford]] and secondly [[Osborne Beauclerk, 12th Duke of St Albans]].

==Arms==
{{Emblem table
| image = Coat of arms of Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marquesses of Lansdowne, KG.svg
| crest = 1st, a beehive beset with bees, diversely volant, proper ; 2nd, a centaur drawing a bow and arrow, proper, the part from the waist argent.
|coronet = A [[Coronet|Coronet of a Marquess]]
| escutcheon = Quarterly : 1st and 4th Ermine, on a bend, azure a magnetic needle pointing at a polar star, or, (''Petty''); 2nd and 3rd Argent, a saltier, gules, a chief, ermine (''Fitzmaurice'').
| supporters = Two pegasi, ermine.; bridled, crined, winged, and unguled, or, each charged on the shoulder with a fienr-de-lis, azure.
| motto = ''Virtute non verbis'' (By courage, not words).
| orders = The Most Noble Order of the Garter - Knight Companion (KG).<ref>{{cite book |title= Burke's Peerage and Baronetage |year=1899 |pages=1190-1193 |URL=https://archive.org/details/b3136410x/page/1190/mode/1up}}</ref>
}}

==Honorific eponyms==
[[File:Lansdownetoronto.jpg|upright|thumb|Lord Lansdowne Public School and its famous {{why|date=December 2015}} stone at Robert Street, [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada]]
Geographic locations:
* {{flagicon|India}} The town of [[Lansdowne, Garhwal|Lansdowne]] in [[India]]
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontario]]: [[Lansdowne Avenue]], Toronto
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontario]]: Lansdowne Street, [[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]]
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontario]]: [[Lansdowne Park]], Ottawa
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontario]]: Lansdowne Street, Peterborough
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontario]]: Lansdowne Avenue, Sarnia
* {{flagicon|New Brunswick}} [[New Brunswick]]: Lansdowne Street, Campbellton
* {{flagicon|New Brunswick}} [[New Brunswick]]: Lansdowne Street, Fredericton
* {{flagicon|Quebec}} [[Quebec]]: (Upper) Lansdowne Avenue, [[Westmount, Quebec|Westmount]]
* {{flagicon|Saskatchewan}} [[Saskatchewan]]: Lansdowne Avenue, [[Imperial, Saskatchewan|Imperial]]
* {{flagicon|Yukon}}: Mount Lansdowne, [[Yukon]] {{Coord|60.509906|-134.555459}}
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Sarat Bose Road|Lansdowne Road]], [[Kolkata]], India.
* {{flagicon|Nova Scotia}} [[Lansdowne, Nova Scotia]]
* {{flagicon|British Columbia}} [[British Columbia]]:Lansdowne Road, Saanich

Schools:
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontario]]: [[Lansdowne Public School]], [[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]]
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontario]]: Lord Lansdowne Public School, Toronto
* {{flagicon|Manitoba}} [[Manitoba]]: Lansdowne Public School, Winnipeg
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontario]]: Lansdowne Public School, [[Sarnia]]

Bridge:
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Lansdowne Bridge Rohri|Lansdowne Bridge]], [[Rohri]], [[Sindh]], Pakistan – a rigid girder bridge built 1879–1887 used by railway traffic

Buildings:
* {{flagicon|India}} Lansdowne Building, [[Mysore]], Karnataka, India, c. 1892 – a market being repaired and restored after a partial collapse in 2012
* {{flagicon|India}} Lansdowne Court, [[Kolkata]], India – residential development
* {{flagicon|India}} Lansdowne Hall, [[Cooch Behar]], India – Community Hall, Library, Masonic Purposes. now Cooch Behar District Magistrate's Office

Market:
* {{flagicon|India}} Lansdowne Market, [[Kolkata]], India.

Station:
* [[Lansdowne (TTC)]], Toronto
* [[Lansdowne station (SkyTrain)]], Vancouver

Education:
* [[McGill University]], Montreal, 1884, honorific Doctor of law<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|<ref name=Debrett>{{harv|Hesilrige|1921|page=539}}</ref>}}

==Further reading==
* Cohen, Avner. "Joseph Chamberlain, Lord Lansdowne and British Foreign Policy 1901–1903: From Collaboration to Confrontation". ''Australian Journal of Politics and History'' 43.2 (1997): 122+.
* {{cite book|author=Forrest, Sir George |title=The administration of the Marquis of Lansdowne as Viceroy and Governor-general of India, 1888–1894|publisher=Office of the Supdt. of Government Print.|url=https://archive.org/details/administrationm00forrgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/administrationm00forrgoog/page/n52 40]|year=1894}}
* Gooch, G. P. ''Before the war: studies in diplomacy'' (vol 1 1936) pp. 1–86. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.2275 online] scholarly biography of Lansdowne, stressing foreign policy.
* Grenville, J. A. S. "Lansdowne's Abortive Project of 12 March 1901 for a Secret Agreement with Germany". ''Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research '' 27#76 (November 1954): 201–213.
* Grenville, John Ashley Soames. "Great Britain and the Isthmian Canal, 1898–1901." ''American Historical Review'' 61.1 (1955): 48-69. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1845327 online]
* Jeshurun, Chandran. "Lord Lansdowne and the 'Anti-German Clique' at the Foreign Office: Their Role in the Making of the Anglo-Siamese Agreement of 1902." ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'' 3.2 (1972): 229–246 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20069987 online].
* Keohane, Nigel. ''The Party of Patriotism: The Conservative Party and the First World War'' (Routledge, 2016).
* Kerry, Simon. ''Lansdowne: The Last Great Whig'' (2018), {{ISBN|9781910787953}}, {{OCLC|1043014305}}, scholarly biography. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/lansdowne-review-noble-aspirations-11545868772 Online review] (''[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]'').
* Kurtz, Harold. "The Lansdowne Letter, November 1917". ''History Today'' Vol. 18, No. 2 (February 1968): 84–92
* McKercher, B. J. C. "Diplomatic Equipoise: The Lansdowne Foreign Office The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, and The Global Balance of Power". ''Canadian Journal of History'' 24.3 (1989): 299–340.
* Massie, Robert K. ''Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the coming of the Great War'' (Random House, 1991) [https://www.amazon.com/Dreadnought-Britain-Germany-Coming-Great/dp/0345375564 excerpt] see [[Dreadnought (book)]], popular history; pp. 337–350.
* Monger, George W. "The End of Isolation: Britain, Germany and Japan, 1900–1902" ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 13 (1963): 103–121. [https://doi.org/10.2307/3678731 online]
** Monger, George. ''The End of Isolation; British Foreign Policy, 1900–1907'' (Nelson, 1963).
* Morris, Ted. ''Managing Decline: British Foreign Secretaries of the Twentieth Century'' (Troubador, 2026)
* Mulligan, William. "From Case to Narrative: The Marquess of Lansdowne, Sir Edward Grey, and the Threat from Germany, 1900–1906." ''International History Review'' 30.2 (2008): 273–302.
* Newton, Douglas. "The Lansdowne 'Peace Letter' of 1917 and the Prospect of Peace by Negotiation with Germany". ''Australian Journal of Politics & History'' 48.1 (2002): pp. 16–39.
* Newton, Lord. ''Lord Lansdowne: A Biography'' (Macmillan, 1929) [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7250 online].
*{{cite book|author=Petty-Fitzmaurice, Edmond George |title=Life of William, earl of Shelburne, afterwards first marquess of Lansdowne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA342|volume=1|year=1912|publisher=Macmillan}}
*{{cite book|author1=Petty-Fitzmaurice, Edmond George|author2=William Petty Lansdowne (Marquis of)|title=Life of William, Earl of Shelburne, afterwards first Marquess of Landsdowne: with extracts from his papers and correspondence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqYNAAAAQAAJ|volume=2|year=1876|publisher=Macmillan}}
* Winters, Frank Winfield. "Gentlemen's diplomacy: the foreign policy of Lord Lansdowne, 1845–1927". (PhD Diss. Texas A & M University, 2006) [https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1133/WINTERS-DISSERTATION.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y online].
*{{cite book | last=Hesilrige | first=Arthur G. M. | year=1921 | title=Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy | url=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/539 | location=160A, [[Fleet Street]], London | publisher=[[Dean & Son]] | page=539 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{EB1922 Poster|Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of|Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne}}
*{{Hansard-contribs | mr-henry-petty-fitzmaurice | the Marquess of Lansdowne }}
* {{cite TIWW |article=Lansdowne, Marquess of |page=131 }}
* {{cite DCB |title=Petty-Fitzmaurice, Henry Charles Keith, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne |first=P. B. |last=Waite |volume=15 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/petty_fitzmaurice_henry_charles_keith_15E.html}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=ym0AAAAAYAAJ 1903 ''World's Work'' illustrated article with photo of Petty-Fitzmaurice]

{{s-start}}
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{{succession box | title=[[Under-Secretary of State for India]] | before=[[Edward Stanhope]] | after=[[George Byng, 3rd Earl of Strafford|Viscount Enfield]] | years=1880}}
{{succession box|title=[[Secretary of State for War]]|before=[[Henry Campbell-Bannerman|Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman]]|after=[[St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton|William St John Brodrick]]|years=1895–1900}}
{{succession box|before=[[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|The Marquess of Salisbury]]|title=[[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Foreign Secretary]]|years=1900–1905|after=[[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Sir Edward Grey, Bt]]}}
{{s-bef| rows = 2 | before = [[Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire|The Duke of Devonshire]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Leader of the House of Lords]]
| years = 1903–1905 }}
{{s-aft| after = [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|The Marquess of Ripon]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords|Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords]]
| years = 1903–1916 }}
{{s-aft| after = [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|The Earl Curzon of Kedleston]] }}
{{s-bef| before = [[Arthur Balfour]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the Conservative Party]]
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords|Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords]]|years=1903–1916}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|The Earl Curzon of Kedleston]]}}
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{{succession box|title=[[Governor General of Canada]]|before=[[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll|The Marquess of Lorne]]|after=[[Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby|The Lord Stanley of Preston]]|years=1883–1888}}
{{succession box|title=[[Viceroy of India]]|before=[[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|The Earl of Dufferin]]|after=[[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin|The Earl of Elgin]]|years=1888–1894}}
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{{succession box|title=[[Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire]]|before=[[John Thynne, 4th Marquess of Bath|The Marquess of Bath]]|after=[[Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long|Walter Hume Long]]|years=1896–1920}}
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{{succession box | title=[[Marquess of Lansdowne]] | before=[[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 4th Marquess of Lansdowne|Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice]] | after=[[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 6th Marquess of Lansdowne|Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice]] | years=1866–1927}}
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{{succession box | title=[[Lord Nairne]] | before=[[Emily Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marchioness of Lansdowne|Emily Petty-Fitzmaurice]] | after=[[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 6th Marquess of Lansdowne|Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice]] | years=1895–1927}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors General of Canada}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lansdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of}}
[[Category:Viceroys of India]]
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[[Category:Marquesses of Lansdowne|5]]
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Shehzaadi... Hai Tu Dil Ki

2026-03-17T23:29:18Z

Dr. D. Maheswari:

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| creator =
| screenplay =
| based_on =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Ashika Gopal Padukone
* Ankit Raizada
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 99
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 21-24 minutes
| company = Sandalwood Media
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|12|04|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|03|17|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Karthika Deepam (Telugu TV series)|Karthika Deepam 2]]''
}}

'''''Shehzaadi... Hai Tu Dil Ki''''' is an Indian Hindi-language television drama series which aired from 4 December 2025 to 17 March 2026 on [[StarPlus]]. It is official Hindi remake of the Tamil TV series ''[[Chellamma (TV series)|Chellamma]]''. Produced by Sandalwood Media, it stars Ashika Gopal Padukone, and Ankit Raizada.

== Cast ==
* Ashika Gopal Padukone as Deepa (2025–2026)
* Ankit Raizada as Kartik (2025–2026)

=== Recurring ===
* Saisha Kumawat as Jyoti: Bhanu and Deepa's daughter; Kartik's stepdaughter (2025–2026)
* Ali Reza as Bhanu: Deepa's ex–husband; Jyoti's father (2025–2026)
* Yatish Singh Rajput as Vivaan (2026–2026)
* Prakriti Nautiyal as Bhagyashree (2025–2026)
* Saniya Khera as Kanika: Kartik's ex–fianceè (2025–2026)
* [[Nimai Bali]] as Kailashnath Kothari (2025–2026)
* [[Garima Vikrant Singh|Garima Srivastav]] as Chitralekha Kothari: Kailashnath's wife (2025–2026)
* Jignesh Joshi as Ranjeet: Kartik's father (2025–2026)
* Ashwani Rathore as Bantu (2025–2026)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Ashika Gopal Padukone was confirmed to play Deepa.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=15 December 2025 |title=Ashika Padukone on debuting with Shehzadi Hai Tu Dil Ki; shares details on upcoming track
|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/ashika-padukone-on-debuting-with-shehzadi-hai-tu-dil-ki-shares-details-on-upcoming-track-23607844|access-date=4 January 2026|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref> Ankit Raizada was signed to play Kartik.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=7 December 2025 |title=Ankit Raizada on Shehzaadi Hai Tu Dil Ki: Viewers will see a mix of love, pain, longing, and destiny bringing them together in unexpected ways
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankit-raizada-on-shehzaadi-hai-tu-dil-ki-viewers-will-see-a-mix-of-love-pain-longing-and-destiny-bringing-them-together-in-unexpected-ways/articleshow/125811855.cms|access-date=4 January 2026|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> Prakriti Nautiyal was cast as Bhagyashree.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jain|first=Darshita|date=24 December 2025|title=Prakriti Nautiyal: Every character leaves something behind Raizada|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2025/Dec/24/prakriti-nautiyal-every-character-leaves-something-behind|access-date=4 January 2026|work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Release ===
In November 2025, StarPlus unveiled a teaser introducing the new show titled ''Shehzaadi Hai Tu Dil Ki'', featuring Ashika Gopal Padukone and Ankit Raizada.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=27 November 2025|title=Star Plus drops promo for new show Shehzaadi Hai Tu Dil Ki starring Ashika Padukone in her Hindi TV debut and Ankit Raizada|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/star-plus-drops-promo-new-show-shehzaadi-hai-tu-dil-ki-starring-ashika-padukone-hindi-tv-debut-ankit-raizada/|access-date=4 January 2026|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian family drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]
[[Category:Social issues in popular culture]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]

Hardeep Singh Puri

2026-03-14T22:18:44Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: slightly rework article for accuracy additionally and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|Indian politician and diplomat (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hardeep Singh Puri
| honorific-suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]] (Retd.)
| image = Hardeep Singh Puri with PM Modi (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| president = [[Ramnath Kovind]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| caption = Official portrait, 2021
| office = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Union Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 7 July 2021
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| successor =
| office2 = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Union Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
| term_start2 = 3 September 2017
| term_end2 = 9 June 2024
| primeminister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor2 = [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| successor2 = [[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Union Minister of State for Civil Aviation (Independent Charge)]] and [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce & Industry]]
| primeminister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start3 = 30 May 2019
| term_end3 = 7 July 2021
| predecessor3 = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| successor3 = [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 9 January 2018
| term_end4 =
| constituency4 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor4 = [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| office5 = [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations]]
| president5 = {{unbulleted list|[[Pratibha Patil]]|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]}}
| primeminister5 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start5 = 4 May 2009
| term_end5 = 27 February 2013
| predecessor5 = [[Nirupam Sen (diplomat)|Nirupam Sen]]
| successor5 = [[Asoke Kumar Mukerji]]
| office6 = [[President of the United Nations Security Council]]
| term6 = August 2011 — September 2012 November 2012 — December 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|02|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Lakshmi Puri|Lakshmi Murdeshwar Puri]]|1975}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])
| profession = [[Civil Services of India|Civil servant]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| residence = {{ubl|6, [[Akbar Road]], [[New Delhi]]}}
| website = {{URL|http://hardeepsinghpuri.com/}}
| order2 = 
| order = 
| order1 = 
}}
'''Hardeep Singh Puri''' (born 15 February 1952<ref name="w796">{{cite web |title=A Journey of Leadership and Impact|website=The Life of Hardeep Singh Puri|date=6 October 2021|url=https://www.hardeepsinghpuri.com/the-journey-so-far|access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref>) is an [[Indian People|Indian]] [[politician]] and retired [[diplomat]] of [[Indian Foreign Service]] who is serving as the  [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] since 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/cabinet-reshuffle-labor/781684|title= Hardeep Singh Puri given charge of Petroleum and Urban Development Ministries|website= Times Now|date= 7 July 2021|language= en|access-date= 2021-07-07|archive-date= 14 July 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210714044259/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/cabinet-reshuffle-labor/781684|url-status= live}}</ref>

He is a 1974 batch [[Indian Foreign Service]] [[Civil Services of India|officer]] who served as the [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations]] from 2009 to 2013.<ref name="IANS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Hardeep_Puri_bids_farewell_to_foreign_service-393303/NATION/1|title=Welcome To IANS Live - NATION|website=IANS Live|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730143842/http://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Hardeep_Puri_bids_farewell_to_foreign_service-393303/NATION/1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hardeep Puri to be next Permanent Representative of India to UN|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2009/04/17/hardeeppuri-to-be-next-permanent-representative-of-indiato.html|publisher=One India News|access-date=21 October 2012|archive-date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914104509/http://news.oneindia.in/2009/04/17/hardeeppuri-to-be-next-permanent-representative-of-indiato.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Puri served as the chairman of the [[United Nations Security Council]]'s Counter Terrorism Committee from January 2011 to February 2013; and joined International Peace Institute as a senior advisor in June 2013.<ref name="BSHSP2">{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-hardeep-singh-puri|title=Who is Hardeep Singh Puri|newspaper=Business Standard|date=24 July 2021|access-date=|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720055124/https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-hardeep-singh-puri|url-status=live}}</ref>

Puri joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in January 2014, and became a [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]] in November 2020.<ref name=FPHSP>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/union-minister-hardeep-singh-puri-nine-others-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-uttar-pradesh-8977001.html|title=Union minister Hardeep Singh Puri, nine others elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh|website=First-Post|date=2 November 2020|access-date=24 July 2021|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123165757/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/union-minister-hardeep-singh-puri-nine-others-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-uttar-pradesh-8977001.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier in May 2019, he had taken charge as the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Housing and Urban Affairs and Civil Aviation and Minister of State for Commerce and Industry.<ref name="BSHSP2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=New Epstein Files Show Multiple Email Exchanges With Hardeep Puri, ‘Was Making Case for Digital India’, He Says |url=https://thewire.in/government/new-epstein-files-multiple-email-exchanges-with-hardeep-puri-digital-india |website=The Wire |access-date=2 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Hardeep Singh Puri was born on 15 February 1952 in [[Daryaganj]], [[Delhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-hardeep-singh-puri|title=Who is Hardeep Singh Puri|website=[[Business Standard]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401024707/https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-hardeep-singh-puri|archive-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> He was educated with a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in history and an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in political science at the [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]], a constituent college of the [[Delhi University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/hardeep-singh-puri/|title=Hardeep Singh Puri|website=[[World Economic Forum]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251130125128/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.weforum.org/people/hardeep-singh-puri/|archive-date=30 November 2025}}</ref> Drawn to student politics, Puri was elected as the prime minister of the college's student parliament.<ref name=":0" />

== Diplomatic career ==
=== Civil service ===
Hardeep Puri joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1974, and has served as [[Joint secretary to the Government of India]] in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] from 1994 to 1997, and from 1999 to 2002. He has also served as [[Joint secretary to the Government of India]] in [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] from 1997 to 1999. He was India's ambassador to Brazil. He later served as [[Secretary to the Government of India]] (Economic Relations) in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] from 2009 to 2013.

Puri has been stationed at important diplomatic posts in [[Brazil]], where he was ambassador, [[Japan]], [[Sri Lanka]], and the [[United Kingdom]] where he was Deputy High Commissioner. Between 1988 and 1991, he was the Coordinator of the [[UNDP]]/[[UNCTAD]] Multilateral Trade Negotiations Project to help Developing Countries in the [[Uruguay Round]] of Multilateral Trade Negotiations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unece.org/forums/forum03/speakers/CV_puri.doc|title=UNECE Homepage|website=www.unece.org|access-date=7 January 2014|archive-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728143924/http://www.unece.org/forums/forum03/speakers/CV_puri.doc|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== United Nations ===
He also served as the chairman of the [[United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee]] from January 2011 to February 2013, and as [[President of the United Nations Security Council]] in August 2011, and again in November 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=CTC Chairman Biographical Note |publisher=[[United Nations]] |date=12 January 2011 |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/ctc/bio_puri.html |access-date=31 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140131221706/https://www.un.org/en/sc/ctc/bio_puri.html |archive-date=31 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SECURITY COUNCIL PRESS STATEMENT ON UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPERS IN ABYEI|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2011/sc10353.doc.htm|publisher=United nations|access-date=21 October 2012|archive-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203113432/https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2011/sc10353.doc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Political career ==
[[File:Hardeep Singh Puri addressing at an event to mark the Swachh Bharat Diwas the 3rd anniversary of the launch of Swachh Bharat Mission and the conclusion of “Swachhata hi Sewa” fortnight, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|left|Hardeep Singh Puri addressing at an event, 2017]]

Hardeep Singh Puri joined the [[International Peace Institute]] as a senior advisor in June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipinst.org/by/hardeep-singh-puri|title=Hardeep Singh Puri|website=International Peace Institute|access-date=12 August 2016|archive-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813021003/https://www.ipinst.org/by/hardeep-singh-puri|url-status=dead}}</ref> He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in January 2014, expressing admiration for the party's approach to [[national security]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/politics/exun-envoy-hardeep-singh-puri-joins-bjp/article5530038.ece|title=Ex-UN envoy Hardeep Singh Puri joins BJP|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-03-26|language=en|archive-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203162428/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/politics/exun-envoy-hardeep-singh-puri-joins-bjp/article5530038.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/i-admire-the-bjp-s-approach-towards-national-security-hardeep-singh-puri-114011100766_1.html|title=I admire the BJP's approach towards national security: Hardeep Singh Puri|last=Kaushal|first=Akshat|date=2014-01-11|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-03-26|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202181242/http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/i-admire-the-bjp-s-approach-towards-national-security-hardeep-singh-puri-114011100766_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He is serving as the [[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha|Member of Rajya Sabha]] from Uttar Pradesh from 2018. Puri was inducted into the cabinet as the [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs]], after Venkaiah Naidu was elevated to the post of Vice President of India in 2017. In May 2019, he contested from [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]] as a BJP Candidate, but lost to [[Gurjeet Singh Aujla]] of the Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-10-29 |title=Union Minister Hardeep Singh Puri To Inaugurate India Pavilion At ADIPEC |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/union-minister-hardeep-singh-puri-to-inaugurate-india-pavilion-at-adipec-1560514 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116073044/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/union-minister-hardeep-singh-puri-to-inaugurate-india-pavilion-at-adipec-1560514 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2019, Puri became the Minister of State (with Independent Charge) for [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]] and Minister of State for [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce and Industry]].<ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602015648/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2021, he was promoted to the post of [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Union Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]], along with [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Union Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs]] in the [[Second Modi ministry]] when there was a cabinet overhaul.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/modi-cabinet-rejig-full-list-of-new-ministers-1825111-2021-07-07|title=Modi cabinet rejig: Full list of new ministers|website=India Today|date=7 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-08|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707132605/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/modi-cabinet-rejig-full-list-of-new-ministers-1825111-2021-07-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2022, during the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Puri served as part of a special four-minister envoy and successfully brought 6,711 students back to India under [[Operation Ganga]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-07 |title=Hardeep Singh Puri reaches Delhi with last batch of students from Budapest |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070322/hardeep-singh-puri-reaches-delhi-with-last-batch-of-students-from-buda.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308052508/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070322/hardeep-singh-puri-reaches-delhi-with-last-batch-of-students-from-buda.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)}}
{{#section:Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|General Election 2019}}

===Rajya Sabha===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Position
! colspan="2" |Party
! Constituency
! From
! To
! Tenure
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (1st Term)
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2"|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 8 January 2018
| 25 November 2020
| '''{{ayd|2018|1|8|2020|11|25}}'''
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (2nd Term)
| 26 November 2020
| 25 November 2026
| '''{{ayd|2020|11|26|2026|11|25}}'''
|}

==Personal life==

Hardeep Singh Puri is married to Ambassador [[Lakshmi Puri]], of the Indian Foreign Service,<ref name="w796"/> and, later, the [[United Nations]] cadre, who is a former [[Assistant Secretary-General]] of the [[United Nations]] and a former Deputy Executive Director of [[UN Women]].<ref name="UN-SG UN Women">{{cite web |last1=UN Department of Public Information - News and Media Division, New York |date=11 March 2011 |title=Secretary-General Appoints Lakshmi Puri of India Assistant Secretary-General for Intergovernmental Support and Strategic Partnerships, UN Women |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sga1283.doc.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308194014/https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sga1283.doc.htm |archive-date=8 March 2012 |access-date=2020-06-23 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |id=Secretary-General Press Press Doc ID: SG/A/1283 BIO/4274 WOM/1857 - Meetings Coverage and Press Releases}}</ref> They have two daughters. His brother, Pradeep Puri, is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer of the 1979 batch, who played an instrumental role in the construction of the [[DND Flyway]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandran |first=Rahul |date=22 August 2007 |title=With DND, he paved the way for smooth public-pvt partnerships |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/GaP1xmYycrKNl8KPvvcFEK/With-DND-he-paved-the-way-for-smooth-publicpvt-partnership.html |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=Mint}}</ref>

On 1 December 2022, Hardeep Singh Puri was awarded the Grand Cross of the [[Order of Rio Branco]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jusbrasil.com.br/diarios/1215872112/dou-secao-1-edicao-extra-a-01-12-2022-pg-3|title=Conferment of Order of Rio Branco on foreign nationals|date=1 December 2022|access-date=7 September 2023|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907084633/https://www.jusbrasil.com.br/diarios/1215872112/dou-secao-1-edicao-extra-a-01-12-2022-pg-3|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
Hardeep is a published author of several books, research papers, and journals. Included below is a selection of his works:

===Books===
* ''Perilous Interventions: The Security Council and the Politics of Chaos'' (Publisher: [[HarperCollins]], 2016; {{ISBN|978-9351777595}})
* ''Delusional Politics: Back To The Future'' (Publisher: [[Viking Press|Penguin Viking]], 2018; {{ISBN|978-0670090259}})

===Articles===
* "Libya: Hillary Clinton, Susan Rice and the Ghost of Rwanda" (Publisher: [[The Globalist]], 2016)

==See also==
*[[Manjeev Singh Puri]]
*[[Navtej Sarna]]
*[[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official}}

{{Navboxes
|title=Offices and distinctions
|list1=
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{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs]] ''Minister of State with Independent charge until 7 July 2021''|years=3 September 2017 - Present}}
{{s-inc}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Suresh Prabhu]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]] ''Minister of State with Independent charge''|years=30 May 2019 - 7 July 2021}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]|years= 7 July 2021 – Present}}
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}}

{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}
{{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}}
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri, Hardeep Singh}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Hindu College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the United Nations]]
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[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Japan]]
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[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Civil aviation ministers of India]]
[[Category:Petroleum and natural gas ministers of India]]
[[Category:Commerce and industry ministers of India]]

Mahendra Thorve

2026-03-10T04:47:29Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahendra Thorve
| image = Mahendra-Thorave.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| order =
| birth_date = 15 May 1973 (46 Years old )
| birth_place = Posari Taluka Karjat Raigad
| spouse = Meena Thorve
| children = Sushant thorve
Surbhi thorve
| residence = Posari, Post Tiware, Raigad, Maharashtra- 410201
| citizenship = [[India]]
| otherparty = [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
| education = 10th Passed
| profession = Businessperson and Builder
| father = Sadashiv Thorve
| office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 21 October 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Suresh Narayan Lad]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Karjat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karjat]]
| party = [[Shiv Sena]]
| nationality = Indian
| website =
}}

'''Mahendra Thorve''' is an Indian politician serving as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Karjat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karjat Vidhan Sabha constituency]] as a member of [[Shiv Sena]].<ref name = Karjat2019>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/ConstituencywiseS13110.htm?ac=189 | title = Karjat Vidhan Sabha constituency result 2019}}</ref><ref name = Karjat>{{cite news|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/karjat.html |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Karjat Assembly Constituency}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahendra Sadashiv Thorve |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election-candidates-list-2019/mahendra-sadashiv-thorve-13189-2 |website=www.ndtv.com |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 2019: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly <ref name = Karjat2019/>
* 2024: Re-Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://shivsena.org/leadership/ Shivsena Home Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901163032/https://shivsena.org/leadership/ |date=1 September 2020 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorve, Mahendra}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Peasants and Workers Party of India politicians]]

Sardar (1955 film)

2026-03-04T04:08:22Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sardar
| image = Sardar 1955 film poster.jpg

| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Gyan Mukherjee]]

| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Bina Rai]]
| music = Jaganmoy Mitra
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1955}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sardar''''' is a 1955 [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] directed by [[Gyan Mukherjee]]. It stars [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Bina Rai]] in lead roles.

==Music==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Chal Ri Chali Chal Naiya"
| [[Hemant Kumar]]
|-
| "Barkha Ki Raat Mein"
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Pyar Ki Yeh Talkhiyan"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Hansa Sake, Rula Sake"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Neend Nigodi Ban Gayi"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Aayi Jhumke Deewani"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Khili Kali Arman Ki"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Jab Se Nazar Mili"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
|}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0244184|Sardar}}

[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:1955 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gyan Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:1950s biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973 film)

2026-03-03T20:23:16Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devudu Chesina Manushulu
| image = Devudu Chesina Manushulu 1973 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = '''Story''': G. Hanumantha Rao '''Screenplay''': V. Ramachandra Rao '''Dialogues''': [[Tripuraneni Maharadhi]]
| producer = G. Hanumantha Rao [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] {{small|('''presents''')}}
| director = V. Ramachandra Rao
| starring = Krishna [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Jayalalithaa]] [[Vijaya Nirmala]]
| music = [[Ramesh Naidu]]
| cinematography = [[V. S. R. Swamy]]
| editing = Kotagiri Gopala Rao
| studio = [[Padmalaya Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1973|8|9}}
| runtime = 177 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Devudu Chesina Manushulu''''' ({{translation|God-made humans}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action-drama film]] directed by V. Ramachandra Rao, produced by G. Hanumantha Rao under the [[Padmalaya Studios]] banner and presented by [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], Krishna, [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]] and [[Vijaya Nirmala]], with music composed by [[Ramesh Naidu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |date=19 May 2019 |title=A tribute to 'Manyam Veerudu' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/a-tribute-to-manyam-veerudu |url-status=live |access-date=10 August 2020 |website=[[Telangana Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326100645/https://telanganatoday.com/a-tribute-to-manyam-veerudu |archive-date=26 March 2021 }}</ref> The film was a commercial success,<ref name="cg">{{Cite web |title=Box office records and collections |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/ntr175.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616014403/http://www.cinegoer.com/ntr175.htm |archive-date=16 June 2012 |access-date=14 July 2012 |website=Cinegoer}}</ref> and was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Takkar (1980 film)|Takkar]]'' (1980) under the same banner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-02 |title=Sanjeev Kumar's Biography Unveils His Special Bond With Tamil Thespian Sivaji Ganesan |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sanjeev-kumar-s-biography-unveils-his-special-bond-with-tamil-thespian-sivaji-ganesan-news-213671 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119022005/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sanjeev-kumar-s-biography-unveils-his-special-bond-with-tamil-thespian-sivaji-ganesan-news-213671 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins with a crime wing who steals valuable antique temple idols. Ramu, a bold, is allied with them. Once, they hijack an aircraft holding a precious statue when Suresh, a mobster, slays a priest. As it happens, a passenger, Sujatha, the tycoon, Hari Prasad's sister, braves, transforming Ramu. So, he safeguards the passengers. In that mishap, Ramu & Sujatha fall in love. He drops Sujatha and lands at the estate of Zamindar Dasaratharamaiah. Ramu hinders his vagabond Gopi while teasing a laborer, Vijaya. In that rage, Gopi whips him, and Dasaratharamaiah averts it.

Surprisingly, Ramu discerns himself as his long-lasting son but may disclose because of his crime sheet. Indeed, Ramu is the progeny of Dasaratharamaiah's first wife, whom his second Varalakshmi grudges. Plus, her sly brother Papa Rao ruses to slaughter him, but he is secured. Dasaratharamaiah shelters Ramu and is entrusted with the family tasks. Thereupon, he seeks to remove the flaws of Gopi & sister Geeta, which makes Gopi quit. Destiny makes Dasaratharamaiah & Hari Prasad family friends, including Sujatha & Geeta. Further, it reunites Ramu & Sujatha when he divulges the actuality and requests to bite her lip. Besides, Vijaya strives for her terminally ill mother Ramanamma & drunkard brother Ranganna. Gopi reforms after soul-searching with her tie.

Here, as a flabbergast, Hari Prasad turns into the quarterback of the mobsters, who also affiliate with Geeta through bullying. Exploiting it, they heist Krishna's idol of Dasaratharamaiah's ancestors. Ramu incriminates to shield Geeta. As of now, Hari Prasad seizes Geeta when Ramu breaks the bars and chases them. However, Gopi misinterprets and charges Ramu when he affirms his identity, and they fuse. Parallelly, Ranganna senses Hari Prasad's activities and informs Ramu & Gopi. Being conscious of it, Sujatha, too, guilds and rescues Geeta. At that moment, startlingly, the original Hari Prasad appears, who has been abducted by the quarterback and purported to be him. Since Geeta is Hari Prasad's courtship, she becomes a pawn at their fingertips. Following the blackguards' ploy, a conspiracy in the name of God to smuggle the adored idols out of the country. At last, Ramu & Gopi intrepidly encounter & cease them. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriages of turtle doves.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Ramakrishna / Ramu
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Gopi
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Dasaradharamayya
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]] as Sujatha
* [[Vijaya Nirmala]] as Vijaya
* [[Jaggayya]] as Hari Prasad and smuggler (dual role)
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Geeta
* [[Kanta Rao]] as Suresh
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Ranganna
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Ramanamma's husband
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Lingam
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Papa Rao
* K. V. Chalam as Gopi's friend
* [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Special appearance
* [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]] as Special appearance
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as Varalakshmi
* Mamatha as Subbi
* [[Nirmalamma]] as Ramanamma
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[Ramesh Naidu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devudu Chesina Manusulu (1973)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CRN/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221119020802/https://indiancine.ma/documents/CRN/info |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The song "Masaka Masaka Cheekatilo" was remixed in the film ''[[Xtra (film)|Xtra]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-xtra.html|title=Movie review - Xtra (Mythili Malli Rammandi)|date=25 June 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215061524/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-xtra.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song title !! Lyricist !! Singers !! Length
|-
|"Devudu Chesina Manushullara"
|[[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|4:58
|-
|"Tholisaari Ninnu"
|[[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu|Dasaradhi]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|3:44
|-
|"Doravayasu Chinnadi"
|Dasaradhi
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
|3:00
|-
|"Vinnaaraa Alanaati Venuganam"
|[[Aarudhra]]
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:41
|-
|"Masaka Masaka Cheekatilo"
|Aarudhra
|[[L. R. Eswari]]
|3:17
|-
|"Nee Daggarayedo Vundi"
|Aarudhra
|L. R. Eswari
|3:20
|-
|"Devudu Chesina Manushullara"-2
|Sri Sri
|Ghantasala, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|4:11
|}

== Reception ==
Giddaluri Gopal Rao, writing for ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' on 24 August 1973, gave the film a mixed review. Although he praised the production and cinematography, Rao criticised the film for its unrealistic scenes and poorly written characters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Giddaluri |first=Gopal Rao |date=24 August 1973 |title=చిత్ర సమీక్ష దేవుడు చేసిన మనుషులు |trans-title=Film review: Devudu Chesina Manushulu |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1973/Aug/24-aug-1973.pdf |access-date=10 August 2020 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=6 |language=te |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629032310/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1973/Aug/24-aug-1973.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was commercially successful and ran for more than 175 days in two centres, [[Vijayawada]] and [[Nellore]].<ref name="cg" /> The song "Masaka Masaka Cheekatilo" sung by [[L. R. Eswari]] and pictured on actress [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] became popular.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 1973 |title=చిత్ర జగత్: దేవుడు చేసిన మనుషులు |trans-title=Film world: Devudu Chesina Manushulu |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1973/Aug/17-aug-1973.pdf |access-date=10 August 2020 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=6 |language=te |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628143432/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1973/Aug/17-aug-1973.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0266463}}

[[Category:1970s action drama films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ramesh Naidu]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Padmalaya Studios films]]

Dhinamdhorum

2026-03-03T04:45:47Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhinamdhorum
| image = Dhinamdhorum.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = Nagaraj
| writer = Nagaraj
| producer = R. Lavanya
| starring = [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] [[Suvalakshmi]]
| cinematography = Abdul Rahman
| editing = K. Palanivel
| music = Oviyan
| studio = Mother Movie Makers
| released = {{Film date|1998|2|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Dhinamdhorum''''' ({{translation|Everyday}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by Nagaraj in his debut. The film stars [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] and [[Suvalakshmi]]. It was released on 14 February 1998. The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Manasichi Choodu (film)|Manasichi Choodu]]''.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=July 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Aadhi
*[[Suvalakshmi]] as Booma (voice dubbed by [[Sreeja Ravi]])
*[[Manivannan]] as S.Kesavamoorthy
*[[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]] as Chandra, Booma's sister-in-law
*[[Malaysia Vasudevan]] as Ranganathan, Booma's father
*[[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as Aadhi's father
*[[Sathyapriya]] as Shenbagam, Booma's mother
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Valliyammal, Aadhi's mother
*[[Deepa Venkat]] as Subbu, Aadhi's sister
*Nagaraj as Krishnamurthy, Aadhi's friend
*[[Bala Singh]] as Government officer
*[[Mahanadi Shankar|Thulukanam Shankar]] as Subbaiya
*[[Halwa Vasu]] as Village man
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]
*Soundar as Seenivasan (Kannadi)
*MLA Thangaraj as Krishnamurthy's father
*[[Kovai Senthil]] as Temple Priest
*Manoharan Krishnan
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Guest appearance
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by Oviyan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhinandhorum (2001) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/dhinandhorum-songs-T0000861 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803220418/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/dhinandhorum-songs-T0000861 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Devadhai
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Chorus
| title2 = En Vanam Needhana
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Shenoy Balesh
| title3 = Nenjathil
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| title4 = O Kannukkul
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Unnikrishnan, [[Swarnalatha]]
| title5 = Pattadhari
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Shiva, Febi Mani
| title6 = Pesathae
| length6 =
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = Oviyan
| title7 = Pookkal Malaruthu
| length7 =
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = Gopal Sharma, [[Febi Mani]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Dhinamdhorum'' was released on 14 February 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தினம்தோறும் / Dhinamdhorum (1998) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/dhinamdhorum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108160607/https://screen4screen.com/movies/dhinamdhorum |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinakaran]]'' noted "this is one of the very rare and good films among recent releases in Tamil".<ref>{{Cite web |title="Thinanthorum" |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/reviews/anthorum.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616213305/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/reviews/anthorum.htm |archive-date=16 June 2004 |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Nagaraj, with his biting, down-to-earth dialogue, is bound to earn the encomiums of the viewers [...] Here the director is the fast-talking, trouble-shooting friend of the hero and his screenplay, based on his story, has appreciable narrative values". He also appreciated the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=20 February 1998 |title=Film Reviews: Thinamthorum/Zor/Tomorrow Never Dies/Michael Collins |url=http://webpage.com/hindu/daily/980220/09/09200223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990910165142/http://webpage.com/hindu/daily/980220/09/09200223.htm |archive-date=10 September 1999 |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The success of the film prompted the director to add ''Dhinamdhorum'' as a prefix to his industry name.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2013 |title=Dhinandhorum Nagaraj back in reckoning with Mathapoo |url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/dhinandhorum-nagaraj-back-in-reckoning-with-mathapoo-92903.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716223856/https://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/dhinandhorum-nagaraj-back-in-reckoning-with-mathapoo-92903.html |archive-date=16 July 2018 |access-date=5 February 2014 |website=Kollytalk}}</ref> Despite the strong performance of the film, Nagaraj found it difficult to establish his career as a director and several of his later films including ''Vinnai Thoduvom'', with the same cast, during 1998 were cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFTER "THINANTHORUM" |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/second/story1.htm#story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041023185237/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/second/story1.htm#story |archive-date=23 October 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Bits & Pieces |url=http://members.tripod.com/~tamilcinenews/cbits.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991005184906/http://members.tripod.com/~tamilcinenews/cbits.htm |archive-date=5 October 1999 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=members.tripod.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|31316609}}

[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1998 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Fiction about unemployment]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Maadan Kodai Vizha

2026-03-03T03:34:26Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: new a post!

{{short description|Indian Tamil language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maadan Kodai Vizha.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = R.Thangapandi
| writer = R.Thangapandi
| producer = Captain. Sivaprakasam Uthayasuriyan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Gokul Gowtham
*Sharumiishaa
*Dr. Suria Narayanan
}}
| cinematography = Chinraj Ram
| editing = Ravichandran R
| music = Vibin R
| studio = Deiva Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Maadan Kodai Vizha''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by R.Thangapandi. The film stars Gokul Gowtham and Sharumiishaa in the lead roles, alongside Dr. Suria Narayanan, Supergood Subramani and [[Sripriya]]. The film was produced by Captain. Sivaprakasam Uthayasuriyan under the banner of Deiva Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title='மாடன் கொடை விழா'...ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/maadan-kodai-vizha-releasing-in-cinemas-march-14th-1146613 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=[[Daily Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

''Maadan Kodai Vizha'' was released in theatres on 14 March 2025.

== Cast ==
* Gokul Gowtham as Murugan
* Sharumiishaa as Amuthavalli
* Dr. Suria Narayanan as Gnanamuthu
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as Thomas
* [[Sripriya]] as Mary
* S.Rashmitha as Madhavi
* Sivavelan as Maasanam
* Paulraj Mariappan as Palavesam

== Production ==
The film is written and directed by R.Thangapandi, while the technical team consists of Chinraj Ram as the cinematographer, Ravichandran R as the editor and Vibin R as the music director.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

== Reception ==
A critic of ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote that "Director Ira Thangapandi has directed the film based on the Sudalai Madan Kodai festival. In it, he talks about love, worship methods, religion, and marriage. The dialogues add strength to the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-14 |title=மாடன் கொடை விழா திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Maadan Kodai Vizha Review in Tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/maadan-kodai-vizha-161571 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Vikatan]]'' critic stated that "The script, while interesting in terms of story, is predictable but gets tedious in the second half.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-15 |title=மாடன் கொடை விழா விமர்சனம்: ஆர்வமூட்டும் களம்; இயல்பான நெல்லை கிராமம்; ஆனால் படமாகக் களைகட்டுகிறதா? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/maadan-kodai-vizha-tamil-movie-review |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=[[Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' critic wrote that "Director I. R. Thangapandi has presented a quality film with an interesting and lively screenplay depicting the love, conflict, and family relationship."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-15 |title='மாடன் கொடை விழா' திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/maadan-kodai-vizha-movie-review-1148096 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=[[Daily Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|35869237}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Veerappa Moily

2026-03-02T09:49:46Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: updated page

{{short description|Indian politician and writer}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Veerappa Moily
| office = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]]
| image = M Veerappa Moily.jpg
| primeminister = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor = [[Jayanthi Natarajan]]
| successor = [[Prakash Javdekar]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs (India)|Minister of Corporate Affairs]]
| predecessor2 = [[Hansraj Bhardwaj]]
| primeminister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| predecessor1 = [[Murli Deora]]
| primeminister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| successor2 = [[Sachin Pilot]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|1|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Moodabidri]], [[South Canara]], [[British India]] (present [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Karnataka]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Malathi Moily
| children = 4
| alma_mater = [[Mangalore University]] [[University Law College, Bangalore|Bangalore University]]
| website = {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130113150052/http://www.moily.org/ Official Website]}}
| term_start = 24 October 2013
| term_end = 26 May 2014
| term_start1 = 28 October 2012
| term_end1 = 26 May 2014
| term_start2 = 13 July 2011
| term_end2 = 28 October 2012
| office3 = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]]
| primeminister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start3 = 31 July 2012
| term_end3 = 28 October 2012
| predecessor3 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| successor3 = [[Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]
| primeminister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start4 = 28 May 2009
| term_end4 = 28 May 2011
| predecessor4 = [[Hansraj Bhardwaj]]
| successor4 = [[Salman Khurshid]]
| office5 = 7th [[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Karnataka]]
| term_start5 = 19 November 1992
| term_end5 = 11 December 1994
| predecessor5 = [[Bangarappa|S. Bangarappa]]
| successor5 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start6 = 16 May 2009
| term_end6 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor6 = [[R. L. Jalappa]]
| successor6 = [[Bache Gowda]]
| constituency6 = [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]]
}}
{{Indian name|Veerappa Moily|Marpadi}}'''Marpadi Veerappa Moily''' (born 12 January 1940) is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]] from the state of [[Karnataka]]. Moily was the former [[Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister]] (and the first ethnic [[Tuluva]] CM) of the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]] (19 November 1992 – 11 December 1994).

He was elected to Karnataka state legislative assembly from [[Karkala (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Karkala]] constituency of [[Udupi]] district. From 2009 to 2019, he represented the [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]] constituency in Lok Sabha. But he lost in 2019 to a [[BJP]] candidate when BJP won 25 seats out of 28 Lok Sabha seats in Karnataka. He was the former [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs (India)|Minister of Corporate Affairs]] and [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]] in the Indian government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers – Who's Who – Government: National Portal of India |website=India.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=11 August 2010}}</ref>

He is also currently serving as the All India Congress Committee General Secretary in charge of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is regarded as one of the senior members of the Congress Party, and a close adviser for the Congress Leader [[Sonia Gandhi]].

He announced formal retirement from electoral politics in 2024 prior to the 18th Lok Sabha Elections.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-10 |title=Veerappa Moily announces retirement from electoral politics |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/karnataka/veerappa-moily-announces-retirement-from-electoral-politics/articleshow/109173160.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}
Veerappa Moily was born in a [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking family in Marpadi Village, [[Moodbidri]] erstwhile [[South Canara]]. He belongs to [[Devadiga]] community. He did his B.A. from Government College (now known as University College) situated at [[Hampankatta]] in [[Mangalore]] city. He completed his [[Bachelor of Laws|B.L.]] from University Law College, Bengaluru.

==Career==

===Legal career===
Moily who is a [[lawyer]] by profession, in 2014, has opened a [[law firm]] called Moily Law Associates.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-m-veerappa-moily-opens-law-firm-in-new-delhi-1998908|title=M Veerappa Moily opens law firm in New Delhi {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2014-07-01|work=dna|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Political career===
*The Prime Minister advised the President of India that M. Veerappa Moily, Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas shall be given additional charge of the work of Ministry of Environment & Forests.
* 2012: Petroleum Minister w.e.f. 28.10.2012
* 2011–2012: Cabinet Minister of Corporate Affairs, Govt. of India
* 2009–2011: Cabinet Minister of Law and Justice, Govt. of India <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201101181698/News/moily-to-lose-law-ministry-after-todays-cabinet-reshuffle-guesses-media|title = Update: Moily keeps law ministry in cabinet reshuffle}}</ref>
* 2006–2009: Chairman of the Oversight Committee for implementation of 27 per cent reservation for OBCs in central educational institutions
* 2002–2004: Chairman, Revenue Reforms Commission
* 2005–2009: Chairman, 2nd Administrative Reform Commission.
* 2000–2002: Chairman, Tax Reforms Commission
* 1992–1994: Chief Minister of Karnataka
* 1989–1992: Minister for Law, Youth Service, Culture, Information, Parliamentary Affairs and Education, Govt. of Karnataka
* 1983–1985: Leader of Opposition, Karnataka Assembly
* 1980–1982: Minister for Finance and Planning, Govt. of Karnataka
* 1974–1977: Minister for Small Scale Industries, Govt. of Karnataka
* Appointed to various committees by Indira Gandhi one of which led to the setting up of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD).
* Practiced law in the courts of Karkala, Mangalore, High Court in Bangalore and at the Supreme Court of India.
* Led the implementation of economic reforms in Karnataka in 1992 and also responsible for drafting & implementing the Karnataka Land Reforms Act in 1974.
* Led several projects, policies and achievements of the State of Karnataka in ministries and sectors such as Finance, Irrigation and Power, Urban Development and Infrastructure, Housing and Rural Development, Empowerment, Education and Culture.
* Author of epic poem [[Sri Ramayana Mahanveshanam]] in five volumes containing 42,295 lines in Kannada. It is also being translated into Hindi and being published by Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts, New Delhi.
* Authored ‘Musings on India’ Part 1 & 2 in English containing articles on contemporary issues including public finance.
* Regular columnist for leading print publications and electronic media.
* Currently writing a book on the steps to be taken to make India an economic superpower by year 2020.

==Summary of achievements==

{{BLP sources section|date=June 2017}}

=== Chairman of Tax Reforms Commission ===
* Formulated a systematic reform of the tax system resulting in improved revenue productivity and competitiveness of the State of Karnataka.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}
* Karnataka Chief Minister SM Krishna, implemented 80% of the recommending from the commission resulting in tax revenues increases of Rs. 2200 crores in 2003–04 from recommendations of the commission.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Tax exemption

===Chairman of Revenue Reforms Commission===
* Report submitted during November 2003 recommending reforms in Irrigation, Health, Education and Forest Departments
* Revenue increases of Rs. 1800 crores from the commission's recommendations.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

===Finance===
* Presented the Karnataka State Budgets for 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1980–81, 1981–82 & 1982–83.
* Set records of revenue surplus during every stint as Finance Minister.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

===Irrigation and Power===
* Led unprecedented and huge outlays in irrigation works and helped maximize the irrigation potential of Karnataka.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}
* Developed innovative financing schemes such as Irrigation bonds which were appreciated by the Reserve Bank of India and the World Bank.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}
* Cleared and conceived massive works on the power generation and power distribution system in Karnataka that substantially reduced the power shortage position in Karnataka.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}
* Established Krishna Jalabhagya Nigam scheme which mobilised Rs. 13,000 crores for irrigation projects.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

===Rural and Urban Development and Infrastructure===
* Formulated and implemented various drinking water schemes and employment guarantee schemes and housing schemes.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}
* Established the Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development and Finance to formulate and appraise infrastructure development projects, mobilization of funds from different sources, implementation of urban infrastructure projects, and capacity building/training on urban development issues.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}
* Initiated various projects such as the International Airport in Bangalore, International Convention Centre, Konkan Railway, and National Games in Bangalore.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}
* Sanctioned and implemented the Rs. 1200 crores ADB aid programme for the coastal region of Karnataka.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

===Education===
* Chief Architect of the new Common Entrance Test (CET) system launching an admission policy for technical education founded on merit, transparency and social justice.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}
* Established the nation's leading law institute, The National Law School University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moily.org/education.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410013919/http://www.moily.org/education.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 April 2012|title= Veerappa Moily - moily.org|website=moily.org|access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref>
* Executed the Total Literacy Programme in the State of Karnataka.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}
* Worked with the World Bank to execute Universalisation of Primary Education.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}
* Oversaw the reform in University Education in Karnataka. He established six universities such as Kannada University, Rajiv Gandhi Medical University, Visweshwariah Technical University, Karnataka Open University, [[Mangalore University]] and Gulbarga University.

==Publications==
Moily has written a book ''The edge of time''. It is a Kannada novel Tembare which examines, a complex cultural practice of coastal Karnataka, called bhutaradhane, or the worship of hero-spirits. The Pambada community, a marginalised dalit community, has as its hereditary profession, spirit impersonation during elaborate rituals. Mr. Moily explored two responses to this traditional and exploitative profession through two Pambada brothers: one who rebels and opts for formal education, and the other who tries to revive the true spirit of the ancient practice. (courtesy : Prasanta Varma, Advocate, Supreme Court of India). Mr. Moily is an advocate by profession, he entered politics about four decades ago and he became the chief minister of Karnataka in the year 1992.

