https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=DottyN0357445099Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-09T01:57:37ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Netflix_India_original_programming&diff=512528List of Netflix India original programming2026-05-08T15:41:49Z<p>DottyN0357445099: adding the article initial version</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{about|Netflix India original television series|Netflix India original films|List of Netflix India original films}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
[[File:Netflix 2015 logo.svg|frameless|right|alt=Netflix 2015 logo]]<br />
<br />
'''Netflix India''' is the Indian subsidiary of the American streaming service [[Netflix]]. Since its launch in January 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-07 |title=Netflix launches in India, plans start at Rs. 500 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/Netflix-launches-in-India-130-other-countries/article60520052.ece |access-date=2023-06-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> it has distributed a number of Indian "originals"—primarily [[television series]], along with [[miniseries]]. <br />
<br />
Netflix's first original titles for India were the film ''[[Love per Square Foot]]'' and the series ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'', both released in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-big-on-both-growth-and-challenges-for-netflix-11594968034464.html|title=India big on both growth and challenges for Netflix|first=Lata|last=Jha|date=17 July 2020|website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/netflix-india-suitable-boy-ludo-torbaaz-raat-akeli-hai-dolly-kitty-ginny-weds-sunny-bombay-rose-mismatched-2263674|title=Netflix Will Release 17 Indian Titles in the 'Coming Months'|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=16 July 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
This article lists the Indian original television series produced or distributed by Netflix.<br />
<br />
== TV shows ==<br />
<br />
=== Scripted ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! Title<br />
! Genre<br />
! Premiere<br />
! Seasons<br />
! Length<br />
! Language(s)<br />
! Status<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]''<br />
| [[Crime thriller]]<br />
| {{dts|6 July 2018}}<br />
| {{sort|016|2 seasons, 16 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|043|43–58 min}}<br />
| Hindi<br />
| Ended<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ghoul (miniseries)|Ghoul]]''<br />
| [[Horror film|Horror]]<br />
| {{dts|24 August 2018}}<br />
| {{sort|003|3 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|044|44–50 min}}<br />
| Hindi / English<br />
| Miniseries<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Selection Day (TV series)|Selection Day]]''<br />
| [[Sports drama]]<br />
| {{dts|28 December 2018}}<br />
| {{sort|012|2 parts, 12 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|019|19–28 min}}<br />
| Hindi<br />
| Ended<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Delhi Crime]]''<br />
| [[Police procedural]]<br />
| {{dts|22 March 2019}}<br />
| {{sort|018|3 season, 18 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|045|45–64 min}}<br />
| Hindi / English<br />
| Renewed<ref name="indiaRenewals2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/delhi-crime-s3-to-she-s3-netflix-confirms-return-of-6-india-original-2343805-2023-03-07|title=Delhi Crime S3 to Mismatched S3, Netflix confirms return of 6 India originals|website=India Today|date=March 7, 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Leila (TV series)|Leila]]''<br />
| [[Science fiction drama]]<br />
| {{dts|14 June 2019}}<br />
| {{sort|006|1 season, 6 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|040|40–54 min}}<br />
| rowspan="8" | Hindi<br />
| rowspan="3" | Ended<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Typewriter (series)|Typewriter]]''<br />
| Horror<br />
| {{dts|19 July 2019}}<br />
| {{sort|005|1 season, 5 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|043|43–52 min}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bard of Blood]]''<br />
| [[Espionage thriller]]<br />
| {{dts|27 September 2019}}<br />
| {{sort|007|1 season, 7 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|041|41–50 min}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jamtara – Sabka Number Ayega]]''<br />
| [[True crime|True]] [[crime drama]]<br />
| {{dts|10 January 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|010|2 season, 18 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|023|23–49 min}}<br />
| Pending<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Taj Mahal 1989]]''<br />
| [[Romantic comedy|Romantic]] [[dramedy]]<br />
| {{dts|14 February 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|007|1 season, 7 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|031|31–36 min}}<br />
| rowspan="5" | Ended<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[She (TV series)|She]]''<br />
| [[Crime drama]]<br />
| {{dts|20 March 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|014|2 season, 14 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|031|31–43 min}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hasmukh]]''<br />
| [[Dark comedy]]<br />
| {{dts|17 April 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|010|1 season, 10 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|029|29–39 min}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Betaal]]''<br />
| Horror/[[Action thriller]]<br />
| {{dts|24 May 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|004|1 season, 4 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|045|45–49 min}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Masaba Masaba]]''<br />
| Biographical [[dramedy]]<br />
| {{dts|28 August 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|013|2 season, 13 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|025|25–34 min}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | Hindi / English<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mismatched]]''<br />
| [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]] [[Romantic comedy|romantic]] [[dramedy]]<br />
| {{dts|20 November 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|014|3 seasons, 22 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|029|29–35 min}}<br />
| Renewed<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhaag Beanie Bhaag]]''<br />
| [[Romantic comedy]]<br />
| {{dts|4 December 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|006|1 season, 6 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|029|29–35 min}}<br />
| Hindi<br />
| rowspan="8" | Ended<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bombay Begums]]''<br />
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]<br />
| {{dts|8 March 2021}}<br />
| {{sort|006|1 season, 6 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|045|45–61 min}}<br />
| Hindi / English<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ray (series)|Ray]]''<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Anthology series|Anthology]]<br />
| {{dts|25 June 2021}}<br />
| {{sort|004|1 season, 4 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|052|52–64 min}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Feels Like Ishq]]''<br />
| {{dts|23 July 2021}}<br />
| {{sort|006|1 season, 6 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|025|25–31 min}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Navarasa (web series)|Navarasa]]''<br />
| {{dts|6 August 2021}}<br />
| {{Sort|109|1 volume, 9 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|047|28–48 min}}<br />
| Tamil<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Call My Agent: Bollywood]]''<br />
| [[Workplace comedy|Workplace]] [[dramedy]]<br />
| {{dts|29 October 2021}}<br />
| {{sort|006|1 season, 6 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|039|39–49 min}}<br />
| Hindi / English<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aranyak (series)|Aranyak]]''<br />
| [[Crime thriller]]<br />
| {{dts|10 December 2021}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|008|1 season, 8 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|037|37–48 min}}<br />
| Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Decoupled]]''<br />
| [[Romantic comedy]]<br />
| {{dts|17 December 2021}}<br />
| {{sort|025|25–36 min}}<br />
| English<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein]]''<br />
| [[Romantic thriller]]<br />
| {{dts|14 January 2022}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|008|2 season, 14 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|031|31–51 min}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | Hindi<br />
| Renewed<ref>{{cite tweet|author=Netflix India|user=NetflixIndia|number=1488772980775993347|title=Not a Wordle, just our level of excitement for #YehKaaliKaaliAnkhein season 2}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Fame Game (TV series)|The Fame Game]]''<br />
| Suspense [[family drama]]<br />
| {{dts|25 February 2022}}<br />
| {{sort|044|44–55 min}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | Ended<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Eternally Confused and Eager for Love]]''<br />
| [[Comedy drama]]<br />
| {{dts|18 March 2022}}<br />
| {{sort|008|1 season, 8 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|023|23–25 min}}<br />
| English<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mai (TV series)|Mai: A Mother's Rage]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Crime thriller]]<br />
| {{dts|15 April 2022}}<br />
| {{sort|006|1 season, 6 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|042|42–55 min}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | Hindi<br />
| rowspan="2" |Renewed<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khakee: The Bihar Chapter]]''<br />
| {{dts|25 November 2022}}<br />
| {{sort|007|1 season, 7 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|41|41–68 min}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[CAT (2022 TV series)|CAT]]''<br />
| [[Revenge tragedy|Revenge drama]]<br />
| {{dts|9 December 2022}}<br />
| {{sort|008|1 season, 8 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|40|40–49 min}}<br />
| Punjabi<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Trial By Fire (Indian web series)|Trial by Fire]]''<br />
| [[Crime drama]]<br />
| {{dts|13 January 2023}}<br />
| {{sort|007|1 season, 7 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|44|44–47 min}}<br />
| rowspan="5" | Hindi<br />
|Miniseries<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Class (Indian TV series)|Class]]''<br />
| [[Teen drama|Teen]] [[crime thriller]]<br />
| {{dts|3 February 2023}}<br />
| {{sort|008|1 season, 8 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|48|48–58 min}}<br />
| Renewed<ref>{{cite tweet|author=Netflix India|user=NetflixIndia|number=1632635248105381888|title=We know how much you loved this course, so we signed you up for another exciting semester😍 CLASS WILL BE BACK WITH A NEW SEASON!❤️|access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rana Naidu]]''<br />
| [[Action drama|Action]] [[crime drama]]<br />
| {{dts|10 March 2023}}<br />
| {{sort|010|1 season, 10 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|39|39–50 min}}<br />
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|url=https://variety.com/2023/global/asia/ray-donovan-rana-naidu-season-2-ted-sarandos-india-1235588102/|title='Ray Donovan' Indian Adaptation 'Rana Naidu' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix, as Ted Sarandos Talks Up Prospects of India as 'Big Prize'|date=18 April 2023|website=Variety}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tooth Pari: When Love Bites]]''<br />
| [[Romantic comedy|Romantic]] [[horror comedy]]<br />
| {{dts|20 April 2023}}<br />
| {{sort|008|1 season, 8 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|30|30–45 min}}<br />
| Pending<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Scoop (2023 TV series)|Scoop]]''<br />
| [[True crime|True]] [[crime drama]]<br />
| 2 June 2023<br />
|1 season, 6 episodes<br />
|52–71 min.<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kohrra]]''<br />
| [[Crime drama]]<br />
| 15 July 2023<br />
| 1 season, 6 episodes<br />
| 40–50 min.<br />
| Punjabi<br />
| Renewed<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Guns & Gulaabs]]''<br />
|[[Black comedy]] [[Crime fiction|Crime thriller]]<br />
| 18 August 2023<br />
| 1 season, 7 episodes<br />
|45–50 min.<br />
|rowspan="4"| Hindi<br />
|Renewed<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Choona (TV series)|Choona]]''<br />
| [[Heist film|Heist]] Comedy<br />
|29 September 2023<br />
| 1 season, 8 episodes<br />
|40-40 min.<br />
| Pending<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaala Paani]]''<br />
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]<br />
|18 October 2023<br />
|1 season, 7 episodes <br />
|50–75 min.<br />
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|title='Kaala Paani' renewed for season 2|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaala-paani-renewed-for-season-2/article67528145.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 November 2023|access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Railway Men]]''<br />
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]<br />
|18 November 2023<br />
|1 season, 4 episodes<br />
|51–65 min.<br />
| Miniseries<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Killer Soup]]''<br />
| [[Dark comedy]]<br />
|11 January 2024<br />
| 1 season, 8 episodes<br />
| 43–59 min.<br />
| rowspan="12" | Hindi<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maamla Legal Hai]]''<br />
|[[Legal Drama|Legal]] Comedy<br />
|1 March 2024<br />
|2 season, 16 episodes<br />
|28–38 min.<br />
| rowspan="2" |Renewed<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Heeramandi]]''<br />
|[[Historical drama]]<br />
|1 May 2024<br />
|1 season, 8 episodes<br />
|43–59 min. <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Tribhuvan Mishra: CA Topper]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Netflix unveils desi gangster series 'Tribhuvan Mishra: CA Topper', set to premiere on July 18<br />
|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/netflix-unveils-desi-gangster-series-tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-set-to-premiere-on-july-18-3084584|website=Deccan Herald|date=28 June 2024|access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref><br />
|[[Crime drama]]<br />
|18 July 2024<br />
|1 season, 9 episodes<br />
|50-60 min.<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''[[IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Anubhav Sinha and Vijay Verma's IC 814 is based on Captain Devi Sharan's story- Exclusive|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anubhav-sinha-and-vijay-vermas-ic-814-is-based-on-captain-devi-sharans-story-exclusive/articleshow/108108182.cms|website=The Times of India|date=29 February 2024|access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref><br />
|[[Crime drama]]<br />
|29 August 2024<br />
|1 season, 6 episodes<br />
|40–45 min<br />
|Miniseries<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Black Warrant (TV series)|Black Warrant]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=3 January 2024 |title=Vikramaditya Motwane’s Black Warrant takes you inside ‘unforgiving’ Tihar Jail where crime is currency. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/vikramaditya-motwane-black-warrant-takes-you-inside-unforgiving-tihar-jail-watch-trailer-9757849/ |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
|[[Crime drama]]<br />
|10 January 2025<br />
|1 season, 7 episodes<br />
|38–50 min<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dabba Cartel]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Dabba Cartel First Look: Shabana Azmi, Jyothika And Gang's Web Series Is High On Drama, Treachery And Lies |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dabba-cartel-shabana-azmi-jyothika-nimisha-sajayan-and-gang-mean-serious-business-in-this-intriguing-first-look-5150071 |website=NDTV |date=29 February 2024 |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref><br />
|[[Crime drama]]<br />
|28 February, 2025<br />
|1 season, 7 episodes<br />
|45–50 min<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Khakee: The Bengal Chapter]]''<br />
|[[Crime drama]]<br />
|20 March, 2025<br />
|1 season, 7 episodes<br />
|45–60 min<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Royals (2025 TV series)|The Royals]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Royals teaser: Ishaan Khatter is Bhumi Pednekar's prince charming in modern-day Indian royalty rom-com. Fans ask, 'Is this desi Bridgerton' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-royals-teaser-ishaan-khatter-is-bhumi-pednekars-prince-charming-in-modern-day-indian-royalty-rom-com-fa-fans-ask-is-this-desi-bridgerton-9513644/ |website=The Indian Express |date=14 August 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref><br />
|[[Comedy drama]]<br />
|9 May, 2025<br />
|1 season, 8 episodes<br />
|39–49 min<br />
|Renewed<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mandala Murders]]''<br />
|[[Action drama|Action]] [[Crime thriller]]<br />
|25 July, 2025<br />
|1 season, 8 episodes<br />
|39–49 min<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Saare Jahan Se Accha (2025 TV series)|Saare Jahan Se Accha]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Saare Jahan Se Accha |url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/81281013 |website=Netflix |date=17 July 2025 |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref><br />
|[[crime drama]]<br />
|13 August, 2025<br />
|1 season, 6 episodes<br />
|39–49 min<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=‘The Ba***ds Of Bollywood’ Drops Teaser & Reveals Netflix Release Date<br />
|url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/netflix-bads-of-bollywood-drops-teaser-aryan-khan-india-1236493083/ |date=20 August 2025 |access-date=28 August 2025|website=Deadline}}</ref><br />
|[[Comedy]] [[Action (genre)|Action]]<br />
|18 September, 2025<br />
|1 season, 7 episodes<br />
|39–49 min<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Game: You Never Play Alone]]''<ref name="rel:netflix">{{cite press release |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/behind-every-mask-is-a-player-the-game-you-never-play-alone-drops-on-netflix |title=Behind Every Mask is a Player: 'The Game: You Never Play Alone' Drops this October 2 on Netflix |publisher=Netflix Newsroom |date=4 September 2025 |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref><br />
|[[crime thriller]]<br />
|2 October, 2025<br />
|1 season, 7 episodes<br />
|30–40 min<br />
|Tamil<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Single Papa]]''<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Nov/20/single-papa-teaser-kunal-kemmu-has-a-baby-shaped-surprise-for-his-family|title=Single Papa teaser: Kunal Kemmu has a baby-shaped surprise for his family|date=20 November 2025 |access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref><br />
|[[comedy drama]]<br />
|12 December, 2025<br />
|1 season, 6 episodes<br />
| 32–45 min<br />
|rowspan="4"|Hindi<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Taskaree]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Emraan Hashmi to star in Neeraj Pandey’s action-thriller series ‘Taskaree: The Smugglers Web’|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/emraan-hashmi-neeraj-pandey-taskaree-the-smugglers-web/article70398888.ece|website=The Hindu |date=15 December 2025|access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref><br />
|[[crime thriller]]<br />
|14 January 2026<br />
|1 season, 7 episodes<br />
|38–58 min<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Hello Bachhon]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=‘Hello Bachhon’ announced: Viineet Kumar Singh leads education-driven drama inspired by Physics Wallah<br />
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/hello-bachhon-announced-viineet-kumar-singh-leads-education-driven-drama-inspired-by-physics-wallah/articleshow/127918047.cms|access-date=2026-02-04 |website=The Times of India|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|[[drama]]<br />
|6 March 2026<br />
|1 season, 5 episodes<br />
|44–55 min<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Glory (TV series)|Glory]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Merican |first=Sara |date=2025-02-03 |title=Netflix Unveils India Originals Slate For 2025 Including ‘Dining With The Kapoors’, ‘Akka’ & ‘The Ba***ds Of Bollywood’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/web-series-details/hindi/glory/webseriesshow/130137447.cms |website=The times of india|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|[[Sports film|Sport Drama]]<br />
|1 May 2026<br />
|1 season, 7 episode <br />
| 49 – 60 min<br />
| Pending<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" | Awaiting release<!--This part of the table is for all announced films that have specific release dates announced. Any other films that would fit in this table otherwise, but only has a release year, month or time frame should be included in the table further down the page. Thank you.--><br />
|-<br />
|''Rakt Brahmand: The Bloody Kingdom''<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix India Partners with Raj & DK to Create its First Action Fantasy Drama, 'Rakt Bramhand - The Bloody Kingdom' |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-india-partners-with-raj-and-dk-to-create-its-first-action-fantasy |website=Netflix |date=27 July 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref><br />
|[[Historical fantasy]] [[Action (genre)|Action]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Super Subbu''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Merican |first=Sara |date=2025-02-03 |title=Netflix Unveils India Originals Slate For 2025 Including ‘Dining With The Kapoors’, ‘Akka’ & ‘The Ba***ds Of Bollywood’ |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/netflix-unveils-india-original-slate-2025-dining-with-the-kapoors-akka-bads-of-bollywood-1236276555/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|[[Comedy drama]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Telugu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Akka<ref name=":0" />''<br />
|[[Crime drama]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="5" |Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Operation Safed Sagar''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Merican |first=Sara |date=2025-11-03 |title=‘Operation Safed Sagar’: Netflix announces series on IAF’s Kargil mission at Sekhon Marathon|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/operation-safed-sagar-indian-air-force-kargil-war-sekhon-marathon-siddharth-jimmy-shergill/article70232243.ece|access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The Hindu|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|[[War drama]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Family Business''<ref>{{cite web|first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|title=Sunny Deol, Madhuri Dixit, Saif Ali Khan Lead Netflix India’s 2026 Slate|url=https://variety.com/2026/tv/news/sunny-deol-madhuri-dixit-saif-ali-khan-netflix-india-2026-slate-1236650586/|date=3 February 2026|website=Variety}}</ref><br />
|[[drama]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Unscripted ===<br />
<br />
==== Docuseries ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! Title<br />
! Subject<br />
! Premiere<br />
! Seasons<br />
! Length<br />
! Language(s)<br />
! Status<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Cricket Fever: Mumbai Indians]]''<br />
| Sports<br />
| {{dts|1 March 2019}}<br />
| {{sort|008|1 season, 8 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|033|33–44 min}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | English<br />
| rowspan="3" | Ended<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bad Boy Billionaires: India]]''<br />
| [[True crime]]/Business<br />
| {{dts|5 October 2020}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|003|1 season, 3 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|64|52–64 min}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Alma Matters: Inside the IIT Dream]]''<br />
| Education<br />
| {{dts|14 May 2021}}<br />
| {{sort|44|44–54 min}}<br />
| Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Crime Stories: India Detectives]]''<br />
| rowspan="7" | [[True crime]]<br />
| {{dts|13 September 2021}}<br />
| {{sort|004|1 season, 4 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|053|37–53 min}}<br />
| Kannada<br />
| Pending<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths]]''<br />
| {{dts|8 October 2021}}<br />
| rowspan="5" | {{sort|003|3 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|043|43–48 min}}<br />
| rowspan="4" | Hindi<br />
| rowspan="7" | Miniseries<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indian Predator: The Butcher of Delhi]]''<br />
| {{dts|20 July 2022}}<br />
| rowspan="3" | {{sort|44|44–55 min}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indian Predator: The Diary of a Serial Killer]]''<br />
| {{dts|7 September 2022}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indian Predator: Murder In A Courtroom]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Who was Akku Yadav? True story behind Indian Predator: Murder in a Courtroom |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/documentaries/true-crime/akku-yadav-indian-predator-murder-courtroom-netflix/ |website=Radio Times}}</ref><br />
| {{dts|28 October 2022}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indian Predator: Beast of Bangalore]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Beast of Bangalore: Indian Predator|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81610578|website=[[Netflix]]|access-date=2022-12-15|language=en}}</ref><br />
| {{dts|16 December 2022}}<br />
| {{sort|42|42–52 min}}<br />
| Kannada<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mumbai Mafia: Police vs Underworld]]''<br />
|6 January 2023<br />
|<br />
|87 minutes<br />
|Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Romantics (TV series)|The Romantics]]''<br />
| [[Hindi cinema]]<br />
| {{dts|14 February 2023}}<br />
|rowspan="2"| {{sort|004|4 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|48|48–63 min}}<br />
| Hindi/English<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Hunt for Veerappan]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hunt for Veerappan: Netflix docu-series to map the journey of the bandit, known as 'Robin Hood of India'. Watch teaser|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/hunt-for-veerappan-netflix-documentary-to-map-the-journey-of-the-bandit-known-as-robin-hood-of-india-watch-teaser-8862819/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-27|language=en}}</ref><br />
|rowspan="3"| [[True crime]]<br />
| {{dts|8 August 2023}}<br />
| {{sort|033|33–44 min}}<br />
| Hindi/English<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Caught Out: Crime. Corruption. Cricket''<br />
|March 17, 2023<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''The Indrani Mukerjea Story: Buried Truth''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-29 |title=The Indrani Mukerjea Story Buried Truth: Netflix docuseries on 'sensational' Sheena Bora case to drop on this date |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/netflix-crime-series-sheena-bora-murder-case-the-indrani-mukerjea-story-buried-truth-101706508474776.html |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
|23 February 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-29 |title=The Indrani Mukerjea Story Buried Truth: Netflix documentary on Sheena Bora case to be out on this date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-indrani-mukerjea-story-buried-truth-netflix-documentary-on-sheena-bora-case-to-be-out-on-this-date-9132665/ |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|4 Episodes<br />
| 44 min<br />
|Hindi<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''Yo Yo Honey Singh: Famous''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-29 |title=Netflix's Yo Yo Honey Singh Famous: Rapper's documentary leaves internet divided |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/netflix-yo-yo-honey-singh-famous-x-review-rapper-documentary-leaves-internet-divided-stmp-2652988-2024-12-20|access-date=2024-12-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|rowspan="2"|Biography<br />
|20 December 2024<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Roshans]]''<br />
|17 January 2025<br />
|4 episodes<br />
|45 min<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''The Greatest Rivalry: India vs Pakistan''<ref>{{cite web|url= https://about.netflix.com/en/news/the-greatest-rivalry-india-vs-pakistan-premieres-february-7|title= Netflix’s ‘The Greatest Rivalry: India vs Pakistan’ — Cricket’s Most Thrilling Showdown Premieres February 7}}</ref><br />
| Sports<br />
|7 February 2025<br />
|3 episodes<br />
|36–40 min<br />
|Hindi/English<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Dining With The Kapoors''<br />
|[[Hindi cinema]]<br />
| 21 November 2025<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Hindi/English<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Reality ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" <br />
|-<br />
! Title<br />
! Genre<br />
! Premiere<br />
! Seasons<br />
! Length<br />
! Language(s)<br />
! Status<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[What the Love! with Karan Johar]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Dating show]]<br />
| {{dts|30 January 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|007|1 season, 7 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|050|45–50 min}}<br />
| rowspan="4" | English<br />
| Ended<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indian Matchmaking]]''<br />
| {{dts|16 July 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|016|2 seasons, 16 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|042|26–42 min}}<br />
| Renewed<ref>{{cite web|title='The Circle', 'Indian Matchmaking' & 'The American Barbecue Showdown' Renewed At Netflix|url=https://deadline.com/2021/08/the-circle-indian-matchmaking-the-american-barbecue-showdown-renewed-netflix-1234811267/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|last=White|first=Peter|date=August 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/reality-dating-shows-netflix-2022|title=All the New Reality Dating Shows Coming Soon to Netflix|work=Netflix Tudum|first=Charlotte|last=Walsh|date=March 24, 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives]]''<br />
| [[Docu-reality]]<br />
| {{dts|27 November 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|108|3 season, 24 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|044|32–44 min}}<br />
| Renewed<ref name="IndiaRenewals">{{cite web |date=3 March 2021 |title= |url= |work=Gadgets 360}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Big Day (TV series)|The Big Day]]''<br />
| Reality<br />
| {{dts|14 February 2021}}<br />
| {{sort|006|2 collection, 6 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|037|37–45 min}}<br />
| Ended<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Floor Is Lava|Lava Ka Dhaava]]''<br />
| Game show<br />
| {{dts|5 May 2021}}<br />
| {{sort|010|1 season, 10 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|037|24–37 min}}<br />
| rowspan="3" | Hindi<br />
| rowspan="3" | Pending<br />
|-<br />
| ''IRL: In Real Love''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|date=2021-07-13|title=Tinder, Netflix Team For Indian Dating Reality Show 'IRL: In Real Love' – Global Bulletin|url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/global/tinder-netflix-indian-dating-reality-show-irl-in-real-love-1235018306/|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
| [[Dating show]]<br />
| {{dts|6 April 2023}}<br />
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|36|36–52 min}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Social Currency (reality series)|Social Currency]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81312464|title=Social Currency|access-date=2021-04-18|website=Netflix}}</ref><br />
| Reality show<br />
| 22 June 2023<br />
| 1 season, 8 episodes<br />
| 42–55 min<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" | Awaiting release <!-- This part of the table is for all announced series that have specific release dates announced. Any other series that would fit in this table otherwise, but only has a release year, month or time frame should be included in the table further down the page. Thank you. --><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Talk Show ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Title<br />
!Genre<br />
!Premiere<br />
!Seasons <br />
!Host<br />
!Length<br />
!Language<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Great Indian Kapil Show]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch The Great Indian Kapil Show {{!}} Netflix Official Site |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81737430 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.netflix.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Reality television|Comedy and talk show]]<br />
|30 March 2024<br />
|3 seasons, 40 Episodes<br />
|[[Kapil Sharma]]<br />
|39–70 min. <br />
|Hindi<br />
|Running<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Kids and family ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" <br />
|-<br />
! Title<br />
! Premiere<br />
! Seasons<br />
! Length<br />
! Status<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mighty Little Bheem]]''<br />
| {{dts|12 April 2019}}<br />
| {{sort|064|3 seasons, 64 episodes}}<br />
| rowspan="4" | {{sort|007|6–7 min.}}<br />
| rowspan="4" | Ended<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mighty Little Bheem#Specials|Mighty Little Bheem: Diwali]]''<br />
| {{dts|17 October 2019}}<br />
| rowspan="3" | {{sort|003|1 collection, 3 episodes}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mighty Little Bheem#Specials|Mighty Little Bheem: Festival of Colors]]''<br />
| {{dts|5 March 2020}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mighty Little Bheem#Specials|Mighty Little Bheem: Kite Festival]]''<br />
| {{dts|8 January 2021}}<br />
<!-- ! colspan="7"| Awaiting release --><!-- This part of the table is for all announced series that have specific release dates announced. Any other series that would fit in this table otherwise, but only has a release year, month or time frame should be included in the table further down the page. Thank you. --><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Co-productions ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! Title<br />
! Genre<br />
! Partner<br />
! Premiere<br />
! Seasons<br />
! Runtime<br />
! Language<br />
! Netflix Exclusive Regions<br />
! Status<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kota Factory]]'' (season 2)<br />
| [[Comedy drama]]<br />
| [[The Viral Fever|TVFPlay]]<br />
| {{dts|24 September 2021}}<br />
| {{sort|005|1 season, 5 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|044|31–44 min}}<br />
| Hindi<br />
| All other markets<br />
| Renewed<ref name="IndiaRenewals"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Continuations ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! Title<br />
! Genre<br />
! {{abbr|Prev.|Previous}} network(s)<br />
! Premiere<br />
! Seasons<br />
! Runtime<br />
! Language<br />
! Status<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Little Things (TV series)|Little Things]]'' (seasons 2–4)<br />
| [[Romantic comedy]]<br />
| YouTube<br />
| {{dts|5 October 2018}}<br />
| {{sort|024|4 seasons, 24 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|019|19–38 min.}}<br />
| English/Hindi<br />
| Ended<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Stand-up comedy specials ==<br />
<br />
=== Specials ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%"<br />
|-<br />
! Title<br />
! Premiere<br />
! Runtime<br />
! Language<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vir Das: Abroad Understanding''<br />
| {{dts|25 May 2017}}<br />
| {{sort|65|1 hour, 5 min.}}<br />
| rowspan="4" | English<br />
|-<br />
| ''Aditi Mittal: Things They Wouldn't Let Me Say''<br />
| {{dts|18 July 2017}}<br />
| {{sort|62|1 hour, 2 min.}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vir Das: Losing it''<br />
| {{dts|11 December 2018}}<br />
| {{sort|67|1 hour, 7 min.}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vir Das: For India''<br />
| {{dts|26 January 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|75|1 hour, 15 min.}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Amit Tandon: Family Tandancies''<br />
| {{dts|28 February 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|72|1 hour, 12 min.}}<br />
| Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| ''Yours Sincerely, Kanan Gill''<br />
| {{dts|24 April 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|72|1 hour, 12 min.}}<br />
| rowspan="3" | English<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kenny Sebastian: The Most Interesting Person in the Room''<br />
| {{dts|29 May 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|67|1 hour, 7 min.}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vir Das: Outside In – The Lockdown Special''<br />
| {{dts|16 December 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|50|50 min.}}<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kapil Sharma: I'm Not Done Yet]]''<br />
| {{dts|28 January 2022}}<br />
| {{sort|58|58 min.}}<br />
| Hindi<br />
|-<br />
|''Vir Das: Landing''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vir Das' Next Netflix Stand-Up Special Is Out in December |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/news/vir-das-netflix-landing-release-date-stand-up-special-comedy-india-december-26-3560206 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Gadgets 360 |date=28 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|25 December 2022<br />
|1 hour, 6 minutes <br />
|English<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Series/collections ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%"<br />
|-<br />
! Title<br />
! Premiere<br />
! Seasons<br />
! Runtime<br />
! Language<br />
! Status<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ladies Up''<br />
| {{dts|27 March 2020}}<br />
| {{sort|004|1 season, 4 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|015|15–17 min.}}<br />
| English/Hindi<br />
| Ended<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Comedy Premium League]]''<br />
| {{dts|20 August 2021}}<br />
| {{sort|006|1 season, 6 episodes}}<br />
| {{sort|041|41–58 min.}}<br />
| Hindi<br />
| Pending<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Exclusive international distribution ==<br />
=== TV shows ===<br />
{{Main|List of Netflix exclusive international distribution TV shows}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! Title<br />
! Genre<br />
! Original network<br />
! Netflix exclusive regions<br />
! Seasons<br />
! Language<br />
! Original run<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kota Factory]]'' (season 1)<br />
| [[Comedy drama]]<br />
| [[The Viral Fever|TVFPlay]]<br />
| Selected territories<br />
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|005|1 season, 5 episodes}}<br />
| Hindi<br />
| {{dts|2019}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Little Things (TV series)|Little Things]]'' (season 1)<br />
| [[Romantic comedy]]<br />
| Dice Media<br />
| Selected territories<br />
| English/Hindi<br />
| {{dts|2016}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{{Main|List of Netflix exclusive international distribution films}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" id="special_upcoming"<br />
|-<br />
! Title<br />
! scope="col" style="width:130px;"| First screening<br />
! Genre<br />
! Runtime <br />
! Netflix exclusive region<br />
! Language<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Krishna and His Leela]]'' <br />
| {{dts|25 June 2020}}<br />
| [[Romantic comedy]]<br />
| {{sort|125|2 hours, 5 min.}}<br />
| Selected territories<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=25 June 2020|title='Krishna and his Leela' movie review: A saga of confused relationships|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/krishna-and-his-leela-review-siddhu-jonnalagadda-shraddha-srinath-seerat-kapoor-and-shalini-vadnikattis-film-is-fun-for-the-most-part/article31913194.ece|access-date=24 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=25 June 2020|title=Krishna And His Leela, On Netflix: A Classy, Well-Written Update On The One-Man-Two-Women Premise|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/krishna-and-his-leela-on-netflix-a-classy-well-written-update-on-the-one-man-two-women-premise-baradwaj-rangan-shraddha-srinath-siddhu/|access-date=24 October 2020|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" | Telugu<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]''<br />
| {{dts|30 July 2020}}<br />
| [[Comedy drama]]<br />
| {{sort|105|1 hour, 45 min.}}<br />
| Selected territories<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maniyarayile Ashokan]]''<br />
| {{dts|31 August 2020}}<br />
| [[Comedy drama]]<br />
| {{sort|110|1 hour, 50 min.}}<br />
| Selected territories<br />
| Malayalam <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Miss India (film)|Miss India]]''<br />
| {{dts|3 November 2020}}<br />
| [[Romantic drama]]<br />
| {{sort|136|2 hours, 16 min.}}<br />
| Selected territories<ref>{{cite web|date=24 October 2020|title=Miss India {{!}} Official Trailer {{!}} Keerthy Suresh {{!}} Netflix India|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5K0bwe5NBc|website=YouTube}}</ref><br />
| Telugu<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Andhaghaaram]]''<br />
| {{dts|23 November 2020}}<br />
| [[Supernatural horror film|Supernatural]] [[horror thriller]]<br />
| {{sort|171|2 hours, 51 min.}}<br />
| Selected territories<br />
| Tamil<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Torbaaz]]''<br />
| {{dts|11 December 2020}}<br />
| [[Action thriller]]<br />
| {{sort|133|2 hours, 13 min.}}<br />
| Selected territories<ref name="india2020">{{cite web|title=Netflix Unveils A Sizzle of 17 Upcoming Originals|url=https://media.netflix.com/en/press-releases/netflix-unveils-a-sizzle-of-17-upcoming-originals|website=Netflix Media Center|accessdate=15 July 2020}}</ref><br />
| Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aelay]]''<br />
| {{dts|5 March 2021}}<br />
| [[Comedy drama]]<br />
| {{sort|151|2 hours, 31 min.}}<br />
| Selected territories<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thandoratimes.com|title=Netflix announces Samuthirakani's Aelay release date Thandoratimes.com|url=https://www.thandoratimes.com/news-id-netflix-announces-samuthirakanis-aelay-release-date11355.htm|access-date=30 April 2021|website=Thandoratimes.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
| Tamil<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Irul (film)|Irul]]''<br />
| {{dts|1 April 2021}}<br />
| [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]<br />
| {{sort|090|1 hour, 30 min.}}<br />
| Selected territories<br />
| Malayalam<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]''<br />
| {{dts|5 April 2021}}<br />
| [[Political satire]]<br />
| {{sort|140|2 hours, 20 min.}}<br />
| Selected territories<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mandela: TV, OTT Release date for Yogi Babu's film!|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/28051/mandela-tv-ott-release-date-for-yogi-babus-film|access-date=30 April 2021|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref><br />
| Tamil<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''<br />
| {{dts|26 July 2021}}<br />
| [[Comedy drama]]<br />
| {{sort|133|2 hours, 13 min.}}<br />
| Selected territories<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 July 2021|title=Kriti Sanon's Mimi to release on July 30. Film to premiere on Netflix, Jio Cinema|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kriti-sanon-s-mimi-to-release-on-july-30-film-to-premiere-on-netflix-jio-cinema-1826319-2021-07-10|access-date=10 July 2021|work=India Today}}</ref><br />
| Hindi<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Boomika]]''<br />
|{{dts|23 August 2021}}<br />
|[[Action thriller]]<br />
|{{sort|122|2 hours, 2 min.}}<br />
|Selected territories<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-31 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh's 'Boomika' gears up for television premiere |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aishwarya-rajesh-s-boomika-gears-television-premiere-153235 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh's Boomika, a horror-thriller that unfolds in a forest, will premiere on August 23. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/aishwarya-rajesh-s-boomika-a-horror-thriller-that-unfolds-in-a-forest-will-premiere-on-august-23-watch-101629108821312.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |Tamil<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Tughlaq Durbar]]''<br />
|{{dts|11 September 2021}}<br />
|[[Political drama]]<br />
|{{sort|145|2 hours, 25 min.}}<br />
|Selected territories<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Raashi Khanna's Tughlaq Durbar to stream on Netflix |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-and-raashi-khanna-s-tughlaq-durbar-stream-netflix-154458 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dasvi]]''<br />
| {{dts|7 April 2022}}<br />
| [[Comedy of manners|Social comedy]]<br />
| {{sort|125|2 hours, 5 min.}}<br />
| Selected territories<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/abhishek-bachchans-dasvi-to-skip-theatrical-release-and-premiere-on-these-ott-platforms-4871792.html|date=14 March 2022|title=Abhishek Bachchan's Dasvi to Skip Theatrical Release and Premiere on These OTT Platforms|access-date=14 March 2022|work=News18}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" | Hindi<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Toolsidas Junior]]''<br />
|23 May 2022<br />
|[[Sports film|Sport drama]]<br />
| {{sort|130|2 hours, 10 min.}}<br />
|Selected territories<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-09 |title=Rajiv Kapoor's last film Toolsidas Junior gets release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/rajiv-kapoors-last-film-toolsidas-junior-gets-release-date-7908512/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of Amazon India originals]]<br />
*[[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]<br />
*[[List of SonyLIV original programming]]<br />
*[[List of ZEE5 original programming]]<br />
*[[JioCinema]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.netflix.com/originals Netflix Originals] current list on Netflix (based on [[geolocation]])<br />
<br />
{{Netflix|state=autocollapse}}<br />
{{Netflix original current series|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Netflix original continuation series|state=autocollapse}}<br />
{{Netflix original ended series (2012–2018)|state=autocollapse}}<br />
{{Netflix original upcoming series|state=autocollapse}}<br />
{{Netflix specials|state=autocollapse}}<br />
{{Lists of TV programs by country}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Original programs distributed by Netflix}}<br />
[[Category:Netflix original programming|India originals]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of television series by network|Netflix]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of television series by streaming service|Netflix]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of Netflix original programming| India originals]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of Netflix original films| India originals]]<br />
[[Category:Internet-related lists]]<br />
[[Category:Netflix lists|India originals]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajmal_Foundation&diff=485159Ajmal Foundation2026-05-07T18:38:04Z<p>DottyN0357445099: started a entry!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{COI|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{notability|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Short description|Non-governmental Organization}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| image = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <!-- If the year that the current logo was introduced is known, that may be provide a useful caption. Otherwise, please not simply "the logo of ANSI". --><br />
| map_size = <!-- map size, optional, default 200px --><br />
| map_alt = <!-- map alt text --><br />
| map_caption = <!-- optional --><br />
| abbreviation = <br />
| formation = {{Start date and age|2005|paren=yes}}<br />
| logo = <br />
| type = [[Non-profit organization]]<br />
| status = Private<br />
| purpose = [[Charity (practice)|Charity]]<br />
| headquarters = [[Hojai]], Assam, India - 782435<br />
| location = <br />
| region_served = [[Assam]]<br />
| services = Modern Education, Relief and rehabilitation, Skill Development, Women Empowerment,Environmental Awareness etc.<br />
| membership = <br />
| language = <br />
| leader_title = [[CEO]]<br />
| leader_name = [[Badruddin Ajmal]]<br />
| board_of_directors = Dr. Khasrul Islam<br />
| main_organ = <!--(gral. assembly, board of directors, etc)--><br />
| affiliations = <br />
| num_staff = <br />
| num_volunteers = <br />
| budget = <br />
| website = https://ajmalfoundation.com<br />
| remarks = <br />
}}<br />
'''Ajmal Foundation''' is a non-governmental organization established in 2005, in the [[Hojai district]] of [[Assam]], [[India]], that works for social services including education, health, employment, environment, women empowerment,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-56365254|title=बदरुद्दीन अजमल कौन हैं, जिन्हें बीजेपी नेता असम का 'दुश्मन' बता रहे हैं?|date=March 12, 2021|website=BBC News हिंदी}}</ref> and poverty management.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/other-states/guwahati/ajmal-foundation-gave-50-concession-in-fee-for-sc-st-in-assam/articleshow/83722941.cms|title=असम में एससी, एसटी के लिए शुल्क में अजमल फाउंडेशन दी 50 फीसदी की रियायत|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The NGO was founded by [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament of India]], [[Badruddin Ajmal|Badaruddin Ajmal]] on 2005 at [[Hojai]], [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nath |first=Monoj Kumar |date=2019-04-21 |title=Muslim Politics in Assam: The Case of AIUDF |journal=Studies in Indian Politics |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=33–43 |doi=10.1177/2321023019838648 |s2cid=159324656 |issn=2321-0230|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
The Ajmal Foundation established 25 educational institutions,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agha |first1=Eram |title=Number of Students Clearing NEET Exam After Coaching From Ajmal Foundation's Increases from 11 to 80 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/number-of-students-clearing-neet-exam-after-coaching-from-ajmal-foundations-increases-from-11-to-80-2977391.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=News18 |publisher=[[CNN-News18]] |date=18 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> schools, and hospitals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakravarty |first1=Ipsita |last2=Saikia |first2=Arunabh |title='Minority communalism is costly': A polarising debate on citizenship makes Assam's Muslims cautious |url=https://scroll.in/article/920335/minority-communalism-is-costly-a-polarising-debate-on-citizenship-makes-assams-muslims-cautious |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=Scroll |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=18 April 2019}}</ref> Some of such institutes are ''[[Maryam Ajmal Women's College of Science and Technology]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Imam |first1=Manzar |title=Maryam Ajmal Women's College bags top two ranks in Assam HSSLC 2020 exams |url=https://ummid.com/news/2020/june/26.06.2020/maryam-ajmal-womens-college-bags-top-two-ranks-in-assam-hsslc-2020-exams.html |date=24 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>''[[Nazir Ajmal Memorial College of Education]]'', ''[[Ajmal Law College]]'', and ''[[Ajmal College of Arts Commerce and Science]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padalkar |first=Ravindra |title=Ruling Dynasties of Independent India |publisher=[[Notion Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=9781637147993 |language=en |chapter=Assam}}</ref> The NGO also runs a free educational coaching programme, "[[Ajmal Super 40]]".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Abhijeet |title=Dehradun: Free coaching institutes help poor kids crack NEET |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/free-coaching-institutes-helping-kids-of-rickshaw-pullers-daily-wagers-crack-neet/articleshow/78850365.cms |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=25 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Beyond educational activities, the NGO is also doing other charitable works. In 2020, the Ajmal Foundation donated 10 computers to the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zaman |first1=Rokibuz |title=Sabha, Ajmal prod on Assamese |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/asam-sahitya-sabha-ajmal-foundation-prod-on-assamese/cid/1739350 |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=24 January 2020}}</ref> In August 2019, the Ajmal Foundation donated Rs 10 Lakh to Assam Chief Minister's Relief Fund for flood victims.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rain pounds Siang, relief in Assam |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/rain-pounds-siang-relief-in-assam/cid/1695661 |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=1 August 2019}}</ref> During the lockdown period in 2020 for [[COVID-19]] outbreak, Ajmal Foundation donated Rs 2 Lakh to Khalsa Centre (North-East).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zaman |first1=Rokibuz |title=Foundation donates Rs 2 lakh for food |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/coronavirus-lockdown-ajmal-foundation-donates-rs-2-lakh-for-food/cid/1770899 |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=6 May 2020}}</ref> In 2021, Ajmal Foundation donated Rs 58 lakh to Assam Chief Minister's Relief Fund for [[COVID-19 vaccination in India|COVID-19 vaccination]] in Assam.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Fatima |title=AIUDF's praise for BJP is baffling, says Assam Congress as it severs ties with Ajmal's party |url=https://theprint.in/politics/aiudfs-praise-for-bjp-is-baffling-says-assam-congress-as-it-severs-ties-with-ajmals-party/725413/ |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=ThePrint |publisher=[[ThePrint]] |date=31 August 2021}}</ref> The foundation also provides financial aide to ailing journalists and artistes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thakuria |first1=NJ |title=Ajmal Foundation Offers Financial Supports To Ailing Scribes |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/672609/ajmal-foundation-offers-financial-supports-to-ailing-scribes.html |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=Modern Ghana |publisher=[[ModernGhana]] |date=3 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The NGO also provided Rs 50,000 to the next of kin of each of the six people who were killed during the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]] in [[Assam]] in 2020.<br />
==Controversies==<br />
In December 2020 an [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]-backed organization [[Legal Rights Observatory]] filed a complaint against Ajmal Foundation with an allegation that the Foundation received funds from international groups linked to terror outfits.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parashar |first1=Utpal |title=AIUDF chief's foundation booked for receiving foreign funds with alleged terror links |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aiudf-chief-s-foundation-booked-for-receiving-foreign-funds-with-alleged-terror-links/story-vuGUnP7iTpF5TTC6H72KGM.html |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Denying the allegation, the Assam State Jamiat Ulema submitted a memorandum citing "Such propaganda has created misunderstanding and wrong conception among common people on Ajmal Foundation to demoralise its creative and charitable activities."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasnat |first1=Karishma |title=Assam's Jamiat seeks CM's intervention to stop 'propaganda' against Ajmal Foundation |url=https://theprint.in/politics/assams-jamiat-seeks-cms-intervention-to-stop-propaganda-against-ajmal-foundation/568250/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=ThePrint |publisher=[[ThePrint]] |date=16 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Director of the Ajmal Foundation Dr. Khasrul Islam admitted that most of the funding to the NGO comes from the [[United Kingdom]] but refuted the allegation of any terror link. Dr. Islam said, "Most of our foreign funds come from the UK under strict compliance of the FCRA regulations and are used in social, education and relief works. A false impression is being created about our foundation based on incorrect information."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ratnadip |title=Case Against Ajmal Foundation For Foreign Funds "Traced To Terror Groups" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-case-against-ajmal-foundation-for-foreign-funds-traced-to-terror-groups-2334664 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=NDTV |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=5 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* '''Best NGO-Skill Development Award 2015''': The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India ([[ASSOCHAM]]).<ref>{{cite news |date=4 August 2015 |title=MoU signed between Meghalaya and Ajmal Foundation on skill development |work=The Economic Times |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/mou-signed-between-meghalaya-and-ajmal-foundation-on-skill-development/articleshow/48346984.cms?from=mdr}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.ajmalfoundation.com/ Ajmal Foundation website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Charities based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Non-profit organizations]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatiya_Janata_Party_%E2%80%93_Goa&diff=490927Bharatiya Janata Party – Goa2026-05-07T15:28:26Z<p>DottyN0357445099: started new article!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Goa affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=January 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian political party<br />
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]<br />
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| president = [[Damu G. Naik]]<br />
| general_secretary = Satish Dhond<br />
| headquarters = 3rd Floor, Navelkar Arcade, Dr. Atmaram Borkar Road, [[Panaji]] - 403 001 [[Goa]]<br />
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]<br />
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|2|hex=#FF9900}} (as of 2022)<br />
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|1|hex=#FF9900}}(as of [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Goa|2022]])<br />
| state_seats_name = [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|27|40|hex=#FF9933}}<br />
| website = {{URL|https://goa.bjp.org/}}<br />
| leader = [[Pramod Sawant]]<br/><small>([[Chief Minister of Goa|Chief Minister]])</small><br />
| eci = National Party<br />
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]]<br/>[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]<br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}<br />
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border | founder={{ubl<br />
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref><br />
}} {{cslist<br />
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" /><br />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref><br />
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref><br />
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]<br />
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref> <br />
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
| [[Shanta Kumar]]<br />
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]<br />
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bharatiya Janata Party – Goa''' ('''BJP Goa''') is the affiliate of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for the state of [[Goa]]. The party appointed [[Damu G. Naik]] as the president of BJP, Goa on 18 January 2025 who took over from [[Sadanand Tanavade]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/damu-naik-elected-bjp-state-president-sets-eyes-on-2027/418254 |title=Damu Naik elected BJP State President; sets eyes on 2027 |date=18 January 2025 }}</ref> [[Pramod Sawant]] was sworn in as the [[Chief Minister of Goa]] on 19 March 2019, after the death of [[Manohar Parrikar]].<br />
<br />
== Electoral history ==<br />
<br />
=== Legislative Assembly election ===<br />
{| class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats contested<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%) <br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%)<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome|-<br />
! colspan="" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="" |[[Janata Party]] <br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|30|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|16<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|1.21%<br />
|{{increase}} 1.21%<br />
|Opposition<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|7<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0.39%<br />
|{{Decrease}} 0.82%<br />
|Opposition<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|4|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|12<br />
|{{increase}} 4<br />
|9.05%<br />
|{{Increase}} 8.66%<br />
|Opposition<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|10|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|39<br />
|{{increase}} 6<br />
|26.15%<br />
|{{Increase}} 17.1%<br />
|Opposition, later Government<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|17|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|39<br />
|{{increase}} 7<br />
|35.57%<br />
|{{Increase}} 9.42%<br />
|Government<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|14|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|33<br />
|{{decrease}} 3<br />
|30.32%<br />
|{{Decrease}} 5.25%<br />
|Opposition<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|21|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|28<br />
|{{increase}} 7<br />
|34.68%<br />
|{{Increase}} 4.36%<br />
|Government<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|13|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|36<br />
|{{decrease}} 8<br />
|32.48%<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2.2%<br />
|Government<br />
|-style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|20|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|40<br />
|{{increase}} 7<br />
|33.31%<br />
|{{Increase}} 0.83%<br />
|Government<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Lok Sabha election ===<br />
{| class="sortable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|Opposition<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|Opposition<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|Outside support to [[National Front (India)|National Front]]<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|Opposition<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|Government, later Opposition<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|Government<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2<br />
|Government<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|Opposition<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|Opposition<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 1<br />
|Government<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 1<br />
|Government<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}} <br />
|Government<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Leadership ==<br />
<br />
=== Chief Minister ===<br />
{| class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]<br />
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of Office<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| rowspan="4" |1<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[File:The official photograph of the Union Minister for Defence, Shri Manohar Parrikar.jpg|107x107px]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Manohar Parrikar]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Panaji (Goa Assembly constituency)|Panaji]] <br />
|24 October 2000<br />
|3 June 2002<br />
| rowspan="4" |8 years, 348 days<br />
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|8th]]<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|3 June 2002<ref>{{cite news|date=3 June 2002|title=Parrikar sworn in|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2002/06/04/stories/2002060404590100.htm|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020807195329/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2002/06/04/stories/2002060404590100.htm|archive-date=7 August 2002}}</ref><br />
|2 February 2005<br />
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|9th]]<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|9 March 2012<br />
|8 November 2014<br />
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|11th]]<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|14 March 2017<br />
|17 March 2019<br />
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|12th]]<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|2<br />
|[[File:Laxmikant Parsekar.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Laxmikant Parsekar]]<br />
|[[Mandrem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mandrem]]<br />
|8 November 2014<br />
|11 March 2017<br />
|{{age in years and days|2014|11|8|2017|03|11}}<br />
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|11th]]<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|3<br />
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Goa, Shri Pramod Sawant.jpg|96x96px]]<br />
|[[Pramod Sawant]]<br />
|[[Sanquelim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanquelim]]<br />
|19 March 2019<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|{{age in years and days|2019|03|19}}<br />
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|12th]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Deputy Chief Minister===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#<br />
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name<br />
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]<br />
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of Office<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of chief ministers of Goa|Chief Minister]]<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|1<br />
| [[File:Francis D'Souza at press conference on 47th International Film Festival of India (IFFI), in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|83x83px]]<br />
|[[Francis D'Souza]]<br />
|[[Mapusa Assembly constituency|Mapusa]]<br />
|9 March 2012<br />
|14 March 2017<br />
|{{Ayd|9 March 2012|14 March 2017}}<br />
|[[Manohar Parrikar]] & [[Laxmikant Parsekar]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Leader of the Opposition ===<br />
{| class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]<br />
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of Office<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[Chief Minister of Goa|Chief Minister]]<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| rowspan="2" |1<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:The official photograph of the Union Minister for Defence, Shri Manohar Parrikar.jpg|107x107px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Manohar Parrikar]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Panaji (Goa Assembly constituency)|Panaji]] <br />
|14 June 2005<br />
|5 June 2007<br />
|{{Ayd|14 june 2005|5 june 2007}}<br />
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|9th]]<br />
|[[Pratapsingh Rane]]<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|19 June 2007<br />
|6 March 2012<br />
|{{Ayd|19 june 2007|6 march 2012}}<br />
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|10th]]<br />
|[[Digambar Kamat]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== President ===<br />
{| class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No<br />
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Party leader<br />
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Period<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|1<br />
|Kashinath Parab<br />
|1980<br />
|1989<br />
|9 years<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|2<br />
|Vishwanath Arlekar<br />
|1989<br />
|1991<br />
|2 years<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|3<br />
|[[Shripad Naik]]<br />
|1991<br />
|1995<br />
|4 years<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|4<br />
|[[Suresh Amonkar]]<br />
|1995<br />
|2000<br />
|5 years<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|5<br />
|[[Laxmikant Parsekar]]<br />
|2000<br />
|2003<br />
|3 years<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|6<br />
|[[Rajendra Arlekar]]<br />
|2003<br />
|2007<br />
|4 years<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|(3)<br />
|[[Shripad Naik]]<br />
|2007<br />
|2010<br />
|3 years<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|(5)<br />
|[[Laxmikant Parsekar]]<br />
|2010<br />
|2012<br />
|2 years<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|7<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vinay is the new Goa BJP chief (By: GOANEWS DESK, PANAJI)|url=http://m.goanews.com/news_details.php?id=2731|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Goa News}}</ref><br />
|[[Vinay Dinu Tendulkar]]<br />
|2012<br />
|2020<br />
|8 years<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|8<ref name=":0" /><br />
|[[Sadanand Shet]]<br />
|2020<br />
|2025<br />
|5 years<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
* [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]<br />
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Gujarat]]<br />
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
* [[State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Goa}}<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties in Goa]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villivakkam_Assembly_constituency&diff=544617Villivakkam Assembly constituency2026-05-07T04:49:09Z<p>DottyN0357445099: starting some details basic info.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Villivakkam<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 14<br />
| map_image = Constitution-Villivakkam.svg<br />
| mla = [[Aadhav Arjuna]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br />
| alliance = <br />
| latest_election_year = 2026<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]<br />
| established = 1977<br />
| electors = 163,372<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Villivakkam''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 14. It consists of a portion of [[Chennai]] and falls under [[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=17 August 2022 |work=Tamil Nadu |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-04}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Winner<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| [[K. Suppu]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| [[J. C. D. Prabhakar]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br />
| V. P. Chinthan<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
| [[W. R. Varadarajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
| E. Kalan<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
| [[J. M. Aaroon Rashid]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
| [[Napoleon (actor)|D. Napoleon]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
| [[B. Ranganathan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| J. C. D. Prabhakar<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
| B. Ranganathan<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=14}}</ref><br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| [[A. Vetriazhagan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
|[[Aadhav Arjuna]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 14 Villivakkam Assembly constituency is composed of Ward 55-58 & 63-64 of [[Greater Chennai Corporation]].<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2026|2026]]|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}|46.97}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.37}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.96}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.44}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.63}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.21}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|70.24}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.49}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|46.77}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|48.21}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.84}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.07}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== 2026 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Villivakkam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Aadhav Arjuna]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=66,445|percentage=46.97|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karthik Mohan|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=49,143|percentage=34.74|change=-18.63}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. R. Vijayakumar]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=19,338|percentage=13.67|change=-13.59}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Roshini|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=4,310|percentage=3.05|change=-4.6}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=695|percentage=0.49|change=-0.52}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,302 |percentage=12.23 |change=-13.87}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=141,452|percentage=86.58|change=+30.70}}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =163372|change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Villivakkam<ref>{{cite web|title=Villivakkam Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a014|access-date= 24 Jul 2022}}</ref><ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Tmil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 - Tamil Nadu - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 19 January 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Vetriazhagan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,127 |percentage=53.37 |change=+9.41 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. C. D. Prabhakar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,890 |percentage=27.26 |change=-10.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sriharan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=13,364 |percentage=9.37 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sridar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,914 |percentage=7.65 |change=+5.65 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,444 |percentage=1.01 |change=-1.26 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Subamangalam |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,094 |percentage=0.77 |change=-4.72 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,237 |percentage=26.10 |change= 19.89 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=142,648 |percentage=55.88 |change= -4.00 }}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=881|percentage=0.62 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 255,278 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.41 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2016===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Villivakkam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Ranganathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,972 |percentage=43.96 |change=-0.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thadi M. Raju |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,651 |percentage=37.75 |change=-14.7 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Pandiyan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=8,234 |percentage=5.49 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jaishankar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,438 |percentage=4.29 |change=+2.88 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. V. Subramaniyan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=4,193 |percentage=2.79 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=3,409 |percentage=2.27 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Vagai Venthan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=3,002 |percentage=2.00 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Sucharitha |party=YSR Congress Party |votes=952 |percentage=0.63 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,321 |percentage=6.21 |change= -2.03 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=150,084 |percentage=59.88 |change= -7.83 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 250,657 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.49 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2011===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Villivakkam<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. C. D. Prabhakar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,612 |percentage=52.44 |change=+11.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Anbazhagan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,830 |percentage=44.20 |change=-1.43 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Masana Muthu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,850 |percentage=1.41 |change=-0.09 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,782 |percentage=8.24 |change= 3.31 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=130,828 |percentage=67.71 |change= 2.78 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,221 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.81 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2006===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Villivakkam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. Ranganathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=278,850 |percentage=45.63 |change=-2.57 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kalan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=248,734 |percentage=40.70 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Velmurugan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=51,892 |percentage=8.49 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ravisundaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,202 |percentage=1.51 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Prema |party=Lok Paritran |votes=6,473 |percentage=1.06 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,116 |percentage=4.93 |change= 2.23 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=611,084 |percentage=64.93 |change= 23.22 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 941,112 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.57 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2001===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Villivakkam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Napoleon (actor)|D. Napoleon]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=164,787 |percentage=48.21 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Dr. A. Chellakumar]]|party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=155,557 |percentage=45.51 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Sivaprakasam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,112 |percentage=3.54 |change=-2.76 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Josuva |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=3,139 |percentage=0.92 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,230 |percentage=2.70 |change= -50.66 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=341,835 |percentage=41.71 |change= -9.59 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 819,547 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -22.03 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1996===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Villivakkam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. M. Aaroon Rashid]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=194,471 |percentage=70.24 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. G. Mohan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,724 |percentage=16.88 |change=-38.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venugopal |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,463 |percentage=6.31 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Selvam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,714 |percentage=2.42 |change=-0.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kumarasamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=3,384 |percentage=1.22 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sivakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,107 |percentage=1.12 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=147,747 |percentage=53.36 |change= 31.66 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=276,880 |percentage=51.30 |change= 0.36 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 551,942 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.74 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1991===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Villivakkam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=E. Kalan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=118,196 |percentage=55.49 |change=+40.36 }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[W. R. Varadarajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=71,963 |percentage=33.79 |change=-12.99 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Govindaraj |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=11,635 |percentage=5.46 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gaanasekar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,953 |percentage=2.79 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumarasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,380 |percentage=0.65 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abu Bucker |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=1,192 |percentage=0.56 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=46,233 |percentage=21.71 |change= -6.21 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=212,993 |percentage=50.94 |change= -11.80 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 428,210 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 8.72 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1989===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Villivakkam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[W. R. Varadarajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=99,571 |percentage=46.77 |change=-1.44 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Balasubramaniam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,150 |percentage=18.86 |change=-28.73 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Manivarama |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,211 |percentage=15.13 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. C. D. Prabhakar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,322 |percentage=14.24 |change=-33.35 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Narayanan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,855 |percentage=0.87 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Senthivelayadam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,266 |percentage=0.59 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=59,421 |percentage=27.91 |change= 27.29 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=212,886 |percentage=62.74 |change= -4.20 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 343,571 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -1.44 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1984===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Villivakkam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Chintan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=81,595 |percentage=48.21 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. C. D. Prabhakar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,549 |percentage=47.59 |change=-0.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,295 |percentage=2.54 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,046 |percentage=0.62 |change= 0.03 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=169,247 |percentage=66.94 |change= 4.01 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 257,909 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.37 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1980===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Villivakkam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. C. D. Prabhakar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,192 |percentage=47.84 |change=+15.46 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Suppu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,489 |percentage=47.25 |change=+6.18 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kanakasabai |party=Janata Party |votes=5,235 |percentage=4.38 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=703 |percentage=0.59 |change= -8.10 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=119,548 |percentage=62.94 |change= 7.36 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,966 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.77 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1977===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Villivakkam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Suppu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,327 |percentage=41.07 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sarweshwar Rao |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,429 |percentage=32.38 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. G. Pandurangan |party=Janata Party |votes=16,518 |percentage=18.17 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Bhagavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,477 |percentage=7.13 |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,898 |percentage=8.69 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,891 |percentage=55.58 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,872 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|13.1101|N|80.2095|E|display=title}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Chennai district]]<br />
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feluda&diff=499037Feluda2026-05-06T21:01:42Z<p>DottyN0357445099: made some entry first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Bengali fictional detective by Satyajit Ray}}<br />
{{About|the character|book series|Feluda (series)|the 2017 Indian documentary|Feluda: 50 Years of Ray's Detective}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox character<br />
| name = Feluda<br />
| series = [[Feluda (series)|Feluda]]<br />
| image = Feluda and Topshe.jpg<br />
| caption = Topshe and Feluda in ''Feludar Goyendagiri''<br>Illustrated by [[Satyajit Ray|Ray]] himself.<br />
| first = ''[[Feludar Goyendagiri]]''(1965)<br />
| last = ''[[Robertsoner Ruby]]'' (1991)<br />
| creator = [[Satyajit Ray]]<br />
| portrayer = {{ubl|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]<br>(Original)|[[Shashi Kapoor]]|[[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]|[[Abir Chatterjee]]|[[Ahmed Rubel]]|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]|[[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]|[[Indraneil Sengupta]]|[[Rahul Bose]]|[[Santu Mukherjee]]}}<br />
| voice = {{ubl|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]|[[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]|[[Rahul Bose]]|[[Santu Mukherjee]]}}<br />
| motion_actor = {{ubl|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]|[[Shashi Kapoor]]|[[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]|[[Abir Chatterjee]]|[[Ahmed Rubel]]|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]|[[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]|[[Indraneil Sengupta]]}}<br />
| full_name = Pradosh Chandra Mitter<br />
| alias = Feluda<br />
| occupation = [[Private Investigator]]<br />
| home = 21, Rajani Sen Road, Kolkata-700029<br />
| family = Jaykrishna Mitra (Father)<br />
| relatives = Tapesh Ranjan Mitra ([[Topshe]]) (Cousin)<br />
| religion = [[Hinduism]]<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| lbl21 = Height<br />
| data21 = ~{{height|feet=6}} {{efn|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], who played Feluda under Satyajit Ray's direction, was 5'11.5", matching Feluda.}}<br />
| lbl22 = Friend<br />
| data22 = [[Lalmohan Ganguly]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Feluda''' is a [[fictional detective]] and [[private investigator]] created by Indian director,writer and Oscar winner [[Satyajit Ray]]. Feluda (birth name: '''Pradosh Chandra Mitter''') resides at 21 Rajani Sen Road,<ref name="Feluda's Home">{{cite news|author=Susnato Chowdhury|title=Feluda's Home|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfYYetKqnGs |access-date=27 May 2014|newspaper=[[Kolkata TV]]|year=2007}}</ref> [[Ballygunge]], [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India. He first made his appearance in a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] children's magazine called ''[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]'' in 1965, under the editorialship of [[Satyajit Ray|Ray]] and [[Subhash Mukhopadhyay (poet)|Subhas Mukhopadhyay]]. His first adventure was "[[Feludar Goendagiri]]".<ref name="Ray2005">{{cite book|author=Satyajit Ray|title=Complete Adventures of Feluda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x79t4D8Rh5UC&pg=PR10|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303278-6|page=10}}</ref> Feluda is one of the most impactful and renowned Bengali characters of all time.<br />
<br />
Feluda is often accompanied by his cousin, who is also his assistant, Tapesh Ranjan Mitter (affectionately called Topshe by Feluda), who serves as the [[narrator]] of the stories. From the sixth story, the novel ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (''The Golden Fortress''), the duo are joined by a popular thriller writer, [[Jatayu (Lal Mohan Ganguly)|Jatayu]] (Lalmohan Ganguli).<br />
[[File:Satyajit-ray-feluda-golakdham-rahasya.webp|thumb|Illustration from Golokdham Rahasya. In the middle, Topshe (left) & [[Feluda]] (right). Topshe is 5'7" (1.70 m) and he looks 5inches shorter than Feluda (both are bending so it looks like a 7-in difference). This makes Feluda 6'.]]<br />
Feluda has had been adapted at times, with the character been played and voiced by [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] (also voiced), [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] (also voiced), [[Ahmed Rubel]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Rahul Bose]] (BBC radio), [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]], [[Santu Mukherjee]] (Thursday Nightsaga) and [[Indraneil Sengupta]]. Satyajit Ray directed two Feluda movies — ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (1974) and ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' (1978). [[Sandip Ray]] made a [[Feluda in film|new Feluda film series (a continuation of the original series)]] on Feluda's adventures which started from ''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahashya]]'' (1996). In this series he made ten TV films and six theatrical films in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] on the character.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} Sandip Ray also made a stand-alone Feluda film ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]'' (2014) which was intended to be the first film of a reboot series featuring [[Abir Chatterjee]], but the projects were ultimately shelved and [[Sandip Ray]] revived his original film series starring [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]. On 23 December 2022, [[Hatyapuri (film)|Hatyapuri]] was released under the banner of Shadow Films. This was the reboot to the previous Feluda film series. The film was directed by [[Sandip Ray]] and starred [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Feluda alongside Ayush Das and [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] as Topshe and Jatayu respectively.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Within a year and a half, [[Nayan Rahasya]] was released in May 2024, produced by [[Surinder Films]]. [[Indraneil Sengupta]], Ayush Das and [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] reprise the role of Feluda, Topshe and Jatayu respectively.<br />
<br />
== Character development ==<br />
<br />
=== Inspiration from Sherlock Holmes ===<br />
[[File:Sherlock Holmes Portrait Paget.jpg|thumb|180px|Feluda is a big admirer of [[Sherlock Holmes]]. In ''Kailash Choudharyr Pathar,'' he praises the way Holmes used to draw significant conclusions from subtle observations. In ''Londone Feluda'', during a visit to Baker Street, he refers to Holmes as the "master" (Bengali: ''guru'') of all private detectives.]]<br />
<br />
Satyajit Ray had deep interests in crime fiction and he read all of [[Sherlock Holmes]] fictions in his school days. And when Ray himself started writing on crime fictions, unsurprisingly, the character Sherlock Holmes inspired his writings. Feluda's character resembles Sherlock Holmes and Tapesh/Topshe's character resembles [[Dr Watson]].<ref name="RayGupta2011">{{cite book|author1=Ray|author2=Satyajit & Sen Gupta|author3=Subhadra (text)|title=Feluda Mysteries : The Criminals Of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ei0bfvG_tvIC&pg=PT2|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-333154-4|page=2}}</ref> In the stories of Feluda, he is displayed as a big admirer of Sherlock Holmes which he mentions multiple times. In ''Kailash Choudhury'r Pathar'' he praises the way Holmes used to draw large conclusions from observations. In ''Londone Feluda'', when Feluda goes to [[Baker Street]], he openly addresses Holmes as the "master" (Bengali: ''guru'') of all private detectives.<br />
<br />
=== Personality ===<br />
Pradosh Chandra Mitter, popularly known by his nickname Feluda, first appeared in the eponymous Bengali short story ''[[Feludar Goendagiri|Feludar Goyendagiri]]'' (''Danger in [[Darjeeling]]'') in 1965. The story, written by [[Satyajit Ray]], was published in ''Sandesh'', a children's periodical founded by Ray's grandfather, [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]] and edited by Ray himself. In the Feluda series that followed, he was portrayed as a man of around 27 (born around 1938) with a tall (almost 6'0"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Mahdi |date=4 Aug 2020 |title=Tall Man Out |url=https://popula.com/2020/08/04/tall-man-out/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122163105/https://popula.com/2020/08/04/tall-man-out/ |archive-date=22 Jan 2025 |website=Popula}}</ref>), athletic figure. Despite being a strongly built man adept in [[martial arts]], Feluda relies mostly upon his superb analytical ability and observation skill (jokingly referred to as the '''''Magajastra''''' or brain-weapon) to solve cases instead of using physical strength or weapons. He is very choosy about taking up cases and prefers cases that require cerebral effort. He possesses a .32 [[Colt guns|Colt]] revolver, but the weapon is used very infrequently and mostly for non-violent purposes. However, contemporary (2000s) movies based on Feluda stories feature scenes of violence uncharacteristic in the literature, where Feluda demonstrates his martial art prowess. A master of disguises, Feluda is known to be an adept sleight-of-hand, and he puts these skills to use to solve multiple cases. Feluda often calls a meeting after solving the mystery, where he cajoles the culprit into admitting their crime.<br />
<br />
=== Personal life ===<br />
In his personal life, Feluda is a common [[Bengali people|Bengali]] youth who has been brought up by his father's younger brother (Tapesh/Topshe's father) after being orphaned when he was only 9. His father, the late Joykrishna Mitra, used to teach [[Mathematics]] and [[Sanskrit]] at [[Dhaka Collegiate School]]. According to the story [[Royal Bengal Rahashya (novel)|'Royal Bengal Rahasya]]', The ancestral Home of Feluda was in Sona Dighi Village of [[Bikrampur]] Region of Dhaka (Now [[Munshiganj District]]). His elder Uncle was a manager of a amindari Estate in [[Mymensingh]] and a hunter. After the [[Partition of India|Partition of 1947]], his family moved from Dhaka to Calcutta, living in a rented house in Tara Road. Later, they moved to 21 Rajani Sen Road. Feluda had a job in the bank before his detective career. He finds an avid listener in his cousin Tapesh. He often uses his oratory skill at the climactic scenes to cajole the culprit into confessing his crime. He is an early riser and is frequently shown starting his day with [[exercises]] and [[yoga]].<br />
<br />
Contrary to his otherwise healthy lifestyle, Feluda enjoys smoking cigarettes and chewing betel leaves after lunch. His favourite brand of cigarettes is [[Charminar Cigarette|Charminar]]. He is a connoisseur of delicious food, popular music, movies, and books. He has a great appreciation for [[Sherlock Holmes]] and, according to the film ''[[Tintorettor Jishu (disambiguation)|Tintorettor Jishu]]'' and novel [[Bombaiyer Bombete]], [[Bruce Lee]]. Similar to Sherlock Holmes, he has a voracious reading habit (reflecting that of Ray's own), which add up to his enormous general knowledge. This know-how often comes handy while socialising with people and unravelling mysteries. He always reads up about a place before visiting. He says it comes in handy sometimes. He is shown to be fond of [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]], and specially his cousin, Topshe, is a fan of [[Tintin (character)|Tintin]]. Some of the Feluda stories and films have many references of [[The Adventures of Tintin]]. He is also a huge fan of the books by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]], [[Jim Corbett]] and [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]]. His favourite book was "[[Aranyak]]" written by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]. He is also shown to be fond of [[non-fiction books]] like ''[[Aku-Aku]], [[Chariots of the Gods?]]'' and ''[[Martin Gardner|The Numerology of Dr. Matrix]]''.<br />
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Feluda has love and respect for [[Lalmohan Ganguly|Lalmohan Ganguly (Jatayu)]] and his fictional creation Prakhar Rudra is liked by Feluda. He also frequently points out errors and inaccuracies in Jatayu's adventure series,In the story ''[[Bombaiyer Bombete|Bombaiy-er Bombete]]'' (The Bandits of [[Bombay]]), [[Lalmohan Ganguly|Jatayu]] asks Feluda to accompany him to [[Mumbai]] to help with a script he has sold to a [[Bollywood]] producer. Feluda is protective and caring about his cousin, yet he always keeps picking mistakes or humor of or from Topshe. Topshe, the narrator, greatly admires his brother and loves to be a part of his adventures. Feluda has never shown interest in any woman, and there are very few female characters in the stories or films (except some minor characters like Topshe's mother).<br />
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== Other characters ==<br />
<br />
=== Topshe ===<br />
Feluda's paternal (maternal in the first two stories) cousin Tapesh Ranjan Mitter, who is fondly referred to as ''Topshe'',<ref name="Pandey2008">{{cite book|author=Ravi N. Pandey |title=Encyclopaedia of Great Indian Novels And Novelists (Set of 3 Vols.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WD0qAQAAIAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-261-3700-8|page=228}}</ref> is based on Arthur Conan Doyle's conception of [[Dr. Watson|Dr. John Watson]]. In the first couple of stories, his surname was ''Bose'', but later it changed to ''Mitra''. Just like the former [[British Army|army]] surgeon, Topshe is the quintessential accomplice and faithfully records each of Pradosh Mitter's exploits accurately. Topshe is a smart teenager. In the first story of Feluda series (i.e. ''Feludar Goyendagiri''), Topshe was thirteen and a half where Feluda's age was twenty-seven, just the double of Topshe. Though Feluda often teases his young cousin, he is extremely fond and very protective of him. Feluda lives with Topshe's family. Topshe's father, Binay Mitter is the younger brother of Feluda's father, and therefore his uncle, and they all reside at 21, Rajani Sen Road, [[Kolkata]]-700029.<ref name="Feluda's Home"/> Although there really is a 'Rajani Sen Road'<ref name="Feluda's Home"/> in [[Kolkata]], the house number is missing. Formerly, they all used to live in Tara road, Kolkata. Though not mentioned explicitly, Topshe is good-looking, fair, tall and handsome, as per different illustrations made by Satyajit Ray himself. During Sonar Kella, Topshe was 5'5.5" tall (Topshe was two inches taller than Jatayu, who was 5'3.5"). But during Golokdham Rahasya, Topshe became taller and reached the height of 5'7".<br />
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Detailed knowledge regarding Topshe's high school education is not available, but he used to go to school during the adventure of ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (the sixth book of Feluda series). In the film adaptation of ''Sonar Kella'', Topshe's mother shows her concern regarding his career and study as he spends much time solving cases with Feluda. By the time of [[Kailashey Kelenkari (novel)|''Kailashe Kelenkari'']] (the ninth book of the series) he have had his secondary examination ('[[Madhyamik Pariksha]]'). Just like Feluda, Topshe also used to read lot of books to enhance his knowledge. Topshe often gets his lessons from Feluda himself. In many cases, Feluda tests his deductive knowledge and he usually passes the test satisfactorily. In the movie '' [[Sonar Kella]]'' Topshe's father aptly said that Topshe is a lucky boy who got Feluda as his mentor. Topshe is fond of '[[Adventures of Tintin]]' comic series. In the book '' [[Kailashey Kelenkari (novel)|Kailashe Kelenkari]]'', he is found reading '[[Tintin in Tibet]]'.<br />
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Topshe always takes an active part in Feluda's adventure. Though in most cases, he follows Feluda's instructions or indications, there are instances where he himself gets involved into some action/investigation. To mention a few, he and Jatayu (a.k.a. Lalmohan Ganguly) sneaks into a warehouse in '[[Patan, Nepal|Patan]]' (Nepal) to discover vast collection of smuggled narcotics (book ''Jato Kando Kathmandute''); finds out the [[stabbed]] [[Human body|body]] of a missing man in the woods (book ''Darjeeling Jomjomat''); replaces the pink [[pearl]] with a fake for safe-keeping (book ''[[Golapi Mukta Rahasya]]''). The last incident impressed Feluda as well. However, all these activities mainly comes in the latter part of the series. He also interrogated the suspects in ''Apsara Theaterer Mamla'' when Feluda was sick and [[bedridden.]] Feluda solved the case just from the report of that interrogation.<br />
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In movies and TV films the character of Feluda has been played by [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] and recently [[Abir Chatterjee]], while Topshe has been played by [[Siddartha Chatterjee]], Alankar Joshi, [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] and [[Saheb Bhattacharya]] over the years. In Sandip Ray's 2014 film ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]'', actor [[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]] played the role.<br />
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In Srijit Mukherjee's Webseries, Topshe was played by Kalpan Mitra and Feluda was played by [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]. In Arindam Sil's Webseries, Feluda was played by [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] and Topshe by [[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]].<br />
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=== Lalmohan Ganguli or Jatayu<!--DON'T ADD BENGALI NAME--> ===<br />
{{Main|Lalmohan Ganguly}}<br />
<br />
Lalmohan Ganguli is a close friend of Pradosh Chandra Mitter, and is described as the author of a series of Bengali crime thrillers written under the [[pseudonym]] '[[Jatayu]]'. His crime stories and novels are usually derided as unbelievable, considering that his main character is always the superhero Prakhar Rudra. Though all his novels seem to have become best-sellers, he often tends to make extremely silly mistakes such as spelling [[igloo]]s as 'ilgoos'. In ''[[Baksho Rahashya (novel)|Baksho Rahasya]]'' or ''[[Baksho Rahashya (novel)|Incident on the Kalka Mail]]'', he confuses [[hippo]]s with [[walrus]]es&nbsp;— a tendency that Feluda often tries to correct. He sometimes serves as a perfect foil to the group and in Ray's own words provides 'dollops of [[humour]]', although he sometimes does some brave acts not expected of him. To mention a few, he knocked out goons in ''[[Baksho Rahashya (novel)|Baksho Rahasya]]'' (using his [[boomerang]]), ''Joto Kando [[Kathmandu]]te'' (using a [[prayer wheel]]), [[Tintorettor Jishu (novel)|''Tintorettor Jishu'']] (using a packing box) and ''Ebar Kando [[Kedarnath]]e'' (using a stick), which impressed Feluda as well. He owns a 'Madrasi green' [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador]] car. Jatayu makes his first appearance in ''Sonar Kella'' joining Feluda and Topshe in the train at [[Agra]], on their way to [[Jodhpur]]. In the first two films on Feluda, which were directed by Ray himself, the character was played by [[Santosh Dutta]], and after the first one, Ray modified the literary character to some extent, making him look and behave quite like Dutta himself. In the next films directed by Ray's son, Sandip Ray, this character was played by [[Mohan Agashe]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]] and [[Bibhu Bhattacharya]] respectively. Jatayu also has a fantasy of collecting weapons. In various books he carried weapons like '[[kukri]]' (Nepali [[knife]]), and [[smoke bomb]]. Jatayu lives at Garpar in [[Kolkata]], and it may be recalled that Satyajit Ray himself passed his childhood at 100, Garpar.<br />
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=== Sidhu Jetha<!--DON'T ADD BENGALI NAME--> ===<br />
Sidhu Jetha's formal name is Siddheshwar Bose. He is an aged character who has described himself to be like [[Sherlock Holmes]]'s brother [[Mycroft Holmes|Mycroft]], living in Sardar Sankar Road, Lake Market, [[Kalighat]], [[Kolkata]]. He is a [[bibliophile]], and has an extensive base of general knowledge, current and historical affairs. He is a close friend of Feluda's father, being former neighbours in their ancestral village in [[Bangladesh]]. Feluda's jyatha (that is, [[uncle]]) is said to have a 'photographic memory', and is a vast source of information which comes in handy when Feluda is in need of some. His vast knowledge comes from his collection of varied kinds of newspaper clippings which he has accumulated over the years. The role was played by [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]] in ''[[Sonar Kella]]'', [[Ajit Bandyopadhyay (actor)|Ajit Bandopadhyay]] in ''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahashya]]'', Dibya Bhattacharya in Golapi Mukto Rahashya, [[Haradhan Banerjee]] in ''[[Kailashey Kelenkari (film)|Kailashe Kelenkari]]'' and in ''[[Gorosthaney Sabdhan (film)|Gorosthaney Sabdhan]]'' and by [[Paran Bandyopadhyay]] in ''[[Double Feluda]]''. Following recent Feluda films made by [[Sandip Ray]], Satyajit Ray's son, there have been questions over Sidhu Jyatha's continued relevance in the stories considering technologies such as the internet offer a faster, wider and more effective knowledge base than a well-read person.<br />
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=== Haripada Datta<!--DON'T ADD BENGALI NAME--> ===<br />
Haripada Datta is the driver of Lalmohon Ganguli's [[second-hand]] green Mark II ''[[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambasador]]'' car. He is a loyal, intelligent and reliable person and is of great help when needed. He played a crucial role in ''Gorosthaney Sabhdhan'' where he saved the lives of Feluda, Jatayu, and Topshe. He also has a minor role in ''Boshpukery Khunkharapi'', where he takes part in a surveillance mission with the rest of Feluda's gang in [[disguise]] playing 29 cardgame.<br />
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=== Maganlal Meghraj<!--DON'T ADD BENGALI NAME--> ===<br />
[[File:Maganlal_Meghraj.png|thumb|right|Maganlal Meghraj, as drawn by Satyajit Ray]]<br />
Meghraj is a villainous character who appears in three Feluda stories, including ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'', ''Joto Kando Kathmandute'', and ''[[Golapi Mukta Rahasya]]''. He has been compared to [[Professor Moriarty]] of the [[Sherlock Holmes]] series. [[Utpal Dutta]] immortalised this character in one Feluda movie ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' and a Hindi Feluda Telefilm [[Kissa Kathmandu Mein]], which [[Satyajit Ray]] and [[Sandip Ray]] directed respectively. After him [[Mohan Agashe]] played this character twice in telefilms.<br />
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Maganlal lives in [[Benaras]]. He has a house in Joka, Kolkata. His son's name is Surajlal Meghraj. He is officially a money-lender but is involved in smuggling artifacts, [[narcotics]] (through [[India–Nepal border|Indo-Nepal border]]) and jewellery. His Kolkata house had been raided once but he escaped any charges until Feluda caught him red-handed in smuggling an invaluable Ganesh Murti (an idol of the elephant god) during the case of ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]''. However, he was not behind bars for a long time. In the nineteenth book, ''Jato Kando Kathmandute'', Feluda said that he was not at all surprised seeing Meghraj out of jail as that was nothing for such an influential person. Once again he was arrested in charge of [[murder]] and [[smuggling]], yet he averted any long term punishment and we saw him once again in the thirty-first story, ''Golapi Mukta Rahasya.''<br />
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Maganlal is a good judge of human character. He lured ''Bikash Singh'', secretary of ''Umanath Ghoshal'', to steal the invaluable 'Ganesh Murti' from the Ghoshal-house. He also has a special interest in humiliating ''Jatayu''. In ''Joi Baba Felunath'' he made Jatayu the subject of a knife-throwing play. In ''Jato Kando Kathmandute'', he purposefully slips an [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]]-laced [[sugar cube]] in Jatayu's tea. In his third appearance, he made Jatayu to sing a Tagore song (which Jatayu said his first time experience of singing a song). Surprisingly, he shows a queer fondness to Jatayu and usually calls him 'Uncle'.<br />
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During these three stories, we see many accomplices of Maganlal. Some of them are Machhli-Baba, Bikash Sinha, Arjun the [[knife]] thrower, Anantalaal Batra, Dr. Dibakar and Manohar. Maganlaal has his own ''Bajra'' by which he travels in Ganga near Benaras. The door of his house in Benaras is painted with figures of two swordsmen. During the making of the movie, ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|''Joi Baba Felunath'']]'', this swordsmen were painted by Satyajit Ray himself.<br />
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=== Pulak Ghoshal<!--DON'T ADD BENGALI NAME--> ===<br />
Ghoshal is a [[Mumbai]]-based popular Hindi film director hailing from Kolkata. His original home in Kolkata is in the neighbourhood of Lalmohonbabu's in northern Kolkata's Garpar. He has directed two films based on Lalmohonbabu's stories. During the shooting of both these films, dangerous events took place, resulting in arrest of a producer in one film (''[[Bombaiyer Bombete]]'') and arrest of an actor in another film (''Darjeeling Jamjomat'').<br />
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=== Minor characters ===<br />
* '''Srinath''' is the domestic help of Feluda and Topshe. He is often seen serving tea and snacks for Feluda and his clients.<br />
* '''Jagannath''' is the household cook at Feluda's place. <br />
* '''Bharadwaj''' is the household cook at Lalmohan Babu's place.<br />
* '''Baikuntha Nath Mallik''' was a poet, tourist and Bangla teacher at Ethenium Institution where Lalmohan Babu used to study. When he was in the seventh grade, he won prize for reciting Baikuntha's poem on sea. Lalmohan Babu often describes him as a great poet who did not get the adulation he deserved. There is no presence of him in the story but in some stories we can see Jatayu reciting his poems.<br />
<br />
==Stories==<br />
{{main|Feluda (series)#Stories}}<br />
<br />
== In other media ==<br />
{{main|Feluda in film}}<br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
<br />
Satyajit Ray directed ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (1974) and ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' (1979) into movies in Bengali, starring actor [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Feluda, [[Santosh Dutta]] as [[Jatayu (Lalmohan Ganguly)|Jatayu]] and [[Siddartha Chatterjee]] as [[Topshe]]. This two films created a cult following in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] later years.<br />
<br />
Sandip Ray directed five Feluda theatrical feature-length films, starring actor [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] as Feluda, [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] as Topshe in the first three films (Later he was replaced by [[Saheb Bhattacharya|Saheb Bhattacharyya]]) and [[Bibhu Bhattacharya]] as [[Jatayu (Lal Mohan Ganguly)|Jatayu]]. But the first theatrically released Feluda film directed by Sandip Ray was ''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahashya]]'' (1996) which was the first film of the [[Feluda in film|Feluda TV film series]] and was made for television release only.It was released in theaters in December 2001.In this TV film [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] was Feluda, [[Saswata Chatterjee]] was Topshe and [[Rabi Ghosh]] was Jatayu.<br />
<br />
*''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]'' was released in December 2003. <br />
*''[[Kailashey Kelenkari (film)|Kailashey Kelenkari]]'' was released in December 2007.<br />
*''[[Tintorettor Jishu (film)|Tintorettor Jishu]]'' was released in December 2008.<br />
*''[[Gorosthaney Sabdhan (film)|Gorosthaney Sabdhan]]'' was released in December 2010. <br />
*''[[Royal Bengal Rahasya (film)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]'', released in December 2011<br />
<br />
Then Sandip Ray directed ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]'' which was released in November 2014, in which [[Abir Chatterjee]] is playing Feluda for first time. This was going to be a [[Reboot (fiction)|reboot]] to previous the Feluda film series after ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]].<ref>Ruman Ganguly (14 May 2013) [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news-interviews/Feludas-comeback-with-Badshahi-Angti/articleshow/20045758.cms "Feluda's comeback with Badshahi Angti"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302075430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news-interviews/Feludas-comeback-with-Badshahi-Angti/articleshow/20045758.cms |date=2 March 2018 }}. ''The Times of India''.</ref>'' However, in 2016 Sandip Ray cancelled the reboot series because [[Abir Chatterjee]] started a new version of film series based on the [[Byomkesh Bakshi]] franchise under [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and [[Surinder Films]].<ref>[http://abpananda.abplive.in/entertainment/who-will-be-next-feluda-181191] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504185459/http://abpananda.abplive.in/entertainment/who-will-be-next-feluda-181191|date=4 May 2016}}. ''ABP Ananda''</ref> The other reason was the new Feluda movie Sandip Ray intended to make under a Mumbai-based production house [[Eros International]], but Abir has a strict contract with [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and [[Surinder Films]]. For the cancellation of the reboot series ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]'' is now considered as a stand-alone reboot film.<br />
<br />
As a tribute to the 50-year anniversary of Feluda,a special film ''[[Double Feluda]]'' was released in December 2016. It was a continuation of the original Feluda movie series where [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] and [[Saheb Bhattacharya]] reprised their roles as Feluda and Topshe respectively. The movie consisted of two stories, Samaddar-er-Chabi and Golokdham Rahashya, shown on either half of the movie.<br />
<br />
On 23 December 2022, [[Hatyapuri (film)|Hatyapuri]] was released under the banner of Shadow Films. This was the reboot to the previous Feluda film series. The film was directed by [[Sandip Ray]] and starred [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Feluda alongside Ayush Das and [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] as Topshe and Jatayu respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=HatyapuriU |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/hatyapuri/movieshow/89939495.cms |access-date=2023-06-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Hatyapuri review: Indraneil Sengupta brings Feluda back on screen with distincti |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/hatyapuri-review-indraneil-sengupta-brings-feluda-back-on-screen-with-distinction/c0fd30a78d318 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Within a year and a half, [[Nayan Rahasya]] was released in May 2024, produced by [[Surinder Films]]. [[Indraneil Sengupta]], Ayush Das and [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] reprise the role of Feluda, Topshe and Jatayu respectively.<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
<br />
* ''[[Kissa Kathmandu Mein]]'' (in Hindi, based on Joto Kando Kathmandute for [[DD National]]) (1986).Feluda was played by [[Shashi Kapoor]], Jatayu by [[Mohan Agashe]], Topshe by Alankar Joshi and Magan Lal Meghraj once again by [[Utpal Dutt]].<br />
* ''Ghurghutiyar Ghatona'' (1992) and ''Golokdham Rahasya'' (1992) were directed by Bibhash Chakraborty.Feluda was played by [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] in these two Bengali Feluda telefilms.<br />
<br />
In addition to the feature films, 10 Feluda stories have been filmed by Sandip Ray.[[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] played that role in these Feluda telefilms.[[Jatayu (Lal Mohan Ganguly)|Jatayu]] was played by [[Rabi Ghosh]] in the first two TV films, after his death [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]] played [[Jatayu (Lal Mohan Ganguly)|Jatayu]] and finally by [[Bibhu Bhattacharya]].In all these Feluda TV films Topshe was played by [[Saswata Chatterjee]].These television films under the names/packages:<br />
<br />
* ''Feluda 30'' (1996–1998) (for [[DD Bangla]], Later Repeated in [[Tara Muzik]])<br />
(The Episodes were - <br><br />
Baksho Rahashya,<br><br />
Gosaipur Sargaram, <br><br />
Sheyal Devta Rahashya, <br><br />
Bosepukure Khunkharapi, <br><br />
Joto Kando Kathmandu)<br />
* ''Satyajiter Goppo'' (1999) (made for [[DD Bangla]])<br />
(The Episodes were - <br><br />
Jahangirer Swarnamudra,<br><br />
Ghurghutiyar Ghotona,<br><br />
Golapi Mukto Rahashya,<br><br />
Ambar Sen Antardhan Rahashya)<br />
* ''Satyajiter Priyo Golpo'' (2000) (for [[Colors Bangla|ETV Bangla]])<br />
(The Episode was - Dr Munshir Diary)<br><br />
From 1999 to 2001 [[Bangladesh Television]] (BTV) aired nine Feluda TV films. The series gained a huge popularity in [[Bangladesh]].<br />
<br />
Sandip Ray has sold the rights of Feluda stories to Bangladeshi production company Kandy Productions, who are producing a TV series inspired by the original Feluda series. It premiered on [[Channel i]]<ref name="star detailed">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/tv/bangladeshi-feluda-tv-series-detailed-1453045|title=Bangladeshi Feluda TV series detailed|date=24 August 2017|website=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref name="times series">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bangladesh-tvs-first-ever-feluda-series-starring-parambrata-courts-controversy/articleshow/59908201.cms|title=Feluda series: Bangladesh TV's first-ever Feluda series starring Parambrata courts controversy &#124; Kolkata News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 August 2017 }}</ref> as well as digitally on [[Bioscopelive]] from September, 2017. The series is available in India on the digital platform Addatimes Digital.<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/feluda-parambrata-chatterjee-satyajit-ray-detective-webseries-1029906-2017-08-16|title=Feluda is back: Parambrata brings to life Satyajit Ray's master sleuth|date=16 August 2017|website=India Today}}</ref> [[Dhaka]] based Kandy Production is producing the series jointly with Top of Mind Creations, another Bangladeshi TV and film production house. This series depicted Feluda as a modern time detective. It has three episodes titled as 'Sheyal Devta Rahashya','Ghurghutiyar Ghotona' and 'Golokdham Rahashya.[[Parambrata Chatterjee]] plays Feluda and [[Riddhi Sen]] plays Topshe. The series is directed by Parambrata Chatterjee.'.<ref name="indiatoday"/><br />
<br />
The first Bangladeshi adaptation of Feluda was released in 2019. Feluda is played by versatile actor, [[Ahmed Rubel]], it also stars legendary actor, [[Abul Hayat]]. It is directed by actor-director [[Tauquir Ahmed]].It was titled<br />
''Noyon Rohossho-Feluda''.It's still available on [[Bioscopelive]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}<br />
<br />
===Web series===<br />
* '''Feluda''' (Directed by [[Parambrata Chatterjee]])<br />
<br />
A [[Bangladeshi]] streaming TV series ''Feluda'' from the streaming platform [[Bioscopelive]] was directed by [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], who also played the title character along with [[Riddhi Sen]] playing Topshe, was released in 2017–2018 in three seasons. This streaming TV series is not a part of the Feluda film canon directed by Satyajit Ray and Sandip Ray. Stories adapted were Sheyal Debota Rahasyo, [[Ghurghutiyar Ghatona|Ghurghutiyar Ghotona]], and Golokdham Rahasya and aired on [[Bioscopelive]] from September 2017. The series became available in India on the digital platform [[Addatimes]].<br />
<br />
* '''Feluda - Noyon Rohoshsho''' (Directed by [[Tauquir Ahmed]])<br />
A [[Bangladeshi]] adaptation of the famous detective story Feluda was released in 2019 as a three-episode mini-series on the [[Bioscopelive]] streaming platform. Directed by [[Tauquir Ahmed]], the series is inspired by the 1980 novel written by [[Satyajit Ray]]. Notably, this production marked the first significant screen adaptation of Feluda featuring a completely Bangladeshi cast and crew. The central role of detective Pradosh C. Mitter, widely known as Feluda, was played by the late [[Ahmed Rubel]]. His performance presents the character as calm, analytical, and intellectually sharp, supported by his deep and authoritative voice that adds weight to the role. Alongside him, [[Rawnak Hasan]] appears as Topse, Feluda’s cousin and trusted assistant, bringing youthful curiosity and narration to the story. The investigative trio is completed by [[Azad Abul Kalam]] in the role of the eccentric writer Lalmohan Ganguly, popularly known as Jatayu.<ref name="s043">{{cite web | title=Noyon Rohoshsho (TV Series 2019– ) ⭐ 5.5 | website=IMDb | date=2019-05-16 | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10340616/ | access-date=2026-03-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
* '''[[Feludar Goyendagiri|Feluda Pherot]]''' (Directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]])<br />
<br />
In 2020 a streaming television series was made, named ''Feluda Pherot'', based on the iconic Bengali detective and there was two popular stories, the novels ''[[Chhinnamastar Abhishap]]'' and ''Joto Kando Kathmandute''. Bengali actor [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] is playing the main character "Feluda", and Kalpan Mitra as "Topesh" and the iconic character [[Lalmohan Ganguly]], alias "Jatayu", is playing by [[Anirban Chakraborty]], who played the main character in the detective series [[Ekenbabu|Eken babu]] before.<br />
<br />
It is available to stream on the web platform [[Addatimes]]. Season 1 released on 26 December 2020. The Season 2 was released on October 2025.<br />
<br />
* '''[[Feludar Goyendagiri]]''' (Directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]] and [[Kamaleswar Mukherjee]])<br />
<br />
The second series named ''[[Feludar Goyendagiri]]'' is from Hoichoi streaming service with the same cast and crew of Feluda Pherot. Darjeeling Jamjamat, the first season released on 17 June 2022. Hoichoi has announced the release date for ''Feludar Goyendagiri 2: Bhuswargo Bhoyonkawr''. This Feluda series released on 20 December 2023. A third season, based on Royal Bengal Rahashya has been released, directed by [[Kamaleswar Mukherjee]].<br />
<br />
* '''[[Shabash Feluda]]''' (Directed by [[Arindam Sil]])<br />
<br />
The series is based on Gangtok-e-Gondogol, is centered on Feluda ([[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]) and Topshe ([[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]]) who are on a family vacation in [[Gangtok]]. Shabash Feluda released on 5 May 2023 on ZEE5.<br />
<br />
=== Animation ===<br />
<br />
In 2010 an animated TV film produced by DQE Productions titled ''[[Feluda: The Kathmandu Caper]]'' was produced and the rights were acquired by [[Disney Channel (India)]]. The movie premiered on 1 January 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/industrybriefing/disney-brings-satyajit-ray's-detective-feluda-to-the-small-screen_40497.html|title=Disney brings Satyajit Ray's detective Feluda to the small screen|date=30 December 2010|access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> DQE Productions also made a 13-episode animation series named ''Mysteries and Feluda'' after the animated TV film for [[Disney XD (India)|Disney XD]]. The series including the TV film was set into a new universe, where Feluda, Topshe and Jatayu have many gadgets.<br />
<br />
=== Radio ===<br />
<br />
* The first radio adaptation of Feluda was made by Satyajit Ray in the early 80s, ''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahsaya]]'' with his usual cast like [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Feluda, [[Santosh Dutta]] as [[Jatayu (Lal Mohan Ganguly)|Jatayu]], [[Siddartha Chatterjee]] as [[Topshe]] and [[Sushil Majumdar]] as [[Sidhu Jyatha]] along with other prominent actors like [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]] and Bikash Roy.<br />
* [[All India Radio|Akashabani]] had produced Darjeeling Jomjomat casting a set of regular actors in radio.<br />
* In January 2007, the [[BBC World Service]] announced that it would produce at least two 'episodes' of the popular detective stories. [[Bollywood|Hindi film]] star [[Rahul Bose]] speaks the leading role, with [[Anupam Kher]] voicing Lalmohan and Hari Balasubramaniam providing the role of Topshe. The first episode, "The Golden Fortress", aired on 10 February 2007 with the second episode, "The Mystery of the Elephant God", following on 11 August 2007.<br />
* In 2007 Sandip Ray rebooted the radio series with his own set of actors as [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] as Feluda, [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] as Topshe and [[Bibhu Bhattacharya]] as Jatayu. He made two new dramas based on, ''[[Gosainpur Sargaram]]'' and ''Dr. Munshir Diary''. They with ''[[Baksho Rahashya (novel)|Baksho Rahashya]]'', directed by Satyajit Ray, aired together on Big FM.<br />
* [[Radio Mirchi]] Kolkata station airs thrillers in a radio drama format, under the programme name 'Sunday Suspense' which includes some Feluda stories. Feluda is voiced by [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]. Dip and Somak voices Topshe and [[Mir Afsar Ali]] voices the other characters. Bibhu Bhattacharya voiced Jatayu in only one episode. After Bhattacharya's death [[Jagannath Basu]] voices Jatayu.<br />
* [[Radio Today]] airs thrillers in a radio format, under the programme name ''[[Thursday Nightsaga]]'', which includes some Feluda stories. However, it stopped before finishing the Feluda novel ''Baksho Rahasya''.<br />
<br />
=== Comics ===<br />
<br />
Some of the Feluda stories have been made into comic strips by artists and authors. Abhijit Chattopadhyay creates a comic strip based on Feluda stories in every Pujabarshiki Anondomela. The comics are published by [[Ananda Publishers]]. English versions of comics have appeared in ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]''.<br />
<br />
[[Penguin Books]] has released comic book versions of around 6 Feluda mysteries. The art is drawn by [[Tapas Guha]] and the script is by [[Subhadra Sen Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://penguin.co.in/?ID=01&search=feluda|title=Penguin India|website=penguin.co.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Music===<br />
<br />
In a collaborative album brought out in 1996 by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]], Kabir Suman sings a 'Feludar Gaan' (Feluda's song). The song written by [[Kabir Suman]] was first publicised at ''[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]'' magazine on the special Feluda 30 issue released in December 1995 on the completion of 30 years of Feluda stories. Later, in a collaborative album by His Master's Voice, ''Choto Boro Miley'' (1996), the song was composed and performed by three-legend singer-songwriter [[Kabir Suman]], [[Nachiketa Chakraborty]] and [[Anjan Dutt]].<br />
<br />
Later many of Bengali songs have references and symbols of Feluda franchise including "[[Calcium]]" by [[Anjan Dutt]] from the album ''[[Purono Guitar]]'' (1995).<br />
<br />
===Documentary===<br />
<br />
A Bengali documentary film ''[[Feluda: 50 Years of Ray's Detective]]'' in 2019 was directed by Sagnik Chatterjee. This is the first biopic of India based on a fictional character. This film was released on 7 June 2019.<ref>{{Citation|title=Feluda: 50 Years Of Rays Detective Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/feluda-50-years-of-rays-detective/movieshow/69691104.cms|access-date=2019-07-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
== In ''Pujabarshiki'' ==<br />
Nearly every Feluda story was published annually in the ''Pujabarshiki Sandesh and Desh'' (the edition of D''esh and Sandesh'' commemorating the [[Durgapuja]] published every year). Thereafter the stories were published as hard-back editions by [[Ananda Publishers]].In 2015 Feluda celebrates his 50th years after appearance. This is printed as 'Feluda 50' in Anandamela.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Satyajit Ray]]<br />
* [[Sandip Ray]]<br />
* [[Feluda in film]]<br />
* [[Literary creations of Satyajit Ray|Literary works of Satyajit Ray]]<br />
* [[Professor Shonku]]<br />
* [[Tarini khuro|Tarini Khuro]]<br />
* [[Tarini Khuro in other media]]<br />
* [[Parashor Barma]]<br />
* [[Kakababu]]<br />
* [[Kakababu in other media]]<br />
* [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]<br />
* [[Byomkesh Bakshi in other media]]<br />
* [[Kolkata culture]]<br />
* [[Culture of Bengal]]<br />
* [[Culture of West Bengal]]<br />
* [[Bengali literature]]<br />
* [[History of Bengali literature]]<br />
* [[List of Bengali-language authors (chronological)]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* ''[https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A59706138 Feluda Films]'' – BBC, 18 Jan 2010.<br />
* Roy, Pinaki. "''The Postcolonial Sleuth for Adoloscents'': Rereading Satyajit Ray's Feluda-narratives". ''Clues: A Journal of Detection'' (McFarland). 36.1 (Spring 2018): 78–89.<br />
<br />
<references responsive="0" /><br />
<br />
{{Feluda}}<br />
{{Satyajit Ray}}<br />
{{Bengali detective characters}}<br />
{{Kolkata topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Book series introduced in 1965]]<br />
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1965]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Male characters in literature]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional private investigators]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime novels]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional Indian detectives]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional Indian people in literature]]<br />
[[Category:Characters created by Satyajit Ray]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:Feluda| ]]<br />
[[Category:Novel series by featured character]]<br />
[[Category:Novels set in India]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional amateur detectives]]<br />
[[Category:Sherlock Holmes pastiches]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ispahsalar&diff=504817Ispahsalar2026-05-01T15:05:10Z<p>DottyN0357445099: made initial pg added tags!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Military title historically used in the Islamic world}}<br />
'''{{Transliteration|fa|Ispahsālār}}''' ({{langx|fa|اسپهسالار}}) or '''{{Transliteration|fa|sipahsālār}}''' ({{lang|fa|سپهسالار}}; {{lit.|army commander}}), in [[Arabic]] rendered as '''{{Transliteration|ar|isfahsalār}}''' ({{lang|ar|إسفهسلار}}) or '''{{Transliteration|ar|iṣbahsalār}}''' ({{lang|ar|إصبهسلار}}), was a title used in much of the [[Islamic world]] during the 10th–15th centuries, to denote the senior-most military commanders, but also as a generic [[general officer]] rank.<br />
<br />
== Islamic East and Persia ==<br />
The title derives from [[Middle Persian]] {{Transliteration|pal|spāh-sālār}} ({{lang|pal-Avst|𐬯𐬞𐬁𐬵⸱𐬯𐬁𐬮𐬁𐬭}}),<ref>"Kursi-i hazrat Zartosht", [http://www.avesta.org/pahlavi/nirangs1.htm ''Nirangs''].</ref> already attested in [[Pazend]] texts of the 9th century. It was the equivalent of the old [[Sasanian]] title of {{Transliteration|pal|[[spahbed]]}} (New Persian {{Transliteration|fa|ispahbadh}}), which during the Islamic era fell out of general use and became a regnal title among certain local dynasties in [[Tabaristan]] and [[Khurasan]].{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=208}} The titles of {{Transliteration|fa|ispahsalar}} and {{Transliteration|fa|sipahsalar}} came into prominence in the [[Islamic world]] in the later 10th century, with the rise to power of Iranian dynasties during the so-called "[[Iranian Intermezzo]]". In its sense of '[[commander-in-chief]]', the title was used in parallel to the usual Arabic titles {{Transliteration|ar|[[hajib]] al-hujjab}} ({{lang|ar|حاجب الحجاب}}), {{Transliteration|ar|hajib al-kabir}} ({{lang|ar|حاجب الكبير}}) or {{Transliteration|ar|sahib al-jaysh}} ({{lang|ar|صاحب الجيش}}).{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=208}}<br />
<br />
Among the [[Buyids]], it was given as a sign of conciliation as well as of particular honour to two rebellious Turkish generals, [[Sebüktigin al-Mu'izzi]] in 971, and, after his death, [[Alptakin]] in 974/5. With the growing instability of the Buyid states towards the end of the century, the usage of {{Transliteration|fa|ispahsalar}} became debased, and it came to mean simply 'commander' or just 'officer'.{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=208}} Among the later [[Saffarid dynasty]] under [[Khalaf ibn Ahmad]] ({{reign|963|1002}}), the title was applied to the commander-in-chief of the army, while the {{Transliteration|ar|hajib al-hujjab}} was a separate office, possibly commanding the slave troops ({{Transliteration|ar|[[mamluk|mamalik]]}} or {{Transliteration|ar|[[ghilman]]}}).{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=208}} Among the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] dynasties, the Arabic and Persian titles were supplemented by the Turkish title {{Transliteration|trk|sübashi}}. The [[Ghaznavids]] employed {{Transliteration|fa|sipahsalar}} and its Arabic equivalents in its original sense of "commander-in-chief", but also for commanders of specific contingents of their army, alongside the use of "plain" {{Transliteration|fa|salar}} (and in Arabic, {{Transliteration|ar|hajib}}) for less exalted generals.{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=208}} The [[Seljuq Empire]] and the [[Sultanate of Rum]] used a number of variants of the title, such as {{Transliteration|fa|ispahsalar-i buzurg}} ({{lang|fa|اسپهسالار بزرگ}}) or {{Transliteration|fa|[[amir]]-i ispahsalar}} ({{lang|fa|امیر اسپهسالار}}), as well as a variety of other Arabic, Persian and Turkish titles both in a technical sense for the commander-in-chief of the army as well as the governors and army commanders of important regions, as well as in a more general sense of "general officer".{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|pp=208–209}} The title was also used by the [[Khwarizmshahs]], originally Seljuq vassals, who employed a unique variant, {{Transliteration|fa|qir isfahsalar}} ({{lang|fa|قیر اسفهسالار}}), for commanders of frontier regions.{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=209}}<br />
<br />
The [[Mongol Empire|Mongol conquests]] diminished the use of the title, bringing to the fore Turkish and Mongol ones instead, but it remained in widespread use in the isolated and conservative regions of [[Gilan]] and [[Daylam]] on the [[Caspia]]n shore.{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=209}} In Persia proper, it was revived by the [[Safavids]] under [[Shah Abbas I]] ({{reign|1587|1629}}), replacing the Arabic title {{Transliteration|ar|[[amir al-umara]]}}, used until then. The office was apparently usually held by the {{Transliteration|fa|[[beglerbegi]]}} of [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]], with [[Rustam Khan (Sipahsalar)|Rustam Khan]] the most prominent person to occupy it. The post was abolished again in 1664/77, after which a commander-in-chief ({{Transliteration|fa|[[sardar]]}}) was appointed only in wartime.{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=209}} The title re-appeared in the form {{Transliteration|fa|sipahsalar i-a'zam}} ({{lang|fa|سپهسالار اعظم}}) under the late [[Qajar dynasty]], being held as an honorific by Minister of War [[Mirza Mohammad Khan Sepahsalar]] in 1858, the reformist Minister of War (and soon after [[Prime Minister of Iran|chief minister]]) [[Mirza Hosein Khan Sepahsalar]]—who also built the namesake [[Sepahsalar Mosque]] in [[Tehran]]—in 1871, and by chief minister [[Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni]] in 1910.{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=209}}{{sfn|Katouzian|2006|pp=26–27, 35, 203}}<br />
<br />
== Use in the Caucasus and the Mashriq ==<br />
Buyid, and especially Seljuq influence, led to the spread of ''Ispahsalar'', alongside other Persian titles, westwards to the [[Mashriq]] and even the Christian countries of the [[Caucasus]]: in Armenian it became ''[a]spasalar'', and in Georgian ''[[Amirspasalari]]'', one of the four great ministers of state of the [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgian realm]].{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=209}} The title was also in common use among the Turkic ''[[Atabeg]]'' dynasties of [[al-Sham|Syria]] and [[Iraq]] and later the [[Ayyubids]], both for regional military commanders but also, uniquely, as one of the personal titles of the ''Atabegs'' themselves.{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|pp=209–210}}<br />
<br />
In [[Fatimid]] [[Egypt]], the ''Isfahsalar'' was the commander-in-chief of the army and jointly responsible with the Head Chamberlain (''[[Sahib al-Bab|Ṣāhib al-Bāb]]'', {{lang|ar|صاحب الباب}} or ''Wazīr al-Ṣaghīr'', {{langx|ar|وزير الصغير}}) for military organization.{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=209}} The title survived among the [[Mamluks of Egypt]], where both ''Isfahsalar'' and the ''[[nisba (onomastics)|nisba]]'' "''al-Isfahsalārī''" ({{lang|ar|الإسفهسلاري}}) were commonly used in the titulature of the senior commanders in the 13th century, but it seems to have been debased and fallen out of use thereafter. It is still attested as late as 1475 for a Mamluk commander-in-chief, but by this time the term ''isbahsalar'' was also applied generally to the guards of the Mamluk sultan.{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=210}} Among the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], ''sipāhsālār'' ({{lang|ota|سپاهسالار}}) continued to be used but in a generic sense, the usual terms for commander-in-chief being ''[[sardar|serdār]]'' ({{lang|ota|سردار}}) and ''[[serasker]]'' ({{lang|ota|سرعسكر}}).{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=210}}<br />
<br />
== Islamic South Asia ==<br />
From the Ghaznavids, the title also passed to the [[Ghurid dynasty]], rulers of [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], and northern [[India]]. Under the Ghurids, ''Isfahsalar'' signified the commander-in-chief, but in the 13th century it denoted an officer in command of 100 cavalry, and under the [[Tughluqids]] it declined to signify the commander of ten men.{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=210}} Aside from this technical meaning, the term continued to be used in the Muslim states of India in the 14th–15th centuries as a generic term for "general officer", e.g. under the [[Lodi dynasty]], or as "commander-in-chief", e.g. in the [[Bengal Sultanate]] or the [[Deccan sultanates]]. Under the [[Mughals]], it was a title sometimes given to the ''Khankhanan'' ("[[Khan (title)|Khan]] of Khans"), the Mughal commander-in-chief, especially when he led the army in place of the Mughal emperor.{{sfn|Bosworth|Digby|1978|p=210}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Amirspasalar]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
* {{EI2 | volume = 4 | article=Ispahsālār, Sipahsālār | first1 = C. E. | last1 = Bosworth | author1-link = C.E. Bosworth | last2 = Digby | first2 = S. | pages = 208–210}}<br />
* {{cite book | title = State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis | first = Homa | last = Katouzian | publisher = I.B.Tauris | year = 2006 | isbn = 1845112725}}<br />
<br />
{{Highest Military Ranks}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military ranks]]<br />
[[Category:Persian words and phrases]]<br />
[[Category:Commanders in chief]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Iran]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Iraq]]<br />
[[Category:Samanid Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Government of Safavid Iran]]<br />
[[Category:Ottoman titles]]<br />
[[Category:Military ranks of the Qajar and early Pahlavi eras]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam&diff=481291Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam2026-04-29T07:33:41Z<p>DottyN0357445099: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Political party in India}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian Political Party<br />
| name = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br />
| native_name = <!-- No native name as per [[WP:NOINDICSCRIPTS]] --><br />
| colorcode = {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
| logo = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam logo.png<br />
| abbreviation = DMK<br />
| president = [[M. K. Stalin]]<br />
| general_secretary = [[Duraimurugan]]<br />
| founder = [[C. N. Annadurai]]<br />
| ppchairman = [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]<br />
| loksabha_leader = [[T. R. Baalu]]<br />
| rajyasabha_leader = [[Tiruchi Siva]]<br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1949|09|17}}<br />
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|22|543|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|10|245|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]<br />
| state_seats = {{Show<br />
| List<br />
| headerstyle=background:#ccccff<br />
| style=text-align:center; <br />
|<br />
{{Composition bar|133|234|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} {{small|([[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]])}} <br/> <br />
{{Composition bar|6|30|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} {{small|([[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]])}}<br />
}}<br />
| no_states = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| membership = <br />
| eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref><br />
| alliance = * '''National Alliance'''<br />[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]] (2023–present) <br />
* '''Regional Alliances'''<br/>[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] ([[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]])<br />
{{hidden|Former Alliances|<br />
*[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (2004–2013, 2016–2023) ''<small>(till dissolved)</small>'') (National)<br />
* [[Democratic Progressive Alliance]] <br/> (2006-2019)<br />
* [[DMK-led Alliance]] (1967-2006) ''<small>(till dissolved)</small>'') (Tamil Nadu)<br />
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]]-DMK alliance ( 1971-1974; 1980-1983) (Tamil Nadu)<br />
* [[Janata Party|Janata Alliance]] (1977-1980; 1984-1989) (Tamil Nadu)<br />
* [[National Democratic Alliance]] <br/> (1999-2003) (India)<br />
* [[National Front (India)|National Front]]<br/> (1989-1991) (India) <br />
* [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] <br/> (1996-1998) (India)}}<br />
| ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap|<br />
|[[Dravidianism]]{{Sfn|Palanithurai|1997|pp=21–22}}<br>[[Tamil nationalism]]<ref>Hardgrave, Robert L. "The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism." Pacific Affairs, vol. 37, no. 4, 1964, pp. 396–411. JSTOR, {{doi|10.2307/2755132}}. Accessed 6 Jun. 2022.</ref><br />
|[[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]<ref name="DMK's regionalism">{{Cite news|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2023/03/07/regionalism-raises-ugly-head/|work=Arunachal Times|title=DMK has regionalism ideals}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Regionalism, Parties and India's emerging Politics |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2014/02/26/regionalism-parties-and-indias-emerging-politics |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Politics as family enterprise: Nationalist rhythm of BJP is challenge to regionalism |url=https://www.wionews.com/opinions/politics-as-family-enterprise-nationalist-rhythm-of-bjp-is-challenge-to-regionalism-249936 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=WION |date=16 September 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
|[[Social democracy]]<ref name="dmk1"/><br>[[Progressivism]]<ref name="dmk1"><br />
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-karunanidhi-from-health-care-to-community-living-his-schemes-were-aimed-at-social-equality/article24548812.ece|title=M. Karunanidhi: From health care to community living, his schemes were aimed at social equality|last=Kannan|first=Ramya|date=8 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2019|issn=0971-751X}}<br />
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/karunanidhi-the-social-reformer-who-changed-the-landcape-of-tamil-nadu-politics-1837827.html|title=Social Equality was Karunanidhi's Focus During Five Terms as Tamil Nadu CM|website=News18|date=11 March 2019|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref><br />
|[[Secularism]]<ref name="DMK has secular ideals: CM Stalin">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/may/05/dmk-has-secular-ideals-cm-stalin-2449889.html|work=[[Indian Express]]|title=DMK has secular ideals: CM Stalin}}</ref><br />
}} <br />
| position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dmk.in/en/party/ideology/|title=Ideology of DMK|publisher=DMK|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/in-the-dravidian-heartland-a-statue-for-marx-in-the-heart-of-chennai-stalin-keeps-the-red-in-good-humour-1503552390.html|title=In the Dravidian heartland, a statue for Marx in the heart of Chennai: Stalin keeps the red in good humour|publisher=The Statesman|date=|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref><br />
| predecessor = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] (1917–1944)<br />[[Dravidar Kazhagam]]<br />(1944–1949)<br />
| split = [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]<br />
| labour = [[Labour Progressive Federation]] (LPF)<br />
| youth = Ilaignar Ani<br />
| students = Maanavar Ani<br />
| women = Magalir Ani<br />
| headquarters = Anna Arivalayam,<br />367–369, [[Anna Salai]], [[Teynampet]],&nbsp;[[Chennai]]&nbsp;-&nbsp;600018, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br />
| website = {{Official URL}}<br />
| symbol = [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|120px]]<br />Rising Sun<br />
| flag = Flag DMK.svg<br />
|treasurer=[[T. R. Baalu]]}}<br />
{{Dravidian politics-col}}<br />
The '''Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam''' ('''DMK'''; {{IPA|ta|t̪iɾaːʋiɖɐ munːeːtrɐk kɐɻɐɡɐm}}; {{translation|Dravidian Progressive Federation}}){{Sfn|Rubinoff|1997|p=2829}} is an Indian [[Secularism|secular]] [[Progressivism|progressive]] political party based in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], where it is currently the ruling party, and the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], where it is currently the main opposition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/topic/dmk|title=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)|work=Business Standard India|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
The DMK was founded on 17 September 1949 by [[C. N. Annadurai]] as a breakaway faction from the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]], headed by [[Periyar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/september-which-split-dravidians-periyar-weds-maniyammai-dmk-born-49850|title=September which split Dravidians, Periyar weds Maniyammai|website=thenewsminute.com|date=14 September 2016|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/periyar-and-anna-conflict-over-electoral-politics-88609|title=Periyar and Anna conflict over electoral politics|website=newsminute.com|date=19 September 2018|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/karunanidhi-administrator-par-excellence-61343|title=Karunanidhi: Administrator par excellence|website=downtoearth.org.in|date=8 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> The DMK was headed by Annadurai as the general secretary from 1949 until his death on 4 February 1969.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/3-february-1969-c.-n.-annadurai-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu-died|title=3 February 1969: C. N. Annadurai, chief minister of Tamil Nadu, died|newspaper=What Happened on This Day in History – Maps of India|date=3 February 2014 |access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> He also served as the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] from 1967 to 1969. Under Annadurai, in 1967 the DMK became the first party other than the [[Indian National Congress]] to win state-level elections with a clear majority on its own in India. [[M. Karunanidhi]] followed Annadurai as the first president of the party from 1969 until his death on 7 August 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/m-karunanidhi-former-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-passes-away/article24624474.ece|title=M Karunanidhi passes away|website=@businessline|date=7 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> He also served as the chief minister for five non-consecutive terms, in two of which he was dismissed by the Union government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-karunanidhi-the-five-term-chief-minister/article24548707.ece/photo/1/|title=In pictures: M. Karunanidhi, the five-term Chief Minister|date=7 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After Karunanidhi's death, his son and former deputy, [[M. K. Stalin]], succeeded as the party president and as a chief minister of Tamil Nadu from May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/64bKrVFUe0Xoz5qSVbq1tO/Karunanidhi-appoints-Stalin-as-Tamil-Nadu-deputy-CM.html|title=Karunanidhi appoints Stalin as Tamil Nadu deputy CM|date=29 May 2009|website=Mint|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref><br />
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The DMK became the fifth-largest party in the [[Lok Sabha]] after the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Lok Sabha |date=2025-02-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha |access-date=2025-02-18 |language=en}}</ref> It currently holds 126 seats in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], where the DMK-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] holds 159 out of 234 seats.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-03 |title=Assembly election 2021: DMK almost swept entire Tamil Nadu; western region went with AIADMK |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/tamil-nadu/assembly-election-2021-dmk-almost-swept-entire-tamil-nadu-western-region-went-with-aiadmk-981984.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== Origins and foundation ===<br />
[[File:India - Madurai - 039 (1887104659).jpg|thumb|Party flags in [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|300px]]<br />
DMK traces its roots to the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] founded by [[C. Natesa Mudaliar]] in 1916, in the presence of [[P. Theagaraya Chetty]], [[P. T. Rajan]], [[T. M. Nair]], [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]] and a few others in [[Victoria Public Hall]] [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/100-years-justice-party-movement-which-defined-tamil-nadu-politics-53163|title = 100 years of Justice Party, a movement which defined Tamil Nadu politics|date = 20 November 2016}}</ref> The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, came to power in the first general elections to the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1920.{{Sfn|Radhan|2002|p=187}} Communal division between [[Brahmin]]s and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to [[Caste in India|caste]] prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. The Justice Party's foundation marked the culmination of several efforts to establish an organization to represent the non-Brahmins in Madras and is seen as the start of the [[Dravidian movement]].{{Sfn|Fishman|Garcia|2010|pp=230–}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/tamil-nadu-politics-history-dravidian-movement-brahmins-lower-caste-casteism-madras-presidency-4388452/ | title=A century of reform The Dravidian movement has left its progressive imprint on Tamil Nadu| work=Manuraj Shunmugasundaram | date=22 November 2016 | access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-inner-grammar-of-dissent-lives/298224 | title=The Inner Grammar Of Dissent Lives | work=K.S. Chalam | publisher=Outlook India | date=12 December 2016 | access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref> In 1935, [[Periyar]], a popular reformist leader at that time, joined the Justice Party. <br />
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In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the [[Indian National Congress]] under [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji) came to power in Madras Presidency. Rajaji's introduction of [[Hindi]] as a compulsory subject in schools led to the [[anti-Hindi agitations]], led by Periyar and his associates.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-justice-party-torchbearer-of-reform/article7892747.ece |title=Torch-bearer of reform |last=Veeramani |first=K. |date=19 November 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 August 2019 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vēṇu |first=Ē Es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83xIAAAAMAAJ |title=Why South Opposes Hindi |date=1979 |publisher=Justice Publications |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4724/6/MAU-1982-082-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181844/http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4724/6/MAU-1982-082-5.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in |page=192 & 193}}</ref><br />
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In August 1944, Periyar created the '[[Dravidar Kazhagam]]' (DK) movement out of the Justice Party and the [[Self-Respect Movement]] at the Salem Provincial Conference.{{Sfn|Dirks|2001|p=263}} The DK, conceived as a movement and not a political party, insisted on an independent nation for Dravidians called [[Dravida Nadu]] consisting of areas that were covered under the Madras Presidency.{{Sfn|Dirks|2001|p=263}}<br />
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Over the years, many disagreements arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, [[C. N. Annadurai]] and other members decided to take part in electoral politics and Periyar had strong objection on it. [[C. N. Annadurai|Annadurai]] and several of his followers decided to split from the DK movement and form the DMK.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208131610/http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2005 |title=Priest-less weddings in TN VIP families|work= Sify News|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ram|1977}}<br />
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The Dravidian philosophy played a key role in the DMK at the helm of administration. It was described it as the earliest [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]] movement in the history of the [[Indian subcontinent]] politics to have political representation from former lower castes. This led to greater political participation, which improved representation of the emergent strata, enriched civic life, and subsequently strengthened pluralist democracy in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subramanian |first=Narendra |date=2002-11-01 |title=Identity Politics and Social Pluralism: Political Sociology and Political Change in Tamil Nadu |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/713999599 |journal=Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1080/713999599 |issn=1466-2043|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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===C. N. Annadurai era (1949–1969)===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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| image1 = CN Annadurai 1970 stamp of India.jpg<br />
| caption1 = '''Dr. C.N. Annadurai'''<br />Founder of the party<br />
}}{{Main|C. N. Annadurai}}<br />
The DMK's initial participation in electoral politics, in the [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957 legislative assembly elections]], was mixed. While it won 15 seats, many prominent leaders such as [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] were defeated. It fared somewhat better in the [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962 elections]], winning 50 seats and becoming the main opposition party by founder annadurai lost his seat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref><br />
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==== Anti-Hindi Imposition agitations ====<br />
{{See also|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
The DMK inherited the anti-[[Hindi imposition]] policies of its parent organization, DK. Founder C.N. Annadurai had earlier participated in the anti-Hindi imposition agitations during 1938–40 and throughout the 1940s.<br />
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In July 1953, the DMK launched an [[Kallakudi demonstration|agitation]] against the Union government's proposed name-change of [[Kallakudi]] to Dalmiapuram. They claimed that the town's proposed new name, proposed to be named after [[Dalmia Group|Ramkrishna Dalmia]], symbolized the exploitation of South India by the North.{{Sfn|Mills|Sen|2004|p=151}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangam.org/2009/09/Anna_Centennial_3.php?print=true|title=Anna in the dock (1953)|author=Sachi Sri Kantha|date=16 September 2009|work=Anna's Birth Centennial Anthology Part 3|publisher=Sangam.org|access-date=24 November 2009}}</ref> On 15 July, [[M. Karunanidhi]] and other DMK members removed the Hindi name from Dalmiapuram railway station's name board and protested on the tracks. In the altercation with the police that followed the protests, two DMK members lost their lives, and several others, including Karunanidhi and [[Kannadasan]], were arrested.{{Sfn|Ramaswamy|1997|p=8}}<br />
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The DMK continued its anti-Hindi Imposition policies throughout the 1950s, along with the secessionist demand for [[Dravida Nadu]], which initially adopted a more radical stance than the Dravida Kazhagam.{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|2003|p=244}} On 28 January 1956, Annadurai, along with Periyar and Rajaji, signed a resolution passed by the Academy of Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGcOAQAAIAAJ|title=Modern India rejects Hindi|publisher=Association for the Advancement of the National Languages of India|year=1958|page=29}}</ref>{{Sfn|Copley|1978|p=[https://archive.org/details/politicalcareero0000copl/page/311 311]}} On 21 September 1957, the DMK convened an anti-Hindi conference to protest against the imposition of Hindi. It observed 13 October 1957 as "anti-Hindi day".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/a-script-which-karuna-would-never-imagined-in-tn/61923/on|title=A script which Karuna would never imagined in TN|date=16 May 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201202600/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/a-script-which-karuna-would-never-imagined-in-tn/61923/on|archive-date=1 December 2009|access-date=24 November 2009|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>{{Sfn|Swaminathan|1974|p=8}}<br />
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On 31 July 1960, another open-air anti-Hindi conference was held in [[Kodambakkam]], Madras.{{Sfn|Venu|1979|p=76}} In November 1963, DMK dropped its secessionist demand in the wake of the [[Sino-Indian War]] and the passage of the anti-secessionist 16th Amendment to the [[Indian Constitution]]. The anti-Hindi stance remained and hardened with the passage of [[Official Languages Act, 1963|Official Languages Act of 1963]].{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2001|pp=153–156}} The DMK's view on Hindi's eligibility for official language status were reflected in Annadurai's response to the "numerical superiority of Hindi" argument: "If we had to accept the principle of numerical superiority while selecting our national bird, the choice would have fallen not on the peacock but on the common crow."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Venkatachalapathy|first=A. R.|date=20 December 2007|title=Tongue tied|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20071231-tongue-tied-734837-2007-12-20|access-date=|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Formation of state government ====<br />
In the [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967 assembly election]], DMK came to power in the [[Madras State]], 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral politics. This began the Dravidian era in the Madras province, which later became [[Tamil Nadu]]. In 1967, the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties, but it was only in Madras that a single non-Congress Party won a majority.{{Sfn|Chakrabarty|2008|pp=110–111}} The electoral victory of 1967 is also reputed to be an electoral fusion among the non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] parties to avoid a split in the opposition votes. [[Rajaji|Rajagopalachari]], a former senior leader of the Congress Party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wing [[Swatantra Party]]. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress.<ref>{{cite news | last = Viswanathan | first = S | title = Dravidian power | work = Frontline | date = 10–23 April 2004 | url = http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm | access-date = 19 February 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080303061014/http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm | archive-date = 3 March 2008 }}</ref> Following the DMK's victory in the 1967 election, Annadurai formed a cabinet that was the youngest in India at the time.<ref>{{cite news | last = Venkatachalapathy | first = AR | title = C.N. Annadurai – Politician, 1909–1969 | date = 10 April 2008 | url = http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=48&task=view&id=6878&acc=high | access-date = 20 December 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090112030229/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=48&task=view&id=6878&acc=high | archive-date = 12 January 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Other achievements ====<br />