Moily is a literary figure of some note. He has served as a regular columnist for ''[[The Hindu]]'' and ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' (both English newspapers) and for ''[[Samyukta Karnataka]]'', a [[Kannada]] daily. He has also authored several books, all in Kannada, being:
* ''Thembare'': A novel and perhaps his most critically acclaimed work, it has been translated into English under the title "The edge of time."
* ''Kotta'': Another novel, made into telefilms in both Kannada and Hindi, directed by M.S. Sathyu.
* ''Suligali'' ("Typhoon"), a novel. It was adapted into a film titled, ''Premave Balina Belaku'' (1984)<ref>{{cite web |title=Premave Balina Belaku (1984) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/premave-balina-belaku-1984 |website=chiloka.com |access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>
* ''Sagaradeepa'': "Ocean lamp." A novel.
* ''Milana'': A play.
* ''Parajitha'': A play.
* ''Premavendare'': A play.
* ''Halu-Jenu Maththe'': An anthology of poems.
* ''Nadeyali Samara'': An anthology of poems.
* ''Yakshaprashne'': An anthology of poems.
* ''Sri Ramayana Mahanveshanam'': This poem will be published in five volumes, the first four of which have already been released between February 2001 and March 2004. Originally published in Kannada, the epic poem is now being translated into Hindi.
* Musings on India: A collection of his newspaper articles, Sapna Publications and Full Circle, New Delhi, 2001

Moily has written four volumes of an English book called ''Unleashing India'', which outlines how India can be a super power after 25 to 30 years by leveraging and properly utilising its [[demographic dividend]]. The early three volumes of the book dealt with the following: one on agriculture, second on water and third on power sector.<ref name=VM-B-P-03>{{cite web|title=Unleashing India : Powering The Nation by Dr. M. Veerappa Moily (Hardcover)|url=http://www.priceking.in/unleashing-india-powering-the-nation-by-dr-m-veerappa-moily-hardcover.html|access-date=1 August 2012}}</ref> The fourth volume, "Unleashing India: The Fire of Knowledge" – which illustrates a detailed analysis of the deficiencies in the Indian education system, along with innovative strategies and solutions to address the educational needs of the country in the 21st century – was published on 29 March 2012.<ref>{{cite book|title=Unleashing India: The Fire of Knowledge (Volume 4)|isbn=978-8129119513|last1=Moyili|first1=Em Vīrappa|year=2009|publisher=Rupa & Company }}</ref>

Moily is also writing another epic poem on [[Draupadi]] and the title is ''Shrimudi Parikranam''. In an interview to Bar & Bench he said "This is how I go on writing, it is an unstoppable journey".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://barandbench.com/brief/4/1270/conversation-with-veerappa-moily-minister-of-law-and-justice |title=Conversation with Veerappa Moily, Minister of Law and Justice |publisher=Barandbench.com |access-date=2011-03-29 |archive-date=21 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221033535/http://barandbench.com/brief/4/1270/conversation-with-veerappa-moily-minister-of-law-and-justice |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Controversies==
*After taking charge of Ministry of Environment and Forests he gave nod to many polluting industries in ecological sensitive areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/Blog/Community_blogs1/excerpt-from-the-diary-of-veerappa-moily/blog/47953/ |title=Excerpt From the Diary of Veerappa Moily | Greenpeace India |website=Greenpeace.org |date=2014-01-23 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/Mahan.pdf |title=Allocation of Mahan coal-block in Madya Pradesh To Essar & Hindalco |website=Moef.nic.in |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prajavani.net/columns/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A6-%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4-%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF-%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF |title=ಆತಂಕದ ಕಾರ್ಮೋಡಗಳತ್ತ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಯ ಏಣಿ | ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ |website=Prajavani.net |date=2014-02-27 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref>
*A case has been registered against Veerappa Moily and others saying that they favoured RIL in fixing price for Natural gas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fir-against-moily-mukesh-deora/article5681364.ece |title=FIR against Veerappa Moily and others |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 February 2014 |publisher=thehindu.com |access-date=2014-02-28|last1=Ashok |first1=Sowmiya |last2=Pandey |first2=Devesh K. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/arvind-kejriwal-says-criminal-case-against-moily-deora-ril-boss-180598-2014-02-11 |title=Criminal case against Veerappa Moily and others |date=11 February 2014 |publisher=indiatoday.intoday.in |access-date=2014-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/arvind-kejriwal-orders-fir-against-murli-deora-veerappa-moily-and-mukesh-ambani/ |title=FIR against Veerappa Moily, Mukesh and others |date=12 February 2014 |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=2014-02-28}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 2000 – Ameen Sadbhavana Award
* 2001 – Devaraj Urs Prashasthi
* 2001 – Aryabhatta award
* 2007 – [[Moortidevi Award]] for ''Shri Ramayana Mahanveshanam''
* 2014 – [[Saraswati Samman]] for ''Shri Ramayana Mahanveshanam''
* 2021 – [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kannada|Sahitya Akademi Award]] for the epic ''Sri Bahubali Ahimsadigvijayam''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prajavani.net/news/karnataka-news/veerappa-moily-and-arundhathi-subramania-among-others-to-receive-sahitya-akademi-award-2020-812698.html|title=ವೀರಪ್ಪ ಮೊಯಿಲಿಗೆ ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ|trans-title=Sahitya akademi award for Veerappa Moily|language=Kannada|work=Prajavani|date=12 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/veerappa-moily-arundhathi-subramania-among-others-to-receive-sahitya-akademi-award-2020-7225734/lite/|title=Veerappa Moily, Arundhathi Subramania among others to receive Sahitya Akademi award-2020|work=Indian Express|date=12 March 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Veerappa Moily}}
* [http://www.devadiga.com/mille/index.asp?id=48 Devadiga.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223923/http://www.devadiga.com/mille/index.asp?id=48 |date=27 September 2007 }}
* [http://www.ibnlive.com/news/panel-tells-govt-to-end-secrecy/12612-4.html Ibnlive.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184736/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/panel-tells-govt-to-end-secrecy/12612-4.html |date=30 September 2007 }}
* [http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Moily-says-WikiLeaks-playing-havoc-with-global-democracies/768939/ Financialexpress.com]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[R. L. Jalappa]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]]|years=2009–2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[B. N. Bache Gowda]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Karnataka]]|years=1992–1994}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]|years=31 May 2009 – 19 July 2011}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Salman Khurshid]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of Corporate Affairs]]|years=13 July 2011 – 28 October 2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sachin Pilot]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]]|years=31 July 2012 – 28 October 2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jyotiraditya Scindia]] Minister of State (Independent Charge)}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]|years=28 October 2012 – 26 May 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Dharmendra Pradhan]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Jayanthi Natarajan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]|years=24 December 2013 – 26 May 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Prakash Javadekar]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (India)}}
{{KarnatakaChiefMinisters}}
{{15th LS members from Karnataka}}
{{16th LS members from Karnataka}}
{{Karnataka ministries}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moily, Veerappa}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Tulu politicians]]
[[Category:University Law College, Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Chikkaballapura district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Saraswati Samman Award]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Law ministers of India]]
[[Category:Ministers of power of India]]
[[Category:Petroleum and natural gas ministers of India]]
[[Category:Ministers for corporate affairs]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Moortidevi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada]]

Department (film)

2026-03-02T06:23:15Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: minor cleanup

{{Distinguish|The Department (film)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
{{promotional|date=February 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Department
| image = Department movie poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| writer = [[Nilesh Girkar]]
| producer = Siddhant Uberoi Amit Sharma
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Rana Daggubati]] [[Vijay Raaz]] [[Abhimanyu Singh]] [[Deepak Tijori]] [[Lakshmi Manchu]] [[Anjana Sukhani]] [[Madhu Shalini]]
| music = Bappa Lahiri Dharam-Sandeep Vikram Magi
| cinematography = FXS Team
| editing = [[Abhijit Kokate]] Vinay Chauhan
| studio = Uberoi Line Productions
| distributor = [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]] Wave Cinemas [[Ponty Chadha]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ponty Chadha's death is Bollywood's loss|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=21 November 2012|access-date=5 November 2022|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ponty-chadha-s-death-is-bollywood-s-loss/story-4NslEFMXkmDi95G2mqUGIP_amp.html}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2012|05|18}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 141 minutes
| budget = {{INRConvert|320|m}}<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/department#.VfWPTxHtmkq |title=Boxoffice |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802054922/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/department#.VfWPTxHtmkq |archive-date=2 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|190.5|m}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/allrank/?11#.VfWQSRHtmkp |title=Boxoffice |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929113111/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/allrank/?11#.VfWQSRHtmkp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

'''''Department''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-10/bollywood/31318457_1_sanjay-dutt-amitabh-bachchan-sarjeroa | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708221714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-10/bollywood/31318457_1_sanjay-dutt-amitabh-bachchan-sarjeroa | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Department | date=10 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=International Film Guide 2012 |first=Ian Hayden |last=Smith |year= 2012 |isbn= 978-1908215017 |page= 141 }}</ref> The film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Rana Daggubati]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Department-will-be-RGV-s-most-stylish-film-Rana-Daggubati/Article1-818864.aspx|title=Department will be RGV's most stylish film: Rana Daggubati – Hindustan Times|date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301103348/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Department-will-be-RGV-s-most-stylish-film-Rana-Daggubati/Article1-818864.aspx|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=1 March 2012}}</ref> Released on 18 May 2012, the film received negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=710|title=NDTVMovies.com : Bollywood News, Reviews, Celebrity News, Hollywood news, Entertainment News, Videos & Photos|website=movies.ndtv.com|access-date=18 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523002511/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=710|archive-date=23 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The filmmaker criticised Sanjay's interference after 'Department's poor show at the BO|website=Masala.com |url=http://www.masala.com/35636-rgv-and-sanjay-dutt-in-a-verbal-spat|access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[Inspector]] Mahadev Bhosale (Dutt) is tasked by his superiors to form a hit squad called the "Department" to tackle the growing threat of organized crime in Mumbai. He recruits Shiv Narayan (Daggubati), a suspended police officer who had been penalized for an [[encounter killing]]. Together, Mahadev and Shiv, along with other members of the team, target crime syndicate leader Sawatya (Raaz) and his gang. Despite numerous urgings from his second-in-command D.K. (Singh) and D.K.'s girlfriend Naseer (Shalini), Sawatya refuses to retaliate against the police action.

Sarjerao Gaikwad (Bachchan) is a former gangster-turned-politician. Shiv and Sarjerao develop a close relationship when the latter saves Shiv’s life at a public rally. However, Mahadev warns Shiv that Sarjerao is manipulating him for his own political gains. As events unfold, it is revealed that Mahadev himself is working for Mohammad Ghouri, an underworld don, and is systematically eliminating Sawatya’s gang at Ghouri’s request. Shiv, unwilling to be part of Mahadev’s corrupt world, chooses to walk away. Despite Mahadev’s agreement to let him go, tensions rise when Shiv confronts a faction formed by D.K. under Mahadev’s protection, leading to a rift between the mentor and his apprentice.

==Cast==
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Sarjerao Gaikwad, a gangster-turned-politician
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Inspector Mahadev Bhosle, the DSP of an encounter squad
* [[Rana Daggubati]] as Inspector Shivnarayan, an encounter specialist
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Sawatya, a crime boss
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as DK, Sawatya's right-hand man
* [[Deepak Tijori]] as Inspector Danaji, an honest member of the department
* [[Lakshmi Manchu]] as Satya Bhosle, Mahadev's wife
* [[Anjana Sukhani]] as Bharati, Shivnarayan's wife
* [[Madhu Shalini]] as Naseer, DK's gun-loving girlfriend
* [[Neeraj Vora]] in a [[dual role]] as Lalchand and Valchand
* [[Nathalia Kaur]] as [[item number]] "Dan Dan"

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Department
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Bappa Lahiri Dharam-Sandeep Vikram Magi
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 9 April 2012
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack is composed by Bappa Lahiri<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/department/1431058/|title=Department|access-date=16 November 2021|website=Hungama.com}}</ref> along with Dharam-Sandeep and Vikram Magi.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dan Dan Cheeni Shoot Mix
| extra1 = Paroma P.Dasgupta, Ravi, Sandeep Patil
| length1 = 4:05
| lyrics1 =

| title2 = Kammo
| extra2 = [[Mika Singh]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
| length2 = 5:18

| title3 = Theme of Department – Ek Do Teen Chaar
| extra3 = Sandeep Patil
| length3 = 4:11

| title4 = Bad Boys
| extra4 = [[Ritu Pathak]], Earl
| length4 = 4:05

| title5 = Mumbai Police
| extra5 = [[Sanjay Dutt]], Farhad Bhiwandiwala
| length5 = 4:35
}}

== Box office ==

{| class="wikitable" style="float:centre; width:45%; text-align:center;"
|+ ''''Department'''' worldwide collections breakdown
|-
! Territory
! Territory wise Collections break-up
|-
| rowspan="3" | India
| ''Net Gross'': {{INRConvert|118.900|m}}
|-
| ''Distributor share'': {{INRConvert|60.050|m}}
|-
| ''Total Gross'': {{INRConvert|215.149|m}}<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
|-
||'''Worldwide'''
| {{INRConvert|215.149|m}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/allrank/?11#.VfWJPBHtmko |title=Boxoffice |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929113111/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/allrank/?11#.VfWJPBHtmko |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
||'''Budget'''
| {{INRConvert|320|m}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Department (film)}}
*{{IMDb title|2186731}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110923221121/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/varmas-department-clash-of-the-titans/185104-8-66.html Ram Gopal Varma's 'Department': Clash of the titans – Movies News – Bollywood – ibnlive]

{{Ram Gopal Varma}}
{{Vaicom18 Studios}}

[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 crime action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Encounters in India]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about police brutality]]

Bell Bottom (2021 film)

2026-03-02T04:54:25Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: cleanup

{{Short description|2021 Indian film by Ranjith M. Tewari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bell Bottom
| image = Bell Bottom film Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ranjit M. Tewari
| producer = [[Vashu Bhagnani]] [[Jackky Bhagnani]] [[Deepshikha Deshmukh]] Monisha Advani Madhu Bhojwani [[Nikkhil Advani]]
| writer = Aseem Arrora Parveez Shaikh
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Akshay Kumar]] [[Vaani Kapoor]] [[Lara Dutta]]
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Amaal Mallik]] [[Tanishk Bagchi]] Shantanu Dutta Gurnazar [[Maninder Buttar]] '''Background Score:''' Daniel B. George
| cinematography = [[Rajeev Ravi]]
| editing = [[Chandan Arora]]
| studio = [[Pooja Entertainment]] [[Emmay Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Pen India Limited|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|08|19|ref1=<ref name="release date" />}}
| runtime = 123 minutes<ref name=BBFC>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bellbottom-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtmtexmdy4mw |title=Bell Bottom (2021) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813174442/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bellbottom-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mzi4ndi |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹150 crore <ref>{{cite web |title=Bell Bottom (2021): Budget & Box Office Verdict |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6140 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|50.58 [[crore]]}}<ref name="bo" />
}}

'''''Bell Bottom''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref name=BBFC/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/0366C759004A052A |title=Bell Bottom (2021) |website=[[Irish Film Classification Office]] |access-date=16 May 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907074133/http://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/0366C759004A052A |url-status=dead}}</ref> directed by Ranjit M. Tewari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Shalu |date=6 July 2020 |title=Akshay Kumar's Bell Bottom to go on floors next month in UK |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-bell-bottom-vaani-kapoor-shooting-starts-in-august-in-uk-632007 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> The film is written by Aseem Arrora and Parveez Sheikh, and produced by [[Vashu Bhagnani]], [[Jackky Bhagnani]], [[Deepshikha Deshmukh]] and [[Nikkhil Advani]] under their respective banners [[Pooja Entertainment]] and [[Emmay Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshay Kumar, Vaani Kapoor's Bellbottom becomes first Hindi film to commence shooting post lockdown |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-vaani-kapoors-bellbottom-becomes-first-hindi-film-to-commence-shooting-post-lockdown-8562871.html |date=6 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> It stars [[Akshay Kumar]] as the lead character, with [[Vaani Kapoor]], [[Lara Dutta]] and [[Huma Qureshi]] in an extended cameo appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshay Kumar to start shooting for Bell Bottom next month |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-to-start-shooting-for-bell-bottom-next-month-42023.html |date=6 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref> Bell Bottom is inspired from [[List of hijackings of Indian aeroplanes#1980s|real life hijacking events in India]] by [[Khalistan movement|Khalistani terrorists]] during the 1980s, such as the [[Indian Airlines]] [[Indian Airlines Flight 423|Flight 423]], [[1984 Indian Airlines Airbus A300 hijacking|405]] and [[1984 Indian Airlines IC 421 hijacking|421]] hijackings.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rama |first1=Rupali |title=Bell Bottom Real Story: चाकू की नोक पर हाइजैक हुए थे 6 प्लेन, खालिस्तान की मांग संग ये है 'बेल बॉलम' की सच्ची कहानी |url=https://hindi.news24online.com/news/entertainment/bell-bottom-real-story-6-planes-were-hijacked-knife-point-true-story-bell-ballam-demand-khalistan-20ddd8aa/ |website=[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24 Hindi]] |language=hi |date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809064219/https://hindi.news24online.com/news/entertainment/bell-bottom-real-story-6-planes-were-hijacked-knife-point-true-story-bell-ballam-demand-khalistan-20ddd8aa/ |archive-date=9 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-is-on-a-mission-to-rescue-212-indians-on-board-a-hijacked-plane-in-bellbottom/articleshow/78002910.cms |title=Akshay Kumar is on a mission to rescue 212 Indians on board |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=9 September 2020 |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began on 20 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshay Kumar's espionage thriller Bell Bottom to start shooting in August |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumars-espionage-thriller-bell-bottom-to-start-shooting-in-august/articleshow/76810429.cms |date=6 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref> The film was wrapped up on 30 September in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/akshay-kumar-returns-home-wrapping-shoot-bell-bottom-co-star-vaani-kapoor/ |title=Akshay Kumar returns home after wrapping the shoot for Bell Bottom with co-star Vaani Kapoor |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 October 2020 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> The film released in theatres on 19 August 2021 in [[3D film|3D]]. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for Kumar’s and Dutta’s performances, art direction, screenplay, background score and cinematography but criticism for the poor visual effects and climax.<ref name="release date">{{cite web |title=Akshay Kumar starrer 'Bell Bottom' to release in 3D on August 19 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-starrer-bell-bottom-to-release-in-3d-on-august-19/articleshow/84966701.cms |date=2 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> Such mixed reviews, combined with the second wave of COVID-19 and the ensuing lockdown across various states, made it a major [[box office bomb|commercial failure]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6140 |title=Bell Bottom - Movie |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
In 1984, Indian Airlines Flight 691 (resembling [[Indian Airlines Flight 421]]) is hijacked, the seventh such hijacking in India in five years, with all the previous ones ending in acquiescence to the hijackers' demands that other terrorists be freed and money be delivered. During her briefing, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], frustrated at the lack of action taken on the matter, decides to allow a [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] agent code-named "Bell Bottom" to handle the case. As a "mere" clerk, he is already viewed with consternation by the other officials, and his deduction that the alleged masterminds, a [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan separatist]] group named "[[Dal Khalsa (organization)|Azaadi Dal]]" ({{lit|Liberation Organisation}}), are merely a front for [[Pakistan]]'s [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] is rebuffed by them due to improving Indo-Pakistani relations. After the plane lands in [[Amritsar]] when he predicted it would land in [[Lahore]], he is dismissed. However, his supervisor points out that he is an expert on hijacking analysis and is motivated by personal experience.

In 1979, polymath Anshul Malhotra lives with his wife Radhika and his mother Raavi, an [[asthma]]tic who frequently visits his brother in London. Raavi's flight is hijacked by terrorists, but then-PM [[Morarji Desai]] and Pakistani President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] negotiate and fulfill the hijackers demands in exchange for the hostages' release. However, Raavi dies, reportedly due to natural causes. Soon after, though, Anshul is abducted by RAW, who reveal that one of the hijackers, Daljeet "Doddy" Singh, had purposely withheld her inhaler, pushed her into the galley and thrown heavy blankets on her, increasing her suffering as she died. Anshul is given the offer to join RAW; he accepts and takes on the code-name Bell Bottom, with his cover to his wife being that he is an embassy officer. After his training, which showcases his extraordinary memory and improves his previously subpar physical skills, he is assigned to the hijacking desk. In 1983, he finds one of the hijackers while visiting his brother in London and tracks them; he raids their house with other RAW agents and captures three of them but the fourth, Doddy Singh, escapes in disguise.

Back in the present, the plane takes off from Amritsar and lands in Lahore, prompting Gandhi to order Anshul back in. He convinces her to "break script" and disallow the Pakistani side to send their negotiating team, and orders them not to refuel the plane. In response, Zia sends his minister to keep track of the situation. In Lahore, the minister replaces the hijacker with Doddy and supplies weapons and explosives. Correctly figuring out that they will go to the Middle East to take advantage of their naivete in aerial terrorism, Anshul prepares for a covert operation in [[Dubai]] against the Indian ministers' wishes. Meanwhile, the Pakistani minister goes to Dubai to observe what is going on and guide Doddy.

Upon arrival, Anshul and his team, disguised as diplomatic aides, meet up with Adeela Rehman, a contact in the Dubai airport, where they see Dubai's emphasis on humanitarianism and avoidance of bloodshed. Their first plan, covertly entering the aircraft and disarming the hijackers, is foiled when the Pakistani minister notices and closes the cargo door. Anshul's "plan B", sending in the Indian army, is also curtailed when the Dubai officials are notified and the ship they are on is denied entry. With all avenues closed, the ministers go to negotiate; although they agree to the terrorists' demands of money, more terrorist releases, and a chartered flight to London, they are surprised at the terrorists' extreme inhumanity as one hostage, a VIP target, is to be held until they get to London.

Seemingly out of options, Anshul asks Adeela to take them to an under-construction terminal so they can view the proceedings; however, this is a ruse as Anshul reveals his knowledge of Adeela's betrayal and ties her up. Disguising themselves as airport workers, they take advantage of a sandstorm to get on the field, free the VIPs, and capture the terrorists, redirecting the chartered flight to India. The [[Emir]] of Dubai denies them take off clearance at first, but after Anshul explains how their methods fit in with Dubai's humanism, he grants it. In India, the terrorists are booked, with Zia and the ISI leaders huffing in disgrace, and the flight is returned, with all on board safe and sound and reunited with their families. In the end, it is revealed that Radhika was actually working for RAW and had informed them of her husband's abilities and background in the first place.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Anshul Malhotra / [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW Agent]] Bell Bottom<ref name=indianexpress>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Bellbottom: Akshay Kumar, Vaani Kapoor to begin shooting next month |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-vaani-kapoor-shooting-bellbottom-next-month-6492269/ |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Vaani Kapoor]] as Radhika Malhotra, Anshul's wife<ref name=indianexpress />
* [[Lara Dutta]] as [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Indira Gandhi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/lara-dutta-opens-role-indira-gandhi-bellbottom-got-opportunity/ |title=Lara Dutta opens up about her role as Indira Gandhi in BellBottom and how she got the opportunity |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=4 August 2021 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref>
* [[Huma Qureshi]] as [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] Informer Adeela Rehman<ref>{{Cite news |title=Akshay Kumar's Bell Bottom Team Will Fly To UK For Film's First Schedule In August |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/akshay-kumars-bell-bottom-team-will-fly-to-uk-for-films-first-schedule-in-august-2257818 |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=NDTV.com |first=Nilanjana |last=Basu |date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
* Ashok Chhabra as [[Morarji Desai]]
* Siddhant Ghegadmal as Harish Salgaonkar
* [[Adil Hussain]] as [[Research and Analysis Wing#List of R&AW Secretaries|N. F. Santook]], Anshul's boss<ref>{{cite web |title=Adil Hussain on resuming work with Bell Bottom: It was a very mixed feeling to go out and shoot |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/adil-hussain-on-resuming-work-with-bell-bottom-it-was-a-very-mixed-feeling-to-go-out-and-shoot/story-xYGxm5xwWIvBVRmGcNUc4O.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=12 November 2020 |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Denzil Smith]] as [[R. N. Kao]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=30 September 2020 |title=Akshay Kumar's 'Bellbottom' Wraps Scotland Shoot Amid Pandemic (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/akshay-kumar-bellbottom-scotland-shoot-wrap-pandemic-1234787639/ |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Aniruddh Dave]] as Sameer "Puchchi" Mehra<ref>{{cite web |title=Aniruddh Dave Joins The Cast Of Akshay Kumar Starrer 'Bell Bottom' |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/television/aniruddh-dave-joins-the-cast-of-akshay-kumar-starrer-bell-bottom-53864 |website=Mumbai Live |date=8 August 2020 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref>
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thalaivasal Vijay has a fun experience shooting for with Akshay Kumar for Bell Bottom - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalaivasal-vijay-has-a-fun-experience-shooting-for-with-akshay-kumar-for-bell-bottom/articleshow/78585483.cms |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |last1=Sangeetha |first1=P.}}</ref>
* [[Zain Khan Durrani]] as Daljeet "Doddy" Singh aka Doddy, a terrorist and the main antagonist
* [[Dolly Ahluwalia]] as Raavi Malhotra, Anshul's mother
* [[Mamik Singh]] as Ashish "Aashu" Malhotra, Anshul's brother
* Abhijit Lahiri as [[Khurshed Alam Khan]]
* [[Sumit Kaul]] as Dollar
* Sunit Tandon as [[Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI Chief]]
* Sanat Sawant as Raj
* Jatin Negi as Sundar
* Akash as Agent
* Amit Kumar Vashisth as Saand
* Kavi Raj as [[General (Pakistan)|Gen.]] [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]
* Husam Chadat as [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Farhad Bin Sultan]]
* [[Anjali Anand]] as Anshul’s sister-In-Law
* Ashok Chhabra as [[Morarji Desai]]
* Balram Gupta as [[Home Minister (India)|Home Minister]]
* Girish Sharma as Anshul's friend
* Nitin Khanna as [[Dubai Police Force|Dubai Policeman]]
* Karim Saidi as Abu Mukhtar
* Deesh Mariwala as Tejeshwar
* Ahmed Yahya Berrada as [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] Official of Dubai
* Dilraj Singh Brar (Dilraj Brar) as [[Boy coming off train with his mother]]
* [[Shivani Sopori]]
{{colend}}

<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fresh pair: Vaani Kapoor to star opposite Akshay Kumar in Bell-Bottom |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/fresh-pair-vaani-kapoor-to-star-opposite-akshay-kumar-in-bell-bottom-107912 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2020 |title=Huma Qureshi joins the cast of Akshay Kumar-starrer Bell Bottom |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/huma-qureshi-joins-the-cast-of-akshay-kumar-starrer-bell-bottom/story-etSZ12MItMgg9bg4FJf1NN.html |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Production==
The film was officially announced in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time we get back to work: Akshay Kumar announces ''''Bellbottom'''' with Vaani Kapoor to go on floors in August |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/time-we-get-back-to-work-akshay-kumar-announces-bellbottom-with-vaani-kapoor-to-go-on-floors-next-month/articleshow/76807499.cms |date=6 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Based on true events, ''Bell Bottom'' is set during 1980s about some unforgettable heroes of the era.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2019 |title=Bell Bottom first look: Akshay Kumar announces spy thriller based on true events, says it is not a remake |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bell-bottom-first-look-akshay-kumar-announces-spy-thriller-based-on-true-events-says-it-is-not-a-remake/story-tJVcTY7kWXYGekUheg6x0J.html |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=न्यूज़ |first=रवि जैन, एबीपी |date=6 July 2020 |title=कोरोना वायरस के बीच अगस्त में अक्षय कुमार शुरू करेंगे 'बेलबॉटम' की शूटिंग |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/shooting-of-akshay-kumars-film-bell-bottom-will-begin-in-august-ann-1453686 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> It became the first film to begin shooting post [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Akshay Kumar's Bell Bottom First Bollywood Film to Shoot in International Location Amid Coronavirus |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/akshay-kumars-bell-bottom-first-film-to-shoot-in-international-location-amid-coronavirus-2703011.html |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=News18}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] was completed in a single schedule from 20 August to 30 September 2020 in [[Glasgow]] and [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2020 |title=Akshay Kumar along with Jackky and Puja Bhagnani give the mahurat clap for Bellbottom |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/akshay-kumar-along-with-jackky-and-puja-bhagnani-give-the-mahurat-clap-for-bellbottom/ |access-date=22 August 2020 |work=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/akshay-kumar-starrer-bell-bottoms-team-smiles-return-mumbai/ |title=Akshay Kumar starrer Bell Bottom's team is all smiles as they return to Mumbai |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=4 October 2020 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>

==Release==

The film was initially set for theatrical release on 22 January 2021 but was later moved to 2 April, then to 28 May and later to 27 July 2021 as it faced delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bell-bottom-akshay-kumars-film-wont-release-on-ott-makers-slam-reports-2426241 |title=No Speculation On Release Of Akshay Kumar's Bell Bottom Please, Urge Makers |publisher=NDTV |first=Nisha |last=Singh |date=3 May 2021 |access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref> Post the second wave of the pandemic in India, it was the first film to release theatrically except in [[Maharashtra]] theatres that were closed at that time. The film released on 19 August 2021 in [[3D film|3D]].<ref name="release date"/> It premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 16 September, and in Maharashtra cinemas on 22 October 2021.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bell Bottom
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], Shantanu Dutta, Gurnazar and [[Maninder Buttar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 August 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bell-bottom/tA8NV3cePKk_ |title=Bell Bottom – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=3 August 2021 |publisher=Jiosaavn |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827184116/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bell-bottom/tA8NV3cePKk_ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| recorded = 2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:08
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Saregama|Saregama Music]]
}}

The [[film score]] is composed by Daniel B. George while [[Julius Packiam]] composed the trailer score. The songs featured in the film are composed by [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], Shantanu Dutta, Gurnazar and [[Maninder Buttar]] while lyrics are written by [[Rashmi Virag]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Babbu Maan]], Maninder Buttar, Seema Saini and Gurnazar.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

The song ''Sakhiyan2.0'' was a remake of the 2018 Punjabi song ''Sakhiyan'' by [[Maninder Buttar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-vaani-kapoor-get-groovy-in-bellbottom-song-sakhiyan-2-0-huma-qureshi-bhangra-7451952/ |title=Akshay Kumar-Vaani Kapoor get groovy in BellBottom song Sakhiyan 2.0, Huma Qureshi's bhangra has all our attention |work=The Indian Express |date=13 August 2021 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 21:08
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bell Bottom Theme - Dhoom Tara
| extra1 = Zara Khan
| lyrics1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| music1 = Tanishk Bagchi
| length1 = 2:05
| title2 = Marjaawaan
| extra2 = Gurnazar, [[Asees Kaur]]
| lyrics2 = Gurnazar
| music2 = Gurnazar
| length2 = 3:45
| title3 = Sakhiyan2.0
| extra3 = Maninder Buttar, Zara Khan
| lyrics3 = [[Babbu Maan]], [[Maninder Buttar]], Tanishk Bagchi
| music3 = Maninder Buttar, Tanishk Bagchi
| length3 = 2:57
| title4 = Tum Aaogey
| extra4 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| music4 = [[Amaal Mallik]]
| lyrics4 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| length4 = 4:44
| title5 = Khair Mangde
| extra5 = Pratibha Singh Baghel
| music5 = Shantanu Dutta
| lyrics5 = Seema Saini
| length5 = 3:49
| title6 = Khair Mangde
| note6 = Male Version
| extra6 = [[Darshan Raval]]
| music6 = Shantanu Dutta
| lyrics6 = Seema Saini
| length6 = 3:48
}}

== Box office ==
''Bell Bottom'' earned {{INR}}2.75 [[crore]] at the domestic box office on its opening day. On the second day, the film collected {{INR}}8.60 crore. On the third day, the film collected {{INR}}3 crore. On the fourth day, the film collected {{INR}}36.40 crore, taking total opening weekend domestic collection to {{INR}}52.75 crore.<ref name="bo">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bell-bottom/box-office/ |title=Bell Bottom 3D Box Office |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=19 August 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref>

As of 1 October 2021, The film grossed {{INR}}36.46 crore in India and {{INR}}14.12 crore overseas, the film has a worldwide gross collection of {{INR}}50.58 crore.<ref name="bo" />

==Reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|54|5.2|13|consensus=|ref=yes|access-date=28 February 2025}}

Suchin Mehrotra writing for ''[[Film Companion]]'' criticised the screenplay of the movie saying that, “in the end, somewhere buried within Bell Bottom are the building blocks of a great thriller. It's just shrouded in simplistic storytelling and ‘hijacked’ by the pressures of the big Hindi movie formula.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehrotra |first=Suchin |date=21 August 2021 |title=Bell Bottom Review: A Riveting Story Hijacked By Simplistic Storytelling |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/bell-bottom-movie-review-a-riveting-story-hijacked-by-simplistic-storytelling-akshay-kumar-lara-dutta-vaani-kapoor/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=Film Companion |language=en-US}}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' praised the film for being an edge-of-the-seat thriller.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bellbottom-movie-review-akshay-kumar-is-tailor-made-for-this-spy-thriller-lara-dutta-nails-it-as-indira-gandhi-101629306285297.html |title=BellBottom movie review: Akshay Kumar brings an edge-of-the-seat thriller, Lara Dutta and Vaani Kapoor impress |date=18 August 2021}}</ref>

==Controversy==
The film was banned in three Gulf countries, namely [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Qatar]]. The film certification authorities banned it on grounds of tampering with historical facts. It was pointed out that the 1984 incident actually had the [[United Arab Emirates]] Defence Minister [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] and the UAE authorities getting the hijackers, while the film portrayed Kumar's character and his team as the real heroes of the mission.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/akshay-kumars-bell-bottom-banned-in-three-gulf-countries-know-reason-4110674.html |title=Akshay Kumar's Bell Bottom Banned in Three Gulf Countries, Know Reason |website=[[News18]] |date=21 August 2021 |access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-starrer-bellbottom-banned-saudi-arabia-qatar-kuwait-due-content-not-fit-exhibition/ |title=Akshay Kumar starrer Bellbottom banned in Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Kuwait due to content not fit for exhibition |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=20 August 2021 |access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* "[[Mere Sapno Ki Rani]]", song shown in the film
* [[Bell-bottoms]]
* [[1980s in Indian fashion]]
* [[1980 in India]]
* [[Operation Tupac]]
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by location#India]]
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by airline (D–O)#I]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|11260832}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes | bellbottom }}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|bell-bottom}}

[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films about aircraft hijackings]]
[[Category:Films set on airplanes]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]
[[Category:2021 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy action films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Indian aviation films]]
[[Category:Films set in airports]]
[[Category:2021 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:2021 3D films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ranjit M Tewari]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Intelligence Bureau (India) in fiction]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Glasgow]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in 1979]]
[[Category:Films set in 1984]]
[[Category:Fiction about the insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:Films set in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Lahore]]
[[Category:Films set in Islamabad]]
[[Category:Films set in Karachi]]
[[Category:Films set in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
[[Category:Morarji Desai]]
[[Category:Zia-ul-Haq]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]

Buddhism

2026-03-01T10:09:20Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Indian religion and philosophy}}
{{Redirect|Buddhadharma|those who practise Buddhism|Buddhists}}
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[[File:Kamakura Budda Daibutsu front 1885.jpg|thumb|The [[Kamakura Daibutsu]], a 13th-century bronze statue of the Buddha [[Amitābha]] in [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], Japan]]
{{Buddhism}}


'''Buddhism''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ʊ|d|ɪ|z|əm}} {{respell|BUUD|ih|zəm}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|b|uː|d|-}} {{respell|BOOD|-}}{{sfnp|Wells|2008|p=}}{{sfnp|Roach|2011|p=}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/buddhism |title=buddhism noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{pipe}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213071447/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/buddhism |url-status=live}}</ref>}} also known as '''Buddha-dharma''' and '''Dharmavinaya''', is an [[Indian religion]] and [[Indian philosophy|philosophy]]{{efn|Scholars speak of ''Indian religions and philosophies'' to refer to those traditions that originated on the Indian subcontinent, though Buddhism is mostly practiced outside of India today.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jonathan H. X. Lee|author2=Kathleen M. Nadeau |title=Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/504 |year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35066-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/504 504]}}, Quote: "The three other major Indian religions – Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism – originated in India as an alternative to Brahmanic/Hindu philosophy"</ref><ref>[[Jan Gonda]] (1987), ''Indian Religions: An Overview – Buddhism and Jainism'', Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd Edition, Volume 7, Editor: Lindsay Jones, Macmillan Reference, {{ISBN|0-02-865740-3}}, p. 4428</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=[[K. T. S. Sarao]]|author2=Jefferey Long |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions: Buddhism and Jainism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0_njwEACAAJ |year=2017 |publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-94-024-0851-5}}, Quote: "Buddhism and Jainism, two religions which, together with Hinduism, constitute the three pillars of Indic religious tradition in its classical formulation."</ref>}} based on [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|teachings]] attributed to [[the Buddha]], a ''[[śramaṇa]]'' and religious teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century [[Before the Common Era|BCE]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Siderits |first1=Mark |title=Buddha |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddha/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |date=2019 |access-date=22 October 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521121053/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddha/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the [[Major religious groups|world's fourth-largest religion]],<ref>"Buddhism". (2009). In ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved 26 November 2009, from ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition''.</ref>{{sfnp|Lopez|2001|p=239}} with about 320 million followers, known as [[Buddhists]], who comprise 4.1% of the global population.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> It arose in the eastern [[Gangetic plain]] as a {{Transliteration|sa|[[śramaṇa]]}} movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of [[Asia]]. Buddhism has subsequently played a major role in Asian culture and spirituality, eventually spreading to [[Western world|the West]] in the 20th century.

According to tradition, the Buddha instructed his followers in a path of [[bhavana|cultivation]] that leads to [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|awakening]] and [[moksha|full liberation]] from ''[[Duḥkha|dukkha]]'' (lit. 'suffering';{{refn|group=note|name="pain"}} 'unease', 'unsatisfactoriness') by attaining [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvana]], the 'blowing out' (extinguishing) of the passions. He regarded this path as a [[Middle Way]] between extreme asceticism and sensory indulgence,{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=23, 81}}{{sfnp|Keown|1996|pp=24, 59}}{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2011|pp=233–237}}{{sfnp|Schuhmacher |Woener|1991|p=143}} and also between the extremes of [[Sassatavada|eternalism]] and [[nihilism]].{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=72}}{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2003|p=49, ''antagrahadrsti''}} Teaching that ''dukkha'' arises alongside [[Upādāna|attachment or clinging]], the Buddha advised [[Buddhist meditation|meditation practices]] and [[Buddhist ethics|ethical precepts]] rooted in [[Ahimsa|non-harming]]. Widely observed teachings include the [[Four Noble Truths]], the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], and the doctrines of [[dependent origination]], [[Karma in Buddhism|karma]], and the [[three marks of existence]]. Other commonly observed elements include the [[Triple Gem]], the taking of [[Buddhist monasticism|monastic vows]], and the cultivation of perfections ({{Transliteration|sa|[[pāramitā]]}}).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Avison|first=Austin|date=October 4, 2021|title=Delusional Mitigation in Religious and Psychological Forms of Self-Cultivation: Buddhist and Clinical Insight on Delusional Symptomatology|url=https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1429&context=hilltopreview|journal=[[The Hilltop Review]]|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1–29|via=Digital Commons|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331183852/https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1429&context=hilltopreview|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Tripiṭaka|Buddhist canon]] is vast, with [[philosophical tradition]]s and many different textual collections in different languages (such as [[Sanskrit]], [[Pali]], [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibetan]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]]).<ref>[https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-buddhist-canon British Library ''The development of the Buddhist 'canon'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407060443/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-buddhist-canon |date=7 April 2021 }} at bl.uk. Retriebved 10 February 2023.</ref> [[Schools of Buddhism|Buddhist schools]] vary in their interpretation of the [[Buddhist paths to liberation|paths to liberation]] (''x{{Transliteration|sa|mārga}}'', "path") as well as the relative importance and "canonicity" assigned to various [[Buddhist texts]], and their specific teachings and practices.{{sfnp|Williams|1989|pp=275ff}}{{sfnp|Robinson|Johnson|1997|p=xx}} Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognised by scholars: [[Theravada|Theravāda]] ({{Literal translation|School of the Elders}}) and [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] ({{Literal translation|Great Vehicle}}). The Theravada tradition emphasises the attainment of {{Transliteration|sa|[[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvāṇa]]}} ({{Literal translation|extinguishing}}) as a means of transcending the individual self and ending the cycle of death and rebirth ({{Transliteration|sa|[[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)|saṃsāra]]}}),{{sfnp|Gethin |1998|pp=27–28, 73–74}}{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=99}}{{sfnp|Powers|2007|pp=392–393, 415}} while the Mahayana tradition emphasises the [[Bodhisattva|Bodhisattva ideal]], in which one works for the liberation of all sentient beings. Additionally, [[Vajrayāna]] ({{Literal translation|Indestructible Vehicle}}), a body of teachings incorporating esoteric [[tantra|tantric]] techniques, may be viewed as a separate branch or tradition within Mahāyāna.<ref name="White 2000 21">{{cite book |editor-last=White |editor-first=David Gordon |year=2000 |page=21 |title=Tantra in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hayV4o50eUEC&pg=PA21 |isbn=978-0-691-05779-8 |access-date=8 July 2015 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055825/https://books.google.com/books?id=hayV4o50eUEC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Mahāyāna branch, which includes the traditions of [[Tiantai]], [[Chan Buddhism|Chan]], [[Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land]], [[Zen]], [[Nichiren Buddhism|Nichiren]] and [[Tendai]], is the largest branch of Buddhism, being predominantly practised in [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[China]], [[Malaysia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Taiwan]], [[Korea]], and [[Japan]]. The second-largest branch, Theravada, is followed mainly in [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. [[Tibetan Buddhism]], a form of {{Transliteration|sa|Vajrayāna}}, is practised in the [[Himalayan states]] as well as in [[Mongolia]]{{sfnp|Powers|2007|pp=26–27}} and [[Kalmykia|Russian Kalmykia]] and [[Tuva]].<ref>"Candles in the Dark: A New Spirit for a Plural World" by Barbara Sundberg Baudot, p. 305</ref> Japanese [[Shingon]] also preserves the Vajrayana tradition as transmitted to [[Tangmi|China]]. Historically, until the early [[2nd millennium]], Buddhism was widely practised in [[Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent|the Indian subcontinent before declining there]];<ref>{{cite book |last1=Claus |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg4HEAAAQBAJ&dq=buddhism+indian+subcontinent+2nd+millennium&pg=PA80 |title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia |last2=Diamond |first2=Sarah |last3=Mills |first3=Margaret |date=2020-10-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-10122-5 |pages=80 |language=en |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055821/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg4HEAAAQBAJ&dq=buddhism+indian+subcontinent+2nd+millennium&pg=PA80 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Akira Hirakawa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjjwjC7rcOYC |title=A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna |author2=Paul Groner |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-208-0955-0 |pages=227–240}}</ref><ref name="Keown2004p208">{{cite book |author=Damien Keown |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC&pg=PA208 |title=A Dictionary of Buddhism |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-157917-2 |pages=208–209}}</ref> it also had a foothold to some extent elsewhere in Asia, namely [[Afghanistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], and [[Tajikistan]].<ref>[[Richard Foltz]], "Buddhism in the Iranian World," ''The Muslim World''. 100/2-3, 2010, pp. 204–214</ref>

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==Etymology==
The terms ''Buddhadharma'' and ''Bauddhadharma'' come from [[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|बुद्ध धर्म}} and {{lang|sa|बौद्ध धर्म}} respectively ("doctrine of the Enlightened One" and "doctrine of Buddhists"). The term ''Dharmavinaya'' comes from Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|धर्मविनय}}, literally meaning "doctrines [and] disciplines".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Buswell |first1=Robert |last2=Lopez |first2=Donald |date=2014 |title=Dharmavinaya |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-1236#:~:text=In%20Sanskrit%2C%20the%20“teaching”,(...%20... |via=Oxford Reference |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691157863}}</ref>

[[The Buddha]] ("the Awakened One") was a [[Śramaṇa]] who lived in [[South Asia]] c. 6th or 5th century BCE.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=7–8}}{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2013|pp=ix–xi}} Followers of Buddhism, called ''Buddhists'' in English, referred to themselves as ''Sakyan''-s or ''Sakyabhiksu'' in ancient India.<ref>''Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity'' by Richard Cohen. Routledge 1999. {{ISBN|0-415-54444-0}}. p. 33. "Donors adopted Sakyamuni Buddha's family name to assert their legitimacy as his heirs, both institutionally and ideologically. To take the name of Sakya was to define oneself by one's affiliation with the buddha, somewhat like calling oneself a Buddhist today.</ref><ref>''Sakya or Buddhist Origins'' by Caroline Rhys Davids (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1931) p. 1. "Put away the word "Buddhism" and think of your subject as "Sakya." This will at once place you for your perspective at a true point. You are now concerned to learn less about 'Buddha' and 'Buddhism,' and more about him whom India has ever known as Sakya-muni, and about his men who, as their records admit, were spoken of as the Sakya-sons, or men of the Sakyas."</ref> Buddhist scholar Donald S. Lopez asserts they also used the term ''Bauddha'',<ref>Lopez, Donald S. (1995). ''Curators of the Buddha'', University of Chicago Press. p. 7</ref> although the scholar Richard Cohen asserts that that term was used only by outsiders to describe Buddhists.<ref>''Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity'' by Richard Cohen. Routledge 1999. {{ISBN|0-415-54444-0}}. p. 33. Bauddha is "a secondary derivative of buddha, in which the vowel's lengthening indicates connection or relation. Things that are bauddha pertain to the buddha, just as things Saiva related to Siva and things Vaisnava belong to Visnu. ... baudda can be both adjectival and nominal; it can be used for doctrines spoken by the buddha, objects enjoyed by him, texts attributed to him, as well as individuals, communities, and societies that offer him reverence or accept ideologies certified through his name. Strictly speaking, Sakya is preferable to bauddha since the latter is not attested at Ajanta. In fact, as a collective noun, bauddha is an outsider's term. The bauddha did not call themselves this in India, though they did sometimes use the word adjectivally (e.g., as a possessive, the buddha's)."</ref>

==The Buddha==
{{Main|The Buddha}}

[[File:Tapa Shotor seated Buddha (Niche V1).jpg|thumb|[[The Buddha]], [[Tapa Shotor]] monastery in [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]], Afghanistan, 2nd century CE]]
[[File:BRP Lumbini Mayadevi temple.jpg|thumb|[[Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini|Maya Devi Temple]] marking the Buddha's birthplace in [[Lumbini]], Nepal]]
Details of the Buddha's life are mentioned in many [[Early Buddhist Texts]] but are inconsistent. His social background and life details are difficult to prove, and the precise dates are uncertain, although the 5th century BCE seems to be the best estimate.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=13–14}}{{Refn|group=note|Buddhist texts such as the [[Jataka tales]] of the Theravada Buddhist tradition, and early biographies such as the ''[[Buddhacarita]]'', the [[Lokottaravāda|Lokottaravādin]] ''[[Mahāvastu]]'', the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādin]] ''[[Lalitavistara Sūtra]]'', give different accounts about the life of the Buddha; many include stories of his many rebirths, and some add significant embellishments.{{sfnp|Swearer|2004|p=177}}{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=15–24}} Keown and Prebish state, "In the past, modern scholars have generally accepted 486 or 483 BCE for this [Buddha's death], but the consensus is now that they rest on evidence which is too flimsy.{{sfnp|Keown|Prebish|2010|pp=105–106}} Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order, but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies."{{sfnp|Buswell|2004|p=352}}{{sfnp|Lopez|1995|p=16}}{{sfnp|Carrithers|1986|p=10}}{{sfnp|Armstrong|2004|p=xii}}}}
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|thumb|Ancient kingdoms and cities of South Asia and Central Asia during the time of the Buddha (c. 500 BCE)—modern-day India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan]]
Early texts have the Buddha's family name as "Gautama" (Pali: Gotama), while some texts give Siddhartha as his surname. He was born in [[Lumbini]], present-day [[Nepal]] and grew up in [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]],{{refn|group=note|The exact identity of this ancient place is unclear. Please see [[Gautama Buddha]] article for various sites identified.}} a town in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Ganges Plain]], near the modern Nepal–India border, and he spent his life in what is now modern [[Bihar]]{{Refn|group=note|Bihar is derived from ''Vihara'', which means monastery.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|p=49}}}} and [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|p=49}}{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=13–14}} Some hagiographic legends state that his father was a king named [[Śuddhodana|Suddhodana]] and his mother was [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Queen Maya.]]<ref name="Thomas2013p16">{{cite book|author=Edward J. Thomas |title=The Life of Buddha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zfb9AQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-20121-9 |pages=16–29 }}</ref> Scholars such as [[Richard Gombrich]] consider this a dubious claim because a combination of evidence suggests he was born in the [[Shakya]] community, which was governed by a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|small oligarchy or republic-like council]] where there were no ranks but where seniority mattered instead.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|pp=49–50}} Some of the stories about the Buddha, his life, his teachings, and claims about the society he grew up in may have been invented and interpolated at a later time into the Buddhist texts.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|pp=18–19, 50–51}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Kurt Tropper |title=Tibetan Inscriptions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKFbFXQSqqUC |year=2013|publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-25241-7 |pages=60–61 with footnotes 134–136}}</ref>

Various details about the Buddha's background are contested in modern scholarship. For example, Buddhist texts assert that Buddha described himself as a [[kshatriya]] (warrior class), but Gombrich writes that little is known about his father and there is no proof that his father even knew the term ''kshatriya''.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|p=50}} ([[Mahavira]], whose teachings helped establish the ancient religion [[Jainism]], is also claimed to be ksatriya by his early followers.){{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|pp=50–51}}

According to early texts such as the Pali ''Ariyapariyesanā-sutta'' ("The discourse on the noble quest", [[Majjhima Nikāya|MN]] 26) and its Chinese parallel at [[Madhyama Agama|MĀ]] 204, Gautama was moved by the suffering (''[[dukkha]]'') of life and death, and its [[Samsara|endless repetition]] due to [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]].<ref>Analayo (2011). ''[https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/compstudyvol1.pdf A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221203202/https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/compstudyvol1.pdf |date=21 December 2022 }} (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90)'', p. 170.</ref> He thus set out on a quest to find liberation from suffering (also known as "[[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvana]]").<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wynne |first=Alexander |title=Did the Buddha exist? |journal=Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies |date=2019 |volume=16 |pages=98–148 |url=http://jocbs.org/index.php/jocbs/article/view/193 |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202154933/http://jocbs.org/index.php/jocbs/article/view/193 |url-status=live }}</ref> Early texts and biographies state that Gautama first studied under two teachers of meditation, namely [[Āḷāra Kālāma]] (Sanskrit: Arada Kalama) and [[Uddaka Rāmaputta|Uddaka Ramaputta]] (Sanskrit: Udraka Ramaputra), learning meditation and philosophy, particularly the meditative attainment of "the sphere of nothingness" from the former, and "the sphere of neither perception nor non-perception" from the latter.{{sfnp|Wynne|2007|pp=8–23}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Hajime Nakamura |title=Gotama Buddha: A Biography Based on the Most Reliable Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt8QAQAAIAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=Kosei |isbn=978-4-333-01893-2 |pages=127–129 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055826/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt8QAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|The earliest Buddhist biographies of the Buddha mention these Vedic-era teachers. Outside of these early Buddhist texts, these names do not appear, which has led some scholars to raise doubts about the historicity of these claims.{{sfnp|Wynne|2007|pp=8–23}}{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2013|pp=19–32}} According to Alexander Wynne, the evidence suggests that Buddha studied under these Vedic-era teachers and they "almost certainly" taught him, but the details of his education are unclear.{{sfnp|Wynne|2007|pp=8–23}}{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1993|pp=22–26}}}}

Finding these teachings to be insufficient to attain his goal, he turned to the practice of severe [[asceticism]], which included a strict [[fasting]] regime and various forms of [[Pranayama|breath control]].<ref name="Analayo 2011 p. 236">Analayo (2011). "''A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90)''", p. 236.</ref> This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the meditative practice of ''[[Dhyāna in Buddhism|dhyana]]''. He famously sat in [[meditation]] under a ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'' tree—now called the [[Bodhi Tree]]—in the town of [[Bodh Gaya]] and attained "Awakening" ([[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Bodhi]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=K.T.S |first1=Sarao |title=The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya |date=2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9789811580673 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5n9DwAAQBAJ&q=history+of+the+mahabodhi+temple |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055821/https://books.google.com/books?id=H5n9DwAAQBAJ&q=history+of+the+mahabodhi+temple |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to various early texts like the ''Mahāsaccaka-sutta,'' and the ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta]],'' on awakening, the Buddha gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, as well as achieving the ending of the mental defilements (''[[asava]]s''), the ending of suffering, and the end of rebirth in [[saṃsāra]].<ref name="Analayo 2011 p. 236"/> This event also brought certainty about the [[Middle Way]] as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering.{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2011|pp=233–237}}{{sfnp|Schuhmacher |Woener|1991|p=143}} As a [[Buddhahood#Samyaksambuddha|fully enlightened Buddha]], he attracted followers and founded a ''[[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]]'' (monastic order).{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|pp=49–51}} He spent the rest of his life teaching the [[Dharma]] he had discovered, and then died, achieving "[[Parinirvana|final nirvana]]", at the age of 80 in [[Kushinagar]], India.{{sfnp|Keown|2003|p=267}}{{sfnp|Keown|Prebish|2010|pp=105–106}}{{according to whom|date=March 2024}}

The Buddha's teachings were propagated by his followers, which in the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE became various [[Schools of Buddhism|Buddhist schools of thought]], each with its own [[Tripiṭaka|basket of texts]] containing different interpretations and authentic teachings of the Buddha;{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=54–55}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Barbara Crandall |title=Gender and Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zq7UAwAAQBAJ |edition=2nd |year=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-4871-1 |pages=56–58 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055820/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zq7UAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=britannicatipitaka/> these over time evolved into many traditions of which the more well known and widespread in the modern era are [[Theravada]], [[Mahayana]] and [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sarah LeVine |author2=David N Gellner |title=Rebuilding Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9C1iF3MAYgC |year=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-04012-0 |pages=1–19 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=1–5}}

==Worldview==

{{Main|Glossary of Buddhism}}

The term "Buddhism" is an occidental neologism, commonly (and "rather roughly" according to [[Donald S. Lopez Jr.]]) used as a translation for the [[Dharma]] of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], ''fójiào'' in Chinese, ''bukkyō'' in Japanese, ''nang pa sangs rgyas pa'i chos'' in Tibetan, ''buddhadharma'' in Sanskrit, ''buddhaśāsana'' in Pali.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Donald S. Lopez Jr.]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNA6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14|title=Hyecho's Journey: The World of Buddhism|date=2017-12-21|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-51806-0|language=en|page=XIV|access-date=27 September 2020|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055821/https://books.google.com/books?id=SNA6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Four Noble Truths – ''dukkha'' and its ending===
{{Main|Dukkha|Four Noble Truths}}

{{See also|Prapanca}}
[[File:Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Dharmacakra Discourse.jpeg|thumb|left|alt=color manuscript illustration of Buddha teaching the [[Four Noble Truths]], Nalanda, Bihar, India|The Buddha teaching the Four Noble Truths. [[Sanskrit]] manuscript. [[Nalanda]], Bihar, India]]

The Four Noble Truths, or the truths of the [[Arhat|Noble Ones]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Four-Noble-Truths |title=Four Noble Truths: BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=31 March 2024 |quote=Although the term Four Noble Truths is well known in English, it is a misleading translation of the Pali term Chattari-ariya-saccani (Sanskrit: Chatvari-arya-satyani), because noble (Pali: ariya; Sanskrit: arya) refers not to the truths themselves but to those who recognize and understand them. A more accurate rendering, therefore, might be 'four truths for the [spiritually] noble'}}</ref> express the basic orientation of Buddhism: everything is impermanent, yet we [[Upādāna|crave and cling]] to [[saṅkhāra#Conditioned things|impermanent states and things]], which is ''dukkha'', "incapable of satisfying" and painful.{{sfnp|Nyanatiloka|1980|p=65}}{{sfnp|Emmanuel|2013|p=30}}{{sfnp|Williams|2002|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Lopez|2009|p=147}} This keeps us caught in [[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)|saṃsāra]], metaphysically interpreted as the endless cycle of repeated [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]], dukkha and dying again,{{refn|group=note|name="Samsara"|On samsara, rebirth and redeath: * Paul Williams: "All rebirth is due to karma and is impermanent. Short of attaining enlightenment, in each rebirth one is born and dies, to be reborn elsewhere in accordance with the completely impersonal causal nature of one's own karma. The endless cycle of birth, rebirth, and redeath, is samsara."{{sfnp|Williams|2002|pp=74–75}} * Buswell and Lopez on "rebirth": "An English term that does not have an exact correlate in Buddhist languages, rendered instead by a range of technical terms, such as the Sanskrit ''Punarjanman'' ({{lit|birth again}}) and ''Punabhavan'' ({{lit|re-becoming}}), and, less commonly, the related [[Redeath|PUNARMRTYU]] ({{lit|redeath}})."{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2003|p=708}} See also Perry Schmidt-Leukel (2006) pp. 32–34,{{sfnp|Schmidt-Leukel|2006|pp=32–34}} John J. Makransky (1997) p. 27.{{sfnp|Makransky|1997|p=27}} for the use of the term "redeath". The term ''Agatigati'' or ''Agati gati'' (plus a few other terms) is generally translated as 'rebirth, redeath'; see any Pali-English dictionary; e.g. pp. 94–95 of Rhys Davids & William Stede, where they list five Sutta examples with rebirth and re-death sense.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC&pg=PA94|title=Pali-English Dictionary|first1=Thomas William Rhys|last1=Davids|first2=William|last2=Stede|date=21 July 1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=9788120811447|via=Google Books}}</ref>}} also interpreted as a psychological cycle of repetitious rebirth of the ego.<ref name="Payutto">Payutto, ''Dependent Origination: the Buddhist Law of Causality''</ref><ref group=web name="Buddhadasa">{{cite web |last=Buddhadasa |first=Bhikkhu |title=Paticcasamuppada: Practical dependent Origination |url=http://www.dhammatalks.net/Books6/Bhikkhu_Buddhadasa_Paticcasamuppada.htm |via=DhammaTalks.net}}</ref>

But there is a way to [[moksha|liberation]] from this endless cycle{{sfnp|Warder|2000|pp=45–46}} to the state of [[nirvana]], namely following the [[Noble Eightfold Path]].{{refn|group=note|name="Moksha"|Graham Harvey: "Siddhartha Gautama found an end to rebirth in this world of suffering. His teachings, known as the dharma in Buddhism, can be summarized in the Four Noble truths."{{sfnp|Harvey|2016}} Geoffrey Samuel (2008): "The Four Noble Truths [...] describe the knowledge needed to set out on the path to liberation from rebirth."{{sfnp|Samuel|2008|p=136}} See also:{{Sfnp|Spiro|1982|p=42}}{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|pp=xxi, xxxi–xxxii}}{{sfnp|Makransky|1997|pp=27–28}}{{sfnp|Williams|2002|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Lopez|2009|p=147}}{{sfnp|Harvey|2016}}{{sfnp|Kingsland|2016|p=286}}<ref group=web name="EB-DL Four Truths" /><ref group=web>Thanissaro Bhikkhu, [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/truth_of_rebirth.html "The Truth of Rebirth and Why it Matters for Buddhist Practice"] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522055834/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/truth_of_rebirth.html |date=22 May 2016 }})</ref> The Theravada tradition holds that insight into these four truths is liberating in itself.{{sfnp|Carter|1987|p=3179}} This is reflected in the Pali Canon.{{sfnp|Anderson|2013}} According to Donald Lopez, "The Buddha stated in his first sermon that when he gained absolute and intuitive knowledge of the four truths, he achieved complete enlightenment and freedom from future rebirth."<ref group=web name="EB-DL Four Truths">Donald Lopez, [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Four-Noble-Truths "Four Noble Truths"] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518100726/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Four-Noble-Truths |date=18 May 2020 }}), ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.</ref> The ''[[Maha-parinibbana Sutta]]'' also refers to this liberation.<ref group=web>{{Cite web|url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html|title=Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha|website=www.accesstoinsight.org|access-date=12 September 2021|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625002728/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Carol Anderson: "The second passage where the four truths appear in the ''Vinaya-pitaka'' is also found in the ''Mahaparinibbana-sutta'' (D II 90–91). Here, the Buddha explains that it is by not understanding the four truths that rebirth continues."{{sfnp|Anderson|2013|p=162 with note 38, for context see pp. 1–3}} On the meaning of moksha as liberation from rebirth, see Patrick Olivelle in the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.<ref group=web name="Brittanica">[[Patrick Olivelle]] (2012), [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387852/moksha "Moksha (Indian religions)"] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430005419/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387852/moksha |date=30 April 2015 }}). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.</ref>}}

The truth of ''[[dukkha]]'' is the basic insight that life in this mundane world, with its clinging and craving to [[Saṅkhāra#Conditioned things|impermanent states and things]]{{sfnp|Nyanatiloka|1980|p=65}} is ''dukkha'', and unsatisfactory.{{sfnp|Williams|2002|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Lopez|2009|p=147}}<ref group=web name="EB-DL Four Truths" /> ''Dukkha'' can be translated as "incapable of satisfying",<ref group=web name="Sumedho-first">[http://www.buddhanet.net/4noble.htm Ajahn Sumedho, ''The First Noble Truth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991105193724/http://www.buddhanet.net/4noble.htm |date=5 November 1999 }} (nb: links to index-page; click "The First Noble Truth" for correct page.</ref> "the unsatisfactory nature and the general insecurity of all [[Saṅkhāra#Conditioned things|conditioned phenomena]]"; or "painful".{{sfnp|Nyanatiloka|1980|p=65}}{{sfnp|Emmanuel|2013|p=30}} ''Dukkha'' is most commonly translated as "suffering", but this is inaccurate, since it refers not to episodic suffering, but to the intrinsically unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things, including pleasant but temporary experiences.{{refn|group=note|name="pain"|As opposite to ''sukha'', "pleasure", it is better translated as "pain".{{sfnp|Emmanuel|2013|pp=26–31}}}} We expect happiness from states and things which are impermanent, and therefore cannot attain real happiness.