[[Self-respect marriages]] were legalized in India during Annadurai's tenure. Such marriages did not involve priests presiding over the ceremonies, and thus a [[Brahmin]] was not needed to carry out the wedding.<ref>{{cite news | last = Venkatesh | first = MR | title = Solidarity show at wedding – ADMK's brickbats on cauvery mixes with Pranab's bonhomie | newspaper = The Telegraph | location = Calcutta | date = 7 June 2004 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040607/asp/nation/story_3340313.asp | access-date = 20 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090816173201/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040607/asp/nation/story_3340313.asp | archive-date = 16 August 2009 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Self-respect marriages were a brainchild of Periyar, who regarded the then conventional marriages as mere financial arrangements which led to great debt through [[dowry]] in many cases. Self-respect marriages, according to him, encouraged inter-caste marriages and caused [[arranged marriages]] to be replaced by [[Love marriage|love marriages.]]{{Sfn|Hodges|2005}}<br />
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Annadurai's party was among the first in India to include a promise of subsidized rice in its election manifesto. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later. Subsidizing rice costs are still used as an [[election promise]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rice promises stir Tamil Nadu | work = Rediff.com | date = 19 April 2006 | url = http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm | access-date = 20 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080907170313/http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm | archive-date = 7 September 2008 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref><br />
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It was Annadurai's government that renamed [[Madras State]] to [[Tamil Nadu]], its present-day name. The name change itself was first presented in the [[Rajya Sabha]] by [[Bhupesh Gupta]], a communist MP from [[West Bengal]], but was then defeated.{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2001|pp=152–154}} With Annadurai as chief minister, the state assembly succeeded in passing the bill renaming the state.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
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Annadurai's government introduced a two-language policy, favoring Tamil and English over Hindi, which marked a significant shift from the previously proposed [[three language formula]]. The three-language formula, which was implemented in the neighboring states of [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Kerala]], mandated students to study three languages: the regional language, [[English language|English]], and [[Hindi]].{{Sfn|Hardgrave|1965}}<br />
<br />
===M. Karunanidhi era (1969–2018)===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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}}<br />
<br />
{{Main|M. Karunanidhi}}<br />
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In 1969, after Annadurai's death, M. Karunanidhi was elected as his successor, defeating rival candidate [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]. Karunanidhi headed the DMK until his own death in 2018.<ref name=":0" /> He was also appointed as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu on 10 February 1969, sworn in by then Governor [[Sardar Ujjal Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-17 |title=Milestones in a long journey |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article24705340.ece |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In the 1970s, [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (M.G.R.), a popular actor and the party treasurer, had a political feud with the party president Karunanidhi. In 1972, M.G.R. called for a boycott of the party's General Council. The crisis led to a call for a corruption probe by M.G.R. leading to his suspension from the General Council by the high-power committee of DMK.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} M.G.R. left the DMK and created a new political party, the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK).{{Sfn|Hardgrave|1973}}<br />
<br />
In 1976, during the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency period]],<ref>{{Citation |title=EMERGENCY |date=2025-06-10 |work=Indira Gandhi and the Years that Transformed India |pages=192–223 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.28697857.15 |access-date=2025-09-11 |publisher=Yale University Press |doi=10.2307/jj.28697857.15 |isbn=978-0-300-28369-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] dismissed the Karunanidhi government,<ref>{{Cite news |title=An island of democracy |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/an-island-of-democracy/article24703897.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212001859/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/an-island-of-democracy/article24703897.ece |archive-date=2025-02-12 |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> fifty days before his tenure ended, citing failure to maintain law and order, implement emergency measures, uphold national discipline, and promote economic development.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1976-02-01 |title=Mrs. Gandhi Dismisses Opposition Government of a State and Takes Over Rule (Published 1976) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/01/archives/mrs-gandhi-dismisses-opposition-government-of-a-state-and-takes.html |access-date=2025-09-11 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The political journey of M Karunanidhi: A timeline - End of an era |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-political-journey-of-m-karunanidhi-a-timeline/alliance-at-centre/slideshow/65311578.cms |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> The [[Sarkaria Commission]] later investigated the DMK government for alleged irregularities in awarding tenders related to the [[Veeranam]] drainage project.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2001 |title=What the Sarkaria Commission said |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/10/stories/0410223a.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205052213/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/10/stories/0410223a.htm |archive-date=5 December 2010}}</ref> However, no corruption charges were formally proven against Karunanidhi in the court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karunanidhi a visionary and a reformist pushing for social justice: Biographer Vasanthi |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=704339 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-09 |title=Karunanidhi: Tamil Nadu politics' ultimate comeback man |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karunanidhi-tamil-nadu-politics-ultimate-comeback-man-dmk-stalin-chennai-5298469/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207033443/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karunanidhi-tamil-nadu-politics-ultimate-comeback-man-dmk-stalin-chennai-5298469/ |archive-date=2022-12-07 |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The interim report of the [[Jain Commission]], which oversaw the investigation into the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]] of [[Rajiv Gandhi]], indicted Karunanidhi for abetting the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Chawla |first=Prabhu |date=17 November 1997 |title=Jain Commission Revelations: Damning the DMK |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html |url-status=dead |magazine=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034354/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> The interim report recommended that Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi and the DMK party be held responsible for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers. The final report contained no such allegations.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 February 2004 |title=No adverse comments on DMK leaders in Jain report |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405140100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040228033749/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405140100.htm |archive-date=28 February 2004}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Elections under Karunanidhi's presidency ====<br />
{{More citations needed|section|date=November 2025}}<br />
* DMK lost the 1977 Assembly elections to the AIADMK, and stayed out of power in the state until 1989.{{sfn|Murali|2007|page=82}} After MGR's death in December 1987, AIADMK split into two factions led by MGR's wife [[V. N. Janaki|Janaki]] and [[Jayalalithaa]]. The DMK returned to power in the [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly elections|1989 state assembly elections]] and for the third time, Karunanidhi took over as the chief minister in January 1989.<br />
* The [[1991 Lok Sabha election]] was held with the backdrop of DMK government having dissolved within two years of formation due to pressure from ex-Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] leading an alliance with [[Samajwadi Janata Party]]. In the same year, Rajiv Gandhi was [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|killed]] by a suicide bomber during his election campaign, and due to DMK's pro-Tamil stance and the dismissal of the state government mid-campaign by Rajiv, public sentiments were against DMK and instead in favor of the AIADMK–Congress alliance, causing the DMK to not win any seats in the Parliament.<br />
* In the 1996 state elections, DMK came to power on strength of corruption charges against Jayalalithaa and their alliance with [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC), headed by [[G.K. Moopanar]].<br />
* In 2001, the AIADMK, on strength of a strong alliance and anti-incumbency factor against DMK, came back to power in the state assembly elections.<br />
* In the [[2004 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2004 general election]], DMK formed an alliance with Congress, the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK), and the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK). The alliance won all 40 seats of the state including [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. The DMK held 7 ministerial posts in the central government cabinet.<br />
* Two years later in 2006, the same alliance won in the state assembly elections and the DMK formed a minority government in the state with help from Congress. [[M Karunanidhi]] became the Chief Minister of the state for the fifth time. The DMK-Congress alliance was also successful in the [[2009 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2009 general elections]].<br />
* In the [[2011 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election result|2011 Assembly elections]], held in the wake of the [[2G case]] and allegations of nepotism, the DMK won only 23 seats, 127 seats less than earlier.<br />
* In the [[2014 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2014 general election]], DMK failed to win any seats.<br />
* In the 2016 state assembly elections, DMK won 89 seats. This was the most number for a single opposition party in the history of the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly.<br />
<br />
==== Favouritism towards family members ====<br />
Karunanidhi has faced accusations and criticism of favouring family members for prominent political and constitutional positions. His supporters have denied these allegations, describing the appointments as based on political trust and experience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Isaac |first=Anna |date=2018-08-08 |title=Nepotism or survival? Why Karunanidhi chose family when it came to New Delhi |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/nepotism-or-survival-why-karunanidhi-chose-family-when-it-came-new-delhi-86173 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Karunanidhi's nephew, [[Murasoli Maran]], was a [[Union Minister]] under multiple governments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maran&nbsp;– the eyes and ears of DMK in Delhi |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2003/11/23/23maran1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617023328/http://news.indiainfo.com/2003/11/23/23maran1.html |archive-date=17 June 2011 |access-date=11 November 2013 |publisher=Indiainfo.com}}</ref> [[M. K. Stalin]] was elected as the Mayor of [[Chennai]] and later as the deputy chief minister of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 1999 |title=Politics: Special Series; M K Stalin |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991101/stalin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034411/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991101/stalin.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=India Today}}</ref> Karunanidhi's daughter [[Kanimozhi]] has been appointed as the Rajya Sabha MP twice in 2007 and 2013.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2007 |title=Kanimozhi, D Raja take oath as Rajya Sabha members |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kanimozhi-d-raja-take-oath-as-rajya-sabha-members/articleshow/2235368.cms |work=timesofindia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 June 2013 |title=Kanimozhi wins Rajya Sabha polls, so does Raja |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/kanimozhi-d-raja-wins-rajya-sabha-polls-tamil-nadu-168269-2013-06-27 |access-date=27 June 2013 |work=indiatoday}}</ref> Karunanidhi's nephew's son [[Dayanidhi Maran]] had been appointed as a Union Minister in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-19 |title=Dayanidhi Maran hands over resignation to DMK chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/dayanidhi-maran-hands-over-resignation-to-dmk-chief-31894-2008-10-19 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Karunanidhi's grandson, M. K. Stalin's son, [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], has been elected as an MLA in the state assembly.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 May 2021 |title=Tamil Nadu: Udhayanidhi Stalin wins big, cements claim to political legacy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-udhayanidhi-stalin-wins-big-cements-claim-to-political-legacy/articleshow/82362964.cms |work=timesofindia}}</ref> Karunanidhi is also accused of allowing [[M. K. Alagiri|Azhagiri]] to function as an extraconstitutional authority in [[Madurai]].<ref>{{cite news |date=19 August 2003 |title=Charge sheet filed against Azhagiri in Kiruttinan case |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/19/stories/2003081902600400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031122081430/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/19/stories/2003081902600400.htm |archive-date=22 November 2003 |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== M. K. Stalin era (2018–present) ===<br />
{{Main|M. K. Stalin}}<br />
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[[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]] died on 7 August 2018, leaving the party in the hands of his son, [[M. K. Stalin]]. Stalin had been appointed as the working president in January 2017 when his father's health started declining and had previously been named heir apparent by his father. Stalin thus became the second DMK president since the party's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/mk-stalin-takes-charge-of-dmk-after-51-years-of-joining-politics-fighting-a-dynastic-battle-the-65-year-old-has-learnt-it-hard-way-5059921.html|title=MK Stalin takes charge of DMK after 51 years in politics: Fighting a dynastic battle, the 65-year-old learnt it the hard way|website=Firstpost|date=28 August 2018|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref><br />
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On 25 March 2018, the DMK held a statewide conference in [[Erode]] and [[M. K. Stalin]] released five slogans at the conference. They were:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/mk-stalin-addressed-the-followers-in-erode-dmk-meet/articleshow/63454760.cms|title=ஐம்பெரும் முழக்கங்கள்: ஈரோடு மண்டல மாநாட்டில் ஸ்டாலின் உரை|date=25 March 2018|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author1=மின்னம்பலம் |url=https://minnambalam.com/k/2018/03/26/31|title=ஸ்டாலின் முன்வைத்த ஐம்பெரும் முழக்கங்கள்!|website=மின்னம்பலம்|date=17 February 2019 |language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/mk-stalin-releases-5-slogans-dmk-315312.html|title=மதவெறியை மாய்ப்போம்– அதிகார குவியலை அடித்து நொறுக்குவோம்: திமுகவின் 5 முழக்கங்களை அறிவித்த ஸ்டாலின்|first=Priya|last=Lakshmi|date=25 March 2018|website=oneindia.com|language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref><br />
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# Let us keep an eye on the Kalaignar's command<br />
# Let us grow and admire Tamil<br />
# Let us crush the power pile<br />
# Let us protect humanity from extremism<br />
# Let us grow a prosperous Tamil Nadu<br />
During 2025 end the DMK constituted a committee headed by [[Kanimozhi]], to prepare the manifesto for the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-17 |title=Kanimozhi to head DMK's 2026 Assembly election manifesto committee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kanimozhi-to-head-dmks-assembly-election-manifesto-committee/article70408015.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> MK Stalin launched the party's election manifesto portal on 3 January 2026 at the party headquarters.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-03 |title=Tamil Nadu elections: Stalin launches DMK manifesto portal 2026; alliance with Congress under spotlight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-stalin-launches-dmk-manifesto-portal-2026-alliance-with-congress-under-spotlight/articleshow/126320024.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Over 14,000 suggestions received was received from citizens across the state on the day day one.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-04 |title=DMK receives 14,318 suggestions for manifesto on day one |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dmk-receives-14318-suggestions-for-manifesto-on-day-one/article70470860.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
==== Elections under M.K. Stalin presidency ====<br />
<br />
* In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/secular-progressive-alliance-will-romp-home-in-lok-sabha-polls-119033100605_1.html|title=Secular Progressive Alliance will romp home in Lok Sabha polls|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 March 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dmk-led-front-in-tn-christened-secular-progressive-alliance-119031500955_1.html|title=DMK-led front in TN christened "Secular Progressive Alliance"|agency=Press Trust of India|date=15 March 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref> DMK contested as part of the [[United Progressive Alliance]] led by the [[Indian National Congress]]. The alliance secured 38 out of 39 seats in [[2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] with a 52% vote share.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-wins-big-but-gains-little/articleshow/69472678.cms|title=M K Stalin wins big but gains little in Tamil Nadu |date=24 May 2019|first=D.|last=Govardan|website=The Times of India|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-mk-stalin-on-dmk-victory-in-tamil-nadu-amazed-north-united-south-astounded-ind-2046617|title="Amazed North, United South, Astounded India": MK Stalin On DMK Poll Wins|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> and won in [[2019 Indian general election in Puducherry|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Voter turnout of Phase 1 to Phase 7 of the Lok Sabha Elections 2019 |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-to-phase-7-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525003910/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-to-phase-7-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ |archive-date=2019-05-25 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Elections Party Wise Result |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/parties |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
* The DMK-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance|Secular Progressive alliance]] secured a majority in the [[2019 Tamil Nadu local elections|2019 Tamil Nadu local body elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2020 |title=DMK alliance wins Tamil Nadu rural local body polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dmk-alliance-wins-tamil-nadu-rural-local-body-polls/articleshow/73086250.cms |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Akshaya |date=January 4, 2020 |title=Tamil Nadu local body poll results: DMK wins 243 district panchayat wards, AIADMK 214; counting underway |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-local-body-poll-results-dmk-wins-243-district-panchayat-wards-aiadmk-214-counting-underway-1633997-2020-01-04 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref><br />
* In the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 state assembly election]], the Secular Progressive Alliance won a majority by securing 159 seats out of 234 seats with a 46% vote share.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902150932/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |archive-date=2021-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tamil Nadu 2021 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2021/tamil-nadu/283/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2021/tamil-nadu/283/40 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sushanth |title=Tamil nadu Assembly Election Results 2021 |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/result/kerala-assembly-election-2021/indepth/election_results.html |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Analysts partly attributed the victory to political developments within the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]], including the rise and decline of [[V. K. Sasikala|V.K. Sasikala]], and subsequent internal leadership challenges.<ref name=":1" /> <br />
* In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], as part of the [[INDIA Alliance]], the DMK contested 21 constituencies. The alliance won all 40 seats in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, resulting in a clean sweep in the region.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2024: DMK alliance sweeps Cuddalore, Villupuram, and Kallakurichi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-alliance-sweeps-cuddalore-villupuram-and-kallakurichi/article68251459.ece |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Party ideology==<br />
{{Social democracy sidebar}}<br />
{{Socialism sidebar}}<br />
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam follows the principle of Duty, Dignity, and Discipline, as instructed by [[C. N. Annadurai]]. This involves protecting democratic rights in politics, establishing a non-dominant society, and carrying out reform work based on rationality to promote the revival of Dravidian ideology. The party aims to overcome poverty in the economic sphere and provide means for the well-being of all on an equitable basis. The party also aims to develop and promote the respective state languages without allowing other languages to dominate. The party believes in promoting the decentralization of powers from the Union government and creating autonomy in the states and federalism at the center.<ref>{{cite web |title=Party ideology|website=DMK|url=https://www.dmk.in/en/party/ideology/}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Dravidian nationalism===<br />
The [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|anti-Hindi Imposition agitations]] of 1965 forced the [[Government of India|central government]] to abandon its efforts to use [[Hindi]] as the only official language of the country.<br />
<br />
=== State autonomy ===<br />
After [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]] invoked by Indira Gandhi, more state powers like education and medical care were moved from state control to national control. At the state conference in [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]] after the death of Annadurai, Karunanidhi announced the adoption of the "state autonomy" principle to advocate for state self-governance. In April 1974, the DMK government brought in a resolution in the House urging the centre to accept the Rajamannar Committee recommendations on state autonomy and amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for a truly federal system.{{Sfn|Palanithurai|1997|pp=21–22}}<br />
<br />
=== Social justice ===<br />
The DMK has been involved in the protest for [[OBC quota|OBC]] reservation, ensuring the provision legalizing OBC reservation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-first-amendment-act-1951|title=THE CONSTITUTION (FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 1951&#124; National Portal of India|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=protest of Periyar and Anna| url=https://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2010/the-road-to-fort-st-george.html}}</ref> The party holds OBC welfare as a tenet of its core ideology<ref>{{cite news |title=Stalin welcomes Supreme court order favouring OBC reservation in medical courses |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 January 2022 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/dmk-welcomes-sc-order-on-obc-quota-in-medical-courses/articleshow/88767324.cms}}</ref> and has implemented [[Reservation in India|reservation]] related policies in favour of OBCs <ref>{{cite web |title=source article |date=29 March 2021 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116}}</ref> and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SCs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temple to honour DMK leader Karunanidhi to be built in Tamil Nadu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/temple-to-honour-dmk-leader-karunanidhi-to-be-built-in-tamil-nadu-5935903/|website=The Indian Express |date=25 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The DMK reconstituted the disabled persons welfare board to Differently Abled Persons Departments and changed official terms for transgender individuals to more respectful terms like "Thirunangai" and "Thirunambi".<ref name="Nadika">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/self-respect-weddings-transgender-rights-karunanidhi-leader-minorities-86159|title=Self-respect weddings to transgender rights: Karunanidhi, a leader of minorities|last=N|first=Nadika|website=newsminute|date=7 August 2018 |access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Party symbol ==<br />
The party's election symbol is the "sun rising from between two mountains", with a black and red flag pictured. The symbol was inspired by the Karunanidhi's 1950s play ''Udaya Suryan'' and is intended to signify the "rising" spirit of the Dravidian people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/story-udaya-suriyan-how-rising-sun-became-symbol-dmk-43247|title=The story of Udaya Suriyan: How the rising sun became the symbol of DMK|date=14 May 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 1957 poll, the DMK was not recognized by the Election Commission. The party was grouped as independents and was not united by its rising sun symbol and was forced to contest under the rooster symbol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/story-udaya-suriyan-how-rising-sun-became-symbol-dmk-43247|title=The story of Udaya Suriyan: How the rising sun became the symbol of DMK|last=Isaac|first=Anna|website=thenewsminute|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Electoral history==<br />
===Lok Sabha Elections===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Year<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Party leader<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Seats won<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Change in seats<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Percentage of votes<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Popular vote<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Outcome<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
| rowspan=2|[[C. N. Annadurai]]<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|7|41|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 5<br />
| 18.64%<br />
| 2,315,610<br />
| rowspan="2" {{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|25|25|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 18<br />
| 51.79%<br />
| 7,996,264<br />
|-<br />
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
|rowspan=12|[[M. Karunanidhi]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|23|23|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 2<br />
| 55.61%<br />
| 8,869,095<br />
| {{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|1|19|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 22<br />
| 37.84%<br />
| 6,758,517<br />
| {{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|16|16|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 15<br />
| 55.89%<br />
| 10,290,515<br />
| {{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|2|28|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 14<br />
| 37.04%<br />
| 8,006,513<br />
| {{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|0|32|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 2<br />
| 33.78%<br />
| 8,918,905<br />
|rowspan="2" {{lost|Lost}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|0|29|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{steady}}<br />
| 27.64%<br />
| 6,823,581<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|17|18|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 17<br />
| 54.96%<br />
| 14,940,474<br />
| {{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|6|18|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 11<br />
| 42.72%<br />
| 10,937,809<br />
| {{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|12|18|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 6<br />
| 46.41%<br />
| 12,638,602<br />
| rowspan="3" {{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|16|16|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 4<br />
| 57.40%<br />
| 16,483,390<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|18|21|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 2<br />
| 42.54%<br />
| 12,929,043<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|0|34|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 18<br />
| 23.16%<br />
| 10,243,767<br />
| {{lost|Lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[M. K. Stalin]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|24|24|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 24<br />
|32.76%<br />
|14,363,332<br />
| {{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|22|22|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|26.93%<br />
|11,689,879| 11,689,879<br />
|{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Vertical bar chart<br />
|1962|7<br />
|1967|25<br />
|1971|23<br />
|1977|1<br />
|1980|16<br />
|1984|2<br />
|1989|0<br />
|1991|0<br />
|1996|17<br />
|1998|6<br />
|1999|12<br />
|2004|16<br />
|2009|18<br />
|2014|0<br />
|2019|24<br />
|2024|22<br />
|full_name=All time–DMK Lok Sabha seat count<br />
|type=demographic<br />
|color=red<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Legislative Assembly elections ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Year<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Party leader<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Seats won<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Change in seats<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Percentage of votes<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Popular vote<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Outcome<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=11 |[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br />
|rowspan=11|[[M. Karunanidhi]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|2|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 2<br />
|<br />
| 47,823<br />
| rowspan="2" {{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|3|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 1<br />
| <br />
| 30,441<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|14|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 11<br />
| <br />
| 68,030<br />
| {{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|5|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 9<br />
| <br />
| 87,754<br />
| {{partial|Others}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|9|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 4<br />
|<br />
| 101,127<br />
| {{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|4|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 5<br />
|<br />
| 96,607<br />
| {{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|7|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 3<br />
|<br />
| 105,392<br />
| {{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|7|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{steady}}<br />
|<br />
| 83,679<br />
| {{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|7|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{steady}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|3|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 4<br />
| 10.68%<br />
| 74,552<br />
| {{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|2|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 1<br />
| 8.9%<br />
| 70,836<br />
| {{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|[[M. K. Stalin]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|6|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 4<br />
| 18.51%<br />
|154,858<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|- |-<br />
!colspan=11 |[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[C. N. Annadurai]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|50|205|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 37<br />
| 27.10%<br />
| 3,435,633<br />
| {{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|137|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 87<br />
| 40.69%<br />
| 6,230,556<br />
| rowspan="2" {{yes2|Government}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br />
|rowspan=11|[[M. Karunanidhi]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|184|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 47<br />
| 48.58%<br />
| 7,654,935<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|48|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 136<br />
| 24.89%<br />
| 4,258,771<br />
| rowspan="2" {{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|37|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 11<br />
| 22.1%<br />
| 4,164,389<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|24|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 13<br />
| 29.3%<br />
| 6,362,770<br />
| {{partial|Others}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|150|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 116<br />
| 37.89%<br />
| 9,135,220<br />
| {{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|2|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 148<br />
| 22.5%<br />
| 5,535,668<br />
| {{partial|Others}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|173|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 171<br />
| 53.77%<br />
| 14,600,748<br />
| {{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|31|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 142<br />
| 30.90%<br />
| 8,669,864<br />
| {{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|96|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 65<br />
| 26.50%<br />
| 8,728,716<br />
| {{yes2|Minority<br />Government}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|23|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{decrease}} 73<br />
| 22.40%<br />
| 8,249,991<br />
| {{partial|Others}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|89|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
| {{increase}} 66<br />
| 31.39%<br />
| 13,670,511<br />
| {{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|[[M. K. Stalin]]<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|133|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 44<br />
|37.7%<br />
|17,430,179<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|}{{Vertical bar chart<br />
|1962|50<br />
|1967|137<br />
|1971|184<br />
|1977|48<br />
|1980|37<br />
|1984|24<br />
|1989|150<br />
|1991|2<br />
|1996|173<br />
|2001|31<br />
|2006|96<br />
|2011|23<br />
|2016|89<br />
|2021|133<br />
|full_name=All time–DMK Assembly seat count (Tamil Nadu)<br />
|type=demographic<br />
|color=red<br />
}}{{Vertical bar chart<br />
|1974|2<br />
|1977|3<br />
|1980|14<br />
|1985|5<br />
|1990|9<br />
|1991|4<br />
|1996|7<br />
|2001|7<br />
|2006|7<br />
|2011|3<br />
|2016|2<br />
|2021|6<br />
|full_name=All time–DMK Assembly seat count (Puducherry)<br />
|type=demographic<br />
|color=red<br />
}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] Elections<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Year<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Assembly<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Party leader<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Seats contested<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Seats won<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Change in seats<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Percentage of votes<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Vote swing<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Popular vote<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Outcome<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|5th<br />
|rowspan=2|[[M.&nbsp;Karunanidhi]]<br />
|3<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|0|287|{{party color|DMK}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|0.26%<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|36,466<br />
|rowspan=2 {{lost|Lost}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
|6th<br />
|2<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|0|294|{{party color|DMK}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|0.03%<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.23%<br />
|6,547<br />
|}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] Elections<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Year<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Assembly<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Party leader<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Seats contested<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Seats won<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Change in seats<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Percentage of votes<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Vote swing<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Popular vote<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Outcome<br />
|-<br />
|[[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
|6th<br />
|[[M.&nbsp;Karunanidhi]]<br />
|3<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|0|224|{{party color|DMK}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|0.13%<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|16,437<br />
|{{lost|Lost}}<br />
|}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] Elections<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Year<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Assembly<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Party leader<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Seats contested<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Seats won<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Change in seats<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Percentage of votes<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Vote swing<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Popular vote<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Outcome<br />
|-<br />
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<br />
|4th<br />
|[[M.&nbsp;Karunanidhi]]<br />
|1<br />
|{{Composition bar compact|0|133|{{party color|DMK}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|0.02%<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|1,682<br />
|{{lost|Lost}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Current office bearers and prominent members==<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Member<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Position in Government<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Party Position<br />
|-<br />
|[[M. K. Stalin]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]<br />
*Former [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|President<br />
|-<br />
|[[Duraimurugan]]<br />
|<br />
*Minister for Water Resources of Tamil Nadu<br />
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]<br />
*[[List of leaders of the house in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|General Secretary<br />
|-<br />
|[[T. R. Baalu]]<br />
|<br />
*[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]<br />
*Former Minister of Shipping of the Republic of India<br />
*Former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br />
|Treasurer and Lok Sabha Leader<br />
|-<br />
|[[K. N. Nehru]]<br />
|<br />
*Minister for Municipal Administration<br />
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tiruchirappalli West Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli West]]<br />
|Party Principal Secretary<br />
|-<br />
|[[I. Periyasamy]]<br />
|<br />
* Minister for Rural Administration<br />
* MLA from [[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Aathoor]]<br />
|Deputy General Secretary<br />
|- style="text-align:left;<br />
|[[Tiruchi N. Siva|Tiruchi Siva]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dmk-mp-tiruchi-siva-appointed-new-party-deputy-general-secretary-829676 | title=DMK MP Tiruchi Siva appointed new party deputy general secretary | website=[[DT Next]] | date=11 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dmk-removes-minister-ponmudy-from-the-post-of-deputy-general-secretary-829675 | title=Stalin sacks Ponmudy from party post over his 'vulgar' remarks | website=[[DT Next]] | date=11 April 2025 }}</ref><br />
|<br />
* Leader of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in Rajya Sabha<br />
* [[Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br />
|Deputy General Secretary<br />
|- style="text-align:left;<br />
|[[A. Raja]]<br />
|<br />
* Member of Parliament (LS) from [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]<br />
* Former Union Minister for Information Technology<br />
|Deputy General Secretary<br />
|- style="text-align:left;<br />
|[[P. Selvarasu|Anthiyur P. Selvaraj]]<br />
|<br />
* Member of Rajya Sabha,<br />
* Former State Minister for Handlooms and Textile<br />
|Deputy General Secretary<br />
|- style="text-align:left;<br />
|[[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]] <br />
|<br />
* [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukkudi]]<br />
* Former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br />
|{{ubl|Deputy General Secretary and|Parliamentary Chairperson}}<br />
|- style="text-align:left;<br />
|[[R. S. Bharathi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/Main.aspx|title=R. S. Bharathi profile|work=Rajya Sabha}}</ref><br />
|<br />
* Former Member of Parliament (RS)<br />
* Former Chairman of Alandur Municipality<br />
|Organization Secretary<br />
|- style="text-align:left;<br />
|[[T. K. S. Elangovan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4533|title=TKS Elangovan profile|work=Government of India}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
|<br />
* Former Member of Parliament (RS)<br />
|Official Spokesperson<br />
|- style="text-align:left;<br />
|[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]<br />
|<br />
* Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu<br />
* Minister for Planning and Development<br />
* Minister for Youth Welfare and Sports Development of Tamil Nadu<br />
* Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]<br />
|Youth Wing Secretary<br />
|- style="text-align:left;<br />
|[[T. R. B. Rajaa]]<br />
|<br />
* Minister for Industries,Investments and Commerce<br />
* Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Mannargudi (state assembly constituency)|Mannargudi]]<br />
|Information Technology Wing Secretary<br />
|- style="text-align:left;<br />
|Helena Davidson<br />
|<br />
* Former Member of Parliament (LS) from [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]<br />
| Women's Wing Secretary<br />
|- style="text-align:left;<br />
|[[C. V. M. P. Ezhilarasan]]<br />
|<br />
* Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Kancheepuram (state assembly constituency)|Kancheepuram]]<br />
|Students' Wing Secretary<br />
|- style="text-align:left;<br />
| |[[Dayanidhi Maran]]<br />
|<br />
* Member of Parliament (LS) from [[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Central Chennai]]<br />
* Former Union Minister for Information Technology<br />
| Sports Wing Secretary<br />
|-<br />
|[[Palanivel Thiagarajan]]<br />
|<br />
* Minister for Information Technology and Digital Services<br />
* Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]<br />
|Assets Committee Secretary<br />
|- style="text-align:left;<br />
|[[Ezhilan Naganathan]]<br />
|<br />
* Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]<br />
|Medical Wing Secretary<br />
|- style="text-align:left;<br />
|M M Abdulla<br />
|<br />
* Member of Parliament (RS)<br />
|NRI Wing Secretary<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of party leaders==<br />
===Presidents===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|No.<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Portrait<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name<br/>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}<br />
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term in office<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Assumed office<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Left office<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Time in office<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|100px]]<br />
|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]'''<br/><small>(1924–2018)</small><br />
|27 July 1969<br />
|7 August 2018<br />
|{{age in years and days|1969|07|27|2018|8|7}}<br />
|-<br />
!2 <br />
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|133x133px|The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin]]<br />
|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]'''<br/><small>(born in 1953)</small><br />
|28 August 2018<br />
|''incumbent''<br />
|rowspan=2|{{age in years and days|2018|08|28}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Working President===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|No.<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Portrait<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name<br/>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}<br />
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term in office <br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|133x133px|The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin]]<br />
|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]'''<br/><small>(born in 1953)</small><br />
|4 January 2017<br />
|27 August 2018<br />
|{{age in years and days|2017|01|04|2018|08|27}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===General Secretaries===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|No.<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Portrait<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name<br/>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}<br />
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term in office<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Assumed office<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Left office<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Time in office<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2|1<br />
|rowspan=2|[[File:CN Annadurai.jpg|100px]]<br />
|rowspan=2|'''[[C. N. Annadurai]]'''<br/><small>(1909–1969)</small><br />
|17 September 1949<br />
|24 April 1955<br />
|rowspan=2|13 years, 350 days<br />
|-<br />
|25 September 1960<br />
|3 February 1969<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2|2<br />
|rowspan=2|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|rowspan=2|'''[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]'''<br/><small>(1920–2000)</small><br />
|24 April 1955<br />
|24 September 1960<br />
|rowspan=2|13 years, 254 days<br />
|-<br />
|4 February 1969<br />
|16 May 1977<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|[[File:Anbazhagan2006.jpg|100px]]<br />
|'''[[K. Anbazhagan]]'''<br/><small>(1922–2020)</small><br />
|17 May 1977<br />
|7 March 2020<br />
|42 years, 295 days<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|'''[[Duraimurugan]]'''<br/><small>(born in 1938)</small><br />
|9 September 2020<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|{{age in years and days|2020|09|09}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of chief ministers==<br />
=== Chief Minister of Madras State ===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|No.<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Portrait<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name<br/>{{small|(Birth–Death)}}<br />
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term in office<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]]<br/>{{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Elected constituency<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Ministry<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Assumed office<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Left office<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Time in office<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[File:CN Annadurai.jpg|100px]]<br />
|'''[[C. N. Annadurai]]'''<br/><small>(1909–1969)</small><br />
|6 March 1967<br />
|13 January 1969<br />
|1 year, 313 days<br />
|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]]<br/>{{small|([[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1967]])}}<br />
|[[State legislative councils of India#Member of the Legislative Council|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]<br />
|[[Annadurai ministry|Annadurai]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu===<br />
{{further|List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|No.<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Portrait<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}<br />
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Term in office<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Ministry<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Constituency<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Assembly<br />{{small|Election}}<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Start<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|End<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Duration<br />{{small|in days}}<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=1|1<br />
|rowspan=1|[[File:CN Annadurai.jpg|100px]]<br />
|rowspan=1|'''[[C. N. Annadurai]]'''<br /><small>(1909–1969)</small><br />
|14 January 1969<br />
|3 February 1969<br />
!'''20 days'''<br />
|[[Annadurai ministry|Annadurai]]<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]<br />
|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]]<br />[[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|<small>(1967)</small>]]<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=1|Acting<br />
|rowspan=1|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|rowspan=1|'''[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]'''<br /><small>(1910–1988)</small><br />
|3 February 1969<br />
|10 February 1969<br />
!'''7 days'''<br />
|[[First Nedunchezhiyan ministry|Nedunchezhiyan I]]<br />
|[[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]<br />
|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]]<br />[[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|<small>(1967)</small>]]<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=5|2<br />
|rowspan=5|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|100px]]<br />
|rowspan=5|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]'''<br /><small>(1924–2018)</small><br />
|10 February 1969<br />
|14 March 1971<br />
!'''{{ayd|1969|2|10|1971|3|14}}'''<br />
|[[First Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi I]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]<br />
|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]]<br />[[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|<small>(1967)</small>]]<br />
|-<br />
|15 March 1971<br />
|31 January 1976<br />
!'''{{ayd|1971|3|15|1976|1|31}}'''<br />
|[[Second Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi II]]<br />
|5th<br />{{small|(1971)}}<br />
|-<br />
|27 January 1989<br />
|30 January 1991<br />
!'''{{ayd|1989|1|27|1991|1|30}}'''<br />
|[[Third Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi III]]<br />
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]<br />
|11th<br />[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(1989)}}]]<br />
|-<br />
|13 May 1996<br />
|13 May 2001<br />
!'''{{ayd|1996|5|13|2001|5|13}}'''<br />
|[[Fourth Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi IV]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]<br />
|11th<br />[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(1996)}}]]<br />
|-<br />
|13 May 2006<br />
|15 May 2011<br />
!'''{{ayd|2006|5|13|2011|5|15}}'''<br />
|[[Fifth Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi V]]<br />
|13th<br />[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(2006)}}]]<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=1|3<br />
|rowspan=1| [[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|133x133px|The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin]]<br />
|rowspan=1|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mk-stalin-dmk-chief-takes-oath-as-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-243677 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-05 |title=M.K. Stalin appointed Tamil Nadu CM, swearing-in on May 7 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mk-stalin-appointed-tamil-nadu-cm-swearing-in-on-may-7/article34491656.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>'''<br /><small>(born 1953)</small><br />
|7 May 2021<br />
|Incumbent<br />
!'''{{age in years and days|2021|05|07}}'''<br />
|[[M. K. Stalin ministry|Stalin]]<br />
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]<br />
|16th<br />[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(2021)}}]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===List of deputy chief ministers===<br />
====Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu====<br />
{{further|List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |No.<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Portrait<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}<br />
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Term in office<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]]<br />{{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Elected constituency<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|{{white|Chief Minister}}]]<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Assumed office<br />
! style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Left office<br />
! style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Time in office<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|100px]]<br />
|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]'''<br /><small>(1953–)</small><br />
|29 May 2009<br />
|15 May 2011<br />
|1 year, 351 days<br />
|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]]<br />{{small|([[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}<br />
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]<br />
|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|50px]]<br />[[M. Karunanidhi]]<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|[[File:Udhaya.jpg|100px]]<br />
|'''[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]'''<br /><small>(1977–)</small><br />
|28 September 2024<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|{{age in years and days|2024|09|28}}<br />
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]]<br />{{small|([[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]])}}<br />
|[[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]<br />
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|50px]]<br />[[M. K. Stalin]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Chief Ministers of Puducherry===<br />
{{further|List of chief ministers of Puducherry}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" |No.<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Portrait<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"| Name<br />
<small>{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}</small><br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|<small>Elected constituency</small><br />
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Term of office<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|{{black|(Assembly)}}]]<br />{{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|{{black|Election}}]])}}<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Appointed by<br><small>[[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|{{black|(Lieutenant<br>Governor)}}]]</small><br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" |Assumed office<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" |Left office<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" |<small>Time in office</small><br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| '''[[M. O. H. Farook]]'''<br /><small>(1937–2012)</small><br />
| [[Kalapet Assembly constituency|Kalapet]]<br />
| 17 March 1969<br />
| 2 January 1974<br />
! 4 years, 291 days<br />
| 3rd<br />{{small|([[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969 <br>election]])}}<br />
| [[B. D. Jatti]]<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| rowspan="2"|'''[[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]'''<br /><small>(Unknown)</small><br />
| rowspan="2"|[[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]]<br />
| 16 January 1980<br />
| 23 June 1983<br />
!3 years, 158 days<br />
| 6th<br />{{small|([[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980 <br>election]])}}<br />
| [[Bidesh Tukaram Kulkarni|B. T. Kulkarni]]<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| 8 March 1990<br />
| 2 March 1991<br />
! 359 days<br />
| 8th<br />{{small|([[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990 <br>election]])}}<br />
| [[Chandrawati]]<br />
|-<br />
! 4<br />
| [[File:R.V.Janakiraman2 (cropped).jpg|100px]]<br />
| '''[[R. V. Janakiraman]]'''<br /><small>(1941–2019)</small><br />
| [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]]<br />
| 26 May 1996<br />
| 21 March 2000<br />
! 3 years, 300 days<br />
| rowspan = "2" | 10th<br />{{small|([[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996<br>election]])}}<br />
| [[Rajendra Kumari Bajpai]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== List of Leaders of the Opposition ==<br />
=== Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly ===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" |No.<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Portrait<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Name<br />
<small>{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}</small><br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|<small>Elected constituency</small><br />
!colspan=3 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Term of office<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|{{black|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]]}}<br /><small>{{black|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|Election]])}}</small><br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Appointed by<br>{{black|([[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker]])}}<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Assumed office<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Left office<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|<small>Time in office</small><br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2|1<br />
|rowspan=2|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|100px]]<br />
|rowspan=2|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]'''<br /><small>(1924–2018)</small><br />
|rowspan=2|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]<br />
|25 July 1977<br />
|17 February 1980<br />
!rowspan=2|5 years, 259 days<br />
|6th<br />{{small|([[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}<br />
|[[Munu Adhi]]<br />
|-<br />
|27 June 1980<br />
|18 August 1983<br />
|7th<br />{{small|([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}<br />
|[[K. Rajaram]]<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|[[File:Anbazhagan2006.jpg|100px]]<br />
|'''[[K. Anbazhagan]]'''<br /><small>(1922–2020)</small><br />
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]<br />
|24 May 2001<br />
|14 April 2006<br />
!4 years, 325 days<br />
|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]]<br />{{small|([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}<br />
|[[K. Kalimuthu]]<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|100px]]<br />
|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]'''<br /><small>(born 1953)</small><br />
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]<br />
|4 June 2016<br />
|3 May 2021<br />
!4 years, 333 days<br />
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]]<br />{{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}<br />
|[[P. Dhanapal]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Pondicherry/Puducherry Legislative Assembly ===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |No.<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Portrait<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" | Name<br />
<small>{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}</small><br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |<small>Elected constituency</small><br />
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white|Term of office<br />
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|{{black|Assembly}}]]<br />{{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|{{black|(election)}}]])}}<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"| Assumed office<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"| Left office<br />
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"| Time in office<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2| 1<br />
|rowspan=2| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|rowspan=2| [[R.V. Janakiraman]]<br />
|rowspan=2| [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]]<br />
| 22 March 2000<br />
| 15 May 2001<br />
|'''{{ayd|2000|3|22|2001|5|15}}'''<br />
| | 10th<br />{{small|(1996 election)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 16 May 2001<br />
| 11 May 2006<br />
| '''{{ayd|2001|5|16|2006|5|11}}'''<br />
| 11th<br />{{small|(2001 election)}}<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| [[A. M. H. Nazeem]]<br />
| Karaikal<br />
| 29 May 2006<br />
| May 2011<br />
| '''{{ayd|2006|5|29|2011|5|29}}'''<br />
| 12th<br />{{small|(2006 election)}}<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| [[R. Siva]]<br />
| [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]]<br />
| 8 May 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Four-time MLA R Siva appointed leader of DMK legislature party in Puducherry|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/08/four-time-mla-r-siva-appointed-leader-of-dmk-legislature-party-in-puducherry-2300076.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date= 8 May 2021 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref><br />
| ''Incumbent''<br />
| '''{{ayd|2021|5|8}}'''<br />
| [[15th Puducherry Assembly|15th]]<br />{{small|([[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]])}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Madras State Legislative Assembly ===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Leader of the Opposition<br />
! style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term Start<br />
! style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term End<br />
! style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Duration<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]''' || 29 March 1962 || 28 February 1967 || '''{{ayd|1962|3|28|1967|2|28}}'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== List of Speakers & Deputy Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|No.<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Name<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Deputy<br>Speaker<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Took<br> office<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Left<br> office<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Duration<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan =2| 1<br />
| rowspan =2| [[Pulavar K. Govindan]]<br />
| [[G. R. Edmund]]<br />
| 22 February<br>1969<br />
| 14 March<br> 1971<br />
! '''{{ayd|1969|2|22|1971|3|14}}'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[N. Ganapathy (Thanjavur)|N. Ganapathy]]<br />
| 3 August<br> 1973<br />
| 3 July<br> 1977<br />
! '''{{ayd|1973|8|3|1977|7|3}}'''<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| [[K. A. Mathiazagan]]<br />
| [[P. Seenivasan]]<br />
| 24 March<br> 1971<br />
| 2 December<br> 1972<br />
!'''{{ayd|1971|3|24|1972|12|2}}'''<br />
|-<br />
! ''Acting''<br />
| colspan="2"|[[P. Seenivasan]]<br> ''(Acting Speaker)''<br />
| 2 December<br> 1972<br />
| 3 August<br> 1973<br />
! '''{{ayd|1972|2|12|1973|8|3}}'''<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| [[M. Tamilkudimagan]]<br />
| [[V. P. Duraisamy]]<br />
| 8 February<br> 1989<br />
| 30 June<br> 1991<br />
!'''{{ayd|1989|2|8|1991|7|30}}'''<br />
|-<br />
! 4<br />
| [[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]]<br />
| [[Parithi Ilamvazhuthi]]<br />
| 23 May<br> 1996<br />
| 21 May<br> 2001<br />
!'''{{ayd|1996|5|23|2001|5|21}}'''<br />
|-<br />
! 5<br />
| [[R. Avudaiappan]]<br />
| [[V. P. Duraisamy]]<br />
| 19 May<br> 2006<br />
| 15 May<br> 2011<br />
!'''{{ayd|2006|5|19|2011|5|15}}'''<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
|[[M. Appavu]]<br />
|[[K. Pitchandi]]<br />
|12 May<br> 2021<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
!'''{{ayd|2021|5|12}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of union cabinet ministers==<br />
===V. P. Singh ministry (1989–90)===<br />
{{further|V. P. Singh ministry}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" | #<br />
!rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" | Portrait<br />
!rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:18em" | Minister<br>{{small|(Birth-Death)<br>Constituency}}<br />
!colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" | Term of office<br />
!rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:8em" | Portfolio<br />
!rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" | Ministry<br />
!rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:9em" | Prime Minister<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:7em" | From<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:7em" | To<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:6em" | Period<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |<br />
|[[File:Murasoli Maran 2004 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]'''<br>{{small|(1934–2003)<br>MP for [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]}}<br />
|<small>2 December</small><br>1989<br />
|<small>10 November</small><br>1990<br />
|'''343 days'''<br />
|'''[[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Development]]'''<br />
|style="background:#4C915F" | '''[[V. P. Singh ministry|{{black|Vishwanath}}]]'''<br />
|[[V. P. Singh]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===H.D Devegowda Ministry (1996{{ndash}}97)===<br />
{{further|Deve Gowda ministry}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|No.<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}<br />
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency<br />{{small|(House)}}<br />
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Assumed office<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Left office<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Time in office<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[File:Murasoli Maran 2004 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]]</small>'''<br />
|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]'''<br /><small>(1934–2003)</small><br />
|<small>1 June</small><br> 1996<br />
|<small>21 April</small><br>1997<br />
!'''{{ayd|1996|6|1|1997|4|21}}'''<br />
|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|rowspan=4|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]<br />
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|'''<small>[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Surface Transport]]</small>'''<br />
|'''[[T. G. Venkatraman]]'''<br /><small>(1931–2013)</small><br />
|<small>1 June</small><br> 1996<br />
|<small>21 April</small><br>1997<br />
!'''{{ayd|1996|6|1|1997|4|21}}'''<br />
|[[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]</small>'''<br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|'''[[N. V. N. Somu]]'''<br /><small>(–)</small><br />
|<small>6 July</small><br> 1996<br />
|<small>21 April</small><br>1997<br />
!'''{{ayd|1996|7|6|1997|4|21}}'''<br />
|[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|[[File:T R Baalu at his Book Release 2024.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas]]</small>'''<br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]'''<br /><small>(born 1941)</small><br />
|<small>6 July</small><br> 1996<br />
|<small>21 April</small><br>1997<br />
!'''{{ayd|1996|7|6|1997|4|21}}'''<br />
|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===I.K Gujral Ministry (1997{{ndash}}98)===<br />
{{further|Gujral ministry}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|No.<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}<br />
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency<br />{{small|(House)}}<br />
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Assumed office<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Left office<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Time in office<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[File:Murasoli Maran 2004 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]]</small>'''<br />
|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]'''<br /><small>(1934–2003)</small><br />
|<small>21 April</small><br>1997<br />
|<small>19 March</small><br>1998<br />
!'''{{ayd|1997|4|21|1998|3|19}}'''<br />
|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|rowspan=6|[[I. K. Gujral]]<br />
|rowspan=6 {{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|2<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|'''<small>[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Surface Transport]]</small>'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[T. G. Venkatraman]]'''<br /><small>(1931–2013)</small><br />
|<small>21 April</small><br>1997<br />
|<small>19 March</small><br>1998<br />
!'''{{ayd|1997|4|21|1998|3|19}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
|'''<small>[[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Affairs & Employment]]</small>'''<br />
|<small>14 November</small><br>1997<br />
|<small>12 December</small><br>1997<br />
!'''{{ayd|1997|11|14|1997|12|12}}'''<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|3<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[File:T R Baalu at his Book Release 2024.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas]]</small>'''<br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]'''<br /><small>(born 1941)</small><br />
|<small>21 April</small><br>1997<br />
|<small>19 March</small><br>1998<br />
!'''{{ayd|1997|4|21|1998|3|19}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources]]</small>'''<br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|<small>11 January</small><br>1998<br />
|<small>19 March</small><br>1998<br />
!'''{{ayd|1998|1|11|1998|3|19}}'''<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]</small>'''<br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|'''[[N. V. N. Somu]]'''<br /><small>(–)</small><br />
|<small>21 April</small><br>1997<br />
|<small>14 November</small><br>1997<br /><small>''(died in office)''</small><br />
!'''{{ayd|1997|4|21|1997|11|14}}'''<br />
|[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Third Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ministry (1999{{ndash}}2004)===<br />
{{further|Third Vajpayee ministry}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|No.<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}<br />
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency<br />{{small|(House)}}<br />
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Assumed office<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Left office<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Time in office<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|1<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Murasoli Maran 2004 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce & Industry]]</small>'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]'''<br /><small>(1934–2003)</small><br />
|<small>13 October</small><br>1999<br />
|<small>9 November</small><br>2002<br />
!'''3 years, 27 days'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|rowspan=6|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
|rowspan=6 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|'''<small>[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Minister without portfolio]]</small>'''<br />
|<small>9 November</small><br>2002<br />
|<small>23 November</small><br>2003<br />
!'''{{ayd|2002|11|9|2003|11|23}}'''<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|[[File:T R Baalu at his Book Release 2024.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment & Forests]]</small>'''<br />
|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]'''<br /><small>(born 1941)</small><br />
|<small>13 October</small><br>1999<br />
|<small>21 December</small><br>2003<br />
!'''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2003|12|21}}'''<br />
|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|3<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[File:A still of the Union Minister for Environment & Forests, Shri A. Raja during a meeting of Chief Wildlife Wardens and Field Directors of Project Tiger Reserves, in New Delhi on May 26, 2005.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]</small>'''<br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[A. Raja]]'''<br /><small>(born 1963)</small><br />
|<small>13 October</small><br>1999<br />
|<small>30 September</small><br>2001<br />
!'''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2001|9|30}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health & Family Welfare]]</small>'''<br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|<small>30 September</small><br>2000<br />
|<small>21 December</small><br>2003<br />
!'''{{ayd|2000|9|30|2003|12|21}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===First Manmohan Singh Ministry (2004{{ndash}}2009)===<br />
{{further|First Manmohan Singh ministry}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|No.<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}<br />
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency<br />{{small|(House)}}<br />
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Assumed office<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Left office<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Time in office<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|1<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[File:A still of the Union Minister for Environment & Forests, Shri A. Raja during a meeting of Chief Wildlife Wardens and Field Directors of Project Tiger Reserves, in New Delhi on May 26, 2005.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment and Forests]]</small>'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[A. Raja]]'''<br /><small>(born 1963)</small><br />
|<small>23 May</small><br>2004<br />
|<small>15 May</small><br>2007<br />
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2007|5|15}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|rowspan=12|[[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
|rowspan=12 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|'''<small>[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications & Information Technology]]</small>'''<br />
|<small>15 May</small><br>2007<br />
|<small>22 May</small><br>2009<br />
!'''{{ayd|2007|5|15|2009|5|22}}'''<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|[[File:Dayanidhi Maran.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''<small>[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications & Information Technology]]</small>'''<br />
|'''[[Dayanidhi Maran]]'''<br /><small>(born 1966)</small><br />
|<small>23 May</small><br>2004<br />
|<small>15 May</small><br>2007<br />
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2007|5|15}}'''<br />
|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|3<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[File:T R Baalu at his Book Release 2024.jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''<small>[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]</small>'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]'''<br /><small>(born 1941)</small><br />
|<small>23 May</small><br>2004<br />
|<small>22 May</small><br>2009<br />
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Minister of Shipping]]</small>'''<br />
|<small>25 May</small><br> 2004<br />
|<small>2 September</small><br>2004{{efn|The ministry's competences were transferred to the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways]] in September 2004.}}<br />
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|25|2004|9|2}}'''<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]</small>'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|'''[[K. Venkatapathy]]'''<br /><small>(born 1946)</small><br />
|<small>23 May</small><br>2004<br />
|<small>22 May</small><br>2009<br />
!|'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}'''<br />
|[[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|5<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[File:S. Regupathy in 2004 (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]</small>'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[S. Regupathy]]'''<br /><small>(born 1950)</small><br />
|<small>23 May</small><br>2004<br />
|<small>15 May</small><br>2007<br />
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2007|5|15}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Pudukkottai Lok Sabha constituency|Pudukkottai]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment and Forests]]</small>'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|<small>15 May</small><br>2007<br />
|<small>22 May</small><br>2009<br />
!'''{{ayd|2007|5|15|2009|5|22}}'''<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|6<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[File:S. S. Palanimanickam (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]</small>'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[S. S. Palanimanickam]]'''<br /><small>(born 1950)</small><br />
|<small>23 May</small><br>2004<br />
|<small>25 May</small><br> 2004<br />
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2004|5|25}}'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
|'''<small>[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]</small>'''<br><small>(Revenue, from 29 January 2006)</small><br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|<small>25 May</small><br> 2004<br />
|<small>22 May</small><br>2009<br />
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|25|2009|5|22}}'''<br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
|[[File:Subbalakshmi Jagadeesan (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]</small>'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|'''[[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]]'''<br /><small>(born 1947)</small><br />
|<small>23 May</small><br>2004<br />
|<small>22 May</small><br>2009<br />
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}'''<br />
|[[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
|[[File:V. Radhika Selvi (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|'''<small>[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]</small>'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|'''[[V. Radhika Selvi]]'''<br /><small>(born 1976)</small><br />
|<small>18 May</small><br>2007<br />
|<small>22 May</small><br>2009<br />
!'''{{ayd|2007|5|18|2009|5|22}}'''<br />
|[[Tiruchendur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchendur]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Second Manmohan Singh Ministry (2009{{ndash}}2014)===<br />
{{further|Second Manmohan Singh ministry}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|No.<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}<br />
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office<br />
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency<br />{{small|(House)}}<br />
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Assumed office<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Left office<br />