The Four Noble Truths are:

* ''[[dukkha]]'' ("not being at ease", "suffering") is an innate characteristic of the perpetual cycle (''[[samsara]]'', {{literally|wandering}}) of [[Upādāna|grasping]] at things, ideas and habits
* ''samudaya'' (origin, arising, combination; "cause"): ''dukkha'' is caused by, or arises with, ''[[taṇhā]]'' ("craving," "desire" or "attachment," literally "thirst")
* ''[[nirodha]]'' (cessation, ending, confinement): ''dukkha'' can be ended or contained by the confinement or letting go of ''taṇhā''
* ''marga'' (path) is the path leading to the confinement of ''taṇhā'' and ''dukkha'', classically the [[Noble Eightfold Path]] but also summarised in [[Buddhist paths to liberation|other paths to liberation]]

===Three marks of existence===
{{main|Three marks of existence}}

Buddhism teaches that the idea that anything is permanent or that there is self in any being is ignorance or misperception (''[[Avidyā (Buddhism)|avijjā]]''), and that this is the primary source of clinging and dukkha.<ref>{{cite book |author=Brian Morris |title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85241-8 |page=51 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055822/https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51 |url-status=live }}, Quote: "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps – the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering."</ref><ref name="GombrichScherrer2008p209">{{cite book|author1=Richard Francis Gombrich|author2=Cristina Anna Scherrer-Schaub|title=Buddhist Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7_Rea05eAMC|year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3248-0|pages=209–210|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055822/https://books.google.com/books?id=U7_Rea05eAMC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HoffmanMahinda2013p162">{{cite book |author1=Frank Hoffman |author2=Deegalle Mahinda |title=Pali Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSNeAgAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-78553-5 |pages=162–165 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055821/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pali_Buddhism/pSNeAgAAQBAJ?hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ignorance is countered by insight (''[[Prajñā (Buddhism)|paññā]]''); most schools of Buddhism, therefore, teach [[three marks of existence]], which fundamentally characterise all phenomena:{{sfnp|Gombrich|2005a|p=47, Quote: "All phenomenal existence [in Buddhism] is said to have three interlocking characteristics: impermanence, suffering and lack of soul or essence."}}
* ''[[Impermanence (Buddhism)|Anicca]]'': impermanence
* ''[[Duḥkha|Dukkha]]'': unsatisfactoriness
* ''[[Anattā]]'': non-self; living things have no permanent immanent soul or essence<ref name=britannicaanatta>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta "Anatta Buddhism"] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122042635/https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta |date=22 January 2021 }}), ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (2013)</ref><ref>[a] {{cite book|author=Christmas Humphreys|title=Exploring Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22877-3|pages=42–43|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055822/https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC|url-status=live}} [b] {{harvtxt|Gombrich|2005a|p=47}}, Quote: "(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon."</ref><ref name=5sourcesanatta>''[a]'' [https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta Anatta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122042635/https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta |date=22 January 2021 }}, ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (2013), Quote: "Anatta in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman ("the self")."; ''[b]'' Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2217-5}}, p. 64; "Central to Buddhist [[soteriology]] is the doctrine of [[Anattā|not-self]] (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."; ''[c]'' John C. Plott et al. (2000), ''Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age'', Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0158-5}}, p. 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism"; ''[d]'' Katie Javanaud (2013), [https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913132314/https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana |date=13 September 2017 }}, Philosophy Now; ''[e]'' David Loy (1982), "Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?", ''International Philosophical Quarterly'', Volume 23, Issue 1, pp. 65–74</ref>

Some schools describe four characteristics or "four seals of the Dharma", adding to the above
* [[Nirvana]] is peaceful/peace (''śānta/śānti'')<ref>Ulrich Timme Kragh (editor), ''The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners'': ''The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1'' Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2013, p. 144.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara (3) | 84000 Reading Room |url=https://read.84000.co/translation/toh155.html}}</ref>

===The cycle of rebirth===
[[File:Wheel_of_Existence.jpg|thumb|Traditional [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] [[Thangka]] depicting the [[Bhavacakra|Wheel of Life]] with its six realms]]

====Saṃsāra====
{{Main|Saṃsāra (Buddhism)}}

''Saṃsāra'' means "wandering" or "world", with the connotation of cyclic, circuitous change.{{sfnp|Klostermaier|2010|p=604}}{{sfnp|Juergensmeyer|Roof|2011|pp=271–272}} It refers to the theory of rebirth and "cyclicality of all life, matter, existence", a fundamental assumption of Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions.{{sfnp|Juergensmeyer|Roof|2011|pp=271–272}}{{sfnp|Trainor|2004|p=58, Quote: "Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next.}} Samsara in Buddhism is considered to be ''[[dukkha]]'', unsatisfactory and painful,{{sfnp|Wilson|2010}} perpetuated by desire and ''[[Avidyā (Buddhism)|avidya]]'' (ignorance), and the resulting [[karma]].{{sfnp|Juergensmeyer|Roof|2011|pp=271–272}}{{sfnp|McClelland|2010|pp=172, 240}}{{sfnp|Williams|Tribe|Wynne|2012|pp=18–19, chapter 1}} Liberation from this cycle of existence, ''nirvana'', has been the foundation and the most important historical justification of Buddhism.{{sfnp|Conze|2013|p=71, Quote: "Nirvana is the ''raison d'être'' of Buddhism, and its ultimate justification."}}{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=119}}

Buddhist texts assert that rebirth can occur in six realms of existence, namely three good realms (heavenly, demi-god, human) and three evil realms (animal, hungry ghosts, hellish).{{refn|group=note|name=realms2|Earlier Buddhist texts refer to five realms rather than six realms; when described as five realms, the god realm and demi-god realm constitute a single realm.{{sfnp|Buswell|2004|pp=711–712}}}} Samsara ends if a person attains [[nirvana]], the "blowing out" of the afflictions through insight into [[impermanence]] and "[[anatta|non-self]]".{{sfnp|Buswell|Gimello|1992|pp=7–8, 83–84}}{{sfnp|Choong|1999|pp=28–29, Quote: "Seeing (''passati'') the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana."}}{{sfnp|Rahula|2014|pp=51-58}}

====Rebirth====
{{Main|Rebirth (Buddhism)}}

[[File:Kushinara1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A very large hill behind two palm trees and a boulevard, where the Buddha is believed to have been cremated|Ramabhar Stupa in [[Kushinagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, is regionally believed to be Buddha's cremation site.]]
Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of [[Sentient beings (Buddhism)|sentient life]], each running from conception to death.{{sfnp|Keown|1996|p=107}} In Buddhist thought, this rebirth does not involve a [[soul]] or any fixed substance. This is because the Buddhist doctrine of [[anatta|anattā]] (Sanskrit: ''anātman'', no-self doctrine) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul found in other religions.<ref name="Leaman2002p23">{{cite book |author=Oliver Leaman |title=Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK-GAgAAQBAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-68919-4 |pages=23–27 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055822/https://books.google.com/books?id=vK-GAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[a] {{cite book |author=Christmas Humphreys |title=Exploring Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-22877-3 |pages=42–43 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055822/https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC |url-status=live }} [b] {{cite book |author=Brian Morris |title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85241-8 |page=51 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055822/https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51 |url-status=live }}, Quote: "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps – the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering." [c] {{harvtxt|Gombrich|2005a|p=47}}, Quote: "(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon."</ref>

The Buddhist traditions have traditionally disagreed on what it is in a person that is reborn, as well as how quickly the rebirth occurs after death.{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2003|pp=708–709}}<ref name="Neufeldt1986p123">{{cite book|author=Ronald Wesley Neufeldt|title=Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaRWtgXjplQC|year=1986|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-87395-990-2|pages=123–131|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055823/https://books.google.com/books?id=iaRWtgXjplQC|url-status=live}}</ref> Some Buddhist traditions assert that "no self" doctrine means that there is no enduring self, but there is ''avacya'' (inexpressible) personality (''[[Pudgalavada|pudgala]]'') which migrates from one life to another.{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2003|pp=708–709}} The majority of Buddhist traditions, in contrast, assert that [[vijñāna]] (a person's consciousness) though evolving, exists as a continuum and is the mechanistic basis of what undergoes the rebirth process.{{sfnp|Williams|2002|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2003|pp=708–709}} The quality of one's rebirth depends on the [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]] or demerit gained by one's karma (i.e., actions), as well as that accrued on one's behalf by a family member.{{Refn|group=note|This merit gaining may be on the behalf of one's family members.{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2003|pp=708–709}}<ref name="Neufeldt1986p123"/><ref name="SwatosKivisto1998p66">{{cite book|author1=William H. Swatos|author2=Peter Kivisto|title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C|year=1998|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0-7619-8956-1|page=66|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055832/https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Buddhism also developed [[Buddhist cosmology|a complex cosmology]] to explain the various realms or planes of rebirth.{{sfnp|Wilson|2010}}

====Karma====
{{Main|Karma in Buddhism}}

[[Karma in Buddhism|In Buddhism]], [[karma]] (from [[Sanskrit]]: "action, work") drives ''[[saṃsāra]]''—the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (Pāli: ''kusala'') and bad, unskilful deeds (Pāli: ''akusala'') produce "seeds" in the unconscious receptacle (''ālaya'') that mature later either in this life or in a subsequent [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]].{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=131, 32–34}}{{sfnp|Kasulis |2006|pp=1–12}} The existence of karma is a core belief in Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions, and it implies neither fatalism nor that everything that happens to a person is caused by karma.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=40–41}} (Diseases and suffering induced by the disruptive actions of other people are examples of non-karma suffering.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=40–41}})

A central aspect of Buddhist theory of karma is that intent (''[[cetanā]]'') matters and is essential to bring about a consequence or ''[[phala]]'' "fruit" or [[vipāka]] "result".{{sfnp|Krishan|1997|pages=59–78 }} The emphasis on intent in Buddhism marks a difference from the karmic theory of Jainism, where karma accumulates with or without intent.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=40}}{{sfnp|Krishan|1997|pp=47, 55 }} The emphasis on intent is also found in Hinduism, and Buddhism may have influenced karma theories of Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Norman C. McClelland|title=Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC |year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8|page=141}}</ref>

In Buddhism, good or bad karma accumulates even if there is no physical action, and just having ill or good thoughts creates karmic seeds; thus, actions of body, speech or mind all lead to karmic seeds.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=40–41}} In the Buddhist traditions, life aspects affected by the law of karma in past and current births of a being include the form of rebirth, realm of rebirth, social class, character and major circumstances of a lifetime.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=40–41}}{{sfnp|Spiro|1982|p=430 with footnote 1}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Karl Potter|editor=Ronald Wesley Neufeldt|title=Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaRWtgXjplQC|year=1986|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-87395-990-2|page=109|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055823/https://books.google.com/books?id=iaRWtgXjplQC|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the theory, it operates like the laws of physics, without external intervention, on every being in all [[Samsara (Buddhism)|six realms]] of existence including human beings and gods.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=40–41}}{{sfnp|Lopez|2001|pp=239–248}}

A notable aspect of the karma theory in modern Buddhism is merit transfer.<ref name=appletonp129>{{cite book |author=Naomi Appleton |title=Narrating Karma and Rebirth: Buddhist and Jain Multi-Life Stories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhT7AgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-91640-0 |pages=129–131 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055838/https://books.google.com/books?id=AhT7AgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Spiro|1982|pp=124–128}} A person accumulates merit not only through intentions and ethical living, but also is able to gain merit from others by exchanging goods and services, such as through ''dāna'' (charity to monks or nuns).{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=45–46}} The theory also states a person can transfer one's own good karma to living family members and ancestors.{{sfnp|Spiro|1982|pp=124–128}}

This Buddhist idea may have roots in the ''quid-pro-quo'' exchange beliefs of the Hindu Vedic rituals.<ref name="Egge2013">{{cite book|author=James Egge |title=Religious Giving and the Invention of Karma in Theravada Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1tcAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-85922-9 |pages=31–34 }}</ref> The "karma merit transfer" concept has been controversial, not accepted in later Jainism and Hinduism traditions, unlike Buddhism where it was adopted in ancient times and remains a common practice.<ref name=appletonp129/> According to Bruce Reichenbach, the "merit transfer" idea was generally absent in early Buddhism and may have emerged with the rise of Mahayana Buddhism; he adds that while major Hindu schools such as Yoga, Advaita Vedanta and others do not believe in merit transfer, some bhakti Hindu traditions later adopted the idea just like Buddhism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bruce Reichenbach |title=The Law of Karma: A Philosophical Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euWuCwAAQBAJ |year=1990|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-11899-1 |pages=152–155 }}</ref>

===Liberation===
{{Main|Moksha|Nirvana (Buddhism)}}

[[File:050_Mucilinda_with_his_Wives_around_the_Buddha_(32999346203).jpg|thumb|An [[Aniconism|aniconic]] depiction of the Buddha's spiritual liberation (''moksha'') or awakening (''bodhi''), at [[Sanchi]]. The Buddha is not depicted, only symbolised by the Bodhi tree and the empty seat]]
The cessation of the ''[[Kleshas (Buddhism)|kleshas]]'' and the attainment of [[nirvana]] (''nibbāna''), with which the cycle of rebirth ends, has been the primary and the [[soteriological]] goal of the Buddhist path for monastic life since the time of the Buddha.{{sfnp|Samuel|2008|p=136}}{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2003|pp=589–590}}{{sfnp|Collins|1998|pp=135–177, 188, 443}} The term "path" is usually taken to mean the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], but [[Buddhist Paths to liberation|other versions]] of "the path" can also be found in the Nikayas.{{refn|group=note|Another variant, which may be condensed to the eightfold or tenfold path, starts with a ''Tathagatha'' entering this world. A layman hears his teachings, decides to leave the life of a householder, starts living according to the moral precepts, guards his sense-doors, practises mindfulness and the four jhanas, gains the three knowledges, understands the Four Noble Truths and destroys the [[Asava|taints]], and perceives that he is liberated.{{sfnp|Bucknell|1984}}}} In some passages in the Pali Canon, a distinction is being made between right knowledge or insight (''sammā-ñāṇa''), and right liberation or release (''sammā-vimutti''), as the means to attain cessation and liberation.{{sfnp|Choong|2000|p=141}}{{sfnp|Fuller|2005|pp=55–56}}

Nirvana literally means "blowing out, quenching, becoming extinguished".<ref name="Collins2010p63">{{cite book|author=Steven Collins |title=Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5pshUYiUVwC |year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88198-2 |pages=33–34, 47–50, 63–64, 74–75, 106 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Cousins|1996|p=9}} In early Buddhist texts, it is the state of restraint and self-control that leads to the "blowing out" and the ending of the cycles of sufferings associated with rebirths and redeaths.{{sfnp|Vetter|1988}}{{sfnp|Gombrich|1997|p=66}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Steven Collins |title=Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5pshUYiUVwC |year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88198-2 |page=31}}, Quote: "This general scheme remained basic to later Hinduism, to Jainism, and to Buddhism. Eternal salvation, to use the Christian term, is not conceived of as world without end; we have already got that, called samsara, the world of rebirth and redeath: that is the problem, not the solution. The ultimate aim is the timeless state of moksha, or as the Buddhists seem to have been the first to call it, nirvana."</ref> Many later Buddhist texts describe nirvana as identical with ''[[anatta]]'' with complete "emptiness, nothingness".<ref>{{cite book|author=Steven Collins|title=Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC&pg=PA5|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39726-1|pages=82–84|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055833/https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ray Billington |title=Understanding Eastern Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dACFAgAAQBAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-79348-8 |pages=58–60 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055833/https://books.google.com/books?id=dACFAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David Loy|title=Awareness Bound and Unbound: Buddhist Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5KHnVVjwKQC|year=2009|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-2680-8|pages=35–39|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055836/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5KHnVVjwKQC|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|The early Mahayana Buddhism texts link their discussion of "emptiness" (''shunyata'') to ''Anatta'' and ''Nirvana''. They do so, states Mun-Keat Choong, in three ways: first, in the common sense of a monk's meditative state of emptiness; second, with the main sense of ''anatta'' or 'everything in the world is empty of self'; third, with the ultimate sense of ''nirvana'' or realisation of emptiness and thus an end to rebirth cycles of suffering.<ref name="Choong1999p85">{{cite book| author=Mun-Keat Choong| title=The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJafx7uO0VsC| year=1999| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass| isbn=978-81-208-1649-7| pages=1–4, 85–88| access-date=10 July 2016| archive-date=11 January 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055835/https://books.google.com/books?id=HJafx7uO0VsC| url-status=live}}</ref>}} In some texts, the state is described with greater detail, such as passing through the gate of emptiness (''sunyata'')—realising that there is no soul or self in any living being, then passing through the gate of signlessness (''animitta'')—realising that nirvana cannot be perceived, and finally passing through the gate of wishlessness (''apranihita'')—realising that nirvana is the state of not even wishing for nirvana.{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2003|pp=589–590}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Dan Lusthaus |title=Buddhist Phenomenology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMrKAgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-97343-0 |page=124 with footnotes 2–3 on pp. 266–267 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Some scholars such as Cousins and Sangharakshita translate ''apranaihita'' as "aimlessness or directionless-ness".{{sfnp|Williams|2005b|page=56, note 23}}}}

The nirvana state has been described in Buddhist texts partly in a manner similar to other Indian religions, as the state of complete liberation, enlightenment, highest happiness, bliss, fearlessness, freedom, permanence, non-dependent origination, unfathomable, and indescribable.{{sfnp|Collins|1998|pp=191–233}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Harvey |year=2013 |title=The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-78336-4 |pages=198–226 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055837/https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has also been described in part differently, as a state of spiritual release marked by "emptiness" and realisation of ''[[anatta|non-self]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mun-Keat Choong|title=The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJafx7uO0VsC|year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1649-7|pages=21–22|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055835/https://books.google.com/books?id=HJafx7uO0VsC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gananath Obeyesekere |title=The Awakened Ones: Phenomenology of Visionary Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BB1Q0aWJpO8C |year=2012|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-15362-1 |pages=145–146 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Edward Conze |title=Buddhism: Its Essence and Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwXCAgAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=Courier |isbn=978-0-486-17023-7 |pages=125–137 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|These descriptions of nirvana in Buddhist texts, states Peter Harvey, are contested by scholars because nirvana in Buddhism is ultimately described as a state of "stopped consciousness (blown out), but one that is not non-existent", and "it seems impossible to imagine what awareness devoid of any object would be like".{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=75–76}}{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=74-84}}}}

While Buddhism considers the liberation from [[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)|saṃsāra]] as the ultimate spiritual goal, in traditional practice, the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists has been to seek and accumulate merit through good deeds, donations to monks and various Buddhist rituals in order to gain better rebirths rather than nirvana.{{sfnp|Coogan|2003|p=192}}{{sfnp|Trainor|2004|p=62}}{{Refn|group=note |Better rebirth, not nirvana, has been the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists. This they attempt through merit accumulation and good ''kamma''.{{sfnp|Gowans|2004|p=169}}<ref name="Merv Fowler 1999 65">{{harvp|Fowler|1999|p=65}} Quote: "For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries, however, the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth."</ref>}}

===Dependent arising===
{{Main|Pratītyasamutpāda|Twelve Nidānas}}

''Pratityasamutpada'', also called "dependent arising, or dependent origination", is the Buddhist theory to explain the nature and relations of being, becoming, existence and ultimate reality. Buddhism asserts that there is nothing independent, except the state of nirvana.{{sfnp|Harvey|1998|p=54}} All physical and mental states depend on and arise from other pre-existing states, and in turn from them arise other dependent states while they cease.<ref>[[John Bowker (theologian)|John Bowker]], ''[[Oxford Dictionary of World Religions|The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions]]'' (1997), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-213965-7}}</ref>

The 'dependent arisings' have a causal conditioning, and thus ''Pratityasamutpada'' is the Buddhist belief that causality is the basis of [[ontology]], not a creator God nor the ontological Vedic concept called universal Self ([[Brahman]]) nor any other 'transcendent creative principle'.{{sfnp|Williams|2002|p=64, Quote: In the ''Mahatanhasankhaya Sutta'' the Buddha [stresses] that things originate in dependence upon causal conditioning, and this emphasis on causality describes the central feature of Buddhist ontology. All elements of samsara exist in some sense or another relative to their causes and conditions.}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Neville |editor=Jeremiah Hackett|others=Jerald Wallulis|title= Philosophy of Religion for a New Century: Essays in Honor of Eugene Thomas Long|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEER8fGxCfMC |year=2004|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-2073-5 |page=257}}, Quote: "[Buddhism's ontological hypotheses] that nothing in reality has its own-being and that all phenomena reduce to the relativities of pratitya samutpada. The Buddhist ontological hypothesese deny that there is any ontologically ultimate object such a God, Brahman, the Dao, or any transcendent creative source or principle."</ref> However, Buddhist thought does not understand causality in terms of Newtonian mechanics; rather it understands it as conditioned arising.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=153–155}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Guy Debrock |editor=Paul B. Scheurer|others=G. Debrock|title=Newton's Scientific and Philosophical Legacy |year=2012|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-009-2809-1 |page=376, note 12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y18yBwAAQBAJ}}</ref> In Buddhism, dependent arising refers to conditions created by a plurality of causes that necessarily co-originate a phenomenon within and across lifetimes, such as karma in one life creating conditions that lead to rebirth in one of the realms of existence for another lifetime.<ref name="Kalupahana1975p54">{{cite book |author=David J. Kalupahana|title=Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism |publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOYGAAAAYAAJ |isbn=978-0-8248-0298-1|pages=54–60}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Genjun Sasaki |title=Linguistic Approach to Buddhist Thought |year=1986 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0038-0 |pages=67–69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vUBPAzlxJPUC}}</ref>{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=151–152}}

Buddhism applies the theory of dependent arising to explain origination of endless cycles of ''dukkha'' and rebirth, through [[Twelve Nidānas]] or "twelve links". It states that because [[Avidyā (Buddhism)|Avidyā]] (ignorance) exists, [[Saṅkhāra|Saṃskāras]] (karmic formations) exist; because Saṃskāras exist therefore [[Vijñāna]] (consciousness) exists; and in a similar manner it links [[Nāmarūpa]] (the sentient body), [[Ṣaḍāyatana]] (our six senses), [[Sparśa]] (sensory stimulation), [[Vedanā]] (feeling), [[Taṇhā]] (craving), [[Upādāna]] (grasping), [[Bhava]] (becoming), [[Jāti (Buddhism)|Jāti]] (birth), and [[Jarāmaraṇa]] (old age, death, sorrow, and pain).{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=65–72}}{{sfnp|Emmanuel|2013|pp=51–66}} By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained.{{sfnp|Harvey|1998|p=54, Quote: "The main concrete application of the abstract principle is in the form of a series of conditioned links (''nidanas''), culminating in the arising of dukkha." (...) "This [doctrine] states the principle of conditionality, that all things, mental and physical, arise and exist due to the presence of certain conditions, and cease once their conditions are removed: nothing (except ''Nibbana'') is independent. The doctrine thus complements the teaching that no permanent, independent self can be found."}}

===Not-Self and Emptiness===
{{Main|Anātman|Śūnyatā}}

{{PancaKhandha}}
A related doctrine in Buddhism is that of ''anattā'' (Pali) or ''anātman'' (Sanskrit). It is the view that there is no unchanging, permanent self, soul or essence in phenomena.{{sfnp|Gombrich|2006|p=47}} The Buddha and Buddhist philosophers who follow him such as Vasubandhu and Buddhaghosa, generally argue for this view by analysing the person through the schema of the [[five aggregates]], and then attempting to show that none of these five components of personality can be permanent or absolute.<ref>Siderits, Mark (2007). ''"Buddhism as philosophy,"'' p. 39</ref> This can be seen in Buddhist discourses such as the ''[[Anattalakkhana Sutta]]''.

"Emptiness" or "voidness" (Skt'': Śūnyatā'', Pali: ''Suññatā)'', is a related concept with many different interpretations throughout the various Buddhisms. In early Buddhism, it was commonly stated that all five aggregates are void (''rittaka''), hollow (''tucchaka''), coreless (''asāraka''), for example as in the ''Pheṇapiṇḍūpama Sutta'' (SN 22:95).<ref>Shi Huifeng, ''Is "Illusion" a Prajñāpāramitā Creation? The Birth and Death of a Buddhist Cognitive Metaphor'', Fo Guang University, Journal of Buddhist Philosophy, Vol.2, 2016.</ref> Similarly, in Theravada Buddhism, it often means that the five aggregates are empty of a Self.<ref>Ronkin, Noa (2005). ''"Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition"'' p. 91. RoutledgeCurzon.</ref>

Emptiness is a central concept in Mahāyāna Buddhism, especially in [[Nagarjuna]]'s [[Madhyamaka]] school, and in the ''[[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā]] sutras''. In Madhyamaka philosophy, emptiness is the view which holds that all phenomena are without any ''[[svabhava]]'' (literally "own-nature" or "self-nature"), and are thus without any underlying essence, and so are "empty" of being independent.{{example needed|date=March 2024}} This doctrine sought to refute the heterodox theories of ''svabhava'' circulating at the time.{{sfnp|Lindtner|1997|p=324}}

===The Three Jewels===
{{Main|Three Jewels}}

All forms of Buddhism revere and take spiritual refuge in the "three jewels" (''triratna''): Buddha, Dharma and Sangha.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=244–245}}

====Buddha====
{{Main|Buddhahood}}

While all varieties of Buddhism revere "Buddha" and "buddhahood", they have different views on what these are. Regardless of their interpretation, the concept of Buddha is central to all forms of Buddhism.

In Theravada Buddhism, a Buddha is someone who has become awake through their own efforts and insight. They have put an end to their cycle of rebirths and have ended all unwholesome mental states which lead to bad action and thus are morally perfected.<ref name="Crosby, Kate 2013 p. 16">Crosby, Kate (2013). ''"Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,"'' p. 16. John Wiley & Sons.</ref> While subject to the limitations of the human body in certain ways (for example, in the early texts, the Buddha suffers from backaches), a Buddha is said to be "deep, immeasurable, hard-to-fathom as is the great ocean", and also has immense psychic powers ([[abhijñā]]).{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=27-28}}

Mahāyāna Buddhism meanwhile, has a vastly expanded [[Buddhist cosmology|cosmology]], with various [[Buddhahood|Buddhas]] and other holy beings (''aryas'') residing in different realms. Mahāyāna texts not only revere numerous [[Buddhist deities#Buddhas|Buddhas]] besides [[The Buddha|Shakyamuni]], such as [[Amitābha|Amitabha]] and [[Vairochana|Vairocana]], but also see them as transcendental or supramundane (''lokuttara'') beings.{{sfnp|Williams|2008 |p=21}} Mahāyāna Buddhism holds that these other Buddhas in other realms can be contacted and are able to benefit beings in this world.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=162}} In Mahāyāna, a Buddha is a kind of "spiritual king", a "protector of all creatures" with a lifetime that is countless of eons long, rather than just a human teacher who has transcended the world after death.{{sfnp|Williams|2008|p=27}} Shakyamuni's life and death on earth is then usually understood as a "mere appearance" or "a manifestation skilfully projected into earthly life by a long-enlightened transcendent being, who is still available to teach the faithful through visionary experiences".{{sfnp|Williams|2008|p=27}}{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=164}}

====Dharma====
{{Main|Dharma}}

The second of the three jewels is "Dharma" (Pali: Dhamma), which in Buddhism refers to the Buddha's teaching, which includes all of the main ideas outlined above. While this teaching reflects the true nature of reality, it is not a belief to be clung to, but a pragmatic teaching to be put into practice. It is likened to a raft which is "for crossing over" (to nirvana) not for holding on to.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=31}} It also refers to the universal law and cosmic order which that teaching both reveals and relies upon.<ref>"[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/dharma.aspx#1 Dharma]", ''The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926234045/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/dharma.aspx#1 |date=26 September 2016 }}</ref> It is an everlasting principle which applies to all beings and worlds. In that sense it is also the ultimate truth and reality about the universe, it is thus "the way that things really are".

====Sangha====
{{Main|Sangha|Bodhisattva|Arhat}}

[[File:Praying monks and nuns in the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple of Singapore.jpg|thumb|Buddhist monks and nuns praying in the [[Buddha Tooth Relic Temple]] of Singapore]]
The third "jewel" which Buddhists take refuge in is the "Sangha", which refers to the monastic community of monks and nuns who follow Gautama Buddha's monastic discipline which was "designed to shape the Sangha as an ideal community, with the optimum conditions for spiritual growth."{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=88}} The Sangha consists of those who have chosen to follow the Buddha's ideal way of life, which is one of celibate monastic renunciation with minimal material possessions (such as an alms bowl and robes).{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=85-88}}

The Sangha is seen as important because they preserve and pass down Buddha Dharma. As Gethin states "the Sangha lives the teaching, preserves the teaching as Scriptures and teaches the wider community. Without the Sangha there is no Buddhism."{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=92}} The Sangha also acts as a "field of merit" for laypersons, allowing them to make spiritual merit or goodness by donating to the Sangha and supporting them. In return, they keep their duty to preserve and spread the Dharma everywhere for the good of the world.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|p=86}}

There is also a separate definition of Sangha, referring to those who have attained any [[Four stages of enlightenment|stage of awakening]], whether or not they are monastics. This sangha is called the [[Śrāvaka#The community of disciples|''āryasaṅgha'']] "noble Sangha".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/thai/lee/triplegem.html|title=What is the Triple Gem?|website=www.accesstoinsight.org|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-date=30 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730060230/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/thai/lee/triplegem.html|url-status=live}}</ref> All forms of Buddhism generally reveres these ''[[Arya (Buddhism)|āryas]]'' (Pali: ''ariya'', "noble ones" or "holy ones") who are spiritually attained beings. Aryas have attained the fruits of the Buddhist path.<ref>Williams, Paul (2002), "Buddhist Thought", p. 52, Taylor & Francis Kindle Edition</ref>

===Other key Mahāyāna views===
{{Main|Yogachara|Buddha-nature}}

Mahāyāna Buddhism also differs from Theravada and the other schools of early Buddhism in promoting several unique doctrines which are contained in Mahāyāna sutras and philosophical treatises.

One of these is the unique interpretation of emptiness and dependent origination found in the Madhyamaka school. Another very influential doctrine for Mahāyāna is the main philosophical view of the [[Yogachara|Yogācāra]] school variously, termed ''Vijñaptimātratā-vāda'' ("the doctrine that there are only ideas" or "mental impressions") or ''Vijñānavāda'' ("the doctrine of consciousness"). According to Mark Siderits, what classical Yogācāra thinkers like Vasubandhu had in mind is that we are only ever aware of mental images or impressions, which may appear as external objects, but "there is actually no such thing outside the mind".<ref>Siderits, Mark, ''Buddhism as philosophy'', 2017, p. 149.</ref> There are several interpretations of this main theory, many scholars see it as a type of Idealism, others as a kind of phenomenology.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Gold |first=Jonathan C. |date=April 22, 2011 |title=Vasubandhu |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archive (Summer 2018 Edition) |editor=Edward N. Zalta |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/vasubandhu/ |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705225152/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/vasubandhu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another very influential concept unique to Mahāyāna is that of "Buddha-nature" (''buddhadhātu'') or "Tathagata-womb" (''tathāgatagarbha''). Buddha-nature is a concept found in some 1st-millennium CE Buddhist texts, such as the ''[[Tathāgatagarbha sūtras]]''. According to Paul Williams these [[Sutra]]s suggest that 'all sentient beings contain a Tathagata' as their 'essence, core inner nature, Self'.{{sfnp|Williams|2008|p=104}}{{refn|group=note|Wayman and Wayman have disagreed with this view, and they state that the ''Tathagatagarbha'' is neither self nor sentient being, nor soul, nor personality.{{sfnp|Williams|2008|p=107}}}} According to Karl Brunnhölzl "the earliest mahayana sutras that are based on and discuss the notion of tathāgatagarbha as the buddha potential that is innate in all sentient beings began to appear in written form in the late second and early third century."<ref>Brunnhölzl, Karl, When the Clouds Part, The ''Uttaratantra'' and Its Meditative Tradition as a Bridge between Sutra and Tantra, Snow Lion, Boston & London, 2014, page 3.</ref> For some, the doctrine seems to conflict with the Buddhist anatta doctrine (non-Self), leading scholars to posit that the ''Tathāgatagarbha Sutras'' were written to promote Buddhism to non-Buddhists.{{sfnp|Williams|2008|pp=104–105, 108–109; Quote: "... [The ''Mahaparinirvana Sutra''] refers to the Buddha using the term "Self" in order to win over non-Buddhist ascetics."}}<ref>{{harvp|Fowler|1999|pp=101–102}} Quote: "Some texts of the ''tathagatagarbha'' literature, such as the ''Mahaparinirvana Sutra'' actually refer to an ''atman'', though other texts are careful to avoid the term. This would be in direct opposition to the general teachings of Buddhism on ''anatta''. Indeed, the distinctions between the general Indian concept of ''atman'' and the popular Buddhist concept of Buddha-nature are often blurred to the point that writers consider them to be synonymous."</ref> This can be seen in texts like the ''[[Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra]]'', which state that Buddha-nature is taught to help those who have fear when they listen to the teaching of anatta.<ref>Suzuki, D.T. (1956), ''The Lankavatara Sutra: A Mahayana Text''. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p.69</ref> Buddhist texts like the ''[[Ratnagotravibhāga]]'' clarify that the "Self" implied in ''Tathagatagarbha'' doctrine is actually "[[Anattā|not-self]]".{{sfnp|Williams|2008|p=112}}{{sfnp|Hookham|1991|p=96}}

==Paths to liberation==
{{Main|Buddhist paths to liberation}}

The ''[[Bodhipakkhiyādhammā]]'' are seven lists of qualities or factors that promote spiritual awakening (''bodhi''). Each list is a short summary of the Buddhist path, and the seven lists substantially overlap. The best-known list in the West is the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], but a wide variety of paths and models of progress have been used and described in the different Buddhist traditions. However, they generally share basic practices such as ''sila'' (ethics), ''samadhi'' (meditation, ''dhyana'') and ''prajña'' (wisdom), which are known as the three trainings. An important additional practice is a kind and compassionate attitude toward every living being and the world. [[Buddhist devotion|Devotion]] is also important in some Buddhist traditions, and in the Tibetan traditions visualisations of deities and mandalas are important. The value of textual study is regarded differently in the various Buddhist traditions. It is central to Theravada and highly important to Tibetan Buddhism, while the Zen tradition takes an ambiguous stance.

An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the [[Middle Way]] (''madhyamapratipad''). It was a part of Buddha's first sermon, where he presented the [[Noble Eightfold Path]] that was a 'middle way' between the extremes of asceticism and hedonistic sense pleasures.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=23, 81}}{{sfnp|Keown|1996|pp=24, 59}}{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2011|pp=233–237}}{{sfnp|Schuhmacher |Woener|1991|p=143}} In Buddhism, states Harvey, the doctrine of "dependent arising" (conditioned arising, ''pratītyasamutpāda'') to explain rebirth is viewed as the 'middle way' between the doctrines that a being has a "permanent soul" involved in rebirth (eternalism) and "death is final and there is no rebirth" (annihilationism).{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=72}}{{sfnp|Buswell|Lopez|2003|p=49, ''antagrahadrsti''}}

===Paths to liberation in the early texts===
A common presentation style of the path (''mārga'') to liberation in the [[Early Buddhist Texts]] is the "graduated talk", in which the Buddha lays out a step-by-step training.<ref>Carole Anderson (2013), ''Pain and its Ending'', p.143</ref>

In the early texts, numerous different sequences of the gradual path can be found.<ref name="Bucknell1984">Bucknell, Rod, "The Buddhist Path to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages", ''The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies'' Volume 7, Number 2, 1984</ref> One of the most important and widely used presentations among the various Buddhist schools is The [[Noble Eightfold Path]], or "Eightfold Path of the Noble Ones" (Skt. ''<nowiki/>'āryāṣṭāṅgamārga'''). This can be found in various discourses, most famously in the ''[[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]]'' (The discourse on the turning of the [[Dharma Wheel|Dharma wheel]]).

Other suttas such as the ''Tevijja Sutta'', and the ''Cula-Hatthipadopama-sutta'' give a different outline of the path, though with many similar elements such as ethics and meditation.<ref name="Bucknell1984" />

According to Rupert Gethin, the path to awakening is also frequently summarised by another a short formula: "abandoning the hindrances, practice of the four establishings of mindfulness, and development of the awakening factors".{{sfnp|Gethin|2001|pp=xiii–xiv}}

====Noble Eightfold Path====
{{Main|Noble Eightfold Path}}

The Eightfold Path consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of [[dukkha]].{{sfnp|Ajahn Sucitto|2010|pp=87–88}} These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration.

This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the [[Four Noble Truths]] and asserts the path to the cessation of ''dukkha'' (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness).{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=81–83}}{{sfnp|Anderson|2013|pp=64–65}} The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and [[karma|karmic]] accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of rebirth and suffering.{{sfnp|Harvey|2016|pp=253–255 }}{{sfnp|Bodhi|2010|pp=1–13}}{{sfnp|Williams|Tribe|Wynne|2012|p=52}}

The Noble Eightfold Path is grouped into [[Three disciplines of Buddhism|three basic divisions]], as follows:{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|pp=12–13}}{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=83–85}}{{sfnp|Bodhi|2010|pp=47–48}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Division
! Eightfold factor
!''Sanskrit, Pali''
! Description
|- style="background:#cff;"
| rowspan="2" |Wisdom (Sanskrit: ''[[Wisdom in Buddhism|prajñā]]'', Pāli: ''paññā'')
|1. Right view
|''samyag dṛṣṭi, sammā ditthi''
|The belief that there is an afterlife and not everything ends with death, that Buddha taught and followed a successful path to nirvana;{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|pp=12–13}} according to Peter Harvey, the right view is held in Buddhism as a belief in the Buddhist principles of [[karma]] and [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]], and the importance of the [[Four Noble Truths]] and the True Realities.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=83–84}}
|- style="background:#cff;"
|2. Right intention
|''samyag saṃkalpa, sammā saṅkappa''
|Giving up home and adopting the life of a religious mendicant in order to follow the path;{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|pp=12–13}} this concept, states Harvey, aims at peaceful renunciation, into an environment of non-sensuality, non-ill-will (to lovingkindness), away from cruelty (to compassion).{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=83–84}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| rowspan="3" |Moral virtues{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=83–85}} (Sanskrit: ''[[śīla]]'', Pāli: ''sīla'')
|3. Right speech
|''samyag vāc, sammā vāca''
|No lying, no rude speech, no telling one person what another says about him, speaking that which leads to salvation.{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|pp=12–13}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|4. Right action
|''samyag karman, sammā kammanta''
|No killing or injuring, no taking what is not given; no sexual acts in monastic pursuit,{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|pp=12–13}} for lay Buddhists no sensual misconduct such as sexual involvement with someone married, or with an unmarried woman protected by her parents or relatives.{{sfnp|Gowans|2013|p=440}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew Powell |url=https://archive.org/details/livingbuddhism00powe |title=Living Buddhism|publisher=University of California Press |year=1989|isbn=978-0-520-20410-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/livingbuddhism00powe/page/24 24]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David L. Weddle|url=https://archive.org/details/miracleswonderme0000wedd|url-access=registration|title=Miracles: Wonder and Meaning in World Religions|publisher=New York University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8147-9483-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/miracleswonderme0000wedd/page/118 118]}}</ref>
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|5. Right livelihood
|''samyag ājīvana, sammā ājīva''
|For monks, beg to feed, only possessing what is essential to sustain life.{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|p=12}} For lay Buddhists, the canonical texts state right livelihood as abstaining from wrong livelihood, explained as not becoming a source or means of suffering to sentient beings by cheating them, or harming or killing them in any way.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=83, 273–274}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Martine Batchelor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fL3mykqlOJcC&pg=PT59|title=The Spirit of the Buddha|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-300-17500-4|page=59|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055838/https://books.google.com/books?id=fL3mykqlOJcC&pg=PT59|url-status=live}}; Quote: "These five trades, O monks, should not be taken up by a lay follower: trading with weapons, trading in living beings, trading in meat, trading in intoxicants, trading in poison."</ref>
|- style="background:#9fff80;"
| rowspan="3" |Meditation{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=83–85}} (Sanskrit and Pāli: ''[[samādhi]]'')
|6. Right effort
|''samyag vyāyāma, sammā vāyāma''
|Guard against sensual thoughts; this concept, states Harvey, aims at preventing unwholesome states that disrupt meditation.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=83}}
|- style="background:#9fff80;"
|7. Right mindfulness
|''samyag smṛti, sammā sati''
|Never be absent-minded, conscious of what one is doing; this, states Harvey, encourages mindfulness about impermanence of the body, feelings and mind, as well as to experience the five [[skandha]]s, the five hindrances, the four True Realities and seven factors of awakening.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=83}}
|- style="background:#9fff80;"
|8. Right concentration
|''samyag samādhi, sammā samādhi''
|Correct meditation or concentration (''dhyana''), explained as the four jhānas.{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|pp=12–13}}<ref name="bucknellkangp12">{{cite book|author1=Roderick Bucknell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSaOAQAAQBAJ|title=The Meditative Way: Readings in the Theory and Practice of Buddhist Meditation|author2=Chris Kang|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-136-80408-3|pages=12–13}}</ref>
|}

==Common practices==
[[File:Sermon in the Deer Park depicted at Wat Chedi Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg|thumb|Sermon in the [[Sarnath|Deer Park]] depicted at [[Wat Chedi Liam]], near [[Chiang Mai]], [[Northern Thailand]]]]

===Hearing and learning the Dharma===
In various suttas which present the graduated path taught by the Buddha, such as the ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta]]'' and the ''Cula-Hatthipadopama Sutta,'' the first step on the path is hearing the Buddha teach the Dharma. This then said to lead to the acquiring of confidence or faith in the Buddha's teachings.<ref name="Bucknell1984" />

Mahayana Buddhist teachers such as [[Yin Shun]] also state that hearing the Dharma and study of the Buddhist discourses is necessary "if one wants to learn and practice the Buddha Dharma."<ref>Yin-shun (2012). "The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master," p. 29. Simon and Schuster.</ref> Likewise, in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, the "Stages of the Path" (''Lamrim'') texts generally place the activity of listening to the Buddhist teachings as an important early practice.<ref>See for example, Tsong-Kha-Pa (2015) ''"The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment"'', chapter three. Shambala Pubs. </ref>

===Refuge===
{{Main|Refuge (Buddhism)}}

Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking of the "Three Refuges", also called the Three Jewels ([[Sanskrit]]: ''triratna'', [[Pali]]: ''tiratana'') as the foundation of one's religious practice.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=249}} This practice may have been influenced by the [[Hinduism|Brahmanical]] motif of the triple refuge, found in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' 9.97.47, ''Rigveda'' 6.46.9 and ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]'' 2.22.3–4.{{sfnp|Shults|2014|p=108}} Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the ''[[lama]]''. The three refuges are believed by Buddhists to be protective and a form of reverence.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=249}}

The ancient formula which is repeated for taking refuge affirms that "I go to the Buddha as refuge, I go to the Dhamma as refuge, I go to the Sangha as refuge."{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=244}} Reciting the three refuges, according to Harvey, is considered not as a place to hide, rather a thought that "purifies, uplifts and strengthens the heart".{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=244–245}}

=== Devotional and liturgical practices ===
{{Main|Buddhist devotion|Buddhist liturgy|Pūjā (Buddhism)}}

[[File:Buddhist_chanting_in_Japanese_at_the_death_anniversary_of_a_parishioner_in_2009.jpg|thumb|185x185px|A [[Jōdo-shū]] priest in [[Fukui Prefecture|Fukui prefecture]] (Japan) chanting on behalf of a deceased parishioner at their family home. ]]
Most forms of Buddhism consider ''[[Faith in Buddhism|saddhā]]'' (Sanskrit: ''śraddhā,'' 'trustful confidence' or 'faith'), as a key quality on the path that prepares one for meditative insights.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=237}} Furthermore, the related quality of devotion (Sanskrit: [[bhakti]]; Pali: bhatti) is an important part of the path of most Buddhists, since it supports wholesome qualities like faith and peace of mind.{{sfnp|Harvey|1998|p=170}} Buddhist devotional and liturgical practices encompass a wide range of forms oriented toward honoring the Buddha, cultivating wholesome mental states, and structuring communal religious life. [[Buddhist devotion|Buddhist devotional practices]] include [[Buddhist liturgy]], ritual worship ([[Pūjā (Buddhism)|pūjā]]), [[Pilgrimage (Buddhism)|pilgrimage]], [[Prostration (Buddhism)|prostrations]], along with [[Buddhist music|Buddhist music and chanting]].{{sfnp|Trainor|2004|pp=84–85, 105, 108–109, 112–113, 116, 165, 185}}

As in [[Hinduism]], pūjās typically involves offerings of flowers, incense, lamps, food, or water on a [[Butsudan|Buddhist altar]] along with certain recitations and physical acts like bowing. Such rites are understood to generate [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]], cultivate wholesome states of mind (such as a state of [[Refuge in Buddhism|refuge]]) and support contemplation.<ref>Harvey (1990), pp. 172-3.</ref> In formal temple settings, worship often follows complex liturgies, including the taking of refuge, precepts and vows, whereas more informal contexts may integrate simpler forms of homage and recitation. Buddhist devotional practices are usually focused on some object, image or location that is seen as holy or spiritually influential. Examples of objects of devotion (known as [[honzon]] in Japanese) include paintings or [[Buddha in art|statues of Buddhas]] and bodhisattvas, [[Stupa|stupas]], sacred texts, and bodhi trees.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=239-240}}

Chanting practices constitute a major component of Buddhist devotion common to all Buddhist traditions going back to ancient India where chanting aided in the [[Memorization|memorisation]] of orally transmitted teachings.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=243}} A common practice is to chant or recite Buddhist sutras. Other chants are shorter formulas, mantras or [[Dharani|dharanis]]. Among the most popular chants in Buddhism are those associated with [[Buddhānusmṛti|recollection of the Buddha]] and refuge. In [[East Asian Buddhism]] this includes the widely popular [[nianfo]] formula which is devoted to [[Amitābha|Amitābha Buddha]] and is central to [[Pure Land Buddhism]]. In Himalayan Buddhism, the [[Om mani padme hum|Mani mantra]] is a similarly popular chant among lay and ordained Buddhists alike. A common method of chanting is to use rosaries called [[Japamala|malas]] to count repetitions. [[Buddhist music|Buddhist chanting]] can thus be a group or private devotional practice which leads to [[Samatha-vipassanā|tranquility]], [[Faith in Buddhism|faith]], accumulation of [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]] (which can then be [[Transfer of merit|transferred on behalf of others]]), and memorization of the teachings.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=243-244}} In Mahayana traditions, especially in the Pure Land schools, chanting practice can also be seen as a way to stimulate or receive the [[Adhiṣṭhāna|blessings]] and spiritual power (also known as [[Other power|other-power]]) of the Buddhas and bodhisattvas.<ref>Sharf, Robert H. ''Coming to Terms With Chinese Buddhism: A Reading of the Treasure Store Treatise'', p. 119. University of Hawaii Press, Jan 1, 2002</ref>

===''Śīla'' – Buddhist ethics===
{{Main|Buddhist ethics}}

[[File:Buddhist_alms_in_Si_Phan_Don.jpg|thumb|Buddhist monks collect alms in [[Si Phan Don]], Laos. Giving is a key virtue in Buddhism.]]
''Śīla'' (Sanskrit) or ''sīla'' (Pāli) is the concept of "moral virtues", that is the second group and an integral part of the Noble Eightfold Path.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=83–84}} It generally consists of right speech, right action and right livelihood.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=83–84}}

One of the most basic forms of ethics in Buddhism is the taking of "precepts". This includes the Five Precepts for laypeople, Eight or Ten Precepts for monastic life, as well as rules of Dhamma (''Vinaya'' or ''Patimokkha'') adopted by a monastery.{{sfnp|Williams|2005c|p=398}}{{sfnp|McFarlane |2001|pp=187–193}}

Other important elements of Buddhist ethics include [[Dāna|giving or charity]] (''dāna''), [[Mettā]] (Good-Will), Heedfulness ([[Appamada]]), 'self-respect' ([[Hri (Buddhism)|Hri]]) and 'regard for consequences' ([[Apatrapya]]).

====Precepts====
{{main|Five precepts}}

Buddhist scriptures explain the five precepts ({{langx|pi|italic=yes|pañcasīla}}; {{langx|sa|italic=yes|pañcaśīla}}) as the minimal standard of Buddhist morality.{{sfnp|Gowans|2013|page=440}} It is the most important system of morality in Buddhism, together with the [[Patimokkha|monastic rules]].<ref name="Goodman">{{cite web |last1=Goodman |first1=Charles |title=Ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-indian-buddhism/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708233552/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-indian-buddhism/ |archive-date=8 July 2010 |url-status=live |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Stanford University]] |date=2017}}</ref>

The five precepts are seen as a basic training applicable to all Buddhists. They are:{{sfnp|Williams|2005c|p=398}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Bodhi Bhikkhu |url=https://archive.org/details/greatdisciplesof00nyan/|title=Great Disciples of the Buddha: Their Lives, Their Works, Their Legacy|publisher=Wisdom Publications|year=1997|isbn=978-0-86171-128-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatdisciplesof00nyan/page/387 387, fn. 12]}}</ref>{{sfnp|Harvey|2000|p=67}}

# "I undertake the training-precept (''sikkha-padam'') to abstain from onslaught on breathing beings." This includes ordering or causing someone else to kill. The Pali suttas also say one should not "approve of others killing" and that one should be "scrupulous, compassionate, trembling for the welfare of all living beings".{{sfnp|Harvey|2000|p=69}}
# "I undertake the training-precept to abstain from taking what is not given." According to Harvey, this also covers fraud, cheating, forgery as well as "falsely denying that one is in debt to someone".{{sfnp|Harvey|2000|p=70}}
# "I undertake the training-precept to abstain from misconduct concerning sense-pleasures." This generally refers to [[adultery]], as well as rape and incest. It also applies to sex with those who are legally under the protection of a guardian. It is also interpreted in different ways in the varying Buddhist cultures.{{sfnp|Harvey|2000|pp=71-74}}
# "I undertake the training-precept to abstain from false speech." According to Harvey this includes "any form of lying, deception or exaggeration...even non-verbal deception by gesture or other indication...or misleading statements."{{sfnp|Harvey|2000|p=75}} The precept is often also seen as including other forms of wrong speech such as "divisive speech, harsh, abusive, angry words, and even idle chatter".{{sfnp|Harvey|2000|p=76}}
# "I undertake the training-precept to abstain from alcoholic drink or drugs that are an opportunity for heedlessness." According to Harvey, intoxication is seen as a way to mask rather than face the sufferings of life. It is seen as damaging to one's mental clarity, mindfulness and ability to keep the other four precepts.{{sfnp|Harvey|2000|p=77}}

Undertaking and upholding the five precepts is based on the principle of [[ahimsa|non-harming]] ([[Pāli]] and {{langx|sa|ahiṃsa|italic=yes}}).{{sfnp|Keown|2013 |page=616}} The [[Pali Canon]] recommends one to compare oneself with others, and on the basis of that, not to hurt others.{{sfnp|Harvey |2000 |pages=33, 71 }} Compassion and a belief in [[karma (Buddhism)|karmic retribution]] form the foundation of the precepts.{{sfnp|Ratanakul |2007 |page=241 }}{{sfnp|Horigan |1996 |page=276}} Undertaking the five precepts is part of regular lay devotional practice, both at home and at the local temple.{{sfnp|Terwiel |2012 |pp=178–179}}{{sfnp|Harvey |2000 |p=80}} However, the extent to which people keep them differs per region and time.{{sfnp|Ledgerwood|2008|page=152}}{{sfnp|Harvey |2000 |p=80}} They are sometimes referred to as the ''[[śrāvakayāna]] precepts'' in the [[Mahāyāna]] tradition, contrasting them with the [[bodhisattva Precepts|''bodhisattva'' precepts]].{{sfnp|Funayama|2004 |page=105}}

====Vinaya====
{{main|Vinaya}}

[[File:Buddhist Ordination Ceremony.jpg|thumb|left|An ordination ceremony at [[Wat Yannawa]] in Bangkok. The Vinaya codes regulate the various sangha acts, including ordination.]]

Vinaya is the specific code of conduct for a ''sangha'' of monks or nuns. It includes the [[Patimokkha]], a set of 227 offences including 75 rules of decorum for monks, along with penalties for transgression, in the Theravadin tradition.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|p=109}} The precise content of the ''[[Vinaya Pitaka]]'' (scriptures on the Vinaya) differs in different schools and tradition, and different monasteries set their own standards on its implementation. The list of ''pattimokkha'' is recited every fortnight in a ritual gathering of all monks.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|p=109}} Buddhist text with vinaya rules for monasteries have been traced in all Buddhist traditions, with the oldest surviving being the ancient Chinese translations.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|p=93}}

Monastic communities in the Buddhist tradition cut normal social ties to family and community and live as "islands unto themselves".{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|pp=89–92}} Within a monastic fraternity, a ''sangha'' has its own rules.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|pp=89–92}} A monk abides by these institutionalised rules, and living life as the vinaya prescribes it is not merely a means, but very nearly the end in itself.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|pp=89–92}} Transgressions by a monk on ''Sangha'' vinaya rules invites enforcement, which can include temporary or permanent expulsion.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|pp=101–107}}

===Restraint and renunciation===
[[File:Buddhist monk in Khao Luang-Sukhothai.JPG|thumb|Living at the root of a tree (''trukkhamulik'anga'') is one of the ''dhutaṅgas'', a series of optional ascetic practices for Buddhist monastics.]]
Another important practice taught by the Buddha is the restraint of the senses (''indriyasamvara''). In the various graduated paths, this is usually presented as a practice which is taught prior to formal sitting meditation, and which supports meditation by weakening sense desires that are a [[Five hindrances|hindrance]] to meditation.<ref name="Anālayo 2003 p. 71">Anālayo (2003). "Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization," p. 71. Windhorse Publications.</ref> According to [[Bhikkhu Analayo|Anālayo]], sense restraint is when one "guards the sense doors in order to prevent sense impressions from leading to desires and discontent".<ref name="Anālayo 2003 p. 71"/> This is not an avoidance of sense impression, but a kind of mindful attention towards the sense impressions which does not dwell on their main features or signs (''nimitta''). This is said to prevent harmful influences from entering the mind.<ref name="Anālayo 2003 p. 225">Anālayo (2003). "Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization," p. 225. Windhorse Publications.</ref> This practice is said to give rise to an inner peace and happiness which forms a basis for concentration and insight.<ref name="Anālayo 2003 p. 225"/>

A related Buddhist virtue and practice is renunciation, or the intent for desirelessness (''[[nekkhamma]]'').<ref>Webster, David (2004). ''"The Philosophy of Desire in the Buddhist Pali Canon,"'' p. 124. Routledge.</ref> Generally, renunciation is the giving up of actions and desires that are seen as unwholesome on the path, such as lust for sensuality and worldly things.{{sfnp|Rhys Davids|Stede|1921–1925|p=377|loc="Nekkhamma"}} Renunciation can be cultivated in different ways. The practice of giving for example, is one form of cultivating renunciation. Another one is the giving up of lay life and becoming a monastic (''bhiksu'' or ''bhiksuni'').{{sfnp|Harvey|1998|p=199}} Practising [[celibacy]] (whether for life as a monk, or temporarily) is also a form of renunciation.{{sfnp|Harvey|2000|p=89}} Many [[Jataka tales|Jataka]] stories focus on how the Buddha practised renunciation in past lives.{{sfnp|Emmanuel|2013|p=492}}

One way of cultivating renunciation taught by the Buddha is the contemplation (''anupassana'') of the "dangers" (or "negative consequences") of sensual pleasure (''kāmānaṃ ādīnava''). As part of the graduated discourse, this contemplation is taught after the practice of giving and morality.<ref>Robert E. Buswell Jr., Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013) "The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism," p. 18. Princeton University Press.</ref>

Another related practice to renunciation and sense restraint taught by the Buddha is "restraint in eating" or moderation with food, which for monks generally means not eating after noon. Devout laypersons also follow this rule during special days of religious observance (''[[uposatha]]'').<ref>Johnston, William M. (ed.) ''Encyclopedia of Monasticism'', Routledge, 2013, p. 467–468.</ref>

===Mindfulness and clear comprehension===
The training of the faculty called [[Sati (Buddhism)|"mindfulness"]] (Pali: ''sati'', Sanskrit: ''smṛti,'' literally meaning "recollection, remembering") is central in Buddhism. According to Analayo, mindfulness is a full awareness of the present moment which enhances and strengthens memory.<ref>Analayo (2018) ''"Satipatthana Meditation, A Practice Guide,"'' chapter 1. Windhorse Publications.</ref> The Indian Buddhist philosopher [[Asanga]] defined mindfulness thus: "It is non-forgetting by the mind with regard to the object experienced. Its function is non-distraction."<ref name="Boin-Webb, Sara 2001 p. 9">Boin-Webb, Sara. (English trans. from Walpola Rāhula's French trans. of the Sanskrit; 2001) ''"Abhidharmasamuccaya: The Compendium of the Higher Teaching (Philosophy) by Asaṅga"'', p. 9, Asian Humanities Press.</ref> According to Rupert Gethin, ''sati'' is also "an awareness of things in relation to things, and hence an awareness of their relative value".<ref>Sharf, Robert (2014), "Mindfulness and Mindlessness in Early Chan" (PDF), ''Philosophy East and West'', '''64''' (4): 933–964, {{doi|10.1353/pew.2014.0074}}</ref>

There are different practices and exercises for training mindfulness in the early discourses, such as the four ''[[Satipatthana|Satipaṭṭhānas]]'' (Sanskrit: ''smṛtyupasthāna'', "establishments of mindfulness") and ''[[Anapanasati|Ānāpānasati]]'' (Sanskrit: ''ānāpānasmṛti'', "mindfulness of breathing").

A closely related mental faculty, which is often mentioned side by side with mindfulness, is ''[[sampajañña]]'' ("clear comprehension"). This faculty is the ability to comprehend what one is doing and is happening in the mind, and whether it is being influenced by unwholesome states or wholesome ones.{{sfnp|Kuan|2007|p=50}}

===Meditation===
{{Main|Buddhist meditation|Samadhi|Samatha|Rupajhana}}

[[File:Kodo Sawaki Zazen.jpg|thumb|[[Kōdō Sawaki]] practising [[Zazen]] ("sitting dhyana")]]
A wide range of meditation practices has developed in the Buddhist traditions, but "meditation" primarily refers to the attainment of ''[[Samādhi (Buddhism)|samādhi]]'' and the practice of ''[[Dhyāna in Buddhism|dhyāna]]'' (Pali: ''jhāna''). ''Samādhi'' is a calm, undistracted, unified and concentrated state of awareness. It is defined by Asanga as "one-pointedness of mind on the object to be investigated. Its function consists of giving a basis to knowledge (''jñāna'')."<ref name="Boin-Webb, Sara 2001 p. 9"/>
''Dhyāna'' is "state of perfect equanimity and awareness (''upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi'')," reached through focused mental training.<ref>Vetter, Tilmann (1988), "''The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism''," p. 5. BRILL.</ref>

The practice of ''dhyāna'' aids in maintaining a calm mind and avoiding disturbance of this calm mind by mindfulness of disturbing thoughts and feelings.{{sfnp|Williams|2000|pp=45–46}}{{refn|group=note|Williams refers to {{harvtxt|Frauwallner|1973|p=155}}}}

====Origins====
The earliest evidence of yogis and their meditative tradition, states Karel Werner, is found in the [[Keśin]] hymn 10.136 of the [[Rigveda]].<ref name=karelwernerkesinrv>{{cite journal |first=Karel |last=Werner |date=1977 |title=Yoga and the Ṛg Veda: An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn (RV 10, 136) |journal=Religious Studies |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=289–302|doi=10.1017/S0034412500010076 |s2cid=170592174 }}</ref> While evidence suggests [[meditation]] was practised in the centuries preceding the Buddha,{{sfnp|Carrithers|1986|p=30}} the meditative methodologies described in the Buddhist texts are some of the earliest among texts that have survived into the modern era.{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|p=44}}{{sfnp|Miller|1996|p=8}} These methodologies likely incorporate what existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within Buddhism.{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|pp=1–17}}{{Refn|group=note|Many ancient [[Upanishad]]s of Hinduism describe [[yoga]] and meditation as a means to liberation.{{sfnp|Collins|2000|p=199}}<ref>Mark Singleton (2010), Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-539534-1}}, pp. 25–34</ref><ref>{{cite book|last =White|first =David Gordon|title =Yoga, Brief History of an Idea |year =2011| publisher =Princeton University Press|pages=3–5}}</ref>}}

There is no scholarly agreement on the origin and source of the practice of ''dhyāna.'' Some scholars, like Bronkhorst, see the ''four dhyānas'' as a Buddhist invention.{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|p=99}} Alexander Wynne argues that the Buddha learned ''dhyāna'' from Brahmanical teachers.{{sfnp|Wynne|2007|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}}

Whatever the case, the Buddha taught meditation with a new focus and interpretation, particularly through the ''four dhyānas'' methodology,{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|p=Part I: page 5}} in which mindfulness is maintained.{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|p=88}}{{sfnp|Gombrich|2007}} Further, the focus of meditation and the underlying theory of liberation guiding the meditation has been different in Buddhism.{{sfnp|Carrithers|1986|p=30}}{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=29}}{{sfnp|Gombrich|1997|p=131}} For example, states Bronkhorst, the verse 4.4.23 of the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' with its "become calm, subdued, quiet, patiently enduring, concentrated, one sees soul in oneself" is most probably a meditative state.{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|p=Chapter 9, page 86}} The Buddhist discussion of meditation is without the concept of soul and the discussion criticises both the ascetic meditation of Jainism and the "real self, soul" meditation of Hinduism.{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|pp=74 (Chapter 8); 102 (Conclusion)}}

====The formless attainments====
Often grouped into the ''jhāna''-scheme are four other meditative states, referred to in the early texts as ''arupa samāpattis'' (formless attainments). These are also referred to in commentarial literature as immaterial/formless ''jhānas'' (''arūpajhānas''). The first formless attainment is a place or realm of infinite space (''ākāsānañcāyatana'') without form or colour or shape. The second is termed the realm of infinite consciousness (''viññāṇañcāyatana''); the third is the realm of nothingness (''ākiñcaññāyatana''), while the fourth is the realm of "neither perception nor non-perception".<ref name="Wayman1984p86">{{cite book|author=Alex Wayman|title=Buddhist Insight: Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNIdOsp3KIgC|date=1984|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0675-7|pages=86–89}}</ref> The four ''rupa-jhānas'' in Buddhist practice leads to rebirth in successfully better ''rupa'' Brahma heavenly realms, while ''arupa-jhānas'' leads into arupa heavens.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bruno Petzold|title=The Classification of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZH29oiIuIkC|year=1995|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03373-2|pages=502–503}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Lewis Hodous|author2=William E. Soothill|title=A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: With Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecaRAgAAQBAJ|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79123-0|page=179}}</ref>

====Meditation and insight====
{{See also|Four Noble Truths#Substituting "liberating insight"|l1=Meditation and insight|Yoga|l2=Yoga|}}

In the Pali Canon, the Buddha outlines two meditative qualities which are mutually supportive: ''[[samatha]]'' (Pāli; Sanskrit: ''śamatha''; "calm") and ''[[vipassanā]]'' (Sanskrit: ''vipaśyanā'', insight).{{sfnp|Bodhi|2005|pp=269–270, 440 ''n''. 13}} The Buddha compares these mental qualities to a "swift pair of messengers" who together help deliver the message of ''nibbana'' (SN 35.245).{{sfnp|Bodhi|2000|pp=1251-1253}}

The various Buddhist traditions generally see Buddhist meditation as being divided into those two main types.{{sfnp|Welch|1967|p=396}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/theravada.html|title=What is Theravada Buddhism?|access-date=17 August 2013|work=Access to Insight|archive-date=21 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821040134/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/theravada.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Samatha is also called "calming meditation", and focuses on stilling and concentrating the mind i.e. developing samadhi and the four ''dhyānas''. According to [[Damien Keown]], ''vipassanā'' meanwhile, focuses on "the generation of penetrating and critical insight (''paññā'')".{{sfnp|Keown|1996|pp=106–107, context: Chapter 7}}

There are numerous doctrinal positions and disagreements within the different Buddhist traditions regarding these qualities or forms of meditation. For example, in the Pali ''Four Ways to Arahantship Sutta'' (AN 4.170), it is said that one can develop calm and then insight, or insight and then calm, or both at the same time.{{sfnp|Bodhi|2005|pp=268, 439}} Meanwhile, in Vasubandhu's ''Abhidharmakośakārikā'', vipaśyanā is said to be practised once one has reached samadhi by cultivating the four foundations of mindfulness (''smṛtyupasthāna''s).<ref>De La Vallee Poussin (trans.); Pruden, Leo M. (trans.) ''Abhidharmakosabhasyam of Vasubandhu''. Vol. III, page 925.</ref>

Beginning with comments by [[Louis de La Vallée-Poussin|La Vallee Poussin]], a series of scholars have argued that these two meditation types reflect a tension between two different ancient Buddhist traditions regarding the use of ''dhyāna,'' one which focused on insight based practice and the other which focused purely on ''dhyāna''.{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993}}<ref name="buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de">Anālayo. [https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/briefcriticism.pdf "A Brief Criticism of the 'Two Paths to Liberation' Theory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321164937/https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/briefcriticism.pdf |date=21 March 2020 }} JOCBS. 2016 (11): 38–51.</ref> However, other scholars such as Analayo and Rupert Gethin have disagreed with this "two paths" thesis, instead seeing both of these practices as complementary.<ref name="buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de"/>{{sfnp|Gethin|2001|p=xiv}}

====The ''Brahma-vihara''====
{{main|Brahmavihara}}

The four immeasurables or four abodes, also called ''Brahma-viharas'', are virtues or directions for meditation in Buddhist traditions, which helps a person be reborn in the heavenly (Brahma) realm.{{sfnp|Hirakawa |1993|pp=172–174}}{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=154, 326}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Carl Olson |year=2009|title=The A to Z of Buddhism|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-7073-4|page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L62wiLSf0swC}}</ref> These are traditionally believed to be a characteristic of the deity Brahma and the heavenly abode he resides in.<ref>{{cite book|author=Diane Morgan |year=2010|title=Essential Buddhism: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-38452-3|page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vgbURej-qAC&pg=PA125}}</ref>

The four ''Brahma-vihara'' are:
# Loving-kindness (Pāli: ''[[mettā]]'', Sanskrit: ''maitrī'') is active good will towards all;{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=154, 326}}{{sfnp|Fowler|1999|pp=60–62}}
# Compassion (Pāli and Sanskrit: ''[[karuṇā]]'') results from ''metta''; it is identifying the suffering of others as one's own;{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=154, 326}}{{sfnp|Fowler|1999|pp=60–62}}
# Empathetic joy (Pāli and Sanskrit: ''[[mudita|muditā]]''): is the feeling of joy because others are happy, even if one did not contribute to it; it is a form of sympathetic joy;{{sfnp|Fowler|1999|pp=60–62}}
# Equanimity (Pāli: ''[[upekkha|upekkhā]]'', Sanskrit: ''upekṣā''): is even-mindedness and serenity, treating everyone impartially.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=154, 326}}{{sfnp|Fowler|1999|pp=60–62}}

====Tantra, visualisation and the subtle body====
{{See also|Tibetan Tantric Practice|Vajrayana#Tantra_techniques}}
[[File:Schildering uit reeks over de Sarvavid Vairocana Mandala - Licht, anoniem, ca 1799, MAS.jpg|thumb|An 18th century Mongolian miniature which depicts the generation of the Vairocana Mandala]]

Some Buddhist traditions, especially those associated with Tantric Buddhism (also known as Vajrayana and Secret Mantra) use images and symbols of deities and Buddhas in meditation. This is generally done by mentally visualising a Buddha image (or some other mental image, like a symbol, a mandala, a syllable, etc.), and using that image to cultivate calm and insight. One may also visualise and identify oneself with the imagined deity.{{sfnp|Trainor|2004|p=87}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Luis Gomez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaC4CgAAQBAJ|title=Buddhism in Practice|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4008-8007-2|editor=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|pages=236–243}}</ref> While visualisation practices have been particularly popular in Vajrayana, they may also found in Mahayana and Theravada traditions.{{sfnp|Trainor|2004|pp=86–87}}

In Tibetan Buddhism, unique tantric techniques which include visualisation (but also [[mantra]] recitation, [[mandala]]s, and other elements) are considered to be much more effective than non-tantric meditations and they are one of the most popular meditation methods.{{sfnp|Powers|2007|p=250}} The methods of ''[[Anuttarayoga Tantra|Unsurpassable Yoga Tantra]]'', (''anuttarayogatantra'') are in turn seen as the highest and most advanced. Anuttarayoga practice is divided into two stages, the ''Generation Stage'' and the ''Completion Stage.'' In the Generation Stage, one meditates on emptiness and visualises oneself as a deity as well as visualising its mandala. The focus is on developing clear appearance and divine pride (the understanding that oneself and the deity are one).<ref>Garson, Nathaniel DeWitt (2004). ''Penetrating the Secret Essence Tantra: Context and Philosophy in the Mahayoga System of rNying-ma Tantra'', p. 52</ref> This method is also known as deity yoga (''devata yoga''). There are numerous meditation deities (''[[yidam]]'') used, each with a mandala, a circular symbolic map used in meditation.{{sfnp|Trainor|2004|pp=88–89}}

===Insight and knowledge===
{{Main|Prajñā (Buddhism)|l1 = Prajñā|Bodhi|l2 = Bodhi|Kenshō|l3 = Kenshō|Satori|l4 = Satori|Subitism|l5 = Subitism|Vipassana|l6 = Vipassana}}

''Prajñā'' (Sanskrit) or ''paññā'' (Pāli) is [[wisdom]], or knowledge of the true nature of existence. Another term which is associated with ''prajñā'' and sometimes is equivalent to it is ''vipassanā'' (Pāli) or ''vipaśyanā'' (Sanskrit), which is often translated as "insight". In Buddhist texts, the faculty of insight is often said to be cultivated through the four establishments of mindfulness.{{sfnp|Kuan|2007|p=58}} In the early texts, ''Paññā'' is included as one of the "five faculties" (''[[indriya]]'') which are commonly listed as important spiritual elements to be cultivated (see for example: AN I 16). ''Paññā'' along with samadhi, is also listed as one of the "trainings in the higher states of mind" (''adhicittasikkha'').{{sfnp|Kuan|2007|p=58}}

The Buddhist tradition regards ignorance ([[Avidyā (Buddhism)|''avidyā'']]), a fundamental ignorance, misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality, as one of the basic causes of ''dukkha'' and ''samsara''. Overcoming this ignorance is part of the path to awakening. This overcoming includes the contemplation of impermanence and the non-self nature of reality,{{sfnp|Trainor|2004|p=74}}{{sfnp|Conze|2013|pp=39–40}} and this develops dispassion for the objects of [[upādāna|clinging]], and liberates a being from ''dukkha'' and ''saṃsāra''.{{sfnp|Fowler|1999|pp=49–52}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa |author2=Frank E. Reynolds |author3=Theodore M. Ludwig |title=Transitions and Transformations in the History of Religions: Essays in Honor of Joseph M. Kitagawa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4UeAAAAIAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-06112-5 |pages=56–58 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060323/https://books.google.com/books?id=p4UeAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}, Quote: "Suffering describes the condition of samsaric (this worldly) existence that arises from actions generated by ''ignorance'' of anatta and anicca. The doctrines of no-self and impermanence are thus the keystones of ''dhammic'' order."</ref>{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=73–75, 146–159, 243}}

''Prajñā'' is important in all Buddhist traditions. It is variously described as wisdom regarding the impermanent and [[Anattā|not-self]] nature of dharmas (phenomena), the functioning of karma and rebirth, and knowledge of dependent origination.{{sfnp|Buswell|2004|pp=664–665}} Likewise, ''vipaśyanā'' is described in a similar way, such as in the ''[[Paṭisambhidāmagga]]'', where it is said to be the contemplation of things as impermanent, unsatisfactory and [[Anattā|not-self]].{{sfnp|Kuan|2007|p=59}}

===Vegetarianism and animal ethics===
{{Main|Buddhist vegetarianism}}

Based on the Indian principle of [[Ahiṃsā|ahimsa]] (non-harming), the Buddha's ethics strongly condemn the harming of all sentient beings, including all animals. He thus condemned the animal sacrifice of the Brahmins as well as hunting, and killing animals for food.{{sfnp|Harvey|2000|pp=157-158}} However, early Buddhist texts depict the Buddha as allowing monastics to eat meat. This seems to be because monastics begged for their food and thus were supposed to accept whatever food was offered to them.{{sfnp|Harvey|2000|pp=156-159}} This was tempered by the rule that meat had to be "three times clean": "they had not seen, had not heard, and had no reason to suspect that the animal had been killed so that the meat could be given to them".<ref name="Phelps, Norm 2004 p. 76">Phelps, Norm (2004). ''The Great Compassion: Buddhism & Animal Rights.'' New York: Lantern Books. p. 76. {{ISBN|1-59056-069-8}}.</ref> Also, while the Buddha did not explicitly promote vegetarianism in his discourses, he did state that gaining one's livelihood from the meat trade was unethical.<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/anguttara/an05-177.html Vanijja Sutta: Business (Wrong Livelihood)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119074312/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/anguttara/an05-177.html|date=19 November 2005}}</ref> In contrast to this, various Mahayana sutras and texts like the [[Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra|Mahaparinirvana sutra]], [[Śūraṅgama Sūtra|Surangama sutra]] and the [[Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra|Lankavatara sutra]] state that the Buddha promoted vegetarianism out of compassion.<ref>Phelps, Norm (2004). ''The Great Compassion: Buddhism & Animal Rights.'' New York: Lantern Books. pp. 64–65. {{ISBN|1-59056-069-8}}.</ref> Indian Mahayana thinkers like Shantideva promoted the avoidance of meat.{{sfnp|Harvey|2000|p=163}} Throughout history, the issue of whether Buddhists should be vegetarian has remained a much debated topic and there is a variety of opinions on this issue among modern Buddhists.

==Texts==
{{Main|Buddhist texts}}

[[File:Nava Jetavana Temple - Shravasti - 013 First Council at Rajagaha (9241729223).jpg|thumb|A depiction of the supposed [[First Buddhist council]] at [[Rajgir]]. Communal recitation was one of the original ways of transmitting and preserving Early Buddhist texts.]]
Buddhism, like all Indian religions, was initially an [[oral tradition]] in ancient times.<ref name="lopez2004busc1"/> The Buddha's words, the early doctrines, concepts, and their traditional interpretations were orally transmitted from one generation to the next. The earliest oral texts were transmitted in Middle [[Indo-Aryan languages]] called [[Prakrits]], such as [[Pali]], through the use of communal recitation and other [[mnemonic]] techniques.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=39–41}} The first Buddhist canonical texts were likely written down in Sri Lanka, about 400 years after the Buddha died.<ref name="lopez2004busc1" /> The texts were part of the ''[[Tripiṭaka|Tripitakas]]'', and many versions appeared thereafter claiming to be the words of the Buddha. Scholarly Buddhist commentary texts, with named authors, appeared in India, around the 2nd century CE.<ref name="lopez2004busc1" /> These texts were written in Pali or Sanskrit, sometimes regional languages, as [[palm-leaf manuscript]]s, birch bark, painted scrolls, carved into temple walls, and later on paper.<ref name="lopez2004busc1">{{cite book|author=Donald Lopez |title=Buddhist Scriptures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pd-2IIzip4C |year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-190937-0 |pages=xi–xv}}</ref>

Unlike what the [[Bible]] is to [[Christianity]] and the [[Quran]] is to [[Islam]], but like all major ancient Indian religions, there is no consensus among the different Buddhist traditions as to what constitutes the scriptures or a common canon in Buddhism.<ref name="lopez2004busc1" /> The general belief among Buddhists is that the canonical corpus is vast.<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald Lopez |title=Buddhist Scriptures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pd-2IIzip4C |year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-190937-0 |pages=xii–xiii}}</ref>{{sfnp|Gethin|2008|p=xiv}}{{sfnp|Eliot|1935|p=16}} This corpus includes the ancient ''Sutras'' organised into ''[[Nikāya|Nikayas]]'' or ''[[Āgama (Buddhism)|Agamas]]'', itself the part of three basket of texts called the ''Tripitakas''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald Lopez |title=Buddhist Scriptures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pd-2IIzip4C |year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-190937-0 |pages=xiii–xvii}}</ref> Each Buddhist tradition has its own collection of texts, much of which is translation of ancient Pali and Sanskrit Buddhist texts of India. The [[Chinese Buddhist canon]], for example, includes 2184 texts in 55 volumes, while the [[Tibetan Buddhist canon|Tibetan canon]] comprises 1108 texts{{snd}}all claimed to have been spoken by the Buddha{{snd}}and another 3461 texts composed by Indian scholars revered in the Tibetan tradition.<ref name="lopez2004busc2">{{cite book|author=Donald Lopez |title=Buddhist Scriptures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pd-2IIzip4C |year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-190937-0 |pages=xi–xxv}}</ref> The Buddhist textual history is vast; over 40,000 manuscripts{{snd}}mostly Buddhist, some non-Buddhist{{snd}}were discovered in 1900 in the Dunhuang Chinese cave alone.<ref name="lopez2004busc2" />

===Early texts===
{{Main|Early Buddhist Texts}}

[[File:Fragmentary Buddhist text - Gandhara birchbark scrolls (1st C), part 31 - BL Or. 14915.jpg|thumb|left|Gandhara birchbark scroll fragments ({{Circa|1st century}}) from British Library Collection]]
The Early Buddhist Texts refers to the literature which is considered by modern scholars to be the earliest Buddhist material. The first four [[Pali]] [[Nikayas]], and the corresponding Chinese [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Āgamas]] are generally considered to be among the earliest material.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=42–43}}{{sfnp|Sujato|Brahmali|2015|pp=9–10}}<ref>Mun-Keat Choong (1999). ''The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism,'' Motilal Banarsidass, p. 3. {{ISBN|978-81-208-1649-7}}.</ref> Apart from these, there are also fragmentary collections of EBT materials in other languages such as [[Sanskrit]], [[Saka language|Khotanese]], [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]] and [[Gāndhārī language|Gāndhārī]]. The modern study of [[pre-sectarian Buddhism|early Buddhism]] often relies on comparative scholarship using these various early Buddhist sources to identify parallel texts and common doctrinal content.<ref>e.g. "''Mun-keat, Choong (2000), The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism''" and "''Analayo. Early Buddhist Meditation Studies (Volume 1)''"</ref> One feature of these early texts are literary structures which reflect oral transmission, such as widespread repetition.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Anālayo|author-link=Bhikkhu Analayo|year=2008|title=Reflections on Comparative Āgama Studies|url=https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/reflect-comp-agama.pdf|journal=Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal|publisher=Taipei: Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies|volume=21|pages=3–21|issn=1017-7132|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212122454/https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/reflect-comp-agama.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===The Tripitakas===
{{Main|Tripiṭaka|Pali Canon}}

After the development of the different [[early Buddhist schools]], these schools began to develop their own textual collections, which were termed ''Tripiṭakas'' (Triple Baskets).{{sfnp|Warder|2000|pp=282–283}}

Many early ''Tripiṭakas'', like the Pāli ''Tipitaka'', were divided into three sections: ''[[Vinaya|Vinaya Pitaka]]'' (focuses on [[Monasticism|monastic rule]]), ''[[Sutta Pitaka]]'' (Buddhist discourses) and ''[[Abhidhamma|Abhidhamma Pitaka]],'' which contain expositions and commentaries on the doctrine. The [[Pāli Canon|Pāli ''Tipitaka'']] (also known as the Pali Canon) of the Theravada School constitutes the only complete collection of Buddhist texts in an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic language]] which has survived until today.<ref>Crosby, Kate (2013). ''Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity''. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 2. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-8906-4}}</ref> However, many ''Sutras'', ''Vinayas'' and ''Abhidharma'' works from other schools survive in Chinese translation, as part of the Chinese Buddhist Canon. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven ''pitakas''.{{sfnp|Skilling|1992|p=114}}

===Mahāyāna texts===
{{Main|Mahayana sutras}}

[[File:Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka Koreana-01.jpg|thumb|alt=Tripiṭaka Koreana in South Korea, over 81,000 wood printing blocks stored in racks|The [[Tripitaka Koreana|Tripiṭaka Koreana]] in South Korea, an edition of the [[Chinese Buddhist canon]] carved and preserved in over 81,000 wood printing blocks]]

The [[Mahayana sutras|Mahāyāna sūtras]] are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]]. Modern historians generally hold that the first of these texts were composed probably around the 1st century BCE or 1st century CE.<ref name="Buddhism 2004, page 293">''Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism'' (2004): p. 293</ref>{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1993|p=252}}{{sfnp|Buswell|2004|p=494}} In Mahāyāna, these texts are generally given greater authority than the early Āgamas and Abhidharma literature, which are called "[[Śrāvakayāna]]" or "[[Hinayana]]" to distinguish them from Mahāyāna sūtras.<ref>[[Jan Nattier|Nattier, Jan]] (2003), ''A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā)'', [[University of Hawaii Press]], pp. 172–174, {{ISBN|978-0-8248-3003-8}}</ref> Mahāyāna traditions mainly see these different classes of texts as being designed for different types of persons, with different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahāyāna sūtras are mainly seen as being for those of "greater" capacity.<ref>[[Kalu Rinpoche|Rinpoche, Kalu]] (1995), ''Profound Buddhism From Hinayana To Vajrayana'', Clearpoint Press. p. 15. {{ISBN|978-0-9630371-5-2}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=this claim needs a non-sectarian source|date=September 2019}} Mahāyāna also has a very large literature of philosophical and exegetical texts. These are often called [[Shastras|''śāstra'']] (treatises) or ''vrittis'' (commentaries). Some of this literature was also written in verse form (''karikās''), the most famous of which is the ''[[Mulamadhyamakakarika|Mūlamadhyamika-karikā]]'' (Root Verses on the Middle Way) by [[Nagarjuna]], the foundational text of the [[Madhyamika]] school.

===Tantric texts===
{{Main|Tantras (Buddhism)}}

During the [[Gupta Empire]], a new class of Buddhist sacred literature began to develop, which are called the [[Tantras (Buddhism)|Tantras]].<ref>Wayman, Alex (2008). ''The Buddhist Tantras: Light on Indo-Tibetan Esotericism.'' Routledge. p. 23.</ref> By the 8th century, the tantric tradition was very influential in India and beyond. Besides drawing on a [[Mahāyāna]] Buddhist framework, these texts also borrowed deities and material from other Indian religious traditions, such as the [[Śaiva]] and [[Pancharatra]] traditions, local god/goddess cults, and local spirit worship (such as [[yaksha]] or [[nāga]] spirits).<ref>Sørensen, Henrik H; Payne, Richard K; Orzech, Charles D. (ed.) (2010). ''Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras,'' ''in East Asia''. Handbook of Oriental Studies. p. 20.</ref><ref>Grey, David B.; Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism</ref>

Some features of these texts include the widespread use of mantras, meditation on the [[Lung (Tibetan Buddhism)#Subtle Body|subtle body]], worship of [[fierce deities]], and [[antinomian]] and [[wikt:transgressive|transgressive]] practices such as ingesting [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] and performing sexual rituals.{{sfnp|Williams|Tribe|Wynne|2012|loc=chapter 7}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wallis |first=Christopher |date=2016 |title=The Tantric Age: A Comparison Of Shaiva And Buddhist Tantra}}{{full citation needed|date=October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Dalton |first=J. |title=A Crisis of Doxography: How Tibetans Organized Tantra During the 8th–12th Centuries |journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |volume=28 |issue=1 |date=2005 |pages=115–181}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Buddhism}}

{{For timeline|Timeline of Buddhism}}

===Historical roots===
Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of [[Iron Age India]] around the middle of the first millennium BCE.{{sfnp|Gethin|2008|p=xv}} This was a period of great intellectual ferment and socio-cultural change known as the [[History of India#Second urbanisation (c. 600 – 200 BCE)|"Second urbanisation"]], marked by the growth of towns and trade, the composition of the [[Upanishads]] and the historical emergence of the [[Śramaṇa]] traditions.<ref>{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly |title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India |year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-670-08478-4 |pages=538, 571 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C}}</ref>{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|pp=26–41}}{{Refn|group=note|While some interpretations state that Buddhism may have originated as a social reform, other scholars state that it is incorrect and anachronistic to regard the Buddha as a social reformer.<ref name="QueenKing1996p17"/> Buddha's concern was "to reform individuals, help them to leave society forever, not to reform the world... he never preached against social inequality". [[Richard Gombrich]], quoted by Christopher Queen.<ref name="QueenKing1996p17">{{harvc|first=Christopher |last=Queen |c=Introduction: The Shapes and Sources of Engaged Buddhism |in1=Queen |in2=King |pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZsTgY1lNNsC&pg=PA17 17–18] |year=1996}}</ref>{{sfnp|Gombrich|1988|pp=30–31}}}}

New ideas developed both in the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic tradition]] in the form of the Upanishads, and outside of the Vedic tradition through the Śramaṇa movements.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hajime Nakamura |title=A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asNLliQHDNQC |year=1983 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0651-1 |pages=102–104, 264–269, 294–295 }}; Quote: "But the Upanishadic ultimate meaning of the Vedas, was, from the viewpoint of the Vedic canon in general, clearly a new idea.."; p. 95: The [oldest] Upanishads in particular were part of the Vedic corpus (...) When these various new ideas were brought together and edited, they were added on to the already existing Vedic..."; p. 294: "When early Jainism came into existence, various ideas mentioned in the extant older Upanishads were current,....".</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Klaus G. Witz |title=The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jnPlEqwe_UC |year=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1573-5 |pages= 1–2, 23}}; Quote: "In the [[Aranyaka]]s therefore, thought and inner spiritual awareness started to separate subtler, deeper aspects from the context of ritual performance and myth with which they had been united up to then. This process was then carried further and brought to completion in the [[Upanishad]]s. (...) The knowledge and attainment of the Highest Goal had been there from the Vedic times. But in the Upanishads inner awareness, aided by major intellectual breakthroughs, arrived at a language in which Highest Goal could be dealt with directly, independent of ritual and sacred lore". {{cite book|author=Edward Fitzpatrick Crangle|title=The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOzdcIxJy2sC|year=1994|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03479-1|pages=58 with footnote 148, 22–29, 87–103, for Upanishads–Buddhist Sutta discussion see 65–72}}</ref><ref name="Olivelle1992">{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle |title=The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fB8uneM7q1cC|year=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536137-7|pages=3–5, 68–71}}; {{cite book|author=Christoph Wulf |title=Exploring Alterity in a Globalized World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZxeCwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-33113-1 |pages=125–126}}; Quote: "But he [Bronkhorst] talks about the simultaneous emergence of a Vedic and a non-Vedic asceticism. (...) [On Olivelle] Thus, the challenge for old Vedic views consisted of a new theology, written down in the early Upanishads like the Brhadaranyaka and the Mundaka Upanishad. The new set of ideas contained the...."</ref> The term Śramaṇa refers to several Indian religious movements parallel to but separate from the [[historical Vedic religion]], including Buddhism, [[Jainism]] and others such as [[Ājīvika]].<ref>AL Basham (1951), History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas – a Vanished Indian Religion, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1204-8}}, pp. 94–103</ref>

Several Śramaṇa movements are known to have existed in India before the 6th century BCE (pre-Buddha, pre-[[Mahavira]]), and these influenced both the [[āstika and nāstika]] traditions of [[Indian philosophy]].<ref name=reginaldray247>Reginald Ray (1999), Buddhist Saints in India, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-513483-4}}, pp. 237–240, 247–249</ref> According to Martin Wilshire, the Śramaṇa tradition evolved in India over two phases, namely [[Pratyekabuddha|Paccekabuddha]] and [[Śrāvaka|Savaka]] phases, the former being the tradition of individual ascetic and the latter of disciples, and that Buddhism and [[Jainism]] ultimately emerged from these.<ref name=wiltshire293>Martin Wiltshire (1990), Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism, De Gruyter, {{ISBN|978-3-11-009896-9}}, p. 293</ref> [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahmanical]] and non-Brahmanical ascetic groups shared and used several similar ideas,{{sfnp|Samuel|2010|pp=123–125}} but the Śramaṇa traditions also drew upon already established Brahmanical concepts and philosophical roots, states Wiltshire, to formulate their own doctrines.<ref name=reginaldray247/><ref name=wiltshire226>Martin Wiltshire (1990), Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism, De Gruyter, {{ISBN|978-3-11-009896-9}}, pp. 226–227</ref> Brahmanical motifs can be found in the oldest Buddhist texts, using them to introduce and explain Buddhist ideas.{{sfnp|Shults|2014|p=126}} For example, prior to Buddhist developments, the Brahmanical tradition internalised and variously reinterpreted the [[Srauta|three Vedic sacrificial fires]] as concepts such as Truth, Rite, Tranquility or Restraint.{{sfnp|Shults|2014|p=127}} Buddhist texts also refer to the three Vedic sacrificial fires, reinterpreting and explaining them as ethical conduct.{{sfnp|Shults|2014|pp=125–129}}

The Śramaṇa religions challenged and broke with the Brahmanic tradition on core assumptions such as [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul, self), [[Brahman]], the nature of afterlife, and they rejected the authority of the [[Vedas]] and [[Upanishad]]s.<ref>P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-010-7810-8}}, pp. 1–30</ref>{{sfnp| Jaini|2001|pp=47–48}}<ref name="Siderits2007p16"/> Buddhism was one among several Indian religions that did so.<ref name="Siderits2007p16">{{cite book|author=Mark Siderits |title=Buddhism as Philosophy: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bK6O4Z7RyH8C |year=2007|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-5369-1|page=16 with footnote 3}}</ref>

Early Buddhist positions in the [[Theravada]] tradition had not established any deities, but were epistemologically cautious rather than directly [[atheist]]. Later Buddhist traditions were more influenced by the critique of deities within [[Hinduism]] and therefore more committed to a strongly atheist stance. These developments were historic and epistemological as documented in verses from [[Śāntideva]]'s [[Bodhicaryāvatāra]], and supplemented by reference to [[suttas]] and [[Jataka tales|jātakas]] from the [[Pali Canon]].<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199644650.013.004 |date=2013 |last1=Skilton |first1=Andrew |chapter=22 Buddhism |title=The Oxford Handbook of Atheism|isbn=9780199644650 }}</ref>

===Indian Buddhism===
{{Main|History of Buddhism in India}}

[[File:Ajanta_Chaitya_10_plan.jpg|thumb|[[Ajanta Caves]], Cave 10, a first period type [[chaitya]] worship hall with [[stupa]] but no idols]]
The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods:{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1993|p=7}} Early Buddhism (occasionally called [[pre-sectarian Buddhism]]), [[Nikaya Buddhism]] or Sectarian Buddhism (the period of the early Buddhist schools), Early [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]], Late Mahayana, and the era of [[Vajrayana]] or the "Tantric Age".

====Pre-sectarian Buddhism====
{{Main|Pre-sectarian Buddhism}}

According to [[Lambert Schmithausen]] Pre-sectarian Buddhism is "the canonical period prior to the development of different schools with their different positions".<ref>Schmithausen (1987) "Part I: Earliest Buddhism," Panels of the VIIth World Sanskrit Conference Vol. II: Earliest Buddhism and Madhyamaka, ed. David Seyfort Ruegg and Lambert Schmithausen, Leiden: Kern Institute, pp. 1–4.</ref>

The [[early Buddhist Texts]] include the four principal Pali [[Nikāya]]s{{Refn|The [[Digha Nikaya]], [[Majjhima Nikaya]], [[Samyutta Nikaya]] and [[Anguttara Nikaya]]|group=note}} (and their parallel [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Agamas]] found in the Chinese canon) together with the main body of monastic rules, which survive in the various versions of the [[patimokkha]].{{sfnp|Sujato|Brahmali|2015|p=39–41}}{{sfnp|Gethin|2008|p=xviii}}{{sfnp|Harvey|1998|p=3}} However, these texts were revised over time, and it is unclear what constitutes the earliest layer of Buddhist teachings. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pāli Canon and other texts.{{refn|group=note|The surviving portions of the scriptures of [[Sarvastivada]], [[Mulasarvastivada]], [[Mahīśāsaka]], [[Dharmaguptaka]] and other schools.{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|p=ix}}{{sfnp|Warder|2000}}}} The reliability of the early sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute.{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|pp=xxi–xxxvii}} According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies.{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|p=ix}}{{refn|group=note|Exemplary studies are the study on descriptions of "liberating insight" by Lambert Schmithausen,{{sfnp|Schmithausen|1981}} the overview of early Buddhism by Tilmann Vetter,{{sfnp|Vetter|1988}} the philological work on the four truths by K.R. Norman,{{sfnp|Norman|1992}} the textual studies by Richard Gombrich,{{sfnp|Gombrich|1997}} and the research on early meditation methods by Johannes Bronkhorst.{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993}}}}

According to Schmithausen, three positions held by scholars of Buddhism can be distinguished:{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|p=vii}}
# "Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials". Proponents of this position include [[A. K. Warder]]{{refn|group=note|According to A.K. Warder, in his 1970 publication "Indian Buddhism", from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out.{{sfnp|Warder|2000}} According to Warder, c.q. his publisher: "This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries BC. It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself, although this cannot be proved: at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the parinirvana of the Buddha, and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers."{{sfnp|Warder|2000|loc=inside flap}}}} and [[Richard Gombrich]].{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|p=viii}}{{refn|group=note|Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. By "the main edifice" I mean the collections of the main body of sermons, the four Nikāyas, and of the main body of monastic rules."{{sfnp|Gombrich|1997}}}}
# "Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism". Ronald Davidson is a proponent of this position.{{refn|group=note|Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed){{sic}} that a relatively early community (disputed){{sic}} maintained and transmitted, we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historic Buddha."{{sfnp|Davidson|2003|p=147}}}}
# "Cautious optimism in this respect". Proponents of this position include J.W. de Jong,{{sfnp|Jong|1993|p=25}}{{refn|group=note|name="Jong"|J.W. De Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism [...] the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him [the Buddha], transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed formulas."{{sfnp|Jong|1993|p=25}}}} Johannes Bronkhorst{{refn|group=note|Bronkhorst: "This position is to be preferred to (ii) for purely methodological reasons: only those who seek nay find, even if no success is guaranteed."{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|p=vii}}}} and Donald Lopez.{{refn|group=note|Lopez: "The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to recover or reconstruct."{{sfnp|Lopez|1995|p=4}}}}

=====The Core teachings=====
According to Mitchell, certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, which has led most scholars to conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the [[Four Noble Truths]], the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|Nirvana]], the [[three marks of existence]], the [[Skandha|five aggregates]], [[pratītyasamutpāda|dependent origination]], [[Karma in Buddhism|karma]] and [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]].{{sfnp|Mitchell|2002|p=34}}

According to N. Ross Reat, all of these doctrines are shared by the Theravada Pali texts and the Mahasamghika school's ''[[Salistamba Sutra|Śālistamba Sūtra]]''.<ref>Reat, Noble Ross. "The Historical Buddha and his Teachings". In: ''Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy''. Ed. by Potter, Karl H. Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD. Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, pp. 28, 33, 37, 41, 43, 48.</ref> A recent study by Bhikkhu Analayo concludes that the Theravada ''[[Majjhima Nikāya|Majjhima Nikaya]]'' and Sarvastivada ''[[Madhyama Agama]]'' contain mostly the same major doctrines.<ref>Analayo (2011). ''A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya''. Dharma Drum Academic Publisher. p. 891.</ref> [[Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies)|Richard Salomon]], in his study of the Gandharan texts (which are the earliest manuscripts containing early discourses), has confirmed that their teachings are "consistent with non-Mahayana Buddhism, which survives today in the Theravada school of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, but which in ancient times was represented by eighteen separate schools."<ref>{{cite news |last=Salomon |first=Richard |date=20 January 2020 |title=How the Gandharan Manuscripts Change Buddhist History |newspaper=Lions Roar |url=https://www.lionsroar.com/how-the-gandharan-manuscripts-change-buddhist-history/ |access-date=2020-10-10 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229000500/https://www.lionsroar.com/how-the-gandharan-manuscripts-change-buddhist-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, some scholars argue that critical analysis reveals discrepancies among the various doctrines found in these early texts, which point to alternative possibilities for early Buddhism.{{sfnp|Skorupski|1990|p=5}}{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1998|pp=4, 11}}{{sfnp|Schopen|2002|pp=}} The authenticity of certain teachings and doctrines have been questioned. For example, some scholars think that karma was not central to the teaching of the historical Buddha, while other disagree with this position.{{sfnp|Matthews|1986|p=124}}{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1998|p=14}} Likewise, there is scholarly disagreement on whether insight was seen as liberating in early Buddhism or whether it was a later addition to the practice of the four ''jhānas''.{{sfnp|Schmithausen|1981}}{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|pp=77–78, Section 8.4.3}}{{sfnp|Vetter|1988|p=5, Quote: [T]hey do not teach that one is released by knowing the four noble truths, but by practising the fourth noble truth, the eightfold path, which culminates in right samadhi}} Scholars such as Bronkhorst also think that the four noble truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight".{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|1993|p=107}} According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way".{{sfnp|Vetter|1988}} In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.{{sfnp|Vetter|1988}}

====Ashokan Era and the early schools====
{{Main|Early Buddhist schools|Buddhist councils|Theravada}}

According to numerous Buddhist scriptures, soon after the [[Parinirvana|{{IAST|parinirvāṇa}}]] (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the [[first Buddhist council]] was held to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. Many modern scholars question the historicity of this event.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=88–90}} However, [[Richard Gombrich]] states that the monastic assembly recitations of the Buddha's teaching likely began during Buddha's lifetime, and they served a similar role of codifying the teachings.{{sfnp|Williams|2005|pp=175–176}}

The so called [[Second Buddhist council]] resulted in the first schism in the [[Sangha]]. Modern scholars believe that this was probably caused when a group of reformists called [[Sthavira Nikāya|Sthaviras]] ("elders") sought to modify the Vinaya (monastic rule), and this caused a split with the conservatives who rejected this change, they were called [[Mahāsāṃghika]]s.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=89–90}}<ref>Skilton, Andrew. ''A Concise History of Buddhism.'' 2004. pp. 49, 64</ref> While most scholars accept that this happened at some point, there is no agreement on the dating, especially if it dates to before or after the reign of Ashoka.<ref>Sujato, Bhante (2012), Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools, Santipada, {{ISBN|978-1-921842-08-5}}</ref>

[[File:Asoka̠ Buddhist Missions.png|thumb|Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of [[Ashoka]] according to the Edicts of Ashoka]]
Buddhism may have spread only slowly throughout India until the time of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]] (304–232 BCE), who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more [[Stupa|stūpas]] (such as at [[Sanchi]] and [[Bharhut]]), temples (such as the [[Mahabodhi Temple]]) and to its spread throughout the Maurya Empire and into neighbouring lands such as [[Central Asia]] and to the island of [[Sri Lanka]].

During and after the Mauryan period (322–180 BCE), the Sthavira community gave rise to several schools, one of which was the [[Theravada]] school which tended to congregate in the south and another which was the [[Sarvāstivāda]] school, which was mainly in north India. Likewise, the [[Mahāsāṃghika]] groups also eventually split into different Sanghas. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over monastic disciplinary codes of various fraternities, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too.{{sfnp|Harvey|1998|pp=74–75}}

Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate their own version of [[Tripiṭaka]] (triple basket of texts).<ref name=britannicatipitaka>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tipitaka "Tipitaka] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427112107/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tipitaka |date=27 April 2020 }}). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (2015)</ref><ref name="Crandall2012p56">{{cite book |author=Barbara Crandall |title=Gender and Religion: The Dark Side of Scripture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zq7UAwAAQBAJ |edition=2nd |year=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-4871-1 |pages=56–58 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055820/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zq7UAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In their Tripiṭaka, each school included the Suttas of the Buddha, a Vinaya basket (disciplinary code) and some schools also added an [[Abhidharma]] basket which were texts on detailed scholastic classification, summary and interpretation of the Suttas.<ref name=britannicatipitaka/>{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=90–91}} The doctrine details in the Abhidharmas of various Buddhist schools differ significantly, and these were composed starting about the third century BCE and through the 1st millennium CE.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=90–93}}<ref>"Abhidhamma Pitaka". ''Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref>{{sfnp|Keown|Prebish|2004|p=485}}

===Post-Ashokan expansion===
{{Main|Silk Road transmission of Buddhism}}

According to the [[Edicts of Ashoka|edicts of Aśoka]], the Mauryan emperor sent emissaries to various countries west of India to spread "Dharma", particularly in eastern provinces of the neighbouring [[Seleucid Empire]], and even farther to [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.{{sfnp|Gombrich|2005a |p=135}}

[[File:Buddhist Expansion.svg|thumb|right|Buddhist expansion throughout Asia]]
In central and west Asia, Buddhist influence grew, through Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs and ancient Asian trade routes, a phenomenon known as [[Greco-Buddhism]]. An example of this is evidenced in Chinese and Pali Buddhist records, such as ''[[Milinda Panha|Milindapanha]]'' and the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara|Gandhāra]]. The ''Milindapanha'' describes a conversation between a Buddhist monk and the 2nd-century BCE Greek king [[Menander I|Menander]], after which Menander abdicates and himself goes into monastic life in the pursuit of nirvana.{{sfnp|Trainor|2004|pp=103, 119}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Jason Neelis |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC |year=2010 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-18159-5 |pages=102–106 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060324/https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC |url-status=live }}</ref> Some scholars have questioned the ''Milindapanha'' version, expressing doubts whether Menander was Buddhist or just favourably disposed to Buddhist monks.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ann Heirman |author2=Stephan Peter Bumbacher |title=The Spread of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr_M1e7yImoC |year=2007|publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-15830-6|pages=139–142 }}</ref>

The [[Kushan Empire]] (30–375 CE) came to control the Silk Road trade through Central and South Asia, which brought them to interact with [[Gandharan Buddhism]] and the Buddhist institutions of these regions. The Kushans patronised Buddhism throughout their lands, and many Buddhist centres were built or renovated (the Sarvastivada school was particularly favored), especially by Emperor Kanishka (128–151 CE).<ref>Kurt A. Behrendt, ''The Buddhist architecture of Gandhara, Handbuch der Orientalistik'' Brill, 2004, p. 13</ref><ref name="Heirman, Ann p. 57">Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (editors). The Spread of Buddhism, Brill, p. 57</ref> Kushan support helped Buddhism to expand into a world religion through their trade routes.<ref name="Liu2010p42">{{cite book|author=Xinru Liu|title=The Silk Road in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ8RDAAAQBAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533810-2|page=42|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060324/https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ8RDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Buddhism spread to [[Kingdom of Khotan|Khotan]], the [[Tarim Basin]], and China, eventually to other parts of the far east.<ref name="Heirman, Ann p. 57"/> Some of the earliest written documents of the Buddhist faith are the [[Gandharan Buddhist texts]], dating from about the 1st century CE, and connected to the [[Dharmaguptaka]] school.{{sfnp|Warder2000|p=278}}<ref>"The Discovery of 'the Oldest Buddhist Manuscripts'" Review article by Enomoto Fumio. ''The Eastern Buddhist'', Vol NS32 Issue I, 2000, p. 161</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Abstract: Sects & Sectarianism. The Origin of the three existing Vinaya lineages: Theravada, Dharmaguptaka, and Mulasarvastivada|author=Bhikkhu Sujato|author-link=Bhante Sujato|url=http://www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org/index.php?id=62|access-date=12 March 2017|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218065734/http://www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org/index.php?id=62}}</ref>

The [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Islamic conquest]] of the [[Iranian Plateau]] in the 7th-century, followed by the [[Muslim conquests of Afghanistan]] and the later establishment of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid kingdom]] with Islam as the state religion in Central Asia between the 10th- and 12th-century led to the decline and disappearance of Buddhism from most of these regions.<ref name="Kudara2002">{{cite journal |last1=Kudara|first1=Kogi|date=2002|title=A Rough Sketch of Central Asian Buddhism |url=http://www.shin-ibs.edu/publications/pacific-world/third-series-number-4-fall-2002/|journal=Pacific World: Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=93–107 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180406102117/http://www.shin-ibs.edu/publications/pacific-world/third-series-number-4-fall-2002/|archive-date=6 April 2018|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref>

===Mahāyāna Buddhism===
{{Main|Mahāyāna}}

[[File:BuddhistTriad.JPG|thumb|left|alt=stone statue group, a Buddhist triad depicting, left to right, a Kushan, the future buddha Maitreya, Gautama Buddha, the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, and a Buddhist monk. 2nd–3rd century. Guimet Museum|A Buddhist triad depicting, left to right, a [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]], the future buddha [[Maitreya]], [[Gautama Buddha]], the bodhisattva [[Avalokiteśvara]], and a [[bhikkhu|monk]]. Second–third century. [[Guimet Museum]].]]