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Time in office<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[File:A still of the Union Minister for Environment & Forests, Shri A. Raja during a meeting of Chief Wildlife Wardens and Field Directors of Project Tiger Reserves, in New Delhi on May 26, 2005.jpg|70px]]<br />
|<small>'''[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications & Information Technology]]'''</small><br />
|'''[[A. Raja]]'''<br /><small>(born 1963)</small><br />
|<small>28 May</small><br>2009<br />
|<small>15 November</small><br>2010<br><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-11-15 |title=Telecom Minister A Raja resigns; PM to keep charge of Telecom ministry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/telecom-minister-a-raja-resigns-pm-to-keep-charge-of-telecom-ministry/articleshow/6926778.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-15 |title=Raja resigns over 2G spectrum issue |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/telecom/story/raja-resigns-over-2g-spectrum-issue-15096-2010-11-15 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-02-02 |title=CBI arrests former Telecom Minister A. Raja |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/CBI-arrests-former-Telecom-Minister-A.-Raja/article15126071.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
!'''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2010|11|15}}'''<br />
|[[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|rowspan=9|[[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
|rowspan=9 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|[[File:Dayanidhi Maran.jpg|70px]]<br />
|<small>'''[[Ministry of Textiles|Minister of Textiles]]'''</small><br />
|'''[[Dayanidhi Maran]]'''<br /><small>(born 1966)</small><br />
|<small>28 May</small><br>2009<br />
|<small>12 July</small><br>2011<br><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-07 |title=Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Cabinet |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/dayanidhi-maran-resigns-from-cabinet/article20303877.ece1 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-08 |title=Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Union Cabinet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dayanidhi-maran-resigns-from-union-cabinet/articleshow/9143074.cms |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
!'''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2011|7|12}}'''<br />
|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|[[File:MKAlagiri.jpg|70px]]<br />
|<small>'''[[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of Chemicals & Fertilizers]]'''</small><br />
|'''[[M. K. Alagiri]]'''<br /><small>(born 1951)</small><br />
|rowspan="4"|<small>28 May</small><br>2009<br />
|rowspan="4"|<small>21 March</small><br>2013<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-07 |title=Karunanidhi denies reports on Alagiri's resignation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Karunanidhi-denies-reports-on-Alagiris-resignation/article15510351.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
!rowspan="4"|'''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2013|3|21}}'''<br />
|[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|[[File:Nepoleon Duraisamy.png|70px]]<br />
|<small>'''[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]'''</small><br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|'''[[Napoleon (actor)|D. Napoleon]]'''<br /><small>(born 1963)</small><br />
|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|[[File:S. Gandhiselvan (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|<small>'''[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health & Family Welfare]]'''</small><br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|'''<small>[[S. Gandhiselvan]]</small>'''<br /><small>(born 1963)</small><br />
|[[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
|[[File:S. S. Palanimanickam (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|<small>'''[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]'''</small><br><small>(Revenue)</small><br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|'''<small>[[S. S. Palanimanickam]]</small>'''<br /><small>(born 1950)</small><br />
|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="3"|7<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[File:S. Jagathrakshakan (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|<small>'''[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information & Broadcasting]]'''</small><br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|rowspan="3"|'''<small>[[S. Jagathrakshakan]]</small>'''<br /><small>(born 1950)</small><br />
|<small>28 May</small><br>2009<br />
|<small>28 October</small><br>2012<br />
!'''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2012|10|28}}'''<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]<br /><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|-<br />
|<small>'''[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of New & Renewable Energy]]'''</small><br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|<small>28 October</small><br>2012<br />
|<small>2 November</small><br>2012<br />
!'''{{ayd|2012|10|28|2012|11|2}}'''<br />
|-<br />
|<small>'''[[Ministry of Commerce & Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce & Industry]]'''</small><br />'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|<small>2 November</small><br>2012<br />
|<small>21 March</small><br>2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 DMK ministers quit, PM accepts their resignations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/5-dmk-ministers-quit-pm-accepts-their-resignations/articleshow/19097333.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=The Economic Times | date=20 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref><br />
!'''{{ayd|2012|11|2|2013|3|21}}'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha==<br />
{{further|Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Portrait<br />
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Name<br><small>(Birth–Death)</small><br />
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Elected constituency<br />
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Lok Sabha<br><small>(Election)</small><br />
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Speaker<br />
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Assumed office<br />
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Left office<br />
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Time in office<br />
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Prime Minister<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| '''[[G. Lakshmanan]]'''<br><small>(1924–2001)</small><br />
| [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]<br />
| [[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]<br><small>[[1980 Indian general election|(1980)]]</small><br />
| '''[[Balram Jakhar]]'''<br><small>[[Indian National Congress|(INC)]]</small><br />
| 1 December 1980<br />
| 31 December 1984<br />
! 4 years, 30 days<br />
| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Splits and offshoots ==<br />
There are two major parties that have been formed as a result of splits from the DMK, which are<br />
* [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), founded on 17 October 1972 by the former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (M.G.R.).<br />
* [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK), founded on 6 May 1994 by [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] [[Vaiko]].<br />
<br />
=== Political lineage and offsprings of DMK ===<br />
{{DP-genealogy}}<br />
<br />
== Media ==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| caption_align = center<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| width = 220<br />
| image1 = Kanimozhi Karunanidhi 01.jpg<br />
| caption1 = '''Tmt. Kanimozhi Karunanidhi'''<br />Deputy General Secretary of the party<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party runs two newspapers: an English weekly named ''The Rising Sun'' and a Tamil daily named ''[[Murasoli (India)|Murasoli]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dmk.in/|title=DMK homepage|access-date=11 November 2013|publisher=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Kalaignar TV]] is a TV channel group started on 15 September 2007 and managed by [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]] and Dayalu Ammal, the daughter and wife of Karunanidhi. The group has multiple sister channels: Kalaignar Isai Aruvi (24×7 Tamil music channel), Kalaignar Seithigal (24×7 Tamil news channel), Kalaignar Sirippoli (24×7 Tamil comedy channel), Kalaignar Chithiram (24×7 Tamil cartoon channel), Kalaignar Murasu(24×7 Tamil movie channel) and Kalaignar Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalaignartv.co.in/|title=Kalaignar Channel|publisher=Kalaignar Channel|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
* [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
* [[2G spectrum case]]<br />
* [[Granite scam in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
* [[Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers]]<br />
* [[Dinakaran attack]]<br />
* [[Leelavathi murder]]<br />
* [[Kallakudi demonstration]]<br />
* [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]<br />
* [[Politics of India]]<br />
* [[List of political parties in India]]<br />
* [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
===Publications===<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Ahuja |first=M. L. |title=Electoral politics and general elections in India, 1952–1998 |year=1998 |publisher=Mittal Publication |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7099-711-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFCjniBF9s8C&pg=PA358 |ref=Ahuja}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Chakrabarty |first=Bidyut |title=Indian Politics and Society Since Independence |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzQHZ178C24C |isbn=978-0-415-40868-4}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Copley |first=Antony R. H. |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalcareero0000copl |url-access=registration |title=The political career of C. Rajagopalachari, 1937–1954: a moralist in politics |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |year=1978}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Dirks |first=Nicholas B. |author-link=Nicholas Dirks |title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-691-08895-2}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Fishman |first1=Joshua |last2=Garcia |first2=Ofelia |title=Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity:The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2): The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBoSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |access-date=7 July 2016 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press, USA]] |isbn=978-0-19-539245-6 |pages=230–}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Hardgrave |first=Robert L. |date=1965-08-01 |title=The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/5/8/399/23952/The-Riots-in-Tamilnad-Problems-and-Prospects-of |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |language=en |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=399–407 |doi=10.2307/2642412 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2642412|url-access=subscription }}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Hardgrave |first=Robert L. |date=1973-03-01 |title=Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/13/3/288/20787/Politics-and-the-Film-in-Tamilnadu-The-Stars-and |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=288–305 |doi=10.2307/2643038 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2643038 |hdl=2152/34387 |hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Sara |title=Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India |journal=[[Contributions to Indian Sociology]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=251–277 |year=2005 |doi=10.1177/006996670503900203 |s2cid=144419547 |df=dmy-all}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the low castes in North Indian politics |publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.]] |year=2003 |isbn=1-85065-398-4}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Krishnan |first1=Rajan Kurai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0t6EAAAQBAJ |title=Rule of the Commoner: DMK and Formations of the Political in Tamil Nadu, 1949–1967 |last2=Sriramachandran |first2=Ravindran |last3=Subagunarajan |first3=V. M. S. |date=2022 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-19717-5 |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Mills |first1=James H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hIUBioZHHQC&pg=PT151 |title=Confronting the body: the politics of physicality in colonial and post-colonial India |last2=Sen |first2=Satadru |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84331-033-4}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Murali |first=Geetha Kamalakshi |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |title=Tracing the Signs: Voter Mobilization and the Functionality of Ideas in Tamil Nadu |year=2007 |location=CA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrNPAQAAMAAJ |isbn=9780549737612}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |author-link=Gail Omvedt |title=Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction on an Indian Identity |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-250-2895-6}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Palanithurai |first=Ganapathy |title=Polyethnicity in India and Canada: Possibilities for Exploration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdxwA3xDtSEC&pg=PA21 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=1997 |isbn=978-8-175-33039-9}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Radhan |first=O.P. |title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7488-865-5 |chapter=A Time-Bound Plan for Muslim India}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=Swarna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7Yz5aGeoTsC |title=State and nation in south Asia |publisher=[[Lynne Rienner Publishers]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-55587-967-9}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Ram |first=N. |year=1977 |editor-last=Barnett |editor-first=Marguerite Ross |title=Pre-History and History of the DMK |journal=[[Social Scientist]] |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=59–91 |doi=10.2307/3520089 |issn=0970-0293 |jstor=3520089}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Ramaswamy |first1=Sumathi |title=Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970 |date=20 November 1997 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-20805-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=La8wDwAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=5.29 The Warrior Devotee}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Rana |first=Mahendra Singh |title=India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005 |year=2006 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7625-647-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC&q=admk&pg=PA413}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Rubinoff |first=Arthur G. |date=1997 |title=General Elections, 1996: Local Issues Dominate in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4406016 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=32 |issue=43 |pages=2829–2835 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4406016 |url-access=registration }}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Subramanian |first=Narendra |date=2002-11-01 |title=Identity Politics and Social Pluralism: Political Sociology and Political Change in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249027491 |journal=[[Commonwealth & Comparative Politics]] |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1080/713999599 |s2cid=153856033}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Swaminathan |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-uYmpYmXuMC |title=Karunanidhi: man of destiny |publisher=Affiliated East-West Press |year=1974 |isbn=9780333902127}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Venu |first=E.Es. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83xIAAAAMAAJ |title=Why South opposes Hindi |publisher=Justice Publications |year=1979}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1957–62 |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department |location=Fort St. George, Madras |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review_2-1957-62.pdf |date=June 1962 |ref=second}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962–67 |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department |location=Fort St. George, Madras |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/review_3_62-67.pdf |date=June 1967 |ref=third}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70 |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department |location=Fort St. George, Madras |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review%204_67-70.pdf |date=June 1971 |ref=fourth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225355/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review%204_67-70.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2013}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1971–76 |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department |location=Fort St. George, Madras |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review_5_1971_1976.pdf |date=June 1976 |ref=fifth}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1977–80 |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department |location=Fort St. George, Madras |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review_6_1977_1980.pdf |year=1980 |ref=sixth}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 1984 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1984 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf |ref=eighth}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2001 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=2001 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |ref=twelfth}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2011 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=2011 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_TN_May2011.pdf |ref=thirteenth}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1980 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1980 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf |ref=seventh}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1989 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1989 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf |ref=ninth}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1991 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1991 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf |ref=tenth}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1996 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1996 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf |ref=eleventh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2006 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=2006 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf |ref=stat2006}}*{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=General Election Results 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/partywiseresult-S22.htm |website=Election Results}}{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-Progressive-Federation Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam] — entry at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''<br />
<br />
{{Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
{{Dravidian politics}}<br />
{{Indian political parties}}<br />
{{United Progressive Alliance}}<br />
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[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| ]]<br />
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Dravidian political parties]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil nationalism]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 1949]]<br />
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]<br />
[[Category:Social democratic parties in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:State political parties in Puducherry]]<br />
[[Category:State political parties in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]][[Category:Former member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_for_India%27s_Development&diff=488123Association for India's Development2026-04-25T20:00:02Z<p>DottyN0357445099: started new post!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox organization<br />
|image = Aid_logo.jpg<br />
|caption = AID logo<br />
|formation = 1991<br />
|type = Volunteer movement<br />
|status = Charity<br />
|purpose = Sustainable, Equitable and Just Development in the Republic of India<br />
|main_organ = Board of directors<ref>{{citation| url= http://aidindia.org/main/content/view/741/373/| title= Who is Who, that's what I want to know!| publisher= Association for India's Development| accessdate= 2010-06-03| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100713005039/http://aidindia.org/main/content/view/741/373/| archivedate= 2010-07-13| url-status= dead}}</ref><br />
|name = Association for India's Development (AID)<br />
|image_border = <br />
|image_size = 140px<br />
|founder = Ravi Kuchimanchi<br />
|region_served = [[India]]<br />
|website = [http://www.aidindia.org/ www.aidindia.org]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Association for India's Development, Inc. (AID)''' is a secular [[Charity (practice)|charity]] organization<ref>{{cite book|last=Prashad|first=Vijay|title=The karma of Brown folk|url=https://archive.org/details/karmaofbrownfolk00pras|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-3439-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/karmaofbrownfolk00pras/page/121 121]}}</ref> based in the [[United States]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Asgharzadeh|first1=A.|last2=Oka|first2=K.|last3=Lawson|first3=E.|title=Diasporic Ruptures: Globality, Migrancy, and Expressions of Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YEbAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Association+for+India%27s+Development%22|year=2007|publisher=Sense|isbn=978-90-8790-050-2|page=47}}</ref> which promotes "sustainable, equitable and just development". AID has won several [[award]]s for its work, including the 'Global Impact Award' by the prominent newspaper 'The [[Times of India]]'.<ref name = ToI>{{cite news|title=For this NGO, all roads lead to India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/For-this-NGO-all-roads-lead-to-India-/articleshow/10048632.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006001009/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-20/india/30179711_1_aid-binayak-sen-funds|url-status=live|archive-date=October 6, 2011|access-date=1 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=September 20, 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Activities==<br />
AID supports [[grassroots]] organizations in [[India]], interconnected spheres such as educations, livelihoods, natural resources including land, water and energy, agriculture, health, [[women's empowerment]] and [[social justice]].<ref name="about"/> AID focuses on a rights-based approach and is in solidarity with prominent people's movements and social workers of India. AID promotes [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] ji's ideas of "being the change that you wish to see in the world" inspiring people to support fair trades, organic products, question injustices and decreases their [[Ecological footprint|ecological]] footprints. AID works towards [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar's]] vision of equality for all enshrined in India's [[Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://makeadifference.aidindia.org/ |title=Make a Difference {{!}} Happy Independence Day |date=2015-10-29 |access-date=2016-03-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029104823/http://makeadifference.aidindia.org/ |archivedate=October 29, 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Organization in the United States==<br />
AID consists of a [[decentralized]] network of chapters which raise and utilize funds independently. There were 36 chapters in 2010<ref name=chapters>{{citation| url= http://vindhya.aidindia.org/ad/chapters/?seeChapters| title= AID chapters| publisher= Association for India's Development| accessdate= 2010-06-03| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100616034639/http://vindhya.aidindia.org/ad/chapters/?seeChapters| archivedate= 16 June 2010| url-status= dead}}</ref> with a total volunteer strength of around 1000.<ref name=about>{{citation| url= http://aidindia.org/main/content/blogsection/3/67/| title= AID - About Us| publisher= Association for India's Development| accessdate= 2010-06-03| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100612110914/http://aidindia.org/main/content/blogsection/3/67/| archivedate= 2010-06-12| url-status= dead}}</ref> The major activities of the [[United States|U.S.]] chapters are raising funds, reviewing and supporting projects in India and informing and mobilizing their communities about important social and developmental issues in India. There were about 100 projects actively supported by AID chapters in 2010.<br />
<br />
==Jeevansaathis==<br />
The Jeevansaathi program began in 1998 to enable and encourage AID volunteers to engage in full-time social works. AID Jeevansaathis make a commitment to work on development issues, being part of AID's network and opening up new directions for AID to explore. Only AID volunteers are eligible to become Jeevansathis. Currently AID has seven Jeevansaathis.<ref>{{citation| url= http://aidindia.org/main/content/section/15/399/| title= AID - Jeevansaathis| publisher= Association for India's Development| accessdate= 2010-06-03| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100605085605/http://aidindia.org/main/content/section/15/399/| archivedate= 2010-06-05| url-status= dead}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.aidindia.org/ AID web site]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Association For India's Development}}<br />
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Maryland]]<br />
[[Category:South Asian–American organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Foreign charities operating in India]]<br />
[[Category:1991 establishments in the United States]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sevappa_Nayaka&diff=534142Sevappa Nayaka2026-04-21T00:58:05Z<p>DottyN0357445099: starting first entry nd citations.</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Short description|Nayak of Thanjavur from 1532 to 1560}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Sevappa Nayaka<br />
| office = 1st [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Nayaka of Thanjavur]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Viswanatha Nayak]] (as [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Nayaka of Madurai]])<br />
| successor = [[Achuthappa Nayak|Achyutappa Nayaka]]<br />
| term_start = 1532<br />
| term_end = 1560<br />
| death_date = 1580<br />
| death_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Nayakdom of Tanjore]], Vijayanagara Empire. (present-day Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India)<br />
| allegiance = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]<br />
| rank = [[Dalavayi|Dalavay]]<br />
| battles = '''Raichur Campaign'''<br /> [[Battle of Raichur]]<br />
| father = Timma Bhupati<br />
| mother = Bayyambika<br />
| spouse = Murtimamba<br />
| children = [[Achuthappa Nayak|Achyutappa Nayaka]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sevappa Nayaka''' was a [[Thanjavur Nayak|Nayaka]] (governor) of [[Chola Nadu|Thanjavur]] under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] from 1532 to 1560.<br />
<br />
== Ancestry and personal life==<br />
Sevappa was the successor of his father Timmappa Nayaka, also known as Timmabuban and Timmabhupati, the Viceroy of northern [[Arcot]] and his wife Bayyambika. The family hailed from [[Nedungundram]] near [[Tiruvannamalai]]. Timmappa Nayaka served Emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]] in the high honoured position of ''Vāśal'' i.e. door-keeper.<br />
<br />
He married Murtimamba, the sister of princess [[Tirumalamba]] and the sister-in-law of Emperor [[Achyuta Deva Raya]]. The duo had a son in [[Achuthappa Nayak|Achyutappa]] who is named in the honour of their emperor.<br />
<br />
The Telugu histories ''Tanjavuri Andhra Rajula Charitramu'' and ''Tanjavuri Vari Charitram'' claim that Sevappa was awarded Thanjavur province as [[stridhana]]. However, this opinion is not universally held by scholars.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Campaigns ==<br />
<br />
Sevappa was a loyal vassal of the Vijayanagara Emperors and assisted them in their campaigns. Sevappa was a [[Dalavayi|dalavay]] for Emperor [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishna Deva Raya]] in his Raichur campaign. He later served as the ''Tambula Karandavahin'' ({{Lit|betel-bearer}}) to Krishnadevaraya's successor [[Achyuta Deva Raya]].<br />
<br />
== Reign ==<br />
<br />
Sevappa's epigraphs are very few and there exist scarcely any record of his reign or campaigns outside the Chola country. One of the earliest events of his reign was the transfer of [[Tiruchirappalli]] to the [[Madurai Nayak kingdom|Madurai Nayakdom]] in exchange for [[Vallam]] on imperial orders. The [[Vishwanatha Nayak|Nayak of Madurai]] is said to have fortified Tiruchirappalli by building a double-walled fort therein and by constructing a big tank inside it. The necessity for fortifying the place, it is said in the chronicles, was due to the predatory ravages and hardships from which the country suffered at the hands of robbers who swooped down on the pilgrims bound for [[Rameshwaram]] and caused much injury to them, both bodily and materially. He was a loyal vassal of the Vijayanagara Emperors Krishnadevaraya and Achyuta Deva Raya. He continued this tradition of loyalty with Emperor [[Sadasiva Raya]] when the latter's general Ramaraja Vittala stationed himself and his army in [[Tiruchirappalli]] during Empire's wars against the expanding king of Tiruvadi and the [[Paravas]] of the fishery coast in 1545. Sevappa provided the general with men and support for the campaign and beyond as the latter stayed as Viceroy of the south for a decade. His reign was one of peace and comparative prosperity and this is best seen in his works of charity and magnificent buildings.<br />
<br />
== Grants and public works ==<br />
<br />
The Nayak's primary source of state revenue was land tax. In addition to land revenue, taxes were imposed on various articles of merchandise. Profession and wealth taxes were also in effect, and a marriage tax was collected. Certain temple festivals were subject to levies, including the Pidari tax. Customs duties were imposed on foreigners, and individuals carrying arms were taxed at higher rates. Specific occupational taxes, such as those on goldsmiths, as well as grazing taxes, were also collected. According to Jesuit accounts, the king is said to have claimed up to half of the agricultural produce as land revenue. Payments were generally made in cash. Administration was conducted through numerous local agents appointed by the Nayak. These officials oversaw smaller administrative divisions and acted as representatives of the ruler, including the collection of royal dues and taxes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="MSU-TamilNadu-History">{{cite web |title=DMHY22 – II Semester – History of Tamil Nadu 1336–1800 AD |url=https://www.msuniv.ac.in/images/distance%20education/learning%20materials/ug%20pg%202023/ug%202021/BA%20history%202021/DMHY22%20-%20II%20Semester%20-%20History%20of%20Tamil%20Nadu%201336%20-%201800%20AD.pdf |access-date=16 February 2026 |publisher=Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Department of Distance Education |page=33 |format=PDF}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sevappa constructed temples, repaired a number of tanks and endowed ''[[agraharas]]''. Sevappa repaired the Sivaganga Tank at Tanjore (now within the premises of the [[Sivaganga Park]]). The Sivaganga fort also was repaired by him. In 1572, Sevappa Nayak embellished the temples at [[Tirumala]] and [[Srisailam]] with gold. Sevappa is said to have constructed the prakaras in the temples at [[Virudhachalam|Vriddhachalam]] and [[Kanchipuram]]. In the [[Chola Nadu|Chola country]], his benefactions impartially extended to both the Siva and Vishnu temples situated on either side of the holy river [[Cauvery]]. Besides, he made gifts of villages and precious jewels to the gods and provided for the feeding of the Brahmanas. He also granted seven ''velis'' of land to the Samusarupalli mosque near [[Nanjikottai]] in 1550 and a village to the [[Madhva]] saint [[Vijayendra Tirtha]] in 1574. In 1579, he grant vast lands to the Buddhist temple at Thiruvilandurai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Enthoven |first=R. E. |date= |title=The Nayaks of Tanjore. By V. Vriddhagirisan. 9¾ in. × 7½ in., pp. xv + 197 + 44. Anamalai University Historical Series, No. 3. Anamalainagar, 1942. |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00098890 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=76 |issue=1-2 |pages=98–99 |doi=10.1017/s0035869x00098890 |issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
Sevappa also patronized Portuguese merchants. A biography of Luso-Christian colonial missionary Francis Xavier from [[Nagapattinam]] says that the Portuguese "were greatly favoured by the lord of the country who is a very powerful captain of the king of Bisnaga".<br />
<br />
== Later life ==<br />
<br />
In his later days, Sevappa appointed his son [[Achuthappa Nayak|Achyutappa]] as [[Yuvaraja]] and co-ruler. In about 1563, Sevappa handed over authority in administrative matters to him and concentrated on acts of charity. Sevappa died in 1580 and was succeeded by Achyutappa.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=The Nayaks of Tanjore|first=V.|last=Vriddhagirisan|year=1942|publisher=[[Annamalai University]]|pages=24-34|chapter=Sevappa Nayak}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-hou|[[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Nayaks of Thanjavur]]||||}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=None}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Raja of Thanjavur|years=1532-1560}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Achuthappa Nayak]]}}<br />
{{end}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nayaks of the Vijayanagara Empire]]<br />
[[Category:1580 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jhotwara_Assembly_constituency&diff=506225Jhotwara Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:27:50Z<p>DottyN0357445099: made first info first draft</p>
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<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Jhotwara<br />
| mla = [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| constituency_no= 46<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| state = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| district = [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Jaipur Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur Rural]]<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-46-Jhotwara.svg<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:402827 as on 21/02/2026}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| incumbent_image = The Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports (IC) and Information & Broadcasting, Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore addressing after felicitating the winners of the World Youth Boxing Championship 2017, at a function (cropped).jpg<br />
}}<br />
'''Jhotwara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> Yadav, Rajput and Jat community has one of the highest population in Jhotwara. Ahir community has population in more than 39 villages and also significant population in urban area.<ref name="election2024">{{Cite web|url=https://chanakyya.com/Chanakya/Assembly-Details.html|title=Assembly Seat Details|website=Chanakyya}}</ref><ref name="election2024-1">{{Cite web | title=Yadav community supported Colonel Rajyavardhan Rathore {{!}} यादव समाज ने कर्नल राज्यवर्द्धन राठौड़ को दिया समर्थन: उत्कर्ष भारत व उत्कर्ष राजस्थान के निर्माण हेतु पीएम मोदी के अभियान की बात पर दिया जोर - Jaipur News {{!}} Dainik Bhaskar | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/yadav-community-supported-colonel-rajyavardhan-rathore-132168179.html | access-date=2025-12-30 | website=www.bhaskar.com}}</ref> <br />
<br />
It is part of [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]] district. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhotwara Elections Results 2018, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Jhotwara, Rajasthan |url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/jhotwara.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=4|{{center|''Until 2013 : Constituency did not exist''}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
|rowspan=2| [[Rajpal Singh Shekhawat]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
| [[Lalchand Kataria]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]:[[Jhotwara]]<ref name="election2023-1">{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2046.htm |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:147913}}<br />
|percentage = 47.75<br />
|change = +3.19<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Abhishek Chaudhry<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:97746}}<br />
|percentage = 31.55<br />
|change = -17.12<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Ashu Singh Surpura<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:55159}}<br />
|percentage = 17.81<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1111}}<br />
|percentage = 0.36<br />
|change = -0.32<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:50167}}<br />
|percentage = 16.2<br />
|change = +12.09<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:309792}}<br />
|percentage = 72.21<br />
|change = -0.09<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Jhotwara<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Lalchand Kataria<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:127185}}<br />
|percentage = 48.67<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Rajpal Singh Shekhawat]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:116438}}<br />
|percentage = 44.56<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharat Vahini Party<br />
|candidate = Chhotu Ram Kumawat<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5733}}<br />
|percentage = 2.19<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1770}}<br />
|percentage = 0.68<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:10747}}<br />
|percentage = 4.11<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:261319}}<br />
|percentage = 72.3<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Jaipur district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|26.95|75.74|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jaipur district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._Ponnudurai&diff=492679C. Ponnudurai2026-04-19T01:14:21Z<p>DottyN0357445099: made basic data basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = C. Ponnudurai<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1959|5|20|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = Pachakavundapalayam<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly<br />
| constituency1 = [[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2006<br />
| term_end1 = 2011<br />
| predecessor1 = K. S. Palanisamy<br />
| successor1 = [[N. D. Venkatachalam]]<br />
| office2 = <br />
| term_start2 = <br />
| term_end2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| relations = <br />
| children = <br />
| profession = Farmer<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''C. Ponnudurai''' is an [[India]]n [[politician]] and former [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.]] He belongs to [[Erode district]] and born in Kaikolapalayam village. He studied up to 11th standard at Erode. Ponnudurai is an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|All India Anna Diravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party carder. In the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Election]] Poonudurai contested in [[Perundurai Assembly constituency]] and won the election; thus become the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Thirteenth Assembly 2006. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 2007. p. 334-336.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AIADMK and MDMK MLAs stage dharna |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2011/Jan/08/aiadmk-and-mdmk-mlas-stage-dharna-217555.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=16 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Electoral Performance ==<br />
<br />
=== 2006 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perundurai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ponnudurai|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=59,631|percentage=43.37%|change=-14.51}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[N. Periyasamy]]|votes=51,053|percentage=37.13%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|candidate=M. Ravichandran|votes=18,212|percentage=13.24%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=T. Shri Gandheeswaran|votes=1,960|percentage=1.43%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=R. Palanisam|votes=1,447|percentage=1.05%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=B. Devadasan|votes=1,136|percentage=0.83%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. Krishnamoorthy|votes=1,066|percentage=0.78%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=M. M. S. Subramaniam|votes=850|percentage=0.62%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=8,578|percentage=6.24%|change=-19.21%}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=137,506|percentage=76.13%|change=11.18%}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=180,617|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|swing=-14.51%}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]<br />
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:1959 births]]<br />
<br />
{{India-politician-stub}}</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_William_Langhorne,_1st_Baronet&diff=536140Sir William Langhorne, 1st Baronet2026-04-18T17:04:24Z<p>DottyN0357445099: starting the post more to come.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Other people||William Langhorne (disambiguation){{!}}William Langhorne}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
<!--as William Langhorn redirects here--><br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Sir William Langhorne<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Baronet|Bt]]<br />
| image = Portrait of Coll. Langhorne (4674502) (cropped).jpg<br />
| order =<br />
| office = Agent of Fort St George (Madras)<br />
| term_start = 1670<br />
| term_end = 1678<br />
| lieutenant = <br />
| predecessor = [[George Foxcroft]]<br />
| successor = [[Streynsham Master]]<br />
| birth_date = {{circa|1631}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = 26 February 1715<br />
| death_place = <br />
| party = <br />
| spouse = Grace Chaworth (1699–1700), Mary Aston (1714–1715)<br />
| profession = <br />
| signature = Langhorn.JPG <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sir William Langhorne, 1st Baronet''' ({{circa|1631}} – 26 February 1715) was the [[Governors Of Madras|Agent]] of [[Madras]] from January 1670 to 27 January 1678.<ref name="Tenure">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm#Madras List of Governors of Madras, from ''worldstatesmen.org'']</ref><ref name=odnb>Thomas Seccombe, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/16019 'Langhorne, Sir William, baronet (c.1634–1715)'], rev. Andrew Grout, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2004, {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/16019}}. Retrieved 14 March 2008. {{ODNBsub}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Family and early life==<br />
William Langhorne was baptised on 26 July 1631 at [[St Gabriel Fenchurch]], the son of William Langhorne and Mary née Oxenbridge.<ref name="International Genealogical Index">[http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/frameset_search.asp?PAGE=igi/search_IGI.asp&clear_form=true The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: International Genealogical Index]</ref><br />
<br />
Langhorne was born in a well-off family. His uncle [[Needham Langhorne]] left behind a vast fortune upon his death in 1673, his favourite property being the manor of [[Newton Bromswold]] in Northamptonshire. Langhorne was also a distant relation of first President of the United States [[George Washington]].<ref name="JSTOR">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1922017 William Langhorne's ancestry from JSTOR]</ref><br />
<br />
Langhorne's father (also named William) was himself active in the [[East India Company]], and had residences in [[Hitchin]] and in the parish of [[St Gabriel Fenchurch]] in the [[City of London]].<ref name=odnb /><br />
<br />
Langhorne [[matriculation|entered]] [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] on 23 October 1649.<ref>{{acad|id=LNN649W|name=Langhorne, William}}</ref> After taking his degree he became a [[barrister]] with his admission to [[Gray's Inn]] on 6 August 1664 but there is no evidence that he actively practised as a lawyer. Following his father's death he inherited stock in the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]], began to make money and was created a [[baronet]] (in the [[Baronetage of England]]) in 1668.<ref name=odnb /><br />
<br />
==Tenure as Agent of Madras ==<br />
Langhorne arrived in Madras in 1670 to adjudicate in a dispute between Sir [[Edward Winter (English administrator)|Edward Winter]] and [[George Foxcroft]].<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Talboys Wheeler|author-link=James Talboys Wheeler|title=Madras in the Olden Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWZK3tZ8P4UC|volume=1|year=1861|location=Madras|publisher=J. Higginbotham|page=88|isbn=9788120605534}}</ref> A few months later, he was appointed as the [[Governors Of Madras|Agent of Madras]]<ref name="chennaibest" /> based at [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]].<br />
<br />
===French siege of St Thome===<br />
In 1670, England under [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] withdrew from the [[Triple Alliance (1668)|Triple Alliance]] and concluded peace with the French. Hostilities broke out with the British taking the side of the French against the Dutch thereby triggering the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]].<br />
<br />
Hostilities were triggered on the [[Coromandel Coast]] when a French fleet of twelve ships of the newly established [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]] commanded by Admiral De La Haye landed with three hundred men along the coast of [[Santhome|St Thome]] and besieged the town which was under the sovereignty of [[Golkonda|Golconda]]. In July 1672, St Thome was stormed compelling the [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah|Sultan of Golconda]] to approach the British [[East India Company]] (EIC) at Madraspatnam. The factors at Madras, who were [[Protestants]] like the Dutch, secretly nourished pro-Dutch and anti-French sympathies. But the alliance that the British had with the French in Europe landed them in a dilemma. William Langhorne, the Agent of Madras, despite his hatred of the French, chose to remain inactive.<br />
<br />
In the meantime, a Dutch fleet under Rickloff Van Goens, the Governor-General of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch India]], laid siege to St Thome but were unsuccessful. An engagement took place between the Dutch fleet of fourteen ships and a British fleet of ten ships on 22 August 1673 in which three ships belonging to the EIC were sunk.<br />
<br />
The French at St Thome who expected the British to help them against the Dutch were disheartened. They strengthened their fortifications at St Thome and established a new camp at [[Triplicane]] thereby posing a direct threat to the British settlement at Madras. The British held a consultation on 2 February 1674, but before the authorities could come to a conclusion of the proposed course of action, news of the [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]] concluded between England and Holland reached Fort St George thereby bringing hostilities to an end. The French at St Thome surrendered to the Dutch on 16 August 1674 who in turn handed over the city to the authorities of the Sultan of Golconda thereby bringing the hostilities to an end. Triplicane was liberated in 1672 and made over to the British East India Company at an annual rent of 50 pagodas.<ref>[http://www.chennaicorporation.com/about-chennai-corporation/orginandGrowth.htm ''On the Acquisition of Suburban Villages'' from the Website of the Corporation of Chennai]</ref><br />
<br />
===Payment of tribute===<br />
Despite its official existence as an independent entity, the Agency of Madras paid a tribute of 1200 pagodas to Neiknam Khan, the commander-in-chief of Golconda and later, his son Mirza Ibrahim Khan during the whole length of Langhorne's tenure. The Agency also paid an annual tribute to one Madan Pant who was the Prime Minister of Golconda. From 1674 onwards, the Agency also paid a regular tribute to the Naik of [[Chengalpattu|Chingleput]] and [[Pallavaram]] who were regarded as "old friends of the Company" apart from Lingappa, the Naik of [[Poonamallee]].<br />
<br />
===Hostilities with Golconda===<br />
Around this time, Lingappa, the Naik of Poonamallee turned against the British when they refused to pay tribute. He complained to Golconda on the arrogance of the British of Madras exhorting the Qutb Shah of Golconda to invade and capture [[Fort St George]]. However, as the Qutb Shah was making plans to invade Madras the invasion of the [[Marathas]] consumed his attention. Madras was spared from an invasion but restrictions were imposed on trade with the colony. Trade of rice and corn were forbidden and Madras was required to present a thousand hundred yards of cloth along with an increased tribute.<br />
<br />
The Company yielded at once and presented Golconda as well as Lingappa Naik to appease. The influence that Lingappa wielded increased manifold and he held supreme power between Armaghaum and [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]].<br />
<br />
===Religious tolerance===<br />
According to 19th century historian [[James Talboys Wheeler]], Langhorne was "far more tolerant of the religious opinions of others, than could have been expected in that intolerant age". He was reprimanded by the directors of the EIC "for firing your guns upon the naming of a church by the [[papist]]s; we cannot approve thereof, and desire to give as little countenance and encouragement to that religion, as they do to ours; and we would have you discountenance, and discourage all of our nation that any ways incline to that profession."<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Talboys Wheeler|author-link=James Talboys Wheeler|title=Madras in the Olden Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWZK3tZ8P4UC|volume=1|year=1861|location=Madras|publisher=J. Higginbotham|pages=87–88|isbn=9788120605534}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Charges of private trade and recall===<br />
In 1676, charges of [[privateer|private trade]] were brought forth against William Langhorne by the Directors of the company. Major James Puckle who was sent to investigate the charges concluded that Langhorne was receiving an annual sum of 20,000 pagodas from an Indian merchant of Fort St George called Casa Verona (Kasi Veeranna). Both denied the accusations. Other sources state that he had a private income of £7000 a year, well above the £300 allowed by the company.<ref name=odnb /> However, despite Langhorne's violent protests he was recalled in January 1678 and replaced with [[Streynsham Master]] as the Agent of Madras.<br />
<br />
==Later life and death==<br />
Langhorne amassed an enormous fortune through private illegal trade carried out during his tenure as the Agent of Madras and through trade with the Levant. Having arrived back in England he purchased the [[manorialism|manor]] of [[Charlton, London|Charlton, Kent]] in 1680. This estate had previously been owned by [[Viscount Downe|William Ducie]]. In 1707 he also purchased [[Hampstead]], [[Middlesex]].<ref name="JSTOR" /> His marriage to Grace Chaworth, the Dowager Viscountess Chaworth, a sister of [[John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland]] made him one of the richest men in England, despite lasting less than year before she died on 15 February 1700.<ref name=odnb /><ref name="JSTOR" /> On 16 October 1714 he remarried to one Mary Aston.<ref name=odnb /> He died on 26 February 1715 at the age of 85 without leaving behind any direct heirs to his fortune, his baronetcy became extinct on his death.<ref name=odnb /><ref name="JSTOR" /> He is buried in Charlton Parish Church.<ref name=odnb /><br />
<br />
Of his fortune, his will which was [[probate|proved]] on 8 March 1715, left at least £1600 to be used in a similar manner to [[Queen Anne's Bounty]], providing increased income to the clergy of poorer [[benefice]]s. The Charlton estate was inherited by [[Conyers baronets|Sir John Conyers, bt]], his sister's son.<ref name=odnb /> and the Hampstead estate by his other nephew William Langhorn Games and after Games' death without male issue by a cousin, Margaret Maryon. [Woodford FP & Croughton D. The legend of fourteen remainders. Camden History Review 2016 Vol 40 pp 7–9]<br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
It was during the tenure of Sir William Langhorne that the residency of the Agents of Madras, a garden-house called the Guindy Lodge, was constructed.<ref name="chennaibest">[http://www.chennaibest.com/discoverchennai/sightseeing/history/feature02.asp A biography of William Langhorne from chennaibest.com]</ref> On India's independence, this became the Raj Bhavan and is the official residence of the governor of Tamil Nadu. It was also during this time that an Office of Archives was established to maintain the records of the Agency.<ref name="chennaibest" /> The Council Room of Fort St George was allocated for this purpose. This later became the Madras Record Office. In 1909, the office was shifted to Egmore and has since become the Tamil Nadu State Archives. The Tamil Nadu State Archives is, therefore, one of the oldest record-keeping offices of the world and certainly the oldest such institution established by the British East India Company.<ref name="chennaibest" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Wikisource|Langhorne, Sir William (DNB00)}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Wheeler, J. T. (1861). Madras in the olden time: being a history of the presidency from the first foundation. Madras, Printed for J. Higginbotham by Graves and co.<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-off}}<br />
{{s-bef | before = [[George Foxcroft]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl | title = [[Agencies of British India|Agent]] of [[Madras]]<br />
| years = 1670&ndash;1678}}<br />
{{s-aft | after = [[Streynsham Master]]}}<br />
<br />
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}<br />
{{s-new | creation}}<br />
{{s-ttl | title = [[Langhorne baronets|Baronet]]<br />'''(of Inner Temple)'''<br />
| years = 1668&ndash;1715}}<br />
{{s-non | reason = Extinct}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Langhorne, Sir William, 1st Baronet}}<br />
[[Category:Governors of Madras]]<br />
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of England]]<br />
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]<br />
[[Category:1630s births]]<br />
[[Category:1715 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langate_Assembly_constituency&diff=511864Langate Assembly constituency2026-04-16T04:50:00Z<p>DottyN0357445099: adding a pg first draft - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Langate<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 6<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Khursheed Ahmad Shiekh]]<br />
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| district = [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]<br />
| established = 1977<br />
| electors = 1,20,211<ref>{{Cite web| title=Assembly Elections 2024 | url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Assembly_Elections_2024/Final_Publication_Data_2024.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009201844/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Assembly_Elections_2024/Final_Publication_Data_2024.pdf | archive-date=2024-10-09}}</ref><br />
| reservation = <br />
}}<br />
'''Langate Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Langate]] is also part of [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/langate.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Langate Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/Constituencies.html |title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir |accessdate=2019-06-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231174529/http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/Constituencies.html |archivedate=2008-12-31 }}</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=562}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Mohammad Sultan Ganai || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan=3 | Abdul Ahad Wani<br />
|-<br />
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 elections in India#Jammu and Kashmir|1999 By-election]] || Mohammed Sultan Pandit || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[Sharifuddin Shariq]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | [[Sheikh Abdul Rashid]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| Rowspan=2|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || Rowspan=2|[[Khursheed Ahmad Shiekh]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Langate<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khursheed Ahmad Shiekh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=25,984 |percentage=33.29% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irfan Sultan Pandithpuri |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=24,382 |percentage=31.23% |change={{increase}}11.67 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Junaid Jawaid Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=9,125 |percentage=11.69% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irshad Hussain Ganaie |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,823 |percentage=10.02% |change={{increase}}8.10 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalimullah Lone |party=Independent politician |votes=3,535 |percentage=4.53% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Munawar Khawaja |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=1,154 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Sultan Magray |party=Independent politician |votes=876 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,104 |percentage=1.41% |change={{increase}}0.38 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,602 |percentage=2.05% |change= {{decrease}}2.84 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,062 |percentage=64.94% |change= {{decrease}}7.57 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,211 |ref = |change= {{increase}}70.25 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}2.21 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Langate<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sheikh Abdul Rashid]] |party=Independent politician |votes=18,172 |percentage=35.49% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Ganai |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=15,667 |percentage=30.60% |change={{increase}}9.32 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abdullah Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=10,015 |percentage=19.56% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irshad Hussain Ganaie |party=Independent politician |votes=1,819 |percentage=3.55% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wali Mohammed Bhat |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,645 |percentage=3.21% |change={{decrease}}11.24 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Wani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=983 |percentage=1.92% |change={{decrease}}7.68 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Akbar Ganie |party=Independent politician |votes=632 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=532 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,505 |percentage=4.89% |change= {{increase}}4.32 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,196 |percentage=72.51% |change= {{increase}}11.18 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,608 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.86 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}13.63 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2008 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Langate<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sheikh Abdul Rashid]] |party=Independent politician |votes=7,964 |percentage=21.86% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sultan Pandithpori |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=7,754 |percentage=21.29% |change={{increase}}0.11 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sharifuddin Shariq]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,266 |percentage=14.46% |change={{decrease}}15.71 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abdullah |party=Independent politician |votes=4,188 |percentage=11.50% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Amin Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,497 |percentage=9.60% |change={{decrease}}10.29 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ahad Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,513 |percentage=4.15% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Wani |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Front (Secular) |votes=1,408 |percentage=3.87% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=210 |percentage=0.58% |change= {{decrease}}8.41 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,429 |percentage=61.33% |change= {{increase}}7.35 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,403 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.00 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}8.30 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2002 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Langate<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sharifuddin Shariq]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,058 |percentage=30.16% |change={{increase}}4.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Sultan Pandithpori |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=5,658 |percentage=21.18% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Amin Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,313 |percentage=19.89% |change={{decrease}}1.92 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad Lone |party=Independent politician |votes=2,590 |percentage=9.69% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Assadullah Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,368 |percentage=5.12% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Farooq Chichi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,188 |percentage=4.45% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ahad Sheikh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,018 |percentage=3.81% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,400 |percentage=8.98% |change= {{increase}}8.57 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,717 |percentage=53.97% |change= {{increase}}13.36 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,501 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.68 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}3.83 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly By-election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 elections in India#Jammu and Kashmir|1999 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Langate<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeSept1999/index.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date = 1 January 2025 |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - Sept. - Oct. 1999 |publisher=Election Commission Of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sultan Pandit |party=Independent politician |votes=4,537 |percentage=26.33% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Wani |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,465 |percentage=25.91% |change={{decrease}}35.70 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Amin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,757 |percentage=21.80% |change={{increase}}3.54 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad Lone |party=Independent politician |votes=3,449 |percentage=20.02% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Maqbool Mir |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=769 |percentage=4.46% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousif Quereshi |party=Independent politician |votes=255 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=72 |percentage=0.42% |change= {{decrease}}42.92 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,232 |percentage=40.62% |change= {{increase}}2.50 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,426 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.35 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}35.28 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1996 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Langate<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ahad Wani |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=9,734 |percentage=61.61% |change={{increase}}22.04 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din War |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,886 |percentage=18.27% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. M. Ganaie |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,197 |percentage=7.58% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Mohammed Rafiq Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=870 |percentage=5.51% |change={{increase}}4.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Subhan Lone |party=Independent politician |votes=796 |percentage=5.04% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manzoor Ahmad Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=317 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,848 |percentage=43.34% |change= {{increase}}38.51 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,800 |percentage=42.67% |change= {{decrease}}39.20 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,451 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.78 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}22.04 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1987 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Langate<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ahad Wani |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=10,676 |percentage=39.57% |change={{decrease}}4.73 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Quadir Lone |party=Independent politician |votes=9,371 |percentage=34.73% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hamid |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,241 |percentage=15.72% |change={{decrease}}28.58 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sultan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,010 |percentage=7.45% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Mohammed Sharief |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=361 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool Mochi |party=Independent politician |votes=324 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,305 |percentage=4.84% |change= {{decrease}}20.71 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,983 |percentage=80.15% |change= {{increase}}4.47 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,897 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.80 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}4.73 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Langate<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ahad Wani |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=10,954 |percentage=44.29% |change={{decrease}}5.75 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,637 |percentage=18.75% |change={{decrease}}31.29 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Lone |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=3,971 |percentage=16.06% |change={{increase}}3.61 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool Wani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,591 |percentage=14.52% |change={{increase}}5.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamus-Ud-Din |party=Independent politician |votes=806 |percentage=3.26% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=404 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=233 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,317 |percentage=25.54% |change= {{decrease}}9.22 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,731 |percentage=76.77% |change= {{increase}}1.71 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,947 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.90 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}5.75 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Langate<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Sultan Ganai |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=11,976 |percentage=50.04% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=3,657 |percentage=15.28% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=2,978 |percentage=12.44% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi |party=Janata Party |votes=2,448 |percentage=10.23% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool Wani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,198 |percentage=9.18% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamus-Ud-Din |party=Independent politician |votes=677 |percentage=2.83% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,319 |percentage=34.76% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,934 |percentage=74.63% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,645 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Langate]]<br />
* [[Kupwara district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|34.38|74.30|display=title}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Kupwara district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]<br />
[[Category:1977 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suraj_Yengde&diff=538487Suraj Yengde2026-04-10T17:08:22Z<p>DottyN0357445099: starting new data from scratch.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian scholar, activist and columnist (born 1988)}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Unreliable sources|date=November 2025}}{{BLP primary sources|date=November 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox academic<br />
| name = Suraj Yengde<br />
| image = Dr Suraj Yengde.jpg<br />
| caption = Yengde at Harvard India Conference in [[Harvard]], 2020<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1988}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Nanded]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| education = {{hlist|LLM|PhD|DPhil}}<br />
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University]] ([[Bachelor of Science in Law|BSL]] and [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])|[[Birmingham City University]] ([[Master of Laws|LLM]])|[[University of the Witwatersrand]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])|[[University of Oxford]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|DPhil]])|[[Harvard University]] ([[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoc]])}}<br />
| thesis_title = South-south migration: an ethnographic study of an Indian business district in Johannesburg<br />
| thesis_year = 2016<br />
| doctoral_advisor = {{flatlist| <br />
[[Faisal Devji]] (Oxford)<ref name=history >{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.ox.ac.uk/people/dr-faisal-devji|title=Professor Faisal Devji|website=[[University of Oxford]]|access-date=2025-01-03}}</ref><br>Dilip Menon (Witwatersrand)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://borderlines-cssaame.org/posts/2020/11/23/dalit-is-the-new-political-and-epistemic-horizon-an-interview-with-suraj-yengde|title=Dalit is the New Political and Epistemic Horizon: An Interview with Suraj Yengde|date=2020-11-23|website=Borderlines|access-date=2025-01-03}}</ref>}}<br />
| discipline = Social Sciences<br />
| workplaces = [[Harvard University]]<br />
| notable_works = {{ubl|[[Caste Matters]]|[[The Radical in Ambedkar]]}}<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Scholar|Author|Activist}}<br />
| awards = {{ubl|Dr. Ambedkar Social Justice Award (2019)|Rohith Vemula Memorial Scholar Award (2018)}}<br />
| website = {{URL|www.surajyengde.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Suraj Milind Yengde''' (born 1988) is an Indian scholar, author and activist known for his work on [[caste]] and [[Race (human categorization)|race]]. He is an Assistant Professor of [[History]] and [[Africana Studies]] and a Ford Foundation Presidential Fellow at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref name="penguin.co.in">https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/suraj-milind-yengde/</ref> He was a [[Postdoctoral researcher|W.E.B. Du Bois Fellow]] at [[Harvard University]] and a research associate in the Department of African and [[African American Studies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suraj Yengde |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/people/suraj-yengde |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=[[Pulitzer Center]]}}</ref> He was named as one of the "25 Most Influential Young Indians of 2021" by [[GQ India]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Yengde was born in 1988 in [[Nanded]], [[Maharashtra]], to a [[Dalit]] [[Navayana|Buddhist]] family. He earned a [[Bachelor of Science in Law|BSL]] and [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from Nanded Law College between 2005 and 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-22 |title=Suraj Yengde: Trying to leave his caste behind him to pursue his education |url=https://world-education-blog.org/2020/05/22/suraj-yengde-trying-to-leave-his-caste-behind-him-to-pursue-his-education/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=World Education Blog}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education and career ==<br />
[[File:Suraj Yengde, Pa. Ranjith, Niharika Singh, and Nagraj Manjule taking a selfie at the Dalit Film Festival in New York city.jpg|thumb|left|(L to R) Suraj Yengde, [[Pa. Ranjith]], [[Niharika Singh]], and [[Nagraj Manjule]] taking a selfie at the Dalit Film Festival in New York City in 2019.]]<br />
Yengde earned an [[Master of Laws|LLM]] from [[Birmingham City University]], England (2011–2012) and interned at the [[United Nations Secretariat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/surajyengde/about |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=scholar.harvard.edu}}</ref> He completed a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Anthropology at the [[University of the Witwatersrand]], South Africa, in 2016, with a thesis on Indian business districts in Johannesburg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yengde |first=Suraj |title=South-south migration: an ethnographic study of an Indian business district in Johannesburg |date=2016 |url=https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/items/ba5f578c-8907-4bfb-a2b8-0ee590bffa35 |access-date=2025-01-03}}</ref> He pursued further studies at the [[University of Oxford]], focusing on caste and race.<ref name=history /> In May 2025, he received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|DPhil]] (Doctor of Philosophy) from the University of Oxford for his thesis titled ''Dalit-Black Worlds: An Intellectual History of Race and Caste''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dev-history.web.ox.ac.uk/people/suraj-yengde | title=Dr. Suraj Milind Yengde }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:33f05c80-6324-4c9c-8045-e16e43782b27 | title=Dalit-black thought: An intellectual history of caste & race | date=2024 | publisher=University of Oxford | last1=Yengde | first1=S. M. }}</ref><br />
<br />
Yengde has been a [[Postdoctoral researcher|post-doctoral fellow]] at [[Harvard University]] and a senior fellow at the [[Harvard Kennedy School]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mittalsouthasiainstitute.harvard.edu/people/suraj-yengde/ |title=Suraj Yengde |website=The Lakshmi Mittal and Family South Asia Institute |access-date=2025-01-03}}</ref> He has published in ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]'' and contributes to ''[[Art Review]]'' and ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yengde |first=Suraj |title=Caste among the Indian Diaspora in Africa |date=2015-09-11 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=50 |issue=37 |pages=65–68 |jstor=24482375 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/37/notes/caste-among-indian-diaspora-africa.html |access-date=2025-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://artreview.com/author/suraj-yengde/ |title=Suraj Yengde |website=[[Art Review]] |access-date=2025-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/author/suraj-yengde-101689747406533 |title=Suraj Yengde |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=2025-01-03}}</ref> He appeared as himself in the 2023 biographical drama film ''[[Origin (film)|Origin]]''.<ref name="auto2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=B.R. Ambedkar Makes His Hollywood Debut in 'Origin' Which Explores Global Connections of Caste |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/caste/b-r-ambedkar-makes-his-hollywood-debut-in-origin-which-explores-global-connections-of-caste |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
From January 2024 to June 2025, he was a W. E. B. Du Bois Fellow at [[Harvard University]] and a research associate in the Department of [[African Studies|African]] and [[African American Studies]]. Since January 2026, he has served as an [[Assistant Professor]] of [[History]] and [[Africana Studies]] and a Ford Foundation Presidential Fellow at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref name="penguin.co.in"/><ref>https://www.hurstpublishers.com/profile/suraj-milind-yengde/</ref><ref>https://www.ids.ac.uk/events/caste-a-global-story/</ref><br />
<br />
== Works ==<br />
In 2018, Yengde co-edited ''[[The Radical in Ambedkar|The Radical in Ambedkar: Critical Reflections]]'' with [[Anand Teltumbde]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-17 |title=Radical Ambedkar: Analysing divergent personas of the leader |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-book-review-the-radical-in-ambedkar-critical-reflections-analysis-of-many-divergent-personas-of-ambedkar-1489929/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he authored ''[[Caste Matters]]'', a book listed in ''[[The Hindu]]''’s "Best Non-Fiction Books of the Decade".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-28 |title=Best non-fiction books of the decade |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/best-non-fiction-books-of-the-decade/article61693572.ece |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=sampath >{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=G. |date=2019-09-21 |title=G. Sampath reviews Caste Matters by Suraj Yengde |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/caste-matters-review-dalit-love-and-a-new-framework-of-conversations/article29469463.ece |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The book is published in several Indian languages with the Kerala translation winning a state award for translation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/people/suraj-yengde |title=Suraj Yengde |website=[[Harvard University]] |access-date=2025-01-03}}</ref> His new book ''[[Caste: A Global Story]]'' was published in May 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.crossword.in/products/caste-a-global-story?srsltid=AfmBOoq-AcYtUamQSE16B1cInFx1HLvxP4JVUe3_SYLip4WnxijBF8JD | title=Caste: A Global Story }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adb50AEACAAJ | title=Caste: A Global Story | isbn=978-1-80526-289-3 | last1=Yengde | first1=Suraj Milind | date=30 June 2025 | publisher=C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and recognitions==<br />
Yengde's work has received attention in both academic and public spheres. His book ''Caste Matters'' was reviewed in major outlets such as ''The Hindu, The Wire'', and ''The Polis Project,'' where it was described as a "powerful polemic" and "path‑breaking" in its engagement with caste and Dalit identity.<ref name=sampath /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephen |first=Cynthia |title=A Path-breaking Effort – A Review Of Caste Matters - The Polis Project |url=https://thepolisproject.com/read/a-path-breaking-effort-review-of-caste-matters-by-cynthia-stephen/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