The origins of Mahāyāna ("Great Vehicle") Buddhism are not well understood and there are various competing theories about how and where this movement arose. Theories include the idea that it began as various groups venerating certain texts or that it arose as a strict forest ascetic movement.<ref name="Drewes, David 2010">Drewes, David, ''Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism I: Recent Scholarship'', Religion Compass 4/2 (2010): 55–65, {{doi|10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00195.x}}</ref>

The first Mahāyāna works were written sometime between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE.{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1993|p=252}}<ref name="Drewes, David 2010"/> Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts, mainly those of [[Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)|Lokakṣema]]. (2nd century CE).{{refn|group=note|name=China Buswell 2004|"The most important evidence – in fact the only evidence – for situating the emergence of the Mahayana around the beginning of the common era was not Indian evidence at all, but came from China. Already by the last quarter of the 2nd century CE, there was a small, seemingly idiosyncratic collection of substantial Mahayana sutras translated into what Erik Zürcher calls 'broken Chinese' by an Indoscythian, whose Indian name has been reconstructed as Lokaksema."{{sfnp|Buswell|2004|p=492}}}} Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest [[Mahayana sutras|Mahāyāna sūtras]] to include the first versions of the [[Prajnaparamita]] series, along with texts concerning [[Akshobhya|Akṣobhya]], which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1993|pp=252–253, 263, 268}}{{refn|group=note|name=South|"The south (of India) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras" Warder.{{sfnp|Warder|2000|p=335}}}}

There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, with a separate monastic code (Vinaya), but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas.{{sfnp|Nattier|2003|pp=193–194}}{{sfnp|Williams|2008|pp=4–5}} Records written by Chinese monks visiting India indicate that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks could be found in the same monasteries, with the difference that Mahāyāna monks worshipped figures of Bodhisattvas, while non-Mahayana monks did not.{{sfnp|Williams|2000|p=97}}

[[File:Nalanda.jpg|thumb|Site of [[Nalanda]] University, a great centre of Mahāyāna thought]]
Mahāyāna initially seems to have remained a small minority movement that was in tension with other Buddhist groups, struggling for wider acceptance.<ref>Walser, Joseph, ''Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,'' Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 18.</ref> However, during the fifth and sixth centuries CE, there seems to have been a rapid growth of Mahāyāna Buddhism, which is shown by a large increase in epigraphic and manuscript evidence in this period. However, it still remained a minority in comparison to other Buddhist schools.<ref>Walser, Joseph, ''Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,'' Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 29-34.</ref>

Mahāyāna Buddhist institutions continued to grow in influence during the following centuries, with large monastic university complexes such as [[Nalanda]] (established by the 5th-century CE Gupta emperor, [[Kumaragupta I]]) and [[Vikramashila]] (established under [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]] {{Circa|783}} to 820) becoming quite powerful and influential. During this period of Late Mahāyāna, four major types of thought developed: Mādhyamaka, Yogācāra, Buddha-nature (''Tathāgatagarbha''), and the [[Buddhist logico-epistemology#The Dignāga-Dharmakīrti tradition|epistemological tradition of Dignaga and Dharmakirti]].{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1993|pp=8–9}} According to [[Dan Lusthaus]], Mādhyamaka and Yogācāra have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism.{{sfnp|Lusthaus|2002|pp=236–237}}

===Late Indian Buddhism and Tantra===
{{main|Vajrayana}}

[[File:Thangka Depicting Vajrabhairava, ca. 1740, Sotheby's.jpg|thumb|Vajrayana adopted deities such as [[Bhairava]], known as [[Yamantaka]] in Tibetan Buddhism.]]
During the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] (4th–6th centuries) and the empire of [[Harsha|Harṣavardana]] ({{Circa|590}}–647 CE), Buddhism continued to be influential in India, and large Buddhist learning institutions such as [[Nalanda]] and [[Valabhi University|Valabahi]] Universities were at their peak.{{sfnp|Warder|2000|p=442}} Buddhism also flourished under the support of the [[Pala Empire|Pāla Empire]] (8th–12th centuries). Under the Guptas and Palas, Tantric Buddhism or Vajrayana developed and rose to prominence. It promoted new practices such as the use of [[mantra]]s, [[dharani]]s, [[mudra]]s, [[mandala]]s and the visualisation of deities and Buddhas and developed a new class of literature, the [[Tantras (Buddhism)|Buddhist Tantras]]. This new esoteric form of Buddhism can be traced back to groups of wandering yogi magicians called [[mahasiddha]]s.<ref>Ray, Reginald A (2000) ''Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism''.</ref><ref>Davidson, Ronald M.,(2002). ''Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement'', Columbia University Press, p. 228, 234.</ref>

The question of the origins of early Vajrayana has been taken up by various scholars. [[David Seyfort Ruegg]] has suggested that Buddhist tantra employed various elements of a "pan-Indian religious substrate" which is not specifically Buddhist, Shaiva or Vaishnava.<ref>Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement, p. 171.</ref>

According to Indologist [[Alexis Sanderson]], various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and [[Shaivism|Saivism]]. Sanderson has argued that Buddhist tantras can be shown to have borrowed practices, terms, rituals and more form Shaiva tantras. He argues that Buddhist texts even directly copied various Shaiva tantras, especially the Bhairava Vidyapitha tantras.<ref>Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, pp. 23, 124, 129-31.</ref><ref>Sanderson, Alexis; Vajrayana:, Origin and Function, 1994</ref> Ronald M. Davidson meanwhile, argues that Sanderson's claims for direct influence from Shaiva ''Vidyapitha'' texts are problematic because "the chronology of the ''Vidyapitha'' tantras is by no means so well established"<ref>Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement, p. 204.</ref> and that the Shaiva tradition also appropriated non-Hindu deities, texts and traditions. Thus while "there can be no question that the Buddhist tantras were heavily influenced by [[Kapalika]] and other Saiva movements" argues Davidson, "the influence was apparently mutual".<ref>Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement, p. 217.</ref>

Already during this later era, Buddhism was losing state support in other regions of India, including the lands of the [[Karkota Empire|Karkotas]], the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]], the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]], the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] and the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]]. This loss of support in favor of Hindu faiths like [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaivism]], is the beginning of the long and complex period of the [[Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Omvedt, Gail (2003). "Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste", p. 172.</ref> The [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic invasions and conquest of India]] (10th to 12th century), further damaged and destroyed many Buddhist institutions, leading to its eventual near disappearance from India by the 1200s.{{sfnp|Collins|2000|pp=184-185}}

===Spread to East and Southeast Asia===
[[File:Prasat Bayon 2014.JPG|thumb|[[Angkor Thom]] build by [[Khmer Empire|Khmer]] King [[Jayavarman VII]] ({{circa|1120}}–1218)]]
The [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]] to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.{{sfnp|Zürcher |1972|pp=22–27}}{{refn|group=note|name=Hill |See Hill (2009), p. 30, for the Chinese text from the ''[[Hou Hanshu]]'', and p. 31 for a translation of it.{{sfnp|Hill |2009|pp=30–31}}}} The first documented translation efforts by foreign [[Buddhist monk]]s in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the [[Kushan Empire]] into the Chinese territory of the [[Tarim Basin]].{{sfnp|Zürcher |1972|p=23}}

The first documented Buddhist texts translated into Chinese are those of the Parthian [[An Shigao]] (148–180 CE).<ref>Zürcher, Erik. 2007 (1959). The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. 3rd ed. Leiden: Brill. pp. 32–34</ref> The first known [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] scriptural texts are translations into Chinese by the Kushan monk [[Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)|Lokakṣema]] in [[Luoyang]], between 178 and 189 CE.{{sfnp|Williams|2008|p=30}} From China, Buddhism was introduced into its neighbours [[Korea]] (4th century), [[Japan]] (6th–7th centuries), and [[Vietnam]] ({{Circa|1st}}–2nd centuries).<ref name="Dykstra, Yoshiko Kurata 2001 p. 100">Dykstra, Yoshiko Kurata; De Bary, William Theodore (2001). ''Sources of Japanese tradition''. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 100. {{ISBN|0-231-12138-5}}.</ref><ref>Nguyen Tai Thu. ''The History of Buddhism in Vietnam''. 2008.</ref>

During the Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907), [[Chinese Esoteric Buddhism]] was introduced from India and [[Chan Buddhism]] (Zen) became a major religion.<ref>McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen, The University Press Group Ltd, pp. 13, 18</ref><ref>Orzech, Charles D. (general editor) (2011). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. Brill. p. 4</ref> Chan continued to grow in the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279) and it was during this era that it strongly influenced Korean Buddhism and Japanese Buddhism.<ref>McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen, The University Press Group Ltd, pp. 13, 19–21</ref> [[Pure Land Buddhism]] also became popular during this period and was often practised together with Chan.<ref>Heng-Ching Shih (1987). Yung-Ming's Syncretism of Pure Land and Chan, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10 (1), p. 117</ref> It was also during the Song that the entire [[Chinese Buddhist canon|Chinese canon]] was printed using over 130,000 wooden printing blocks.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=223}}

During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and [[Mongolia]]. Johannes Bronkhorst states that the esoteric form was attractive because it allowed both a secluded monastic community as well as the social rites and rituals important to laypersons and to kings for the maintenance of a political state during succession and wars to resist invasion.{{sfnp|Bronkhorst|2011|pp=242–246}} During the Middle Ages, Buddhism slowly declined in India,<ref>{{cite book |author=Andrew Powell |title=Living Buddhism |url=https://archive.org/details/livingbuddhism00powe |pages=[https://archive.org/details/livingbuddhism00powe/page/38 38–39] |year=1989 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20410-2}}</ref> while it vanished from Persia and Central Asia as Islam became the state religion.<ref name="larsfogelin6">{{cite book|author=Lars Fogelin |title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPZzBgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-994823-9 |pages=6–11, 218, 229–230}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Sheila Canby |title=Depictions of Buddha Sakyamuni in the Jami al-Tavarikh and the Majma al-Tavarikh |journal=Muqarnas |volume=10 |year=1993 |pages=299–310 |doi=10.2307/1523195 |jstor=1523195}}</ref>

The [[Theravada]] school arrived in Sri Lanka sometime in the 3rd century BCE. Sri Lanka became a base for its later spread to [[Southeast Asia]] after the 5th century CE ([[Myanmar]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]] and coastal [[Vietnam]]).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ|title=Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia|author=John Guy|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=2014|isbn=978-1-58839-524-5|pages=9–11, 14–15, 19–20|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060324/https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Skilling|1997}} [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]] was the dominant religion in [[Myanmar|Burma]] during the Mon [[Hanthawaddy kingdom]] (1287–1552).<ref>Myint-U, Thant (2006). ''The River of Lost Footsteps – Histories of Burma''. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. {{ISBN|978-0-374-16342-6}}. pp. 64–65</ref> It also became dominant in the [[Khmer Empire]] during the 13th and 14th centuries and in the Thai [[Sukhothai Kingdom]] during the reign of [[Ram Khamhaeng]] (1237/1247–1298).<ref>[[George Cœdès|Cœdès, George]] (1968). Walter F. Vella, ed. ''The Indianized States of Southeast Asia''. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-0368-1}}.</ref><ref>Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism," Radical Conservativism.</ref>

==Schools and traditions==
{{Main|Schools of Buddhism|Timeline of Buddhism#Common Era}}

Buddhists generally classify themselves as either [[Theravada|Theravāda]] or [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]].{{sfnp|Keown|1996|p=12}} This classification is also used by some scholars{{sfnp|Smith|2006|pp=}} and is the one ordinarily used in the English language.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Tibetan Buddhism |encyclopedia=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=2004 |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tibetan%20buddhism|access-date=2007-07-07|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080609051748/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tibetan%20buddhism |archive-date=9 June 2008 }}</ref> An alternative scheme used by some scholars divides Buddhism into the following three traditions or geographical or cultural areas: Theravāda (or "Southern Buddhism", "South Asian Buddhism"), [[East Asian Buddhism]] (or just "Eastern Buddhism") and [[Tibetan Buddhism|Indo-Tibetan Buddhism]] (or "Northern Buddhism").{{refn|group=note|name=alternative scheme|{{harvtxt|Harvey|1998}}, {{harvtxt|Gombrich|1984}}, {{harvtxt|Gethin|1998 |pp=1–2}}; identifies "three broad traditions" as: (1) "The Theravāda tradition of Sri Lanka and South-East Asia, also sometimes referred to as 'southern' Buddhism"; (2) "The East Asian tradition of China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, also sometimes referred to as 'eastern' Buddhism"; and, (3) "The Tibetan tradition, also sometimes referred to as 'northern' Buddhism."; {{harvtxt|Robinson|Johnson|1982}} divide their book into two parts: Part One is entitled "The Buddhism of South Asia" (which pertains to Early Buddhism in India); and, Part Two is entitled "The Development of Buddhism Outside of India" with chapters on "The Buddhism of Southeast Asia", "Buddhism in the Tibetan Culture Area", "East Asian Buddhism" and "Buddhism Comes West"; ''Penguin Handbook of Living Religions'', 1984, p. 279; Prebish & Keown, ''Introducing Buddhism'', ebook, Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 2005, printed ed, Harper, 2006.}}
[[File:Buddhism in Belgium.JPG|thumb|Buddhists of various traditions, Yeunten Ling Tibetan Institute]]

The Theravada tradition traces its origins as the oldest tradition holding the Pali Canon as the only authority. The Mahayana tradition reveres the Canon but also derivative literature that developed in the 1st millennium CE; its roots are traceable to the 1st century BCE. The Vajrayana tradition is closer to the Mahayana, includes Tantra, and as the younger of the three is traceable to the 1st millennium CE.{{sfnp|Gethin|1998|pp=1–2, 49–58, 253–271}}{{sfnp|Williams|1989|pp=1–25}}

Some scholars use other schemes, such as the multi-dimensional classification in the ''Encyclopedia of Religion''.<ref>{{harvp|Eliade et al.|1987|pp=440ff}}</ref> Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. [[Hinayana]] (literally "lesser or inferior vehicle") is sometimes used by Mahāyāna followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravāda emerged, but as the Hinayana term is considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are used instead, including: [[Shravakayana|Śrāvakayāna]], Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism and conservative Buddhism.<ref name=kwmorganp410>{{cite book|author=Kenneth W. Morgan |title=The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6OHBCgmmGAC |year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0030-4 |pages=410 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=N. Ross Reat|title=Buddhism: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismhistory00reat/ |year=1994|publisher=Asian Humanities Press|isbn=978-0-87573-001-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/buddhismhistory00reat/page/19 19–20]}}</ref>


Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them:<ref>{{cite book|author=Erika Wilson|title=Emotions and Spirituality in Religions and Spiritual Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSUY9LqXPdQC |year=2012|publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-0-7618-5950-5 |pages=137–138 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=John M Koller |title=The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgg3DAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-50740-8 |pages=157–160 }}</ref>
* Both Theravāda and Mahāyāna accept and revere [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha Sakyamuni]] as the founder, Mahāyāna also reveres numerous other Buddhas, such as [[Amitābha|Amitabha]] or [[Vairochana|Vairocana]] as well as many other bodhisattvas not revered in Theravāda.
* Both accept the [[Middle Way]], [[pratītyasamutpāda|Dependent origination]], the [[Four Noble Truths]], the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], the [[Refuge (Buddhism)|Three Jewels]], the [[Three marks of existence]] and the ''[[Bodhipakkhiyādhammā|Bodhipakṣadharmas]]'' (aids to awakening).
* Mahāyāna focuses mainly on the [[Bodhisattva|bodhisattva path]] to Buddhahood which it sees as universal and to be practiced by all persons, while Theravāda does not focus on teaching this path and teaches the attainment of [[arhat]]ship as a worthy goal to strive towards. The bodhisattva path is not denied in Theravāda, it is generally seen as a long and difficult path suitable for only a few.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Samuels |first=Jeffrey |title=The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Buddhist Theory and Practice: A Reevaluation of the Bodhisattva-Śrāvaka Opposition |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=47 |issue=3 |date=July 1997 |pages=399–415 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |doi=10.2307/1399912 |jstor=1399912 |url=https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/phil_rel_fac_pub/12 |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203032843/https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/phil_rel_fac_pub/12/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Thus the Bodhisattva path is normative in Mahāyāna, while it is an optional path for a heroic few in Theravāda.{{sfnp|Keown|Prebish|2013|loc="Bodhisattva, Career in the Theravada"}}
* Mahāyāna sees the arhat's nirvana as being imperfect and inferior or preliminary to full Buddhahood. It sees arhatship as selfish, since bodhisattvas vow to save all beings while arhats save only themselves.<ref>Johnston, William M. (2013) ''"Encyclopedia of Monasticism"'' p. 600. Routledge.</ref> Theravāda meanwhile does not accept that the arhat's nirvana is an inferior or preliminary attainment, nor that it is a selfish deed to attain arhatship since not only are arhats described as compassionate but they have destroyed the root of greed, the sense of "I am".{{sfnp|Keown|Prebish|2013|loc="Bodhisattva, Career in the Theravada"}}
* Mahāyāna accepts the authority of the many Mahāyāna sutras along with the other Nikaya texts like the Agamas and the Pali Canon (though it sees Mahāyāna texts as primary), while Theravāda does not accept that the Mahāyāna sutras are ''[[buddhavacana]]'' (word of the Buddha) at all.<ref>Hay, Jeff (2009). ''"World Religions"'' p. 189. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.</ref>

==Monasteries and temples==
{{Main|Buddhist architecture}}

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Buddhist institutions are often housed and centred around [[monasteries]] (Sanskrit: ''[[Vihāra|viharas]]'') and temples. Buddhist monastics originally followed a life of wandering, never staying in one place for long. During the three-month rainy season (''[[vassa]]'') they would gather together in one place for a period of intense practice and then depart again.{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1993|p=68}}{{sfnp|Dutt|1988|p=53}} Some of the earliest Buddhist monasteries were at groves (''vanas'') or woods (''araññas''), such as [[Jetavana]] and [[Sarnath|Sarnath's Deer Park]]. There originally seems to have been two main types of monasteries, monastic settlements (''sangharamas'') were built and supported by donors, and woodland camps (''avasas'') were set up by monks. Whatever structures were built in these locales were made out of wood and were sometimes temporary structures built for the rainy season.{{sfnp|Hirakawa|1993|p=34}}{{sfnp|Dutt|1988|p=55}} Over time, the wandering community slowly adopted more settled [[Cenobitic monasticism|cenobitic]] forms of monasticism.{{sfnp|Dutt|1988|pp=57–59}}

There are many different forms of Buddhist structures. Classic Indian Buddhist institutions mainly made use of the following structures: monasteries, rock-hewn cave complexes (such as the [[Ajanta Caves]]), [[stupa]]s (funerary mounds which contained relics), and temples such as the [[Mahabodhi Temple]].<ref>Huu Phuoc Le (2010). ''Buddhist Architecture.'' Grafikol.</ref> In Southeast Asia, the most widespread institutions are centred on [[wat]]s. East Asian Buddhist institutions also use various structures including monastic halls, temples, lecture halls, bell towers and [[pagoda]]s. In [[Buddhist temples in Japan|Japanese Buddhist temples]], these different structures are usually grouped together in an area termed the [[Shichidō garan|garan]]. In Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Buddhist institutions are generally housed in [[gompa]]s. They include monastic quarters, stupas and prayer halls with Buddha images. In the modern era, the Buddhist "meditation centre", which is mostly used by laypersons and often also staffed by them, has also become widespread.<ref>Schedneck, Brooke (2015). ''Thailand's International Meditation Centers: Tourism and the Global Commodification of Religious Practices.'' Routledge</ref>

==In the modern era==
{{Main|Buddhism by country|Buddhist modernism}}

[[File:Хуварак.JPG|thumb|alt=Buddhist monk in Siberia in robes leaning on railing looking at temple|[[Buryats|Buryat]] Buddhist monk in [[Siberia]]]]

===Colonial era and after===
Buddhism has faced various challenges and changes during the colonisation of Buddhist states by Christian countries and its persecution under modern states. Like other religions, the findings of modern science have challenged its basic premises. One response to some of these challenges has come to be called [[Buddhist modernism]]. Early Buddhist modernist figures such as the American convert [[Henry Steel Olcott|Henry Olcott]] (1832–1907) and [[Anagarika Dharmapala]] (1864–1933) reinterpreted and promoted Buddhism as a scientific and rational religion which they saw as compatible with modern science.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=378}}

[[East Asian Buddhism]] meanwhile suffered under various wars which ravaged China during the modern era, such as the [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping rebellion]] and [[World War II]] (which also affected [[Korean Buddhism]]). During the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican period]] (1912–49), a new movement called [[Humanistic Buddhism]] was developed by figures such as [[Taixu]] (1899–1947), and though Buddhist institutions were destroyed during the [[Cultural Revolution]] (1966–76), there has been a revival of the religion in China after 1977.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=409–410}} [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhism]] also went through a period of modernisation during the [[Meiji period]].{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=403}} In [[Central Asia]] meanwhile, the arrival of [[Communism|Communist]] repression to [[Tibet]] (1966–1980) and [[Mongolia]] (between 1924 and 1990) had a strong negative impact on Buddhist institutions, though the situation has improved somewhat since the 80s and 90s.{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|pp=414–417}}

In Afghanistan and Pakistan, militants have destroyed some historic Buddhist monuments.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Francioni|first=F.|year=2003|title=The Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan and International Law|journal=European Journal of International Law|volume=14|issue=4|pages=619–651|doi=10.1093/ejil/14.4.619|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Attack on giant Pakistan Buddha | website=BBC News | date=2007-09-12 | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6991058.stm | access-date=2016-06-04 | archive-date=19 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419052538/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6991058.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

===In the West===
{{main|Buddhism in the West}}

{{multiple image
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| caption1 = 1893 [[World Parliament of Religions]] in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States
| image2 = Buddharama Nukari.jpg
| caption2 = Interior of the Thai Buddhist wat in [[Nukari]], [[Nurmijärvi]], Finland
}}

While there were some encounters of Western travellers or missionaries such as St. [[Francis Xavier]] and [[Ippolito Desideri]] with Buddhist cultures, it was not until the 19th century that Buddhism began to be studied by Western scholars. It was the work of pioneering scholars such as [[Eugène Burnouf]], [[Max Müller]], [[Hermann Oldenberg]] and [[Thomas William Rhys Davids]] that paved the way for modern [[Buddhist studies]] in the West. The English words such as Buddhism, "Boudhist", "Bauddhist" and Buddhist were coined in the early 19th-century in the West,<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/buddhism Buddhism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003348/https://www.etymonline.com/word/buddhism |date=5 December 2018 }}, [https://www.etymonline.com/word/buddhist Buddhist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003346/https://www.etymonline.com/word/buddhist |date=5 December 2018 }}, Etymology, Douglas Harper</ref> while in 1881, Rhys Davids founded the [[Pali Text Society]]—an influential Western resource of Buddhist literature in the Pali language and one of the earliest publisher of a journal on [[Buddhist studies]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pali-Text-Society Pali Text Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204195700/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pali-Text-Society |date=4 December 2018 }}, Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> It was also during the 19th century that Asian Buddhist immigrants (mainly from China and Japan) began to arrive in Western countries such as the United States and Canada, bringing with them their Buddhist religion. This period also saw the first Westerners to formally convert to Buddhism, such as [[Helena Blavatsky]] and [[Henry Steel Olcott]].<ref>Prothero, ''The White Buddhist,'' 175. Olcott's approach to Buddhism and the terminology of Protestant Buddhism and "creolization" (Prothero) is extensively discussed in K.A. McMahan," 'Creolization' in American Religious History. The Metaphysical Nature of Henry Steel Olcott, PhD dissertation, unpublished manuscript (Ann Arbor 2008).</ref> An important event in the introduction of Buddhism to the West was the 1893 [[World Parliament of Religions]], which for the first time saw well-publicised speeches by major Buddhist leaders alongside other religious leaders.

The 20th century saw a prolific growth of new Buddhist institutions in Western countries,<ref name="brit">{{cite web |last1=Reynolds |first1=Frank |last2=Tucci |first2=Giuseppe |title=Buddhism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=Britannica}}</ref> including the [[Buddhist Society, London]] (1924), [[Das Buddhistische Haus]] (1924) and [[Datsan Gunzechoinei]] in [[Saint Petersburg|St Petersburg]]. The publication and translations of Buddhist literature in Western languages thereafter accelerated. After the [[World War II|second world war]], further immigration from Asia, globalisation, the [[secularisation]] on Western culture as well a renewed interest in Buddhism among the 60s [[counterculture]] led to further growth in Buddhist institutions.<ref>Coleman, James William, ''The New Buddhism: The Western Transformation of an Ancient Tradition'', Oxford University Press, pp. 203–204.</ref> Influential figures on post-war [[Buddhism in the West|Western Buddhism]] include [[Shunryu Suzuki]], [[Jack Kerouac]], [[Alan Watts]], [[Thích Nhất Hạnh]], and the [[14th Dalai Lama]]. While Buddhist institutions have grown, some of the central premises of Buddhism such as the cycles of rebirth and [[Four Noble Truths]] have been problematic in the West.{{sfnp|Konik|2009|p=ix}}{{sfnp|Hayes|2013|p=172}}{{sfnp|Lamb|2001|p=258}} In contrast, states Christopher Gowans, for "most ordinary [Asian] Buddhists, today as well as in the past, their basic moral orientation is governed by belief in karma and rebirth".{{sfnp|Gowans|2014|pp=18–23, 76–88}} Most Asian Buddhist laypersons, states Kevin Trainor, have historically pursued Buddhist rituals and practices seeking better rebirth,{{sfnp|Keown|2009|pp=60–63, 74–85, 185–187}} not nirvana or freedom from rebirth.{{sfnp|Fowler|1999|p=65}}

{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| footer = [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]], Afghanistan in 1896 (top) and after destruction in 2001 by the [[Taliban]] Islamists.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jan Goldman |title=The War on Terror Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjeaBAAAQBAJ | year= 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-511-4|pages=360–362}}</ref>
| image1 = Nouvelle géographie universelle - la terre et les hommes (1876) (14592652167).jpg
| alt1 = Buddha statue in 1896, Bamiyan
| image2 = View of the Bamiyan Valley with the destroyed Buddha statue, Afghanistan, July 2005.jpg
| alt2 = After statue destroyed by Islamist Taliban in 2001
}}

Buddhism has spread across the world,{{sfnp|Henderson|2002|p=42}}{{sfnp|Tamney |1998|p=68}} and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While [[Buddhism in the West]] is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. In countries such as [[Cambodia]] and [[Bhutan]], it is recognised as the [[state religion]] and receives government support.

===Neo-Buddhism movements===
{{main|Dalit Buddhist movement|Navayana|Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar}}

A number of modern movements in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th century.{{sfnp|Paranjpe|1998|p=351}}{{sfnp|Pavāra|2009|pp=xv–xviii}} These [[Buddhist modernism|new forms of Buddhism]] are diverse and significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.<ref>{{cite journal | last=McMahan | first=David L. | title=Buddhism: Introducing the Buddhist Experience (review) | journal=Philosophy East and West | volume=54 | issue=2 | year=2004 | pages=268–270 | doi=10.1353/pew.2004.0006 | s2cid=170189446 }}</ref>

In India, [[B.R. Ambedkar]] launched the Navayana tradition—literally, "new vehicle". Ambedkar's Buddhism rejects the foundational doctrines and historic practices of traditional Theravada and Mahayana traditions, such as monk lifestyle after renunciation, karma, rebirth, samsara, meditation, nirvana, Four Noble Truths and others.{{sfnp|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=25}}{{sfnp|Queen|2013|pp=524–529}}<ref name="Skaria 2015">{{cite journal |last=Skaria |first=A. |title=Ambedkar, Marx and the Buddhist Question |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=38 |issue=3 |year=2015 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1049726 |doi-access=free |pages=450–452}}</ref> Ambedkar's Navayana Buddhism considers these as superstitions and re-interprets the original Buddha as someone who taught about [[Class conflict|class struggle]] and social equality.<ref name=Zelliot>{{cite book|author=Eleanor Zelliot|editor=Knut A. Jacobsen|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPBWCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-40357-9|pages=13, 361–370|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060324/https://books.google.com/books?id=tPBWCgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Keown|Prebish|2013|pp=24–26}} Ambedkar urged low caste Indian [[Dalit]]s to convert to his Marxism-inspired<ref name="Skaria 2015"/> reinterpretation called the [[Navayana]] Buddhism, also known as Bhimayana Buddhism. Ambedkar's effort led to the expansion of Navayana Buddhism in India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gary Tartakov |editor=Rowena Robinson |title=Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566329-7 |pages=192–213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNsoAAAAYAAJ |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206144339/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNsoAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Zelliot/>

The Thai King [[Mongkut]] (r. 1851–68), and his son [[Chulalongkorn]] (r. 1868–1910), were responsible for modern reforms of [[Buddhism in Thailand|Thai Buddhism]].{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=385}} Modern Buddhist movements include [[Secular Buddhism]] in many countries, [[Won Buddhism]] in Korea, the [[Dhammakaya movement]] in Thailand and several Japanese organisations, such as [[Shinnyo-en]], [[Risshō Kōsei Kai]] or [[Soka Gakkai]].

Some of these movements have brought internal disputes and strife within regional Buddhist communities. For example, the Dhammakaya movement in Thailand teaches a "true self" doctrine, which traditional Theravada monks consider as heretically denying the fundamental ''anatta'' ([[Anattā|not-self]]) doctrine of Buddhism.{{sfnp|Williams|2008|pp=125–128}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Rory Mackenzie|title=New Buddhist Movements in Thailand: Towards an Understanding of Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Santi Asoke|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-13262-1|pages=175–179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Or99AgAAQBAJ|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060325/https://books.google.com/books?id=Or99AgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Martin Marty |author2=R Scott Appleby |title=Fundamentalisms Observed |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-50878-8 |pages=660–667 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994 |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060325/https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Sexual abuse and misconduct===
Buddhism has not been immune from sexual abuse and misconduct scandals, with victims coming forward in various Buddhist schools such as [[Zen]] and [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oppenheimer |first1=Mark |date=2014-12-18 |title=The Zen Predator of the Upper East Side |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/12/the-zen-predator-of-the-upper-east-side/383831/ |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304105305/https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/12/the-zen-predator-of-the-upper-east-side/383831/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Corder |first1=Mike |date=2018-09-14 |title=Dalai Lama Meets Alleged Victims of Abuse by Buddhist Gurus |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-09-14/dalai-lama-meets-alleged-victims-of-abuse-by-buddhist-gurus |access-date=4 March 2019 |work=US News |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416075105/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-09-14/dalai-lama-meets-alleged-victims-of-abuse-by-buddhist-gurus |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sperry |first1=Rod Meade |last2=Atwood |first2=Haleigh |url=https://www.lionsroar.com/against-the-stream-to-investigate-allegations-of-sexual-misconduct-by-founding-teacher-noah-levine/ |title=Against the Stream to investigate allegations of sexual misconduct by Noah Levine; results expected within a month |date=2018-03-30 |website=Lion's Roar |access-date=2019-01-21 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022163537/https://www.lionsroar.com/against-the-stream-to-investigate-allegations-of-sexual-misconduct-by-founding-teacher-noah-levine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> "There are huge cover ups in the Catholic church, but what has happened within Tibetan Buddhism is totally along the same lines," says Mary Finnigan, an author and journalist who has been chronicling such alleged abuses since the mid-80s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shute |first1=Joe |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/09/09/tibetan-buddhism-facing-abuse-scandal/ |date=2018-09-09 |title=Why Tibetan Buddhism is facing up to its own abuse scandal |website=Daily Telegraph |url-access= subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101126/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/09/09/tibetan-buddhism-facing-abuse-scandal/| archive-date=2 September 2021}}</ref> One notably covered [[Sogyal Rinpoche#Abuse allegations|case]] in media of various Western countries was that of [[Sogyal Rinpoche]] which began in 1994,<ref>{{cite book |author=Marion Dapsance |editor=Amanda van Eck Duymaer van Twist |chapter=When Fraud Is Part of a Spiritual Path: A Tibetan Lama's Plays on Reality and Illusion |page=171 |title=Minority Religions and Fraud: In Good Faith |date=2014-09-28 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-1-4724-0913-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrGlBAAAQBAJ |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060325/https://books.google.com/books?id=BrGlBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and ended with his retirement from his position as [[Rigpa (organization)|Rigpa]]'s spiritual director in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sperry |first=Rod Meade |date=2017-08-11 |title=After allegations, Sogyal Rinpoche retires from Rigpa |website=Lion's Roar |url=https://www.lionsroar.com/after-allegations-sogyal-rinpoche-retires-from-rigpa/ |access-date=2020-10-09 |archive-date=17 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817203919/https://www.lionsroar.com/after-allegations-sogyal-rinpoche-retires-from-rigpa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Classification ===
There is consensus among [[religious studies]] scholars that Buddhism is a religion.<ref name="Goble 2019 p. ">{{cite book | last=Goble | first=Geoffrey C. | title=The History of Buddhism | publisher=ABC-CLIO | date=2019-10-11 | isbn=978-1-4408-6404-9 | chapter=Buddhism is Not a Religion}}</ref> However, Buddhism has posed problems to Western scholars of religion who define religion based solely on a "theistic conception".<ref name="Herbrechtsmeier 1993 p. 1">{{cite journal | last=Herbrechtsmeier | first=William | title=Buddhism and the Definition of Religion: One More Time | journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | volume=32 | issue=1 | date=1993 | pages=1–18 | doi=10.2307/1386910 | jstor=1386910 }}</ref><ref name="Lion's Roar">{{cite web |title=Is Buddhism a religion, philosophy, way of life, or science of mind? |author= |work=Lion's Roar |date= |access-date=16 February 2024 |url= https://www.lionsroar.com/is-buddhism-a-religion-philosophy-way-of-life-or-science-of-mind/}}</ref> Further, some [[Western Buddhism|Western Buddhist]]s and commentators like [[Alan Watts]] maintain that Buddhism does not constitute a religion but rather a philosophy, a [[psychotherapy]], or a [[Practical philosophy|way of life]].{{sfn | van der Velde | 2014 | p=22}}<ref name="Aich 2013 p. 165">{{cite journal | last=Aich | first=Tapas Kumar | title=Buddha philosophy and western psychology | journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry | volume=55 | issue=6 | date=2013 | pages=S165-70 | issn=0019-5545 | pmid=23858249 | pmc=3705677 | doi=10.4103/0019-5545.105517 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Lion's Roar"/> This conception is rooted in 19th century [[Orientalism|orientalist]] writers, such as [[Theosophy|theosophist]] [[Henry Steel Olcott]], which reinterpreted Buddhism in a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] lens and viewed contemporary Buddhism in Asia as representing a debased religious form of what was originally non-religious and rational.<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{harvnb|Southwold|1978 |pp=362–379}}: "From Olcott's catechism grew the tradition of Buddhist ambivalence (if not outright hostility) toward the concept of religion, but his catechism had a religious origin in Olcott's own liberal Protestant Christian background. He took his challenge to be one of purifying Buddhism by returning to the fundamental teaching of the founder as recorded in its authoritative scriptures. The teaching he found in these texts had much in common with the liberal Protestantism of the late nineteenth century. It was opposed to 'superstitious' practices, suspicious of miracles and the supernatural, and respectful of the canons of reason."|{{harvnb|Stewart|2018}}: "The view that Buddhism is a 'philosophy' and 'not a religion' is a prime example of nineteenth-century Orientalist scholarship entering into the Western public consciousness that persists even now [...] [b]ut such a view is overly reductionist."|{{harvnb|van der Velde|2014|pp=30–31}}: "What was practice in 19th and early 20th century Asia was often considered aberrational, a perversion of what was once a pure practice. The purity of this practice was supposedly lost once Buddhism changed into the religion it now was in Asia. The original dharma could be reconstructed if the teachings were liberated from the 'cultural' and 'local' Asian context [...] In fact, our perception of Buddhism is still colored by these presuppositions."}}</ref> Some Buddhist teachers and commentators, such as {{em|Dharmavidya}} David Brazier, have criticised the persistence of this view.<ref name="Brazier Brazier 2015 h916">{{cite web | last=Brazier | first=Dharmavidya David | title=It Needs Saying: Buddhism is a Religion | website=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review | date=2015-05-30 | url=https://tricycle.org/article/buddhism-is-a-religion/ | access-date=2024-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Why Are We Surprised When Buddhists Are Violent? |author=Dan Arnold and Alicia Turner |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2018 |access-date=16 February 2024 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/05/opinion/buddhists-violence-tolerance.html }}</ref> Among Buddhists in [[Sri Lanka]], Buddhism is parallel to [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], and [[Christianity]] as an {{em|āgama}},{{sfn|Southwold|1978|p=363}} literally "scripture" or "teaching".<ref>See [[Āgama (Buddhism)]]</ref>

==Cultural influence==
{{Main|Culture of Buddhism}}

[[File:Potala Palace, Tibet.jpg|thumb|Lhasa's [[Potala Palace]], today a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], pictured in 2019]]
[[File:Mahabodhitemple.jpg|thumb|upright|India's [[Mahabodhi Temple]], built under the [[Gupta Empire]], 6th century CE]]

Buddhism has had a profound influence on various cultures, especially in Asia. [[Buddhist philosophy]], [[Buddhist art]], [[Buddhist architecture]], [[Buddhist cuisine]] and [[Buddhist festivals]] continue to be influential elements of the modern [[Culture of Asia]], especially in [[East Asia]] and the [[East Asian cultural sphere|Sinosphere]] as well as in [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Indosphere]]. According to Litian Fang, Buddhism has "permeated a wide range of fields, such as politics, ethics, philosophy, literature, art and customs", in these Asian regions.<ref>Fang, Litian (2018). ''"Chinese Buddhism and Traditional Culture,"'' p. 212. Routledge.</ref> Buddhist teachings influenced the development of modern [[Hinduism]] as well as other [[Religion in Asia|Asian religions]] like [[Taoism]] and [[Confucianism]]. Buddhist philosophers like [[Dignāga|Dignaga]] and [[Dharmakirti]] were very influential in the development of [[Indian logic]] and [[Pramana|epistemology]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dreyfus |first=George |date=1997 |title=Recognizing Reality: Dharmakirti's Philosophy and its Tibetan Interpretations |publisher=SUNY |pages=15–16}} {{ISBN?}}</ref> Buddhist educational institutions like [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramashila]] preserved various disciplines of classical Indian knowledge such as grammar, astronomy/astrology and medicine and taught foreign students from Asia.{{sfnp|Dutt|1988|pp=332–333}}

In the Western world, Buddhism has had a strong influence on modern [[New Age]] spirituality and other alternative spiritualities. This began with its influence on 20th century [[Theosophists]] such as [[Helena Blavatsky]], which were some of the first Westerners to take Buddhism seriously as a spiritual tradition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cush |first1=Denise |title=The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of New Age Religions |publisher=[[Prometheus Books]] |isbn=1-59102-040-9 |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Lewis (scholar) |language=en |chapter=British Buddhism and the New Age|date=2004 }}</ref> More recently, Buddhist meditation practices have influenced the development of modern [[psychology]], particularly the practice of [[Mindfulness-based stress reduction]] (MBSR) and other similar [[mindfulness]] based modalities.<ref>Fromm, Erich (1989, 2002). ''The Art of Being''. NY: Continuum. {{ISBN|0-8264-0673-4}}.</ref><ref>Kabat-Zinn, Jon (2005). ''Coming to Our Senses: Healing Ourselves and the World Through Mindfulness''. pp. 12–13. Hyperion. {{ISBN|0-7868-8654-4}}.</ref> The influence of [[Buddhism and psychology|Buddhism on psychology]] can also be seen in certain forms of modern [[psychoanalysis]].<ref>Hoffer (ed.); ''Freud and the Buddha: The Couch and the Cushion''.</ref><ref>[[Erich Fromm|Fromm, Erich]], [[D. T. Suzuki]] & Richard De Martino (1960). ''Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis''. pp. 77–78, NY: Harper & Row. {{ISBN|0-06-090175-6}}.</ref>

==Demographics==
{{See also|Buddhism by country}}
[[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb |Global percentage of adherents by religion. Buddhists comprise about 4.1% of the world's population.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]]
[[File:Buddhist world map in 2020.png|alt=China40.5/|thumb|300x300px|Percentage of [[Buddhists]] by country in 2020, according to the [[Pew Research Center]]]]
Buddhism is practised by an estimated 324 million in 2020, representing 4% of the world's total population.<ref name="populationchange">{{Cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |date=2025-06-09 |title=6. Buddhist population change |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/buddhist-population-change/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Buddhism in Thailand|Thailand]] is the country with the largest population of [[Buddhists]],<ref name="Hackett-2025">{{Cite web |last=Hackett|first=Conrad|date=2025-06-09|title=Buddhist population change|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/buddhist-population-change/|access-date=2025-10-28|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US|last2=Stonawski|first2=Marcin|first3=Yunping|last3=Tong|last4=Kramer|first4=Stephanie|first5=Anne|last5=Shi|first6=Dalia|last6=Fahmy}}</ref> approximately 64 million or 94.4% of its total population.<ref name="Hackett-2025" /> [[China]] is the second-largest country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 42 million or 4% of its total population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadeem |first=Reem |date=2023-08-30 |title=Buddhism |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/08/30/buddhism/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-21 |title=6 facts about Buddhism in China |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/09/21/6-facts-about-buddhism-in-china/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="religion2023">2023 approximations of the statistics from the [[China Family Panel Studies]] (CFPS) of the year 2018, as contained in the following analyses:

*{{Cite web |date=30 August 2023 |title=Measuring Religion in China |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2023/08/PF_2023.08.30_religion-china_REPORT.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909075729/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2023/08/PF_2023.08.30_religion-china_REPORT.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2023 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}{{cite web |date=30 August 2023 |title=Measuring Religions in China |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/08/30/measuring-religion-in-china/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930132002/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/08/30/measuring-religion-in-china/ |archive-date=30 September 2023}} A compilation of statistics from reliable surveys held throughout the 2010s and early 2020s, with an emphasis on the CFPS 2018.
*the 2010s and early 2020s, with an emphasis on the CFPS 2018.
*{{cite journal |last=Wenzel-Teuber |first=Katharina |year=2023 |title=Statistics on Religions and Churches in the People's Republic of China – Update for the Year 2022 |url=https://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/PDF-Dateien/E-Journal_RCTC/2023/RCTC_2023-2.18-44_Wenzel-Teuber_-_Statistics_on_Religions_and_Churches_in_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China_%E2%80%93_Update_for_the_Year_2022.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Religions & Christianity in Today's China |publisher=China Zentrum |volume=XIII |pages=18–44 |issn=2192-9289 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623210716/https://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/PDF-Dateien/E-Journal_RCTC/2023/RCTC_2023-2.18-44_Wenzel-Teuber_-_Statistics_on_Religions_and_Churches_in_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China_%E2%80%93_Update_for_the_Year_2022.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2023}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Chunni |last2=Lu |first2=Yunfeng |last3=He |first3=Sheng |year=2021 |title=Exploring Chinese folk religion: Popularity, diffuseness, and diversities |url=http://www.shehui.pku.edu.cn/upload/editor/file/20220323/20220323092720_6133.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Chinese Journal of Sociology |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=7 |pages=575–592 |doi=10.1177/2057150X211042687 |issn=2057-150X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015040713/http://www.shehui.pku.edu.cn/upload/editor/file/20220323/20220323092720_6133.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2023 |number=4}}</ref> They are mostly followers of [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese schools]] of [[Mahayana]], making it the largest branch of Buddhism. Mahayana, also practised in broader [[Buddhism in East Asia|East Asia]], is followed by over half of world Buddhists.<ref name="Pew_2012a">{{cite web |date=18 December 2012 |title=Buddhists |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-buddhist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408011020/https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-buddhist/ |archive-date=8 April 2020 |access-date=13 March 2015 |work=Global Religious Landscape |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> [[Theravada]] is the second-largest branch and is mostly followed in [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] and [[Sri Lanka]] with around 36% population as of 2010.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Todd M. |url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |title=The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography |last2=Grim |first2=Brian J. |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2013 |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=36 |access-date=2 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref>

Buddhism is the dominant religion in [[Buddhism in Thailand|Thailand]], [[Buddhism in Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Buddhism in Myanmar|Myanmar]], [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], [[Buddhism in Bhutan|Bhutan]], [[Buddhism in Laos|Laos]], [[Buddhism in Mongolia|Mongolia]], [[Buddhism in Japan|Japan]],<ref>{{cite web|title=ASIA SOCIETY: THE COLLECTION IN CONTEXT|url=https://www.asiasocietymuseum.org/region_results.asp?RegionID=6&CountryID=14&ChapterID=38|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.asiasocietymuseum.org|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416092020/https://www.asiasocietymuseum.org/region_results.asp?RegionID=6&CountryID=14&ChapterID=38|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Planet|first=Lonely|title=Religion & Belief in Hong Kong, China|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/hong-kong/background/other-features/af97b38c-7398-4ff0-94a1-5fe469b38888/a/nar/af97b38c-7398-4ff0-94a1-5fe469b38888/355975|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083614/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/hong-kong/background/other-features/af97b38c-7398-4ff0-94a1-5fe469b38888/a/nar/af97b38c-7398-4ff0-94a1-5fe469b38888/355975|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Buddhism in Singapore|Singapore]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kuah|first=Khun Eng|date=1991|title=State and Religion: Buddhism and NationalBuilding in Singapore|journal=Pacific Viewpoint|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=24–42|doi=10.1111/apv.321002|issn=2638-4825|doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vietnam Buddhism|url=https://www.insidevietnamtravel.com/travel-guide/vietnam-buddhism.html|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416094732/https://www.insidevietnamtravel.com/travel-guide/vietnam-buddhism.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Large Buddhist populations live in [[Chinese Buddhism|mainland China]], [[Buddhism in Taiwan|Taiwan]], [[Buddhism in Korea|North Korea]], [[Buddhism in Nepal|Nepal]] and [[Buddhism in Korea|South Korea]].<ref name="The Pew Forum">{{cite web|title=Global Religious Landscape – Religious Composition by Country|url=http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php|access-date=28 July 2013|publisher=The Pew Forum|archive-date=1 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101080244/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php}}</ref> The Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] accounts for 77% of all Buddhists in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moudgil |first1=Manu |title=Dalits Are Still Converting to Buddhism, but at a Dwindling Rate |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/dalits-converting-to-buddhism |access-date=10 November 2022 |work=TheQuint |date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109053113/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/dalits-converting-to-buddhism |archive-date=9 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In Russia, Buddhists form majority in [[Tuva]] (52%) and [[Kalmykia]] (53%). [[Buryatia]] (20%) and [[Zabaykalsky Krai]] (15%) also have significant Buddhist populations.<ref>{{cite web |title=ФСО доложила о межконфессиональных отношениях в РФ |publisher=ZNAK |url=https://www.znak.com/2016-03-24/na_tyumenskom_severe_kazhdyy_desyatyy_gotov_vzyat_v_ruki_oruzhie |access-date=15 April 2017 |archive-date=16 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416051753/https://www.znak.com/2016-03-24/na_tyumenskom_severe_kazhdyy_desyatyy_gotov_vzyat_v_ruki_oruzhie |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Buddhism is the only major religion to have declined massively in the last decade, particularly due to growing irreligion in East Asia.<ref name="populationchange" /> Buddhism has seen growth only in parts of India where marginalized [[Dalits]] Hindus have converted to Buddhism,<ref name="financialexpress-dalits">{{cite web |date=2 July 2017 |title=Dalits who converted to Buddhism better off in literacy and well-being: Survey |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/dalits-who-converted-to-buddhism-better-off-in-literacy-and-well-being/745230/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903210259/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/dalits-who-converted-to-buddhism-better-off-in-literacy-and-well-being/745230/ |archive-date=3 September 2020 |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="thequint.com">{{cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=Dalits Are Still Converting to Buddhism, but at a Dwindling Rate |url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/06/17/dalits-converting-to-buddhism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729095011/https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/06/17/dalits-converting-to-buddhism |archive-date=29 July 2017 |access-date=31 July 2017 |website=The Quint}}</ref> and they are called [[Navayana]].<ref name="financialexpress-dalits" /><ref name="thequint.com" /> In New Zealand, about 25–35% of the total Buddhists are converts to Buddhism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Our-futures-submissionPaul-Morris.pdf |title=The 2013 Census and religion |website=royalsociety.org.nz |access-date=13 August 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228042454/https://royalsociety.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Our-futures-submissionPaul-Morris.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|title=Buddhists|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/diverse-religions/page-3|access-date=2020-06-12|website=teara.govt.nz|archive-date=17 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017102131/https://teara.govt.nz/en/diverse-religions/page-3|url-status=live}}</ref> Buddhism has also spread to the [[Nordic countries]]; for example, the Burmese Buddhists founded in the city of [[Kuopio]] in [[North Savo]] the first Buddhist monastery of [[Finland]], named the Buddha Dhamma Ramsi monastery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=71,7596,0,0,1,0 |title=Buddhist Channel {{pipe}} Buddhism News, Headlines {{pipe}} World {{pipe}} Burmese Buddhist monastery opens in Finland |publisher=Buddhistchannel.tv |date=5 January 2009 |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140017/https://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=71,7596,0,0,1,0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Buddhism|Religion}}
{{col div|colwidth=24em}}
* [[Akriyavada]]
* [[Bhakti Movement#Buddhism, Jainism and Bhakti movement|Buddhism, Jainism and Bhakti movement]]
* [[Buddha's Dispensation]]
*[[Buddhas and bodhisattvas in art]]
* [[Buddhism and Eastern religions]]
* [[Buddhism and science]]
* [[Buddhism by country]]
* [[Buddhist philosophy]]
* [[Chinese folk religion]]
* [[Criticism of Buddhism]]
* [[Dalit Buddhist Movement]]
* [[Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand]]
* [[Index of Buddhism-related articles]]
* [[Jewish Buddhist]]
* [[List of Buddhist temples]]
* [[List of Buddhists]]
* [[List of converts to Buddhism]]
* [[Outline of Buddhism]]
* [[Persecution of Buddhists]]
* [[Shinbutsu-shūgō]]
* [[Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism]]
* [[Tengrism#Tengrism and Buddhism|Tengrism and Buddhism]]
* [[Three Teachings]]
* [[Buddhism in Central Asia]]
* [[World Buddhist Scout Council]]
* [[Polytheism in Buddhism]]
* [[Monolatry]]
* [[Buddhist modernism]]
*[[Vegetarianism]]
* [[Buddhism and caste]]
{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}
{{Notelist|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
<references group="web" />

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==External links==

{{Sister project links|voy=Buddhism |d=Q748}}
* [http://buddhanet.net/ Worldwide Buddhist Information and Education Network], BuddhaNet
* [https://suttacentral.net/ Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels], SuttaCentral
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160808095741/http://alc.ucla.edu/refguide/refguide.htm East Asian Buddhist Studies: A Reference Guide], Robert Buswell and William Bodiford, UCLA
* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150625131436/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/filemanager/ASDP/WabashDePauw2014/Buddhist_Asia_Bibliography_China_and_Tibet.pdf Buddhist Bibliography (China and Tibet)], East West Center
* [http://www.unm.edu/~rhayes/numata.html Ten Philosophical Questions: Buddhism], Richard Hayes, Leiden University
* [http://www.accesstoinsight.org Readings in Theravada Buddhism], Access to Insight
* [http://terebess.hu/zen/hakuin.html Readings in Zen Buddhism], Hakuin Ekaku (Ed: Monika Bincsik)
* [http://www.dsbcproject.org Readings in Sanskrit Buddhist Canon], Nagarjuna Institute—UWest
* [http://www.tipitaka.org/index.shtml Readings in Buddhism], Vipassana Research Institute (English, Southeast Asian and Indian Languages)
* [[:dmoz:Society/Religion and Spirituality/Buddhism|Religion and Spirituality: Buddhism]] at Open Directory Project
* [http://www.patheos.com/Topics/Future-of-World-Religions/Buddhism.html The Future of Buddhism series], from ''[[Patheos]]''
* [http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/online/buddhism/default.htm Buddhist Art] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020135347/https://asia.si.edu/exhibitions/online/buddhism/default.htm/ |date=20 October 2020 }}), Smithsonian
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080106085643/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/buddhism/index.html Buddhism – objects, art and history], V&A Museum
* [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners], ''[[Tricycle:The Buddhist Review]]''

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Gautama Buddha}}
{{Religion topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buddhism| ]]
[[Category:Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:Nāstika]]
[[Category:Polytheism]]
[[Category:Transtheism]]

Raja Ravindra

2026-02-28T18:46:16Z

Dr. D. Maheswari:

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raja Ravindra
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| death_date =
| othername = Raja Raveendar
| yearsactive = 1986–present
| occupation = Actor
| education =
| alma_mater =
| spouse = 
| children = 
}}
'''Raja Ravindra''' is an Indian actor predominantly appears in Telugu films and television serials.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugucinema.com/news/raja-ravindra-and-megha-drop-ott-plans | title=Raja Ravindra and Megha drop OTT plans? | date=28 December 2020 | access-date=23 June 2023 | archive-date=23 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623104557/https://telugucinema.com/news/raja-ravindra-and-megha-drop-ott-plans | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/actor-raja-ravindra-files-case-against-blackmailer-557451 | title=Actor Raja Ravindra files case against blackmailer | date=23 August 2019 }}</ref> Apart from Telugu films, he has acted in several Tamil films and a few Kannada movies. He started his career with TV serials and entered into films.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==Career==
Raja Ravindra's first film as an actor is ''Paccha Toranam'' (1994). After acting in films like ''[[Pedarayudu]]'' (1995), he ventured into film production and dates management of heroes.

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}

=== Telugu ===
{{col-list|colwidth=22em|
* ''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (1988 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Neti Charitra]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neti Charitra (1990) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AFAY/info |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=21 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221042430/https://indiancine.ma/AFAY/info |url-status=live }}</ref> (1990) as Ramesh
* ''[[Sarpayagam]]'' (1991)
* ''Mondi Mogudu Penki Pellam'' (1992)
* ''[[Nippu Ravva]]'' (1993)
* ''Sabash Ramu'' (1993)
* ''Maro Quit India'' (1993)
* ''[[Aadarsham (1993 film)|Aadarsham]]'' (1993)
* ''Pacha Thoranam'' (1994)
* ''[[Bhale Pellam]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Number One (1994 film)|Number One]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Pedarayudu]]'' (1995)
* ''Telugu Veera Levara''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teluguveera Levaraa (1995) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AJWT |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214193602/https://indiancine.ma/AJWT |url-status=live }}</ref> (1995) as Ravindra
* ''[[Aunty (film)|Aunty]]'' (1995)
* ''Real Hero'' (1995)
* ''[[Vajram (1995 film)|Vajram]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Pelli Sandadi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Family (1996 film)|Family]]'' (1996)
* ''Kuturu'' (1996)
* ''[[Muddula Mogudu (1997 film)|Muddula Mogudu]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Pelli Sandadi]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Maa Nannaku Pelli]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|Suryavamsam]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Suprabhatam (1998 film)|Suprabhatam]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Pelli Peetalu]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Sri Ramulayya]]'' (1998)
* ''Kodukulu'' (1998)
* ''[[Seenu (1999 film)|Seenu]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Manasunna Maaraju]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Jayam Manadera]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Kalisundam Raa]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Kodanda Ramudu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Pelli Sambandham]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Mrugaraju]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Priyamaina Neeku]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Parasuram (2002 film)|Parasuram]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Kalyana Ramudu]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'' (2003)
* ''Simhachalam'' (2003)
* ''[[Chanti (2004 film)|Chanti]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Sakhiya]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Jagapati]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Desamuduru]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Baladur]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Swagatam]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Bujjigadu]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Idi Sangathi]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Homam (film)|Homam]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Neninthe]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Neramu Siksha (2009 film)|Neramu Siksha]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Anjaneyulu (film)|Anjaneyulu]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Amaravathi (2009 film)|Amaravathi]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Adhurs]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Mirapakay]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Katha Screenplay Darsakatvam Appalaraju]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Uu Kodathara? Ulikki Padathara?]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Srimannarayana]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Rough (film)|Rough]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Bhimavaram Bullodu]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Dohchay]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Moodu Mukkallo Cheppalante]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Pandaga Chesko]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Dynamite (2015 film)|Dynamite]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhamadevi]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Oopiri]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Two Countries (2017 film)|2 Countries]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Seethamma Andalu Ramayya Sitralu]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada]]'' (2016)
* ''Manalo Okkadu'' (2016)
* ''[[Rojulu Marayi (2016 film)|Rojulu Marayi]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Sathamanam Bhavati]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Keshava (film)|Keshava]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Andhhagadu]]'' (2017)
* ''[[London Babulu]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Achari America Yatra]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Brand Babu]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Lover (2018 film)|Lover]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Raju Gadu]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Evaru]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Oorantha Anukuntunnaru]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Arjun Suravaram]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Raahu]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Orey Bujjiga]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Power Play (2021 film)|Power Play]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Mosagallu]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Ardha Shathabdham]]'' (2021) as Veeranna
* ''[[Mugguru Monagallu (2021 film)|Mugguru Monagallu]]'' (2021) as ACP Damodar
* ''[[Crazy Uncles]]'' (2021) as Raju
* ''The Rose Villa'' (2021)
* ''[[Ippudu Kaaka Inkeppudu]]'' (2021)
* ''[[DJ Tillu]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Son of India (2022 film)|Son of India]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]'' (2022) as Basava's Henchmen
* ''[[Bujji Ila Raa]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Ammu (2022 film)|Ammu]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Thaggedele]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Lucky Lakshman]]'' (2022) as MLA
* ''[[Ramabanam]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Mistake (2023 film)|Mistake]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Mr. Pregnant]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Month of Madhu]]'' (2023)
* ''[[My Name Is Shruthi]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Spark Life]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Sarangadhariya (film)|Sarangadhariya]]'' (2024) as Krishna Kumar
* ''[[Purushothamudu]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Tiragabadara Saami]]'' (2024)
* ''[[28 Degree Celsius]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Bhairavam]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Show Time (film)|Show Time]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Chiranjeeva]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Honey (2026 film)|Honey]]'' (2026) as Sarangapani
}}

=== Tamil ===
{{col-list|colwidth=22em|
* ''[[Pondatti Rajyam]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Gokulam]]'' (1993)
* ''Madhumathi'' (1993)
* ''[[Purusha Lakshanam]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Sabash Babu]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Chinna Madam]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Nattamai]]'' (1994)
* ''Ungal Anbu Thangachi'' (1994)
* ''[[Pudhalvan]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Jolly (film)|Jolly]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Adutha Kattam]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Nepali (film)|Nepali]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Moone Moonu Varthai]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Kannitheevu]]'' (2023)

===Other languages===
* ''[[Sooryavansham]]'' (1999) (Hindi)
* ''[[Ouija (2015 film)|Ouija]]'' (2015) (Kannada)
}}

===Television series===
* ''Vasundhara:Andam'' ([[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]])
* ''FIR'' ([[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]])
* ''[[Lady Detective (TV series)|Lady Detective]]'' (ETV)
*[[Krishnadasi (2000 TV series)|''Krishnadasi'']] ([[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]); 2000-2001
* ''[[Janaki Kalaganaledu]]'' ([[Star Maa]]); 2021

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja Ravindra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actors from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Dipika Chikhlia

2026-02-24T06:36:38Z

Dr. D. Maheswari:

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1965)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dipika Chikhlia
| image = Dipika Chikhlia in 2021 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 220
| caption = Chikhlia in 2021
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|04|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay, Maharashtra]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1991
| term_end = 1996
| constituency = [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Baroda, Gujarat]]
| predecessor = [[Prakash Brahmbhatt]]
| successor = [[Satyajitsinh Gaekwad]]
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[politician]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Hemant Topiwala|1991}}
| children = {{ubl|Nidhi Topiwala (daughter)|Juhi Topiwala (daughter)}}
| parents = Rajesh Chikhalia (father)
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3622.htm
}}

'''Dipika Chikhlia Topiwala''' (born 29 April 1965) is an Indian actress and politician best known for playing [[Sita]] in [[Ramanand Sagar]]'s 1987 television series ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series) | Ramayan]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3622.htm |title=Member Profile: 10th Lok Sabha |work=Lok Sabha |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517013929/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3622.htm |archive-date=17 May 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/tv/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3219065 |title=Deepika, Amit Dua, Puneet on Bigg Boss' radar - TV - Entertainment - MSN India |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915175026/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/tv/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3219065 |archive-date=15 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She made her debut with ''Sun Meri Laila'' (1983), opposite [[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]]. She made three Hindi films with [[Rajesh Khanna]], ''[[Rupaye Dus Karod]]'', ''[[Ghar Ka Chiraag]]'' and ''[[Khudai]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ramayans-sita-aka-dipika-chikhalias-real-life-wedding-was-attended-by-this-bollywood-superstar-see-pic/articleshow/75369401.cms |title=Ramayan's Sita aka Dipika Chikhalia's real life wedding was attended by this Bollywood superstar; see pic - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 April 2020 }}</ref>

She did one Malayalam film ''[[Ithile Iniyum Varu]]'' (1986), with [[Mammootty]], her Kannada hits were ''[[Hosa Jeevana]]'' (1990) with [[Shankar Nag]] and ''[[Indrajith (1989 film)|Indrajith]]'' (1989) with [[Ambareesh]]. She had one Tamil hit film, ''[[Naangal]]'' (1992), with [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], and one Bengali hit film, ''[[Asha O Bhalobasha]]'' (1989), opposite [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]].

==Career==
===Early career===
Chikhlia made her debut as lead actress in ''Sun Meri Laila'' (1983), opposite [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]]. She was part of the television serial ''Dada Daadi Ki Kahani'' in 1985. She also did supporting roles in hit films like ''Bhagwan Dada'' (1986), ''Kala Dhanda Goray Log'' (1986) and ''Doorie'' (1989) and played lead heroine in the horror film ''Cheekh'' (1986) and ''Raat Ke Andhere Mein'' (1987).{{Citation needed|date= February 2022}}

===Success (1987-95)===
Later in 1987, Chikhlia played the female lead role of [[Sita]] in [[Ramanand Sagar]]'s television series ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]''. Before starring in Ramayan, she was the part of Ramanand Sagar's ''[[Vikram Aur Betaal]]''. She continued getting lead roles in hit TV serials like ''The Sword of Tipu Sultan'' and ''Luv Kush'' (both in 1989). Her only hits in Hindi films were ''Ghar Ka Chiraag'' (1989) and ''Rupaye Dus Karod'' (1991), both of which had [[Rajesh Khanna]] in the lead. She got more footage in the film ''Khudai'', but the film was a commercial failure in 1994. She played the romantic lead of Rajesh Khanna in two films, ''[[Ghar Ka Chiraag]]'' and ''[[Khudai]]''. Her Kannada film, [[Hosa Jeevana]], as the lead heroine opposite [[Shankar Nag]] was a box office hit in 1990 and her Bengali films ''[[Asha O Bhalobasha]]'' (1989), opposite [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and Tamil film ''[[Naangal]]'' (1992) opposite [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] were box office hits. She also got a supporting role in a Malayalam movie, ''Ithile Iniyum Varu'' (1986), which had [[Mammootty]] in the lead. She met with limited success in Hindi films after 1992, as ''Sanam Aap Ki Khatir'' (1992) flopped, which had her as main lead heroine, she only got supporting roles in Hindi films.{{Citation needed|date= February 2022}}

===Later career===
Chikhlia was also seen in the TV serial ''Chutta Chheda'' (2017) on Colors Gujarati channel. The Gujarati film [[Natsamrat (2018 film)]] was released in 2018.

She was last seen in the movie ''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]'' as Pari's ([[Yami Gautam]]) mother.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/bala-a-cracker-of-a-film-powered-by-hair-apparent-ayushmann-khurrana/cid/1717854 |title='Bala': A cracker of a film, powered by 'hair' apparent Ayushmann Khurrana |website=The Telegraph (India) |language=en |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> In 2020, she was in talks to play the freedom fighter [[Sarojini Naidu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramayan's 'Sita' Dipika Chikhlia set to play Sarojini Naidu; shares first look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ramayans-sita-dipika-chikhalia-set-to-play-sarojini-naidu-shares-first-look/articleshow/75617428.cms |access-date=8 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=8 May 2020}}</ref>

In August 2023, she has turned producer with the TV show [[Dhartiputra Nandini]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-16 |title=I did not want to play a maa or saas on TV, but in my own production, I am playing a grandmother because the role appealed to me: Dipika Chikhlia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-did-not-want-to-play-a-maa-or-saas-on-tv-but-in-my-own-production-i-am-playing-a-grandmother-because-the-role-appealed-to-me-dipika-chikhlia/articleshow/102764130.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=Dipika Chikhlia All Set For Grand TV Comeback After 33 Years With This Serial |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dipika-chikhlia-all-set-for-grand-tv-comeback-after-33-years-with-this-serial-8540970.html |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Politics==
Dipika Chikhlia Topiwala followed up her television and film career with a move into politics, becoming a Member of Parliament in the Indian [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Baroda constituency]] in 1991 as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/remember-deepika-chikhalia-tv-original-sita-ramayan-heres-what-she-doing-now-lifetv-1084346-2017-11-11 |title=Remember Deepika Chikhalia, TV's original Sita? Here's what she's doing now |date=11 November 2017 |website=India Today |language=en-US |access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

On 23 November 1991, Dipika married Hemant Topiwala,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://khabridost.in/deepika-chikhalia |title=Deepika Chikhalia |website=khabridost.in |language=en-us |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313092937/https://khabridost.in/deepika-chikhalia |archive-date=13 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> owner of Shingar Bindi and Tips and Toes Cosmetics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=313168119&capId=79068793&previousCapId=&previousTitle= |title=Hemant Topiwala: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg |website=bloomberg.com |access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref> They have two daughters: Nidhi Topiwala and Juhi Topiwala.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=CAP/2009/09/20&ViewMode=GIF&GZ=T&PageLabel=12&EntityId=Pc01211&AppName=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205034455/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=CAP/2009/09/20&ViewMode=GIF&GZ=T&PageLabel=12&EntityId=Pc01211&AppName=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2009 |title=Where are they now? Deepika Chikhalia |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP sources section|date=May 2020}}
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1983 || ''Sun Meri Laila'' || [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] || ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Paththar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patthar (1985) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/patthar-5922/cast-crew |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>|| Hindi || Chameli||
|-
| 1986 || ''Cheekh'' || Hindi || ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Bhagwaan Dada]]'' || Hindi || Shanti ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Ghar Sansar]]'' ||Hindi || ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Ithile Iniyum Varu]]'' || [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] || Priya ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Raat Ke Andhere Mein'' || Hindi || Sexy Rosie ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Sajanwa Bairi Bhaile Hamar'' || [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]]|| ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Indrajith (1989 film)|Indrajith]]'' || [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] ||Usha ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Ghar Ka Chiraag]]'' || Hindi || Asha ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Asha O Bhalobasha]]'' || [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] || Rupa||
|-
| 1989 || ''Yamapasam'' || [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] || ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Hosa Jeevana]]'' || Kannada || Sita as wife of Shankarnag||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Periya Idathu Pillai]]'' || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] || ||
|-
| 1991 || ''Kaala Chakra'' || Kannada || ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Brahmarshi Viswamitra]]'' || Telugu || ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Rupaye Dus Karod]]'' || Hindi || Ravi's secretary/Hastinapur Ki Rani ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Naangal]]'' || Tamil || ||
|-
| 1994 || ''Mayor Prabhakar'' || [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] || ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Khudai]]'' || Hindi || Padmini Raj Anand ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Jode Rahejo Raj'' || [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] || ||
|-
| 1992 || ''Laju Lakhan'' || Gujarati || ||
|-
| 2018|| ''[[Gaalib]]'' || Hindi || ||
|-
| 2018|| [[Natsamrat (2018 film)|''Natsamrat'']] || Gujarati || ||
|-
| 2019|| ''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]'' || Hindi || Susheela Mishra (Pari's Mother) ||
|-
| 2022|| ''[[Hindutva Chapter One - Main Hindu Hoon]]''|| Hindi || Guru Maa||
|-
|2026
|''[[Veer Murarbaji]]''
|Marathi Hindi
|[[Jijabai]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reunion of Sita Ram:Sita Ram of Ramayana is going to meet again |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994655299/Reunion-of-Sita-RamSita-Ram-of-Ramayana-is-going-to-meet-again |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Notes !! ref.
|-
|1985
|''[[Vikram Aur Betaal|Vikram Betal]]''
|Episodic Roles
|
| <ref>{{cite web |date=2020-04-26 |title='रामायण' से पहले इस शो में साथ काम कर चुके हैं 'लक्ष्मण और सीता', देखें वीडियो |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/tv-ramayan-laxman-and-sita-actors-sunil-lahri-deepika-chikhalia-appeared-in-ramanand-show-vikram-betal-utk-3053590.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| 1987
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series) | Ramayan]]''
| Devi [[Lakshmi]]
|
| rowspan="3" | <ref>{{cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2023-03-29 |title=Dipika Chikhlia Recreates Her Look As Sita From Ramayan, Shares Videos On Instagram |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/dipika-chikhlia-recreates-her-look-as-sita-from-ramayan-shares-videos-on-instagram-1591899 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive- Dipika Chikhlia on her journey as Sita in Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan: There has to be some kind of divine intervention that I ended up doing Sita's role |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-dipika-chikhlia-on-her-journey-as-sita-in-ramanand-sagars-ramayan-there-has-to-be-some-kind-of-divine-intervention-that-i-ended-up-doing-sitas-role/photostory/106726342.cms |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 1987–1988
| rowspan = "2" | [[Sita]]
|
|-
| 1988–1989
| ''[[Luv Kush]]''
|
|-
| 1990
| ''[[The Sword of Tipu Sultan]]''
| Fatima Fakhrun Nisa
| [[Tipu Sultan]]'s mother
|
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Dhartiputra Nandini]]''
| Sumitra Bharadwaj
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=OG Sita Dipika Chikhlia visits Ayodhya's Ram Mandir ahead of TV show shoot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/ramayans-dipika-chikhlia-visits-ram-mandir-ahead-of-dhartiputra-nandini-shoot-2410569-2023-07-23 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=India Today |date=23 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date= 17 August 2023|title=Dipika Chikhlia returns to TV after 33 long years with Dhartiputra Nandini |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/dipika-chikhlia-returns-to-tv-after-33-long-years-with-dhartiputra-nandini-2023-08-17-887277 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=indiatv |language=}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" |'''Special Appearance'''
|-
|2020
|''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
|Herself
|as guest
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ahead of Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan rerun on TV, a look at major revelations made by the cast in The Kapil Sharma Show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ahead-of-ramanand-sagars-ramayan-rerun-on-tv-a-look-at-major-revelations-made-by-the-cast-in-the-kapil-sharma-show/photostory/101412432.cms |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[India's Best Dancer (Hindi season 1)|''India's Best Dancer season 1'']]
|Herself
|as guest
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='India's Best Dancer': 'Ramayan' actors Arun Govil and Deepika Chikhlia grace 'Mythological special' weekend |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-india-s-best-dancer-ramayan-actors-arun-govil-and-deepika-chikhlia-grace-mythological-special-weekend-2843529 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=www.dnaindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-17 |title=India's Best Dancer: Ramayan actors Arun Govil and Dipika Chikhlia grace the show; see pics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indias-best-dancer-ramayan-actors-arun-govil-and-dipika-chikhlia-grace-the-show-see-pics/articleshow/78165369.cms |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 10)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10]]''
|Herself
|as guest
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-20 |title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10: Arun Govil and Dipika Chikhlia grace the Diwali special episode; Rubina as Draupadi and Nia as Maa Kaali leave everyone stunned |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-10-arun-govil-and-dipika-chikhlia-grace-the-diwali-special-episode-rubina-as-draupadi-and-nia-as-maa-kaali-leave-everyone-stunned/articleshow/94990737.cms |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3622.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
* {{IMDb name|id=0214355|name=Deepika Chikhalia}}
* {{facebook|dipikact}}
* {{Instagram|dipikachikhliatopiwala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chikhalia, Deepika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women in Gujarat politics]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Vibha Saraf

2026-02-18T07:27:00Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: improved article

{{Short description|Indian singer-songwriter (born 1986)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Vibha Saraf
| image = Vibha_Saraf.JPG
| caption = Vibha Saraf performing in 2018
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|5|10|df=y}}
| origin = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| label =
| alias =
| genre = Pop, Bollywood, Kashmiri
| occupation = {{hlist|Musician|Singer|Composer}}
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2017–present
| website =
| current_members =
}}

'''Vibha Saraf''' (born 10 May 1986) is an Indian singer-songwriter and [[Bollywood]] playback singer. She performs folk songs and writes and performs music for soundtracks, primarily [[Culture of Kashmir|Kashmiri]] folk-inspired songs. Her work has been featured on the soundtracks for the films ''[[Raazi]]'', which went to win Best Film in the [[64th Filmfare Awards]], and ''[[Gully Boy]]'', the fourth highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2019. In 2019, she was jointly nominated with [[Harshdeep Kaur]] for Best Female Playback Singer for the [[65th Filmfare Awards]] and Best Female Playback Singer for the 20th [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] for the song Dilbaro, from the 2018 drama thriller [[Raazi]].<ref name="FilmFare2019">{{cite web |title=Harshdeep Kaur, Vibha Saraf- Best Playback Singer Female 2018 Nominee {{!}} Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2019/nominations/best-playback-singer-female/name-dilbaro-raazi |website=filmfare.com |access-date=28 August 2019 }}</ref><ref name="2019IIFANoms">{{cite web |title=IIFA 2019 nominations list out: Andhadhun bags 13 noms, Raazi and Padmaavat get 10 noms each |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/iifa-2019-nominations-list-out-andhadhun-bags-13-noms-raazi-and-padmaavat-get-10-noms-each/story-yC2gwp5oaIGxEHwVdS7GhN.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 August 2019 |date=28 August 2019}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Vibha Saraf was born in the Fateh Kadal neighbourhood of [[Srinagar]] in Jammu and Kashmir in India. During the exodus of [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s from the region, her family relocated to New Delhi, India, when Saraf was three years old.<ref name="Akundi">{{cite web |last1=Akundi |first1=Sweta |title=Kashmiri music has subconsciously always been in me, says 'Gully Boy' singer Vibha Saraf |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kashmiri-music-has-subconsciously-always-been-in-me-says-gully-boy-singer-vibha-saraf/article26362941.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=28 August 2019 |date=25 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="Chakraborty">{{cite web |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Riddhi |title=Watch: Mumbai Singer Vibha Saraf's Captivating Tribute to Kashmir, 'Harmokh Bartal' – |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/watch-mumbai-singer-vibha-sarafs-captivating-tribute-to-kashmir-harmokh-bartal/ |website=My Site |access-date=28 August 2019 |date=16 March 2016}}</ref>

She began taking classes at [[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra]], studying [[Hindustani classical music]] for four years before studying pop music for five years. Saraf worked as a management consultant for five years before quitting to pursue music.<ref name="Saksena">{{cite web |last1=Saksena |first1=Shalini |title=Want to carry forward traditions |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/sunday-edition/---want-to-carry-forward-traditions---.html |website=The Pioneer |access-date=28 August 2019 }}</ref>

== Career ==

In 2013, Saraf moved to [[Mumbai]] to pursue her career in music.<ref name="Chakraborty"/> One year later, she had recorded her first soundtrack song, a duet with [[Arijit Singh]] titled "O Soniye" for ''[[Titoo MBA]]''. The next year, in 2015, she sang "Feeling Avnavi," alongside Advait Nemlekar, for the soundtrack ''[[Gujjubhai the Great]]''.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

She released her debut single "Harmokh Bartal," in 2016. A [[bhajan]] from Kashmir that Saraf selected to celebrate Kashmir's culture and music, Saraf reinterpreted the song, with [[Tapas Relia]] composing it and Ashwin Srinivasan playing flute and Ankur Mukherjee, guitar.<ref name="Chakraborty"/><ref name="Saksena"/>

In 2018, Saraf performed "Dilbaro" for the film ''[[Raazi]]''. The song was written by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] and was inspired by the Kashmiri folk wedding song "Khanmoj koor."<ref name="Akundi"/> She was nominated for an [[International Indian Film Academy Award]] for the performance in 2019.<ref name="2019IIFANoms"/>

In February 2019, Saraf released "Kab Se Kab Tak," a duet with [[Ranveer Singh]].<ref name="Akundi"/> Saraf also co-sang the song "Dil Mein Mars Hai" alongside [[Benny Dayal]] for the ''[[Mission Mangal]]'' soundtrack, which was released in the summer of 2019.<ref name="ANI">{{cite web |title=Inspirational track 'Dil Mei Mars Hai' from 'Mission Mangal' is out! |url=https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/261850945/inspirational-track-dil-mei-mars-hai-from-mission-mangal-is-out |website=Big News Network |access-date=28 August 2019 }}</ref> That same year, Saraf performed on the ''[[Gully Boy]]'' soundtrack in the duet "Kab Se Kab Tak" with Ranveer Singh.<ref name="Chauhan">{{cite web |last1=Chauhan |first1=Guarang |title=Gully Boy Music Review: A one of its kind blend of melodious songs and powerful raps |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/reviews/music/article/gully-boy-music-review-a-one-of-its-kind-blend-of-melodious-songs-and-powerful-raps/354693 |website=Times Now |date=27 January 2019 |access-date=28 August 2019 }}</ref>

Saraf has written music for [[Nucleya]], whom she met briefly at an airport after a performance.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}} The two exchanged music over [[WhatsApp]] and Saraf wrote lyrics. She has since written two songs for Nucleya and performed on one, the latter which was "Behka," for the film ''[[High Jack (film)|High Jack]]''.<ref name="Saksena"/>

== Music & Discography ==

Vibha Saraf has appeared in music videos in her songs. She appears in the music video of the song 'Mumal' where she is a co-singer with a Rajasthani folk singer Dapu Khan.
<ref name="Mumal">{{cite web |title=Mumal Dapu Khan Vibha Saraf Santosh J Mukta Bhatt |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ah1gS3ZtNrg |website=Times Now | date=14 February 2018 |access-date=6 June 2020 }}</ref>
Vibha also appears in her own music video 'Jalwe' along with Absar Zahoor.<ref name="Jalwe">{{cite web |title=Jalwe Official Music Video Vibha Saraf Absar Zahoor |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBUanAHLgr4 |website=Youtube | date=22 May 2019 |access-date=6 June 2020 }}</ref>

She has sung for Bollywood and also in other Indian languages including Kashmiri, Telugu, Bengali & Tamil. She writes lyrics for both film and non-film songs & also composes songs for both the film industry and Independent music.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

=== Singer ===
{{BLP unsourced section|date= June 2022}}
'''Film Songs'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Song title !! Movie !! Co-singer(s) !! Composer(s) !! Lyricist(s)!! Notes
|-
|2013 ||Issaq Tera (Duet)||''[[Issaq]]'' ||[[Mohit Chauhan]], Smita Jain ||[[Sachin-Jigar]]||[[Mayur Puri]]||
|-
|2014 || O Soniye||''[[Titoo MBA]]''|| [[Arijit Singh]] || [[Arjuna Harjai]] || [[Surabhi Dasgupta]]|| Punjabi Hindi film
|-
|2016||Chal Chalein|| ''[[Dhanak]]'' ||[[Papon (singer)|Papon]], Shivamm Pathak ||[[Tapas Relia]] || Ali Mir Hussain||
|-
| 2017 ||Jiya O Jiya|| ''[[Jia Aur Jia]]'' |||| [[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]] || Hasrat Jaipuri ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|Behka
|''[[High Jack (film)|High Jack]]''
|Nucleya
|[[Nucleya]], Vibha Saraf
|Vibha Saraf
|
|-
| Dilbaro|| ''[[Raazi]]''|| Harshdeep Kaur || [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy|Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]]||[[Gulzar]]||
|-
| 24 Kisses (Theme Song)
|rowspan="2" | ''[[24 Kisses]]''
|
|rowspan="2" | [[Joi Barua]]
|rowspan=2|Vibha Saraf
|rowspan=2|Telugu film
|-
|Aksharaalu Lene Leni (Female)
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2019 || Kab Se Kab Tak || ''[[Gully Boy]]''|| [[Ranveer Singh]] || Karsh Kale ||||
|-
|Dil Mein Mars Hai||''[[Mission Mangal]]'' || [[Benny Dayal]]||[[Amit Trivedi]]||[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]||
|-
| Bumro|| [[Notebook (2019 film)|''Notebook'']]
|Kamaal Khan, Vishal Mishra || [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]||Kaushal Kishore, Vibha Saraf ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2020
||Gupchup||''[[Chaman Bahaar]]''||Solo||Anshuman Mukherjee, Anuj Garg|| ||
|-
||Rabba Maine Chand Vekhya|| ''Dheet Patangey''
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]|| [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]] ||Vibha Saraf|| Kashmiri Language
|-
| 2021 || Gustakh Mausam'|| ''[[Nail Polish (film)|Nail Polish]]''|| Ronit Chaterji || Sanjay Wanderkar
| ||
|-
| 2024 || "Main Tujhe Phir Miloongi"|| ''[[Article 370 (film)|Article 370]]''|| [[Shashwat Sachdev]] || Shashwat Sachdev
| [[Kumaar]] ||
|-
|}

=== Songs ===
Her non film songs where Vibha has composed, sung and written lyrics.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Song title !! Artist(s) !! Note(s)
|-
| 2017 || ''Dhoop'' || [[Nucleya]] ft. Vibha Saraf || Single
|-
|2019
|''Lori''
|Nucleya ft. Vibha Saraf
|From the EP ''Tota Myna'' by Nucleya
|-
| 2020 || ''Chandni'' || Rajeev Bhalla ft. Vibha Saraf || Single
|}

=== Other language songs ===
In addition to Hindi and Kashmiri, she has sung songs in Bangla, Telugu and Tamil.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

==Musical influence==

Saraf's music is influenced by traditional [[music of Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh]]. Saraf cites the music she heard growing up, as sung by her grandparents and mother, as making Kashmiri music "subconsciously" in her.<ref name="Akundi"/> She wants more people to understand the [[sufism]] in the songs.<ref name="Saksena"/> She also finds inspiration in Kashmiri literature, including the poetry of [[Habba Khatoon]] and [[Lalleshwari]].<ref name="Akundi"/>

In an interview with ''The Hindu'' in 2019, Saraf described her interest in sharing Kashmir-inspired folk music with a broader listenership as a responsibility that "falls on our generation" to "stick to our roots." In the interview, she expresses an appreciation for the preservation and popularity of [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi music]].<ref name="Akundi"/>

== Awards ==
Vibha Saraf won the Best Female Playback Singer<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/iifa-2019-full-winners-list-alia-bhatt-s-raazi-wins-big-1600669-2019-09-19|title=IIFA 2019 full winners list: Alia Bhatt's Raazi wins big|newspaper=India Today|access-date=16 October 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref> award for the song Dilbaro, [[Raazi]] at the [[20th IIFA Awards]] held on 18 September 2019 in [[Mumbai]], India.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

Saraf and Harshdeep Kaur also jointly won the Best Female Playback Singer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/reel-movie-awards-2019-harshdeep-kaur-and-vibha-saraf-win-best-playback-singer-female-for-dilbaro-from-raazi-2078713.html|title=REEL Movie Awards 2019: Harshdeep Kaur and Vibha Saraf win Best Playback Singer Female for Dilbaro from Raazi|website=News18|date=26 March 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref> at REEL Movie Awards 2019 for Dilbaro, Raazi, as well as the [[Zee Cine Awards 2019|Zee Cine Award]] for Best Playback Singer – Female<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/zee-cine-awards-full-winners-list-ranbir-kapoor-and-deepika-padukone-win-big-1482407-2019-03-20|title=Zee Cine Awards full winners list: Ranbir Kapoor and Deepika Padukone win big|newspaper=India Today|access-date=16 October 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref> for the same song.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{IIFAAwardBestFemalePlaybackSinger}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestPlaybackFemale}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saraf, Vibha}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Singers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

Pearay Mohan

2026-02-08T19:47:44Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: Made new pg!

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and author}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pearay Mohan
| image = Pearay Mohan.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Pearay Mohan (family album)
| birth_name = Pearay Mohan Dattatreya
| birth_date = 1895
| birth_place = Lahore
| death_date = 23 December 1936
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Lawyer, [[Lahore High Court]] Writer Politician
| years_active = 1914-1936
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''Fasānah-i-Jung-i-Yurap'' (1914) ''[[An Imaginary Rebellion and How It was Suppressed]]'' (1920)
}}
'''Pearay Mohan Dattatreya''' (1895 - 23 December 1936) was an Indian lawyer, senior assistant editor of ''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'', and author of ''[[An Imaginary Rebellion and How It was Suppressed]]'' (1920), published shortly after the release of the [[History of the Indian National Congress|Indian Congress]] report on the Punjab disturbances of 1919, and in which included a foreword by [[Lala Lajpat Rai]].

==Biography==
Pearay Mohan was born in 1895 in [[Lahore]], to [[Brij Mohan Dattatreya Kaifi]], an Urdu and Persian scholar and poet.<ref name=Bakaya1999>{{cite book |title=An Imaginary Rebellion And How It Was Suppressed |last=Bakaya|first=Ravi M.|volume=1 |date=1920 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |location=Lahore |chapter=From the editor|page=xi-xvi}} (reprint of Pearay Mohan's 1920 original book with adjusted title (1999))</ref><ref name=Bakaya2005>{{cite journal |last1=Bakaya |first1=Ravi M. |title=Dr. Ram Mohan Datatreya |journal=Kasmir Sentinel |date=September 2005 |volume=10 |issue=7,8,9 |pages=22-23 |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/7884335/entinel-panun-kashmir|language=en|via=yumpu}}</ref> In 1914 he co-authored with the journalist, Bishan Sahai Azad, a text in [[Urdu]] on the story of [[First World War|the war in Europe]], titled ''[[The Story of the War in Europe|Fasānah-i-Jung-i-Yurap]]''.<ref name=Das2018>{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Santanu |title=India, Empire, and First World War Culture: Writings, Images, and Songs |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-08158-1 |page=106 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvxsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |language=en |chapter=Ambivalence and dissent: from war pamphlets to women's folksongs}}</ref> In 1915 he graduated from [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College]], Lahore, having received the top prize in economics and philosophy.<ref name=Bakaya2005/> He gained a law degree in 1917 and began practicing in Lahore, before being called to the [[Bar (law)|Bar]].<ref name=Bakaya1999/><ref name=THR1920>{{cite journal |title=Our Library Table |journal=The Hindustan Review |date=1920 |volume=41-42 |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iepAAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

In December 1919 Mohan wrote an account of martial law in Punjab, titled ''[[An Imaginary Rebellion and How It was Supressed]]'', published in 1920 shortly after the release of the [[History of the Indian National Congress|Indian Congress]] report on the Punjab disturbances of 1919, and in which included a foreword by [[Lala Lajpat Rai]].<ref name=Condos2017>{{cite book |last1=Condos |first1=Mark |title=The Insecurity State |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-41831-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLYrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|chapter=Introduction: fear, panic, and the violence of Empire|page=8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=THR1920/> In it, he criticised the British Raj for fabricating enemies and situations for the purpose of expanding harsh laws such as the [[Rowlatt Act]].<ref name=Condos2017/> Such laws, he noted, may be used to cause "widespead injustice and terror...when the local government is in a state of panic or excitement".<ref name=Condos2017/> He also believed that the approver [[Hans Raj (approver)|Hans Raj]] worked with the British to gather crowds at [[Jallianwalla Bagh]] shortly prior to the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre|massacre there]].<ref name=Pathak2007>{{cite book |last1=Pathak |first1=Rashmi |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yERpZ6s156cC&pg=PA58 |title=Punjab Through the Ages |date=2007 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=81-7625-738-9 |edition=2nd |volume=3 |location=New Delhi |page=58 |language=en |chapter=Firing in the Bagh}}</ref> Upon its release it was banned and copies confiscated by the [[British Raj|British government in India]].<ref name=Bakaya2005/><ref name=Walia2006>{{cite news |last1=Walia |first1=Varinder |last2=Bagga |first2=Neeraj |title=Jallianwala Bagh revisited|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060413/aplus.htm |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=The Tribune |date=13 April 2006}}</ref> In November 1920 he joined ''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'', for which he became senior assistant editor, working with [[Kali Nath Roy]].<ref name=Walia2006/><ref name=Singha2020>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=Radhika |title=The Coolie's Great War: Indian Labour in a Global Conflict, 1914-1921 |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-752558-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-MJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA293|chapter=The ends of War: homecoming for the Indian soldier and follower, 1914-21|page=293 |language=en}}</ref>

Mohan brought several cases to court, including some against the [[Indian Railways|Railway]] for reserving special seats for Anglo-Indians on trains.<ref name=Bakaya2005/> In 1930 he successfully filed a suit against the Secretary of State for India, for his own wrongful search and detention by the senior superintendent of police of Lahore, [[James Alexander Scott|James Scott]], when the [[Simon Commission]] arrived in Lahore on 30 October 1928.<ref name=Bakaya2005/><ref>{{cite news |title=Mr J. A. Scott denies allegations |work=Civil & Military Gazette |date=3 July 1930 |location=Lahore |page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Journalist's pursuit for damages: RS.100 for wrongful restraint |work=Civil & Military Gazette |date=16 August 1930 |location=Lahore |page=6}}</ref> He later became senior vice-president of the Punjab Journalists’ Association, and was planning to contribute further in politics.<ref name=Bakaya2005/>

Mohan died on 13 December 1936, at the age of 41 years.<ref name=Bakaya2005/>

==Selected publications==
* {{cite book |title=An Imaginary Rebellion And How It Was Suppressed (1920) |date=1920 |publisher=Khosla Brothers |location=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15881/page/n3/mode/2up}} {{efn|Original from 1920, whereas the reprint of 1999 was printed in two volumes for being lengthy.}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Pearay}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:1895 births]]

Ushmey Chakraborty

2026-02-08T07:24:29Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: added first post needs work

{{short description|Indian screenwriter & filmmaker}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Ushmey Chakraborty
|image =
|caption =
|other_names =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|10|27}}
|birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
|occupation = {{hlist|Screenwriter|director|actor|producer}}
|alma_mater = [[New York Film Academy]]
|known_for =
|years_active = 2008–present
|father = [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
|mother = [[Yogeeta Bali]]
|spouse =
|relatives = See [[List of Hindi film clans#Chakraborty family|Chakraborty family]]
}}

'''Ushmey Chakraborty''' is an Indian filmmaker, actor, and screenwriter. He is the son of actors [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Yogeeta Bali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/announcements-news/ushmey-chakraborty-takes-over-reigns-of-chariot-films-from-father-mithun-chakraborty-99889.html |title=Ushmey Chakraborty takes over reigns of Chariot Films from father Mithun Chakraborty |publisher=Exchange4media |date= |accessdate=2021-12-21}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ushmey was born to [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Yogeeta Bali]] in [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/mithun-chakrabortys-chariot-films-opens-division-los-angeles-spearheaded-younger|title = Mithun Chakraborty's Chariot films opens division in Los Angeles spearheaded by younger son Ushmey}}</ref> as the second son. He has two brothers, [[Mimoh Chakraborty|Mimoh]] and [[Namashi Chakraborty]] and a sister [[Dishani Chakraborty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-photos-meet-mithun-chakraborty-beautiful-daughter-dishani-chakraborty-who-wishes-to-become-a-movie-star-2899252 |title=Photos: Meet Mithun Chakraborty's beautiful daughter Dishani Chakraborty who wishes to become a movie star |publisher=DNA India|date=2021-07-07 |accessdate=2021-12-21}}</ref>

He also attended the [[New York Film Academy]].

==Career==
He started his career as an actor in the film ''[[Phir Kabhi]]'' (2008), playing younger version of [[Mithun Chakraborty|Mithun Chakraborty’s]] character.<Ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1236441/|title=Phir Kabhi (2008)|website=IMDb}}</ref>

He then made his directorial debut with film titled ''Life, Somewhere'' in 2010, which he also written and produced. The film won the Royal Reel Award from the [[Canada International Film Festival]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/lifestyle/art-culture/mithun-chakrabortys-son-ushmey-won-his-1st-international-award-39900|title=Mithun Chakraborty's son, Ushmey won his 1st international award|website=The Bridge Chronicle|author=Jaipal Gaikwad|date=August 29, 2019|accessdate=December 19, 2021}}</ref>

In 2013, his another directorial ''Lucky Man'' was released.<Ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1855590/|title=Lucky Man (2013)|website=IMDb}}</ref> The film also starred [[Amruta Subhash]] in key role.

He then made a short film in 2017 titled ''Holy Smoke!'', it starred his siblings, [[Mimoh Chakraborty|Mimoh]], Namashi and Dishani in pivotal roles.<Ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6905550/|title=Cast of Holy Smoke!}}</ref> The film was streamed on [[Vimeo]].<Ref>{{cite web|url= https://vimeo.com/ushmeychakraborty|title=Ushmey on Vimeo|website=Vimeo}}</Ref>

In 2022, his another short film ''Gay, Asian, Immigrant''.<Ref>{{cite instagram|postid=YmMyMTA2M2Y|title=I wrote, produced, directed and acted in this short. My narcissism is getting out of hand. #shortfilm|first=Ushmey|date=December 7, 2021|user=Ushmey}}</ref> It was screened at [[Dances With Films]], an annual [[independent film|independent]] [[film festival]] located in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].<Ref>{{cite web|url=https://danceswithfilms.com/gay-asian-immigrant/|title=Gay Asian Immigrant at Dances with Films|website=Dances With Films|accessdate=June 10, 2022}}</Ref> This film was also the official selection at the 40th [[Outfest Los Angeles LGBTQ Film Festival]].<Ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/outfest-rounds-out-lineup-for-2022-los-angeles-lgbtq-film-festival-1235049669/|title=Outfest rounds out lineup for 2022 Los Angeles LGBTQ film festival|website=Deadline|author=Matt Gorbar|date=June 22, 2022|accessdate=June 23, 2022}}</Ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="width:33px;"|Year
! rowspan="2"|Title
! colspan="4"|Credited as
! rowspan="2"|Note(s)
|-
!width=65|Director
! Writer
! Producer
! Actor
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | 2008
| ''[[Phir Kabhi]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{Yes}}
| Acting debut
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | 2010
| ''Life Somewhere''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{no wrap|Also editor and cinematographer}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2013
| ''Lucky Man''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| Also editor
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | 2017
| ''Holy Smoke!''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| Short film; {{no wrap|Also editor and cinematographer}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | 2022
| ''Gay, Asian, Immigrant''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| Short film<ref>https://filmthreat.com/reviews/gay-asian-immigrant-comedy-short-review/</ref>
|}

=== As assistant director ===
* ''[[Enemmy]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Ishqedarriyaan]]'' (2015)

==Awards==
* In 2011, Ushmey won the Royal Reel Award by the [[Canada International Film Festival]] for his film ''Life Somewhere''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/lifestyle/art-culture/mithun-chakrabortys-son-ushmey-won-his-1st-international-award-39900|title=Mithun Chakraborty's son, Ushmey won his 1st international award|website=The Bridge Chronicle|author=Jaipal Gaikwad|date=August 29, 2019|accessdate=December 19, 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm4354410}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Ushmey}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

G. Bhuvaneswari

2026-01-29T11:47:31Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: new

{{Short description|Indian electrical engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=May 2023}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=May 2023}}
{{Indian patronymic|Bhuvaneswari|Gurumoorthy}}
'''Gurumoorthy Bhuvaneswari''' (born 1965){{r|inae}} is an Indian [[Electrical engineering|electrical engineer]] whose research involves [[power electronics]], [[electric power conversion]], and [[electric machine]]s. She is a professor at [[Mahindra University]].{{r|mahindra}}

==Education and career==
Bhuvaneswari is originally from South India, the youngest of five children in a poor family,{{r|reder}} and earned an engineering degree in 1985 from the College of Engineering (Guindy Campus) of [[Anna University]]. She went to [[IIT Madras]] for graduate study, earning a master's degree in 1988 and completing a Ph.D. in 1992.{{r|mahindra}}

She worked as a lecturer at Anna University, and then from 1993 to 1997 in the US at [[Commonwealth Edison]] in [[Chicago]],{{r|mahindra|reder}} before returning to India and academia as a faculty member in [[IIT Delhi]] from 1997 until 2021. In 2021, she moved to her present position at Mahindra University.{{r|mahindra}}

==Recognition==
Bhuvaneswari is a member of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].{{r|inae}} She was named an [[IEEE Fellow]], in the 2017 class of fellows, "for contributions to design and development of enhanced power quality converters".{{r|if}} She is one of two 2018 recipients of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Wanda Reder Pioneer in Power Award.{{r|reder}}

She was elected as an International Member to the US [[National Academy of Engineering]] in 2022, "for contributions to advancement of power converters to improve power quality, and leadership in using advanced technologies for education".{{r|nae}} The following year, she became a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>

==References==
<references>

<ref name=if>{{citation|url=https://services27.ieee.org/fellowsdirectory/keywordsearch.html?keyword=Bhuvaneswari|title=IEEE Fellows directory|publisher=IEEE|access-date=2023-05-22}}</ref>

<ref name=inae>{{citation|url=https://www.inae.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Fellowship-specialisation-ES-V.docx|title=Section V (Electrical Engineering)|year=2021|publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering|access-date=2023-05-22}}</ref>

<ref name=mahindra>{{citation|title=Prof. G. Bhuvaneswari|url=https://mahindrauniversity.edu.in/faculty/bhuvaneswari-gurumoorthy/|publisher=Mahindra University|access-date=2023-05-22}}</ref>

<ref name=nae>{{citation|url=https://www.nae.edu/270611/Prof-Gurumoorthy-Bhuvaneswari|title=Prof. Gurumoorthy Bhuvaneswari|work=Members|publisher=National Academy of Engineering|access-date=2023-05-22}}</ref>

<ref name=reder>{{citation|url=https://site.ieee.org/pes-enews/2018/09/24/bhuvaneswari-gurumoothy-2018-pes-wanda-reder-pioneer-in-power/|title=Bhuvaneswari Gurumoothy, 2018 PES Wanda Reder Pioneer in Power|date=September 2018|work=eNewsUpdate|publisher=IEEE Power Engineering Society|access-date=2023-05-22}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
*{{Google Scholar id|ZjjEj2gAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhuvaneswari, G.}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Women electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Anna University alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Anna University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Mahindra University]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering]]

West Indian Americans

2026-01-23T16:51:43Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: put up post...

{{short description|Americans of West Indian (Caribbean) birth or descent}}
{{Distinguish|Indian Americans|Native Americans (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Caribbean Americans
| image = File:Census Bureau Westindians in the United States.png
| image_caption = Distribution of Caribbean Americans
| population = 13 million (about 4% of total U.S. population)
| popplace = Mainly in the metropolitan area of New York and Miami, to a lesser degree Orlando, Tampa, Boston, Philadelphia, Washington and Atlanta, among others. Majority in the states of [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Florida]], [[New Jersey]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Connecticut]], [[Maryland]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and the [[U.S. territories]] of [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. Smaller populations in [[Rhode Island]], [[Ohio]], [[Michigan]], [[Illinois]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Delaware]], [[Virginia]], [[Kentucky]], [[North Carolina]], [[South Carolina]], [[Missouri]], [[Iowa]], [[South Dakota]], [[Minnesota]], [[Mississippi]], [[Louisiana]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Texas]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[Colorado]] and [[California]]. 
| langs = [[American English]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English-based creole languages]] ([[Jamaican Patois]], [[Guyanese Creole]], [[Trinidadian Creole]], [[Tobagonian Creole]], [[Bajan Creole]], [[Sranan Tongo]], [[Bahamian Creole]], [[Virgin Islands Creole]], etc.), [[French language|French]], [[French-based creole languages]] ([[Haitian Creole]], [[Antillean Creole]]), [[Caribbean Spanish]] ([[Dominican Spanish]], [[Puerto Rican Spanish]], [[Cuban Spanish]]), [[Caribbean Hindustani]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Papiamento]]
| rels = Predominantly: [[Christianity]], [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]]
Minority: [[Rastafari]], [[Traditional African religions|Traditional African Religion]], [[African diaspora religions|Afro-American religions]], [[Native American religion|Amerindian Religion]], [[Buddhism]], [[Judaism]], [[Jainism]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[East Asian religions]]
| related =
}}
{{Bar chart
| title = Caribbean born Populations, 1960-2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United States: 1850-1990|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/twps0029.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=5 May 2014}}</ref>
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Number
| bar_width = 15
| width_units = em
| data_max = 4000000
| float = right
| label1 = 1960
| data1 = 193,922
| label2 = 1970
| data2 = 675,108
| label3 = 1980
| data3 = 1,258,363
| label4 = 1990
| data4 = 1,938,348
| label5 = 2000
| data5 = 2,953,066
| label6 = 2009
| data6 = 3,465,890
}}
'''Caribbean Americans''' or '''West Indian Americans''' are [[Americans]] who trace their ancestry to the [[West Indies]] in particular or the [[Caribbean]] in general. Caribbean Americans are a multi-ethnic and multi-racial group that trace their ancestry further in time to Europe, [[Africa]], [[Asia]], and the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]. As of 2016, about 13 million — about 4% of the total U.S. population — have Caribbean ancestry.<ref name=acsprofwi>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201:575;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR:575;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T:575;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR:575&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-charIterations=423&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en |title=United States - Selected Population Profile in the United States (West Indian (excluding Hispanic origin groups) (300-359)) |access-date=2010-03-18 |work=2008 [[American Community Survey]] 1-Year Estimates |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212040357/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201:575;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR:575;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T:575;ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR:575&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-charIterations=423&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en |archive-date=2020-02-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Caribbean is the source of the United States' earliest and largest island immigrant group and the primary source of growth of the islander population in the U.S. The region has exported more of its people than any other region of the world since the abolition of slavery in 1834.<ref name = "People's World">{{cite web|last=Fraizer|first=Martin|title=Continuity and change in Caribbean immigration|date=8 July 2005|url=http://www.peoplesworld.org/continuity-and-change-in-caribbean-immigration/|publisher=People's World|access-date=6 May 2014}}</ref>

The largest Caribbean immigrant sources to the U.S. are [[Cuba]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Jamaica]], [[Haiti]], [[Guyana]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], and [[Barbados]]. U.S. citizens from [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] also migrate to the US proper (known as [[Stateside Puerto Ricans]] and [[Stateside Virgin Islanders|Stateside Virgin Islands Americans]], respectively).

== Caribbean immigration to the United States ==

===17th to mid-19th century===
In 1613, [[Juan (Jan) Rodriguez]] from [[Santo Domingo]] became the first non-indigenous person to settle in what was then known as [[New Amsterdam]].

The West Indian migration to the modern United States began in the colonial period, when many West Indians were imported as slaves to the British colonies of North America.

First people from West Indies who arrived in the United States were slaves brought to [[South Carolina]] in the 17th century.<ref name = "People's World"/> These slaves, many of whom were born in Africa, number among the first people of African origin imported to the British colonies of North America. Over time, Barbadian slaves would make up a significant part of the Black population in [[Virginia]], mainly in the Virginia tidewater region of the Chesapeake Bay. The number of enslaved Africans bought from the Caribbean increased in the 18th century, as the British colonies of Southeast of North America (part of the modern United States) broadened its commercial ties with other Caribbean islands.

Enslaved Africans in the Caribbean were more numerous than those in places such as New York, which was the main slave enclave in the northeastern of the modern-day United States. The number of enslaved Africans imported from the Caribbean decreased after the [[New York Slave Revolt of 1712]], as many white colonists blamed the incident on slaves recently arrived from the Caribbean. Between 1715 and 1741 most of the slaves of the colony remained from the West Antilles (hailing from Jamaica, Barbados and [[Antigua]]). After the [[New York Conspiracy of 1741|New York slave revolt of 1741]], slaves imported from the Caribbean were severely curtailed, and most enslaved Africans were brought directly from Africa.

Although migration from the West Indies to the United States was not very important in the first years of 19th century, it grew considerably after the end of the [[American Civil War]] in 1865, which brought about the abolition of slavery. Most of them were fleeing from poverty and certain natural phenomena (hurricanes, droughts and floods). So, the West Indians that lived in the United States increased from only 4,000 people in 1850 to more than 20,000 in 1900, while in 1930 there were already almost 100,000 people from the region living in the United States.<ref name=inmotionaame>[http://www.inmotionaame.org/print.cfm;jsessionid=f8303218311387380948149?migration=10&bhcp=1 Caribbean Migration - AAME - In Motion: The African-American].</ref>

In the 19th century the U.S. attracted many Caribbean craftsmen, scholars, teachers, preachers, doctors, inventors, clergy, (the Barbadian Joseph Sandiford Atwell was the first black man after the Civil War to be ordained in the Episcopal Church),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dickerson|first1=Dennis C.|title=Joseph Sandiford Atwell (1831–1881)|url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Atwell_Joseph_Sandiford_1831-1881|publisher=Encyclopedia Virginia|access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref> comedians (as the Bahamian [[Bert Williams]]), politicians (as [[Robert Brown Elliott]], U.S. Congressman and Attorney General of South Carolina), poets, songwriters, and activists (as the brothers [[James Weldon Johnson|James Weldon]] and [[J. Rosamond Johnson|John Rosamond]] Johnson). From the end of the 19th century up to 1905, most West Indian people emigrated to [[South Florida]], New York and [[Massachusetts]]. However, shortly after, New York would become the main destination for the West Indian immigrants.<ref name = "People's World"/>

About half of the population of the [[New Orleans]] area have at least distant partial Haitian ancestry originating from a migration wave before and after the [[Haitian Revolution]] from the late 1700s up until 1850, of many mixed people, black African slaves and their white French slave masters, and later free black people {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=October 2023}}. Haitians had an impact on the [[Louisiana Voodoo]] religion and the [[Louisiana Creole]] language. Before 1900, Haitians had the biggest impact of any Caribbean group on the United States. The Haitian Revolution itself resulted in France selling a large swath of land ([[Louisiana Purchase]]) to the United States.

===World War II through the 21st century===
The Caribbean migration grew during the first thirty years of the 20th century and by 1930 there were almost 100,000 West Indian people living in the United States. At this time, they were the majority of black people migrating to the United States.<ref name=inmotionaame/> The migration from the West Indies became noticeable from the 1940s, with the arrived of 50,000 people from the region, both black and white. When the World War II came to an end, American companies hired thousands of Caribbean people, which were known as “W2 workers”.<ref name=inmotionaame/><ref name = "People's World"/>

The companies that hired them were distributed across 1,500 municipalities and 36 US states. Most of the W2 workers worked in the [[rural areas]], especially in Florida, where they were dedicated to the cultivation of [[sugar cane]]. However, many of these companies offered depressing working and economic conditions for their new workers. Because of that, many Caribbean workers promoted revolts (even though labor strikes were prohibited in some of these companies) or fled their respective companies in search of jobs with better conditions elsewhere.<ref name=inmotionaame/><ref name = "People's World"/>

Most of the Caribbean, Central America and South America historically have had little tradition of immigration to America before the 1960s. Post 1965, numerous Caribbean farmers migrated to the United States. This was due to the loss of employment in the Caribbean, when the Caribbean replaced agriculture as its main source of income with the tourism and urban sector. Proximity to the U.S., fluency in English and Civil Rights legislation were reasons for the disproportionate numbers of Caribbean outflows.<ref name="People's World"/>

"The influx of direct, capital-intensive and labor-intensive foreign investment" has significantly increased Caribbean migration to the US and other countries.<ref name = "People's World"/>

Today, there is a fourth wave of Caribbean migration in United States.<ref name=inmotionaame/> The number of Caribbean immigrants raised substantially from 193,922 in 1960 to 2 million in 2009.<ref name=migrationinformation>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/usfocus/display.cfm?ID=834 US in Foco: Caribbean Immigrants in the United States]. Posted by Kristen McCabe, from [[Migration Policy Institute]], in April 2011. Retrieved December 19, 2013.</ref>

== Demography ==
The majority of non-Hispanic West Indian Americans are of [[Afro-Caribbean]] descent, especially those with origins from Jamaica, Haiti and the Bahamas. The remaining portion mainly being [[Multiracial people|multiracial]] and [[Indo-Caribbean people|Indo-Caribbean]] people, especially in the [[Guyanese Americans|Guyanese]], [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans|Trinidadian]] and [[Surinamese Americans|Surinamese]] communities, where people of Indo-Caribbean descent make up a significant portion of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=who are the indo-caribbeans |url=http://rajkumari.weebly.com/who-are-the-indo-caribbeans.html |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Rajkumari Cultural Center |language=en}}</ref>

Over 70 percent of Caribbean immigrants to the United States were from Jamaica and Haiti, as of 2010. Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Belize, the Bahamas, Barbados, and Saint Lucia, among others, also have significant immigrant populations within the United States. Though sometimes divided by language, West Indian Americans share a common [[Culture of the Caribbean|Caribbean culture]]. Of the Hispanic population, the Puerto Rican, Dominican, Nicaraguan, Honduran, Panamanian, Cuban and Costa Rican populations are the most culturally similar to the non-Hispanic West Indian community.<ref name="MPI">{{cite web|last=McCabe|first=Kristine|title=Caribbean Immigrants in the United States|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caribbean-immigrants-united-states#2|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|access-date=6 May 2014}}</ref>

The majority of Hispanic/Latino Caribbean people are of mixed-race ancestry ([[Mulatto]]/Tri-racial), usually having a near even mix of white [[Spain|Spanish]], [[Portugal|Portuguese]], black [[West African]] and native Caribbean [[Taino]]. Though, African ancestry is slightly stronger among Dominican and Puerto Rican multiracials, while among Cuban multiracials European ancestry is slightly stronger. Many of these European-dominant multiracials in Cuba self identify solely as "white" for historical reasons, however when they arrive to the [[Contiguous United States|US mainland]] many of them often start to see race differently and may choose to identify as Black or multiracial. There is also significant numbers of actual [[White Latin Americans|white]] and [[Afro-Latin Americans|black]] people among these groups.