He received the Dr. Ambedkar Social Justice Award, Canada in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chetna.ca/#awards |title=HOME - Chetna |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=www.chetna.ca}}</ref> and was one of the finalists for Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2023.pdf |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref> He has been named as one of the "25 Most Influential Young Indians of 2021" by [[GQ India|GQ]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Shikha |date=2021-02-11 |title=Innovators, entertainers, disruptors, game changers: Meet GQ's Most Influential Young Indians |url=https://www.gqindia.com/influence-list/content/innovators-entertainers-disruptors-game-changers-meet-gqs-most-influential-young-indians |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref> and appeared in American biographical drama film ''[[Origin (film)|Origin]]'' (2023) as himself.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Sun |first=Rebecca |date=2024-01-05 |title="A Story That Broke All of Our Hearts": The Making of 'Origin' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/ava-duvernay-making-movie-origin-1235778543/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=B.R. Ambedkar Makes His Hollywood Debut in 'Origin' Which Explores Global Connections of Caste |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/caste/b-r-ambedkar-makes-his-hollywood-debut-in-origin-which-explores-global-connections-of-caste?utm=authorpage |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Anand Teltumbde]]<br />
*[[Dalit Panthers|Dalit Panther Movement]]<br />
*[[Black Lives Matter]]<br />
*[[Navayana Buddhism]]<br />
*[[BAMCEF]]<br />
*[[Rohith Vemula]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* [https://www.surajyengde.com/ Suraj Yengde's official website]<br />
* [https://surajyengde.scholars.harvard.edu//about Suraj Yengde's profile on Harvard University]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yengde, Suraj}}<br />
[[Category:1988 births]]<br />
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Nanded district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian activists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian columnists]]<br />
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Birmingham City University]]<br />
[[Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian scholars]]<br />
[[Category:University of Johannesburg alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Navayana Buddhists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]<br />
[[Category:Dalit activists]]<br />
[[Category:Dalit writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayashree_(Tamil_actress)&diff=505969Jayashree (Tamil actress)2026-04-08T00:04:32Z<p>DottyN0357445099: made first pg w/ infobox!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Jayashree<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date =<br />
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 1985–present<br />
| spouse = Chandrasekhar<br />(m. 1988–present)<br />
| children = 2<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jayashree''' is an Indian actress who has mostly worked in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language films. She was introduced by film director [[C. V. Sridhar]] in ''[[Thendrale Ennai Thodu]]'', opposite [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], in 1985.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayashree returns to the silver screen|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/43244.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212210142/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/43244.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 December 2008|work=indiaglitz|date=25 November 2008|access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref> She started a career in technology in 2000, taking a break from acting after her marriage.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Jayashree started her cinematic career with the 1985 Tamil film''Thendrale Ennai Thodu'', opposite [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]. After getting married in 1988, she left the film industry to focus on her family, and later began a career in technology. She returned to acting with the 2010 film ''[[Kadhal 2 Kalyanam]]'', though it was never released. On Christmas Day 2016, Jayashree's comeback film ''[[Manal Kayiru 2]]'' was released internationally.<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/kollywood/240116/three-decades-later-same-cast.html |title=Three decades later, same cast! |website=Deccanchronicle.com |date=23 January 2016 |access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Poorna-is-the-lead-in-the-sequel-to-Manal-Kayiru/articleshow/50713355.cms |title=Poorna is the lead in the sequel to Manal Kayiru |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=24 January 2016 |access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Jayashree is the granddaughter of [[S. Jayalakshmi]], singer and actress, and grandniece of musician and painter [[S. Rajam]] and musician and filmmaker [[S. Balachander]], both her grandmother's brothers.<br />
She married Chandrasekhar, a banking professional, in 1988, and they settled in the United States. The couple have two sons.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayashree returns to the silver screen|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/43244.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212210142/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/43244.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 December 2008|work=indiaglitz|date=25 November 2008|access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Selected filmography==<br />
<!-- Rowspans are only allowed for the "Year" column, per WP:FILMOGRAPHY --><br />
<br />
*''Note: All films in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film <br />
! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! Reference<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|1985 || ''[[Thendrale Ennai Thodu]]'' <br />
| Malathi || || <ref>{{cite news|title=Actress Jaishree is back!|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article15144.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124122754/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article15144.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=13 December 2008|access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Irandu Manam'' <br />
| Shanthi ||<br />
|<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite news |date=13 December 2008 |title=Actress Jaishree is back! |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article15144.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124122754/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article15144.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2015 |access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=10|1986 || ''[[Veendum]]'' <br />
| Lalitha || Malayalam film<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''Kaalamellam Unn Madiyil'' <br />
| Rani ||<br />
|<ref name="newindianexpress" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''Kovil Yaanai'' <br />
| Kaveri ||<br />
|<ref name="newindianexpress" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manithanin Marupakkam]]'' <br />
| Sujatha || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vidinja Kalyanam]]'' <br />
| Divya || ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Vidinja Kalyanam Vinyl LP Records|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/India-Bollywood-Hindi-OST-Vidinja-Kalyanam-Ilaiyaraaja-1986-Echo-7-IBEP348-/261467721121?pt=Music_on_Vinyl&hash=item3ce0b0cda1|publisher=ebay|access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nambinar Keduvathillai]]'' <br />
| Gowri || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/10/08/sabarimala-film-song-shoot-dance-viral-video.html|title=Watch: When actresses danced on the 18th step at Sabarimala|website=OnManorama|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/09/29/sabarimala-film0shoot-actresses-women-ban.html|title=Sabarimala cinema shoot involving actresses forced rigid curbs on women|website=OnManorama|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anandha Kanneer]]'' <br />
| Radha || ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Anandha Kanneer Shankar Ganesh Vinyl LP Records|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/AANANDHAKKANNEER-INDIA-TAMIL-FILM-SHANKAR-GANESH-7-33-EP-WITH-PICTURE-SLEEVE-/151256836210?pt=Music_on_Vinyl&hash=item23379c2872|publisher=ebay|access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Panneer Nadhigal'' <br />
| Radha || ||<ref name="nettv4u">{{cite web|title= Jayashree Biography|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actress/jayashree|publisher=nettv4u|access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mounam Kalaikirathu]]'' <br />
| Shobana || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaaro Ezhuthiya Kavithai]]'' <br />
| Pavithra/Lakshmi || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |1987<br />
|''[[Kavalan Avan Kovalan]]''<br />
|Herself<br />
|Guest appearance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi]]'' <br />
| Nandhini || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vanna Kanavugal]]'' <br />
| Anandhi || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Thaali Dhanam'' <br />
| Nirmala || ||<ref name="nettv4u" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anand (1987 film)|Anand]]'' <br />
| Geetha || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1988 || ''Premayanam'' <br />
| Sneha || Telugu film ||<ref name="nettv4u" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 1989 || ''[[Nalaya Manithan]]'' <br />
| Shree || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Varam'' <br />
| Jaya || ||<ref name="nettv4u" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|1997 || ''[[Pistha (1997 film)|Pistha]]'' <br />
| Shanthi || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vivasaayi Magan]]'' <br />
| Selvi || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Masmaram]]'' <br />
| Madhavi || Malayalam film<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''[[Kadhal 2 Kalyanam]]'' <br />
| || Unreleased || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-on-a-short-break/article5951371.ece|title=Etcetera: On a short break|first=Nikhil|last=Raghavan|newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 April 2014|via=thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || ''[[Manal Kayiru 2]]'' <br />
| Uma Kittumani || ||<ref name="deccanchronicle" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Poorna-is-the-lead-in-the-sequel-to-Manal-Kayiru/articleshow/50713355.cms |title=Poorna is the lead in the sequel to Manal Kayiru |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=24 January 2016 |access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|608e|Jayashree}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayashree}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Village_Cricket_Boy&diff=544605Village Cricket Boy2026-04-05T06:19:37Z<p>DottyN0357445099: starting new place needs work.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Village Cricket Boy<br />
| image = Village Cricket Boy.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = poster<br />
| native_name = <br />
| director = [[Rahul R. Sarma]]<br />
| writer = [[Livin C. Lonakutty]] <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Rijaz Sulaiman<br>Jomon Kechery(executive producer) <br />
| starring = [[Davinchi Santhosh]],[[Divya Gopinath]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = Michael Joseph <br />
| editing = <br />
| music = [[Bijibal]] <br />
| studio = <!-- or: | production_companies = --><br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|07|08|Nerambokku youtube channel|ref1=}}<br />
| runtime = 34:20minutes <br />
| country = India <br />
| language = Malayalam <br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Village Cricket Boy''''' is a 2022 [[Malayalam|Malayalam-language]] Indian [[Children's film|children's short film]] directed by [[Rahul R. Sarma]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2024 |title=South Actor Aju Varghese To Play Lead Role In Rahul R Sharma's Crime-Comedy |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/south-actor-aju-varghese-to-play-lead-role-in-rahul-r-sharmas-crime-comedy-8791332.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-22 |title=രാഘവോ...കലിക്കീട്ടോ; തരംഗമായി ഹ്രസ്വചിത്രം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/short-films/2019/02/22/raghavan-award-winning-short-film-viral.html |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=രാഘവോ...കലിക്കീട്ടോ; തരംഗമായി ഹ്രസ്വചിത്രം |language=ml}}</ref> starring [[Davinchi Santhosh]] and [[Divya Gopinath]]. The film won the 2022 [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy#Kerala State Television Awards|Kerala State Television Awards]] for Best Children's Film and Best Child Actor.[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy#IDSFFK|International Documentary Short Film Festival of Kerala]] was screened in the competition section of the film festival.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://idsffk.in/uploads/Downloads/Downloads2408202206:03:52.pdf | title=International Documentary & Short Film Festival of Kerala 2022 - Screening Program | website=idsffk.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Kannan was born and brought up in a simple family in a small beautiful [[village]]. He loved cricket and [[Sachin Tendulkar]] very much. One day while playing [[cricket]] with his friends, Kannan's cricket bat gets damaged. When he doesn't have enough money to buy a new bat, his friends isolate him. When he comes home, Kannan quarrels with his mother and goes to the next house, where he finds out that there is a free bat signed by Sachin with Boost in the advertisement seen on TV. Gone are the days of making money through many bad methods to buy a boost. When the money is ready, when he comes to the shop, when the shopkeeper informs him that the offer is over, Kannan comes home worried and sees his mother and brother from a distance. Mother comes and hugs me with lots of love.<ref>[https://www.keralalivechannel.com/2021/05/25/village/%F0%9F%98%8D%F0%9F%99%8F?fbclid=IwY2xjawDBmSZleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHQ85iDSBqEAFHTu9SNRUM3AZQd0G1DuvPU3LHE_mzR_BxmN-42s3eeoS8Q_aem_AVQw80gvStfqkOyAqAGitM2Io-8hfUQTBpgxqUMVc1gZWQVyB4kwaNQfx29d7QMkSUKIFziidt3NKv52nS1oZK8l Unknown]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Davinchi Santhosh]] as Kannan<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2023 |title=State award a big surprise for child actor Davinci |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/state-award-a-big-surprise-for-child-actor-davinci-1.8752194 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref><br />
*[[Divya Gopinath]] as Mother<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 September 2024 |title=Actor Divya Gopinath: WCC is not a collective to oppose men |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2024/Sep/06/actor-divya-gopinath-wcc-is-not-a-collective-to-oppose-men |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Award==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year || Award || Category ||Awardee(s)<br />
!{{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2022 ||[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy|Kerala State Television Award]] || Best Child film <br />
||Rijaz Sulaiman, [[Rahul R. Sarma]], [[Livin C. Lonakutty]]<br />
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=6 March 2024 |title=2022 Kerala television awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/2022-state-television-awards-announced/article67920885.ece | access-date= 21 September 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy|Kerala State Television Award]] || Best Child actor ||[[Davinchi Santhosh]]<br />
|<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kerala-state-television-awards-announced-1.9383066|title=Kerala State Television Awards announced: No winners under serial, dubbing categories|date=6 March 2024|website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
[[Bijibal]] has composed music for two songs written by [[B.K.Harinarayanan]]. The first song ''Naadaanithu Naadu'' is sung by Bijibal himself. This song was released on 24 July 2021 by Bijibal official YouTube channel. [[Mammootty]] shared this song on [[Facebook]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/1CymtCMkLw/?mibextid=xfxF2i|title=Facebook|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref><br />
The second song ''Kadukumanni Kukudu'' is sung by Daya Bijibal. This song was released along with the film.[[Rajesh Cherthala]] played the flute for both the songs.<br />
<br />
The final fix of the film is [[Robin Kunjukutty]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt14545190}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Village Cricket Boy}}<br />
[[Category:2022 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama short films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 short films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devendra_Joshi&diff=496453Devendra Joshi2026-04-04T20:24:15Z<p>DottyN0357445099: made first info v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Devendra Joshi<br />
| office = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Assembly]] since 2023<br />
| native_name = देवेंद्र जोशी<br />
| native_name_lang =Hi<br />
| constituency = [[Soorsagar Assembly constituency|Soorsagar]]<br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| predecessor = Shahzad Aiyub Khan<br />
| successor =<br />
| term_start = 2023<br />
| term_end = <br />
| source = <br />
| party =[[BJP|Bhartiya Janta Party]]<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| profession =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Devendra Joshi''' is an Indian [[politician]] currently serving as a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/soorsagar-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470744-2023-12-03|title=Soorsagar Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Devendra Joshi defeats INC's Er. Shahzad Aiyub Khan with 38759 votes|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=indiatoday. in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref> representing the [[Soorsagar Assembly constituency|Soorsagar]] as a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajasthan/devendra-joshi-assembly-candidate-s20aed2008a129e2023c001/|title=Rajasthan Churu Election Result 2023:Devendra Joshi|publisher=news18.com|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref> he was elected as an MLA from the Soorsagar Assembly constituency, defeating Shahzad Aiyub Khan, the candidate from the Indian National Congress (INC), by 38,759 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title= Candidates Detail: Devendra Joshi|url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/rajasthan-elections/devendra-joshi-candidate-29377|publisher=business-standard.com|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Devendra}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balasaheb_Ajabe&diff=489288Balasaheb Ajabe2026-04-04T03:38:14Z<p>DottyN0357445099: started a info!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Balasaheb Ajabe<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image = <br />
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 2019<br />
| term_end = 2024<br />
| predecessor = Bhimrao Dhonde<br />
| successor = [[Suresh Dhas]]<br />
| office1 = <br />
| prime_minister1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = <br />
| successor1 = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| occupation = [[Politician]]<br />
| children = <br />
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Ashti Assembly constituency|Ashti]]<br />
| profession = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| sibling = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Balasaheb Ajabe''' is an Indian politician, a member of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elected from [[Ashti Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Ashti Election Results 2019 Live Updates (आष्टी): Ajabe Balasaheb Bhausaheb of NCP Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ashti-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359373.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102174205/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/politics/ashti-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359373.html |archive-date=2 November 2022 |access-date=2 November 2022 |website= [[News18 India]] |language=English<br />
}}</ref> in [[Beed district|Beed]] city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2022 |title=<br />
Ajabe Balasaheb Bhausaheb(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency - ASHTI (BEED) Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=9158 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102173715/https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=9158 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |access-date=2 November 2022 |website= [[Association for Democratic Reforms|myneta.info]] |language=English<br />
}}</ref> He was Elected member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=राज्यातील विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी येथे पाहा|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/articleshow/71749478.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026162142/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/amp_articleshow/71749478.cms |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra Election 2019 Winners Full List: Check full list of winning candidates in Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Chunav 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026205732/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=English<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Balasaheb Ajabe lost in 2024 Maharashtra Assembly Elections.<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ashti">{{cite news |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ashti |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13231.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109123259/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13231.htm |archive-date=9 January 2025 |access-date=9 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajabe, Balasaheb}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:People from Beed]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=N._Prabhakaran&diff=519523N. Prabhakaran2026-03-31T05:55:39Z<p>DottyN0357445099: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian writer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = N Prabhakaran<br />
| image = N Prabhakaran-image.jpg <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|12|30|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Parassinikadavu]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = Writer, Professor<br />
| language = Malayalam <br />
| genre = Short story, novel, novella, play, travelogue, screen play, literary criticism <br />
| period = 1966–present<br />
| notableworks = ''[[Thiyur Rekhakal]]'',<br>''[[Pulijanmam]]'' <br />
| spouse = K P Reena <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''N. Prabhakaran''' is a noted short story writer, novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, educationist, editor and columnist in [[Malayalam]].<ref>Sudhakaran, P. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170406202025/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31811&articlexml=SHELF-LIFE-WORDS-ARE-WEAPONS-14022015002007 "Shelf Life-Words are Weapons-N Prabhakaran"] Times of India. 14 Feb 2015. </ref> He won the 2022 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi fellowships for M M Basheer, N Prabhakaran |language= |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Jul/01/kerala-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-for-m-m-basheer-n-prabhakaran-2590213.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=1 July 2023 |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref> The eldest of the five children born to N Kunhambu and A Kalliani, Prabhakaran was born at [[Parassinikkadavu]] in [[Kannur]] district of [[Kerala]] on 30 December 1952. He spent his childhood days at [[Madayi]].<ref>Sarith, C. [http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/1362591/Kannur/19-September-2017#page/17 "Madayiparayude Makan" ("The Son of Madayipara")]. Mathrubhumi. 19 Spt 2017. </ref> Prabhakaran studied at Madayi L P School, Govt. High School, Madayi, Payyannur College and [[Government Brennen College, Thalassery]]. He served as a lecturer at the Dept. of Malayalam of Lekshmipuram college of Arts and Science, Neyyoor, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, CKG Memorial Govt College, Perambra, and Govt Brennen College, Thalassery, and retired while serving as the Head of the Malayalam Department of [[Brennen College]]. The writer also served as a visiting professor of Malayalam at the University of Calicut. Prabhakaran resides at [[Dharmadam]] in [[Thalassery]].<br />
<br />
==Literary career==<br />
Though N Prabhakaran began writing in 1966, he established himself as a writer with the short story "Ottayante Pappan", published in 1971. The story won the first prize in the short story competition for college students conducted by ''[[Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu]]'', the Malayalam general interest weekly, in connection with its Vishu special.<br />
<br />
Now N Prabhakaran has 55 books, spanning a number of genres, to his credit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230813143835/http://cms.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2019/mar/13/n-prabhakaran-seeking-thrills-through-writing-1950217.html "N Prabhakaran: Seeking thrills through writing".] The New Indian Express. 15 Mar 2019. </ref><br />
<br />
N. Prabhakaran has also received the 2022 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]].<br />
<br />
==List of works==<br />
; Short story collections<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/80636 |title=Ottayante pappan / Mahout of the Lone Tusker |year=1986 |language=ml}}<br />
* ''Marupiravi'' <br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/327305 |title=Rathrimozhi |year=1994 |language=ml}}<br />
* ''Parakkum Paravathani'' (1996)<br />
* ''Katha'' <br />
* ''Mayamayan'' <br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |title=Thiranjetutha Kathakal |publisher=DC Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-264-1550-2 |location=Kottayam |oclc=182621975}}<br />
* ''Bhoomiyude Attathu'' (2011)<br />
* ''Ittarciyile Sooryan'' (2008)<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/308137 |title=Wagonyathra |publisher=DC Books |year=2013 |location=Kottayam |language=en}}<br />
* ''Rameswaram'' (2015)<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/308252 |title=Manassu pokunna vazhiye |publisher=DC Books |year=2016 |location=Kottayam |language=en}}<br />
* ''Marupiraviyum Mattu Kathakalum'' (Marupiravi and Other Stories) (2016)<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/337261 |title=Oru thoniyude athma kathayil ninnu |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |year=2018 |location=Kozhikode |language=ml}}<br />
* ''Rameswaravum Mattu Kathakalum'' (''Rameswarm and Other Stories'') (2019)<br />
* ''Sooryan Valare Aduthayirunnu'' (''Sun was so Close'') (2020)<br />
<br />
; Novellas<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/ഏഴിനും-മീതെ/6946/ |title=Ezhinum Meethe |publisher=DC Books |year=1986 |isbn=9788126409471 |page=50 |language=ml}}<br />
* ''Janthujanam'' (1987)<br />
* ''Bhoothabhoomi'' (1995)<br />
* ''Adrusyavanangal'' (1998)<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |title=N Prabhakarante Novellakal |publisher=DC Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-264-3168-7 |location=Kottayam |page=193 |oclc=762380268}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/319229 |title=Oru Malayali branthante dairy |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |year=2013 |location=Kozhikode |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |title=Kshouram |publisher=DC Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-8126452088 |page=72}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/305969 |title=N.Prabhakarante novellakal |publisher=DC Books |year=2011 |location=Kottayam |language=en}}<br />
<br />
; Novels<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://grandhavahak.com/product/theyoor-rekhakal-by-n-prabhakaran/ |title=Thiyoor Rekhakal |publisher=DC Books |year=1999 |isbn=978-8126407309 |page=211}} <ref name="THEEYOOR REKHAKAL">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=THEEYOOR REKHAKAL By : PRABHAKARAN N|url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/theeyoor-rekhakal |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=DC Books |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/305328 |title=Bahuvachanam |publisher=National Book Stall |year=1997 |location=Kottayam |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/ജീവന്റെ-തെളിവുകള്/9151/ |title=Jeevande Thelivukal |publisher=DC Books |year=2005 |isbn=9788126409907 |page=300 |language=ml}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/305250 |title=Janakadha |publisher=D.C.Books |year=2008 |location=Kottayam |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/13761/ |title=Mayamanushyar |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |date=May 2019 |isbn=9788182678682}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |title=Mahanatanam |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |year=2025 |isbn=9789359628783 |page=158}} <ref name="Mahanatanam">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-02 |title=Mananatanam By: PRABHAKARAN N|url=https://www.mbibooks.com/product/mahaanatanam/|access-date=2025-11-02|website=Mathhrubhmi Books |language=en-IN}} </ref><br />
<br />
; Anthology of poems<br />
* ''Kalnada'' (2004)<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |title=Njan Theruvilekku Nokki |publisher=DC Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-264-2432-0 |page=31 |language=ml}}<br />
* ''Kakka'' (2012)<br />
<br />
; Play<br />
* ''[[Pulijanmam]]'' (1987)<ref name="Pulijanmam to be screened today">{{Cite web |date=2008-06-29 |title=Pulijanmam to be screened today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Pulijanmam-to-be-screened-today/article15250864.ece |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
* ''Maranakkinar'' (1990)<br />
<br />
; Travelogue<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/കുടക്-കുറിപ്പുകള്/7694/ |title=Kudaku Kurippukal |publisher=Kairali Books |year=2008 |isbn=9789381649626 |page=107 |language=ml}}<br />
<br />
; Screenplays<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |title=Pulijanmam |publisher=DC Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-8126426959}}<br />
* ''Pigman''<ref name="Pigman: Tale of an inspired youngster">{{Cite web |title=Pigman: Tale of an inspired youngster |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/apr/03/pigman-tale-of-an-inspired-youngster-464637.html |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Life is not always beautiful">{{Cite web |last=George |first=Vijay |date=2012-01-12 |title=Life is not always beautiful |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/life-is-not-always-beautiful/article2795458.ece |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
; Collections of essays<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/327318 |title=Katha Thedunna Katha |year=1991 |language=ml}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/272565 |title=Kathatmakam |publisher=Current Books |year=2001 |location=Thrissur |language=ml}}<br />
* ''Maunathinte Muzhakkangal'' (2005)<br />
* ''Nanmayute Mamaram'' (2007)<br />
* ''Azhathil Vecha Kallukal'' (2012)<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |title=Athmavinte Swntham Nattil Ninnu |publisher=DC Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-264-6461-6 |location=Kottayam |page=112 |oclc=948805441}}<br />
* ''Kavithayude Kathal'' (2017)<br />
* ''Ezhuthinte Swadesam'' (2018)<br />
<br />
; Collections of speeches<br />
* ''Pathu Prabhashanangal'' (2016)<br />
<br />
; Memoirs<br />
<br />
* ''Ittittipullu'' (2018)<br />
<br />
; Autobiography<br />
* '' Njan Mathramallatha Njan'' is being serialised from November 2020 in Truecopy Web Magazine.<br />
<br />
; Children's literature<br />
* ''Manas Enna Sanchari'' (A Traveller Called Manas) 2021.<br />
<br />
; Literary Study<br />
* ''Sathyathil Ninnum Soundharyathilekkulla Dhooram Ethrayanu?'' (How Far is Beauty from Truth?) (2021)<br />
<br />
; Miscellaneous<br />
* ''Atmavinte Annam'' (The Food of the Soul) (2021)<br />
<br />
; Cultural Studies<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prabhakaran |first=N. |url=https://www.mbibooks.com/product/vadakkan-manass/ |title=Vadakkan Manass (The Soul of North Malabar) |publisher= Mathrubhumi Books|year=2024|isbn=9789359624235|location=Kozhikode |page=150}}<br />
<br />
===Edited works===<br />
* Editorial Core Committee Convener of Nammude Sahityam, Nammude Samooham (1901-2000) (Our Literature, Our Society (1901-2000) published by the Kerala Sahitya Akademy in 4 volumes.<br />
* General Editor of the collected works of eminent scholar M.N.Vijayan, published by Current Books, Trichur, in 2001. The revised edition of the same work is to be published by the State Institute of Language soon.<br />
* Editor of the souvenir published in connection with the 125th anniversary of Govt Brennen College, Thalassery, in 2016<br />
* Guest Editor of Samayam Magazine published from Kannur<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
# "Ottayante Pappan" – won the first prize in the short story competition for college students conducted by ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' weekly in connection with the Vishu Special (1971)<br />
# ''Pulijanmam'' won the first prize in the state level drama competition conducted by ''[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]]'' (1987)<br />
# ''Pulijanmam'' won ''[[Cherukad Award]]'' and the ''[[Kerala Sahithya Akademi]]'' Award (1987)<br />
# The film ''Pulijanmam'' based on the drama of the same name won the ''[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]'' in 2006<br />
# The short story "Pigman" won the Katha (New Delhi) Award (1994)<br />
# Pattiam Gopalan Smaraka Award (1995)<br />
# The short story collection ''Rathrimozhi'' won ''[[Kerala Sahithya Akademi]]'' Award (1996)<br />
# The short story collection ''Mayamayan'' won V.K.Unnikrishnan Memorial Award (2000)<br />
# Novel ''Thiyyor Rekhakal'' won the first EMS Memorial Award of Munnad EMS Smaraka Trust (2005)<br />
# U P Jayaraj Award (2007)<br />
# Novel ''Jeevante Thelivukal'' won Melur Damodaran Sahithya Puraskaram (2008)<br />
# ''Thiranjetutha Kathakal'' (Selected Stories) won the first ''[[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]'' Smaraka Sahithya Award (2009)<br />
# Novel "Janakdha" bagged Malayattoor Award (2010) <ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2010/may/12/malayattoor-award-for-n-prabhakaran-154257.html "Malayattoor award for N Prabhakaran"] The New Indian Express. 12 May 2010. </ref><br />
# 21st ''[[Muttathu Varkey]]'' Memorial Award (2011)<ref name="Award for N. Prabhakaran">{{Cite web |date=2012-04-29 |title=Award for N. Prabhakaran |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/award-for-n-prabhakaran/article3366370.ece |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
# The short story "Kulipathalam" won the ''[[Padmarajan]]'' Award 2017 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174457/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/may/11/ashiq-abus-mayanadi-n-prabhakarans-kulipathalam-win-padmarajan-awards-1813327.html "Ashiq Abu's 'Mayanadi', N Prabhakaran's 'Kulipathalam' win Padmarajan awards"] The New Indian Express. 11 May 2018. </ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/padmarajan-awards-announced-briefly/article23859884.ece "Padmarajan awards announced"] The Hindu. 12 May 2018. </ref><br />
# Alakkode Sargavedi-Navarathna Award-2019<br />
# The novel 'Mayamanushyar' won the Odakkuzhal Award-2019 <ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/feb/03/conspiracy-stopping-g-sankara-kurup-memorial-author-leelavathi-2098120.html "Conspiracy stopping G Sankara Kurup memorial: Author Leelavathi"] The New Indian Express. 03 Feb 2020. </ref><br />
# [[Crossword Book Award]] for Diary of a Malayali Mad Man, translated by [[Jayasree Kalathil]]- 2020<ref>[https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/n-prabhakaran-bags-17th-crossword-book-award--1.4444987 "N Prabhakaran bags 17th Crossword Book Award]" Mathrubhumi. 15 Jan 2020. </ref><br />
# Dharmadam Bank M P Kumaran Award 2023 for the author's comprehensive contribution to Malayalam literature <ref>[https://news8plus.com/dharmadam-bank-literary-awards-to-n-prabhakaran-and-v-praveena/ "Dharmadam Bank Literary Awards to N Prabhakaran and V Praveena"] News8Plus. 14 Feb 2023.</ref><br />
# Novel "Mayamanushyar" bagged Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award (2025) <ref>[https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/acclaimed-malayalam-writer-n-prabhakaran-wins-kendra-sahitya-akademi-award-jfmf0y5c "Acclaimed Malayalam writer N Prabhakaran wins Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award"] Mathrubhumi.com. 16 March 2026. </ref><br />
<br />
==School of Literature==<br />
An informal literature appreciation course to enrich the literary sensibility of readers and provide them meaningful insights on various genres of literature, literary movements, objectives of literature, benefits of literature, evolution of literary forms and evolving trends in literature is offered by N Prabhakaran. The six-day talk series titled 'Sahithya Padasala' (School of Literature) started at Alakkode in Kannur district in July 2017 under the auspices of Alakkode Readers Forum is considered as the pioneering endeavor in Kerala offering informal education in literature.<ref>Sarith, C. [http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/1513134/Kannur/JANUARY-21,-2018#page/18/1 "Sahithyathinde Padasalakal" ](Schools of Literature). Mathrubhumi. 21 January 2018.</ref> Classes, discussions and training in creative writing are provided by the writer. The school of literature was also launched at the writer's native place Madayi in August 2017 <ref>Alora, Mohanan. [http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/1277536/Kannur/11-july-2017#page/20 "Sahithyathe Aduthariyam"] (Have a Better Understanding of Literature). Mathrubhumi. 11 July 2017. </ref><br />
<br />
==Translated works==<br />
N Prabhakaran's stories were translated into many languages, including Tamil, Telugu, Tulu, Kannada, Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, English and German. The short story "Daivathinte Poombatta"(Butterfly of the God) is his most translated and most anthologized work.<br />
<br />
HarperCollins India published his fiction in English 'Diary of a Malayali Madman' translated from Malayalam by [[Jayasree Kalathil]] in February 2019.<ref name="N Prabhakaran bags 17th Crossword Book Award">{{Cite web |title=N Prabhakaran bags 17th Crossword Book Award |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/n-prabhakaran-bags-17th-crossword-book-award--1.4444987 |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Harper Perennial India published his novel in English ''Theeyoor Chronicles'' translated from Malayalam by [[Jayasree Kalathil]] in April 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title="Theeyoor Chronicles: Why are there so many suicides and disappearances in the land of fire? |url=https://scroll.in/article/993279/theeyoor-chronicles-why-are-there-so-many-suicides-and-disappearances-in-the-land-of-fire |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=scroll.in|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
Prabhakaran was associated with Leftist cultural and political organisations in early years. He was the first ''[[Kannur]]'' district secretary of ''[[Balasangam]]'', one of the largest children organisations in India. He was the chairman candidate of ''[[Students' Federation of India]]'' (SFI) at Brennen College in 1974. Prabhakaran was also associated with the launching of Student magazine of SFI. During the period of ''[[The Emergency (India)]]'' Prabhakaran was part of the outfit Students for Human Rights. At present he is associated with All India Forum Right to Education. The writer dissociates from political affiliations of late.<br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
N. Prabhakaran's short story "Kaliyezhuthu" which was published in Mathrubhumi weekly in December 2017 invited vehement criticism from a section of school teachers in Kerala as the story was critical of the new pedagogy and the teachers' training sessions implemented in the state. While a section of teachers and educationists argued that the story exposed the pitfalls in the school education system, the others went on airing harsh comments on the writer that raised many concerns on freedom of expression.<ref>Sudhakaran, P. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/writer-faces-wrath-of-a-section-of-teachers/articleshow/62159011.cms "Writer faces the wrath of a section of teachers".] The Times of India. 20 Dec 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/mathrubhumi-weekly-short-story-by-n-prabhakaran-1.2459483 "Kaliyezhuth: Clusterile Porul Purath, Kathakrithinethire Bheeshaniyum Therivilikalum" ("Kaliyezhuth: Cluster Exposed, Threats and Verbal Assaults on Writer".] The Mathrubhumi. 15 Dec 2017.</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Cite web |last=Shaji |first=K. a |date=2016-12-21 |title=Spotlight on evolution of Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/Spotlight-on-evolution-of-Kerala/article16916980.ece |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakaran, N}}<br />
[[Category:1952 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamils_in_Pakistan&diff=459247Tamils in Pakistan2026-03-28T06:21:37Z<p>DottyN0357445099: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Dravidian ethnolinguistic group in Pakistan}}<br />
{{Tamils}}{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Pakistani Tamils<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| pop = '''5,000-10,000''' (2011 census)<ref name=":0"/><br />
| popplace = {{hlist|[[Sindh]]|[[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]}}<br />
| langs = {{hlist|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ([[Arwi]])|[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]|[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Urdu]])|[[Balochi language|Balochi]]}}<br />
| rels = {{hlist|[[Islam]]|[[Hinduism]]|[[Sikhism]]|[[Christianity]]}}<br />
| related_groups = {{hlist|[[Brahui people]]|[[Tamil Muslims]]|[[Andhra Muslims|Telugu Muslims]]|[[Dravidian people|Dravidian diaspora]]}}<br />
| related-c = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Mariamman temple in JPMC karachi.jpg|thumb|[[Mariamman]] temple in [[Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre|JPMC]], Karachi]]<br />
[[File:Tamil Hindus celebrating festival in JPMC karachi.jpg|thumb|Tamil Hindus celebrating festival in JPMC, Karachi]]<br />
There is a small community of '''Tamils in Pakistan'''. Some [[Tamils]] migrated from the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], and settled in [[Karachi]] after [[Partition of India|independence]] in 1947. Although there are some Tamils that have been there since the early 20th century, when [[Karachi]] developed during the [[British Raj]]. There are [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] that arrived during the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]] who are mostly [[Hindu]]s.<ref name="thenews">{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-98530-Strangers-to-their-roots-and-those-around-them|title=Strangers to their roots, and those around them|work=The News|date=20 March 2012|accessdate=9 July 2013|first=Ammar|last=Shahbazi|archivedate=20 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320112748/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-98530-Strangers-to-their-roots-and-those-around-them}}</ref> The [[Madrasi Para]] area behind the [[Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre]] is home to 100 Tamil Hindu families. The population of Tamils in Pakistan is over 5000. The Shri Rama Pir Mandir Temple was located in this neighborhood but was demolished by a builder.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/pakistan/story/100-year-old-temple-demolished-in-pakistan-angry-hindus-asks-govt-to-arrange-tickets-to-india-123121-2012-12-02|title=100-year-old temple demolished in Pakistan, angry Hindus ask govt to arrange tickets to India|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref> The temple was the biggest Tamil Hindu temple in Karachi.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/756289/sacred-festival-hindus-celebrate-ganesha-chaturthi-pooja-in-karachi/ Sacred festival: Hindus celebrate Ganesha Chaturthi pooja in Karachi ]</ref> In addition, [[Drigh Road]] and [[Korangi]] also have a Tamil population.<ref name="thenews"/>Mariamman temple at [[Soldier Bazaar]], [[Karachi]] managed by Pakistan Madras Hindu Panchayat was also demolished in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kinra |first=Mark |date=2023-08-30 |title=Demolition of Shree Mari Mata Mandir in Karachi spotlights plight of Pakistan's Tamil community |url=https://www.indianarrative.com/world-news/demolition-of-shree-mari-mata-mandir-in-karachi-spotlights-plight-of-pakistans-tamil-community-150876.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Indianarrative |language=en}}</ref> [[Tamil cuisine]] is still alive there.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-23 |title=In Pakistan's Karachi, South Indian immigrants keep the taste of Tamil food alive over decades |url=https://arab.news/bmsu3 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://qz.com/903612/in-pakistans-most-violent-city-the-virgin-mary-from-south-india-brings-together-hindus-muslims-christians-and-parsis/|title=In Pakistan's most violent city, the Virgin Mary from south India brings together Hindus, Muslims, and Parsis|work=Quartz India|date=6 February 2017|accessdate=21 October 2017|first=Donna|last=Fernandes}}</ref> Till August 2019, Pakistan receives 30 post office mails from Tamil Nadu every month.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-post-offices-handled-30-items-to-pakistan-a-month/articleshow/71712218.cms "Tamil Nadu post offices handled 30 items to Pakistan a month"]</ref><br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
* [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]], Indian-American Nobel laureate born in pre-independence Lahore<br />
* [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]], Indian diplomat and politician born in Lahore; served as Indian consul-general in Karachi from 1978 to 1982<br />
* [[Victor Gnanapragasam]], [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] bishop<ref>[http://directory.ucanews.com/bishops/bishop-gnanapragasam/688 Bishop Gnanapragasam] UCA News</ref><br />
<br />
{{Portal|Tamils|Pakistan}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Muhajir communities}}<br />
{{Tamil diaspora}}<br />
{{Sri Lankan Tamil people}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Pakistan| ]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil diaspora by country|Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Muhajir people]]<br />
[[Category:Muhajir communities]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Asia|Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani people of Indian descent]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oosaravelli&diff=455567Oosaravelli2026-03-22T20:12:55Z<p>DottyN0357445099: enhance section for clarity and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2011 film by Surender Reddy}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Oosaravelli<br />
| image = Oosaravelli poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Film poster<br />
| director = [[Surender Reddy]]<br />
| producer = [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]]<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|<br />
Surender Reddy <br />
* [[Koratala Siva]] (dialogues)}}<br />
| story = [[Vakkantham Vamsi]]<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr]]<br />
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]}}<br />
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Rasool Ellore]]<br />
| editing = Gautham Raju<br />
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]<br />
| distributor = {{plainlist|<br />
* Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra<br />
* R R Movie Makers}}<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|10|6}}<br />
| runtime = 162 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = {{INR|25 crore}}<ref name="budget" /><br />
| gross = {{INR|57 crore}}<ref name="boc" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Oosaravelli''''' ({{translation|Chameleon}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action film|action thriller film]] directed by [[Surender Reddy]] and produced by [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]] under [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Vidyut Jammwal]]. The score and soundtrack for the film were composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], whilst the cinematography was handled by [[Rasool Ellore]] and editing by Gautham Raju. <br />
<br />
The plot follows Tony (N. T. Rama Rao Jr), a merciless [[hitman]], who falls for Niharika after saving her during a [[Kashmir]] terror attack. Discovering she’s engaged to an arms dealer, Tony wages a brutal war against [[Hyderabad]]’s underworld to protect her, unaware her forgotten past holds the key to his redemption. <br />
<br />
''Oosaravelli'' was released worldwide on 6 October 2011 and received mixed reviews from critics. Despite this, the film grossed ₹57 crore and was a box-office success. It was later remade in Bengali as ''[[Rocky (2013 film)|Rocky]]'' in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/all-set-oosaravelli-release-664 |title=All set for Oosaravelli release |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=6 October 2011 |archive-date=6 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006213027/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/all-set-oosaravelli-release-664 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Tony is a self-employed [[Contract killing|hitman]] who will do anything for money. He meets Niharika during a terror attack on his way to [[Kashmir]] by bus. They both manage to escape, with Tony falling head over heels in love with her, but she leaves to Hyderabad without getting to know about Tony's feelings. Niharika is living with her friend, Chitra, when Tony finds her and arrives to tell her that he loves her and thought she loved him when they escaped from Kashmir.<br />
<br />
Niharika tells him that she is already engaged to Rakesh, the son of a Minister in the city, and is soon going to marry him. However, Niharika is unaware that Rakesh, along with his father, are actually arms smugglers. Rakesh asks Tony to meet him, but Tony calls Niharika and tells her to hide and hear their conversation. Niharika overhears Rakesh saying that if Niharika does not marry him, he will kill her and whoever she marries or falls in love with. Niharika learns about Rakesh's true identity and leaves him.<br />
<br />
She also realises that she is in love with Tony and calls him, but is unaware of Tony's real profession. Tony is kidnapped by Rakesh and Irfan Bhai, who is the younger brother of a [[Dubai]]-based gangster, Ajju Bhai. He kills Irfan, Rakesh and his father, thus making him a target of Ajju Bhai's gang and the Hyderabad police. When Tony, Niharika, and Chitra leave to attend religious services held in a temple, Chitra witnesses Tony killing the [[Deputy Commissioner#India|DCP]], Vikram Sinha, who is the investigating officer of Tony's killings.<br />
<br />
Tony reveals to Chitra her history; about how he actually knew her, before he rescued her in Kashmir. He reveals that his father was a gangster in [[Mumbai]], where on his deathbed, he asked Tony to reform from their old ways and do something good, which people will remember long after their deaths. He also divulges that Niharika's elder brother, Surya, was an [[secret police|undercover cop]] in Ajju Bhai's gang, and his superior officer was Vikram Sinha, who had double-crossed Surya by revealing his real identity to Ajju Bhai. Ajju had him and his family killed, including Niharika.<br />
<br />
Surya was called a traitor in the news channels. Niharika was the lone survivor of the assassination on her family, but had a [[Gunshot wound|bullet lodged]] in her head. Due to the location of that bullet in her brain, she began to lose her memory. Tony learnt about her injustice when he first met Niharika, who pleaded with him to take everything, including her self-respect. Tony promised her then that Surya's death will be avenged and he will be proved an innocent person. Niharika recognises one person and loses her memory.<br />
<br />
Tony has been killing everyone for Niharika, but as she had lost her memory, she cannot remember anything. Tony requests Chitra not to reveal Niharika about her past, who realizes that Tony is doing the right thing. Ajju Bhai finds out that Niharika survived the attack and mortally wounds Chitra, mistaking her for Niharika, when she does not divulge about Tony's identity; he frames Tony for her death. Tony finds out the location of Ajju Bhai and his men, and attacks them. Niharika suddenly arrives, where she reveals to Tony that Ajju Bhai killed Chitra and asks him to avenge Chitra's death. Before dying, Chitra revealed to Niharika that Ajju Bhai shot her and her past.<br />
<br />
Tony reveals to Ajju Bhai about Niharika's family and her identity to Ajju Bhai, before he kills him. In the end, Tony proves Surya's identity as a cop to the world and his innocence. A few days later, he reunites with Niharika, who does not remember any of the recent events. The films ends with Tony stating that he will always love and protect her, threatening to kill those who try to bring her harm.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr]] as Tony/Oosaravelli<br />
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Niharika<br />
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Ajju Bhai <br />
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Rakesh's father<br />
* [[Vidyut Jammwal]] as Irfan Bhai, Ajju's younger brother<br />
* Adhvik Mahajan as Rakesh, Niharika's fiancée<br />
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Tony's father<br />
* [[Murali Sharma]] as a local don<br />
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Jaya "JP" Prada aka Sarkar<br />
* [[Payal Ghosh]] as Chitra<br />
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as Surya, Niharika's brother<br />
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as DCP Vikram Sinha<br />
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Shiva<br />
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Satthi<br />
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Johnny, JP's sidekick<br />
* Sai as DSP Shiv JR<br />
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]<br />
* [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Don<br />
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Tony's friend<br />
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as JP's henchmen <br />
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Temple Priest<br />
* [[Chakravarthy Ramachandra]] as Tony's friend<br />
* [[Amit Tiwari]] as Ajju Bhai's henchman<br />
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] <br />
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]<br />
* [[M. S. Narayana]]<br />
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The production of the film began on 3 March 2011 at Gandipet.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-14/news-interviews/29656354_1_ramoji-film-city-ntr-shooting |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707055808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-14/news-interviews/29656354_1_ramoji-film-city-ntr-shooting |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2012 |title=NTR starts shooting for Oosaravelli |access-date=14 June 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 June 2011}}</ref> The film was shot in Hyderabad, Switzerland, Bangkok, Pattaya, Italy and France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Oosaravelli-for-Vijayadasami-imagegallery-tollywood-ljplSXebigd.html#galname |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915184339/http://www.sify.com/movies/Oosaravelli-for-Vijayadasami-imagegallery-tollywood-ljplSXebigd.html#galname |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 September 2011 |title=Oosaravelli for Vijayadasami |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Oosaravelli<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2011|9|15}}<br />
| recorded = 2011<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Soundtrack#Film and television soundtracks|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 33:56<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = Devi Sri Prasad<br />
| prev_title = [[Dhada]]<br />
| prev_year = 2011<br />
| next_title = [[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]<br />
| next_year = 2012<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack of the film was released worldwide on 15 September 2011. [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] graced the audio function, unveiling both the CDs and 2 GB memory cards. [[M. M. Keeravani]] received the first CD, while [[S. S. Rajamouli]] received the first memory card. Other prominent guests in the function were [[D. Suresh Babu]], [[Boyapati Srinu]], [[Kodali Nani]], [[Nallamalupu Bujji]], [[Vallabhaneni Vamsi Mohan]], [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]], [[Dil Raju]], [[Vamshi Paidipally]], [[Surender Reddy]], [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Ganesh Babu]], K. L. Narayana, [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[Allu Sirish]], Lakshman, [[Gangaraju Gunnam]], [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], [[Anantha Sriram]], B. Bapineedu, [[Gautam Raju]], [[K. S. Rama Rao]], [[K. Atchi Reddy]], Suresh Reddy, [[Koratala Siva]], Rasool Yellora, [[Vakkantham Vamsi]] and others.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The song "Dandiya India" was reused by Devi Sri Prasad from "Pudikale Pudikadhu" song, from Tamil movie ''[[Venghai]]'' (2011), starring [[Dhanush]], Tamannaah.<br />
<br />
The audio launch event took place at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] and was broadcast live on [[Star Maa|MAA TV]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/jr-ntr-tamanna-at-oosaravelli-audio-launch-11265#/slide/1 |title=Jr. NTR, Tamanna at Oosaravelli audio launch |publisher=NDTV |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-date=16 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916105235/http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/jr-ntr-tamanna-at-oosaravelli-audio-launch-11265#/slide/1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/audio-rights-prices-are-not-music-ears-804 |title=Audio rights prices are not music to ears |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=28 September 2011 |archive-date=4 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004153502/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/audio-rights-prices-are-not-music-ears-804 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 33:56<br />
| title1 = Brathakali<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<br />
| length1 = 4:57<br />
| title2 = Nenante Naaku<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Adnan Sami]]<br />
| length2 = 4:26<br />
| title3 = Yelango Yelango<br />
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry<br />
| extra3 = [[Jaspreet Jasz]], [[Chinmayi Sripaada]]<br />
| length3 = 4:27<br />
| title4 = Love Ante Caring<br />
| lyrics4 = Anantha Sriram<br />
| extra4 = Francois Castellino<br />
| length4 = 3:55<br />
| title5 = Sri Anjaneyam<br />
| lyrics5 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]<br />
| extra5 = M. L. R. Karthikeyan, [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr]]<br />
| length5 = 5:12<br />
| title6 = Niharika<br />
| lyrics6 = [[Anantha Sriram]]<br />
| extra6 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Neha Bhasin]]<br />
| length6 = 4:21<br />
| title7 = Dandiya India<br />
| lyrics7 = Anantha Sreeram<br />
| extra7 = [[Mukesh Mohamed]], [[Suchitra]]<br />
| length7 = 4:49<br />
| title8 = Oosaravelli (Theme Song)<br />
| lyrics8 = Ramajogayya Sastry<br />
| extra8 = Ujjayinee<br />
| length8 = 1:49<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Album reception===<br />
''Milliblog'' stated the album as a "Thoroughly enjoyable soundtrack by Devi!"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2011/09/17/oosaravelli-music-review-telugu-devi-sri-prasad/ |title=Oosaravelli (Music review), Telugu – Devi Sri Prasad |date=17 September 2011 |publisher=milliblog |access-date=25 October 2012 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102051023/http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2011/09/17/oosaravelli-music-review-telugu-devi-sri-prasad/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
''Oosaravelli'' premiered in 1800 screens worldwide on 6 October 2011. In the Nizam area of Andhra Pradesh, 200 theatres, including 76 in Hyderabad, screened the film. In the overseas market, the film was released in 91 theatres across the USA.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/76-theatres-for-oosaravelli-in-hyd-news-news-lkgn9Ragjda.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008205103/http://www.sify.com/movies/76-theatres-for-oosaravelli-in-hyd-news-news-lkgn9Ragjda.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2011 |title=76 theatres for Oosaravelli in Hyd |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article349143.ece |title='Oosaravelli' takes competition to the US |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=10 December 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211424/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article349143.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/oosaravelli.html |title=NTR's Oosaravelli in Overseas |access-date=10 December 2011 |publisher=Idlebrain |archive-date=1 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201195335/http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/oosaravelli.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Home media===<br />
[[Gemini TV]] secured the satellite rights for a sum of {{INR}} 5.50&nbsp;crore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tollywoodandhra.in/news/movie-news/gemini-tv-bags-oosaravelli-satellite-rights/ |title=Gemini TV Bags Oosaravelli Satellite rights |publisher=tollywoodandhra.in |access-date=18 September 2011 |archive-date=24 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024191659/http://www.tollywoodandhra.in/news/movie-news/gemini-tv-bags-oosaravelli-satellite-rights/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The DVD was Released by Bhavani Videos on 14 January 2012 with a Purchase price of $7.99 in NTSC Video Format and Dolby Digital 5.1 Audio Format.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.njmtv.com/tamanna_oosaravelli-telugu-dvd_ntr-tamanna-prakash-raju-kick-shyam-tanikella-bharani-murali-sharma-5794.html#link5794 |title=Description – Oosaravelli Telugu DVD |publisher=njmtv.com |access-date=25 October 2012 |archive-date=10 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110221401/https://www.njmtv.com/tamanna_oosaravelli-telugu-dvd_ntr-tamanna-prakash-raju-kick-shyam-tanikella-bharani-murali-sharma-5794.html#link5794 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Blu-ray was Released on 1 February 2012 with a Purchase price of $14.99 in NTSC Video Format and DTS HD Master, 5.1 Surround Sound.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.njmtv.com/tamanna_oosaravelli-telugu-blu-ray_ntr-tamanna-prakash-raju-kick-shyam-tanikella-bharani-murali-sharma,-5858.html#link5858 |title=Description – Oosaravelli Telugu Blu Ray |publisher=njmtv.com |access-date=25 October 2012 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121407/http://www.njmtv.com/tamanna_oosaravelli-telugu-blu-ray_ntr-tamanna-prakash-raju-kick-shyam-tanikella-bharani-murali-sharma,-5858.html#link5858 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
===Critical response===<br />
''Oosaravelli'' received mixed reviews from critics.<br />
<br />
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'', which gave a two star, said "screenplay falls short, especially in the second half of the film. NTR steals the show in the first half. In most scenes, he underplays his emotions and manages to evoke some laughs. But towards the end of the movie, his act gets inconsistent and he doesn't emote too well either. Tamannah and Payal Ghosh do justice to their roles.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Oosaravelli/movie-review/10268736.cms |title=Oosaravelli |access-date=7 October 2011 |author=Suresh Kavirayani |work=The Times of India |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118222147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/oosaravelli/movie-review/10268736.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]]'' gave a negative review commenting "''Oosaravelli'' fails to live up to the expectations, and one can blame a weak script for this debacle. The movie is a disappointment for ardent NTR fans but for average viewers it is nothing more than a predictable hotchpotch film".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-oosaravelli-fails-to-impress/191242-8-69.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010073829/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-oosaravelli-fails-to-impress/191242-8-69.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2011 |title=Telugu Review: 'Oosaravelli' fails to impress |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave a two and half stars explaining "''Oosaravelli'' is a routine revenge drama. There is some humour woven in, and there are some interesting twists and turns and some flashback episodes. Even so, the director does not seem to have a proper grip on the story. Post-interval, the momentum slackens. NTR is different in terms of his styling and acting. On the whole, it seems like watching a new, more restrained NTR. Tamannaah turns in a good performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-oosarvelli-is-a-routine-revenge-drama/20111007.htm |title=Review: Oosaravelli is a routine revenge drama |author=Radhika Rajamani |publisher=Rediff |access-date=7 October 2011 |archive-date=15 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515153637/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-oosarvelli-is-a-routine-revenge-drama/20111007.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
B.V.S. Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "A street-smart goon, played by NTR, goes on a killing free terminating ruthless people in an effort to fulfil a promise he made to a hapless girl played by Tammanah. Instead of making a regular vigilante movie, director Surender Reddy blends romance with humour to lessen the gory part of this entertainer, but once the “secret” behind the killings is revealed, the film loses its sheen".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/ooseravelli-review-jr-ntr-tries-his-hand-humour-318 |title=Ooseravelli review: Jr NTR tries his hand at humour |author=B.V.S. Prakash |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=8 October 2011 |archive-date=12 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012145102/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/ooseravelli-review-jr-ntr-tries-his-hand-humour-318 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A critic from ''[[NDTV]]'' stated "With ''Oosaravelli'', director Surender Reddy has tried something new and different. If you are a hardcore NTR fan, then it is a must-watch otherwise the film is an average entertainer".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://green.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=12&ID=11509#talk |title=Review-in-pics: Oosaravelli |publisher=NDTV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401144444/http://green.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=12&ID=11509#talk |archive-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/oosaravelli/telugu/oosaravelli-movie-reviews-4520-2.html |title=Oosaravelli Review |work=Full Hyderabad |first=Deepa |last=Garimalla |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117070738/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/oosaravelli/telugu/oosaravelli-movie-reviews-4520-2.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Box office===<br />
''Oosaravelli'' earned ₹15.75 crore on its first day, becoming the highest grosser at that time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/oosaravelli-scores-highest-ever-openings-news-news-lkko4raebgd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012011420/http://www.sify.com/movies/oosaravelli-scores-highest-ever-openings-news-news-lkko4raebgd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2011 |title=Oosaravelli scores highest ever openings |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref> The film's lifetime gross was ₹57 crore, marking it as a box-office success.<ref name="budget">{{cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |title=Tollywood's 'Oosaravelli' all set to get Hindi remake |website=The News Minute |date=28 November 2020 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/tollywood-s-oosaravelli-all-set-get-hindi-remake-138583 |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927231302/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/tollywood-s-oosaravelli-all-set-get-hindi-remake-138583 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="boc">{{cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |title=After Prabhas's Chatrapathi, Jr NTR's Oosaravelli to be remade in Hindi? |website=India Today |date=28 November 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-prabhas-s-chatrapathi-jr-ntr-s-oosaravelli-to-be-remade-in-hindi-1744889-2020-11-28 |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208022122/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-prabhas-s-chatrapathi-jr-ntr-s-oosaravelli-to-be-remade-in-hindi-1744889-2020-11-28 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|1890493|Oosaravelli}}<br />
<br />
{{Surender Reddy}}{{Koratala Siva}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2011 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Surender Reddy]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about contract killing in India]]<br />
[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Italy]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in France]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orkut_Oru_Ormakoot&diff=523139Orkut Oru Ormakoot2026-03-03T20:49:15Z<p>DottyN0357445099: Done - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2012 Malayalam film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Orkut Oru Ormakoot<br />
| image = Orkut Oru Ormakoot poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Official poster<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Manoj-Vinod<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Johny Sagariga<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Rima Kallingal]]<br />
*[[Arjun Ashokan]]<br />
*Ben Alex <br />
*Jo Malayil <br />
*[[Vishnu G Raghav]]<br />
*[[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]] <br />
}}<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = Swaroop Philip<br />
| editing = Mentos Antony<br />
| music = [[Leela L Girish Kuttan]]<br />
| studio = <!-- or: | production_companies = --><br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|1|5}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Orkut Oru Ormakoot''''' ({{Translation|[[Orkut]] is a memory}}) is a 2012 Indian Malayalam-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed by Manoj-Vinod. The film stars [[Rima Kallingal]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], Jo Malayil (son of [[Sibi Malayil]]), Ben Alex (son of actor [[Lalu Alex]]), [[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]] and Vishnu G Raghav (son of still photographer R.Gopalakrishnan).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/star-kids-to-debut-in-orukoot-oru-ormakoot-news-malayalam-kkguCriched.html|title=Star kids to debut in Orukoot Oru Ormakoot|date=17 September 2010|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112150839/http://sify.com/movies/star-kids-to-debut-in-orukoot-oru-ormakoot-news-malayalam-kkguCriched.html|archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2011/aug/28/new-trend-in-malayalam-cinema-285428.html|title=New trend in Malayalam cinema|date=28 August 2011|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=11 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815152652/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2011/aug/28/new-trend-in-malayalam-cinema-285428.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Rima Kallingal]] as Christelle a.k.a. Crystal<br />
*[[Arjun Ashokan]] as Ganeshan<br />
*Ben Alex as Aby <br />
*Jo Malayil as Ronnie<br />
*Vishnu G Raghav<br />
*[[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Sooraj<br />
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] <br />
*[[Nedumudi Venu]]<br />
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]<br />
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]<br />
*[[Arundathi Nag]]<br />
*[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The music for the film was composed by Leela L Girish Kuttan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Orkut Oru Ormakkoottu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Songs: Orkut Oru Ormakkoottu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) MP3 Malayalam Songs by Leela Gireesh Kuttan Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/orkut-oru-ormakkoottu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705183939/https://gaana.com/album/orkut-oru-ormakkoottu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |archive-date=5 July 2023 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| title1 = Mazhavilthoni<br />
| extra1 = [[Sudeep Kumar]], [[Rimi Tomy]], [[Nikhil Mathew]]<br />
| lyrics1 = Santhosh Varma<br />
| length1 = 4:16<br />
| title2 = Sayaahnamegham<br />
| extra2 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]<br />
| length2 = 6:19<br />
| title3 = Hey Pularoli<br />
| extra3 = [[Afsal]]<br />
| lyrics3 = Rafeeq Ahamed<br />
| length3 = 5:07<br />
| title4 = Machilakkaavile<br />
| extra4 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Durga Viswanath<br />
| lyrics4 = Sreeprasad<br />
| length4 = 4:40<br />
| title5 = Ambadithannilorammayundangane<br />
| extra5 = Lekha R. Nair<br />
| lyrics5 = Santhosh Varma<br />
| length5 = 2:34<br />
| title6 = Lifil Fifty Fifty<br />
| extra6 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Biju Narayanan]], Franko<br />
| lyrics6 = Sudeep Joshy<br />
| length6 = 4:02<br />
| title7 = Sarvam Brahmamayam<br />
| extra7 = Sangeetha Varma<br />
| lyrics7 = {{mdash}}<br />
| length7 = 2:50<br />
| total_length = 29:48 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that "''Orkut Oru Ormakkoottu'' tries to say lots of things, but doesn't really succeed in doing it in an impressive way and ends being predictable, preachy and even insipid. 2011 had begun with ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'', which had definitely raised the bar with its brilliance, but no such luck with the first release of 2012. That is sad!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.sify.com/movies/orkut-oru-ormakkoottu-review-malayalam-pcmanbbhjieha.html|title=Orkut Oru Ormakkoottu|work=[[Sify]]|date=10 January 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}</ref> Paresh C. Palicha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote: "One can only hope that ''Orkut Oru Ormakoot'' is the last film made on the worn-out theme of the abuse of the internet and the disadvantages of an urban lifestyle".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-orkut-oru-ormakoot-is-outdated/20120109.htm|title=Review: Orkut Oru Ormakoot is outdated|author=Paresh C. Palicha|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=9 January 2012|access-date=11 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815152652/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-orkut-oru-ormakoot-is-outdated/20120109.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|10952232}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mannar_Mathai_Speaking_2&diff=516193Mannar Mathai Speaking 22026-03-03T20:41:50Z<p>DottyN0357445099: adding some stub v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mannar Mathai Speaking 2<br />
| image = Mannar Mathai Speaking 2 Movie First Look Poster.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Theatrical-release poster<br />
| director = [[Mamas K. Chandran|Mamas]]<br />
| producer = Siby Thottupuram<br>Joby Mundamattom<br />
| writer = Mamas<br />
| starring = [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]<br>[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]<br>[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]<br>[[Biju Menon]]<br>[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]]<br>[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]]<br>[[Aparna Gopinath]]<br>[[Shammi Thilakan]]<br>Niyas Backer<br />
| music = [[Rahul Raj]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Vishnu Narayanan]]<br />
| editing =<br />
| studio = SJM Entertainments<br />
| distributor = [[Kalasangham Films]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2014|01|24|df=y}}<br />
| runtime =<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Mannar Mathai Speaking 2''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film directed by [[Mamas K. Chandran]]. It is a sequel to the 1995 comedy ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]]'' and the third installment in the [[Ramji Rao Speaking|Ramji Rao]] [[Media franchise|franchise]]. Actors [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] and [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] reprised their roles; while [[Aparna Gopinath]], [[Shammi Thilakan]] and a few others are also included in the cast.<ref name="archive">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-26/news-and-interviews/43396062_1_ramji-rao-mannar-mathai-movie-buffs|title=Aparna Gopinath signs up for Mannar Mathai sequel|work=The Times Of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229041600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-26/news-and-interviews/43396062_1_ramji-rao-mannar-mathai-movie-buffs|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=29 December 2013}}</ref> The film features original music and background score composed by [[Rahul Raj]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
{{Plot|film|date=April 2025}}<br />
<!-- Per [[MOS:FILMPLOT]], plot summaries for feature films should be between 400 to 700 words. --><br />
Years after their earlier adventures, Mannar Mathai runs a travel agency, Urvashi Tours & Travels, with his old partners Gopalakrishnan and Balakrishnan. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of their drama troupe, Mathai plans a new play, though his partners are reluctant due to past troubles in the theatre.<br />
<br />
When they advertise for a new English-speaking driver, Mathai secretly adds another ad seeking a “heroine” for the play. This brings in Nithya and her friend Unni. While Unni is hired as the driver, Mathai sees Nithya as his lead actress. Soon, the trio encounters their former foe, Mahendra Varma, now mentally impaired after an accident. They forgive him, but new complications arise when they learn that Nithya and Unni are fugitives falsely accused of bank fraud.<br />
<br />
It is revealed that Nithya is the daughter of Ramji Rao, who has since reformed, taken the name Kunjumon, and become a pastor. Meanwhile, Mahendra’s identical twin brother, Hareendran — an international criminal — arrives in search of a stolen diamond hidden in a bag now held by SI Babumon. When Hareendran kidnaps Gopalakrishnan’s daughters to retrieve the diamond, Mathai and his friends attempt a risky rescue.<br />
<br />
Amid chaos involving mistaken identities, betrayals, and overlapping kidnappings, a massive brawl breaks out between the criminals, police, and theatre members. Hareendran is apparently arrested, but it is later revealed that he escaped after swapping clothes with his twin brother, Mahendran.<br />
<br />
The film ends during the troupe’s 25th anniversary play, where Gopalakrishnan notices the lost diamond embedded in Mathai’s crown. As Mathai hints that someone may soon come looking for it, they spot Hareendran in the audience — only for him to vanish moments later.<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Mannar Mathai<br />
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Gopalakrishnan<br />
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Balakrishnan<br />
* [[Biju Menon]] in a dual role as: <br />
** Mahendra Varma <br />
** Hareendra Varma<br />
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Ramji Rao / Pastor Kunjumon<br />
* [[Aparna Gopinath]] as Nithya<br />
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Garvasees Aashan<br />
* [[Indrans]] as Ponnappan<br />
* Priyanka Anoop as Shakunthala<br />
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as Driver Koshi<br />
* [[Akshitha]] as Malayali House Fame<br />
* [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Babumon<br />
* [[Niyas Backer]] as Cook Manjulan<br />
* [[Basil Paulose]] as Unni<br />
* [[Chembil Ashokan]]<br />
* Ullas Pandalam<br />
* Andrew Ross as the Diamond Smuggler<br />
* [[Naseer Sankranthi]]<br />
* [[Vani Viswanath]] as Meera/Stella Fernandez [Special appearance in the title song] (From the first part's film shots)<br />
* [[Sukumari]] as Gopalakrishnan's mother [Special appearance in the title song] (From the first part's film shots)<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Mannar Mathai Speaking 2<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Rahul Raj]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 17 January 2014<br />
| recorded = 2013<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 20:11<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
| label = East Coast Audio<br />
| producer = [[Rahul Raj]]<br />
| prev_title = [[London Bridge (film)|London Bridge]]<br />
| prev_year = 2014<br />
| next_title = [[Kadavul Paathi Mirugam Paathi]]<br />
| next_year = 2014<br />
}}<br />
The music and background score of the movie are composed, orchestrated, and produced by [[Rahul Raj]]. The soundtrack opened to positive reviews with ''Music Aloud.com'' saying "Composer Rahul Raj continues the franchise's tradition of entertaining music", while particularly mentioning that the interludes of ''Gathakalaporin'' are 'brilliant'.<ref name="musicaloud">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicaloud.com/2014/01/18/mannar-mathai-speaking-2-music-review-malayalam-movie-soundtrack/|title=Mannar Mathai Speaking 2 - Music Review (Malayalam Movie Soundtrack)&#124;Rahul Raj&#124;Nikesh Chembilod|website=Music Aloud|date=18 January 2014 |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> ''Milliblog.com'' hailed ''Mizhikaloro'' as the best song for its fantastic tune and catchy arrangements.<ref name="itwofs">{{cite web|url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2014/01/18/mannar-mathai-speaking-2-music-review-malayalam-rahul-raj/|title=Mannar Mathai Speaking 2 (Music review), Malayalam – Rahul Raj&nbsp;by&nbsp;Milliblog!|website=itwofs.com|access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singers<br />
| title1 = Chemmana Chelorukki (Urvashi)<br />
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], Teenu Tellence<br />
| length1 = 4:42<br />
| title2 = Mizhikaloro<br />
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]]<br />
| length2 = 3:50<br />
| title3 = Thirayane<br />
| extra3 = Arun Alat, Nithin Raj, Lonely Doggy, [[Rahul Raj]]<br />
| length3 = 4:18<br />
| title4 = Urvashi (Sufi Reprise)<br />
| extra4 = Maqbool<br />
| length4 = 2:04<br />
| title5 = Gathakala Porin<br />
| extra5 = Afsal, Tom Sebastian, Vipin Xavier<br />
| length5 = 5:17<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The film received negative reviews from critics. Sify movies commented, "You can only watch Director Mamas's Mannar Mathai Speaking 2 with tremendous anger and disbelief as he makes a mockery of two much-loved films with this one. Please don't speak again, Mr. Mannar Mathai!"{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} Rediff movie reviews commented, "Mannar Mathai Speaking 2 is a repeat of what we've seen before."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mannar-mathai-speaking-2-is-a-repeat-of-what-weve-seen-before/20140127.htm | title=Review: Mannar Mathai Speaking 2 is a repeat of what we've seen before }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/mannar-mathayi-speaking-2/movie-review/29450023.cms | title=Mannar Mathayi Speaking 2 Movie Review | work=The Times of India }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|3685728}}<br />
<br />
{{Ramji Rao Speaking}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2014 films]]<br />
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam films in series]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Rahul Raj]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]<br />
<br />
[[ml:മാന്നാർമത്തായി സ്പീക്കിങ്ങ്]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gautam_Buddha_Nagar_district&diff=472647Gautam Buddha Nagar district2026-03-03T19:00:23Z<p>DottyN0357445099: refined section as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Gautam Buddha Nagar district<br />
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| total_type = Total<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image_skyline = {{photomontage<br />
| photo1a = Noida Sector 15 metro station.jpg<br />
| photo2a = Greaternoida expressway Q2.jpg<br />
| photo2b = Noidancrdelhiskyline.jpg<br />
| photo3a = Noida Buddha Circuit, Formula One 2013 (Ank kumar) 16.jpg<br />
| photo3b = Yamuna Expressway Delhi Agra India August 2013.jpg<br />
| photo4a = View of Noida city from the Hilton Noida.jpg<br />
| spacing = 1<br />
| color_border = black<br />
| color = black<br />
| size = 280<br />
| foot_montage = ''From Top (left to right)'': [[Noida Metro]], [[Noida–Greater Noida Expressway]], Noida Skyline, [[Buddh International Circuit]], [[Yamuna Expressway]], Panoramic view of [[Noida]] City<br />
}}<br />
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Gautam Buddha Nagar.svg<br />
| map_caption = Location of Gautam Buddha Nagar district in Uttar Pradesh<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| coor_pinpoint = Greater Noida<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Meerut division|Meerut]]<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = 9 June 1997<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Greater Noida]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]<br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| p1 = #'''Sadar''' ([[Noida]])<br />
#'''[[Dadri]]'''<br />
#'''[[Jewar]]'''<br />
| area_total_km2 = 1442<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 1,648,115<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_urban = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = Demographics<br />
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br />
| demographics1_info1 = 98.14%<ref name="GB Nagar district Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/uttar-pradesh/gautam-buddha-nagar-population.html|title=Gautam Buddha Nagar district Population|work=Census India|access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| demographics1_info2 = 851 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]] <!-- 890,214 males, 757,901 females --><br />
| leader_title = District Magistrate<br />
| leader_name = Medha Roopam (IAS)<br />
| leader_title1 = Commissioner of Police<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Laxmi Singh]] (IPS)<br />
| leader_title2 = <br />
| leader_name2 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| registration_plate = UP-16<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = [[NH-24]]<br />[[DND Flyway]]<br />[[Noida–Greater Noida Expressway]]<br />[[Yamuna Expressway]]<br />[[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]]<br />
| blank_name_sec2 = <br />
| blank_info_sec2 = <br />
| website = {{URL|gbnagar.nic.in}}<br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gautam Buddha Nagar district''' is a [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], named after [[Gautama Buddha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gbnagar.nic.in/profile/profiletest.htm |title=District Profile |access-date=10 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919132749/http://gbnagar.nic.in/profile/profiletest.htm |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is a part of [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi National Capital Region]] and is divided into 3 sub-divisions (Tehsils) of Noida, Dadri and Jewar. [[Greater Noida]] is the administrative headquarters of Gautam Buddha Nagar district. [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]], [[Dadri]], [[Jewar]], [[YEIDA City]] and [[Dankaur]] fall under this district.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Gautam Buddha Nagar district was formed on 9 June 1997 under the leadership of [[Mayawati#Second term, 1997|Mayawati government]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-16 |title=Mayawati says her government worked on principles of Buddha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/mayawati-says-her-government-worked-on-the-principles-of-buddha/articleshow/91600856.cms |access-date=2024-12-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> by carving out the portions of [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad district]] and [[Bulandshahr district]]. [[Dadri]] and [[Bisrakh]] blocks carved out of Ghaziabad, while [[Dankaur]] and [[Jewar]] blocks have been carved out of Bulandshahr.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gbnagar.nic.in/history/<br />
|title=History of Gautam Buddha Nagar district (Noida) |work=GBN District |access-date=16 August 2021 }}</ref> People from this land were actively associated with the [[Indian independence movement]]. [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Shivaram Rajguru|Rajguru]], [[Sukhdev Thapar|Sukhdev]] and [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]] used Nalgadha village (Sector-145, Noida) presently situated on the [[Noida-Greater Noida Expressway]] to hide during the freedom struggle. They planned 1929 bomb attack on the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] (presently known as [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]]) from Nalgadha village.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Authority-to-make-atlas-to-bring-Noida-on-tourist-map/articleshow/46800912.cms |title=Noida Authority to make atlas to bring Noida on tourist map |work=The Times of India |date=4 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/bhagat-singhs-hideout-forgotten-by-history/article6323035.ece/ |title=Bhagat Singh's hideout forgotten by history |work=The Hindu |date=16 August 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The area occupied by this district has roots in [[Ramayana]], as Bisrakh village in [[Greater Noida]], which is believed to be the birthplace of [[Ravana]]'s father, [[Vishrava]] Rishi lies in this land.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/residents-of-bisrakh-who-revere-ravana-say-they-will-not-miss-ramlila-amid-covid-restrictions-101632678280682-amp.html |title=Ramlila a non-starter in the land of Ravana worshippers |work=The Hindustan Times |date=27 September 2021 }}</ref> In [[Mahabharata]], Dankaur was the [[Dronacharya]]'s ashram, where [[Kaurava]]s and [[Pandava]]s took their training.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,04,084|13=1911|14=2,01,453|15=1921|16=1,94,556|17=1931|18=2,07,635|19=1941|20=2,42,431|21=1951|22=2,81,621|23=1961|24=3,31,688|25=1971|26=4,06,847|27=1981|28=5,14,037|29=1991|30=7,70,367|31=2001|32=11,05,292|33=2011|34=16,48,115|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religion in Gautam Buddha Nagar district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.58}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|13.08}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.56}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Uttar Pradesh|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.45}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.33}}<br />
|caption=Distribution of religions<br />
|width=290px}}<br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Gautam Buddha Nagar has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,648,115. It is ranked 294th out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]] Indian districts in terms of population. Gautam Buddha Nagar has a population density of {{convert|1161|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. The female literacy stands at 72.78%, much higher than national average of 65.46%.<ref name="toi">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Ghaziabad-GB-Nagar-hub-of-high-literacy-falling-sex-ratio/articleshow/7879052.cms?referral=PM|title=Ghaziabad, GB Nagar hub of high literacy, falling sex ratio|date=6 April 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|access-date=6 April 2011}}</ref> 59.12% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes make up 13.11% of the population.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Gautam Buddha Nagar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1212/download/3862/DH_2011_0910_PART_A_DCHB_GAUTAM_BUDDHA_NAGAR.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Language===<br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages of Gautam Buddha Nagar district (2011)<ref name="languages"/><br />
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 92.96 |color1 = orange<br />
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value2 = 1.29 |color2 = orchid<br />
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 1.10 |color3 = green<br />
|label4 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value4 = 0.97 |color4 = pink<br />
|label5 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value5 = 0.93 |color5 = gold<br />
|label6 = Others |value6 = 2.75 |color6 = grey<br />
|thumb=left<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the 2011 census, 92.96% of the population spoke [[Hindi]], 1.29% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.10% [[Urdu]], 0.97% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and 0.93% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
===General administration===<br />
The Gautam Buddha Nagar district is headed by a [[District Magistrate]] (DM), usually an IAS officer. The district is divided into 3 sub-divisions, each headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]] (SDM).<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=50%<br />
!Sr. No<br />
!Sub-division<br />
!Block(s)<br />
!No. of Villages<br />
|-<br />
| 1.<br />
| Sadar ([[Noida]]) <br />
| [[Bisrakh]] and [[Dankaur]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| 2.<br />
| [[Dadri]]<br />
| Dadri<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| 3.<br />
| [[Jewar]]<br />
| Jewar<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Police administration===<br />
On 14 January 2020, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] declared Gautam Buddha Nagar district as a Police Commissionerate (along with the [[Lucknow]] <br />
district). These two Commissionerates were the first to be created in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2020 |title=UP Cabinet introduces Police Commissionerate system for Gautam Buddha Nagar, Lucknow |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/up-cabinet-introduces-police-commissionerate-system-for-gautam-buddh-nagar-lucknow-120011301057_1.html |work= Business Standard |access-date= 11 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| date= 15 January 2022|title=Noida Police complete two years of the Commissionerate system |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/noida-police-complete-two-years-of-the-commissionerate-system-7724196/ |work= Indian Express |access-date= 11 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Shikha| last=Salaria |date= 14 January 2020|title=Uttar Pradesh: 15 powers shift from DM to police commissioner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/15-powers-shift-from-dm-to-police-commissioner/articleshow/73236010.cms |work= Times of India |access-date= 11 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Gautam Buddha Nagar Commissionerate is headed by a police [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]], who is an Inspector-General (IG) rank official, assisted by two Additional Commissioners — one each for law and order, and crime and headquarters — who are of [[Additional director general of police|Deputy Inspector General]] rank. Its current Commissioner is [[Laxmi Singh]], a 2000-batch IPS officer.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2022 |title=IPS officer Laxmi Singh appointed UP's first woman Police Commissioner at Noida |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ips-officer-laxmi-singh-appointed-ups-first-woman-police-commissioner-at-noida/articleshow/95853120.cms?from=mdr |work=Economic Times}}</ref> These top three officials are reported to by seven deputy commissioners of the SP rank, nine additional deputy commissioner of police and 17 assistant commissioners of police of the deputy SP rank.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?commgbngr&cd=NAA0ADYAMwA%3D |title= Uttar Pradesh Police - Police Units - Police Commissionerate G.B. Nagar - Officials |website= uppolice.gov.in |publisher= Uttar Pradesh Police |access-date= 11 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
The district is divided into three zones – Noida, Central Noida and Greater Noida - consisting of 29 police stations. Zone One is Noida, comprising 10 stations of Sector 20, Sector 24, Sector 39, Sector 58, Sector 49, Expressway and Women's police station. Zone Two, Central Noida, comprising parts of Noida, Greater Noida, and Greater Noida West, has nine stations – Phase 2, Phase 3, Bisrakh, Ecotech 3, Surajpur and Badalpur. Zone Three, Greater Noida, has nine police stations — Sector Beta 2, Knowledge Park, Site V, Dadri, Jarcha, Dankaur, Rabupura, Ecotech 1 and Jewar.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite news |last1=Alam|first1=Shafaque |last2=Tyagi|first2=Tanmayee |date=14 January 2020 |title=GB Nagar to have three police zones – Noida, Central Noida and Greater Noida |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gb-nagar-to-have-three-police-zones-noida-central-noida-and-greater-noida/story-3Va0Q4y4YBItm6I7609QRK.html |work= |location= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gbnagar.nic.in/police/ |title= Police - Gautam Buddha Nagar - India |website= gbnagar.nic.in |publisher= Gautam Buddha Nagar |access-date= 11 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 14 January 2020, Gautam Buddha Nagar had 3,869 police personnel — 42 inspectors, 459 sub-inspectors, 972 head constables and 2,396 constables.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><br />
<br />
== Villages ==<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a location to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---><br />
*[[Chipyana Buzurg]]<ref>[https://www.greaternoidaauthority.in/chapchip24717 Chipyana development Authority]</ref><br />
*[[Mahvalipur]]<br />
<br />
== Places of interest ==<br />
* [[Buddh International Circuit]]<br />
* [[The Great India Place]]<br />
* [[Worlds of Wonder (Amusement Park)|Worlds of Wonder]]<br />
* [[DLF Mall of India]]<br />
* [[Gautam Buddha University]]<br />
* [[Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden]]<br />
* [[Okhla Sanctuary]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category | Gautam Buddha Nagar district}}<br />
* {{official website|http://gbnagar.nic.in}}<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre = Gautam Buddha Nagar district<br />
|North = [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad district]]<br />
|Northeast = <br />
|East = [[Bulandshahr district]]<br />
|Southeast = <br />
|South = [[Tappal]] <br />
|Southwest = [[Palwal district]], [[Haryana]]<br />
|West = [[Faridabad district]], [[Haryana]]<br />
|Northwest = [[East Delhi district]], [[Delhi|NCT]]<br />[[South Delhi district]], [[Delhi|NCT]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{Gautam Buddha Nagar district}}<br />
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{Meerut division topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|28.5333|N|77.3891|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam Buddha Nagar}}<br />
[[Category:Gautam Buddh Nagar district| ]]<br />
[[Category:Meerut division]]<br />
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:National Capital Region (India)]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manoharam_(2000_film)&diff=462796Manoharam (2000 film)2026-03-03T18:08:19Z<p>DottyN0357445099: cleanup structure further and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2000 Telugu film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Manoharam<br />
| image = Manoharam (2000 film).jpg<br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| director = [[Gunasekhar]]<br />
| producer = Mullapudi Brahmanandam<br/>Sunkara Madhu Murali<br />
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''':<br/>Gunasekhar<br/>'''Dialogues''':<br/>[[Posani Krishna Murali]]<br />
| starring = [[Jagapati Babu]]<br/>[[Laya (actress)|Laya]]<br />
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Sekhar V. Joseph]]<br />
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]<br />
| studio = M.R.C & Melody Combines<br />
| released = {{Film date|2000|05|13|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 155 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Manoharam''''' ({{Translation|Alluring}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language-language [[action drama]] film directed by [[Gunasekhar]] and produced by Mullapudi Brahmanandam and Sunkara Madhu Murali under the M.R.C & Melody Combines banner. It stars [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]] and music composed by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 4, 2018|title=Telugu actor Jagapati Babu to make Bollywood debut in Ajay Devgn's Taanaji – The Unsung Warrior|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/telugu-actor-jagapati-babu-to-make-bollywood-debut-in-ajay-devgns-taanaji-the-unsung-warrior-5112111.html|website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The film won four [[Nandi Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/09/20/stories/2002092005060400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121070234/http://hindu.com/2002/09/20/stories/2002092005060400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-01-21|title=Nandi awards for 2000 announced|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-10-20|location=Chennai, India|date=2002-09-20}}</ref><ref name="Story">{{cite web|url=http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/manoharam/telugu/manoharam-movie-reviews-1919-2.html|title=Manoharam Review|publisher=fullhyd.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film begins at [[Pakistan]], where [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] imputes its mission to a malignant mole Basha. He plots and conducts cataclysmic bomb blasts at the most important cities in India. At [[Hyderabad]], the two cops, Govind and Ram Prasad, suddenly encounter a bank employee, Anand, and apprehend him as an ISI agent. Afterward, the government allocates to [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer Srinivasa Murthy, who starts his interrogation. Now, Anand moves rearward, wherein his nuptial goes down with a spirited village girl, Usha. Initially, she scorns her husband and pauses their first night as she yearns to continue her compelled studies for the wedding. Later, the couple proceeds to Delhi for their honeymoon. Therein, Anand witnesses Basha operating a bomb blast and chases him, but he skips.<br />
<br />
Subsequently, Usha slowly understands the virtue of her husband and love blossoms. After returning, Anand enables Usha to continue her studies and her honor for him apexes. Alongside, Govind and Ram Prasad seized Basha’s sidekick Mastan and submitted him to massive torture. Before his death, he notified the residential address of his associate Ibrahim, a neighbor of Anand, whose flat number is 6. Here, Govind and Ram Prasad mistake it for 9 and fire on Anand. As of now, to shield their rank, they planted proof, forged Anand as a terrorist, and the judicial destined him for life.<br />
<br />
During that quandary, Usha remains resolute and combats crime, confronting the ignominies. She breaks out the plot behind the scenes and catches Ibrahim with backing from Srinivasa Murthy. Accordingly, Anand is acquitted on parole when Govind and Ram Prasad trigger his anger, wherefore he shatters by them. Hence, they mingle with Basha, who slaughters them after accomplishing his task. At this time, Basha connives to assassinate the Prime Minister at a school function. Thus, he envisages using Usha to activate it by capturing Anand. At last, Anand protects his country by dice with death, and he is honored as a true patriot. Finally, the movie ends happily, with the couple continuing their delightful marital life.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Jagapati Babu]] as Keshineni Anand Babu<br />
*[[Laya (actress)|Laya]] as Usha<br />
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Usha's father<br />
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Srinivasa Murthy<br />
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Basha<br />
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Anand's neighbour<br />
*[[L. B. Sriram]] as Anand's neighbor<br />
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] as Anand's neighbour<br />
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Watchman<br />
*[[Brahmaji]] as Govind<br />
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Ram Prasad<br />
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Mastan<br />
*[[Sameer Hasan]] as Anand's brother-in-law<br />
*[[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] as Anand's younger sister<br />
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]<br />
*Vinod Bala as Ibrahim<br />
*Rishi<br />
*Siva Satyanarayana<br />
*Indu Anand<br />
*Master Sagar<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
The film's score was composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. Song lyrics were written by [[Veturi]]. The soundtrack was released by Mahathi Audio Company.<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| collapsed = <br />
| headline = <br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 30:38<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| all_lyrics = <br />
| all_music = <br />
| writing_credits = <br />
| lyrics_credits = <br />
| music_credits = <br />
| title1 = Sari Sari Natanala<br />
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[K. S. Chithra|K.S.Chithra]]<br />
| length1 = 4:37<br />
| title2 = Chooda Chakkani<br />
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<br />
| length2 = 4:50<br />
| title3 = Puccha Puvvula<br />
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra, Parthasarathi<br />
| length3 = 5:37<br />
| title4 = Mangala Gowri<br />
| extra4 = [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]<br />
| length4 = 5:39<br />
| title5 = Guppedu Gundela<br />
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| length5 = 4:50<br />
| title6 = Bharatha Maatha<br />
| extra6 = K. S. Chithra, [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]<br />
| length6 = 5:05<br />
| title7 = <br />
| length7 = <br />
| title8 = <br />
| length8 = <br />
| title9 = <br />
| length9 = <br />
| title10 = <br />
| length10 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020 | language=Telugu}}</ref><br />
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Third Best Feature Film - Bronze]] - Mullapudi Brahmanandam & Sunkara Madhu Murali<br />
*[[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] - [[Jagapati Babu]]<br />
*[[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Laya (actress)|Laya]]<br />
*[[Nandi Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] - [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|0258785}}<br />
<br />
{{Gunasekhar}}<br />
{{Posani Krishna Murali}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2000 films]]<br />
[[Category:2000 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2000 action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Gunasekhar]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]<br />
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]<br />
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in films]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Java&diff=446257Operation Java2026-03-03T09:44:03Z<p>DottyN0357445099: fixes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2021 Indian film by Tharun Moorthy}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Operation Java<br />
| image = Operation_java_poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster <br />
| director = [[Tharun Moorthy]]<br />
| producer = V Cinemas International<br />
| writer = Tharun Moorthy<br />
| starring = [[Balu Varghese]]<br>[[Lukman Avaran]]<br>[[Binu Pappu]]<br>[[Irshad]]<br>[[Vinayakan]]<br>[[Shine Tom Chacko]]<br>[[Mamitha Baiju]]<br />
| music = [[Jakes Bejoy]]<br />
| cinematography = Faiz Siddik<br />
| editing = [[Nishadh Yusuf]]<br />
| studio = V Cinemas International<br />
| distributor = Sree Priya Combines<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|02|12}}<br />
| runtime = 146 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Operation Java''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[cybercrime|crime]] [[thriller film|thriller]] film produced by V Cinemas International, written and directed by [[Tharun Moorthy]] (in his feature film debut). It stars an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Balu Varghese]], [[Lukman Avaran]], [[Binu Pappu]], [[Irshad]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Mamitha Baiju]] and [[Vinayakan]]. The story details an investigation undertaken by a cyber cell police station in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: 'Operation Java' team in panic after police close dubbing studio in Kochi|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/covid-19-operation-java-team-in-panic-after-police-close-dubbing-studio-in-kochi-1.4864079|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130184339/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/covid-19-operation-java-team-in-panic-after-police-close-dubbing-studio-in-kochi-1.4864079|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film released on 12 February 2021 and received positive reviews from critics. <br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
The film is based on real-life cases and portrays investigations undertaken by a cyber cell police station in [[Kochi]] over the period of a year and half with the help of two engineering graduates. Cases involve film piracy, job fraud, and murder. Antony George and Vinay Dasan are the two opportunist youths who join the team as temporary employees in the cyber cell and help the team solve cases using their skills. In the end, they end up not being hired on a permanent role, in spite of the initial promise. The film explores the darker side of information technology and its users. The film also conveys the struggles of temporary/ intern/ apprentice staff who work hard but don't get proper recognition or financial benefits for their work.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Balu Varghese]] as Antony George<br />
* [[Lukman Avaran]] as Vinaya Dasan<br />
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as [[Sub Inspector of Police#Kerala|SI]] Prathapan, [[Station House Officer|SHO]] - Cyber Cell, [[Kochi]] Unit<br />
* [[Binu Pappu]] as [[Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police|ASI]] Joy Pulimoottil, Cyber Cell [[Kochi]] Unit<br />
* [[Prasanth Alexander]] as Basheer, [[Head Constable#Kerala|Senior CPO]] -Cyber Cell [[Kochi]] Unit<br />
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as [[Circle Inspector#Kerala|CI]] Jacob Mani<br />
* [[Mamitha Baiju]] as Alphonsa<br />
* [[Mathew Thomas]] as Jerry<br />
* [[Sminu Sijo]] as Antony's mother<br />
* [[Vinayakan]] as Ramanathan <br />
* [[Dhanya Ananya]] as Janaki, Ramanathan's wife<br />
* [[Johny Antony]] as Baburaj<br />
* [[P. Balachandran]] as Balachandran<br />
* Anju Mary Thomas as Anjali<br />
* Unniraj as Akhileshettan<br />
* Sarath Thenumoola as Vellayyan<br />
* [[Vinitha Koshy]] as Shruthi<br />
* Rithu Manthra as Kavitha David<br />
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Johnny, Kavitha's husband<br />
* Deepak Vijayan as Aneesh<br />
* Jose Shipyard as Police Officer Peter<br />
* Sanjay K Nair as Sanjay<br />
* Vinod Bose as Ravi<br />
* Parvathy<br />
* [[Althaf Salim]] as Shanu<br />
* Akhil as Dany<br />
* Jaiz as Jaiz <br />
* Sufi as Aravind<br />
* Dilshana Dilshad as Maya (Ramanathan's daughter)<br />
* Sanju as Sanju Techy<br />
* Shiny Zara as Sanju Techy's mother<br />
* Anil Kumar<br />
* Jaise Jose<br />
* Sunil Meleppuram<br />
* Manikandan as Driver Baburaj<br />
* Sreeja Ajith as Jerry's mother<br />
* Eldho Raju<br />
* Ramesh Chandran<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
Tharun Moorthy was a former assistant professor of Computer Science and Engineering in college Of Engineering Kidangoor who turned into an advertisement filmmaker. ''Operation Java'' is the [[feature film]] directorial debut of Moorthy who also wrote the screenplay.<ref name=filming>{{Cite news|title=Aiming for grittiness|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/nov/27/aiming-for-grittiness-2228472.html|access-date=2021-06-20|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|first=Sajin|last=Shrijith|date=27 November 2020}}</ref> It was screenwriter [[John Paul Puthusery]] who invited Moorthy to make a feature film after seeing a [[short film]] he scripted. Director Moorthy described the film as an investigative thriller, and it's based on real-life cases that follows an investigation by a team over a period of a year-and-a-half.<ref name=release>{{Cite news|title=Real-life inspired investigative thriller Operation Java scheduled for February 12 theatre release|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/real-life-inspired-investigative-thriller-operation-java-scheduled-for-february-12-theatre-release/articleshow/80289659.cms|access-date=2021-01-30|website=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Mathews |first1=Anna }}</ref> It takes place in 2015 - 2017 period. The film was produced by V Cinemas International<ref name=filming/><br />
<br />
Principal photography took place at [[Kochi]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Vaikom]], and [[Tamil Nadu]]. A location in [[Kakkanad]] served as the police station.<ref name=filming/> Faiz Siddik was the cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-07|title='Operation Java' comes to an end|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/operation-java-comes-end-119728|access-date=2021-01-30|website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Filming was wrapped in early March 2020.<ref>{{cite news|author=TNN|title=It's pack up time for team Operation Java|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-pack-up-time-for-team-operation-java/articleshow/74439246.cms|date=2 March 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Dubbing of the film was held at a studio in [[Kochi]] in June 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Operation Java teaser has gritty feel of police thriller|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/operation-java-teaser-has-gritty-feel-of-police-thriller/articleshow/80370187.cms|access-date=2021-01-30|website=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Mathews |first1=Anna }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Home media===<br />
The satellite and post-theatrical streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Zee Keralam]] and [[ZEE5]], respectively. It premiered on both ZEE Keralam and ZEE5 on the same day on 15 May.<ref name=release/><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] of Film Companion South wrote "The film is a beautiful combination of romance and practicality and the cruelty of the establishment."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/operation-java-review-malayalam-zee5-wonderfully-written-crime-thriller-set-in-a-cyber-cell-vinayakan-shine-tom-chako-baradwaj-rangan/|title=Operation Java, on ZEE5, Is A Wonderfully Written Thriller Set In A Cyber Cell<br />
|website=FilmCompanion.|date=19 May 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Operation Java<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Jakes Bejoy]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|2}}<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=8|s=45}}<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| label =<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title = [[Durgamati]]<br />
| prev_year = 2020<br />
| next_title = [[Chaavu Kaburu Challaga]]<br />
| next_year = 2021<br />
}}<br />
The original soundtrack is composed, programmed, and arranged by [[Jakes Bejoy]].<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 8:45<br />
| title1 = Iruvazhiye<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Joe Paul (lyricist)|Joe Paul]]<br />
| music1 = [[Jakes Bejoy]]<br />
| extra1 = Alan Joy Mathew, Parvatii Nair, Vivzy<br />
| length1 = 4:41<br />
| title2 = Naade Naattaare<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Fejo (rapper)|Fejo]], [[ThirumaLi]]<br />
| music2 = [[Jakes Bejoy]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Fejo (rapper)|Fejo]], ThirumaLi, Jakes Bejoy<br />
| length2 = 4:04<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Sequel ==<br />
In October 2025, director Tharun Moorthy officially announced a sequel to ''Operation Java'', titled ''Operation Cambodia'', which will expand the OPJ universe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Operation Cambodia: After Operation Java, Prithviraj joins sequel of Tharun Moorthy's hit movie |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/operation-cambodia-opj-sequel-prithviraj-sukumaran-iin1j41f |website=Mathrubhumi |date=2 October 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
The sequel will feature [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] in a significant role, alongside returning cast members including [[Lukman Avaran]], [[Balu Varghese]], [[Binu Pappu]], [[Prasanth Alexander]], [[Irshad Ali (actor)|Irshad Ali]], Deepak Vijay. [[Tharun Moorthy]] returns as director, with production handled by The Manifestation Studio, V Cinemas International, and Worldwide Films India. The project is planned to begin after Moorthy completes his film ''Torpedo''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Operation Cambodia: Prithviraj Sukumaran enters Tharun Moorthy’s Operation Java franchise, OG cast too returns|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/operation-cambodia-prithviraj-sukumaran-enters-tharun-moorthys-operation-java-franchise/a9a47c9a7e818 |website=OTTPlay |date=2 October 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref><br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{IMDb title|11651550}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2021 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2021 films]]<br />
[[Category:2021 crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Jakes Bejoy]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urimai_Oonjaladugiradhu&diff=542799Urimai Oonjaladugiradhu2026-03-03T04:58:29Z<p>DottyN0357445099: starting first article needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1992 film directed by Visu}}<br />
{{distinguish|Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu}}<br />
{{Long plot|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Urimai Oonjaladugiradhu<br />
| image = Urimai Oonjaladugiradhu.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = [[Visu]]<br />
| producer = A. Purnachandra Rao<br />
| writer = Visu<br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See ''Cast'']]<br />
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]<br />
| cinematography = Balakrishnan<br />
| editing = Ganesh Kumar<br />
| studio = Lakshmi Productions<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1992|8|14}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Urimai Oonjaladugiradhu''''' ({{translation|Rights are swinging}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Visu]]. He stars, alongside [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Kishmu]], [[Kasthuri Shankar|Kasthuri]], [[Vadivukkarasi]] and Sangeetha. The film was released on 14 August 1992, and failed commercially.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Shanmugam lives with his wife Vadivu and their three children – Uma, Mala and Narayanan. Shanmugam has great respect for his elder brother (Sundarrajan), a widower. A small flashback shows Sundarrajan's wife [[Maternal mortality in India|dying during childbirth]]. Sundarrajan decides to give his baby daughter to an orphanage as he thinks it is impossible to raise the child without her mother. But Shanmugam and Vadivu come to the rescue. They adopt Sundarrajan's baby and raise her as their eldest daughter. The child is none other than Uma. However, the elders decide to keep this as a secret not informing their children.<br />
<br />
Gomathi is the younger sister of Sundarrajan and Shanmugam but is expelled from their home long back for marrying a man of her choice who happens to be Kamalanathan, a marriage broker. Meena is their only daughter. Kamalanathan is financially backward and the couple strive hard to meet their ends. Although the elders maintain enmity, Uma and Meena are good friends. Meena is employed in a beach resort but she also happens to be the concubine of the resort owner who is already married to a rich woman living in the US.<br />
<br />
Uma also secures a job of receptionist in the same beach resort. James is the manager of the resort who is genuine and kind natured. Love blossoms between James and Uma. Hearing about this, Sundarrajan and Shanmugam get furious as they hate love marriages. But Uma stands firm in her decision of marrying James but only after getting the blessings of elders. Sundarrajan and Shanmugam decide to get the other two children married.<br />
<br />
Mala is married to Sanjay but Shanmugam hides the truth about Uma to Mala's in-laws. Narayanan is in love with a girl and tactfully plays game by making it as an arranged marriage with the help of the girl's parents. On the day of marriage, Kamalanathan takes revenge on Sundarrajan and Shanmugam by disclosing about Uma's love affair to Mala's in-laws which makes them feel cheated. Also, he informs to Shanmugam about Narayanan's plan of making a love marriage into an arranged one. Kamalanathan feels happy for avenging his anger over Sundarrajan and Shanmugam.<br />
<br />
The resort owner's wife learns of her husband's affair with Meena and fires her from job. She also orders her husband to return to the US. Now Meena is left helpless and adding on to it, her parents learn of her relationship with the resort owner. Meena also gets pregnant and the doctor advises that it is not safe to abort at this stage as it might result in Meena's death. Gomathi feels embarrassed and commits suicide. This makes Kamalanathan realise his mistake. He takes care of Meena at the same time, decides to solve the problems at Shanmugam's house created by him.<br />
<br />
Mala returns to Shanmugam's house as her husband often suspects her virginity. Also, Narayanan has a quarrel with his wife and in-laws. Uma meets Mala's mother in-law and sorts out the problem. With the help of Meena, she helps Narayan to patch up with his wife. James discloses about his love to his parents for which they agree but on a condition that they should get married in two weeks-time. Uma patiently waits for Sundarrajan and Shanmugam's approval but they are stubborn. After two weeks, James comes to a register office with his parents expecting Uma to be there as well. Kamalanathan plans to meet Sundarrajan and Shanmugam and try to convince them. But Meena gets labour pain and is admitted in the hospital. Meena requests Kamalanathan to first help Uma for which he agrees.<br />
<br />
Kamalanathan goes to Shanmugam's house and futilely tries all means to convince them. Finally, Kamalanathan reveals the truth to Uma, that she is actually the daughter of Sundarrajan but raised by Shanmugam which everyone thinks is a secret. Uma, to their surprise says that she knew the truth when she was in school itself with the help of Meena but she pretended not knowing it as she does not want her family elders to feel bad. Uma requests Sundarrajan and Shanmugam to agree for her wedding with James. Sundarrajan and Shanmugam agree and their wedding takes place. But Meena dies during childbirth. Uma decides to adopt Meena's baby and raise it as hers with James' approval.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Ramesh Aravind]] as James<br />
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as Shanmugam's brother<br />
*[[Kishmu]] as Kamalanathan<br />
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]<br />
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Narayanan<br />
*[[Kutty Padmini]] as Lakshmi<br />
*Ilavarasan as Shyam<br />
*[[Kasthuri Shankar|Kasthuri]] as Uma<br />
*Vani as Meena<br />
*Vandhana<br />
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Vadivu<br />
*Sangeetha as Gomathi<br />
*Ramaprabha<br />
*[[Visu]] as Shanmugam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
[[Kasthuri Shankar|Kasthuri]] considered her character to project her "real self".<ref name="iflicks" /><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urimai Oonjaladugiradhu |url=https://mio.to/album/Shankar+Ganesh/Urimai+Oonjaladugiradhu+%281992%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190308065452/https://mio.to/album/Shankar+Ganesh/Urimai+Oonjaladugiradhu+(1992) |archive-date=8 March 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=Music India Online}}</ref> All lyrics were penned by [[Vairamuthu]].<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 23:27 <!-- Automatically generated with User:JPxG/TrackSum.js --><br />
| title1 = Nootrakku Nooru<br />
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]]<br />
| length1 = 4:25<br />
| title2 = Pattimandram Pattimandram<br />
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| length2 = 4:22<br />
| title3 = Darishanam<br />
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length3 = 5:37<br />
| title4 = Thennai Marathiley<br />
| extra4 = [[Vani Jairam]]<br />
| length4 = 4:29<br />
| title5 = Urumai Oonjaladigiradu<br />
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| length5 = 4:34<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Urimai Oonjaladugiradhu'' was released on 14 August 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 1992 |title=உரிமை ஊஞ்சலாடுகிறது |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920814&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On the same day, Ayyappa Prasad of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called it "a well conceived family drama". He praised Visu's performance, direction and writing, along with the performances of Sundarrajan and Kishmoo while adding that Kasthuri "has not risen to the importance of the role".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=14 August 1992 |title=Family tangle |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920814&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film failed commercially.<ref name="iflicks" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references><br />
<br />
<ref name="iflicks">{{Cite web |date=9 September 2018 |title=Age has nothing to do with glamour |url=http://www.iflicks.in/News/2018/09/09134456/Age-has-nothing-to-do-with-glamour.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190308064736/http://www.iflicks.in/News/2018/09/09134456/Age-has-nothing-to-do-with-glamour.vpf |archive-date=8 March 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=Iflicks}}</ref><br />
<br />
</references><br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{Visu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1992 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1992 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Visu]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Visu]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
<br />
{{Improve categories|date=February 2024}}</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coronavirus&diff=473772Coronavirus2026-03-03T04:24:19Z<p>DottyN0357445099: small refine section for consistency and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Subfamily of viruses in the family Coronaviridae}}<br />
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}<br />
{{About|the group of viruses|the disease involved in the COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19|the virus that causes this disease|SARS-CoV-2}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022|cs1-dates=y}}<br />
{{Virusbox<br />
| image = Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png<br />
| image_alt = Group member SARS-CoV-2<br />
| image_caption = Group member [[SARS-CoV-2]]<br />
{{Collapsible list<br />
|title = Illustration key:<br />
|{{leftlegend|#005db7|Blue: [[lipid bilayer]] [[Viral envelope|envelope]]}}<br />
{{leftlegend|#02e6ff|Light blue: [[coronavirus spike protein|spike (S) glycoprotein]]}}<br />
{{leftlegend|#ff0c78|Red: [[coronavirus envelope protein|envelope (E) proteins]]}}<br />
{{leftlegend|#9bff57|Green: [[coronavirus membrane protein|membrane (M) proteins]] .}}<br />
{{leftlegend|#fe8a00|Orange: [[glycan]]}}<br />
}}<br />
| taxon = Orthocoronavirinae<br />
| subdivision_ranks =<br />
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=ICTV2018b>{{cite web |title=Virus Taxonomy: 2018b Release |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=24 January 2020 |language=en |date=March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304035352/https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ |archive-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| subdivision =<br />
{{Collapsible list<br />
| bullets = true<br />
| title = <small>Information:</small><br />
| ''[[Alphacoronavirus]]''<br />
| ''[[Betacoronavirus]]''<br />
| ''[[Gammacoronavirus]]''<br />
| ''[[Deltacoronavirus (genus)|Deltacoronavirus]]''}}<br />
| synonyms = *''Coronavirinae''<br />
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="2017.012-015S">{{cite web |title=2017.012-015S |url=https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=24 January 2020 |language=en |format=xlsx |date=October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514162836/https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip |archive-date=14 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="OrthocoronavirinaeICTV">{{cite web |title=ICTV Taxonomy history: ''Orthocoronavirinae'' |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=201851847 |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=24 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''Coronaviruses''' are a group of related [[RNA viruses]] that cause diseases in [[mammal]]s and [[bird]]s. In humans and birds, they cause [[respiratory tract infection]]s that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the [[common cold]] (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly [[rhinovirus]]es), while more lethal varieties can cause [[SARS]], [[MERS]] and [[COVID-19]]. In cows and pigs, they cause [[diarrhea]]; while in mice, they cause [[hepatitis]] and [[encephalomyelitis]].<br />
<br />
Coronaviruses constitute the [[subfamily]] '''''Orthocoronavirinae''''', in the family ''[[Coronaviridae]]'', order ''[[Nidovirales]],'' and realm ''[[Riboviria]]''.<ref name="OrthocoronavirinaeICTV" /><ref name="FanZhao2019" /> They are [[enveloped virus]]es with a [[Positive-strand RNA virus|positive-sense single-stranded]] [[RNA]] [[genome]] and a [[nucleocapsid]] of helical symmetry.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Cherry J, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, Steinbach WJ, Hotez PJ |title=Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases |date=2017 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-39281-5 |page=PT6615 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-ZIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT6615 |language=en}}</ref> The [[genome size]] of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 [[kilobase]]s, one of the largest among RNA viruses.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Woo PC, Huang Y, Lau SK, Yuen KY | title = Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis | journal = Viruses | volume = 2 | issue = 8 | pages = 1804–20 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 21994708 | pmc = 3185738 | doi = 10.3390/v2081803 | bibcode = 2010Virus...2.1804W | quote = Coronaviruses possess the largest genomes [26.4 kb (ThCoV HKU12) to 31.7 kb (SW1)] among all known RNA viruses (Figure 1) [2,13,16]. | doi-access = free }}</ref> They have characteristic club-shaped [[Spike protein|spikes]] that project from their surface, which in [[electron micrograph]]s create an image reminiscent of the [[stellar corona]], from which their name derives.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Almeida JD, Berry DM, Cunningham CH, Hamre D, Hofstad MS, Mallucci L, McIntosh K, Tyrrell DA |date=November 1968 |title=Virology: Coronaviruses |journal=Nature |volume=220 |issue=5168 |page=650 | pmc=7086490|doi=10.1038/220650b0 |bibcode=1968Natur.220..650. |quote=[T]here is also a characteristic "fringe" of projections 200 A long, which are rounded or petal shaped{{nbsp}}... This appearance, recalling the solar corona, is shared by mouse hepatitis virus and several viruses recently recovered from man, namely strain B814, 229E and several others.|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Toclimit}}<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
The name "coronavirus" is derived from Latin ''[[wikt:corona#Latin|corona]]'', meaning "crown" or "wreath", itself a borrowing from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|κορώνη}} ''korṓnē'', "garland, wreath".<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Coronavirus by Merriam-Webster|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coronavirus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323161218/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coronavirus|publisher=Merriam-Webster|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=23 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Corona by Merriam-Webster|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corona|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324161709/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corona|publisher=Merriam-Webster|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-date=24 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The name was coined by [[June Almeida]] and [[David Tyrrell (physician)|David Tyrrell]] who first observed and studied human coronaviruses.<ref name=":10" /> The word was first used in print in 1968 by an informal group of virologists in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' to designate the new family of viruses.<ref name=":2" /> The name refers to the characteristic appearance of [[virion]]s (the infective form of the virus) by [[electron microscopy]], which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of the [[solar corona]] or halo.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last1=Tyrrell|first1=David Arthur John |last2=Fielder |first2=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALxG44e0bfAC&q=june |title=Cold Wars: The Fight Against the Common Cold |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-263285-2|page=96|language=en|quote=We looked more closely at the appearance of the new viruses and noticed that they had a kind of halo surrounding them. Recourse to a dictionary produced the Latin equivalent, corona, and so the name coronavirus was born.}}</ref> This [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] is created by the viral spike [[peplomer]]s, which are [[proteins]] on the surface of the virus.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sturman |first1=Lawrence S. |last2=Holmes |first2=Kathryn V. |title=The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses |series=Advances in Virus Research |date=1983 |volume=28 |pages=35–112 |doi=10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60721-6 |pmid=6362367 |pmc=7131312 |isbn=978-0-12-039828-7 | quote = [T]hese viruses displayed a characteristic fringe of large, distinctive, petal-shaped peplomers or spikes which resembled a crown, like the ''corona spinarum'' in religious art; hence the name coronaviruses. | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
The scientific name ''Coronavirus'' was accepted as a genus name by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses (later renamed [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]]) in 1971.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Lalchhandama|first=Kholhring|date=2020|title=The chronicles of coronaviruses: the bronchitis, the hepatitis and the common cold|journal=Science Vision|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=43–53|doi=10.33493/scivis.20.01.04|doi-access=free}}</ref> As the number of new species increased, the genus was split into four genera, namely ''[[Alphacoronavirus]]'', ''[[Betacoronavirus]]'', ''[[Deltacoronavirus (genus)|Deltacoronavirus]]'', and ''[[Gammacoronavirus]]'' in 2009.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carstens EB | title = Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2009) | journal = Archives of Virology | volume = 155 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–46 | date = 2010 | pmid = 19960211 | pmc = 7086975 | doi = 10.1007/s00705-009-0547-x | bibcode = 2010ArcV..155..133C }}</ref> The common name coronavirus is used to refer to any member of the subfamily ''Orthocoronavirinae''.<ref name="FanZhao2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi ZL, Zhou P | title = Bat Coronaviruses in China | journal = Viruses | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | page = 210 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30832341 | pmc = 6466186 | doi = 10.3390/v11030210 | bibcode = 2019Virus..11..210F | doi-access = free }}</ref> As of 2020, 45 species are officially recognised.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy|access-date=14 September 2020|website=talk.ictvonline.org|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{Main|History of coronavirus}}<br />
[[File:TEM of avian infectious bronchitis virus rotated cropped.jpg|thumb|Colorized [[transmission electron micrograph]] of coronavirus 229E]]<br />
A number of 2021 studies found that the [[most recent common ancestor]] (MRCA) for Coronaviruses may have emerged around 21,000–25,000 years ago in [[East Asia]], during the earliest uncovered Coronavirus outbreak. Researchers found that 42 Coronavirus-specific virus-interacting proteins (CoV-VIPs) in East Asian populations were most likely selected for during this ancient outbreak, with the viruses driving an adaptive response in the ancestors of East Asians.<ref name="ancient viral epidemic">{{cite journal |title=An ancient viral epidemic involving host coronavirus interacting genes more than 20,000 years ago in East Asia |journal=Current Biology |date=2021 |volume=31 |issue=16 |pages=3504–3514.e9 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.067 |pmid=34171302 |pmc=8223470 |bibcode=2021CBio...31E3504S | vauthors = Souilmi Y, Lauterbur ME, Tobler R, Huber CD, Johar AS, Moradi SV, Johnston WA, Krogan NJ, Alexandrov K, Enard D }}</ref><ref name="21,000 years ago">{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2021-09-02-coronavirus-epidemics-first-hit-more-21000-years-ago|title=Coronavirus Epidemics first hit more than 21,000 years ago|author=|work=Oxford University News|date=2 September 2021|access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> The four known genera of Coronaviruses, ''Alphacoronavirus'', ''Betacoronavirus'', ''Gammacoronavirus'', and ''Deltacoronavirus'' split up around 2,400 to 3,300 years ago into bat and avian coronavirus ancestors. Bat coronaviruses gave rise to the species of ''Alphacoronavirus'' and ''Betacoronavirus'' that infect mammals, while avian coronavirus produced those of ''Gammacoronavirus'' and ''Deltacoronavirus'' that infect birds.<ref name="Woo2012" /><br />
<br />
The earliest reports of a coronavirus infection in animals occurred in the late 1920s, when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chickens emerged in North America.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Estola T |date=1970|title=Coronaviruses, a New Group of Animal RNA Viruses|journal=Avian Diseases|volume=14|issue=2|pages=330–336|doi=10.2307/1588476|jstor=1588476|pmid=4316767 }}</ref> Arthur Schalk and M.C. Hawn in 1931 made the first detailed report which described a new [[Avian infectious bronchitis|respiratory infection of chickens]] in [[North Dakota]]. The infection of new-born chicks was characterized by gasping and listlessness with high mortality rates of 40–90%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fabricant |first=Julius |date=1998|title=The Early History of Infectious Bronchitis|journal=Avian Diseases|volume=42|issue=4|pages=648–650|doi=10.2307/1592697|jstor=1592697|pmid=9876830 }}</ref> Leland David Bushnell and Carl Alfred Brandly isolated the virus that caused the infection in 1933.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bushnell LD, Brandly CA|date=1933|title=Laryngotracheitis in chicks|journal=Poultry Science|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=55–60|doi=10.3382/ps.0120055|doi-access=free}}</ref> The virus was then known as [[Avian coronavirus|infectious bronchitis virus]] (IBV). Charles D. Hudson and Fred Robert Beaudette cultivated the virus for the first time in 1937.<ref name=":11">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Decaro|first=Nicola |title=Gammacoronavirus‡: Coronaviridae |entry=Gammacoronavirus|date=2011 |encyclopedia =The Springer Index of Viruses|pages=403–413|editor-last=Tidona|editor-first=Christian |editor2-last=Darai |editor2-first=Gholamreza |publisher=Springer|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-95919-1_58|isbn=978-0-387-95919-1|pmc=7176155 }}</ref> The specimen came to be known as the Beaudette strain. In the late 1940s, two more animal coronaviruses, JHM that causes brain disease (murine encephalitis) and [[Murine coronavirus|mouse hepatitis virus]] (MHV) that causes hepatitis in mice were discovered.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book| vauthors = McIntosh K |title=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung|date=1974| veditors = Arber W, Haas R, Henle W, Hofschneider PH, Jerne NK, Koldovský P, Koprowski H, Maaløe O, Rott R |chapter=Coronaviruses: A Comparative Review|language=en|location=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |page=87 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-65775-7_3 |isbn=978-3-642-65775-7 }}</ref> It was not realized at the time that these three different viruses were related.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/realitesbiomedicales/2020/03/27/il-etait-une-fois-les-coronavirus|title=Il était une fois les coronavirus|date=27 March 2020|work=Réalités Biomédicales|access-date=18 April 2020|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><br />
<br />
Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kahn JS, McIntosh K | title = History and recent advances in coronavirus discovery | journal = The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal | volume = 24 | issue = 11 Suppl | pages = S223–7, discussion S226 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16378050 | doi = 10.1097/01.inf.0000188166.17324.60 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Covid-19: First coronavirus was described in ''The BMJ'' in 1965 |journal=BMJ |date=2020 |volume=369 |article-number=m1547 |doi=10.1136/bmj.m1547 |pmid=32299810 | vauthors = Mahase E }}</ref> using two different methods in the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{cite book |title=Viral Infections of Humans |chapter=Coronaviruses |date=1984 |pages=151–165 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-4727-9_7 |isbn=978-1-4684-4729-3 | vauthors = Monto AS }}</ref> E.C. Kendall, Malcolm Bynoe, and [[David Tyrrell (physician)|David Tyrrell]] working at the [[Common Cold Unit]] of the [[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)|British Medical Research Council]] collected a unique [[common cold]] virus designated B814 in 1961.<ref name=":9">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kendall EJ, Bynoe ML, Tyrrell DA | title = Virus isolations from common colds occurring in a residential school | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 2 | issue = 5297 | pages = 82–6 | date = July 1962 | pmid = 14455113 | pmc = 1925312 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.2.5297.82 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Richmond |first=Caroline |date=18 June 2005|title=David Tyrrell|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal |volume=330 |issue=7505 |page=1451 |doi=10.1136/bmj.330.7505.1451 |pmc=558394 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Obituary Notices |journal=BMJ |date=1969 |volume=2 |issue=5660 |pages=827–829 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5660.827 }}</ref> The virus could not be cultivated using standard techniques which had successfully cultivated [[rhinovirus]]es, [[Adenoviridae|adenoviruses]] and other known common cold viruses. In 1965, Tyrrell and Bynoe successfully cultivated the novel virus by [[Serial passage|serially passing]] it through [[organ culture]] of [[Embryo|human embryonic]] [[trachea]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tyrrell DA, Bynoe ML | title = Cultivation of a Novel Type of Common-Cold Virus in Organ Cultures | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 1 | issue = 5448 | pages = 1467–70 | date = June 1965 | pmid = 14288084 | pmc = 2166670 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.1.5448.1467 }}</ref> The new cultivating method was introduced to the lab by Bertil Hoorn.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tyrrell|first1=David Arthur John |last2=Fielder|first2=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALxG44e0bfAC&q=Bertil%20Hoorn|title=Cold Wars: The Fight Against the Common Cold|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-263285-2|pages=93–95|language=en}}</ref> The isolated virus when intranasally [[Inoculation|inoculated]] into volunteers caused a cold and was inactivated by [[ether]] which indicated it had a [[Viral envelope|lipid envelope]].<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hagan|first1=William Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtxUbXOfAFUC&q=Ether:+Enveloped+viruses+are+susceptible+to+ether.&pg=PA440|title=Hagan and Bruner's Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals: With Reference to Etiology, Epizootiology, Pathogenesis, Immunity, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility|last2=Bruner|first2=Dorsey William|last3=Gillespie|first3=James Howard|last4=Timoney|first4=John Francis|last5=Scott|first5=Fredric W.|last6=Barlough|first6=Jeffrey E. |date=1988|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-1896-9|page=440|language=en}}</ref> Dorothy Hamre and John Procknow at the [[University of Chicago]] isolated a novel cold from medical students in 1962. They isolated and grew the virus in kidney [[tissue culture]], designating it 229E. The novel virus caused a cold in volunteers and, like B814, was inactivated by ether.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A New Virus Isolated from the Human Respiratory Tract |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=1966 |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=190–193 |doi=10.3181/00379727-121-30734 |pmid=4285768 |bibcode=1966ExpBM.121..190H | vauthors = Hamre D, Procknow JJ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knapp |first=Alex |title=The Secret History Of The First Coronavirus |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2020/04/11/the-secret-history-of-the-first-coronavirus-229e/ |access-date=6 May 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><br />
[[File:TEM of coronavirus OC43.jpg|thumb|Transmission electron micrograph of organ cultured coronavirus OC43|right]]<br />
<br />
Scottish virologist [[June Almeida]] at [[St Thomas' Hospital]] in London, collaborating with Tyrrell, compared the structures of IBV, B814 and 229E in 1967.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-52278716|title=The woman who discovered the first coronavirus|work=BBC News|date=14 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=June Almeida (Née Hart) |journal=BMJ |date=2008 |volume=336 |issue=7659 |pages=1511.1–1511 |doi=10.1136/bmj.a434 | vauthors = Almeida J }}</ref> Using [[Transmission electron microscopy|electron microscopy]] the three viruses were shown to be morphologically related by their general shape and distinctive club-like [[Peplomer|spikes]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Almeida JD, Tyrrell DA | title = The morphology of three previously uncharacterized human respiratory viruses that grow in organ culture | journal = The Journal of General Virology | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 175–8 | date = April 1967 | pmid = 4293939 | doi = 10.1099/0022-1317-1-2-175 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A research group at the [[National Institutes of Health|National Institute of Health]] the same year was able to isolate another member of this new group of viruses using organ culture and named one of the samples OC43 (OC for organ culture).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McIntosh K, Becker WB, Chanock RM | title = Growth in suckling-mouse brain of "IBV-like" viruses from patients with upper respiratory tract disease | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 58 | issue = 6 | pages = 2268–73 | date = December 1967 | pmid = 4298953 | pmc = 223830 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.58.6.2268 | bibcode = 1967PNAS...58.2268M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Like B814, 229E, and IBV, the novel cold virus OC43 had distinctive club-like spikes when observed with the electron microscope.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McIntosh K, Dees JH, Becker WB, Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM | title = Recovery in tracheal organ cultures of novel viruses from patients with respiratory disease | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 933–40 | date = April 1967 | pmid = 5231356 | pmc = 224637 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.57.4.933 | bibcode = 1967PNAS...57..933M | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Times|first=Harold M. Schmeck Jr Special To the New York|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/05/05/archives/six-newly-discovered-viruses-may-explain-cold-strains-are-similar.html|title=Six Newly Discovered Viruses May Explain Cold; Strains Are Similar to Germ That Causes a Bronchial Infection in Chickens Believed to Be New Group|date=5 May 1967|work=The New York Times|access-date=25 April 2020|language=en-US }}</ref><br />
<br />
The IBV-like novel cold viruses were soon shown to be also morphologically related to the mouse hepatitis virus.<ref name=":3" /> This new group of viruses were named coronaviruses after their distinctive morphological appearance.<ref name=":2" /> [[Human coronavirus 229E]] and [[human coronavirus OC43]] continued to be studied in subsequent decades.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Coronaviridae |chapter=Human Coronavirus Infections |date=1995 |pages=389–401 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-1531-3_18 |isbn=978-1-4899-1533-7 | vauthors = Myint SH }}</ref><ref name="pmid23202515">{{cite journal | vauthors = Geller C, Varbanov M, Duval RE | title = Human coronaviruses: insights into environmental resistance and its influence on the development of new antiseptic strategies | journal = Viruses | volume = 4 | issue = 11 | pages = 3044–68 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 23202515 | pmc = 3509683 | doi = 10.3390/v4113044 | bibcode = 2012Virus...4.3044G | doi-access = free }}</ref> The coronavirus strain B814 was lost. It is not known which present human coronavirus it was.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Monto |first1=Arnold S. |last2=Cowling |first2=Benjamin J. |last3=Peiris |first3=J. S. Malik |title=Viral Infections of Humans |chapter=Coronaviruses |date=2014 |pages=199–223 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_10 |pmc=7122465 |isbn=978-1-4899-7447-1 |quote=The other OC strains and B814 that could not be adapted to mouse brain resisted adaptation to cell culture as well; these distinct viruses have since been lost and may actually have been rediscovered recently }}</ref> Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus|SARS-CoV]] in 2003, [[Human coronavirus NL63|HCoV NL63]] in 2003, [[Human coronavirus HKU1|HCoV HKU1]] in 2004, [[Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus|MERS-CoV]] in 2013, and [[SARS-CoV-2]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W | title = A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 382 | issue = 8 | pages = 727–733 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31978945 | pmc = 7092803 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017 }}</ref> There have also been a large number of animal coronaviruses identified since the 1960s.''<ref name="groot">{{cite book |title=Virus Taxonomy |chapter=Coronaviridae |date=2012 |pages=806–828 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00068-9 |pmc=7149967 |isbn=978-0-12-384684-6 }}</ref>''<br />
<br />
== Virology ==<br />
<br />
=== Structure ===<br />
[[File:Vaccines-08-00587-g002-A.png|thumb|right|Structure of a coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
Coronaviruses are large, roughly spherical particles with unique surface projections.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldsmith CS, Tatti KM, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Comer JA, Lee WW, Rota PA, Bankamp B, Bellini WJ, Zaki SR | title = Ultrastructural characterization of SARS coronavirus | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 320–6 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 15030705 | pmc = 3322934 | doi = 10.3201/eid1002.030913 | quote = Virions acquired an envelope by budding into the cisternae and formed mostly spherical, sometimes pleomorphic, particles that averaged 78 nm in diameter (Figure 1A). }}</ref> Their size is highly variable with average diameters of 80&nbsp;to 120&nbsp;[[Nanometre|nm]]. Extreme sizes are known from 50 to 200&nbsp;nm in diameter.<ref name=":21">{{cite book |last1=Masters |first1=Paul S. |title=The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses |series=Advances in Virus Research |date=2006 |volume=66 |pages=193–292 |doi=10.1016/S0065-3527(06)66005-3 |pmid=16877062 |pmc=7112330 |isbn=978-0-12-039869-0 }}</ref> The total [[molecular mass]] is on average 40,000&nbsp;[[Dalton (unit)|kDa]]. They are enclosed in an envelope embedded with a number of protein molecules.<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Lalchhandama K |date=2020|title=The chronicles of coronaviruses: the electron microscope, the doughnut, and the spike |journal=Science Vision|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=78–92|doi=10.33493/scivis.20.02.03|doi-access=free}}</ref> The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host cell.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Neuman BW, Kiss G, Kunding AH, Bhella D, Baksh MF, Connelly S, Droese B, Klaus JP, Makino S, Sawicki SG, Siddell SG, Stamou DG, Wilson IA, Kuhn P, Buchmeier MJ | title = A structural analysis of M protein in coronavirus assembly and morphology | journal = Journal of Structural Biology | volume = 174 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–22 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21130884 | pmc = 4486061 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.11.021 | quote = See Figure 10. }}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[viral envelope]] is made up of a [[lipid bilayer]] in which the [[coronavirus membrane protein|membrane]] (M), [[coronavirus envelope protein|envelope]] (E) and [[spike protein|spike]] (S) [[Viral structural protein|structural proteins]] are anchored.<ref name="Lai_1997">{{cite book |last1=Lai |first1=Michael M.C. |last2=Cavanagh |first2=David |title=The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses |series=Advances in Virus Research |date=1997 |volume=48 |pages=1–100 |doi=10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60286-9 |pmid=9233431 |pmc=7130985 |isbn=978-0-12-039848-5 }}</ref> The molar ratio of E:S:M in the lipid bilayer is approximately 1:20:300.<ref name="pmid1316677">{{cite journal |title=TGEV corona virus ORF4 encodes a membrane protein that is incorporated into virions |journal=Virology |date=1992 |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=666–675 |doi=10.1016/0042-6822(92)90521-p |pmid=1316677 |pmc=7131960 | vauthors = Godet M, l'Haridon R, Vautherot J, Laude H }}</ref> The E and M protein are the structural proteins that combined with the lipid bilayer to shape the viral envelope and maintain its size.<ref name="Fehr_2015" /> S proteins are needed for interaction with the host cells. But [[human coronavirus NL63]] is peculiar in that its M protein has the binding site for the host cell, and not its S protein.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Naskalska A, Dabrowska A, Szczepanski A, Milewska A, Jasik KP, Pyrc K | title = Membrane Protein of Human Coronavirus NL63 Is Responsible for Interaction with the Adhesion Receptor | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 93 | issue = 19 | date = October 2019 | article-number = e00355-19 | pmid = 31315999 | pmc = 6744225 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.00355-19 }}</ref> The diameter of the envelope is 85&nbsp;nm. The envelope of the virus in electron micrographs appears as a distinct pair of electron-dense shells (shells that are relatively opaque to the electron beam used to scan the virus particle).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Neuman BW, Adair BD, Yoshioka C, Quispe JD, Orca G, Kuhn P, Milligan RA, Yeager M, Buchmeier MJ | title = Supramolecular architecture of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus revealed by electron cryomicroscopy | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 80 | issue = 16 | pages = 7918–28 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16873249 | pmc = 1563832 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.00645-06 | quote = Particle diameters ranged from 50 to 150 nm, excluding the spikes, with mean particle diameters of 82 to 94 nm; Also See Figure{{nbsp}}1 for double shell. }}</ref><ref name="Fehr_2015" /><br />
<br />
The [[coronavirus membrane protein|M protein]] is the main structural protein of the envelope that provides the overall shape and is a [[Bitopic protein|type III membrane protein]]. It consists of 218 to 263 [[amino acid]] residues and forms a layer 7.8&nbsp;nm thick.<ref name=":20" /> It has three domains, a short [[N-terminus|N-terminal]] [[ectodomain]], a triple-spanning [[transmembrane domain]], and a [[C-terminus|C-terminal]] [[Endoplasm|endodomain]]. The C-terminal domain forms a matrix-like lattice that adds to the extra-thickness of the envelope. Different species can have either ''N''- or ''O''-linked [[glycan]]s in their protein amino-terminal domain. The M protein is crucial during the assembly, [[budding]], envelope formation, and pathogenesis stages of the virus lifecycle.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schoeman D, Fielding BC | title = Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge | journal = Virology Journal | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | article-number = 69 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31133031 | pmc = 6537279 | doi = 10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[coronavirus envelope protein|E proteins]] are minor structural proteins and highly variable in different species.<ref name=":21" /> There are only about 20 copies of the E protein molecule in a coronavirus particle.<ref name="pmid1316677" /> They are 8.4 to 12&nbsp;kDa in size and are composed of 76 to 109 amino acids.<ref name=":21" /> They are integral proteins (i.e. embedded in the lipid layer) and have two domains namely a transmembrane domain and an extramembrane C-terminal domain. They are almost fully α-helical, with a single α-helical transmembrane domain, and form pentameric (five-molecular) [[ion channel]]s in the lipid bilayer. They are responsible for virion assembly, [[Intracellular transport|intracellular trafficking]] and morphogenesis (budding).<ref name=":20" /><br />
<br />
[[File:SARS-CoV MERS-CoV genome organization and S-protein domains.png|thumb|Diagram of the genome and functional domains of the S{{nbsp}}protein for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV]]<br />
The spikes are the most distinguishing feature of coronaviruses and are responsible for the corona- or halo-like surface. On average a coronavirus particle has 74 surface spikes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Neuman BW, Kiss G, Kunding AH, Bhella D, Baksh MF, Connelly S, Droese B, Klaus JP, Makino S, Sawicki SG, Siddell SG, Stamou DG, Wilson IA, Kuhn P, Buchmeier MJ | title = A structural analysis of M protein in coronavirus assembly and morphology | journal = Journal of Structural Biology | volume = 174 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–22 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21130884 | pmc = 4486061 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.11.021 }}</ref> Each [[Peplomer|spike]] is about 20&nbsp;nm long and is composed of a [[Protein trimer|trimer]] of the S{{nbsp}}protein. The S protein is in turn composed of an S1 and S2 [[Protein domain|subunit]]. The homotrimeric S{{nbsp}}protein is a [[Membrane fusion protein|class I fusion protein]] which mediates the [[Viral entry|receptor binding]] and [[Lipid bilayer fusion|membrane fusion]] between the virus and host cell. The S1 subunit forms the head of the spike and has the receptor-binding domain (RBD). The S2 subunit forms the stem which anchors the spike in the viral envelope and on protease activation enables fusion. The two subunits remain noncovalently linked as they are exposed on the viral surface until they attach to the host cell membrane.<ref name=":20" /> In a functionally active state, three S1 are attached to two S2 subunits. The subunit complex is split into individual subunits when the virus binds and fuses with the host cell under the action of [[proteases]] such as [[cathepsin]] family and [[TMPRSS2|transmembrane protease serine 2]] (TMPRSS2) of the host cell.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = J Alsaadi EA, Jones IM | title = Membrane binding proteins of coronaviruses | journal = Future Virology | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 275–286 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 32201500 | pmc = 7079996 | doi = 10.2217/fvl-2018-0144 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:15010 2020 1486 Fig3 HTML.webp|thumb|After binding of the ACE2 receptor, SARS-CoV spike is activated and cleaved at the S1/S2 level.]]<br />
S1 proteins are the most critical components in terms of infection. They are also the most variable components as they are responsible for host cell specificity. They possess two major domains named N-terminal domain (S1-NTD) and C-terminal domain (S1-CTD), both of which serve as the receptor-binding domains. The NTDs recognize and bind sugars on the surface of the host cell. An exception is the [[Murine coronavirus|MHV]] NTD that binds to a protein receptor [[carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1]] (CEACAM1). S1-CTDs are responsible for recognizing different protein receptors such as [[angiotensin-converting enzyme 2]] (ACE2), [[aminopeptidase N]] (APN), and [[dipeptidyl peptidase 4]] (DPP4).<ref name=":20" /><br />
<br />