Many black Afro-Latinos in the Spanish-speaking countries of [[Central America]] often have cultures that resemble the English Caribbean, due to various historical events, such as Caribbean coastal areas of these countries originally being [[English overseas possessions|English colonies]] and after these countries were established there was migration from the English Caribbean to the Caribbean coast of Central America. This is especially true of the black people in Panama, this is because at least half of the [[Afro-Panamanians|Afro-Panamanian]] population is descended from Jamaican immigrants who came to Panama in the early 1900s, many are bilingual in Spanish and English, and consider themselves to be West Indian as well.

=== Caribbean American communities ===
{|class="wikitable"
|+Caribbean American Ancestries
! scope="col" | Country/region of ancestry
! scope="col" | Caribbean American population (2016 Census)<ref name=ancestry2000>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/2017/june/cb17-sfs54-caribbean-american-heritage-month.html
|title = Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000 |access-date=2013-06-09 |publisher = U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|40px]] [[File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|40px]] [[Stateside Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] || 5,588,664<ref name=AmericanCommunitySurvey>[https://archive.today/20200214011005/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_DP05&prodType=table US Census Bureau 2017 American Community Survey B03001 1-Year Estimates HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN] retrieved September 25, 2018.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Flag of Cuba.svg|40px]] [[Cuban Americans|Cuban]] || 2,315,863<ref name=AmericanCommunitySurvey2>[https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_B03001&prodType=table US Census Bureau 2017 American Community Survey B03001 1-Year Estimates HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200214061132/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_B03001&prodType=table |date=2020-02-14 }} retrieved September 23, 2018.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|40px]] [[Dominican Americans|Dominican]] || 2,081,419<ref>{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_B03001&prodType=table |title=Table |publisher=factfinder.census.gov |access-date=2019-10-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214061132/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_B03001&prodType=table |archive-date=2020-02-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="dataaccessanddisseminationsystems(dads)">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_B03001&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder - Results|author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)|website=Factfinder.census.gov|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212214432/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_B03001&prodType=table|archive-date=12 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=2015AmericanCommunitySurvey>[https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B03001&prodType=table U.S. Census Bureau 2015 American Community Survey B03001 1-Year Estimates HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200214060539/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B03001&prodType=table |date=2020-02-14 }}, Factfinder.census.gov, retrieved September 20, 2013</ref>
|-
|[[File:Flag of Jamaica.svg|40px]] [[Jamaican Americans|Jamaican]] || 1,132,460
|-
|[[File:Flag of Haiti.svg|40px]] [[Haitian Americans|Haitian]] || 1,049,779
|-
|[[File:Flag of Guyana.svg|40px]] [[Guyanese Americans|Guyanese]] || 243,498
|-
|[[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|40px]] [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans|Trinidadian and Tobagonian]] || 227,523
|-
|[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|40px]] [[British West Indies]] {{flag|Anguilla}} {{flag|Cayman Islands}} {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} {{flag|Montserrat}} {{flag|British Virgin Islands}}
| 103,244
|-
|[[File:Flag of Barbados.svg|40px]] [[Barbadian Americans|Barbadian]] || 71,482
|-
|[[File:Flag of Belize.svg|40px]] [[Belizean Americans|Belizean]] || 62,369
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|40px]] [[Bahamian Americans|Bahamian]] || 55,637
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|40px]] [[Dutch West Indian Americans|Dutch West Indian]] {{Flag|Aruba}} {{flag|Bonaire}} {{flag|Curaçao}} {{flag|Sint Eustatius}} {{Flag|Sint Maarten}} {{flag|Saba}} || 42,808
|-
|[[File:Flag of Grenada.svg|40px]] [[Grenadian Americans|Grenadian]] || 25,924
|-
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|40px]] [[File:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|40px]] [[Stateside Virgin Islands Americans|Virgin Islands]] || 20,375
|-
|[[File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|40px]] [[Antiguan and Barbudan Americans|Antiguan and Barbudan]] || 15,199
|-
|[[File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|40px]] [[Saint Lucian Americans|Saint Lucian]]|| 14,592
|-
|[[File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|40px]] [[Vincentian Americans|Vincentian]] || 13,547
|-
|[[File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg|40px]] [[Kittian and Nevisian Americans|Kittitian and Nevisian]] || 6,368
|-
|[[File:Flag of Dominica.svg|40px]] [[Dominican Americans (Dominica)|Dominican]] || 6,071
|-
|[[File:Flag of Bermuda.svg|40px]] [[Bermudian Americans|Bermudian]] || 5,823
|-
|[[File:Flag of Suriname.svg|40px]] [[Surinamese Americans|Surinamese]] || 2,833
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|40px]] [[File:Flag of Aruba.svg|40px]] [[Aruban Americans|Aruban]] || 1,970
|-
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|40px]] [[French West Indies]] {{Flag|Guadeloupe|local}} {{Flag|Martinique|local}} {{Flag|Saint Pierre and Miquelon|local}} {{Flag|Saint Martin|local}} {{Flag|Saint Barthélemy|local}}|| 1,915
|-
|[[File:Flag of France.svg|40px]] [[File:Flag of French Guiana.svg|40px]] [[French Guiana]] || 1,128
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|40px]] [[File:Flag of Sint Maarten.svg|40px]] [[Sint Maarten]] || 352
|-
|'''Total''' || 13 million
|}

===Locations===
In Florida 549,722 West Indians (excluding Hispanic origin groups) were foreign born as of 2016. Florida had the largest number of resident West Indian (excluding Hispanic origin groups) immigrants in 2016, followed by New York with 490,826 according to the US census.

As of 2016, 9.8% (4,286,266) of the total foreign born residence in the United States was born in the Caribbean.<ref>[https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B05006&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US#valueType|estimate "Place of Birth for the Foreign-born Population in the United States"], Census Reporter.</ref>

Parts of Florida and New York, as well as numerous areas throughout the entire [[New England]] region are the only areas where black people of recent Caribbean origin outnumber black people of multi-generational American origin. [[Miami]], [[New York City]], [[Boston]] and [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] have the highest percentages of non-Hispanic West Indian-Americans, and are also the only major cities where black people of Caribbean origin outnumber those of multigenerational American origin. Areas in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Georgia do have significant and growing West Indian communities but are heavily overshadowed by much larger populations of native-born American Blacks.

Of the 2 groups who make up majority of West Indian Americans of non-Hispanic origin, Haitians are more likely to move to an area with a large overall Caribbean populations, while Jamaicans are more spread out and more likely to be found in cities with smaller Caribbean communities. Caribbean populations in Florida and New England are diverse but more Haitian-dominated, while Caribbean populations in the NYC-Philly-DC area are also diverse but more Jamaican-dominated.

In 2016, 18% (3,750,000) of Florida's population reported ancestry from the Caribbean.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State/territory !! Non-Hispanic West Indian-American population (2010 Census)<ref name="2010 Census">{{cite news | title=2010 Census | publisher=Medgar Evers College | url=http://2010.census.gov/partners/materials/factsheets-pr.php | access-date=2010-04-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029173301/http://2010.census.gov/partners/materials/factsheets-pr.php | archive-date=2009-10-29 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="census1">[https://archive.today/20200212055907/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table US Census Bureau: Table QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010] retrieved January 22, 2012 - select state from drop-down menu</ref> !! Percentage<ref group=note>Percentage of the state population that identifies itself as West Indian relative to the state/territory population as a whole.</ref><ref name="census1" />
|-
| {{flag|Alabama}} || 8,850 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|Alaska}} || 1,195 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|Arizona}} || 7,676 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|Arkansas}} || 5,499 || 0.2
|-
| {{flag|California}} || 76,968 || 0.2
|-
| {{flag|Colorado}} || 7,076 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|Connecticut}} || 87,149 || 2.4
|-
| {{flag|Delaware}} || 6,454 || 0.8
|-
| {{flag|District of Columbia}} || 7,785 || 1.2
|-
| {{flag|Florida}} || 927,031 || 4.5
|-
| {{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] || 128,599 || 1.25
|-
| {{flag|Hawaii}} || 2,816 || 0.2
|-
| {{flag|Idaho}} || 694 || 0.0
|-
| {{flag|Illinois}} || 27,038 || 0.2
|-
| {{flag|Indiana}} || 7,420 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|Iowa}} || 1,710 || 0.0
|-
| {{flag|Kansas}} || 2,775 || 0.0
|-
| {{flag|Kentucky}} || 5,407 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|Louisiana}} || 7,290 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|Maine}} || 2,023 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|Maryland}} || 62,358 || 1.0
|-
| {{flag|Massachusetts}} || 123,226 || 1.9
|-
| {{flag|Michigan}} || 15,482 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|Minnesota}} || 6,034 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|Mississippi}} || 1,889 || 0.0
|-
| {{flag|Missouri}} || 6,509 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|Montana}} || 593 || 0.0
|-
| {{flag|Nebraska}} || 1,629 || 0.0
|-
| {{flag|Nevada}} || 5,967 || 0.2
|-
| {{flag|New Hampshire}} || 2,766 || 0.2
|-
| {{flag|New Jersey}} || 141,828 || 1.6
|-
| {{flag|New Mexico}} || 2,869 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|New York}} || 844,064 || 4.3
|-
| {{flag|North Carolina}} || 32,283 || 0.3
|-
| {{flag|North Dakota}} || 377 || 0.0
|-
| {{flag|Ohio}} || 14,844 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|Oklahoma}} || 21,187 || 0.5
|-
| {{flag|Oregon}} || 3,896 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|Pennsylvania}} || 74,799 || 0.6
|-
| {{flag|Rhode Island}} || 6,880 || 0.7
|-
| {{flag|South Carolina}} || 10,865 || 0.2
|-
| {{flag|South Dakota}} || 474 || 0.0
|-
| {{flag|Tennessee}} || 6,130 || 0.0
|-
| {{flag|Texas}} || 70,000 || 0.2
|-
| {{flag|Utah}} || 1,675 || 0.0
|-
| {{flag|Vermont}} || 375 || 0.0
|-
| {{flag|Virginia}} || 40,172 || 0.5
|-
| {{flag|Washington}} || 8,766 || 0.1
|-
| {{flag|West Virginia}} || 1,555 || 0.0
|-
| {{flag|Wisconsin}} || 5,623 || 0.0
|-
| {{flag|Wyoming}} || 526 || 0.0
|-
| ''USA'' || 4 million || 1.3%
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Top Concentrations of Caribbean Immigrants by Metropolitan Area, 2019-2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caribbean-immigrants-united-states-2017|title = Caribbean Immigrants in the United States|newspaper = Migrationpolicy.org|date = 12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/us-immigrant-population-metropolitan-area</ref>
|-
! Metropolitan Area !! Immigrant Population from the Caribbean !! % of the Metro Area Population
|-
| |[[New York metropolitan area|New York City-Newark-Hartford, NY-NJ-CT ]]|| 1,347,000|| 6.82%
|-
| [[Miami metropolitan area|Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL]]|| 1,264,000|| 20.6%
|-
| [[Greater Boston|Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH]]|| 174,000|| 3.54%
|-
| [[Greater Orlando|Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL]]|| 160,000|| 5.87%
|-
| [[Tampa Bay area|Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL]]|| 139,000|| 4.29%
|-
| [[Metro Atlanta|Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA]]|| 104,000|| 1.69%
|-
| [[Philadelphia metropolitan area|Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD]]|| 92,000|| 1.47%
|-
| [[Washington metropolitan area|Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV]] || 68,000|| 1.08%
|-
| [[Greater Houston|Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX]] || 69,000|| 0.95%
|-
| [[Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL|Lee County, Florida]] || 55,000|| 6.69%
|-
| [[Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA]]|| 34,000|| 0.26%
|}

===U.S. Counties with largest non-Latino Caribbean American populations in 2016===
# [[Brooklyn|Kings County, New York]] 305,950 (11.6%)
# [[Broward County, Florida]] 277,646 (14.5%)
# [[Miami-Dade County, Florida]] 184,393 (6.8%)
# [[Queens|Queens County, New York]] 166,952 (7.2%)
# [[Palm Beach County, Florida]] 126,020 (8.7%)
# [[The Bronx|Bronx County, New York]] 115,348 (7.9%)

===Language===
More than half of Caribbean immigrants either spoke only English or spoke English "very well." In 2009, 33.0 percent of Caribbean immigrants reported speaking only English and 23.9 percent reported speaking English "very well." In contrast, 42.8 percent of Caribbean immigrants were limited English proficient (LEP), meaning they reported speaking English less than "very well." Within this group, 9.7 percent reported that they did not speak English at all, 16.5 percent reported speaking English "well" and 16.7 percent reported speaking English "but not well."<ref name="MPI"/>

===Occupations===
According to the US census for 2016. West Indian Americans of the civilian employed population 16 years and over were 1,549,890. 32.6% were employed in Management, business, science, and arts occupations, 28.5% in Service occupations, 22.2% in Sales and office occupations, 6.1% in Natural resources, construction and maintenance occupations and 10.5% in Production, transportation and material moving occupations.<ref name=Survey>[https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_S0201&prodType=table "SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES | 2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200214011051/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_S0201&prodType=table |date=2020-02-14 }}, United States Census.</ref>

===Income===
As of 2017 West Indian Americans are estimated to have a median household income of $54,033. West Indians also have a median family income of $62,867. Married-couple family: $80,626, Male householder, no spouse present, family: $53,101, Female householder, no husband present, family: $43,929. Their Individual per capita income (dollars) was $26,033.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_S0201&prodType=table |title=Table |publisher=factfinder.census.gov |access-date=2019-10-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214060720/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_S0201&prodType=table |archive-date=2020-02-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Education attainment===
As of 2017, 27.1 percent of West Indian Americans 25 years and over have a bachelor's degree or higher. Male, bachelor's degree or higher was 23.1% and Female, bachelor's degree or higher was 30.3%.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov"/>

===Related ethnic groups and topics===
*[[Panamanian Americans]]
*[[Dominican Americans]]
*[[Stateside Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican Americans]]
*[[Jamaican Americans]]
*[[Cuban Americans]]
*[[Costa Rican Americans]]
*[[African Americans]]
*[[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the West Indies|List of Countries in the Caribbean]]
*[[History of the Caribbean]]
*[[Afro-Caribbean people|Afro-Caribbean]]
*[[Indo-Caribbean Americans]]
*[[Spanish West Indies|Spanish Caribbean]]

==Contributions to American culture==
There are close to 50 Caribbean carnivals throughout North America that attest to the permanence of the Caribbean immigration experience. The Caribbean people brought music, such as [[Bachata (music)|bachata]], [[cadence rampa]], [[calypso music|calypso]], [[chutney music|chutney]], [[compas]] (''kompa''), [[cumbia]], [[dancehall]], [[filmi]], [[Latin trap]], [[méringue]], [[Merengue music|merengue]], [[Parang music|parang]], [[ragga]], [[rapso]], [[reggae]], [[reggaeton]], [[Salsa music|salsa]], [[ska]], [[Soca music|soca]] and [[zouk]], which has a profound impact on U.S. popular culture. Caribbean Americans also strongly influenced Hip Hop music and culture in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nwfolklife.org/reggae-rising-hip-hops-roots-in-reggae-music/ |title=Reggae Rising: Hip-Hop's Roots in Reggae Music {{!}} Northwest Folklife |website=www.nwfolklife.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130005759/https://www.nwfolklife.org/reggae-rising-hip-hops-roots-in-reggae-music/ |archive-date=2018-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/luttonprojects15/music-and-art/music/hip-hop/hip-hop-caribbean-origins/|title = Hip Hop Caribbean Origins | the Peopling of New York Final Project| date=23 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revolt.tv/2018/6/22/20825034/a-look-at-reggae-s-undoubtable-influence-on-hip-hop|title = A look at reggae's undoubtable influence on hip-hop|date = 22 June 2018}}</ref> Cultural expressions and the prominence of first-and second-generation Caribbean figures in U.S. labor and grassroots politics for many decades also testify to the long tradition and established presence.<ref name="People's World"/>

==Notable Caribbean Americans and Americans of Caribbean descent==
<gallery style="text-align:center;">
File:Aaliyah-02.jpg|[[Aaliyah]]
File:Joseph Acaba v2.jpg|[[Joseph Acaba]]
File:Alexander, Clifford L.jpg|[[Clifford Alexander Jr.]]
File:Tatyana Ali in Zuhair Murad and Swarovski Inauguration Night 2.JPG|[[Tatyana Ali]]
File:Luis Walter Alvarez 1961.jpg|[[Luis Walter Alvarez]]
File:Carmelo Anthony Nov 2013.jpg|[[Carmelo Anthony]]
File:Marc Anthony 2010.jpg|[[Marc Anthony]]
File:Desi Arnaz 1950.JPG|[[Desi Arnaz]]
File:Cardi B - Openair Frauenfeld 2019 02.jpg|[[Cardi B]]
File:Belafonte-cropped.png|[[Harry Belafonte]]
File:Mike Bibby Kings.jpg|[[Mike Bibby]]
File:Cathy Bissoon.jpg|[[Cathy Bissoon]]
File:Camila Cabello AMAs 2019.png|[[Camila Cabello]]
File:Xolo Mariduena Photo Op GalaxyCon Raleigh 2024 (cropped).jpg|[[Xolo Maridueña]]
File:Kwame Ture at a 1966 Mississippi press conference (cropped).jpg|[[Stokely Carmichael]]
File:Jennifer Carroll official photo.jpg|[[Jennifer Carroll]]
File:Susie Castillo headshot 2.png|[[Susie Castillo]]
File:Marysol Castro at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|[[Marysol Castro]]
File:Shirley Chisholm.jpg|[[Shirley Chisholm]]
File:Tanya Chutkan, U.S. District Court Judge.jpg|[[Tanya Chutkan]]
File:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Official Portrait.jpg|{{nowrap|[[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]]}}
File:AffionCrockett1 (cropped).jpg|[[Affion Crockett]]
File:Celia Cruz 1cropped.jpg|[[Celia Cruz]]
File:Ted Cruz official 116th portrait (cropped).jpg|[[Ted Cruz]]
File:Sammy Davis Jr. 1972.jpg|[[Sammy Davis Jr.]]
File:Rosario Dawson by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|[[Rosario Dawson]]
File:Ana de Armas at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival 05 (cropped).jpg|[[Ana de Armas]]
File:Benicio Del Toro - Guardians of the Galaxy premiere - July 2014 (cropped).jpg|[[Benicio del Toro]]
File:CameronDiazByCarolineRenouard2010.jpg|[[Cameron Diaz]]
File:EmilianoDiez09.jpg|[[Emiliano Díez]]
File:Winston Duke by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Winston Duke]]
File:Mervyn M. Dymally Assembly.jpg|[[Mervyn Dymally]]
File:Anthony D'Esposito 118th Congress.jpg|[[Anthony D'Esposito]]
File:Gloria Estefan and Emilio Estefan at 2014 MIFF edited.jpg|[[Emilio Estefan]]
File:Gloria Estefan in Narciso Rodriguez 01.jpg|[[Gloria Estefan]]
File:Louis Farrakhan 2018.jpg|[[Louis Farrakhan]]
File:Jose Ferrer - 1952.jpg|[[José Ferrer]]
File:Mel Ferrer - 1960.jpg|[[Mel Ferrer]]
File:Rhona fox.jpg|[[Rhona Fox]]
File:Justice Renatha Francis (cropped).jpg|[[Renatha Francis]]
File:Dr. Wayne A. I. Frederick.jpg|[[Wayne A. I. Frederick]]
File:Melissa Fumero May 2018.jpg|[[Melissa Fumero]]
File:Andy Garcia at the 2009 Deauville American Film Festival-01A.jpg|[[Andy García]]
File:Joanna Garcia.jpg|[[JoAnna Garcia]]
File:ADM Joxel Garcia.jpg|[[Joxel García]]
File:Marcus Garvey 1924-08-05.jpg|[[Marcus Garvey]]
File:Kimberly Guilfoyle (53808885661) (cropped).jpg|[[Kimberly Guilfoyle]]
File:Luis Guzman 2012.jpg|[[Luis Guzmán]]
File:Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg|[[Kamala Harris]]
File:JackéeHarryDec10.jpg|[[Jackée Harry]]
File:Juano hernandez in intruder in the dust.jpg|[[Juano Hernandez]]
File:Eric Holder official portrait.jpg|[[Eric Holder]]
File:Lester Holt by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Lester Holt]]
File:Trinidad James 2013.jpg|[[Trinidad James]]
File:Opening Plenary - Becoming Investor Ready (19956321702) (cropped).jpg|[[Daymond John]]
File:Lenny Kravitz by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Lenny Kravitz]]
File:Florida-Supreme-Court-Justice-Jorge-Labarga-2019.jpg|[[Jorge Labarga]]
File:Ileana Ros-Lehtinen official photo.jpg|[[Ileana Ros-Lehtinen]]
File:Nia Long 2012.jpg|[[Nia Long]]
File:TIFF 2019 jlo (1 of 1)-2 (48696671561) (cropped).jpg|[[Jennifer Lopez]]
File:Romany Malco by David Shankbone.jpg|[[Romany Malco]]
File:BrunoMars24KMagicWorldTourLive (cropped).jpg|[[Bruno Mars]]
File:Ricky Martin in store appearance, Sydney Australia (1).jpg|[[Ricky Martin]]
File:Maxwell (musician).jpg|[[Maxwell (musician)|Maxwell]]
File:Floyd Mayweather Jr 2011.jpg|[[Floyd Mayweather Jr.]]
File:Robert Menendez official Senate portrait.jpg|[[Bob Menendez]]
File:CUN2008 Oscar party Christina Milian.jpg|[[Christina Milian]]
File:Lin-Manuel Miranda by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Lin-Manuel Miranda]]
File:Maria-montez.jpg|[[Maria Montez]]
File:Rita Moreno face.jpg|[[Rita Moreno]]
File:Jeanette Nunez official photo.jpg|[[Jeanette Nuñez]]
File:Jenna Ortega-63792 (cropped).jpg|[[Jenna Ortega]]
File:Ana Ortiz 2012.jpg|[[Ana Ortiz]]
File:Candace Owens by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|[[Candace Owens]]
File:Gwyneth Paltrow face.jpg|[[Gwyneth Paltrow]]
File:David Paterson 2 by David Shankbone.jpg|[[David Paterson]]
File:Rosie Perez 2012.jpg|[[Rosie Perez]]
File:Official portrait of United States Secretary of Labor Tom Perez.jpg|[[Tom Perez]]
File:Joaquin Phoenix-64908 (cropped).jpg|[[Joaquin Phoenix]]
File:Pitbull the rapper in Sydney, Australia (2012).jpg|[[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]]
File:Aubrey Plaza 2012 Shankbone.JPG|[[Aubrey Plaza]]
File:Sidney Poitier 1968.jpg|[[Sidney Poitier]]
File:Colin Powell 2005.jpg|[[Colin Powell]]
File:Tito Puentes.jpg|[[Tito Puente]]
File:Out4Fame-Festival 2015 - Busta Rhymes - 2 (cropped).JPG|[[Busta Rhymes]]
File:Alfonso Ribeiro.JPG|[[Alfonso Ribeiro]]
File:Susan E. Rice, DPC Director (cropped 2).jpg|[[Susan Rice]]
File:Marquita Rivera 3.jpg|[[Marquita Rivera]]
File:South by Southwest 2019 4 - 46628270064 (cropped).jpg|[[ASAP Rocky]]
File:Alex Rodriguez.jpg|[[Alex Rodriguez]]
File:Gina Rodriguez at 2014 PaleyFest.jpg|[[Gina Rodriguez]]
File:Michelle Rodriguez by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|[[Michelle Rodriguez]]
File:Marco Rubio, Official Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg|[[Marco Rubio]]
File:Zoe Saldana (Headshot).jpg|[[Zoe Saldaña]]
File:Rosalyn Sanchez 2000.jpg|[[Roselyn Sánchez]]
File:Sasso-formal-2023 (cropped).jpg|[[Meredith Sasso]]
File:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg.jpg|{{nowrap|[[Arturo Alfonso Schomburg]]}}
File:Jada Pinkett Smith at NY PaleyFest 2014 for Gotham.jpg|[[Jada Pinkett Smith]]
File:Jimmy Smits by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Jimmy Smits]]
File:Sonia Sotomayor in SCOTUS robe.jpg|[[Sonia Sotomayor]]
File:Francis Suarez by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Francis Suarez]]
File:Bella Thorne March 18, 2014 (cropped).jpg|[[Bella Thorne]]
File:Dara Torres 2crop.jpg|[[Dara Torres]]
File:Gina-torres-gesf-2018-5560.jpg|[[Gina Torres]]
File:Lorraine Toussaint at Paley Fest Orange Is The New Black.jpg|[[Lorraine Toussaint]]
File:Helen Rodriguez-Trias.JPG|[[Helen Rodríguez Trías]]
File:Cicely Tyson 2012 Shankbone 2.JPG|[[Cicely Tyson]]
File:Mike Tyson 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg|[[Mike Tyson]]
File:Neil deGrasse Tyson in June 2017 (cropped).jpg|[[Neil deGrasse Tyson]]
File:Malcolm-x.jpg|[[Malcolm X]]
File:Kerry Washington in (2024) (cropped).jpg|Kerry Washington
</gallery>

==National Caribbean American Heritage Month==
National Caribbean American Heritage Month is celebrated in June. The heritage month was first officially observed in 2006, after being unanimously adopted by the House of Representatives on June 27, 2005, in H. Con. Res. 71, sponsored by Congresswoman [[Barbara Lee]], recognizing the significance of Caribbean people and their descendants in the history and culture of the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6gziQydtBwC&q=%22National+Caribbean-American+Heritage+Month%22&pg=RA2-PA138|title=Congressional Record (Bound Volumes)|last=Congress|date=2010-07-16|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=9780160861550|language=en}}</ref>
The Senate adopted the resolution on February 14, 2006, which was introduced by Senator Chuck Schumer of New York.
On June 5, 2006, George W. Bush issued a [[Presidential proclamation (United States)|presidential proclamation]] declaring than June be annually recognized as National Caribbean American Heritage Month to celebrate the contributions of Caribbean Americans (both naturalized and US citizens by birth) in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3IzDwAAQBAJ&q=proclamation+2006+%22National+Caribbean-American+Heritage+Month%22&pg=PA53|title=Stories of Identity among Black, Middle Class, Second Generation Caribbeans: We, Too, Sing America|last=Lorick-Wilmot|first=Yndia S.|date=2017-08-29|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319622088|language=en}}</ref> Since the declaration, the White House has issued an annual proclamation recognizing June as National Caribbean-American Heritage Month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/pr/about/civilrights/?cid=nrcseprd1331869|title=June is Caribbean-American Heritage Month! {{!}} NRCS Caribbean Area|website=www.nrcs.usda.gov|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|language=en|access-date=2017-12-14}}{{dead link|date=June 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The Institute of Caribbean Studies (ICS), based in Washington DC, is the lead organization behind the campaign that led to the establishment of Caribbean American Heritage Month.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caribbean American Heritage Month |url=https://www.womenshistory.org/articles/caribbean-american-heritage-month |publisher=National Women's History Museum |access-date=2024-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Official History of Caribbean American Heritage Month |url=https://icsdc.org/caribbean_american_heritage_month |publisher=Institute of Caribbean Studies |access-date=2024-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NCAHM History |url=https://caribbeanamericanmonth.com/about-us/cahm-history/ |publisher=Caribbean American Heritage Month Official Site |access-date=2024-11-12}}</ref> The ICS was founded by Dr. Claire Nelson in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Claire Nelson – Founder of Caribbean American Heritage Month |url=https://www.caribbeanstudiesassociation.org/dr-claire-nelson/ |publisher=Caribbean Studies Association |access-date=2024-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jamaican Dr. Claire Nelson, Founder And President Of The Institute of Caribbean Studies, To Serve As A National Profile Partner of The U.S. Census |url=https://news.jamaicans.com/caribbean-12/ |publisher=Jamaicans.com |access-date=2024-11-12}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Caribbean|United States}}
*[[List of West Indian communities in the United States]]
*[[Caribbean immigration to New York City]]
*[[Labor Day Carnival]]
*[[Calle Ocho Festival]]
*[[Little Havana]]
*[[West Indies Federation]]
*[[Hispanic and Latino Americans]]
*[[Indo-Caribbean Americans]]
*[[Model minority|Model Minority]]
*[[Chinese Caribbean people]]

==Further reading==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=p7Ei48CFmMwC&q=West+Indian+American Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams], by Mary C. Waters

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{West Indian American}}
{{Caribbean diaspora}}
{{Demography of African Americans}}
{{Demographics of the United States}}

[[Category:American people of West Indian descent| ]]
[[Category:Caribbean diaspora in the United States| ]]
[[Category:Caribbean diaspora by country]]
[[Category:Multiracial ethnic groups in the United States]]

Jogidas Khuman (1962 film)

2026-01-22T05:52:39Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: made initial article with sources

{{Other uses|Jogidas Khuman (disambiguation){{!}}Jogidas Khuman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jogidas Khuman
| image =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manhar Raskapur]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/>
| writer = [[Gunvantrai Acharya]] (screenplay)<ref name=":0" />
| based_on =
| producer = B. D. Bharucha, Govindbhai Desai, Babubhai Desai, Harishbhai Patel, Dhirubhai Desai<ref name=":RH1995"/>
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[P. Jairaj]]
* [[Arvind Pandya]]
* [[Urmila Bhatt]]
* Aruna
* Babu Raje
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Avinash Vyas]]<ref name=":0" />
| studio = Mangalam Chitra, [[Mumbai]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1962}}
| runtime = 137 Min<ref name=":RH1995"/>
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Jogidas Khuman''''' ({{Langx|gu|જોગીદાસ ખુમાણ}}) is a 1962 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] social drama film directed by [[Manhar Raskapur]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |edition=Revised |pages=197}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story of the film is based on true events. [[Jogidas Khuman (outlaw)|Jogidas Khuman]] was the [[Kathi people|Kathi]] [[Darbar (title)|Darbar]] of Ambardi (now in [[Savarkundla]]). When the Durbar of Bhavnagar, Vajesingh, took back the villages given to his ancestors, he and his father Hada Khuman had rebelled against [[Bhavnagar State]].<ref name=":0" />

==Cast==
The principal cast is as follows:<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Harish |title=જોગીદાસ-ખુમાણ |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/જોગીદાસ-ખુમાણ/ |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]}}</ref><ref name=":RH1995">{{cite book |last1=Raghuvasnhi |first1=Harish |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ ગીતકોશ (૧૯૩૨ – ૧૯૯૪)|trans-title=Gujarati Film Geet Kosh (1932 – 1994) |date=March 1995 |publisher=Harish Raghuvanshi |location=Surat |page=60-61 |edition=First}}</ref>
* [[P. Jairaj]]
* [[Arvind Pandya]]
* [[Urmila Bhatt]]
* Aruna
* Babu Raje
* [[Yashodhra Katju]]
* Ratikumar Vyas

Supporting cast include:

* Chimanlala
* Nasrin
* Madhumati
* Satish Vyas
* Rasvir
* Pandeji
* [[Upendra Trivedi]]
* [[Arvind Trivedi]]
* Ajit Soni
* Jaikishan
* Sooryakumari
* Sarita
* Narmadashankar
* Dushyant
* Devendra Pandya
* Vitthal Pandya
* Bhudo Advani
* Vishvnath Pandya
* Meena
* Vijay Kotak (as child actor)
* Nutan (as child actor)
* Nitin shah (as child actor)
* Kamal (as child actor)

==Soundtrack==
[[Asha Bhosle]], [[Manna Dey]], Vina Mehta, Pinakin Shah, Ratikumar Vyas, Badriprasad are the playback singars.<ref name=":RH1995"/><ref name=":0" />

The soundtrack is as follows:<ref name=":RH1995"/>
{{Infobox album
| name = Jogidas Khuman
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1963
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| label =
| producer =
| misc =
}}
{{track listing
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics =
| total_length =
|all_music= [[Avinash Vyas]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/>
|all_lyrics= [[Avinash Vyas]]<ref name=":RH1995"/>

| title1 = ''Dhananan Dhananan Goliyu Chhutashe, vir Shurvirona''
| extra1 =
| lyrics1 =
| length1 =

| title2 = ''Jo Thai Chhe, Ek Gai, Biji Gai, Jo Thai Chhe''
| extra2 =
| lyrics2 =
| length2 =

| title3 = ''Madhrate bole Mor, Jabaki Nindarthi Jagi, Tya Joyo Nandkishor''
| extra3 =
| lyrics3 =
| length3 =

| title4 = ''Ker Kanto Vagyo Re, Kanto Jherido''
| extra4 =
| lyrics4 =
| length4 =

| title5 = ''Ame Re Rabara, Ho O O...''
| extra5 =
| lyrics5 =
| length5 =

| title6 = ''Aatla Utavada Thavu... Hoke, Bhale Nayno Hu Mara Nachavu''
| extra6 =
| lyrics6 =
| length6 =

}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1962 drama films]]
[[Category:1960s Gujarati-language films]]

Naveena Sarangadhara

2026-01-10T00:49:34Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: new info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naveena Sarangadhara
| image = Naveena Sarangadhara.jpg
| native_name = நவீன சாரங்கதாரா
| director = [[K. Subramaniam]]
| producer = Murugan Talkies
| screenplay = [[K. Subramaniam]]
| starring = [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]] [[S. S. Mani Bhagavathar]] G. Pattu Iyer [[Indubala]]
| music = [[Papanasam Sivan]]
| studio = Murugan Talkies
| released = {{Film date|1936}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

'''''Naveena Sarangadhara (நவீன சாரங்கதாரா)''''' is a 1936 Tamil film directed by [[K. Subramanyam|K. Subramaniam]] under Murugan Talkies. Naveena in Tamil means modern. The film was titled thus in order to distinguish itself from the earlier versions and also in order to highlight the slight modifications made to the original story. The cast includes [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] and [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]] in the lead roles supported by [[S. S. Mani Bhagavathar]], G. Pattu Iyer and [[Indubala]]. The music was composed by [[Papanasam Sivan]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Naveena Sarangadhara (1936)|url=https://www.tamilmdb.com/movie/91/1936-naveena-sarangadhara|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Naveena Sarangadhara (1936)|url=https://letterboxd.com/film/naveena-sarangadhara/|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/editorial-articles/2010/mar/01/ஏழிசை-மன்னர்-எம்கேடி-பாகவதர்-150353.html|title=ஏழிசை மன்னர் எம்.கே.டி. பாகவதர்!|website=Dinamani|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
* [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]]
* [[S. S. Mani Bhagavathar]]
* G. Pattu Iyer
* [[Indubala]]

== Production ==
The film has 41 songs. Most of the songs are sung by Thyagaraja Bhagavathar and Subbulakshmi.

== Soundtrack ==
All of the songs' lyrics were written and composed by [[Papanasam Sivan]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Naveena Sarangadhara Song: Naveena Sarangadhara MP3 Tamil Song by M K Thyagaraja Bhagavathar Online Free on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/album/naveena-sarangadhara|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Hungama|title=Naveena Sarangadhara|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/naveena-sarangadhara/29863900/|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No
!Title
!Lyrics
!Singer(S)
|-
|1
|Poyi Varir Guruve
| rowspan="19" |Papanasam Sivan
| rowspan="19" |Thyagaraja Bhagavathar, Subbulakshmi.
|-
|2
|Kanakkan Koosuthadi
|-
|3
|Vanavarkaḷum Thediye Dhinam
|-
|4
|Ethaṉai Aḻagu Paradi
|-
|5
|Miṉṉal Ezḻiludaiyaḷ Ivaḷ
|-
|6
|Innum Varadhaeṉo Ennuyirkkiniyan
|-
|7
|Enakke Tharamavai Yenthilaiye
|-
|8
|Enna Mosam Enadharan
|-
|9
|Rathi Sundari Kalyani
|-
|10
|Padathilulla Uruvam Adiyaal
|-
|11
|Perumpunai Sootiyathe Enathu Manam
|-
|12
|Aasaigundha Mannava Aathisundara Migunthavena
|-
|13
|Ariyiro Ammani Neerum
|-
|14
|Gnana Kumari Nadana Singari
|-
|15
|Koodithirikindra Jodippurakkal
|-
|16
|Podanna Poda Nee Pokkirithanama
|-
|17
|Madapayapola Thadithanama
|-
|18
|Megam Mandalam Thaandi Kannukkum Theriyamal
|-
|19
|Neelamugalinidiye Marainthu
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* [[G. Dhananjayan|Dhananjayan, G.]]{{Cite book|last=Dhananjayan|first=G.|title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931 to 2013|date=2014|publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers|author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}

[[Category:1936 films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1936 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Papanasam Sivan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Choppadandi Assembly constituency

2025-12-28T08:03:23Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Choppadandi
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (27-Choppadandi highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Choppadandi Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Medipally Sathyam]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Karimnagar]]
| reservation = SC
| electors = 1,99,703
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 27
}}

'''Choppadandi Assembly constituency''' is a SC reserved constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of 13 constituencies in [[Karimnagar district]]. It is part of [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

Medipally Sathyam of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the seat for the first time with over 60,000 majorities in the 2023 Assembly election.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:

{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
|-
! Mandal
! District
|-
| [[Choppadandi]]
| [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
| [[Boinpalle]]
| [[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
|-
| [[Gangadhara]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
| [[Ramadugu]]
|-
| [[Kodimial]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]
|-
| [[Mallial]]
|-
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Nyalakonda Sripathi Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Gurram Madhava Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Nyalakonda Ramkishan Rao]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1899]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Koduri Satyanarayana Goud
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Sana Maruthi
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Suddala Devaiah
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Bodige Shobha|Bodige Shobha Galanna]]<ref name="Statistical Reports of 2014 Assembly Elections held in Telangana">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=2014 |title=Statistical Reports of 2014 Assembly Elections held in Telangana |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2014/General%20Election%20HOP%202014%20Book.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118144728/https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2014/General%20Election%20HOP%202014%20Book.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref><ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Sunke Ravi Shankar]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Medipally Sathyam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Choppadandi<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Choppadandi">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Choppadandi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2927.htm |access-date=10 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310162749/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2927.htm |archive-date=10 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Choppadandi Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Choppadandi Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/choppadandi |access-date=10 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310162845/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/choppadandi |archive-date=10 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate= [[Medipally Sathyam]]
|votes= 90,395
|percentage=49.62
|change={{increase}}20.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Sunke Ravi Shankar]]
| votes = 52,956
| percentage = 29.07
| change = {{decrease}}24.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Bodige Shobha|Bodige Shobha Galanna]]
|votes= 26,669
|percentage=14.64
|change={{increase}}5.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the Above]]
|votes= 1,260
|percentage=0.69
|change={{decrease}}0.62
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=37,439|percentage=20.54|change={{decrease}}4.33}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,82,188|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Choppadandi<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-telangana-general-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Telangana General Legislative Election 2018 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 20 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Choppadandi Assembly Election Results 2018 - 2023">{{cite news |title=Choppadandi Assembly Election Results 2018 - 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/choppadandi |accessdate=30 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630071349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/choppadandi |archivedate=30 June 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Sunke Ravi Shankar]]
| votes = 91,090
| percentage = 53.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Medipally Sathyam|votes=48,963|percentage=28.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bodige Shobha|Bodige Shobha Galanna]]|votes=15,835|percentage=9.35|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=2,218|percentage=1.31|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=42,127|percentage=24.87|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,69,332|percentage=79.73|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|18.58|79.17|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]

Madhumati (dancer)

2025-12-19T06:13:19Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: new info

{{Short description|Indian dancer and actress (1938–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhumati
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|05|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|10|15|1938|05|30|df=y}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Dancer, actress
| known_for = ''[[Tower House (film)|Tower House]]'', ''[[Shikari (1963 film)|Shikari]]'', ''[[Mujhe Jeene Do (1963 film)|Mujhe Jeene Do]]''
| years_active =
}}

'''Madhumati''' (30 May 1938 – 15 October 2025) was an Indian dancer and actress who worked in many films, including Hindi and regional cinema across Marathi, Punjabi, Bhojpuri, Gujarati, and South Indian languages. She is best known for her performances in films such as ''[[Tower House (film)|Tower House]]'', ''[[Shikari (1963 film)|Shikari]]'', ''[[Mujhe Jeene Do (1963 film)|Mujhe Jeene Do]]'', and ''[[Ankhen (1968 film)|Ankhen]]''.<ref name=Madhumati>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/madhumati-helen-competition-passes-away-at-87-akshay-kumar-remembers-first-guru-10308777/|title=Veteran actor Madhumati, who was seen as Helen's competition, passes away at 87; Akshay Kumar remembers his 'first guru'|date=15 October 2025|website=indianexpress.com |access-date=16 October 2025 }}</ref>

==Life and career==
Born on 30 May 1938 in [[Maharashtra]],<ref name=Madhumati/> she was trained in traditional forms of dance, including [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kathak]], and [[Bharatanatyam]].<ref name=Madhumati/> She began her film career in 1957 with a Marathi film which was unreleased.<ref name=dancer/>

At the age of 19, she married dancer Deepak Manohar.<ref name=dancer>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/veteran-actress-and-dancer-madhumati-dies-at-87-ws-l-19717116.htm|title=Veteran actress and dancer Madhumati dies at 87|date=15 October 2025|website=cnbctv18.com |access-date=16 October 2025 }}</ref>

Madhumati died on 15 October 2025, at the age of 87.<ref name=Madhumati/>

==Selected filmography==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
| rowspan="1"|1960 ||''[[Zameen Ke Tare]]'' || Singer/dancer
|-
| rowspan="1"|1964 ||''[[Dulha Dulhan]]'' || Chanda's friend
|-
| rowspan="1"|1967 ||''[[Anita (1967 film)|Anita]]'' || Red-Headed Nightclub Performer
|-
| rowspan="2"|1968 ||''[[Ankhen (1968 film)|Ankhen]]'' || Madhu
|-
| ''[[Saraswatichandra (film)|Saraswatichandra]]'' || Padma
|-
| rowspan="2"|1969 ||''[[Talash (1969 film)|Talash]]'' || Rupali
|-
| ''[[Shatranj (1969 film)|Shatranj]]'' || Dancer
|-
| rowspan="2"|1970 ||''[[Jawab (1970 film)|Jawab]]'' || Dancer
|-
|''[[Ishq Par Zor Nahin]]'' || Dancer
|-
| rowspan="2"|1971 ||''[[Chhoti Bahu]]'' || Dancer
|-
|''[[Chahat]]''|| Stage dancer
|-
| rowspan="5"|1972 ||''[[Aankhon Aankhon Mein]]''|| Dancer
|-
|''[[Roop Tera Mastana]]''|| Dancer
|-
| ''[[Sazaa (1972 film)|Sazaa]]''|| Banto Jatti
|-
| ''[[Jai Jwala]]'' || Champa
|-
| ''[[Annadata (1972 film)|Annadata]]''|| Champavathi
|-
| rowspan="1"|1975 || ''[[Jogidas Khuman (1975 film)|Jogidas Khuman]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|1976 || ''[[Charas (1976 film)|Charas]]'' || Laila
|-
| rowspan="2"|1977 || ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || Bijli
|-
| ''[[Chaani]]''||
|-
| rowspan="1"|1984 || ''[[The Gold Medal (film)|The Gold Medal]]'' || Chameli
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb name|1031046}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhumati}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]

Mahanadi Coalfields

2025-12-16T19:20:02Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: new entry!

{{Short description|Indian coal company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| image = Mahanadi_Coalfields_Limited,_Sambalpur.jpg
| name = Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL)
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| type = [[Public sector undertakings in India|Public sector undertakings(PSU)]]
| traded_as =
| foundation = 1992
| location_city = [[Sambalpur]], [[Odisha]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = India
| key_people = Shri Uday A Kaole (Chairman & [[Managing Director|MD]])
| industry = [[Coal Mining]]
| products =[[Bituminous]] Coal
| revenue = {{up}}{{INRConvert|31076.88|c}}(FY24)
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|19316.79|c}}(FY24)
| net_income = {{up}}{{INRConvert|10176.35|c}} (FY24
| assets = {{up}}{{INRConvert|22670.97|c}} (FY24)
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| num_employees = 22,352 (1 April 2019)
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.mahanadicoal.in/}}
}}

'''Mahanadi Coalfields Limited''' ('''MCL''') is a major coal-producing company in India and one of the eight subsidiaries of the state-owned [[Coal India Limited]]. It was carved out of [[South Eastern Coalfields Limited]] in 1992, with its headquarters located in [[Sambalpur]].

MCL operates coal mines across [[Odisha]],<ref>[http://angul.nic.in/mcl.htm Mahanadi Coalfields Limited MCL]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fg27AAAAIAAJ&q=south+eastern+coalfields+ Eight subsidiaries of Coal India Limited] International directory of company histories, Volume 44 by Thomas Derdak, Tina Grant</ref><ref name="z">[http://angul.nic.in/industry.htm Mahanadi coal fields Ltd. was created in 1992 having jurisdiction over Talcher & Ib valley coal fields. At present, there are 7 nos. of opencast mines and 3 nos. of underground mines in operation, with a manpower of 10,220. ]</ref> with a total of seven open-cast mines and three underground mines in [[Jharsuguda district]] and [[Angul district]].<ref name="z" /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=C5XyR0jHe8QC&dq=mahanadi+coalfields+limited&pg=PA176 Mining, challenges of the 21st century By Ajoy K. Ghose, Institution of Engineers (India)]</ref>

MCL has two subsidiaries with private companies as a [[joint venture]]. The name of these companies are MJSJ Coal Limited<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shyamgroup.com/mjsj_coal.html |title=MJSJ Coal Ltd. s JV with Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. & Jindals |access-date=14 May 2011 |archive-date=17 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717005351/http://www.shyamgroup.com/mjsj_coal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> & MNH Shakti Ltd.<ref>[http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=16914 The JV company with MCL and Hindalco Ltd for mining coal from Talabira blocks has been incorporated in the name of MNH Shakti Ltd. Both NLC and Hindalco will hold 15 per cent stake each while MCL will hold 70 per cent in this company.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928130047/http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=16914 |date=2011-09-28 }}</ref>

There are 45 sanctioned mining projects in MCL with a capacity of 190.83 Mty of coal. The total capital outlay of 45 projects is {{INRConvert|6076.78|c}} & out of which 28 with a total capacity of 73.98 Mty have been completed by 1 April 2009 with a sanctioned capital investment of {{INRConvert|2348.61|c}}. Out of the 28 completed projects, 2 have been exhausted (Balanda OCP & Basundhara-East OCP). One Expn. Project, namely, Lajkura Expn. (2.50 Mty, 1.50 Mty incr.) It is going to be approved within a short period.

Approval of Garjanbahal OCP (10.00 Mty) has been stalled temporarily due to a delay in getting Forestry clearance. Seventeen ongoing projects, i.e., Kulda OCP (10.00 Mty), Bhubaneswari OCP (20.00 Mty), Kaniha OCP (10.00 Mty), Bharatpur Expn. Ph.-III (9.00 Mty Incr.), Balaram OC Extn. (8.00 Mty), Ananta Expn. Ph.-III (3.00 Mty Incr.), Lakhanpur Expn. Ph.-III (5.00 Mty Incr.), Hingula Expn. Ph.-III (7.00 Mty Incr.), Talcher West) UG (0.52 Mty), Natraj U/G (0.64 Mty), Jagannath U/G (0.67 Mty), Bharatpur OC Expn. Ph-II (6.00 Mty Incr.), Lakhanpur Expn. (5.00 Mty Incr.), HBI UG Aug. (0.42 Mty), Basundhara (W) Expn. (4.60 Mty Incr.) and two JV projects, Gopalprasad OCP (15.00 Mty), Talabira OCP (20.00 Mty), with a capital investment of {{INRConvert|3728.17|c}} are under implementation.<ref>{{cite web|title=BIOPROFILE OF PROJECTS|url=http://www.mcl.gov.in/About/eproject.php|publisher=www.mcl.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2016}}</ref>

In December 2024, the company has produced 203 MT of coal, reflecting a 9.8 percent increase compared to the previous year. In 2021, [[South Eastern Coalfields Limited]] (SECL) was the largest coal-producing subsidiary of [[Coal India|Coal India Limited]] (CIL).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Mahanadi Coalfields to retain Coal India's top spot in production |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/mahanadi-coalfields-to-retain-coal-india-s-top-spot-in-production-125030501415_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310194921/https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/mahanadi-coalfields-to-retain-coal-india-s-top-spot-in-production-125030501415_1.html |archive-date=10 March 2025 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in 2022, SECL’s production declined to 142.5 MT, and MCL surpassed it with a coal output of 168.2 MT.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-28 |title=Mahanadi Coalfields Limited surpasses 100 MT coal dispatch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Sep/28/mahanadi-coalfields-limited-surpasses-100-mt-coal-dispatch |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.mahanadicoal.in/Welcome.php Official website]

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Coalfields}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Coal India subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Mining in Odisha]]
[[Category:Companies based in Odisha]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 1992]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1992]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1992]]
[[Category:Energy in Odisha]]
[[Category:Sambalpur]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Orissa]]

Outer Ring Road, Amaravati

2025-12-10T13:57:58Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: updated details

{{Short description|Proposed road in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Outer Ring Road, Amaravati
| state = Andhra Pradesh
| alternate_name = Vijayawada-Guntur-Tenali-Vuyyuru-Hanuman Junction-Nuzvid-Kanchikacherla Amaravati Express Ring Road
| map =
| length_km = 189.9
| established =
| formed =
| history = In 2015 this was proposed by A.P Government for fast transportation around the Amaravati capital region.
| ring_road = [[Amaravati]]
}}

The '''Outer Ring Road''' is a proposed 189.9 kilometers<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-02-23 |title=అమరావతికి వడ్డాణంలా ORR - 23 మండలాలు, 121 గ్రామాల మీదుగా నిర్మాణం - భూసేకరణకు జేసీలు నియామకం |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/te/!state/amaravati-outer-ring-road-construction-government-appointed-joint-collectors-for-land-acquisition-andhra-pradesh-news-aps25022300553 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=te}}</ref> road in the [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]] (APCRDA) spread over [[Guntur district|Guntur]] and [[Krishna district]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Govt to Acquire Land for ORR|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/State-Govt-to-Acquire-Land-for-ORR/2015/12/21/article3188551.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224014936/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/State-Govt-to-Acquire-Land-for-ORR/2015/12/21/article3188551.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2015|publisher=The New Indian Express|accessdate=10 March 2016|location=Vijayawada|date=21 December 2015}}</ref> Guntur-Tenali-Vuyyuru-Amaravati urban alignment. It is being built by the [[National Highways Authority of India]] under Phase–VII of [[National Highways Development Project]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Subba Rao|first1=GVR|title=Road projects: land acquisition to be a daunting task for AP|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/road-projects-land-acquisition-to-be-a-daunting-task-for-ap/article7956270.ece|accessdate=3 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=7 December 2015|location=Vijayawada}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://nhai.gov.in/#/national-highways/phase-7 National Highway authority of India website on Amaravati Outer Ring Road]

{{Road transport in Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Roads in Amaravati]]
[[Category:Ring roads in India]]
[[Category:Proposed roads in India]]

{{India-road-stub}}
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Sameera Saneesh

2025-12-01T15:48:11Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: added new stub v1

{{Short description|Indian costume and fashion designer (born 1983)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=July 2023}}
{{Lead rewrite|date=July 2023}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sameera Saneesh
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Sameera
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|6|27}}
| birth_place =
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Saneesh K. J. (2006 – present)
| website =
| occupation =
*[[Costume designer]] (feature films and television ads)
*[[Fashion designer]]
| awards =
*State Film Awards (2014 and 2018)
}}

'''Sameera Saneesh''' (born 27 June 1983) is an Indian [[costume designer|costume-cum-fashion designer]] from [[Kerala]], known for her extensive work in [[Malayalam|Malayalam-language]] films.<ref name=":0">Sathyendran, Nita. (11 October 2011). In vogue in Mollywood. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved from http://www.thehindu.com [http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2518230.ece] Wayback Machine Archive Link [https://web.archive.org/web/20190706101831/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-vogue-in-mollywood/article2518230.ece]</ref> She is a recipient of three [[Kerala State Film Awards]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]] (2014,2018 and 2025).<ref name=":3">Baby, Ansu Anna. (3 March 2019). Two state awards, record films make Sameera the star costumer. ''Malayala Manorama''. Retrieved from english.manoramaonline.com [https://english.manoramaonline.com/lifestyle/beauty-and-fashion/2019/03/03/two-state-awards-record-films-make-sameera-the-star-costumer.html]</ref> As of March, 2019, she has been part of around 150 feature films.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The Superhit Couturier |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2011/jul/25/the-superhit-couturier-275144.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> She is often described by the media as "busiest costume designer in Malayalam film industry".<ref name=":4" />

== Early and personal life ==
Sameera was born to Ibrahim and Jameela in June, 1983. She completed her undergraduate degree at Bharat Mata College, [[Kochi|Cochin]].<ref name=":0" /> It was her fondness for drawing and fabric painting that saw her join for a diploma in fashion designing.<ref name=":4" /> She is married to Saneesh K. J., a Kochi-based engineer.<ref name=":0" /> She has cited her late mother Jameela as major influence on her life and career.<ref name=":0" /> [[Sabyasachi Mukherjee]], a famous fashion designer from [[Kolkata]], is the "favorite designer" of Sameera Saneesh.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Sameera holds a diploma in fashion designing from National Institute for Fashion Designing, [[Kochi|Cochin]].<ref name=":0" /> She started her professional career as an in-house designer for [[Raymond Group|Raymond]].<ref name=":0" /> She had already started freelancing costumes for ad films while studying in Cochin. She started with television ads for Soundarya Silks and her ad for the Seemas brand, shot in [[Mysore Palace]], was widely appreciated.<ref name=":4" /> She went on to design costumes for the television commercials for Bhima, Alukkas, [[Kalyan Silks]], Dhatri, Nirapara and the VKC.<ref name=":0" /> Some of these television ads featured major film actors of south India, such as [[Nithya Menon]] and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]].<ref name=":1">Onmanorama Staff. (25 November 2015). My costumes look the best on Mammootty!. ''Malayala Manorama''. Retrieved from http://english.manoramaonline.com [http://english.manoramaonline.com/lifestyle/beauty-and-fashion/my-costumes-look-the-best-on-mammootty-sameera-saneesh-designer.html]</ref>

Sameera's first film as costume designer was ''The White Elephant'', a 2008 low-profile [[Hindi]] film, directed by Aijaz Khan.<ref name=":0" />

In 2009, her first major commercial film, Aashiq Abu's ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|Daddy Cool]],'' was released.<ref name=":2">James, Anu. (27 March 2015). Malayalam Costume Designer Sameera Saneesh Enters Limca Book of Records. ''International Business Times''. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.co.in [http://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-costume-designer-sameera-saneesh-enters-limca-book-records-627442] Wayback Machine Archive Link [https://web.archive.org/web/20190706102012/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-costume-designer-sameera-saneesh-enters-limca-book-records-627442]</ref> Sameera currently holds to her credit an award by [[Limca Book of Records]] for "designing costumes for a large number of films in a very short span of time".<ref name=":2" /> She has a supporting team of around 25 people designing and creating clothes for the film characters.<ref name=":3" />