A subset of coronaviruses (specifically the members of [[betacoronavirus]] [[Embecovirus|subgroup A]]) also has a shorter spike-like surface protein called [[hemagglutinin esterase]] (HE).<ref name="groot" /> The HE proteins occur as homodimers composed of about 400 amino acid residues and are 40 to 50&nbsp;kDa in size. They appear as tiny surface projections of 5 to 7&nbsp;nm long embedded in between the spikes. They help in the attachment to and detachment from the host cell.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zeng Q, Langereis MA, van Vliet AL, Huizinga EG, de Groot RJ | title = Structure of coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase offers insight into corona and influenza virus evolution | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 105 | issue = 26 | pages = 9065–9 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18550812 | pmc = 2449365 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0800502105 | bibcode = 2008PNAS..105.9065Z | doi-access = free }}</ref><br />
<br />
Inside the envelope, there is the [[Capsid|nucleocapsid]], which is formed from multiple copies of the nucleocapsid (N) protein, which are bound to the positive-sense single-stranded [[RNA]] genome in a continuous [[bead]]s-on-a-string type conformation.<ref name="Fehr_2015">{{cite book | vauthors = Fehr AR, Perlman S | chapter = Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis | title = Coronaviruses | series = Methods in Molecular Biology | volume = 1282 | pages = 1–23 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25720466 | pmc = 4369385 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1 | publisher = Springer | isbn = 978-1-4939-2438-7 | quote = See section: Virion Structure. | veditors = Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chang CK, Hou MH, Chang CF, Hsiao CD, Huang TH | title = The SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein—forms and functions | journal = Antiviral Research | volume = 103 | pages = 39–50 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24418573 | doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.12.009 | pmc = 7113676 | quote = See Figure 4c. | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein|N protein]] is a [[phosphoprotein]] of 43 to 50&nbsp;kDa in size, and is divided into three conserved domains. The majority of the protein is made up of domains 1 and 2, which are typically rich in [[arginine]]s and [[lysine]]s. Domain 3 has a short carboxy terminal end and has a net negative charge due to excess of acidic over basic amino acid residues.<ref name=":21" /><br />
<br />
=== Genome ===<br />
{{See also|Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus#Genome}}<br />
[[File:SARS Coronavirus Genome Organization.png|thumb|SARS-CoV genome and proteins]]<br />
<br />
Coronaviruses contain a [[Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus|positive-sense, single-stranded RNA]] genome. The [[genome size]] for coronaviruses ranges from 26.4 to 31.7 [[Kilobase#Length measurements|kilobases]].<ref name=":1" /> The genome size is one of the largest among RNA viruses. The genome has a [[Five-prime cap|5′ methylated cap]] and a [[Polyadenylation|3′ polyadenylated tail]].<ref name="Fehr_2015" /><br />
<br />
The genome organization for a coronavirus is [[Five prime untranslated region|5′-leader-UTR]]-replicase (ORF1ab)-spike (S)-envelope (E)-membrane (M)-nucleocapsid (N)-[[Three prime untranslated region|3′UTR]]-poly (A) tail. The [[open reading frame]]s 1a and 1b, which occupy the first two-thirds of the genome, encode the replicase polyprotein (pp1ab). The replicase polyprotein self cleaves to form 16 [[Viral nonstructural protein|nonstructural proteins]] (nsp1–nsp16).<ref name="Fehr_2015" /><br />
<br />
The later reading frames encode the four major structural proteins: [[spike protein|spike]], [[coronavirus envelope protein|envelope]], [[coronavirus envelope protein|membrane]], and [[coronavirus nucleocapsid protein|nucleocapsid]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Snijder EJ, Bredenbeek PJ, Dobbe JC, Thiel V, Ziebuhr J, Poon LL, Guan Y, Rozanov M, Spaan WJ, Gorbalenya AE | title = Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology | volume = 331 | issue = 5 | pages = 991–1004 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12927536 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00865-9 | pmc = 7159028 | quote = See Figure 1. | doi-access = free }}</ref> Interspersed between these reading frames are the reading frames for the accessory proteins. The number of accessory proteins and their function is unique depending on the specific coronavirus.<ref name="Fehr_2015" /><br />
<br />
=== Replication cycle ===<br />
<br />
==== Cell entry ====<br />
[[File:coronavirus replication.png|thumb|The life cycle of a coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
Infection begins when the viral spike protein attaches to its complementary host cell receptor. After attachment, a [[protease]] of the host cell [[Proteolysis|cleaves]] and activates the receptor-attached spike protein. Depending on the host cell protease available, cleavage and activation allows the [[Viral entry|virus to enter]] the host cell by [[endocytosis]] or direct fusion of the viral envelope with the [[Lipid bilayer|host membrane]].<ref name=":6">{{cite journal | vauthors = Simmons G, Zmora P, Gierer S, Heurich A, Pöhlmann S | title = Proteolytic activation of the SARS-coronavirus spike protein: cutting enzymes at the cutting edge of antiviral research | journal = Antiviral Research | volume = 100 | issue = 3 | pages = 605–14 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24121034 | pmc = 3889862 | doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.028 | quote = See Figure 2. }}</ref><br />
<br />
Coronaviruses can enter cells by either fusing to their lipid envelope with the cell membrane on the cell surface or by internalization via endocytosis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szlachcic |first1=Wojciech J. |last2=Dabrowska |first2=Agnieszka |last3=Milewska |first3=Aleksandra |last4=Ziojla |first4=Natalia |last5=Blaszczyk |first5=Katarzyna |last6=Barreto-Duran |first6=Emilia |last7=Sanak |first7=Marek |last8=Surmiak |first8=Marcin |last9=Owczarek |first9=Katarzyna |last10=Grzanka |first10=Dariusz |last11=Durzynska |first11=Julia |last12=Pyrc |first12=Krzysztof |last13=Borowiak |first13=Malgorzata |title=SARS-CoV-2 infects an in vitro model of the human developing pancreas through endocytosis |journal=iScience |date=July 2022 |volume=25 |issue=7 |article-number=104594 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2022.104594|pmid=35756892 |pmc=9212970 |bibcode=2022iSci...25j4594S }}</ref><br />
<br />
Insertion of a cleavage site can boost viral entry in different cell types by enabling promiscuous cleavage of the spike when contacting different proteases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chan |first1=Yujia Alina |last2=Zhan |first2=Shing Hei |title=The Emergence of the Spike Furin Cleavage Site in SARS-CoV-2 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=7 January 2022 |volume=39 |issue=1 |article-number=msab327 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msab327|pmid=34788836 |pmc=8689951 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Genome translation ====<br />
On entry into the [[Host (biology)|host cell]], the virus particle is [[Uncoating|uncoated]], and its [[genome]] enters the [[Cytoplasm|cell cytoplasm]]. The coronavirus RNA genome has a 5′ methylated cap and a 3′ polyadenylated tail, which allows it to act like a [[messenger RNA]] and be directly translated by the host cell's [[ribosome]]s. The host ribosomes translate the initial overlapping [[Reading frame|open reading frames]] [[ORF1a]] and [[ORF1b]] of the virus genome into two large overlapping polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab.<ref name="Fehr_2015" /><br />
<br />
The larger polyprotein pp1ab is a result of a [[Ribosomal frameshift|-1 ribosomal frameshift]] caused by a [[slippery sequence]] (UUUAAAC) and a downstream [[Nucleic acid secondary structure|RNA pseudoknot]] at the end of open reading frame ORF1a.<ref name=":21"/> The ribosomal frameshift allows for the continuous translation of ORF1a followed by ORF1b.<ref name="Fehr_2015" /><br />
<br />
The polyproteins have their own [[C30 Endopeptidase|proteases]], [[Papain|PLpro]] (nsp3) and [[C30 Endopeptidase|3CLpro]] (nsp5), which cleave the polyproteins at different specific sites. The cleavage of polyprotein pp1ab yields 16 nonstructural proteins (nsp1 to nsp16). Product proteins include various replication proteins such as [[RNA-dependent RNA polymerase]] ([[nsp12]]), [[RNA helicase]] (nsp13), and [[exoribonuclease]] (nsp14).<ref name="Fehr_2015" /><br />
<br />
==== Replicase-transcriptase ====<br />
[[File:Replication-transcription complex for Coronaviruses cropped.png|thumb|Replicase-transcriptase complex]]<br />
<br />
A number of the nonstructural proteins coalesce to form a [[Protein complex|multi-protein]] replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC). The main replicase-transcriptase protein is the [[RNA-dependent RNA polymerase]] (RdRp). It is directly involved in the [[DNA replication|replication]] and [[Transcription (biology)|transcription]] of RNA from an RNA strand. The other nonstructural proteins in the complex assist in the replication and transcription process. The [[exoribonuclease]] nonstructural protein, for instance, provides extra fidelity to replication by providing a [[Proofreading (biology)|proofreading]] function which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacks.<ref name="SextonSmith2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sexton NR, Smith EC, Blanc H, Vignuzzi M, Peersen OB, Denison MR | title = Homology-Based Identification of a Mutation in the Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase That Confers Resistance to Multiple Mutagens | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 90 | issue = 16 | pages = 7415–28 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27279608 | pmc = 4984655 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.00080-16 | quote = Finally, these results, combined with those from previous work (33, 44), suggest that CoVs encode at least three proteins involved in fidelity (nsp12-RdRp, nsp14-ExoN, and nsp10), supporting the assembly of a multiprotein replicase-fidelity complex, as described previously (38). }}</ref><br />
<br />
''Replication'' – One of the main functions of the complex is to replicate the viral genome. RdRp directly mediates the [[DNA replication|synthesis]] of negative-sense genomic RNA from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This is followed by the replication of positive-sense genomic RNA from the negative-sense genomic RNA.<ref name="Fehr_2015" /><br />
<br />
[[File:Transcription of nested mRNAs.jpg|thumb|Transcription of nested mRNAs]]<br />
[[File:Nested subgenomic RNA.jpg|thumb|Nested set of subgenomic mRNAs]]<br />
<br />
''Transcription'' – The other important function of the complex is to transcribe the viral genome. RdRp directly mediates the [[Transcription (biology)|synthesis]] of negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This process is followed by the transcription of these negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules to their corresponding positive-sense [[Messenger RNA|mRNAs]].<ref name="Fehr_2015" /> The subgenomic mRNAs form a "[[Subgenomic mRNA|nested set]]" which have a common 5'-head and partially duplicate 3'-end.<ref name=":15">{{cite book |title=Viruses |chapter=Family Coronaviridae |date=2017 |pages=149–158 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00017-9 |isbn=978-0-12-803109-4 | vauthors = Payne S }}</ref><br />
<br />
''Recombination'' – The replicase-transcriptase complex is also capable of [[genetic recombination]] when at least two viral genomes are present in the same infected cell.<ref name=":15" /> RNA recombination appears to be a major driving force in determining genetic variability within a coronavirus species, the capability of a coronavirus species to jump from one host to another and, infrequently, in determining the emergence of novel coronaviruses.<ref name="Su2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai AC, Zhou J, Liu W, Bi Y, Gao GF | title = Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses | journal = Trends in Microbiology | volume = 24 | issue = 6 | pages = 490–502 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27012512 | pmc = 7125511 | doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003 }}</ref> The exact mechanism of recombination in coronaviruses is unclear, but likely involves template switching during genome replication.<ref name="Su2016" /><br />
<br />
==== Assembly and release ====<br />
The replicated positive-sense genomic RNA becomes the genome of the [[Viral shedding|progeny viruses]]. The mRNAs are gene transcripts of the last third of the virus genome after the initial overlapping reading frame. These mRNAs are translated by the host's ribosomes into the structural proteins and many accessory proteins.<ref name="Fehr_2015" /> RNA translation occurs inside the [[endoplasmic reticulum]]. The viral structural proteins S, E, and M move along the secretory pathway into the [[Vesicular-tubular cluster|Golgi intermediate compartment]]. There, the M{{nbsp}}proteins direct most protein-protein interactions required for the assembly of viruses following its binding to the [[nucleocapsid]]. Progeny viruses are then released from the host cell by [[exocytosis]] through secretory vesicles. Once released the viruses can infect other host cells.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|title=Coronaviruses|vauthors=Fehr AR, Perlman S|chapter=Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis |date=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4939-2438-7|veditors=Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P|series=Methods in Molecular Biology|volume=1282|pages=1–23|doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1|pmc=4369385|pmid=25720466|quote=See section: Coronavirus Life Cycle—Assembly and Release}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Transmission ===<br />
Infected carriers are able to [[Transmission (medicine)|shed viruses]] into the environment. The interaction of the coronavirus spike protein with its complementary [[Viral entry|cell receptor]] is central in determining the [[tissue tropism]], [[infectivity]], and [[Host tropism|species range]] of the released virus.<ref name=":21"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL | title = Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 181–92 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30531947 | doi = 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9 | pmc = 7097006 | quote = Different SARS-CoV strains isolated from several hosts vary in their binding affinities for human ACE2 and consequently in their infectivity of human cells 76, 78 (Fig. 6b) | doi-access = free }}</ref> Coronaviruses mainly target [[Epithelium|epithelial cells]].''<ref name="groot" />'' They are transmitted from one host to another host, depending on the coronavirus species, by either an [[Bioaerosol|aerosol]], [[fomite]], or [[Fecal–oral route|fecal-oral route]].<ref name=":12" /><br />
<br />
Human coronaviruses infect the epithelial cells of the [[respiratory tract]], while animal coronaviruses generally infect the epithelial cells of the [[Gastrointestinal tract|digestive tract]].''<ref name="groot" />'' [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus|SARS coronavirus]], for example, infects the human epithelial cells of the lungs via an aerosol route<ref name=":13" /> by binding to the [[angiotensin-converting enzyme 2]] (ACE2) receptor.<ref name="li">{{cite journal |title=Structure of SARS Coronavirus Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Complexed with Receptor |journal=Science |date=2005 |volume=309 |issue=5742 |pages=1864–1868 |doi=10.1126/science.1116480 |pmid=16166518 |bibcode=2005Sci...309.1864L | vauthors = Li F, Li W, Farzan M, Harrison SC }}</ref> [[Transmissible gastroenteritis virus|Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus]] (TGEV) infects the pig epithelial cells of the digestive tract via a fecal–oral route<ref name=":12" /> by binding to the [[alanine aminopeptidase]] (APN) receptor.<ref name="Fehr_2015" /><br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
{{For|a more detailed list of members|Coronaviridae}}<br />
[[File:Phylogenetic tree of coronaviruses.jpg|thumb|Phylogenetic tree of coronaviruses]]<br />
<br />
Coronaviruses form the subfamily ''Orthocoronavirinae,''<ref name="2017.012-015S"/><ref name="OrthocoronavirinaeICTV"/><ref name="FanZhao2019"/> which is one of two subfamilies in the family ''[[Coronaviridae]],'' order ''[[Nidovirales]],'' and realm ''[[Riboviria]]''.<ref name="groot" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Taxon Details: ''Orthocoronavirinae'' |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202401847&taxon_name=Orthocoronavirinae |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref> They are divided into the four genera: ''Alphacoronavirus'', ''Betacoronavirus'', ''Gammacoronavirus'' and ''Deltacoronavirus''. Alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals, while gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses primarily infect birds.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wertheim JO, Chu DK, Peiris JS, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Poon LL | title = A case for the ancient origin of coronaviruses | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 87 | issue = 12 | pages = 7039–45 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23596293 | pmc = 3676139 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.03273-12 | bibcode = 2013JVir...87.7039W | quote = Alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses are found exclusively in mammals, whereas gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses primarily infect birds. }}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nextstrain.org/groups/blab/beta-cov|title= Nextstrain, phylogenetic tree of Beta-CoV |website=nextstrain.org}}</ref>''<br />
* Genus: '''''[[Alphacoronavirus]]''''';<ref name=":12">{{cite book |last=Decaro|first=Nicola |title=The Springer Index of Viruses |chapter=Alphacoronavirus‡: Coronaviridae |date=2011 |pages=371–383|editor-last=Tidona|editor-first=Christian|publisher=Springer|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-95919-1_56|isbn=978-0-387-95919-1|pmc=7176201 |editor2-last=Darai|editor2-first=Gholamreza}}</ref><br />
** Species: ''[[Alphacoronavirus 1]]'' ([[Transmissible gastroenteritis virus|TGEV]], [[Feline coronavirus]], [[Canine coronavirus]]), ''[[Human coronavirus 229E]]'', ''[[Human coronavirus NL63]]'', ''[[Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1]]'', ''[[Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8]]'', ''[[Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus]]'', ''[[Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2]]'', ''[[Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512]]''<br />
* Genus '''''[[Betacoronavirus]]''''';<ref name=":13">{{cite book |last=Decaro|first=Nicola|title=The Springer Index of Viruses |chapter=Betacoronavirus‡: Coronaviridae |date=2011|pages=385–401|editor-last=Tidona|editor-first=Christian |editor2-last=Darai|editor2-first=Gholamreza |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-95919-1_57|isbn=978-0-387-95919-1|pmc=7176184}}</ref><br />
** Species: ''[[Betacoronavirus 1]]'' ([[Bovine coronavirus|''Bovine Coronavirus'']], ''[[Human coronavirus OC43]]''), ''[[Hedgehog coronavirus 1]],'' ''[[Human coronavirus HKU1]]'', ''[[Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus]],'' ''[[Murine coronavirus]]'', ''[[Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5]]'', ''[[Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9]]'', ''[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus]]'' (''[[SARS-CoV-1]]'', ''[[SARS-CoV-2]]''), ''[[Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4]]''<br />
* Genus '''''[[Gammacoronavirus]]''''';<ref name=":11" /><br />
** Species: ''[[Avian coronavirus]],'' ''[[Beluga whale coronavirus SW1]]''<br />
* Genus '''''[[Deltacoronavirus (genus)|Deltacoronavirus]]'''''<br />
** Species: ''[[Bulbul coronavirus HKU11]]'', [[Porcine coronavirus HKU15|''Porcine'' ''coronavirus HKU15'']]<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
[[File:Animal origins of human coronaviruses.png|thumb|Origins of human coronaviruses with possible intermediate hosts]]<br />
The [[most recent common ancestor]] (MRCA) of all coronaviruses is estimated to have existed as recently as 8000&nbsp;[[BCE]], although some models place the common ancestor as far back as 55&nbsp;million years or more, implying long term coevolution with bat and avian species.<ref name="Wertheim2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wertheim JO, Chu DK, Peiris JS, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Poon LL | title = A case for the ancient origin of coronaviruses | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 87 | issue = 12 | pages = 7039–45 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23596293 | pmc = 3676139 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.03273-12 | bibcode = 2013JVir...87.7039W }}</ref> The most recent common ancestor of the alphacoronavirus line has been placed at about 2400&nbsp;BCE, of the betacoronavirus line at 3300 BCE, of the gammacoronavirus line at 2800&nbsp;BCE, and the deltacoronavirus line at about 3000 BCE. Bats and birds, as [[warm-blooded]] flying vertebrates, are an ideal [[natural reservoir]] for the coronavirus gene pool (with [[Bat-borne virus|bats the reservoir]] for alphacoronaviruses and betacoronavirus{{snd}}and birds the reservoir for gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses). The large number and global range of bat and avian species that host viruses have enabled extensive evolution and dissemination of coronaviruses.<ref name="Woo2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Woo PC, Lau SK, Lam CS, Lau CC, Tsang AK, Lau JH, Bai R, Teng JL, Tsang CC, Wang M, Zheng BJ, Chan KH, Yuen KY | title = Discovery of seven novel mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 86 | issue = 7 | pages = 3995–4008 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22278237 | pmc = 3302495 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.06540-11 | bibcode = 2012JVir...86.3995W }}</ref> A number of 2021 studies found that the MRCA for Coronaviruses may have emerged around 21,000–25,000 years ago in East Asia, which is significantly earlier than most prior estimates.<ref name="ancient viral epidemic" /><ref name="21,000 years ago" /><br />
<br />
Many human coronaviruses have their origin in bats.<ref name=":8" /> The human coronavirus NL63 shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (ARCoV.2) between 1190 and 1449 CE.<ref name="Huynh2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huynh J, Li S, Yount B, Smith A, Sturges L, Olsen JC, Nagel J, Johnson JB, Agnihothram S, Gates JE, Frieman MB, Baric RS, Donaldson EF | title = Evidence supporting a zoonotic origin of human coronavirus strain NL63 | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 86 | issue = 23 | pages = 12816–25 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 22993147 | pmc = 3497669 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.00906-12 | quote = If these predictions are correct, this observation suggests that HCoV-NL63 may have originated from bats between 1190 and 1449 CE. }}</ref> The human coronavirus 229E shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (GhanaGrp1 Bt CoV) between 1686 and 1800&nbsp;CE.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pfefferle S, Oppong S, Drexler JF, Gloza-Rausch F, Ipsen A, Seebens A, Müller MA, Annan A, Vallo P, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Kruppa TF, Drosten C | title = Distant relatives of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and close relatives of human coronavirus 229E in bats, Ghana | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 15 | issue = 9 | pages = 1377–84 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19788804 | pmc = 2819850 | doi = 10.3201/eid1509.090224 | bibcode = 2009EIDis..15.1377P | quote = The most recent common ancestor of hCoV-229E and GhanaBt-CoVGrp1 existed in ≈1686–1800 AD. }}</ref> More recently, [[alpaca]] coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E diverged sometime before 1960.<ref name="Crossley2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Crossley BM, Mock RE, Callison SA, Hietala SK | title = Identification and characterization of a novel alpaca respiratory coronavirus most closely related to the human coronavirus 229E | journal = Viruses | volume = 4 | issue = 12 | pages = 3689–700 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23235471 | pmc = 3528286 | doi = 10.3390/v4123689 | doi-access = free }}</ref> MERS-CoV emerged in humans from bats through the intermediate host of camels.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M | title = Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes | journal = Trends in Microbiology | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–48 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27743750 | pmc = 7111218 | doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001 | bibcode = 2017TrMic..25...35F }}</ref> MERS-CoV, although related to several bat coronavirus species, appears to have diverged from these several centuries ago.<ref name="Lau2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lau SK, Li KS, Tsang AK, Lam CS, Ahmed S, Chen H, Chan KH, Woo PC, Yuen KY | title = Genetic characterization of Betacoronavirus lineage C viruses in bats reveals marked sequence divergence in the spike protein of pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 in Japanese pipistrelle: implications for the origin of the novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 87 | issue = 15 | pages = 8638–50 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23720729 | pmc = 3719811 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.01055-13 }}</ref> The most closely related bat coronavirus and SARS-CoV diverged in 1986.<ref name="Vijaykrishna2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vijaykrishna D, Smith GJ, Zhang JX, Peiris JS, Chen H, Guan Y | title = Evolutionary insights into the ecology of coronaviruses | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 81 | issue = 8 | pages = 4012–20 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17267506 | pmc = 1866124 | doi = 10.1128/jvi.02605-06 }}</ref> The ancestors of SARS-CoV first infected leaf-nose bats of the genus ''[[Hipposideridae]]''; subsequently, they spread to horseshoe bats in the species ''[[Rhinolophidae]]'', then to [[Asian palm civet]]s, and finally to humans.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gouilh MA, Puechmaille SJ, Gonzalez JP, Teeling E, Kittayapong P, Manuguerra JC | title = SARS-Coronavirus ancestor's foot-prints in South-East Asian bat colonies and the refuge theory | journal = Infection, Genetics and Evolution | volume = 11 | issue = 7 | pages = 1690–702 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21763784 | doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.06.021 | pmc = 7106191| bibcode = 2011InfGE..11.1690G }}</ref><ref name="pmid18258002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cui J, Han N, Streicker D, Li G, Tang X, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhao G, Fontanet A, Guan Y, Wang L, Jones G, Field HE, Daszak P, Zhang S | title = Evolutionary relationships between bat coronaviruses and their hosts | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 13 | issue = 10 | pages = 1526–32 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 18258002 | pmc = 2851503 | doi = 10.3201/eid1310.070448 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Unlike other betacoronaviruses, [[bovine coronavirus]] of the species ''[[Betacoronavirus 1]]'' and subgenus ''[[Embecovirus]]'' is thought to have originated in [[rodent]]s and not in bats.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M | title = Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes | journal = Trends in Microbiology | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–48 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27743750 | pmc = 7111218 | doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001 | bibcode = 2017TrMic..25...35F | quote = Specifically, all HCoVs are thought to have a bat origin, with the exception of lineage A beta-CoVs, which may have reservoirs in rodents [2]. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lau SK, Woo PC, Li KS, Tsang AK, Fan RY, Luk HK, Cai JP, Chan KH, Zheng BJ, Wang M, Yuen KY | title = Discovery of a novel coronavirus, China Rattus coronavirus HKU24, from Norway rats supports the murine origin of Betacoronavirus 1 and has implications for the ancestor of Betacoronavirus lineage A | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 89 | issue = 6 | pages = 3076–92 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25552712 | pmc = 4337523 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.02420-14 }}</ref> In the 1790s, equine coronavirus diverged from the bovine coronavirus after a [[Cross-species transmission|cross-species jump]].<ref name=":7">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bidokhti MR, Tråvén M, Krishna NK, Munir M, Belák S, Alenius S, Cortey M | title = Evolutionary dynamics of bovine coronaviruses: natural selection pattern of the spike gene implies adaptive evolution of the strains | journal = The Journal of General Virology | volume = 94 | issue = Pt 9 | pages = 2036–2049 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23804565 | doi = 10.1099/vir.0.054940-0 | quote = See Table 1 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Later in the 1890s, human coronavirus OC43 diverged from bovine coronavirus after another cross-species spillover event.<ref name="Vijgen2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vijgen L, Keyaerts E, Moës E, Thoelen I, Wollants E, Lemey P, Vandamme AM, Van Ranst M | title = Complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus OC43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus transmission event | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 79 | issue = 3 | pages = 1595–604 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15650185 | pmc = 544107 | doi = 10.1128/jvi.79.3.1595-1604.2005 }}</ref><ref name=":7" /> It is speculated that the [[1889–1890 flu pandemic|flu pandemic of 1890]] may have been caused by this spillover event, and not by the [[Orthomyxoviridae|influenza virus]], because of the related timing, neurological symptoms, and unknown causative agent of the pandemic.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vijgen L, Keyaerts E, Moës E, Thoelen I, Wollants E, Lemey P, Vandamme AM, Van Ranst M | title = Complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus OC43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus transmission event | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 79 | issue = 3 | pages = 1595–604 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15650185 | pmc = 544107 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.79.3.1595-1604.2005 | quote = However, it is tempting to speculate about an alternative hypothesis, that the 1889-1890 pandemic may have been the result of interspecies transmission of bovine coronaviruses to humans, resulting in the subsequent emergence of HCoV-OC43. }}</ref> Besides causing respiratory infections, human coronavirus OC43 is also suspected of playing a role in [[Demyelinating disease|neurological diseases]].<ref name="pmid29551135"/> In the 1950s, the human coronavirus OC43 began to diverge into its present [[genotype]]s.<ref name="Lau2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lau SK, Lee P, Tsang AK, Yip CC, Tse H, Lee RA, So LY, Lau YL, Chan KH, Woo PC, Yuen KY | title = Molecular epidemiology of human coronavirus OC43 reveals evolution of different genotypes over time and recent emergence of a novel genotype due to natural recombination | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 85 | issue = 21 | pages = 11325–37 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21849456 | pmc = 3194943 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.05512-11 }}</ref> Phylogenetically, mouse hepatitis virus (''[[Murine coronavirus]]''), which infects the mouse's liver and [[Central nervous system viral disease|central nervous system]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schaumburg CS, Held KS, Lane TE | title = Mouse hepatitis virus infection of the CNS: a model for defense, disease, and repair | journal = Frontiers in Bioscience | volume = 13 | pages = 4393–406 | date = May 2008 | issue = 13 | pmid = 18508518 | pmc = 5025298 | doi = 10.2741/3012 }}</ref> is related to human coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus. Human coronavirus HKU1, like the aforementioned viruses, also has its origins in rodents.<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
== Infection in humans ==<br />
<!--Section linked to from [[Common cold]]-->[[File:Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg|thumb|Transmission and life-cycle of SARS-CoV-2 causing [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]]]]<br />
Coronaviruses vary significantly in risk factor. Some can kill more than 30% of those infected, such as [[Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus|MERS-CoV]], and some are relatively harmless, such as the common cold.<ref name="Fehr_2015" /> Coronaviruses can cause colds with major symptoms, such as fever, and a [[sore throat]] from swollen [[adenoid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu P, Shi L, Zhang W, He J, Liu C, Zhao C, Kong SK, Loo JF, Gu D, Hu L | title = Prevalence and genetic diversity analysis of human coronaviruses among cross-border children | language = En | journal = Virology Journal | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | article-number = 230 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29166910 | pmc = 5700739 | doi = 10.1186/s12985-017-0896-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Coronaviruses can cause [[pneumonia]] (either direct [[viral pneumonia]] or secondary [[bacterial pneumonia]]) and [[bronchitis]] (either direct viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis).<ref name="pmid19199189">{{cite journal |title=Healthcare-Associated Atypical Pneumonia |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=2009 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=067–085 |doi=10.1055/s-0028-1119811 |pmid=19199189 | vauthors = Forgie S, Marrie T }}</ref> The human coronavirus discovered in 2003, [[SARS coronavirus|SARS-CoV]], which causes [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]] (SARS), has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both [[upper respiratory tract infection|upper]] and [[lower respiratory tract infection]]s.<ref name="pmid19199189" /><br />
<br />
Six species of human coronaviruses are known, with one species subdivided into two different strains, making seven strains of human coronaviruses altogether.<br />
<br />
[[File:Journal.pmed.0020240.g001.tif|thumb|Seasonal distribution of HCoV-NL63 in Germany shows a preferential detection from November to March.]]<br />
<br />
Four human coronaviruses produce symptoms that are generally mild, even though it is contended they might have been more aggressive in the past:<ref>{{Cite journal |title=An uncommon cold |journal=New Scientist |date=2020 |volume=246 |issue=3280 |pages=32–35 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30862-9 |pmid=32501321 |bibcode=2020NewSc.246...32K | vauthors = King A |pmc=7252012 }}</ref><br />
# [[Human coronavirus OC43]] (HCoV-OC43), [[Betacoronavirus|β-CoV]]<br />
# [[Human coronavirus HKU1]] (HCoV-HKU1), β-CoV<br />
# [[Human coronavirus 229E]] (HCoV-229E), [[Alphacoronavirus|α-CoV]]<br />
# [[Human coronavirus NL63]] (HCoV-NL63), α-CoV–<br />
<br />
Three human coronaviruses produce potentially severe symptoms:<br />
# [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus]] (SARS-CoV), β-CoV (identified in 2003) <br />
# [[Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus]] (MERS-CoV), β-CoV (identified in 2012)<br />
# [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2), β-CoV (identified in 2019)<br />
<br />
These cause the diseases commonly called [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]], [[Middle East respiratory syndrome|MERS]], and [[COVID-19]] respectively.<br />
<br />
=== Common cold ===<br />
{{Main|Common cold}}<br />
<br />
Although the [[common cold]] is usually caused by [[rhinovirus]]es,<ref name="CecilGoldman2012">{{cite book|first1=Russell La Fayette|last1=Cecil|first2=Lee|last2=Goldman|first3=Andrew I.|last3=Schafer|title=Goldman's Cecil Medicine, Expert Consult Premium Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qd-vvNh0ee0C&pg=PA2103|pages=2103–|year=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504202334/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qd-vvNh0ee0C&pg=PA2103|edition=24|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4377-1604-7|archive-date=4 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in about 15% of cases the cause is a coronavirus.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pelczar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnClBCuo71IC&pg=PA656|title=Microbiology: Application Based Approach|year=2010|isbn=978-0-07-015147-5|page=656| publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516134615/https://books.google.com/books?id=xnClBCuo71IC&pg=PA656|archive-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The human coronaviruses HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63 continually circulate in the human population in adults and children worldwide and produce the generally mild symptoms of the common cold.<ref name="pmid29551135">{{cite book |last1=Corman |first1=Victor M. |last2=Muth |first2=Doreen |last3=Niemeyer |first3=Daniela |last4=Drosten |first4=Christian |title=Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses |series=Advances in Virus Research |date=2018 |volume=100 |pages=163–188 |doi=10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.01.001 |pmid=29551135 |pmc=7112090 |isbn=978-0-12-815201-0 }}</ref> The four mild coronaviruses have a seasonal incidence occurring in the winter months in [[temperate climate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Charlton CL, Babady E, Ginocchio CC, Hatchette TF, Jerris RC, Li Y, Loeffelholz M, McCarter YS, Miller MB, Novak-Weekley S, Schuetz AN, Tang YW, Widen R, Drews SJ | title = Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Viruses Causing Acute Respiratory Tract Infections | journal = Clinical Microbiology Reviews | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | date = January 2019 | article-number = e00042-18 | pmid = 30541871 | doi = 10.1128/CMR.00042-18 | pmc = 6302358 | quote = See Figure 1. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Monto AS, DeJonge P, Callear AP, Bazzi LA, Capriola S, Malosh RE, Martin ET, Petrie JG | title = Coronavirus occurrence and transmission over 8 years in the HIVE cohort of households in Michigan | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | pages = 9–16 | date = April 2020 | volume = 222 | pmid = 32246136 | doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa161 | pmc = 7184402 }}</ref> There is no preponderance in any season in [[tropical climate]]s.<ref name="Abdul-Rasool_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Abdul-Rasool S, Fielding BC | title = Understanding Human Coronavirus HCoV-NL63 | journal = The Open Virology Journal | volume = 4 | pages = 76–84 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20700397 | pmc = 2918871 | doi = 10.2174/1874357901004010076 | doi-broken-date = 23 December 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{anchor|Outbreaks}}<br />
<br />
=== Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) ===<br />
<br />
{{Main|SARS}}<br />
{{Coronavirus characteristics comparison}}<br />
In 2003, following the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which had begun the prior year in Asia, and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) issued a press release stating that a novel coronavirus identified by several laboratories was the causative agent for SARS. The virus was officially named the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). More than 8,000 people from 29 countries and territories were infected, and at least 774 died.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pasley|first=James|title=How SARS terrified the world in 2003, infecting more than 8,000 people and killing 774|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/deadly-sars-virus-history-2003-in-photos-2020-2|access-date=8 November 2020|website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref name="li" /><br />
<br />
=== Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) ===<br />
{{Main|MERS}}<br />
<br />
In September 2012, a new type of coronavirus was identified, initially called Novel Coronavirus 2012, and now officially named Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).<ref name="NPR">{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/09/25/161770135/scientists-go-deep-on-genes-of-sars-like-virus |title=Scientists Go Deep On Genes Of SARS-Like Virus |last=Doucleef |first=Michaeleen |date=26 September 2012 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=27 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927043755/http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/09/25/161770135/scientists-go-deep-on-genes-of-sars-like-virus |archive-date=27 September 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/24/new-sars-like-virus-poses-medical-mystery/?hpt=he_c2 |title=New SARS-like virus poses medical mystery |last=Falco |first=Miriam |date=24 September 2012 |work=CNN Health |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101042029/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/24/new-sars-like-virus-poses-medical-mystery/?hpt=he_c2 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The World Health Organization issued a global alert soon after.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/09/2012924182013530585.html |title=New SARS-like virus found in Middle East |date=24 September 2012 |work=Al-Jazeera |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309203607/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/09/2012924182013530585.html |archive-date=9 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The WHO update on 28&nbsp;September 2012 said the virus did not seem to pass easily from person to person.<ref name="Reuters2012">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-virus-who-idUSBRE88R0F220120928 |title=New virus not spreading easily between people: WHO |last=Kelland |first=Kate |date=28 September 2012 |work=Reuters |access-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124005044/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/28/us-virus-who-idUSBRE88R0F220120928 |archive-date=24 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, on 12&nbsp;May 2013, a case of [[human-to-human transmission]] in France was confirmed by the French Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.<ref name="may12">[http://www.social-sante.gouv.fr/actualite-presse,42/communiques,2322/nouveau-coronavirus-point-de,15820.html ''Nouveau coronavirus—Point de situation : Un nouveau cas d'infection confirmé''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608140519/http://www.social-sante.gouv.fr/actualite-presse,42/communiques,2322/nouveau-coronavirus-point-de,15820.html|date=8 June 2013}} ''(Novel coronavirus—Status report: A new case of confirmed infection)'' 12 May 2013, social-sante.gouv.fr</ref> In addition, cases of human-to-human transmission were reported by the Ministry of Health in [[Tunisia]]. Two confirmed cases involved people who seemed to have caught the disease from their late father, who became ill after a visit to Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Despite this, it appears the virus had trouble spreading from human to human, as most individuals who are infected do not transmit the virus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/about/transmission.html |title=MERS Transmission |date=2 August 2019 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207073553/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/about/transmission.html |archive-date=7 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> By 30&nbsp;October 2013, there were 124 cases and 52 deaths in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="may22">{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_05_22_ncov/en/index.html |title=Novel coronavirus infection|date=22 May 2013 |publisher=World Health Association |access-date=23 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607163823/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_05_22_ncov/en/index.html |archive-date=7 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the Dutch [[Erasmus MC|Erasmus Medical Centre]] sequenced the virus, the virus was given a new name, Human Coronavirus–Erasmus Medical Centre (HCoV-EMC). The final name for the virus is Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The only U.S. cases (both survived) were recorded in May 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/us.html |title=MERS in the U.S. |date=2 August 2019 |website=Center for Disease Control |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215030453/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/US.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2015, an outbreak of MERS-CoV occurred in the [[Republic of Korea]], when a man who had traveled to the Middle East, visited four hospitals in the Seoul area to treat his illness. This caused one of the largest outbreaks of MERS-CoV outside the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/world/asia/mers-viruss-path-one-man-many-south-korean-hospitals.html |title=MERS Virus's Path: One Man, Many South Korean Hospitals |last=Sang-Hun |first=Choe |date=8 June 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715170528/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/world/asia/mers-viruss-path-one-man-many-south-korean-hospitals.html |archive-date=15 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of December 2019, 2,468 cases of MERS-CoV infection had been confirmed by laboratory tests, 851 of which were fatal, a [[mortality rate]] of approximately 34.5%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/ |title=Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) |website=WHO |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018010957/https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/ |archive-date=18 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ===<br />
{{Main|COVID-19}}<br />
<br />
In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak was reported in [[Wuhan]], China.<ref name="NYT-20200129">{{cite news |author=The Editorial Board |title=Is the World Ready for the Coronavirus?—Distrust in science and institutions could be a major problem if the outbreak worsens|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/29/opinion/coronavirus-outbreak.html |date=29 January 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> On 31 December 2019, the outbreak was traced to a novel strain of coronavirus,<ref name="WHO9Jan2020">{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china |title=WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China |date=9 January 2020 |website=www.who.int |language=en |url-status=live |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114133102/https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china |archive-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> which was given the interim name 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization,<ref name="WHO20200110">{{cite report |title=Laboratory testing of human suspected cases of novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection: interim guidance, 10 January 2020 |date=10 January 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization |hdl=10665/330374 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="CDC20200113">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html|title=Novel Coronavirus 2019, Wuhan, China |date=23 January 2020|website=www.cdc.gov (CDC)|access-date=23 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120144040/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html|archive-date=20 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html |title=2019 Novel Coronavirus infection (Wuhan, China): Outbreak update |website=Canada.ca|date=21 January 2020}}</ref> later renamed [[SARS-CoV-2]] by the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]].<br />
<br />
As of {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|date|editlink=|ref=no}}, there were at least {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|deaths|editlink=|ref=}} [[COVID-19 pandemic deaths|confirmed deaths]] and more than {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=}} [[COVID-19 pandemic cases|confirmed cases]] in the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The Wuhan strain has been identified as a new strain of [[Betacoronavirus]] from group 2B with approximately 70% genetic similarity to the SARS-CoV.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, Ippolito G, Mchugh TD, Memish ZA, Drosten C, Zumla A, Petersen E | title = The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China | journal = International Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 91 | pages = 264–66 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31953166 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009 | pmc = 7128332 | author-link10 = Christian Drosten | doi-access = free }}</ref> The virus has a 96% similarity to a bat coronavirus, so it is widely suspected to originate from bats as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/wuhan-seafood-market-may-not-be-source-novel-virus-spreading-globally|title=Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally|last=Cohen|first=Jon |date=26 January 2020|website=[[Science (journal)|ScienceMag]] American Association for the Advancement of Science. (AAAS)|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127053836/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/wuhan-seafood-market-may-not-be-source-novel-virus-spreading-globally|archive-date=27 January 2020|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popsci.com/story/health/wuhan-coronavirus-china-wet-market-wild-animal/|title=We're still not sure where the COVID-19 really came from|last=Eschner|first=Kat|date=28 January 2020|website=[[Popular Science]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130003336/https://www.popsci.com/story/health/wuhan-coronavirus-china-wet-market-wild-animal/|archive-date=30 January 2020|access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Coronavirus HuPn-2018 ===<br />
{{Main|Canine coronavirus HuPn-2018}}<br />
<br />
During a surveillance study of archived samples of Malaysian viral pneumonia patients, virologists identified a strain of [[canine coronavirus]] which has infected humans in 2018.<br />
<br />
== Infection in animals ==<br />
Coronaviruses have been recognized as causing pathological conditions in [[veterinary medicine]] since the 1930s.<ref name=":3" /> They infect a range of animals including swine, cattle, horses, camels, cats, dogs, rodents, birds and bats.<ref name=":14">{{cite book |title=Fenner's Veterinary Virology |chapter=Coronaviridae |date=2017 |pages=435–461 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-800946-8.00024-6 |pmc=7149743 |isbn=978-0-12-800946-8 }}</ref> The majority of animal related coronaviruses infect the [[Gastrointestinal tract|intestinal tract]] and are transmitted by a fecal-oral route.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Murphy FA, Gibbs EP, Horzinek MC, Studdart MJ |title=Veterinary Virology |publisher=Academic Press |location=Boston |year=1999|pages=495–508 |isbn=978-0-12-511340-3}}</ref> Significant research efforts have been focused on elucidating the [[viral pathogenesis]] of these animal coronaviruses, especially by [[virologist]]s interested in veterinary and [[zoonotic]] diseases.<ref name="pmid20627412">{{cite journal|vauthors=Tirotta E, Carbajal KS, Schaumburg CS, Whitman L, Lane TE|date=July 2010|title=Cell replacement therapies to promote remyelination in a viral model of demyelination|journal=Journal of Neuroimmunology|volume=224|issue=1–2|pages=101–07|doi=10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.05.013|pmc=2919340|pmid=20627412}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Farm animals ===<br />
Coronaviruses infect domesticated birds.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=Merck Veterinary Manual|url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/|access-date=8 June 2020|website=Merck Veterinary Manual|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Infectious bronchitis virus]] (IBV), a type of coronavirus, causes [[avian infectious bronchitis]].<ref name="pmid25954763" /> The virus is of concern to the [[Poultry farming|poultry industry]] because of the high mortality from infection, its rapid spread, and its effect on production.<ref name=":14" /> The virus affects both meat production and egg production and causes substantial economic loss.<ref name="Cavanagh 2007">{{cite journal|last1=Cavanagh|first1=D|date=2007|title=Coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus|journal=Veterinary Research|volume=38|issue=2|pages=281–97|doi=10.1051/vetres:2006055|pmid=17296157|doi-access=free}}</ref> In chickens, infectious bronchitis virus targets not only the respiratory tract but also the [[urogenital tract]]. The virus can spread to different organs throughout the chicken.<ref name="pmid25954763">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bande F, Arshad SS, Bejo MH, Moeini H, Omar AR | title = Progress and challenges toward the development of vaccines against avian infectious bronchitis | journal = Journal of Immunology Research | volume = 2015 | article-number = 424860 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25954763 | pmc = 4411447 | doi = 10.1155/2015/424860 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The virus is transmitted by aerosol and food contaminated by feces. Different [[vaccine]]s against IBV exist and have helped to limit the spread of the virus and its variants.<ref name=":14" /> Infectious bronchitis virus is one of a number of strains of the species ''[[Avian coronavirus]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taxonomy browser (Avian coronavirus)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=694014&lvl=3&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock|access-date=3 June 2020|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Another strain of avian coronavirus is [[turkey coronavirus]] (TCV) which causes [[enteritis]] in [[turkeys]].<ref name=":14" /><br />
<br />
Coronaviruses also affect other branches of [[animal husbandry]] such as [[pig farming]] and cattle raising.<ref name=":14" /> [[Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus]] (SADS-CoV), which is related to [[Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2|bat coronavirus HKU2]], causes [[diarrhea]] in pigs.<ref name="pmid29618817">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou P, Fan H, Lan T, Yang XL, Shi WF, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Zhang YW, Xie QM, Mani S, Zheng XS, Li B, Li JM, Guo H, Pei GQ, An XP, Chen JW, Zhou L, Mai KJ, Wu ZX, Li D, Anderson DE, Zhang LB, Li SY, Mi ZQ, He TT, Cong F, Guo PJ, Huang R, Luo Y, Liu XL, Chen J, Huang Y, Sun Q, Zhang XL, Wang YY, Xing SZ, Chen YS, Sun Y, Li J, Daszak P, Wang LF, Shi ZL, Tong YG, Ma JY | title = Fatal swine acute diarrhoea syndrome caused by an HKU2-related coronavirus of bat origin | journal = Nature | volume = 556 | issue = 7700 | pages = 255–58 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29618817 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-018-0010-9 | pmc = 7094983 | bibcode = 2018Natur.556..255Z | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus]] (PEDV) is a coronavirus that has recently emerged and similarly causes diarrhea in pigs.<ref name="pmid32041637">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Wei X, She G, Wu T, Xue C, Cao Y | title = PEDV enters cells through clathrin-, caveolae-, and lipid raft-mediated endocytosis and traffics via the endo-/lysosome pathway | journal = Veterinary Research | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | article-number = 10 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32041637 | pmc = 7011528 | doi = 10.1186/s13567-020-0739-7 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Transmissible gastroenteritis virus]] (TGEV), which is a member of the species ''Alphacoronavirus 1'',<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|title=Taxonomy browser (Alphacoronavirus 1)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=693997&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock|access-date=8 June 2020|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> is another coronavirus that causes diarrhea in young pigs.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cruz JL, Sola I, Becares M, Alberca B, Plana J, Enjuanes L, Zuñiga S | title = Coronavirus gene 7 counteracts host defenses and modulates virus virulence | journal = PLOS Pathogens | volume = 7 | issue = 6 | article-number = e1002090 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21695242 | pmc = 3111541 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002090 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cruz JL, Becares M, Sola I, Oliveros JC, Enjuanes L, Zúñiga S | title = Alphacoronavirus protein 7 modulates host innate immune response | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 87 | issue = 17 | pages = 9754–67 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23824792 | pmc = 3754097 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.01032-13 }}</ref> In the cattle industry [[bovine coronavirus]] (BCV), which is a member of the species ''[[Betacoronavirus 1]]'' and related to HCoV-OC43,<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|title=Taxonomy browser (Betacoronavirus 1)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=694003&lvl=3&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock|access-date=8 June 2020|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> is responsible for severe profuse enteritis in young calves.<ref name=":14" /><br />
<br />
=== Domestic pets ===<br />
Coronaviruses infect domestic pets such as cats, dogs, and ferrets.<ref name=":16" /> There are two forms of [[feline coronavirus]] which are both members of the species ''Alphacoronavirus 1''.<ref name=":17" /> Feline enteric coronavirus is a pathogen of minor clinical significance, but spontaneous [[mutation]] of this virus can result in [[feline infectious peritonitis]] (FIP), a disease with high mortality.<ref name=":14" /> There are two different coronaviruses that infect dogs. [[Canine coronavirus]] (CCoV), which is a member of the species ''Alphacoronavirus 1'',<ref name=":17" /> causes mild gastrointestinal disease.<ref name=":14" /> [[Canine coronavirus#Canine respiratory coronavirus|Canine respiratory coronavirus]] (CRCoV), which is a member of the species ''[[Betacoronavirus 1]]'' and related to HCoV-OC43,<ref name=":18" /> cause respiratory disease.<ref name=":14" /> Similarly, there are two types of coronavirus that infect ferrets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taxonomy browser (Alphacoronavirus)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=693996&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock|access-date=8 June 2020|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> [[Ferret coronavirus|Ferret enteric coronavirus]] causes a gastrointestinal syndrome known as epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE), and a more lethal systemic version of the virus (like FIP in cats) known as ferret systemic coronavirus (FSC).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.smallanimalchannel.com/ferrets/ferret-health/whats-new-with-ferret-fiplike-disease.aspx |title=What's New With Ferret FIP-like Disease? |last=Murray |first=Jerry |date=16 April 2014 |format=xls |access-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424203951/http://www.smallanimalchannel.com/ferrets/ferret-health/whats-new-with-ferret-fiplike-disease.aspx |archive-date=24 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Infectious Diseases of Ferrets - Exotic and Laboratory Animals|url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/exotic-and-laboratory-animals/ferrets/infectious-diseases-of-ferrets|access-date=8 June 2020|website=Merck Veterinary Manual|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Laboratory animals ===<br />
Coronaviruses infect laboratory animals.<ref name=":14" /> Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), which is a member of the species ''[[Murine coronavirus]]'',<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|title=Taxonomy browser (Embecovirus)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2509481&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock|access-date=8 June 2020|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> causes an epidemic [[Murinae|murine]] illness with high mortality, especially among colonies of laboratory mice.<ref name="pmid16339739">{{cite journal|vauthors=Weiss SR, Navas-Martin S|date=December 2005|title=Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=69|issue=4|pages=635–64|doi=10.1128/MMBR.69.4.635-664.2005|pmc=1306801|pmid=16339739 |bibcode=2005MMBR...69..635W }}</ref> Prior to the discovery of SARS-CoV, MHV was the best-studied coronavirus both ''[[in vivo]]'' and ''[[in vitro]]'' as well as at the molecular level. Some strains of MHV cause a progressive [[Demyelinating disease|demyelinating encephalitis]] in mice which has been used as a murine model for [[multiple sclerosis]].<ref name="pmid20627412" /> [[Rat coronavirus|Sialodacryoadenitis virus]] (SDAV), which is a strain of the species ''Murine coronavirus'',<ref name=":19" /> is highly infectious coronavirus of laboratory rats, which can be transmitted between individuals by direct contact and indirectly by aerosol. Rabbit enteric coronavirus causes acute gastrointestinal disease and diarrhea in young [[European rabbits]].<ref name=":14" /> Mortality rates are high.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dora.missouri.edu/rabbits/enteric-coronavirus/ |title=Enteric Coronavirus |website=Diseases of Research Animals |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701054046/http://dora.missouri.edu/rabbits/enteric-coronavirus/ |archive-date=1 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Prevention and treatment ==<br />
A [[COVID-19 vaccine|number of vaccines]] using different methods have been developed against human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.<ref name="milken">{{cite web|date=3 November 2020|title=COVID-19 vaccine and treatments tracker (Choose vaccines or treatments tab, apply filters to view select data)|url=https://airtable.com/shrSAi6t5WFwqo3GM/tblEzPQS5fnc0FHYR/viwDBH7b6FjmIBX5x?blocks=hide|access-date=3 November 2020|publisher=Milken Institute}}</ref><ref name="biorender">{{cite web|date=30 October 2020|title=COVID-19 vaccine and therapeutics tracker|url=https://biorender.com/covid-vaccine-tracker|access-date=3 November 2020|publisher=BioRender}}</ref> [[Biological target|Antiviral targets]] against human coronaviruses have also been identified such as viral proteases, polymerases, and entry proteins. [[COVID-19 drug development|Drugs are in development]] which target these proteins and the different steps of viral replication.<ref name="pmid32147628">{{cite journal|vauthors=Dong L, Hu S, Gao J|date=2020|title=Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)|journal=Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics|volume=14|issue=1|pages=58–60|doi=10.5582/ddt.2020.01012|pmid=32147628|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="biorender" /><br />
<br />
Vaccines are available for animal coronaviruses IBV, TGEV, and Canine CoV, although their effectiveness is limited. In the case of outbreaks of highly contagious animal coronaviruses, such as PEDV, measures such as [[Culling|destruction of entire herds]] of pigs may be used to prevent transmission to other herds.<ref name="Fehr_2015" /><br />
<br />
In December 2025, the World Health Organization released the first unified strategic plan for managing coronavirus disease threats of all types, building upon its work during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as SARS, MERS, and other respiratory viruses.<ref>{{cite news |title=WHO launches new, unified plan for countries to manage coronaviruses: COVID-19 and beyond |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/03-12-2025-WHO-launches-new-unified-plan-for-countries-to-manage-coronaviruses-COVID-19-and-beyond |access-date=4 December 2025 |publisher=World Health Organization |date=3 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204154821/https://www.who.int/news/item/03-12-2025-WHO-launches-new-unified-plan-for-countries-to-manage-coronaviruses-COVID-19-and-beyond |archive-date=4 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|COVID-19|Viruses}}<br />
* [[Coronavirus diseases]]<br />
* [[Zoonosis]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{Commons category|Orthocoronavirinae}}<br />
{{Wikispecies|Orthocoronavirinae}}<br />
{{Wiktionary}}<br />
<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Acheson | first=N. H. | date=2011 | chapter=Chapter 14: Coronaviruses | title=Fundamentals of molecular virology | location=Hoboken, NJ | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | pages=159–171 | isbn=978-0-470-90059-8 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Alwan A, Mahjour J, Memish ZA | title = Novel coronavirus infection: time to stay ahead of the curve | journal = Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal | volume = 19 | pages = S3–4 | date = 2013 | issue = Suppl 1 | pmid = 23888787 | doi = 10.26719/2013.19.supp1.S3 | doi-access = free }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Laude H, Rasschaert D, Delmas B, Godet M, Gelfi J, Charley B | title = Molecular biology of transmissible gastroenteritis virus | journal = Veterinary Microbiology | volume = 23 | issue = 1–4 | pages = 147–54 | date = June 1990 | pmid = 2169670 | doi = 10.1016/0378-1135(90)90144-K | pmc = 7117338 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sola I, Alonso S, Zúñiga S, Balasch M, Plana-Durán J, Enjuanes L | title = Engineering the transmissible gastroenteritis virus genome as an expression vector inducing lactogenic immunity | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 77 | issue = 7 | pages = 4357–69 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12634392 | pmc = 150661 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.77.7.4357-4369.2003 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Tajima |first1=M. |title=Morphology of transmissible gastroenteritis virus of pigs |journal=Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung |date=1970 |volume=29 |pages=105–108 |doi=10.1007/BF01253886 |pmid=4195092 |pmc=7086923 }}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
{{Medical resources<br />
|ICD10 = {{ICD10|B97.2}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Common cold}}<br />
{{Viral diseases}}<br />
{{Coronaviridae}}<br />
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q57751738|from2=Q15233924|from3=Q290805}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{Portal bar|COVID-19|Medicine|Viruses}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Coronaviruses| ]]<br />
[[Category:Animal virology]]<br />
[[Category:Coronaviridae| ]]<br />
[[Category:Virus subfamilies]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalari_(film)&diff=507610Kalari (film)2026-03-03T03:21:56Z<p>DottyN0357445099: made the data v1!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Kalari<br />
| image = Kalari poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = Kiran Chand<br />
| producer = Senith Keloth<br />
| writer = Kiran Chand<br />
| starring = [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]]<br>[[Vidya Pradeep]]<br>[[Samyuktha Menon]]<br />
| music = [[V. V. Prasanna]]<br />
| cinematography = [[R. B. Gurudev]]<br />
| editing = [[S. N. Fazil]]<br />
| studio = Nakshatra Movie Magic<br />
| released = {{Film date|2018|08|24|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 150 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <!-- Add with a Reliable source --><br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kalari''''' ({{translation|Warfield}}) is a 2018 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by Kiran Chand and produced by Senith Keloth under the Nakshathra Movie Magic banner. The film stars [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]], [[Vidya Pradeep]], and [[Samyuktha Menon]] in the lead roles, while [[M. S. Bhaskar]] and [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] play pivotal roles. The soundtrack and background score were composed by V. Prasanna, while the cinematography and editing were done by [[R. B. Gurudev]] and [[Sathyaraj Natarajan]] respectively. The film was released on 24 August 2018.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] as Murugesan <br />
*[[Vidya Pradeep]] as Mallika<br />
*[[Samyuktha Menon|Samyuktha]] as Thenmozhi<br />
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Maari<br />
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Siddique Bhai<br />
*[[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]] as Anwar<br />
*[[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]] as Murugesan's friend<br />
*[[Sendrayan]] as Peter<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
Directed by debutant Kiran, the film is set in Vathuruthy in Kochi and tells the tale of a strained father-son relationship. [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] was signed to portray a man with [[agoraphobia]] who wants to lead a peaceful life, while his abusive father, essayed by [[M. S. Bhaskar]], was characterised as a rogue who lives life at his own will. [[Vidya Pradeep]] was selected to play Krishna's pair, while [[Samyuktha Menon]] was signed to debut as Krishna's sister. [[R. B. Gurudev]] handled the film's cinematography, while playback singer V. Prasanna turned music composer with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2017 |title=Krishna is an omniphobic in Kalari |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/090817/krishna-is-an-omniphobic-in-kalari.html}}</ref> Kiran had filmed the project in Vathuruthy owing to its large Tamil population and its proximity to a railway track, which features throughout the film. In regard to the title, Krishna noted the film has nothing to do with [[kalaripayattu]], the art form. He stated that "kalari" in Tamil means war, and the film dealt with the internal and external wars of his character in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Mrinalini |date=11 August 2017 |title=Kalari has nothing to do with kalaripayattu: Krishna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalari-has-nothing-to-do-with-kalaripayattu-krishna/articleshow/60004972.cms |access-date=28 March 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
The shoot of the film began in January 2017 and continued throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2017 |title=Vidya Pradeep Drifts to K'Town |url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/vidya-pradeep-drifts-to-ktown-article43587.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225064805/https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/vidya-pradeep-drifts-to-ktown-article43587.htm |archive-date=25 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2017 |title=Vidya Pradeep goes to Sandalwood |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270117/vidya-pradeep-goes-to-sandalwood.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2017 |title=Vidya Pradeep talks about her role in Atharvaa's Othaikku Otha |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-17/vidya-pradeep-talks-about-her-role-in-atharvaas-othaikku-otha.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release==<br />
''The Times of India'' gave the film two out of five stars and wrote that "Kalari is let down by the dated treatment. Neither the script nor the filmmaking feels fresh."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalari Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Kalari by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kalari/movie-review/65526224.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Track listing ==<br />
* Kedaya - [[Vaishali Samant]], Prassanna<br />
* Sokkali - [[Velmurugan]], Mahalingam<br />
* Yaaradhu - [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], M. M. Monisha<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2018 films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purulia_Junction_railway_station&diff=527410Purulia Junction railway station2026-02-21T13:55:59Z<p>DottyN0357445099: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway Station in West Bengal, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]]<br />{{font color|blue|PURULIA JUNCTION}}<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| system = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| image = File:ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱝᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Purulia junction sign board in Bangla, Santali, Hindi and English <br />
| address = Station Road, [[Purulia]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.325|86.378|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| elevation = {{convert|246|m|ft}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|noclear=y<br />
|system=Indian Railways<br />
|line=South Eastern Railway zone|left=Chharrah|right=Tamna|type=[[Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line]]<br />
|line2=South Eastern Railway zone|left2=|right2=Gourinathdham|type2=[[Purulia–Ranchi line]]}}<br />
| services_collapsible = yes<br />
| route_map = {{Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line|inline=y}}<br />
<br />
{{Purulia topics}}<br />
{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Adra railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Purulia district]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1890]]<br />
[[Category:Railway junction stations in West Bengal]]<br />
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone]]<br />
| line = [[Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line]], [[Purulia–Ranchi line]] and [[Purulia–Bokaro Steel City line]]<br />
| platform = 4<br />
| tracks = 6<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = Standard on ground<br />
| parking = Available<br />
| bicycle = Available<br />
| accessible = <br />
| status = Functional<br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = PRR<br />
| Station Category = A<br />
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone]]<br />
| division = {{rwd|Adra}}<br />
}}<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.irctc.co.in/nget/train-search}}<br />
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1890}}<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = 1961–62<br />
| former = [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]<br />
| passengers = Average 7533 per day.<br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| map_type = India West Bengal#India<br />
| map_dot_label = Purulia Junction<br />
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map<br />
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Purulia railway station''' (station code:- '''PRR''') serves [[Purulia City]] the headquarters of [[Purulia district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is situated at the eastern side of the city with railway owned colonies which is home for working staffs. The station is under NSG3 category.<br />
<br />
Purulia Junction railway station is presently a three-way junction point having direct connection to [[Asansol]]/[[Adra, Purulia|Adra]], Muri/[[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]]/[[Ranchi]] and [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|Tatanagar]]/[[Chakradharpur]].<br />
<br />
12828 Purulia–Howrah Superfast Express is the most important and oldest train of the whole region that connects to Kolkata. 12884 Purulia–Howrah Rupashi Bangla Express is another direct option running on the counter times of 12827/28.12801 Purushottam SF Express is the only daily link to New Delhi. 22605 Purulia–Villupuram Weekly Superfast Express is another important train connecting to Vellore that originates from here. 12152 Samarsata SF Express is the bi-weekly train to LTT-Mumbai.<br />
Totos (e-rickshaws) are available for local transport. Taxi and Maxi is available for long-distance travels from the station.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] was formed in 1887 for the purpose of upgrading the [[Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway]] and then extending it via [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] to [[Asansol Junction|Asansol]], in order to develop a shorter Howrah–Mumbai route than the one via Allahabad.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://railwaysofraj.blogspot.in/2011/08/number-1-down-mail.html |title = Number 1 Down Mail| publisher= Railways of the Raj| access-date = 2012-11-10 }}</ref> The Bengal Nagpur Railway main line from Nagpur to Asansol, on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]], was opened for goods traffic on 1 February 1891.<ref name=ser>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway|publisher=South Eastern Railway|access-date=2012-11-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1|archive-date=1 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Purulia–Ranchi line was opened as a narrow-gauge railway of BNR in 1907.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html|title = IR History: Part - III (1900 - 1947) | publisher=IRFCA | access-date = 2012-11-12 }}</ref> The Ranchi–Kotshila section was upgraded to broad gauge in 1960 and the Kotshila–Purulia section subsequently.<ref name=ser/><br />
<br />
==Electrification==<br />
The Purulia–Chakradharpur, Kandra–Gomharria, Sini–Adityapur, Adityapur–Tatanagar, [[Chakradharpur]]–Manoharpur and Manoharpur–Rourkela sections were electrified in 1961–62.<ref name=electric>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-10 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://purulia.gov.in/services/rly_time_table.html Trains at Purulia]<br />
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Purulia}}</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Film_Journalists%27_Association_%E2%80%93_Best_Foreign_Actor_Award&diff=490429Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Foreign Actor Award2026-02-18T17:12:24Z<p>DottyN0357445099: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film award}}<br />
{{unreferenced|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
Here is a list of the recipients of the Best Foreign Actor Award given by [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|Bengal Film Journalists' Association]] and the films for which they won. <br />
<br />
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"<br />
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"<br />
! Year || Actor || Film<br />
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe<br />
| 1946 || [[Cary Grant]] || ''[[Arsenic and Old Lace (film)|Arsenic and Old Lace]]''<br />
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe<br />
| 1945 || [[Robert Walker (actor, born 1918)|Robert Walker]] || ''[[Since You Went Away]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]<br />
* [[Cinema of India]]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengal Film Journalists' Association - Best Foreign Actor Award}}<br />
[[Category:Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikkim_Alpine_University&diff=535835Sikkim Alpine University2026-02-15T16:51:05Z<p>DottyN0357445099: starting the article initial version.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|State Private university at Namchi, Sikkim, India}}<br />
{{Notability|reason=nothing to read in this article|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
|name = Sikkim Alpine University<br />
|image = <br />
|image_size = <br />
|motto = <br />
|established = 2021<br />
|type = Private<br />
|chancellor = Shri Arjinder Bansal<br />
|vice_chancellor = Prof. Sushil Kumar Tiwari<br />
|city = Namchi<br />
|state = [[Sikkim]]<br />
|country = India<br />
|postcode = 737126<br />
|website = https://sikkimalpineuniversity.edu.in/<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sikkim Alpine University''', established in 2021, is a new private university at Namchi, [[Sikkim]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim nod for two private universities |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/sikkim-nod-for-two-private-universities/cid/1818955 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2021-12-11 |title=Symposium Organised by Sikkim Alpine University on International Human Rights Day |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/12/11/symposium-organised-by-sikkim-alpine-university-on-international-human-rights-day/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref> It is a State Private University established by the State Legislature of Government of Sikkim by Act 4 of 2006 & further amended with Act 14 of 2021.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Universities in Sikkim}}<br />
{{Sikkim topics}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Sikkim}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Universities in Sikkim]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Sikkim]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2021]]<br />
[[Category:Gangtok]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-edu-stub}}</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_M%C3%A9nard&diff=468162André Ménard2026-02-05T18:18:55Z<p>DottyN0357445099: improve layout based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|French colonial governor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
'''André Ménard''' (14 February 1907<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?biw=1600&bih=794&tbm=bks&ei=jsYOW4GcLcXE6AT1so3oAQ&q=Andr%C3%A9+M%C3%A9nard+N%C3%A9+%C3%A0+Blois+%28Loir-et-+Cher%29%2C+le+14+f%C3%A9vrier+1907&oq=Andr%C3%A9+M%C3%A9nard+N%C3%A9+%C3%A0+Blois+%28Loir-et-+Cher%29%2C+le+14+f%C3%A9vrier+1907&gs_l=psy-ab.12...3881.3881.0.5276.1.1.0.0.0.0.196.196.0j1.1.0....0...1c.2.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.VA1bWkfAoRs Google search: André Ménard Né à Blois (Loir-et- Cher), le 14 février 1907]</ref> in [[Blois]], France – 4 November 1988 in Paris, France)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Andr%C3%A9-M%C3%A9nard/359348569010003040|title=André Ménard|date=14 February 1907 }}</ref> was a [[Governor General]] in the [[French colonial empire]] in the 20th century.<br />