==Filmography==
:*''All films in [[Malayalam]] unless otherwise noted''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|''[[Kerala Cafe]]''
|
|-
|''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)|Daddy Cool]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2010
|''[[Kadha Thudarunnu]]''
|
|-
|''[[Best Actor (film)|Best Actor]]''
|
|-
|''[[Aagathan]]''
|
|-
|''[[Malarvaadi Arts Club]]''
|
|-
|''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]''
|
|-
|''[[In Ghost House Inn]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Kadha Thudarunnu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2011
|''[[Kudumbasree Travels]]''
|
|-
|''[[Arjunan Saakshi]]''
|
|-
|''[[Payyans]]''
|
|-
|''[[Salt N' Pepper]]''
|
|-
|''[[Chaappa Kurishu]]''
|
|-
|''[[Pranayam (2011 film)|Pranayam]]''
|
|-
|[[Doctor Love (film)|Doctor Love]]
|
|-
|''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="37" |2013
|''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]''
|
|-
|''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]''
|
|-
|''[[Immanuel (film)|Immanuel]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ladies and Gentleman]]''
|
|-
|''[[Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu]]''
|
|-
|''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi]]''
|
|-
|''[[5 Sundarikal]]''
|
|-
|''[[Buddy (2013 film)|Buddy]]''
|
|-
|''[[Kadal Kadannu Oru Maathukutty]]''
|
|-
|''[[Kalimannu]]''
|
|-
|''[[North 24 Kaatham]]''
|
|-
|''[[Idukki Gold (film)|Idukki Gold]]''
|
|-
|''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]''
|
|-
|''[[Thira (film)|Thira]]''
|
|-
|''[[Unnam]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ordinary (film)|Ordinary]]''
|
|-
|[[Mayamohini]]
|
|-
|''[[Cobra (2012 film)|Cobra]]''
|
|-
|''[[22 Female Kottayam]]''
|
|-
|''[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ustad Hotel]]''
|
|-
|''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]''
|
|-
|''[[Molly Aunty Rocks!]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]''
|
|-
|''[[Theevram]]''
|
|-
|''[[Jawan of Vellimala]]''
|
|-
|[[Chapters (film)|Chapters]]
|
|-
|''[[Bavuttiyude Namathil]]''
|
|-
|''[[Da Thadiya]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Cobra: Kottayam Brothers]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Jawan of Vellimala]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ordinary (film)|Ordinary]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Chapters (film)|Chapters]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Thira]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You?]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Vegam (2014 film)|Vegam]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015 || ''[[Mariyam Mukku]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Jamna Pyari]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Pathemari]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2016 || ''[[Paavada]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Jacobinte Swargarajyam]]''
|
|-
| ''[[School Bus]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Kasaba]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Kochavva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Muthassi Gadha]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Thoppil Joppan]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ore Mukham]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="19" | 2017 || ''[[Ayal Jeevichiruppundu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Alamaara]]''
|
|-
| ''[[C/O Saira Banu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Puthan Panam]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Godha]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Cinemakkaran]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Role Models]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Thondimuthalum Dhriksakshiyum]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Utharam Parayaathe]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Thrissivaperoor Kliptham]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Velipadinte Pusthakam]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ramaleela]]''
|
|-
| ''Vaalujada''
|Telugu
|-
| ''[[Comrade in America]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Lavakusha]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Y (2017 film)|Y]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Vimaanam]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Mayaanadhi]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2018 || ''[[Mangalyam Thanthunanena]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ente Mezhuthiri Athazhangal]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Thobama]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Orayiram Kinakkalal]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Street Lights (film)|Street Lights]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ente Ummante Peru]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2019 || ''[[Sathyam Paranja Viswasikkuvo]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Marconi Mathai]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Children's Park (film)|Children's Park]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Athiran]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Mera Naam Shaji]]''
|
|-
| ''[[An International Local Story]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''
|
|-
| ''[[9 (2019 film)|9: Nine]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamakha]]
|
|-
|[[Forensic (2020 film)|Forensic]]
|
|-
|[[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]
|
|-
|[[Maniyarayile Ashokan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2021
|[[Yuvam]]
|
|-
|[[Aanum Pennum]]
|
|-
|[[Aarkkariyam|Aarkkariyaam]]
|
|-
|[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]
|
|-
|''[[Chathur Mukham]]''
|
|-
|[[Sara's|Saras]]
|
|-
|''[[Meow (2021 film)|Meow]]''
|
|-
|[[Madhuram]]
|
|-
|[[Kala (2021 film)|Kala]]
|
|-
| rowspan="21" |2022
|[[Bheeshma Parvam|Beeshma Paravam]]
|
|-
|[[Karnan Napoleon Bhagath Singh]]
|
|-
|[[Archana 31 Not Out]]
|
|-
|[[Lalitham Sundaram|Lalitham Sundharam]]
|
|-
|[[Makal]]
|
|-
|[[Puzhu]]
|
|-
|[[Meri Awas Suno]]
|
|-
|[[Kaapa|Kappa]]
|
|-
|[[Kaduva]]
|
|-
|[[Rorschach (film)|Rorschach]]
|
|-
|[[Kotthu]]
|
|-
|[[Theerppu]]
|
|-
|[[John Luther (film)|John Luther]]
|
|-
|[[Ullasam (2022 film)|Ullasam]]
|
|-
|[[19(1)(a)]]
|
|-
|[[Oruthee]]
|
|-
|[[Oru Thekkan Thallu Case]]
|
|-
|[[Jack N' Jill|Jack N Jill]]
|
|-
|[[Varayan]]
|
|-
|[[Priyan Ottathilanu]]
|
|-
|[[Ela Veezha Poonchira|Ela Veezha Poonichira]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
|[[Iratta]]
|
|-
|[[Christy (2023 film)|Christy]]
|
|-
|[[Thuramukham (2023 film)|Thuramukham]]
|
|-
|[[Pranaya Vilasam]]
|
|-
|[[Vellari Pattanam]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2024
|''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|id=Sameera.Official}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saneesh, Sameera}}
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Costume designers of Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Indian women costume designers]]

Portuguese Church, Mumbai

2025-11-29T05:47:40Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: Made new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Portuguese Church
| fullname = Church of Our Lady of Salvation ''Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Salvação''
| image = Portuguese_church_dadar_3.jpg
| imagesize =
| landscape =
| caption = Portuguese Church
| coordinates = {{coord|19|1|6|N|72|50|11|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic Church]]
| previous denomination =
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = http://salvationchurch.in/
| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date = 1596
| founder =
| dedication =
| dedicated date =
| consecrated date =
| cult =
| relics =
| events =
| past bishop =
| people =
| status = [[Parish Church]]
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| architect = [[Charles Correa]]
| architectural type =
| style =
| groundbreaking = 2 February 1973
| completed date =
| construction cost =
| closed date =
| demolished date =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width nave =
| height =
| diameter =
| other dimensions =
| floor count =
| floor area =
| spire quantity =
| spire height =
| materials =
| parish =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archdiocese of Mumbai]]
| diocese =
| province =
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district =
| division =
| subdivision =
| archbishop = Oswald Cardinal Gracias
| bishop =
| dean =
| subdean =
| provost =
| provost-rector =
| viceprovost =
| canon =
| canonpastor =
| precentor =
| archdeacon =
| prebendary =
| rector =
| vicar =
| curate =
| priestincharge = Fr. Michael Pinto
| priest =
| asstpriest = Fr. Glasten Gonsalves
Fr. Joel Fernandes
Fr. Leslie Almeida
Fr. John Rumao
| minister =
| assistant =
| honpriest =
| deacon =
| deaconness =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| abbot =
| chaplain =
| reader =
| organistdom =
| director =
| organist =
| organscholar =
| chapterclerk =
| laychapter =
| warden =
| flowerguild =
| musicgroup = St. Joseph's Choral Society
| parishadmin =
| serversguild =
| logo =
| logosize =
}}
[[File:The Church Grotto.jpg|alt=The Church Grotto houses statues of Our Lady of Lourdes and St. Bernadette. It was built in 1954, in commemoration of the first centenary of the declaration of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary; it has undergone several structural modifications since.|thumb|The Church Grotto]]
The '''Church of Our Lady of Salvation''', popularly referred to as '''''Portuguese Church''''', is one of the oldest churches in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. It is located on S. K. Bole Road in [[Dadar]].<ref name="IE3">{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/rao-bahadur-s-k-bole-road-a-social-reformer-bole-fought-for-mill-workers-5342342/ | title=Rao Bahadur S K Bole Road: A social reformer, Bole fought for mill workers | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=6 September 2018 | access-date= 20 February 2020}}</ref> The church was originally built by the Portuguese [[Franciscans]] who called it ''Nossa Senhora da Salvação'' (Our Lady of Salvation).<ref>[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#4 Greater Bombay District Gazetteer (Portuguese Period)]</ref> The present structure, designed by famous Indian architect [[Charles Correa]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/books-perfumed-jasmine-in-the-nave/302002 | title=Perfumed Jasmine In The Nave | work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine) |Outlook]] | date=19 August 2019 | access-date= 20 February 2020}}</ref> was constructed between 1974 and 1977.

== History==
The church of Our Lady of Salvation is believed by historians to be the city's oldest church, having existed as early as 1512.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbaiwale-cross-them-off-your-list/story-Xc1VzsQKKe6mWxUTf77VwO.html | title=Mumbaiwale: Cross them off your list | work=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=5 May 2018 | access-date= 20 February 2020}}</ref> It was built by the Portuguese Franciscan Missionaries. It was later rebuilt as a larger church in 1651.<ref name= "IE1">{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/church-with-futuristic-architecture-dates-back-to-the-portuguese-era-2904306/ | title=Church with 'futuristic' architecture dates back to the Portuguese era | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=10 July 2016 | access-date= 20 February 2020}}</ref>

In 1974, [[Charles Correa]], was commissioned to design the new building. Working with him on the project were engineer P G Nair and builder Abbas Jasdenwalla.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Lady of Salvation Church {{!}} Dadar |url=https://salvationchurch.in/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=salvationchurch.in}}</ref> Correa's design consisted of a series of interlinked spaces, some covered and others open to the sky, functionally differentiated in an analogue of Christ's life.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.charlescorrea.net | title=Salvacao Church, Dadar | work= Charles Correa Associates | access-date= 20 February 2020}}</ref><ref name= "IE1"/> The old church's steeples, the choir loft, the ascending roof and ornate facade were replaced by conical domes connecting the sanctuary (altar), the nave (central aisle), the baptistery (baptismal font), and the oratory (shrine). The structure featured an exposed concrete exterior, minus the plastering. Correa also invited noted Indian artists [[M. F. Husain]] and [[Anjolie Ela Menon]] to contribute to church. M. F. Husain executed a painting on glass for the central roof. Husain divided the glass into several segments for a stained-glass effect and painted the Biblical story of the five loaves and two fish, and the death and resurrection of Christ.<ref name= "IE2">{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/let-there-be-light-when-charles-correa-renovated-a-16th-century-baroque-church-in-mumbai-5399710/ | title=Let There Be Light: When Charles Correa renovated a 16th century baroque church in Mumbai | work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine) |Outlook]] | date=14 October 2018 | access-date= 20 February 2020}}</ref> Anjolie Ela Menon got a painting done depicting ''Christ on the Cross'' for a side chapel of the church devoted to prayer. It depicts Mother Mary and St. John on the either side of the crucified Christ. She also painted ''Eve'' and ''Adam'' on both side of Chapel Altar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amaladass |first=Anand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RI_HtwAACAAJ |title=Christian Themes in Indian Art: From the Mogul Times Till Today |last2=Löwner |first2=Gudrun |date=2012 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-945-3 |language=en}}</ref> The Church building houses a medical centre, a fitness centre, an [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] facility and a separate help group for the spouses of alcoholics.<ref name= "IE2"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Catholicism}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Portuguese diaspora in Asia]]
[[Category:1596 establishments in Asia]]

Bade Bhaiyya Ki Dulhania

2025-11-25T05:35:00Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: Put Up A Entry...

{{short description|Television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bade_Bhaiyya_Ki_Dulhania.png
| image_size =
| genre = [[Comedy]] [[Drama]]
| creator = 
| director = Pushkar Mahabal
| writer = {{ubl|Srinita Bhoumick|Malavika Asthana|Nikhil Vaddiboina <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/details/episodes/5043472752001/20-July-2016---Bade-Bhaiyya-Ki-Dulhania---Abhishek-Ki-Nayi-Ummeed |title=Sony LIV |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006075411/https://www.sonyliv.com/details/episodes/5043472752001/20-July-2016---Bade-Bhaiyya-Ki-Dulhania---Abhishek-Ki-Nayi-Ummeed |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Priyansh Jora]] [[Namita Dubey]]
| composer = {{ubl|Tanishk Bagchi|Jasleen Kaur Royal|Udbhav & Dony|Gajendra Verma}}
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 57
| producer = {{ubl|Sukesh Motwani|Mautik Tolia}}
| editor = Praveen Kathikuloth
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| cinematography = Akash Agrawal
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes approx.
| company = Bodhi Tree Multimedia Pvt Ltd
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016|07|18|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2016|10|07|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bade-Bhaiyya-Ki-Dulhaniya-to-go-off-air/articleshow/54496358.cms|title=Off-air date|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 September 2016|accessdate=10 October 2016}}</ref>
| channel = [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
}}

'''''Bade Bhaiyya Ki Dulhania''''' ({{Translation|''The elder brother's Bride''}}) is an Indian Hindi [[comedy-drama]] television series, which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]] and [[Sony Entertainment Television Asia|Sony TV Asia]] from 18 July 2016 to 7 October 2016.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Bade Bhaiyya Ki Dulhania premieres tomorrow; see the pictures from the launch|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/bade-bhaiyya-ki-dulhania-premieres-from-tomorrow-see-the-pictures-from-the-launch-329683-2016-07-17|magazine=India Today|date=17 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/everyone-will-relate-to-bade-bhaiya-ushma-rathod-2825616/|title=Everyone will relate to Bade Bhaiya ki Dulhaniya: Ushma Rathod|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 May 2016|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref>

[[Priyansh Jora]] and [[Namita Dubey]] were the lead actors in the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/photos/view/stills/parties-and-events/id/20255409/sort/Parties%20and%20Events|title=Priyanshu Jora, Namita Dubey|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Priyansh Jora]] as Abhishek Pant
*[[Namita Dubey]] as Meera Raizada

===Recurring===
*Ushma Rathod as Babli Pant, Abhishek's mother
*Veena Mehta as Amma/Dadi, Abhishek's grandmother
*[[Urfi Javed]] as Avni Pant, Abhishek's sister
*Himanshu Dubgotra as Randheer
*Yash Acharya as Rohan Pant, Abhishek's brother
* [[Ritu Chaudhary]] as Madhu Pant: Abhishek's aunt; Kapil and Anita's mother
* Rishidev Sharma as Kapil Pant: Madhu's son
*Charvi Saraf as Anita Pant, Madhu's daughter{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
*Soniya Kaur as Rekha Pant,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.statetimes.in/jammu-girl-features-sony-tvs-bade-bhaiya-ki-dulhaniya/|title=Jammu girl features in Sony TV's 'Bade Bhaiya Ki Dulhaniya'|date=2016-07-18|website=State Times|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-08-16}}</ref> Abhishek's aunt
*Arjun Manhas as Bhimraj a.k.a. Sona Pant, Rekha's son
*[[Saloni Daini]] as Mona Pant, Rekha's daughter<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Saloni-Daini-excited-about-her-debut-fiction-TV-show/articleshow/52987784.cms|title=Saloni Daini excited about her debut fiction TV show|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=30 June 2016}}</ref>
*Inderjeet Sagoo as Aman Singh, Meera's fiancé
* [[Indraneel Bhattacharya]] as Prahlad Raizada: Meera and Riya's father
* [[Palak Purswani]] as Riya Raizada: Prahlad's daughter; Meera's sister
* Naveen Pandita as Sanjay Thakral: Rita's fiancé

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5982274}}

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}

[[Category:Hindi comedy shows]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]

Akshat Khamparia

2025-11-23T13:35:53Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: minor fix section as per guidelines and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Indian chess player (born 1989)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Khamparia|Akshat }}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox chess player
| name = Akshat Khamparia
| image = GM Tournament in Hungary.jpg
| birthname =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|02|09|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Katni, Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| title = [[International Master]] (2011)
| rating =
| FideID = 5016541
|peakrating = 2415 (December 2014)
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCompetition|Commonwealth Chess Championship}}
{{MedalSilver | | }}
}}

'''Akshat Khamparia''' (born 9 February 1989) is an Indian [[chess]] [[International Master]].<ref name=FIDE>{{Cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/card.phtml?event=5016541| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224034455/https://ratings.fide.com/card.phtml?event=5016541 | archive-date=2020-02-24 | title=FIDE Chess Profile - Akshat, Khamparia |website=International Chess Federation (FIDE)}}</ref> He is the first player from Central India to hold an 'International Master' Title.

He has played more than 100 national championships and more than 40 international championships. He holds the 58th rank in the Top 100 Chess Players list of India (published by the World Chess Federation) and is the only player of [[Madhya Pradesh]] to win all the State U-8, U-10, U-12, U-14, U-16, U-19, U-25 and Seniors Chess Championship.

Khamparia has represented India in various international championships at Turkey, Malaysia, Bahrain, UAE, Sri Lanka, Iran, Nepal and many other countries. He was a silver medalist in the [[Commonwealth Chess Championship]],<ref name=Silver>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/indore-chess-master-plays-with-over-50-players-at-iim/story-2cCsGizJFMNgNULrmIIrzN.html Indore: Chess master plays with over 50 players at IIM ], in the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''; published 15 September 2014; retrieved 14 July 2016</ref> and has a master's title from [[World Chess Federation]]. He was an International Master in the 82nd FIDE Congress 2011 at Kraków, Poland, in October 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/surprising-winner-at-the-sydney-open|title=Surprising winner at the Sydney Open|date=13 May 2011}}</ref> IM Akshat Khamparia (IND) won the extraordinarily close GM group of the usual monthly First Saturday GM tournament in May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web | title=IM Akshat Khamparia Raised First Among Equals on the First Saturday May 2018 Budapest GM {{!}} Sakk | url=https://hunonchess.com/im-akshat-khamparia-raised-first-among-equals-on-the-first-saturday-may-2018-budapest-gm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015726/https://hunonchess.com/im-akshat-khamparia-raised-first-among-equals-on-the-first-saturday-may-2018-budapest-gm/ | access-date=2025-11-22 | archive-date=2019-02-19}}</ref>

==Achievements==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=March 2020}}
* Silver Medalist in Commonwealth Chess Championship
* Recipient of Malwa Khel Ratna Award
* 1st player from Central India to become International Master
* Rating wise best player in whole Madhya Pradesh since 2003
* Ranked 88th in India <ref name=fide>{{cite web |url=https://ratings.fide.com/rankings.phtml?continent=0&country=IND&rating=standard&gender=&age1=0&age2=0&period=2021-02-01&period2=1 |title=February 2021 Rank Standard Rating - India |website=ratings.fide.com |accessdate= 7 February 2021}}</ref>
* National A Player.
* Played in 120+ national championships and 80+ international championships

==References==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
*{{FIDE}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khamparia, Akshat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]
[[Category:People from Katni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

James Noel Thomson

2025-11-16T09:48:22Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: updated details

{{Short description|British Army general (1888–1979)}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= James Noel Thomson
|image= Captain J N Thomson HU119068.jpg
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption= Captain Thomson in 1918
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1888|12|25|df=yes}}
|birth_place=
|death_date= {{death date and age|1979|05|03|1888|12|25|df=yes}}
|death_place=
|placeofburial=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[British Army]]
|serviceyears= 1909–1946
|rank= [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
|servicenumber=
|unit= [[Royal Field Artillery]]
|commands= [[6th Infantry Division (India)|6th Indian Infantry Division]] (1941–43)
|battles= [[First World War]] [[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] [[Military Cross]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (3)
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''James Noel Thomson''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|CB|DSO|MC}} (25 December 1888 – 3 May 1979) was a [[British Army]] officer who served during the [[First World War|First]] and [[Second World War]]s.

==Military career==
Born on 25 December 1888, James Noel Thomson was educated at [[Fettes College]],{{sfn|Smart|2005|p=308}} and later attended the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]], from where he was [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned]] into the [[Royal Field Artillery]] in 1909.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28282|page=6447|date=24 August 1909}}</ref> He served in France from 9 September 1914, mostly on the Staff, during the [[First World War]], being awarded the [[Military Cross]] and, in 1917, the [[Distinguished Service Order]], in addition to being [[mentioned in despatches]] three times.<ref>The Half-Yearly army List January 1933</ref>{{sfn|Smart|2005|p=309}}

Thomson remained in the army during the [[interwar period]], where he served as [[adjutant]] at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], from 1919 o 1920, which was followed shortly after by his attendance at the [[Staff College, Camberley]] from 1920 to 1921 and the [[Royal College of Defence Studies|Imperial Defence College]] in 1932.{{sfn|Smart|2005|p=309}}

As part of [[Iraqforce]] (Paiforce), Major-General Thomson commanded the [[6th Infantry Division (India)|Indian 6th Infantry Division]] during [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] in 1941. He retired a colonel (honorary major general) on 14 August 1946.<ref>London Gazette 13 August 1946</ref>

==Family==
Thomson was the son of Sarah Elizabeth (née Stuart) and James Thomson, Iron founder of Old Machar. In 1929 he married Lorna Carmen Buck at Shimla, daughter of Anne Margaret (née Jennings) and Sir Edward John Buck, a Special Correspondent of Reuter's Press Agency and author of ''Simla, Past and Present''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book| first=Nick| last=Smart| title=Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War| isbn=1844150496| year=2005| location=Barnesley| publisher=Pen & Sword}}

==External links==
*[https://generals.dk/general/Thomson/James_Noel/Great_Britain.html Generals of World War II]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomson, James Noel}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British Army generals of World War II]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies]]
[[Category:People educated at Fettes College]]
[[Category:Academics of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]

Mandaar

2025-10-23T00:59:38Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: new a page!

{{short description|2021 Indian Bengali-language drama streaming television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mandaar_Poster.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|bn|মন্দার}}
| genre = [[Crime fiction|Crime thriller]]
[[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| inspired_by = {{Based on|''[[Macbeth]]''|William Shakespeare}}
| creator = [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] & Pratik Dutta<ref>{{cite news|last=Ghatak|first=Sayoni|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/interview-of-anirban-bhattacharya/cid/1313091|title=Anirban: 'আমি মূলত অভিনেতা, এখনই পরিচালনার ক্যালেন্ডার বানিয়ে ফেলতে চাই না'|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=11 November 2021|language=bn|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111025126/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/interview-of-anirban-bhattacharya/cid/1313091|url-status=live}}</ref>
| screenplay = Pratik Dutta
| story = Anirban Bhattacharya & Pratik Dutta
| director = Anirban Bhattacharya<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mandar-trailer-macbeth-meets-byomkesh-in-anirban-bhattacharyas-directorial-debut/9acaa65b45289|title=Mandaar trailer: Macbeth meets Byomkesh in Anirban Bhattacharya's directorial debut|work=OTTplay|access-date=8 November 2021|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108142959/https://www.ottplay.com/news/mandar-trailer-macbeth-meets-byomkesh-in-anirban-bhattacharyas-directorial-debut/9acaa65b45289|url-status=live}}</ref>
| starring = [[Sohini Sarkar]] [[Debasish Mondal (actor)|Debasish Mondal]] Debesh Roy Chowdhury [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
| composer = Subhadeep Guha
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| cinematography = Soumik Haldar
| editor = Sanglap Bhowmick
| camera = 
| runtime = 39–52 minutes
| company = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Entertainment]]
| budget =
| released = {{Start date|2021|11|19||df=y}}
}}
'''''Mandaar''''' ({{langx|bn|মন্দার}}) is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Crime fiction|crime thriller]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[streaming television]] series created by [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] and Pratik Dutta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/nov/9/32026/cherishing-every-moment-of-making-mandaar-says-anirban-bhattacharya|title=Cherishing every moment of making Mandaar, says Anirban Bhattacharya|work=Cinestaan|access-date=9 November 2021|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110061112/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/nov/9/32026/cherishing-every-moment-of-making-mandaar-says-anirban-bhattacharya|url-status=live}}</ref> A loose adaptation of ''[[Macbeth]]'' by [[William Shakespeare]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/T/14625/reinterpretation-of-macbeth-was-the-challenge-in-mandaar-actor-turned-filmmaker-anirban-bhattacharya.html|title=Reinterpretation of Macbeth was the challenge in Mandaar: Actor-turned filmmaker Anirban Bhattacharya|work=India Blooms|date=8 November 2021|access-date=10 November 2021|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110071215/https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/T/14625/reinterpretation-of-macbeth-was-the-challenge-in-mandaar-actor-turned-filmmaker-anirban-bhattacharya.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhattacharya makes his [[list of directorial debuts|directorial debut]] on the OTT platform through this series.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.binged.com/news/mandaar-on-hoichoi-anirban-bhattacharyas-directorial-debut-is-dark-as-night/|title=Mandaar On Hoichoi: Anirban Bhattacharya's Directorial Debut Is Dark As Night|work=Binged|access-date=9 November 2021|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110111132/https://www.binged.com/news/mandaar-on-hoichoi-anirban-bhattacharyas-directorial-debut-is-dark-as-night/|url-status=live}}</ref> It stars [[Sohini Sarkar]] as Laili (Lady Macbeth), Debasish Mondal as Mandaar (Macbeth), Debesh Roy Chowdhury as Dablu Bhai (King Duncan), and Anirban Bhattacharya as Muqaddar Mukherjee, a corrupt police officer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/hoichoi-releases-trailer-of-anirban-bhattacharya-directorial-mandaar/east/news/2557916.html|title=Hoichoi Releases Trailer of Anirban Bhattacharya Directorial Mandaar|work=UNI|date=9 November 2021|access-date=10 November 2021|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110061112/http://www.uniindia.com/hoichoi-releases-trailer-of-anirban-bhattacharya-directorial-mandaar/east/news/2557916.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Mandaar'' is the first offering from the library of "hoichoi World Classics", an endeavour in which Hoichoi intends to adapt several global works of literature, to recreate them for the modern Bengali milieu in an OTT format.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/who-is-sohini-sarkar-the-actor-in-macbeth-inspired-bengali-film-mandaar/|title=Who is Sohini Sarkar? The Actor In Macbeth-Inspired Bengali Film Mandaar|work=She the People|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110141148/https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/who-is-sohini-sarkar-the-actor-in-macbeth-inspired-bengali-film-mandaar/|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been released on Hoichoi on 19 November 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/anirban-bhattacharyas-s-mandaar-a-hard-hitting-thriller/cid/1838449|title=Anirban Bhattacharya's s Mandaar, a hard hitting thriller|work=Telegraph India|access-date=12 November 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117083244/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/anirban-bhattacharyas-s-mandaar-a-hard-hitting-thriller/cid/1838449|url-status=live}}</ref> It has received critical acclaim, with praise for its cinematography, performances, makeup, and background score.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/ott/story/mandaar-review-directorial-debut-anirban-bhattacharya-starring-sohini-debasish-and-others-are-based-shakespearean-tragedy-macbeth-soc-316570-2021-11-23|title=Mandaar Review: শুরুতেই ছক্কা পরিচালক অনির্বাণের! গেইলপুরের 'রাক্ষস' বাস্তব জীবনেও সবটা খেতে পারে? প্রশ্ন উস্কে দিল 'মন্দার'|work=Aajtak|access-date=23 November 2021|language=bn|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123203144/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/ott/story/mandaar-review-directorial-debut-anirban-bhattacharya-starring-sohini-debasish-and-others-are-based-shakespearean-tragedy-macbeth-soc-316570-2021-11-23|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Premise==
Dablu Bhai is a powerful leader in the coastal fishermen's village of Geilpur. He exploits the fishermen with association from local politician Modon Halder. Mandaar is a henchman for Dablu Bhai. Dablu Bhai sends Mandaar to kill a [[supervisor]]. While returning after the murder, an old [[witchcraft|witch]] tells Mandaar metaphorically that he will take over the reign of Dablu Bhai.

==Cast==
{{castlist|
* [[Debasish Mondal (actor)|Debasish Mondal]] as Mandaar (based on [[Macbeth (character)|Macbeth]])
* [[Sohini Sarkar]] as Laili (based on [[Lady Macbeth]])
* Debesh Roychowdhury as Dablu Bhai (based on [[King Duncan]])
* Sumana Mukhopadhyay as Dablu Bhai's Wife
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] as Muqaddar Mukherjee
* [[Sankar Debnath]] as Bonka (based on [[Banquo]])
* Loknath Dey as Modon Halder (based on [[Macduff (Macbeth)|Macduff]])
* Diganta Saha as Moncha (based on [[Malcolm (Macbeth)|Malcolm]])
* Korak Samanta as Fontus (based on [[Fleance]])
* Doyel Roynandy as Lakumoni
* Sajal Mondal as Mojnu Buri ([[Three Witches|First Witch]])
* Sudeep Dhara as Pedo (Second Witch)
* A black cat as Kala (Third Witch){{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
}}

==Episodes==
{{Series overview

| color1 = #2C394A
| link1 = #Series 1 (2021)
| episodes1 = 5
| released1 = {{Start date|2021|11|19|df=yes}}
}}

===Series 1 (2021)===
{{Episode table |background=#2C394A |overall= |forceoverall=y |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= | episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Hell Is Murky
| DirectedBy = [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
| WrittenBy = Anirban Bhattacharya Pratik Dutta
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = The episode opens with an old [[witchcraft|witch]], named Mojnu Buri, sitting on a boat, while her ward, Pedo, is dancing maniacally. While Mojnu Buri is going on making prophecies to herself, a man on a motorcycle passes them. Pedo looks at the man and utters, "Mandaar".

The next scene shows a supervisor named Mokkai rallying all the fishermen against their boss, the powerful leader Dablu Bhai. When Mokkai rejects Dablu Bhai's phone call, the worried Dablu Bhai, along with his partner local politician Modon Halder, call Mandaar, Dablu Bhai's henchman. Picking up his work friend Bonka, Mandaar arrives at Dablu Bhai's residence, where he's ordered to get rid of Mokkai, who happens to be his childhood friend. Although initially hesitant, Mandaar accepts the offer and sets off with Bonka. The duo confront Mokkai, while he's returning home and they coerce him to come with them to drink alcohol. On the other hand, Moncha (Dablu Bhai's son) discovers Lakumoni (Modon's younger sister) getting romantically involved with Fontus (Bonka's son), which angers him. He calls Modon and angrily tells him to control his sister, as she's getting out of hand. While sailing on a boat together, Mokkai gossips with the duo, without knowing their true intentions. Though feeling conflicted, Mandaar brushes off the feeling and strangles Mokkai to death, after which he disposes of his corpse. While returning to Dablu Bhai's home in the evening, the duo stumble upon Mojnu Buri, who says a prophecy: Mandaar will become the King of Geilpur's business, meanwhile Bonka will be "the King's father". After having a small [[prophecy]] of Mojnu Buri fulfilled, Mandaar and Bonka start thinking about the remaining prophecy. While Mandaar is having dinner with his feisty wife Laili, the police get to know about Mokkai's sudden disappearance. Newly posted [[Inspector|police inspector]] Muqaddar Mukherjee starts investigating the case.
| LineColor =#2C394A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Blood Will Have Blood
| DirectedBy = Anirban Bhattacharya
| WrittenBy = Anirban Bhattacharya Pratik Dutta
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = The episode opens with inspector Muqaddar overseeing Mokkai's corpse being taken out from the sea. Pedo arrives, dives into the sea, and retrieves Mokkai's bicycle keys from the seawater, which he hands over to Muqaddar.

Mandaar and Bonka have gone into hiding, under Dablu Bhai's order. While sleeping in his room, Mandaar has a dream involving Mojnu Buri and a car driving on its own. While roaming around the city, he sees the name of a doctor specializing in sex-related problems and he takes his number. Muqaddar, meanwhile, visits Modon Halder and discusses about Mokkai's murder and the [[labour revolt|unrest]] developing among the fishermen. Moncha soon arrives and, after seeing the rebellious fishermen refusing to work, attacks the group and specifically gets into a scuffle with Fontus. Modon quickly intervenes and brings the situation under control. Mandaar, meanwhile, contemplates about visiting the doctor, due to his [[erectile dysfunction]] and his failure to satisfy Laili in bed. Moncha visits his father, angrily confronts him about his ability to control the fishermen, and unsuccessfully asks to take over his position, as the head of the fishermen's business.

Dablu Bhai visits Modon and Fontus while returning home, and he gives the control of the local fishermen's group to Fontus. Albeit shocked at the big responsibility, Fontus takes up the job. He informs it to his father Bonka, over phone, who in turn, informs it to Mandaar; Mandaar secretly gets angry after hearing this. After returning home and seeing Moncha falling ill, the irritated Dablu Bhai calls someone, who turns out to be Laili; they meet later and have [[adultery|sex]], with Laili constantly demanding from Dablu Bhai to father a child, which he ultimately refuses to do. While Mandaar contemplates about visiting the doctor and reminisces about his marriage, Dablu Bhai returns to his home. After receiving an angry call from Laili, who wants Mandaar to father a child, Mandaar finally visits the doctor and gets medication. Dablu Bhai's wife, meanwhile, visits Laili and curses at her for sleeping with Dablu Bhai. While talking over the phone, the enraged Laili asks Mandaar whether he can kill someone if she asks him to do it.
| LineColor =#2C394A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = The Way to Dusty Death
| DirectedBy = Anirban Bhattacharya
| WrittenBy = Anirban Bhattacharya Pratik Dutta
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = The episode opens with Pedo running back to their hut and informing Mojnu Buri that Mandaar is returning to Geilpur.

Mandaar arrives in Geilpur and returns to his home, coming across Fontus on the way, who is instructing the fishermen with their work. Back in home, Mandaar and Laili get intimate; while making love, Laili orders Mandaar to get rid of Dablu Bhai and, in return, promises to bear him a child; she thus instills the idea of leading Geilpur's fish business in Mandaar's mind. Modon and Dablu Bhai watch a video of Lakumoni and Fontus's romantic union, recorded by Moncha. Modon leaves, after promising to control his sister, and Dablu Bhai and his wife plan to send Moncha away to Sutahati. Mandaar and Bonka are called to Dablu Bhai's house, where they're ordered to take Moncha to Sutahati; Mandaar takes up the work, returns home and informs Laili about it. That evening, Mandaar and Moncha set out for Sutahati on motorcycle; stopping at a roadside eatery, Mandaar comes across Muqaddar and talks with him. Laili dresses up and waits for Dablu Bhai's arrival. Mandaar and Moncha arrive at Sutahati, and they start living in Dablu Bhai's empty spare house there. After having a tearful conversation with his father over the phone, Moncha starts drinking with Mandaar. Moncha soon falls asleep, as Mandaar spiked his drink with sleeping pills. Mandaar hurriedly leaves Sutahati and starts returning to Geilpur; his return to Geilpur is witnessed by Muqaddar. While on his way home, Mandaar stumbles across Mojnu Buri and Pedo, who urge him to return home quickly. Due to his drunkenness, Dablu Bhai falls asleep on Mandaar's bed. Mandaar arrives and kills the sleeping Dablu Bhai with a [[spear]]. The worried driver, after discovering Dablu Bhai's corpse, is subdued by Mandaar. The entire scene is interspersed with [[flashback (narrative)|flashbacks]] of Mandaar and Laili's marriage, which was attended by Bonka, Mokkai and Dablu Bhai.

Dablu Bhai's corpse is discovered on the sea shore, and everyone arrive at the scene. Modon calls and informs Moncha about Dablu Bhai's death, and the sad Moncha is comforted by Mandaar, who returned to Sutahati, after the murder. The episode ends with a scene of [[cockroach]]es roaming on a plate of food.
| LineColor =#2C394A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Life's But a Walking Shadow
| DirectedBy = Anirban Bhattacharya
| WrittenBy = Anirban Bhattacharya Pratik Dutta
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = The episode opens with Lakumoni talking with Fontus over the phone while she's bathing.

Fearing for his son's safety, Bonka sends Fontus away from Geilpur. Meanwhile, Mandaar asks Moncha to remain in Sutahati after being ordered by Dablu Bhai's wife, claiming that it's unsafe for him to return. Moncha vows revenge on his father's murderer, after which Mandaar returns to Geilpur, at the same time when Fontus is leaving.

After giving their condolences to Dablu Bhai, Mandaar becomes the head of Geilpur's fish business, and also takes up the work of the local fishermen's group, after hearing about Fontus's escape. Mandaar suddenly gets invited for a meeting by Muqaddar, where Muqaddar discloses that he knows that Mandaar is Dablu Bhai's murderer. He agrees to stay silent and promises to help him if he's allowed to sleep with Laili. Albeit initially angry at the request, Mandaar ultimately agrees. Back in home, he tells everything to Laili and asks whether she'll do it. Albeit initially repulsive of the offer, Laili is ultimately forced to accept the offer, after being reminded by Mandaar that she has already slept with another man (Dablu Bhai), that she gave the idea of killing Dablu Bhai to Mandaar, for Mandaar to rule Geilpur's business. Muqaddar, meanwhile, gets invited to Modon's house for a small feast, where he promises to Modon that he'll maintain the peace and stability in Geilpur; while staring at the distracted Lakumoni, Muqaddar says, "Beautiful", which somewhat unnerves Modon. Bonka starts fearing for his own life, meanwhile Mandaar gets intimate with Laili. Mandaar proves himself as a much more benevolent boss of the business, while on the other hand, Bonka meets with Modon, informs him about Mojnu Buri and her prophecies, and the duo decide to visit her in the evening.

Mandaar arrives near Mojnu Buri's hut in the evening, only to meet Pedo, who tells him that he's fated to have a downfall, after which he'll soon meet his death, after his wife's death, and that Mojnu Buri herself, will kill the cause of Mandaar's downfall; on the other hand, Muqaddar arrives at Mandaar's house and gets intimate with Laili. While returning, Mandaar has a tense confrontation with Modon and Bonka (who were also there to meet with Mojnu Buri) after which, the three of them go their separate ways. After being requested by Lakumoni, Fontus secretly returns to Geilpur; after finding it out, Muqaddar informs Mandaar about it, who sends his trusted henchman to have Fontus killed. Modon and Bonka, meanwhile, decide to secretly bring Moncha back to Geilpur, after which Bonka and Fontus set out for their house. On their way back, the henchman attacks the duo; Bonka gets killed, while Fontus flees. After getting to know about it, Mandaar hallucinates the deceased Bonka sitting in front of him, after which he drifts into sleep. Laili, on the other hand, starts washing her cloth which, instead of becoming clean, produces more blood-stains.
| LineColor =#2C394A
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Fair Is Foul, and Foul Is Fair
| DirectedBy = Anirban Bhattacharya
| WrittenBy = Anirban Bhattacharya Pratik Dutta
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = The episode opens with Dablu Bhai's wife, after smashing Dablu Bhai's portrait, enters in his room and takes out his [[revolver]]. On the other hand, Mandaar's henchman arrives and awakens him. Enraged at his failure to kill Fontus, Mandaar kills his henchman.

Fontus and Modon arrive at Sutahati, where they learn how Mandaar escaped from there on the night, when he slayed Dablu Bhai. Moncha vows revenge on Mandaar, meanwhile Fontus remains silent throughout the time. Mandaar returns home, and has a [[hallucination]] of the dead Dablu Bhai. Laili starts getting more and more [[paranoia|paranoid]]. Mojnu Buri scolds Pedo for telling Mandaar the truth. Mandaar and Laili talk about their future plans; their [[guilt (emotion)|guilt]] starts to take over them. Modon and the others start making a plan. When Laili goes out to buy [[lamb and mutton|mutton]] for Mandaar, Dablu Bhai's wife visits Mandaar and unsuccessfully attempts to kill him, after which Mandaar [[rape|forces himself on her]]; Pedo interrupts him twice and angers him, after which Laili returns home and discovers everything. Muqaddar, meanwhile, gets a phone call from Lakumoni, who is asking him to come to her. After Mandaar has his meal and falls asleep, Laili leaves the house for unknown reasons. Mandaar soon awakens and finds Laili gone. Pedo soon arrives again; irritated by him, Mandaar chases him, all the while, having hallucinations of Dablu Bhai, Bonka and Mokkai (all of whom he killed); he soon stumbles upon Laili, who has [[suicide by hanging|hanged herself]]. Lakumoni seduces Muqaddar when he arrives, and Modon and Fontus confront him and manipulate him to their side. Finally descending into [[insanity]], Mandaar captures Pedo and tortures him in front of Mojnu Buri; despite her pleas, Mandaar kills Pedo by [[hanging|hanging him]]. After saying [[Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow]] and bad-mouthing Mojnu Buri's prophecies, Mandaar tries to leave, only to be cursed by Mojnu Buri. Moncha returns home, and after deducing what has happened to his mother, leaves. Mojnu Buri gets prepared for her [[revenge]]. Muqaddar—after being persuaded by the others—lures Mandaar into a trap. Mandaar arrives at the spot, where he meets Lakumoni, whom he hallucinates as Laili sitting with 2 infants. Distracted by the hallucination, Mandaar is attacked by Moncha and Fontus, but he successfully overpowers them. The infuriated Mandaar screams at the top of his voice, only to be impaled through the neck, with a spear, by the vengeful Mojnu Buri. Moncha, Fontus and Lakumoni leave the spot, after being called to a meeting by Modon. Dragging Pedo's corpse, Mojnu Buri glances at Mandaar's corpse for one last time before calling her cat and leaving the place.
| LineColor =#2C394A
}}
}}

==Production==
The production began in October 2020. The series has been extensively shot at Mandarmani and Tajpur in the Medinipur district of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/i-was-hurt-and-heartbroken-when-nude-clips-of-my-film-were-leaked-anirban-bhattacharya/articleshow/80512237.cms?__twitter_impression=true|title=I was hurt and heartbroken when nude clips of my film were leaked: Anirban Bhattacharya|work=Times of India|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref>

== Music ==
The background score of Mandaar is composed by Subhadeep Guha. In a promotional interview, Guha said, "The world of Macbeth is a bloody one. There's nothing normal there. So is Mandaar for me. Therefore, I thought of sounds that didn't seem to be normal- dissonant, disordered, non-rhythmical. There's a disharmony in the sound of Mandaar."<ref>{{Citation|title=Meet the crew {{!}} Mandaar (মন্দার) {{!}} 19 Nov {{!}} hoichoi| date=17 November 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udi83syVTT0|language=en|access-date=2022-02-15|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215105528/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udi83syVTT0|url-status=live}}</ref>

The audio jukebox of the original soundtrack album was released by SVF on 28 December 2021.

==Release==
''Mandaar'' premiered on 19 November 2021, all the episodes has been available immediately.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sportsnscreen.com/bn/entertainment/mandar-based-on-macbeth-directed-by-anirban-bhattacharya|title=Anirban Bhattacharya: 'ম্যাকবেথ' অবলম্বনে 'মন্দার', পরিচালনায় অনির্বাণ ভট্টাচার্য|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111064915/http://www.sportsnscreen.com/bn/entertainment/mandar-based-on-macbeth-directed-by-anirban-bhattacharya|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.expressomagazine.com/2021/11/09/hoichoi-mandaar-trailer/|title=hoichoi Reveals Grasping Trailer Of First World Classic And Highly Anticipated Show 'Mandaar'|work=Expresso|access-date=9 November 2021|archive-date=10 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110162319/https://www.expressomagazine.com/2021/11/09/hoichoi-mandaar-trailer/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Reception==
Sankhayan Ghosh of ''Film Companion'' praised the series, commenting, "''Mandaar'' is dramatically tense, a visceral epic that intrigues and entertains in equal measure".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bengali-review/mandaar-bengali-web-series-review-on-hoichoi-intrigues-and-entertains-in-equal-measure-anirban-bhattacharya-sohini-sarkar|title=Mandaar, on Hoichoi, is a Visceral Epic That Intrigues and Entertains in Equal Measure|work=Film Companion|date=23 November 2021|access-date=23 November 2021|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123133249/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bengali-review/mandaar-bengali-web-series-review-on-hoichoi-intrigues-and-entertains-in-equal-measure-anirban-bhattacharya-sohini-sarkar/|url-status=live}}</ref> Writing for ''News Nine'', Ishita Sengupta rated the series 3.5/5 and praised the lesser-known cast, production design, and the direction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news9live.com/amp/entertainment/movie-review/mandar-review-hoichoi-anirban-bhattacharya-135365|title=Mandaar review: Bengali series is an impressive modern-day retelling of Macbeth|work=News Nine|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124073853/https://www.news9live.com/amp/entertainment/movie-review/mandar-review-hoichoi-anirban-bhattacharya-135365|url-status=live}}</ref> Shaheen Irani of ''OTTplay.com'' gave 3.5/5 and said that [[Anirban Bhattacharya|Bhattacharya]]'s direction has "focused on details used his surroundings and characters to the fullest".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/mandaar-series-review-anirban-bhattacharyas-macbeth-adaptation-is-at-par-with-classic-films/d55752f276455|title=Mandaar series review: Anirban Bhattacharya's Macbeth adaptation is at par with classic films|work=OTTplay|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124080417/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/mandaar-series-review-anirban-bhattacharyas-macbeth-adaptation-is-at-par-with-classic-films/d55752f276455|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt15516072}}

[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Macbeth]]
[[Category:Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare]]

Madhurika Patkar

2025-10-22T02:45:22Z

Dr. D. Maheswari: new post!

{{short description|Indian table tennis player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox table tennis player
| name = Madhurika Patkar
| image = Madhurika_Patkar.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Madhurika Patkar
| nicknames =
| nationality = Indian
| playingstyle = Hand Shake, Aggressive
| equipment =
| hrank =
| crank =
| club =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|04|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| show-medals = no
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Women's [[table tennis]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Commonwealth Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]] | [[Table tennis at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's team|Women's team]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[South Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu/Pokhara]] | [[Table tennis at the 2019 South Asian Games|Women's doubles]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu/Pokhara]] | [[Table tennis at the 2019 South Asian Games|Women's team]] }}
}}
'''Madhurika Patkar''' is an Indian table-tennis player.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/live-updates/commonwealth-games-2018-live-updates-day-1-gold-coast-2096583 | title=Commonwealth Games 2018 Live updates, Day 1, Gold Coast | publisher=Zee News | date=5 April 2018 | accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Fourth-gold-for-paddler-Madhurika-Patkar/article15982226.ece | title=Fourth gold for paddler Madhurika Patkar | work=The Hindu | date=10 February 2010 | accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=https://www.ittf.com/2017/02/07/madhurika-patkar-wins-maiden-indian-national-championship-title/ | title=Madhurika Patkar wins her maiden Indian National Championship title | publisher=ITTF | date=8 February 2017 | accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref>

She beat [[Poulomi Ghatak|serial winner Poulomi Ghatak]] in [[Manesar]] to win the 78th 11Even Sports Senior National and Inter-State Table Tennis Championship in 2016.<ref name=":0" />

In February 2017 Patkar won the Indian national Table Tennis championship in the Women's Singles.<ref name=":0" />

She was a part of Indian trio who defeated Singapore in [[2018 Commonwealth Games]] at [[City of Gold Coast|Gold Coast]] and won a gold medal for India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/table-tennis/athlete-profile-n6007295-madhurika-patkar.htm | title=Madhurika Patkar | publisher=Gold Coast 2018 | accessdate=10 April 2018}}{{dead link|date=August 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patkar, Madhurika}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female table tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Thane]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Table tennis players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in table tennis]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Table tennis players at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Table tennis players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Table tennis players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games table tennis players for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in table tennis]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam

2025-09-23T12:03:53Z

Dr. D. Maheswari:

{{Short description|Law school in Assam, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{promotional|date=January 2017}}
{{Primary sources|date=December 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox university
|logo =
|name = National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam
|native_name =
|image_name = National_Law_University_and_Judicial_Academy,_Assam_Logo.png
|image_size = 190px
|caption =
|motto = "In Pursuit of Excellence"
|established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2009}}
|chancellor = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Gauhati High Court]]
|vice_chancellor= Dr. K. V. S. Sarma
|city = [[Guwahati]]
|state = [[Assam]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor = {{coord|26|10|21.72|N|091|45|19.44|E}}
|students = 320
|type = [[National Law University]]
|campus = {{convert|60|acre|km2}}
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Bar Council of India|BCI]]
|website= {{official website|http://www.nluassam.ac.in/}}
}}

'''National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam''' ('''NLUJA''' or '''NLUJAA''') is a [[National Law University]] located in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. It was established in 2009 through an Act passed by the State Legislature of Assam (Assam Act XXV of 2009) as a public university dedicated to the field of [[legal education]].

The admissions for the first batch were made in 2011 which passed out in 2016. The first vice-chancellor of the university was Gurjeet Singh, currently the university is managed by the newly appointed Vice-Chancellor [[K.V.S Sarma]] succeeding [[V.K Ahuja]] in 2024.

== History ==

The northeastern region of India has traditionally been one of the underdeveloped and marginalized areas of the Indian nation. In 2009, despite the presence of a High Court for the eight ‘Seven Sister’ states, viz., Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], Sikkim, Tripura in Guwahati; the scenario of legal education in the area remained far from the potential of possible proliferation of excellence in the realm of legal profession. Thus, to fulfill the aspirations of the people, the [[Government of Assam]] decided to initiate and facilitate the establishment of a Law University in Assam. This led to the establishment of The National Law University and Judicial Academy (NLUJAA), Assam by the Government of Assam by way of passing the National Law School and Judicial Academy, Assam Act, 2009 (Act No. XXV of 2009). This Act was later amended as the National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam (Amendment) Act, 2011 (Act II of 2012), wherein the word ‘School’ was replaced by the word ‘University’.

== Campus ==
The campus of National Law University and Judicial Academy, spread over 60 acres, it is situated in the locality of [[Amingaon]], a municipality on the outskirts of Guwahati City. The campus houses, Academic Building, Administrative building as well as the halls of residence for boys and girls. It also houses the Conference Hall, the Moot Court Hall, the Dining Hall, a Multipurpose Gymnasiums and the library.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NLUJAA|url=http://www.nluassam.ac.in/campus.htm|access-date=2021-02-03|website=www.nluassam.ac.in}}</ref> In its library, the university has a collection of more than nine thousand printed titles and more than two hundred e-books covering law, social sciences and humanities. It also has a collection of Law Journals, both printed and electronic. The library also has access to [[LexisNexis]], Manupatra, [[Westlaw]], SCC Online, Cambridge Book Online, [[JSTOR]], [[Hein Online]], and Elgar Online.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NLUJAA|url=http://www.nluassam.ac.in/library.htm|access-date=2021-02-03|website=www.nluassam.ac.in}}</ref>

== Centres for excellence ==

The university has established nineteen fully equipped [[Center of excellence|centres of excellence]] for legal studies. These centres are unique in its approach to legal research, credence provided by the fact that, CARTHL established in collaboration with ICRC is a first of a kind in North East India, CCR established by UNICEF is only the second such centre on Child Rights in India after NLSIU; CIPRS is the second centre on IPR after Tezpur University in North East India, a few notable ones.
* Centre for Advanced Research in International Humanitarian Law [CARTHL]
* Centre for Child Rights [CCR]
* Centre for Constitutional Law and Governance [CCLG]
* Centre for Corporate Law and Good Governance [CCLGG]
* Centre for Criminal Justice Administration and Human Rights
* Centre for Disability Rights and Health Laws
* Centre for Disaster Management and Law
* Centre for Environment Law [CEL]
* Centre for Family Law and Customary Studies
* Centre for Human Rights and Refugee Law
* Centre for International Law [CIL]
* Centre for IPR Studies [CIPRS]
* Centre for Law Language and Culture
* Centre for Natural Resources Laws
* Centre for Peace Resolution Studies
* Centre for Post-Graduate Legal Studies [CPGLS]
* Centre for Socio-Legal Research and Gender Studies [CSLRGS]
* Centre for Studies of North East, South Asia and South East Asia Legal Studies
* Centre for Tribal and Land Rights

== Ranking ==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| IT_L_2019 =
| OUTLOOK_L_2019 =
| WEEK_L_2019 =
| NIRF_L_2021 = 20
}}
In 2021 the institute was ranked 20 among the law universities by NIRF.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF)|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2021/LawRanking.html|access-date=2021-10-22|website=www.nirfindia.org|archive-date=9 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909093419/https://www.nirfindia.org/2021/LawRanking.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2023 the institute was ranked 28 among the law universities by NIRF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2023/LawRanking.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.nirfindia.org |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922081213/https://www.nirfindia.org/2023/LawRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Academics ==
===Academic programmes ===
==== Undergraduate ====

NLUJA, Assam offers B.A., LL.B. (Hons.) Five-Year Integrated Programme. It follows the semester system. The entire five-year course is divided into ten semesters.

==== Post-graduate courses ====
NLUJA, Assam offers One Year Post-Graduation Course (LL.M.) with specialization in:
* [[Business Law]]
* [[Constitutional Law]]
* [[Consumer protection#India|Consumer Protection Law]]
* [[Criminal Law]]
* [[Environmental Law]]
* [[Human Rights Law]]
* [[Intellectual Property Law]]
* [[International Law]]

The institution had been a partner institute for [[Surana and Surana Moots|Surana & Surana National Trial Advocacy Moot Court Competition]]. The institute concluded an MoU with the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute<ref>[[Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=March 2018}}. The institute has concluded various MoUs with different institutes of national as well as international repute, for the purpose of teaching and training in the fields of law and administration, [[Assam Administrative Staff College]], India International Institute of Diplomacy and Election Management (a constituent institute of Election Commission of India). The Law University became the first NLU to formalize an MoU with IDIA (an organization for teaching and training the underprivileged section of the society).

==== Ph.D. ====
NLUJA, Assam also has a research degree programme and around 15 scholars are currently working towards their doctoral degrees.

=== Publications ===

University currently publishes two official bi-annual journals one run by student editors and other by faculty editors. ''National Law University Assam Law Review (NLUALR)''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nluassam.ac.in/pub.htm |title=NLUA |access-date=12 August 2016 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816015639/http://www.nluassam.ac.in/pub.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a four-student edited Journal and ''National Law University Assam Law and Policy Review (NLUALPR)'' is a faculty edited peer reviewed journal. The university started its own student magazine, ''"The Lost Stories"'' in May 2017 showcasing the creative skills from the field of photography, literature, and poetry. In 2019, the students started NLUJA Echoes as the official literary magazine of the university. The Centre for Child Rights (CCR) publishes a bi-annual peer reviewed journal titled ''Child Rights Law and Policy Review.''

==See also==
* [[Legal education in India]]
* [[List of law schools in India]]
* [[West Bengal Judicial Academy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Autonomous law schools in India}}
{{Universities in Assam}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|26.1727|91.7554|type:edu_region:IN-AS|display=title}}

[[Category:Law schools in Assam]]
[[Category:National Law Universities]]
[[Category:Universities in Assam]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Guwahati]]
[[Category:State universities in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Assam]]