<br />
==Significant events==<br />
During his reign, the [[coup d'État de Yanaon]] happened on 13 June 1954. In the aftermath, he recalled the [[Administration (government)|Administrator]] of [[Yanam]] (Administrateur de Yanaon), George Sala, to [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<br />
<br />
==Titles==<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-gov}}<br />
{{succession box | before= Robert Charles Henri Kuter | title=Governor of [[New Hebrides]] | after=Pierre Amédée Joseph Émile Jean | years=1947–1949}}<br />
<br />
{{succession box | before= [[Charles Chambon]] | title=Governor General of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondichéry]] | after=Georges Escargueil | years=31 July 1950 – October 1954}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* ''Book of the French Military''{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Menard, Andre}}<br />
[[Category:French generals]]<br />
[[Category:Governors of French India]]<br />
[[Category:1907 births]]<br />
[[Category:1988 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Resident commissioners of the New Hebrides (France)]]<br />
<br />
{{France-Army-bio-stub}}</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagercoil%E2%80%93Mangaluru_Amrit_Bharat_Express&diff=477854Nagercoil–Mangaluru Amrit Bharat Express2026-01-25T07:12:02Z<p>DottyN0357445099: new a bio</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Nagercoil Junction–Mangaluru Junction Amrit Bharat Express]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
}}</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bengali_films_of_1996&diff=473135List of Bengali films of 19962026-01-14T09:55:47Z<p>DottyN0357445099: enhance lead further</p>
<hr />
<div>#Redirect [[List of Bengali films]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuskha-e-Hamidiya&diff=522611Nuskha-e-Hamidiya2026-01-11T22:29:42Z<p>DottyN0357445099: New - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|19th century manuscript by Ghalib}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Nuskha-e-Hamidiya<br />
| title_orig = نسخۂ حمیدیہ<br />
| image = Nuskaha-e-Hamidiyya.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| author = [[Ghalib]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Urdu]]<br />
| genre = [[Ghazal]] (poetry)<br />
| published = Manuscript completed 1821 CE (1237 AH)<br />
| pub_date = 1921<br />
| publisher = Hamidiya Library, [[Bhopal]]<br />
| media_type = [[Manuscript]]<br />
| pages = 1,900{{endash}}2,152 verses (130 pages approx.){{efn|''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn newspaper]]'' has mentioned 1,900 verses, while ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' write 2,152 verses}}<br />
| isbn = 978-1518865756<br />
| oclc = 957584202<br />
| preceded_by = Early versions of Ghalib's ''dīwān''<br />
| followed_by = Mutadāvil Dīvān (printed editions)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Nuskha-e-Hamidiya'''''{{efn|also spelled as '''Nuskha-e-Hamidiyya''' (Urdu: نسخۂ حمیدیہ)}} is an early nineteenth-century [[manuscript]] of the [[diwan (poetry)|diwan]] (collected poetry) of [[Ghalib]], one of the greatest [[Urdu poetry|Urdu poet]]s and letter writer. The manuscript was copied in 1821 CE (1237 AH) and later housed in the Hamidiya Library, [[Bhopal]], from which it derives its name. It is one of the earliest evidences to Ghalib's poetry and documents a larger collection of verses than the [[printing|standard printed edition]]s of his dīwān. It has been a central source for understanding the [[evolution]] of his corpus.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
Ghalib compiled multiple versions of his dīwān during [[Life of Ghalib|his lifetime]].<ref name="n565">{{cite web | last=Farooqi | first=Mehr Afshan | title=COLUMN: The Nuskha-e-Hamidiyya: the divaan of Ghalib's youth | website=DAWN.COM | date=2014-10-09 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1136840 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221164423/https://www.dawn.com/news/1136840 | archive-date=2019-12-21 | url-status=live | access-date=2025-08-27}}</ref> The best-known and widely circulated edition is the ''mutadāvil dīvān'', which was first printed in the mid-nineteenth century and contained a comparatively smaller selection of verses.<ref name="g130">{{cite web | title=Nuskha-e-Hamidiya : Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib | website=Internet Archive | date=2016-10-23 | url=https://archive.org/details/nuskhaihamidiya/page/n1/mode/1up | access-date=2025-08-27}}</ref> By contrast, the ''Nuskha-e-Hamidiya'' preserves a significantly larger body of work, including [[poem]]s that Ghalib later excluded from the printed compilations.<ref name="n565"/><br />
<br />
The manuscript is thought to have been prepared by a professional [[calligrapher]] Hafiz Mueenuddin in 1821. An ownership seal belonging to [[Faujdar]] Muhammad Khan indicates that it was acquired by him in 1832. In the early twentieth century, the manuscript was rediscovered in the Hamidiya Library, Bhopal, where it came to scholarly attention.<ref name="n565"/><br />
<br />
The first edited version was published in 1921 by Mufti Anwarul Haq, though later scholars criticized the edition for inaccuracies. Subsequent studies by [[Imtiaz Ali 'Arshi'|Maulana Imtiaz Ali Khan Arshi]] and others attempted to establish a more reliable text. The original manuscript was last reported in the mid-1940s and is believed to have been lost during the upheavals of [[partition of India|partition in 1947]].<ref name="n565"/><br />
<br />
Modern editions and facsimiles have relied on earlier notes, [[collation]]s, and [[photograph]]s of the manuscript. In the twenty-first century, [[book scanning|digitized scan]]s from private archives, including the Hussaini Art Gallery, helped revive scholarly access to the text.<ref name="n565"/><br />
<br />
== Synopsis ==<br />
The Nuskha-e-Hamidiya consists mainly of [[ghazal]]s, with a total of around 1,900{{endash}}2152<ref name="c717">{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Nikhil | title=Why We Must Read Ghalib's Rejected Verses | website=The Wire | date=2024-03-30 | url=https://thewire.in/culture/books/why-we-must-read-ghalibs-rejected-verses | access-date=2025-08-27}}</ref><ref name="n565"/> verses, of which nearly 1,200 do not appear in the standard printed editions. [[:wikt:marginal note|Marginal note]]s, additions, and seals provide insight into the manuscript's transmission history. Some marginal ghazals have been the subject of scholarly [[debate]], with differing opinions about whether they were composed by Ghalib himself or added from other contemporary sources.<ref name="n565"/><br />
<br />
== Significance ==<br />
The ''Nuskha-e-Hamidiya'' provides insight into the range of Ghalib's early poetic production prior to the selective revisions that shaped his later published dīwān. It documents material that illustrates processes of revision and exclusion, and has been a source for discussion regarding the attribution of certain poems and the role of [[scribe]]s and early compilers in the transmission of the text.<ref name="n565"/><br />
<br />
The manuscript's discovery expanded the known corpus of Ghalib's poetry and contributed to later editorial work. Its study has also been examined in the context of canon formation in the [[Urdu literature]] and the practices of manuscript transmission in nineteenth-century India.<ref name="n565"/><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* ''[[Diwan-e-Ghalib]]''<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite web | last=Tahir | first=Nabil | title=Bijnori – A scholar ahead of his time | website=The Express Tribune | date=2024-09-14 | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2496224/bijnori-a-scholar-ahead-of-his-time | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006050225/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2496224/bijnori-a-scholar-ahead-of-his-time | archive-date=2024-10-06 | url-status=live | access-date=2025-08-27}}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Ghalib | first=Mirza Asadullah Khan | title=Dīvān-i G̲h̲ālib: Nusk̲h̲a-e-Hameedia | publisher=Majlasi Tarraqī-e-Urdū | date=1969 | url=https://books.google.com/books/about/D%25C4%25ABv%25C4%2581n_i_G%25CC%25B2h%25CC%25B2%25C4%2581lib.html?id=6kBRwAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y | language=ur | access-date=2025-08-27}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/nuskha-e-hamidiya-deewan-e-ghalib-mirza-ghalib-ebooks Nuskha-e-Hamidiya] at [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian poetry collections]]<br />
[[Category:Poetry by Mirza Ghalib]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language poetry]]<br />
[[Category:Persian poetry]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeet_(TV_series)&diff=452585Jeet (TV series)2026-01-10T07:38:08Z<p>DottyN0357445099: enhance content for clarity and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Jeet serial.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| runtime = 53 minutes<br />
| company = Rose Audio Visuals<br />
| director = Bhooshan Patel<br />
| starring = see below<br />
| opentheme = "Jeet" by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| network = [[StarPlus]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2003|10|10}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2004|4|2}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/star-plus-brings-darr-at-friday-fright-night-slotadieus-jeet-11479.html|title=STAR Plus brings Darr at Friday fright-night slot, adieus Jeet - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=April 2004 }}</ref><br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 26<br />
}}<br />
'''''Jeet''''' is a Hindi-language television series that aired on [[StarPlus]] from 10 October 2003 to 2 April 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=STAR turns to 2 Js to strengthen programming|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/star-turns-to-2-js-to-strengthen-programming/articleshow/209645.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> It is based on lives of three individuals (Vikram, Janki and Nandini) and their love, of trust and of sacrifice. It is the story of how losing yourself in love is the best victory that you can have.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/7542_Jeet-One-for-the-teacher |title=Jeet: One for the teacher |publisher=afaqs|date=2003-11-06|accessdate=15 April 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The show is mainly based on the life of a young arrogant boy, Vikram Mall, who leaves behind a successful life in abroad to go back to India to teach at a college where he graduated from, because he deems that he can make a difference. At first, his excessive uprising to the old college’s authority gets him on the wrong side of the trustees, but slowly he manages to gain back the trust of the authority members, and they get him popular among students and other teachers.<br />
Vikram's charm first annoys and then interests Janki, a colleague, and they are drawn to each other. But all these hopes are soon washed out as Mall's scarred past catches up with him. The trustee of the college Jamini Devi whose daughter Nandini and Vikram were once in love is hell-bent on throwing Vikram out of the college unless they get back together again much against Jamini Devi's well laid plans.<br />
Shortly as the time passes, Nandini also comes as a professor to the college with the sole intention of spiting Vikram. Nandini and Mall are in fact victims of a misunderstanding which was carefully planned out by Nandini's, mother Jamini Devi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://starutsav.indya.com/serials/jeet/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708151757/http://starutsav.indya.com/serials/jeet/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2006|title=indya.com - STAR - STAR Utsav - Jeet|date=8 July 2006}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Ankur Nayyar]] as Vikram Mal<br />
* [[Aparna Tilak]] as Janki Mal Sehgal<br />
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] as Amrita<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031019/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><br />
* [[Neeru Bajwa]] as Nandini<br />
* Kanika Kohli as Naina<br />
* Dileep Saxena as Doctor<br />
* [[Sunaina]] as Ritu<br />
* [[Bharat Kapoor]] as Mr. Sharma<br />
* [[Anupam Shyam]] as Kantaprasad<br />
* [[Pavan Malhotra]] as Rekhari<ref name="auto"/><br />
* [[Arun Govil]] as Venu<ref name="auto"/><br />
* [[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] as Richa<br />
* Shekhar Shukla as College Professor<br />
* [[Krutika Desai Khan]] as Jamini Devi<ref name="auto"/><br />
* [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Amrita's Father-In-Law<br />
* [[Abbas Khan (actor)|Abbas Khan]] as Amrita's Husband<br />
* Rakesh as Vikram's Friend<br />
* Sumit Pathak as Rahul<br />
* [[Vaquar Shaikh]] as College Professor<br />
* Anupam Bhattacharya as Siddharth<br />
* Mohan Gupte as Vikram's Father<br />
* [[Savita Prabhune]] as Vikram's Mother<br />
* [[Nigaar Khan]] as Anjali<br />
* [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] as Dev<br />
* [[Alefia Kapadia]] as Nisha<br />
* Ashish Kapoor as Saurav<br />
* Sudhir Mitoo as Mr. Makhija<br />
* Gulfam Ali as Mrs. Makhija<br />
* Dinesh Hakku as Saurav's Father<br />
* Manju Vyas as Saurav's Mother<br />
* Ranvir Khurana as Sharad<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{SP Shows}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeet (Tv Series)}}<br />
[[Category:2000 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2004 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Rose Audio Visuals]]<br />
[[Category:2003 Indian television series debuts]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalaivettiyaan_Paalayam&diff=540210Thalaivettiyaan Paalayam2025-12-23T11:01:56Z<p>DottyN0357445099: starting some details needs work.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Thalaivettiyaan Paalayam.jpg<br />
| genre = {{ubl|<br />
* [[Comedy drama]]<br />
}}<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]''}}<br />
| story = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| writer = Balakumaran Murugesan<br />
| director = [[Naga (director)|Naga]]<br />
| starring = Abishek Kumar <br> [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] <br> [[Devadarshini]] <br> Niyathi <br> [[Anandsami]] <br> Paul Raj <br> Veera Sai Manikandan Thogaru<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 8<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = Vijay Koshy <br> Shreyansh Pandey<br />
| producer = [[Arunabh Kumar]]<br />
| company = [[The Viral Fever|A TVF Creation]]<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| composer = <br />
| open_theme = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editor = <br />
| runtime = approx.26–34 minutes per episode<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2024|9|20}}<br />
| last_aired = <br />
| related = [[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]<br />
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| creator = [[Deepak Kumar Mishra]] <br> [[Arunabh Kumar]]<br />
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Thalaivettiyaan Paalayam''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[comedy drama]] television series, which is an official remake of the [[Hindi]]-language series ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/thalaivettiyaan-paalayam-webseries-releasing-tomorrow-on-amazon-prime|title='காமெடி... காமெடி... காமெடி' - மெகா ஹிட் இந்தி வெப் சீரிஸின் தமிழ் ரீமேக்|date=20 September 2024|publisher=cinema.vikatan.com|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=24 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924174402/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/thalaivettiyaan-paalayam-webseries-releasing-tomorrow-on-amazon-prime|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994747619/Thalaivettiyaan-Paalayam-A-Heartwarming-Yet-Flawed-Remake-of-Panchayat|title=Thalaivettiyaan Paalayam reamke of hindi series|date=20 September 2024 |publisher=www.indiaherald.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> The series writer by Balakumaran Murugesan and directed by [[Naga (director)|Naga]] for [[Amazon Prime Video]]. Produced by [[Arunabh Kumar]] under the banner of [[The Viral Fever|TVF]], the show revolves around journey of a young boy (Siddharth) from [[Chennai]], who navigates the challenges of his new and unfamiliar surroundings in the remote village of Thalaivettiyaan Paalayam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/thalaivettiyaan-paalayam-review-908271|title=Thalaivettiyaan Paalayam Review: A quirky and pleasant escape into rural life|date=20 September 2024|publisher=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=24 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924174400/https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/thalaivettiyaan-paalayam-review-908271|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The principal characters of the series include Abishek Kumar, [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]], [[Devadarshini]], Niyathi, [[Anandsami]], Paul Raj and Veera Sai Manikandan Thogaru. The series premiered on 20 September 2024 on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and consists of eight episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/ott-platform/ott-review/1315681-thalaivettiyaan-paalayam-review.html |title=தலைவெட்டியான் பாளையம் அசலுக்கு நியாயம் செய்ததா தமிழ் 'பஞ்சாயத்'? |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]|date=23 September 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
=== Main ===<br />
* Abishek Kumar as Siddharth; secretary of Gram Panchayat<br />
* [[Chetan (actor)|Chethan]] as Meenakshi Sundaram; chairman's husband<br />
* [[Devadarshini|Devadharshini]] as Meenakshi Devi; chairman<br />
* [[Anandsami]] as Prabhu <br />
* Paul Raj as Lakshmipathi<br />
* Veera Sai Manikandan Thogaru as Vigensh <br />
* Niyati Kadambi as Soundarya; daughter of Meenakshi Sundaram and Meenakshi Devi<br />
<br />
=== Recurring ===<br />
* Uvan Swang as Muruganantham (Episodes: 3–4,8)<br />
* Muralidaran as Groom (Episode: 3)<br />
* Regin Rose as Isakki (Episode: 4)<br />
* Eswar Moorthy as VAO (Episode: 4)<br />
* Sathyamoorthy as Chinnarasu Thatha (Episode: 4)<br />
* Pradeep Ravichandar as Mathayian (Episode: 7)<br />
* Keerthi Pradeep as Mathayian's Wife (Episode: 7)<br />
* [[Shylaja Chetlur]] as [[District magistrate]] (Episode: 8)<br />
<br />
==Episodes==<br />
=== Season 1 (2024) ===<br />
{{Episode table|background=50A2A6 |overall=|title=|writer=|director=Deepak Kumar Mishra|airdate=20 September 2024|<br />
episodes={{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 1<br />
|Title = Secretary Saar!<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Naga (director)|Naga]]<br />
|WrittenBy = Bala Kumaran <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|9|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
|LineColor = 50A2A6 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 2<br />
|Title = Marathula pei irukkam la?<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Naga (director)|Naga]]<br />
|WrittenBy = Bala Kumaran <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|9|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
|LineColor = 50A2A6 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 3<br />
|Title = Oru Narkali ka itna sandai?<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Naga (director)|Naga]]<br />
|WrittenBy = Bala Kumaran <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|9|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
|LineColor = 50A2A6 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 4<br />
|Title = Poopunitha neerattu vizha!<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Naga (director)|Naga]]<br />
|WrittenBy = Bala Kumaran <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|9|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
|LineColor = 50A2A6 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 5<br />
|Title = Kudi Monitorayum kedukkum<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Naga (director)|Naga]]<br />
|WrittenBy = Bala Kumaran <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|9|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary =<br />
|LineColor = 50A2A6 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 6<br />
|Title = Inimey pechukku idam illa<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Naga (director)|Naga]]<br />
|WrittenBy = Bala Kumaran <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|9|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 50A2A6 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 7<br />
|Title = Rendula onnu<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Naga (director)|Naga]]<br />
|WrittenBy = Bala Kumaran <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|9|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 50A2A6 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 8<br />
|Title = Sound Amma<br />
|DirectedBy = [[Naga (director)|Naga]]<br />
|WrittenBy = Bala Kumaran <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|9|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 50A2A6 <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Development ==<br />
=== Production ===<br />
The series is produced by [[Arunabh Kumar]] under the banner of [[The Viral Fever|A TVF Creation]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/entertainment-news/news/77992/TVF-and-Prime-Video-announces-premiere-of-Tamil-original-comedy-drama-series-Thalaivettiyaan-Paalayam.html|title=TVF and Prime Video announces premiere of Tamil original comedy drama series Thalaivettiyaan Paalayam|website=www.peepingmoon.com|date=6 September 2024|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=24 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924174401/https://www.peepingmoon.com/entertainment-news/news/77992/TVF-and-Prime-Video-announces-premiere-of-Tamil-original-comedy-drama-series-Thalaivettiyaan-Paalayam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the same company that produced it in [[Panchayat (TV series)|Hindi version]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/thalaivettiyaan-paalayam-review-panchayat-remake-is-heartwarming-drama-despite-its-shortcomings-9059548.html|title=Thalaivettiyaan Paalayam Review: Panchayat Remake Is Heartwarming Drama Despite Its Shortcomings|date=22 September 2024|publisher=[[News18 India]]|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=24 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924174401/https://www.news18.com/movies/thalaivettiyaan-paalayam-review-panchayat-remake-is-heartwarming-drama-despite-its-shortcomings-9059548.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Which has already produced in Tamil [[Adult]] [[Comedy-drama]] series, ''[[Engga Hostel]]'', for [[Amazon Prime Video]] in 2023. [[Naga (director)|Naga]] of ''[[Marmadesam]]'' (1996–1997), ''[[Ramany vs Ramany]]'' (2001) and ''[[Anandhapurathu Veedu]]'' (2010) fame, will direct the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/thalaivettiyaan-paalayam-season-1-review-a-faithful-tamil-remake-of-jitendra-kumar-s-panchayat-101726813060287.html|title=Thalaivettiyaan Paalayam Season 1 review: A faithful Tamil remake of Jitendra Kumar's Panchayat|website=www.hindustantimes.com|date=20 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
Actor Abishek Kumar was cast main role as Siddharth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/whats-new-on-amazon-prime-video-latest-ott-web-series-tv-shows-and-movies-to-watch-on-the-ott-platform/5fb8adf4a4570|title=Explore the latest Prime Video releases - Top web series, TV shows, and movies to watch now|website=www.ottplay.com|date=18 September 2024|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=24 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924174401/https://www.ottplay.com/news/whats-new-on-amazon-prime-video-latest-ott-web-series-tv-shows-and-movies-to-watch-on-the-ott-platform/5fb8adf4a4570|url-status=live}}</ref> This is his first role in a main lead role. [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] and [[Devadarshini]] was cast as Meenakshi Sundaram and Meenakshi Devi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/thalaivettiyaan-palayam-web-series-team-interview|title="இந்தி சீரிஸ தமிழ் கலாசாரத்துக்கு ஏத்த மாதிரி மாத்துனோம்" -படக்குழு பேட்டி|date=22 September 2024|publisher=cinema.vikatan.com|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=24 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924174401/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/thalaivettiyaan-palayam-web-series-team-interview|url-status=live}}</ref> Actress [[Shylaja Chetlur]] was cast in episode 8 as [[District magistrate]]. Chetan, Devadarshini and Shylaja Chetlur has worked with [[Naga (director)|Naga]]’s series ''[[Marmadesam]]'' (1996–1997), ''[[Ramany vs Ramany]]'' (2001), ''[[Rudraveena (TV series)|Rudraveena]]'' (2004 and ''[[Chidambara Rahasiyam (TV series)|Chidambara Rahasiyam]]'' (2006).<br />
<br />
=== Release ===<br />
The series trailer was released on 13 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/director-naga-s-thalaivettiyaan-paalayam-trailer-weaves-humour-heartwarming-moments-331926|title=Director Naga's 'Thalaivettiyaan Paalayam' trailer weaves humour with heartwarming moments|website=www.sakshipost.com|date=13 September 2024|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=24 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924174400/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/director-naga-s-thalaivettiyaan-paalayam-trailer-weaves-humour-heartwarming-moments-331926|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|31914166}}<br />
* [https://www.primevideo.com/region/eu/detail/0T2SRS1SSPDRHS066YHSHYOT3A/src/util/logger/kirup.ts ''Thalaivettiyaan Paalayam''] at [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]<br />
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy television series]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leptolalax_khasiorum&diff=512110Leptolalax khasiorum2025-12-18T04:14:32Z<p>DottyN0357445099: adding first post v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}<br />
{{speciesbox<br />
| status =<br />
| status_system =<br />
| taxon = Leptolalax khasiorum<br />
| authority = [[Indraneil Das|Das]], Tron, Rangad, and Hooroo, 2010<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Leptolalax khasiorum''''' is a species of [[frog]]s belonging to the [[genus]] ''[[Leptolalax]]''. It is so far reported only from the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]], from the subtropical wet forests of [[Mawphlang]] in [[Khasi Hills]], [[Meghalaya]], [[India]].<ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/?action=names&taxon=Leptolalax+khasiorum |title=''Leptolalax khasiorum'' Das, Tron, Rangad, and Hooroo, 2010 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2013 |work=Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=19 October 2013}}</ref> It is a small [[amphibian]]; the male measuring 25.6&nbsp;mm, and female 32.5&nbsp;mm. The [[species]] is diagnosed with unique features such as [[eyelids]] with [[tubercles]], distinct [[tympanum (zoology)|tympanum]] and supratympanic folds, undilated toe tips with [[dermal]] fringes, dorsum with dark blotches, flanks with large dark blotches, dark tympanic mask, limbs with dark cross-bars, and distinct color patches.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Das I, Lyngdoh Tron RK, Rangad D, Hooroo RN | year = 2010 | url = http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/z02339p056f.pdf | title = A new species of ''Leptolalax'' (Anura: Megophryidae) from the sacred groves of Mawphlang, Meghalaya, north-eastern India | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2339 | pages = 44–56| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.2339.1.2 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Leptolalax_khasiorum Wikispecies]<br />
* [http://amphibiaweb.org/amphibian/newspecies.html AmphibiaWeb]<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3230058}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Leptolalax|khasiorum]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]<br />
[[Category:Frogs of India]]<br />
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2010]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Megophryidae-stub}}</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wanigam_Bala&diff=545515Wanigam Bala2025-12-05T08:28:14Z<p>DottyN0357445099: </p>
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<div>{{orphan|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{onesource|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Wanigam Bala<br />
| native_name = Weayngam Bala<br />
| native_name_lang = ks<br />
| settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
| pushpin_map = Jammu and Kashmir<br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 300<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[Union territory|Union Territory]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Jammu and Kashmir|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baramulla District|Baramulla]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pattan]]<br />
| leader_title = <br />
| leader_name = <br />
| established_title = <br />
| established_date = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 204.4<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />(In hectares)<br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_total = 1,538<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = <br />
| timezone = [[India Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset = +5:30<br />
| timezone_DST = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset_DST = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|34.16667404835274|N|74.50231431915878|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}}<br />
| elevation_m = 1578<br />
| area_code = 002315<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Wanigam Bala''' is a village in [[Baramulla district]] in the [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It is {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from [[Pattan]], the [[tehsil]] capital.<ref name="indiagrowing">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Jammu_And_Kashmir/Baramulla/Pattan/Wanigam_Bala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731183448/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Jammu_And_Kashmir/Baramulla/Pattan/Wanigam_Bala|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 July 2022|title=Wanigam Bala Population (2021/2022), Village in Pattan Tehsil|website=indiagrowing.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]] around 1,538 people live in the village with 780 people male and 758 people female. The [[literacy rate]] in the village is 52.86% where around 57.56% of the male are literate and 48.02% of the females are literate. There are around 212 houses in the village.<ref name="indiagrowing"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Baramulla district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shivkumar_Shukla&diff=535172Shivkumar Shukla2025-12-01T04:26:56Z<p>DottyN0357445099: starting new bio more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian classical vocalist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Shivkumar Shukla<br />
| image = Shivkumar Shukla (1918–1998).jpg<br />
| caption = Shivkumar Shukla<br />
| native_name = शिवकुमार शुक्ला<br />
| native_name_lang = hi<br />
| alias = Sangeet Rasraj<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|7|12|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Gondal State|Gondal]], [[Bombay Presidency]] [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|12|31|1918|7|12|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], India<br />
| genre = <br />
| occupation = classical singer<br />
| instrument = <br />
| years_active = <!-- YYYY–YYYY (or –present) --><br />
| label = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Pandit]] '''Shivkumar Shukla''' (12 July 1918 – 31 December 1998) was an Indian classical vocalist of the [[Bhendibazaar gharana]]. A recipient of the 1992 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], he was known for his works in [[Khyal|Khayal]] form of [[Hindustani classical music]]. He was a disciple of Indian classical vocalist and composer [[Ustad]] [[Aman Ali Khan]].<ref name="Who's Who">{{cite book |title=Who's Who of Indian Musicians|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|year=1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KSUKAQAAMAAJ|page=133|oclc=551895347}}</ref> Shukla was known as "Sangeet Rasraj", a title which was given to him by Pandit [[Omkarnath Thakur]].<ref name="Felicitation Momento">{{Cite book |title=Pandit Shivkumar Shukla Felicitation Momento; Presentation on December 2, 1992|year=1992|publisher=Sangeet Rasraj Pandit Shivkumar Shukla Felicitation Committee, Faculty of Performing Arts, M.S. University of Baroda|location=Vadodara}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
Shivkumar Shukla was born on 12 July 1918 in [[Gondal State|Gondal]], a small princely state in [[British Raj|British India]]. He was interested in music from childhood and started his initial training under the guidance of Baburao Gokhle in Mumbai in 1932.<ref name="Vishwakosh">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kanijiya|first=Baldevbhai|title=શુક્લ, શિવકુમાર|encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]|year=|publisher=Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust|location=Ahmedabad|url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/શુક્લ-શિવકુમાર/|access-date=20 October 2021|language=gu}}</ref><ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi">{{cite book |title=Fellows and Award-winners of Sangeet Natak Akademi 1952-2010: Citations and Composite Data|location=New Delhi|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLnDrXscte4C|page=180|oclc=1083363865}}</ref><br />
<br />
Impressed by his progress in 7 years, the [[Maharaja]] of Gondal state in 1934, appointed him as the court musician of the state when he was 16. Shukla then started his study of music under Pandit [[Omkarnath Thakur]].<ref name="Vishwakosh"/> In 1936, at a concert in [[Karachi]], Pandit Omakarnath awarded Shukla the title of "Sangeet Rasraj".<ref name="Felicitation Momento"/><br />
<br />
He died on 31 December 1998 in [[Vadodara]].<ref name="Vishwakosh"/><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
In 1939, Shukla heard Ustad Aman Ali Khan of Bhendibazaar gharana, and became the disciple of him. Shukla gave several performances at conferences and concerts all over India. He performed at the memorial of his [[Guru]] Ustad Aman Ali Khan as his foremost disciple. In 1951, the vice chancellor of [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], Baroda invited him to join as a professor and Dean of Faculty of Performing arts. He retired as Dean of faculty of performing arts in 1978.<ref name="Vishwakosh"/><br />
<br />
His notable disciples include Pandit Dayanand Devgandharva, Manoj Patel, Vasanti Sathe, Mukund Vyas, Sangeeta Pandharpurkar, Anil Vaishnav, Dwarkanath Bhonsle, Pandit Ishwarchandra, [[Subhash Desai]], Neelam Yajnik, Mitalee singh, Kiran Shukla, and Chintan Patel.<ref name="Felicitation Momento"/><br />
<br />
==Awards ==<br />
Shukla received the following awards:<ref name="Vishwakosh"/><ref name="Felicitation Momento"/><br />
<br />
* 1930{{snd}}Members of Legislative Council of India Gold Medal at Mumbai, given by [[K.M. Munshi]]<br />
* 1939{{snd}}Gold Medal by Maharashtra Sangeet Vidyalay<br />
* 1951{{snd}}conferred a Medal at [[Delhi]] by the 1st [[President of India]] [[Rajendra Prasad]]<br />
* 1967{{snd}}awarded by Triveni Organization at Vadodra for "outstanding services rendered as a leading singer and guru"<br />
* 1971{{snd}}awarded by [[Gujarat Sangeet Natak Akademi]]<br />
* 1980{{snd}}awarded by ITC Sangeet Academy, [[Calcutta]]<br />
* 1985{{snd}}honored by Gujarat Sangeet Samiti at [[Valsad]], Gujarat<br />
* 1990-91{{snd}}Gujarat State's Pandit Omkarnath Award<br />
* 1992{{snd}}[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Shivkumar}}<br />
[[Category:1918 births]]<br />
[[Category:1998 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian classical musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periyanayagi_Madha_Shrine,_Avur&diff=525218Periyanayagi Madha Shrine, Avur2025-11-29T08:32:42Z<p>DottyN0357445099: Done - done</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox church<br />
| name = Periyanayagi Madha Shrine<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|10.6596|78.6724|display=inline,title}}<br />
| fullname = Our Lady of Assumption Church<br />
| other name = Periyanayagi Madha Church<br />
| native_name = பெரியநாயகி அன்னை ஆலயம்<br />
<br />
| native_name_lang = ta<br />
| image = Periyanayagi Annai Church, Avur.jpg<br />
| caption = Side View of the church<br />
<br />
| location = Avur, [[Pudukkottai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
<br />
| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]<br />
| religious institute = [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]<br />
| cult = [[Catholic devotions]]<br />
| founded date = 1547<br />
| founder = Fr. John Venatius Bachet and Fr. Homem<br />
<br />
| status = [[Parish church]]<br />
| functional status = Active<br />
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]<br />
| style = [[Medieval architecture|Medieval]]<br />
| years built = 1747<br />
<br />
| parish = [[Pudukkottai]]<br />
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry]]<br />
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tanjore|Tanjore]]<br />
| episcopalarea = [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|TNBC]]<br />
| district = [[Pudukkottai district]]<br />
<br />
| archbishop = [[Peter Abir Antonisamy]]<br />
| bishop = [[Devadass Ambrose Mariadoss]]<br />
| priest =<br />
}}<br />
'''Periyanayagi Madha Shrine''' is a [[Roman Catholic]] church in the village of Avur, {{convert|28|km|mi}} from the town of [[Pudukkottai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pudukkottai.nic.in/tourist-place/avur-chruch/|title = Avur Church &#124; Pudukkottai District, Government of Tamilnadu &#124; India}}</ref> in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was constructed by Rev. John Venatius Bachet<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southtamilnadu.com/viewdetails.php?tour001=t_id&id=286|title=Avur Church,Pudukottai &#124; Tourist Information &#124; South Tamilnadu}}</ref> in 1547. The church was rebuilt in 1747. The renowned Italian missionary and Tamil scholar [[Veeramamunivar|Joseph Beschi]] served in this church.<br />
<br />
This monument is made up of eight columns raised 56 feet above the ground, and shaped like a cross, measuring 240 feet in length, 38 feet in width, and 28 feet in height.<br />
<br />
==History of Avur==<br />
The Sangam poet Avur Kizhar was born in Avur, at that time it was a village with the Pudukkottai - [[Tiruchirappalli]] border.<br />
<br />
Apparently, the village is called 'a + oor' ('cow village') because of the large numbers of wild bulls and cows that used to graze in an oorani (drinking water tank) on the outskirts of a jungle here.<br />
<br />
==Church and missionary activities==<br />
Early in the seventeenth century, the [[Madura Mission|Madurai Mission]] extended its jurisdiction to Tiruchirappalli from Avur, which was sparsely populated in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Later Father Emmanuel Martins chose Avur as a site for his mission. It was granted by the Perambur Kattalur Palayakarars in 1686. Initially the place was under the jurisdiction of the Kolattur Tondaimans, and then later by the [[Tondaiman]]s as well.<br />
<br />
Father Venantius Bouchet, the first missionary at Avur, who joined the Madurai Mission in 1688, aimed to make Avur a Christian centre of considerable importance. The chapel was a special area of inspiration for him. With the contributions from well-wishers and [[Tondaiman]], an impressive chapel much stronger than simply mud walls and thatched roofs had been completed in 1697.<br />
<br />
[[Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman]] met [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Thomas of Mylapore|Bishop of Santhome]] on his first pastoral trip to Madurai Mission and Avur in 1711, when he visited Avur as the founder of Pudukkottai Tondaimans. A non-Christian king responded with great courtesy to a visiting priest. This is a gesture of great significance for one who does not hold a Christian faith.<br />
<br />
==Poignant incident==<br />
The church's fortunes changed drastically in 1716. The conflict between the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Nayak rulers]], who allied with [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and the Tondaimans caused the foundations of the church to be razed to the ground. The incident is described in the General History of Pudukkottai State. A few soldiers of the Tondaiman had managed to steal some bullocks from the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]] not far from Avur. The Mughal became furious, and the missionary was asked to either return the bullocks or to surrender his life.<br />
<br />
[[Constanzo Beschi|Rev. Fr. Beschi]], the missionary in temporary charge of Avur at the time, had to answer the charge. As he could not get the bullocks back, he quietly accepted the soldiers' alternative proposal. As the infuriated soldiers were unable to hurt their prisoner, they chained him up and led him to their camp amidst insults and threats. When they found that the prisoner bore the treatment with unflinching tranquility, they became so exasperated that they stripped him naked exposed him to the midday sun.<br />
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However, as soon as the chief, [[Chanda Sahib]], learned of this, he immediately ordered the prisoner's release. In a tender embrace, the chief asked the missionary to sit at his side; when the missionary protested, the chief explained that his actions had been done without his knowledge. The men, who had insulted the missionary a short time earlier, were moved by the honour shown to him. Indeed, the danger he had incurred led to his safety and to that of the village.<br />
<br />
==Festival==<br />
A [[Passion play]] takes place during the Easter season, followed by a car festival in the summer, which attracts people of all faiths.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --><br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite book|title=Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2010|publisher=Sura Books|id=|pages=96|isbn=978-81-7478-177-2}}<br />
<br />
{{Pudukkottai district|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{RC Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Churches in Pudukkottai district]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:1547 establishments in India]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Jerome_Church_(Mapusa)&diff=468474St. Jerome Church (Mapusa)2025-11-29T08:29:18Z<p>DottyN0357445099: adjusted section for accuracy and improved wording</p>
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<div>{{Coord|15|35|22.6|N|73|49|05.9|E|display=title}}{{Infobox church<br />
| icon = <br />
| icon_width = <br />
| icon_alt = <br />
| name = <br />
| fullname = St. Jerome Church<br />
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| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
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| osgridref = <!-- {{gbmappingsmall| TEXT}} --><br />
| location = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]<br />
| previous denomination = <br />
| tradition = <br />
| religious institute = <!-- Can be substituted with 'religious order'--><br />
| churchmanship = <br />
| membership = <br />
| attendance = <br />
| website = {{URL|http://stjeromechurchmapusa.com/}}<br />
| former name = <br />
| bull date = <br />
| founded date = {{start date and age|1594}}<br />
| founder = Fr. Jeronimo do Espirito Santo<br />
| dedication = <br />
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| relics = <br />
| events = <br />
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| people = <br />
| status = Active<br />
| functional status = <br />
| heritage designation = <br />
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| architectural type = [[Baroque architecture]]<br />
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'''St. Jerome Church''' is a [[parish (Catholic Church)|parish]] of the [[Catholic Church]] in [[Mapusa]], [[Goa]], [[India]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://goanchurches.info/church/st-jerome-church-mapusa-goa/|title=St. Jerome Church, Mapusa, Goa - Goan Churches|work=Goan Churches|access-date=2018-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref> in the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]]. It is dedicated to the [[Church Father]] [[Jerome|St. Jerome]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goaholidayguide.com/churches/st-jerome-church-goa.php|title=St.Jerome's Church, Goa|website=www.goaholidayguide.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref> The church also holds the shrine of [[Our Lady of Miracles]] and the feast day of Miracles is thronged by thousands of devotees every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/thousands-attend-our-lady-of-miracles-feast-at-mapusa/articleshow/63791458.cms|title = Henry falcao: Thousands attend Our Lady of Miracles feast at Mapusa &#124; Goa News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The community was founded in 1594 by a [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] priest, Fr. Jeronimo do Espirito Santo, and the parish church constructed the same year. The [[church (building)|church]] was expanded in 1674 to accommodate increased number of parishioners. The church was partly destroyed in an accidental fire 27 April 1838, with repairs completed in 1839. During "[[Annexation of Goa|Operation Vijay]]" entire roof of the Church was damaged.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goaholidayhomes.com/information/mapusa.html|title=Mapusa in Bardez Goa, Milagres Church in Mapuca Goa, About Mapuca market, Milagres feast or Mapusa feast info|last=GoaHolidayHomes.com|website=www.goaholidayhomes.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Architecture ==<br />
The church represents an exquisite [[Baroque architecture|Baroque style]]. It has three storeys, with three doors and three windows with round [[Baluster|balustrade]] balconies on each storey. At the rear of the church is a dome with the bell tower. The roof is made of wooden planks. The church has three altars.<br />
<br />
The church is famous for its annual Milagr Saibinnichem Fest.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gogoanow.com/milagres-feast-celebrated-st-jeromes-church/|title=Milagres feast celebrated at St. Jerome's Church - GoGoaNow !|date=2018-04-16|work=GoGoaNow !|access-date=2018-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/All-roads-lead-to-Milagres-Fest/129467.html|title=All roads lead to Milagres Fest|work=oHeraldo|access-date=2018-09-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Mapusa-celebrates-Milagres-feast-today/articleshow/51775350.cms|title=Mapusa celebrates Milagres feast today - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stjeromechurchmapusa.com/history/|title=History – St.Jerome Church|website=stjeromechurchmapusa.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Jerome Church, Mapusa}}<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1594]]<br />
[[Category:Baroque church buildings in India]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turning_into_Stone_rumour_(2012)&diff=542157Turning into Stone rumour (2012)2025-10-18T11:35:58Z<p>DottyN0357445099: starting some data added tags</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian rumour}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{notability|Events|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=December 2022}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox recurring event<br />
| name = Turning into Stone<br />
| status = Inactive<br />
| genre = Rumour<br />
| begins = {{Start date and age|2012|01|02|df=yes}}<br />
| location = North India<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| years_active = 2012 and 2020<br />
| first = January 2012<br />
| last = March 2020<br />
}}<br />
'''Turning into Stone''' ([[Hindi]]: पत्थर बनने की अफवाह) was a rumour in north-[[India]] which came in the year of January 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fear of 'Turning into Stone' Keeps UP Awake All Night |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=126411 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=United News of |title=Sleepless in UP after rumours about turning into stone! |url=https://www.netindian.in/news/national/sleepless-after-rumours-about-turning-stone |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=NetIndian |date=3 January 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jan 4, 2012 |title=Tremor rumour keeps city awake {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/tremor-rumour-keeps-city-awake/articleshow/11357984.cms |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=धरती पलटने, आदमी के पत्थर बनने की अफवाह से भय का माहौल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/shamli/story-fear-of-rumor-of-turning-the-earth-rumors-of-man-becoming-stone-3103862.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Hindustan |date=23 March 2020 |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-24 |title=नींद में पत्थर बन रहे हैं लोग! अफवाह सुन घर से लोग सड़क पर आ गए |url=https://www.aajtak.in/trending/photo/coronavirus-rumor-uttar-pradesh-meerut-bijnor-police-action-stone-people-problem-tstc-1042997-2020-03-24 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पत्थर बन जाने की अफवाह ने उड़ाई नींद |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-rumour-in-kanpur-8716062.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=kalpana |title=FACT CHECK: सोना मत, आज रात सोए तो सब पत्थर बन जाओगे, सच्चाई जान लो |url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/gallery/fact-check/people-did-not-sleep-with-the-rumor-of-if-you-sleep-you-will-become-stone-kpt-q7olr2 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
According this rumour ''if you sleep you will turn into stone''. This rumour affected many people's lives, during this rumour people used to stay awake till dawn. On Monday, 2 January 2012 this news came from [[Kanpur]] and its neighbour cities.<br />
<br />
The main culprit in the quick spreading of the rumour was mobile phones, as people called their relatives, neighbourhood, friends, telling them not to sleep as that would to turn into [[stone]].<br />
<br />
In March 2020<ref name=":0" /> during one day voluntary public curfew [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown in India]]. This rumours again blows in [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]] and people got out from their homes and discussed about this rumour.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hoaxes in India]]<br />
[[Category:2012 in India]]<br />
[[Category:January 2012 in India]]<br />
[[Category:March 2020 in India]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashi_Bunny&diff=529737Rashi Bunny2025-10-12T04:46:36Z<p>DottyN0357445099: Pg - done</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian theatre and cinema actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
|image = <!-- only free-content images are allowed for depicting living people. Non-free and "fair use" images, e.g. promo photos, CD/DVD covers, posters, screen captures, etc., will be deleted - see [[WP:NONFREE]] --> |<br />
| name = Rashi Bunny<br />
| birth_place = Mumbai, India<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| height = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| yearsactive = 1994–present<br />
| othername =<br />
| spouse = Parag Bhargava<br />
| children = Jaadoo (Samagr Sakshi)<br />
| homepage = https://rashibunny.in<br />
|awards ='''Colour of Nation''' award, International Theatre festival, Nizhnevartovsk, Russia<br />
{{·}} Ruby Lloyd Artistic & academic Excellence award<br />
{{·}}Chosen as one of the '''50 Icons: emerging personality of India''' in 2005 by [[Sahara India]] Group<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rashi Bunny''' is an Indian theatre and cinema actress. She has performed in [[Bhisham Sahni]]'s ''[[Madhavi (play)|Madhavi]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sites.google.com/site/bhartiyanatya/hindustan-times-review-madhavi-solo-by-rashi-bunny |title=Madhavi solo by Rashi Bunny: The story of every woman |author=Mita Kapur |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=2010-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anandfoundation.com/zz_madhavi_4.asp |title=Bhisham Sahni's Madhavi by Rashi Bunny at British Council |author=Drama Critics |publisher=Anand Foundation |access-date=2008-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511234431/http://www.anandfoundation.com/zz_madhavi_4.asp |archive-date=11 May 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Manjula Padmanabhan]]'s [[Hidden Fires (Manjula Padmanabhan play)|Hidden Fires]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=93268 |title=Solo for Peace |author=Ankur Kalita |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2004-07-29 |access-date=2008-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815210747/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=93268 |archive-date=15 August 2004 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]'s ''[[The Little Prince]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=317189:cult-of-subtle-satire&catid=44:8th-day&from_page=search |title=Cult of subtle satire |author=Naina Dey |publisher=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=2010-01-14 |access-date=2010-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607052549/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=317189%3Acult-of-subtle-satire&catid=44%3A8th-day&from_page=search |archive-date=7 June 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/Articles/10/feb/05-world-classic-for-all-ages-the-little-prince.asp |title=World Classic for all ages"The Little Prince" Solo by Rashi Bunny |author=MTG editorial |date=2010-02-05 |access-date=2010-02-12}}</ref> with director Arvind Gaur. Rashi Bunny was selected as "one of the 50 Icons: Emerging personality of India" by the Sahara India group with [[Rahul Gandhi]]. Rashi Bunny is also known for the "I have a dream" theatre workshop for self-exploration and creative expression.<br />
<br />
She worked with [[Living Theatre Academy]] under [[Ebrahim Alkazi]]. She is guest faculty member at [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT) and has lectured widely in schools, colleges, and institutes of repute in India and abroad. Rashi organized theatre workshops for children in schools and worked with NGOs on social issues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2004/12/11/stories/2004121100490300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103162801/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2004/12/11/stories/2004121100490300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-03 |title=Heal the wounds 'story of a little girl' White Ribbon Campaign |author=Rohini Ramakrishnan |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2004-12-11 |access-date=2008-12-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
She completed higher secondary studies at [[Maharani Gayatri Devi]] School, [[Jaipur]]. She further studied at Sri Venkateshwara College, [[Delhi University]] and studied theater at [[University of Alabama]] and [[Rutgers University]].<br />
<br />
===Theatre training===<br />
<br />
Rashi did a children's theatre workshop at the [[National School of Drama]]. She participated in SNA Theatre Workshop, under Kanhai Lal at National Center for Performing Arts, Mumbai. After her graduation, Rashi pursued her training in [[Theatre Arts and Design]] at the [[University of Alabama]] and [[Rutgers University]], [[New Jersey]], USA. She is a recipient of a Young Artist Scholarship And Junior Fellowship from department of Culture HRD and Ruby Lloyd Artistic and Academic Excellence award and Best International Student Scholarship Award. She acted as lead character in many plays, such as Beth Henley's ''Abundance'' and Jules Feiffer's ''Feiffer's People'' and worked with directors like Karma Ibsen, Ward Haarbauer, and Anne Carmichael.<br />
<br />
== Theatre in India ==<br />
<br />
On her return to India, she worked with [[Arvind Gaur]] to explore the new language for solo performances. Rashi acted in many plays with Asmita theatre. She received the Young Artist [[scholarship]] and worked under [[Shyamanand Jalan]] in [[Kolkata]] and was part of many productions, like [[Vijay Tendulkar]]'s ''Khamosh! Adaalat Jaari Hai'' (''[[Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe]]'') and ''Char Sau Karod Bhullakar''. ''Nabh Taaron Se Khandit Pulkit'', translated from an American dark comedy, was her directorial debut at [[Padatik (Indian theatre group)|Padatik]]. Under the MHRD fellowship, she has written a thesis on Padmashri [[Ratan Thiyam]]'s Theatre based in [[Manipur]].<br />
<br />
== Acting ==<br />
<br />
* [[Bhisham Sahni]]'s ''Madhavi'', her first solo, directed by [[Arvind Gaur]] won accolades all over India and abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-artscene.org/spip.php?article177 |title=Madhavi avec Rashi Bunny, Vaugneray (France) |author=International ART'scene Festival |date=2006-03-17 |access-date=2008-12-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052025/http://www.festival-artscene.org/spip.php?article177 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
*[[Manjula Padmanabhan]]'s ''Hidden Fires'' was Rashi's other solo directed by [[Arvind Gaur]] that has been selected by SKP as one of the best plays of year. It was performed for Queen's award project (UK) for Communal [[harmony]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darpana.com/node/421 |title=Hidden Fires a bilingual solo performance |author=Darpana Academy festival |date=2006-02-02 |access-date=2008-12-23}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><br />
*[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]'s ''[[The Little Prince]]'' (French: Le Petit Prince), solo by Rashi Bunny directed by [[Arvind Gaur]]. It is the only solo performance of ''[[The Little Prince]]'' in the world.<br />
*''[[Walking Through the Rainbow]]'' premiered in [[Chennai]] and deals with [[domestic abuse]] and other [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] issues.<br />
*[[Mahesh Dattani]]'s ''Tara'' and ''[[Final Solutions]]''<br />
*Vijay Mishra's ''Tatt Niranjana''<br />
*[[Swadesh Deepak]]'s ''[[Court Martial]]'' and ''Sabse Udas Kavita''<br />
*[[Munshi Premchand]]'s story ''Moteram ka Satyagrah'' adapted by [[Safdar Hashmi]] & [[Habib Tanvir]]<br />
*Rajesh Kumar's ''Me [[Gandhi]] Bolto''<br />
*Street play- ''Teen Kanastar'' for Asmita theatre group, New [[Delhi]] well praised in [[World Social Forum]]<br />
<br />
==Design and direction==<br />
<br />
Founding director of [http://www.rashibunny.com/banjara.html Banjara Theatre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223221053/http://rashibunny.com/banjara.html |date=23 February 2020 }} group at IIT Kharagpur, she has designed and directed many plays such as:<br />
*[[Dharamvir Bharati]]'s ''Srishti ka Aakhiri Admi''<br />
*Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena's ''Bakri''<br />
*[[Habib Tanvir]]'s ''Gadhe''<br />
*Manjula Padmanabhan's ''Hidden Fires''<br />
<br />
She directed many open-air productions like Daldal, Swaha-Swaha, Bandar Kaun, Girgit, Pahle Aap, Teen Apahij, Deewaren Kuchh Kehna Chahti Hain, and {{Transliteration|hi|Haathi ki Po(n)}}.<br />
<br />
For the Children's Theatre Wing of Banjara, she has written and directed musicals like ''Veer Abhimani, Aazadi Muft Nahin, TunTun TunTun Tana Bana, Education Gives Real Freedom, Gopi Gayan Bagha Bayen'' and ''Beda Dekho Ki''.<br />
<br />
She conducted theatre workshop and directed the children's play ''Ujla Tota Sabz Pari, In the universe on a magical spree'' for Nehru Centre, Mumbai, 2007.<br />
<br />
Bunny worked with many schools of repute like with ''Kena Kamal Becha Malamal'' adapted from Badal Sircar's Bengali play ''Hathamaler Paar'' in Sahayadri School, J Krishnamurty Foundation, and Pune.<br />
<br />
==Theatre festivals==<br />
These plays have been performed for theatre festivals, institutions and NGOs in India and abroad such as [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]], Muktibodh Natya Utsav, Vivechana National Theatre Festival, Fifth National Balaghat Theatre Festival, Mahindra's [[Old World Theatre Festival]], World Dignity Forum, World Social Forum, [[Mumbai]], The Bash-International Day for Elimination of Violence against Women, [[Chennai]], SATTA-Theatre festival on Power politics, Natrani Festival, [[Darpana Academy]], Ahemdabad, [[Sahitya Kala Parishad]] Theatre festival of Best productions of the year, National Solo Theatre Festival, Manch Rangmanch, Punjab Naatshala, Amritsar, [[Nandikar]] 23rd National Theatre Festival, Kolkata, Chauraha NCPA, Mumbai, Chaiti, Bhanpura, Performance and Written Word, Sangeet Natak Akademi, Jawahar Kala Kendra Theatre Festival, [[Jaipur]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}<br />
<br />
International festivals include ARMMONO-2 International One Man show festival, [[Yerevan]], Armenia, The North Meetings, International Theatre festival, Niznevartovsk, Russia, ART’ sce`ne, festival international des arts de la sce`ne, France.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}<br />
<br />
==Theatre teaching==<br />
<br />
Rashi has conducted [[theatre workshop]]s for [[engineering]] and management students at IITs, IIM, colleges in Delhi and Mumbai, and for children, youth and adults from all kinds of background and judged many drama competitions all over India. For [[India Habitat Centre]] she has conducted theatre workshops and was the coordinator for the [[Platform (theatre)|Platform]] theatre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=63372 |title=All The World's A Platform |author=Shailaja Tripathi |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2003-08-17 |access-date=2008-12-23}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> She was guest faculty at [[NIFT]] and has lectured widely in schools, colleges, and institutes of repute in India and abroad. She participated in major theatre seminars and conferences all over world.<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
<br />
*Chosen as one of the 50 Icons: emerging personality of India in 2005 by [[Sahara India]] Group with Rahul Gandhi, [[Sania Mirza]], N Karthikeyan, Kiran Majumdar Shaw, [[Farah Khan]] and Abhishek Bachchan.<br />
*Special jury award for experimentation with tradition at International Solo Theatre Festival [[Armenia]] for ''Madhavi'' play<br />
*"Colour of Nation" award at the International Theatre festival in Nizhnevartovsk Theatre Festival, Russia<br />
*Hidden Fires, best play of year selected by [[Sahitya Kala Parishad]]<br />
*Best International Student Scholarship Award, USA<br />
*"Ruby Lloyd Aspey Scholarship" for academic and artistic excellence, UAB Theatre Department, Birmingham<br />
*Outstanding participation certificate for Dance under Talent Search, USA<br />
*President's Honor roll for Academic Excellence, UAB, United States<br />
*Best International Student Award Scholarship, UAB, USA<br />
*[[Alpha Lambda Delta]], National Academic Honor Society, USA<br />
*Dean's Honor list, Livingston College, [[New Jersey]], USA<br />
*Award for Best [[Theatre director|Director]] for the Children's play “Kitne Taare, Kitne Bulb” at the National Science Drama Competition, Birla Industrial And Technological Museum, East Zonals<br />
<br />
==Critics' remarks==<br />
<br />
*It was a delightful solo performance by Rashi Bunny, as she brought to fore a range of human emotions in [[Bhisham Sahni]]'s MADHAVI... it is an experiment both in its presentation by the director [[Arvind Gaur]] and its enactment by the actor Rashi. The set and its use to my mind is indeed [[creativity|creative]] bordering on the genius. -[[The Hindu]]<br />
*The play was among the very rare [[meaningful]] theatre we get to watch in our city. Thought provoking, overwhelming, it left so many fighting their tears. Each person present would have identified with the double standards of our society, each person sitting there would have felt guilty of having reduced the [[existence]] of a woman to a mere object, a commodity. Each woman would have relived some part of her life. -[[Hindustan Times]]<br />
*All women will be able to see a part of themselves in it. The relevance of the issue makes the time setting immaterial. Even though the play is based on mythology, [[Madhavi (play)|Madhavi]]. It was a delightful solo performance by Rashi Bunny, as is contemporary in its presentation and style... -[[India Today]]<br />
*It's 'an actor's play'... The Kathavachan style has been adopted and the actor Rashi relates to the [[audience]] in day to day baat cheet...an intense and intimate theatre experience. -The Pioneer<br />
*The solo [[performance]] is an experiment. It's like taking people through a journey. Even the set design is very experimental. There are blank canvasses on the stage and different colours placed in earthen pots, that symbolize the different colours of life. -First City<br />
*The complex story of Madhavi, her trauma, tragedy, and conflicts were portrayed with great sensitivity by Rashi Bunny. The simplicity of set design, use of bamboo structures, canvasses & helped audiences to extend their [[imagination]] to grasp the diversity and multi dimensional directorial interpretation of the play. -[[Navbharat Times]]<br />
<br />
== Cinema ==<br />
<br />
* ''Duvidha'' (Hindi)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/duvidha/325476/ |title=Duvidha(Hindi) review |author=Shubhra Gupta |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2008-01-21 |access-date=2008-12-23}}</ref> The cast includes Manoj Verma and Rashi Bunny; the director was [[Sharat Kumar]].<br />
<br />
== Personal ==<br />
<br />
Rashi Bunny's mother is an alumnus of [[National School of Drama]]. Rashi's husband Dr. Parag Bhargava is a professor at [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]].<br />
<br />
==Also read==<br />
Rang Prasang, [[National School of Drama]]'s Theatre Magazine, July–August, 2007, page 30<br />
'Vidusi Abhinatri' Rashi Bunny' by Jaidev Taneja (prominent drama critic)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*https://rashibunny.in<br />
* [http://sites.google.com/site/bhartiyanatya/ About actor Rashi Bunny] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012054905/https://sites.google.com/site/bhartiyanatya/ |date=12 October 2020 }}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804100229/http://www.nmsindia.org/news/Sept05/Rashi/Rashi.htm Theatre Workshop by Ms. Rashi Bunny]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103073420/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/24/stories/2004112400100100.htm The Hindu: Voice against violence]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bunny, Rashi}}<br />
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ali_Khan_(Tonk_State)&diff=518775Muhammad Ali Khan (Tonk State)2025-10-09T12:46:20Z<p>DottyN0357445099: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Ruler of the princely state of Tonk from 1864 - 1895}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
<br />
'''Muhammad Ali Khan''' (reigned 1864–1895) was the third [[Salarzai]] [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] ruler of [[Tonk State|Tonk]], a princely state in [[Rajasthan]]. He succeeded his father [[Wazir Khan (Tonk State)|Nawab Wazir Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=tonk |url=https://www.royalark.net/India/tonk.htm |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=royalark}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9Ck1BUI_JUC&dq=nawab+Muhammad+Ali+Khan+ruler+Tonk+state&pg=PA210 |title=A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds relating to India and neighbouring countries, compiled by C.U. Aitchison, revised and continued by A.C. Talbot. [With] An index, compiled by M. Belletty. revised |date=1892 |pages=210 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Anil Chandra Banerjee The Rajput States and British Paramountcy 1980 - Page 71</ref>{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Muhammad Ali Khan<br />
| title = Nawab of Tonk<br />
| succession = Nawab of [[Tonk State|Tonk]]<br />
| reign = 1864–1867<br />
| predecessor = [[Wazir Khan (Tonk State)|Muhammad Wazir Khan]]<br />
| successor = [[Ibrahim Ali Khan]]<br />
| death_date = 1895<br />
| death_place = [[British Raj]], [[Varanasi]], modern day [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| issue = [[Ibrahim Ali Khan]]<br />
| father = [[Wazir Khan (Tonk State)|Muhammad Wazir Khan]]<br />
| religion = [[Islam]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Muhammad Ali struggled with the Thakurs of [[Lawa Thikana|Lawa state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. This driven to an arrangement of equipped clashes, coming full circle in the Khan's choice to resolve the matter by allocating with his equal and a many of his cousins. An examination by the [[British Raj|Indian British Government]] in 1867 set up Muhammad Ali blameworthy, coming about in his statement and banish from [[Tonk State]] beneath the Viceroy's orders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sadasivan |first=S. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWptYbzpXE8C&dq=nawab+Muhammad+Ali+Khan+ruler+Tonk+state&pg=PA9 |title=Political and Administrative Integration of Princely States |date=2005 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-968-3 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=794 795 |language=en}}</ref> He was transferred to spend the leftover portion of his life in [[Varanasi|Benares]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], where he died in 1895.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Dr Mohanlal |date=2024-09-03 |title=Cultural Hisory of Tonk State |url=https://rajasthanhistory.com/cultural-hisory-of-tonk/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=राजस्थान - शूरवीरों, संतों एवं सुरों की धरती |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{Succession box<br />
| title = [[Nawab]] of [[Tonk (princely state)|Tonk]]<br />
| before = [[Wazir Khan (Tonk State)|Wazir Khan]]<br />
| after = [[Ibrahim Ali Khan]]<br />
| years = 1864-1895<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Tonk}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<References/><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Muhammad Ali}}<br />
[[Category:1864 births]]<br />
[[Category:1895 deaths]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raju_Shrestha&diff=473232Raju Shrestha2025-09-27T03:41:16Z<p>DottyN0357445099: quick improve information based on references further and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Actor}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Raju Shrestha<br />
| other_names = Master Raju<br />
| birth_name = Fahim Ajani<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Dongri]], [[Mumbai]], India<br />
| occupation = actor<br />
| spouse = Seema Roshan Ajani<br />
| years_active = 1969–2022<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Raju Shrestha''' (born '''Fahim Ajani'''; 15 August 1966),{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} known by his stage name '''Master Raju''' or '''Master Rajoo''', is an Indian film and television actor, who started his film career as a child actor, in the 1970s.<br />
<br />
Raju has acted in films like [[Gulzar]]'s ''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]'', [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]'s ''[[Bawarchi]]'' (1972), [[Yash Chopra]]'s ''[[Daag (1973 film)|Daag: A Poem of Love]]'' (1973), [[Basu Chatterjee]]'s ''[[Chitchor]]'' (1976) and Gulzar's ''[[Kitaab]]'' (1977).<ref name=tri>{{cite news |title=Shortlived Stardom |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110813/saturday/main1.htm |newspaper=The Tribune |date=13 August 2011 |accessdate=3 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Salaam 'Slumdogs' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Salaam-Slumdogs/articleshow/4206026.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033618/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-01/special-report/28032993_1_child-stars-azharuddin-ismail-rubina-ali |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |date=1 March 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Over the years, he has acted in around 200 films and a few television series.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former child star Master Raju is Suraj Sharma's voice in Hindi Life of Pi |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/former-child-star-master-raju-is-suraj-sharma-s-voice-in-hindi-i-life-of-pi-i-295093 |publisher=NDTV |date=21 November 2012 |accessdate=2 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
He won the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]] for his role in ''Chitchor'' (1976).<ref name=tri/><br />
<br />
He is currently seen in youth show [[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]] where he plays Prem Deshpremi.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Film===<br />
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br />
* ''Shart'' (1969)<br />
* ''[[Amar Prem]]'' (1972)<br />
* ''[[Bawarchi]]'' (1972)<br />
* ''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]'' (1972)<br />
* ''[[Nafrat]]'' (1973)<br />
* ''[[Daag: A Poem of Love]]'' (1973)<br />
* ''[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]'' (1973)<br />
* ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975)<br />
* ''[[Khushboo (1975 film)|Khushboo]]'' (1975)<br />
* ''[[Chitchor]]'' (1976)<br />
* ''[[Jeevan Jyoti (1976 film)|Jeevan Jyoti]]'' (1976)<br />
* ''[[Kitaab]]'' (1977)<br />
* ''[[Inkaar (1977 film)|Inkaar]]'' (1977)<br />
* ''[[Kasum Khoon Ki]]'' (1977)<br />
* ''[[Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein]]'' (1977)<br />
* ''[[Khatta Meetha (1978 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[Tumhari Kasam]]'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se]]'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[Chakravyuha (1978 film)|Chakravyuha]]'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[Badalte Rishtey]]'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[Nalayak]]'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[Aatish (film)|Aatish]]'' (1979)<br />
* ''[[Dhan Daulat]]'' (1980)<br />
* ''Krodhi'' (1981)<br />
* ''[[Hamari Bahu Alka]]'' (1982)<br />
* ''[[Khud-Daar]]'' (1982)<br />
* ''[[Nastik (1983 film)|Nastik]]'' (1983)<br />
* ''[[Woh Saat Din]]'' (1983)<br />
* ''Love in Goa'' (1983)<br />
* ''[[Charanon Ki Saugandh]]'' (1988)<br />
* ''[[Baaghi (1990 film)|Baaghi]]'' (1990)<br />
* ''[[Afsana Pyar Ka]]'' (1991)<br />
* ''Saathi'' (1991)<br />
* ''[[Paayal]]'' (1992)<br />
* ''[[Balwaan]]'' (1992)<br />
* ''[[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]]'' (1993)<br />
* ''[[Phool (1993 film)|Phool]]'' (1993)<br />
* ''[[Shatranj (1993 film)|Shatranj]]'' (1993) as Dinky's friend<br />
* ''[[Rang (1993 film)|Rang]]'' (1993) as Jojo (Yogi & Kajal's college friend)<br />
* ''[[Khuddar]]'' (1994)<br />
* ''[[Aag (1994 film)|Aag]]'' (1994)<br />
* ''[[Saajan Chale Sasural]]'' (1996) as Shyam's friend<br />
* ''[[Dil Tera Diwana (1996 film)|Dil Tera Diwana]]'' (1996)<br />
* ''[[Diljale]]'' (1996)<br />
* ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]'' (1999)<br />
* ''Dil Hi Dil Mein'' (2000) as Raju<br />
* ''[[Maseeha]]'' (2002)<br />
* ''Inth Ka Jawab Patthar'' (2002)<br />
* ''Brij Kau Birju'' (2003) (Brajbhasha Movie)<br />
* ''Pati Ho To Aisa'' (2004)<br />
* ''Ek Aur Prem Kahani'' (2004)<br />
* ''[[Jaago (2004 film)|Jaago]]'' (2004)<br />
* ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' (2004)<br />
* ''[[Khamoshh... Khauff Ki Raat]]'' (2005)<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Channel !! {{abbr|Ref|References}}<br />
|-<br />
|1987 || ''[[Chunauti]]'' || - || [[DD National]] || <ref name="imdb.com">https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0557625/ {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1994 || ''[[Zee Horror Show]]'' || - || [[Zee TV]] ||<ref name="imdb.com"/><br />
|-<br />
|1995 || ''Chhodo Baat Purani (TV)'' || - || || <ref name="imdb.com"/><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|1997 || ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (TV series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]] (Episode: Vansh Ka Khoon)'' || Satyakam Das || [[DD National]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrVT_ynauHw|title = Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#16 Vansh Ka Khoon|via = YouTube}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Aaha'' || Special appearance || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)|Jai Hanuman]]'' || [[Sage Narada]] || [[DD National]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|1999 || ''[[Dam Dama Dam]]'' || Dance master || [[Zee TV]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|2008 || ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' – Do Gaz Zameen Ke Neeche || (Episode 72 & 73) || rowspan="4"|[[STAR One]]||<ref name="imdb.com"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' – Divyaastra || (Episode 96 & 97) || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' – Khooni Aankade || (Episode 124 & 125) ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' – Qayamat || Damroo (Episode 166–173) ||<br />
|-<br />
|2011-2013 || ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'' || Jaggi Malhotra/Pappu Padwal/Abhigyan Rohra || [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] ||<ref name="imdb.com"/> <br />
|-<br />
|2011-2013 || ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' || Various character roles || [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] ||<ref name="imdb.com"/><br />
|-<br />
|2013-2014 || ''[[Bani – Ishq Da Kalma]]'' || Kuljeet Singh Bhullar || [[Colors TV]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|2013-2015 || ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' || Mia [[Tansen]] || [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|2015 || ''[[Badii Devrani]]'' || Swaroop Chand (Mausa)|| [[&TV]] ||<ref name="imdb.com"/><br />
|-<br />
|2016 || ''Saab Ji'' || || [[DD National]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|[[TV Biwi Aur Main]]<br />
|Channel head,new boss<br />
|[[Sony SAB]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2020 || ''[[Nazar (TV series)#Season 2|Nazar 2]]'' || Randeep Parekh (Randeep Mama) || [[StarPlus]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|2021–2022<br />
|[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]<br />
|Prem Deshpremi (Prem Ji)<br />
|[[Sony SAB]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2021 |title=EXCLUSIVE! Veteran actor Raju Shrestha to join the cast of Sony SAB's Ziddi Dil Maane Na? |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-veteran-actor-raju-shrestha-join-the-cast-of-sony-sabs-ziddi-dil-maane-na |website=Telly Chakkar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2021 |title=Raju Shrestha is happy to relate with GenZ through Ziddi Dil Maane Na: Many young people have started following me on social media |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/raju-shrestha-happy-relate-genz-through-ziddi-dil-maane-na-many-young-people-have-started |website=Telly Chakkar}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Dubbing career==<br />
Raju has [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] for [[Suraj Sharma]]'s role as the 16-year-old "Pi" in the Hindi dubbed version of the film, ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Debutant-Suraj-Sharmas-voice-dubbed-in-Life-of-Pi/articleshow/17334253.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916223513/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/news-interviews/35317914_1_hindi-version-irrfan-voice |url-status=live |archive-date=16 September 2013 |title=Debutant Suraj Sharma's voice dubbed in 'Life of Pi' |date=23 November 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 September 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dubbing roles==<br />
===Live action films===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Film title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Original Year Release !! Dub Year Release !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]] || [[Suraj Sharma]] || Pi <br />(Age 16) || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-going-back-in-time-with-master-raju/20140724.htm<br />
* {{IMDb name|0557625}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shrestha, Raju}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Best Child Artist National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parvesh_Chander_Sharma&diff=524642Parvesh Chander Sharma2025-09-06T14:48:06Z<p>DottyN0357445099: Done - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian weightlifter}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| headercolor = #baee85<br />
| image = Parvesh_Chander_Sharma_performing_Clean_&_Jerk.jpg<br />
| image_size = 220px<br />
| caption = Parvesh Chander Sharma at Senior National Championship<br />
| fullname = Parvesh Chander Sharma<br />
| nationality = [[India]]n<br />
| birth_name = Parvesh Chander Sharma<br />
| birth_date = 25 September 1956<br />
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India]]<br />
| country = {{IND}}<br />
| sport = [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]<br />
| event = Featherweight<br />
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}<br />
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Weightlifting at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[1990 Commonwealth Games|1990 Auckland]]|Clean and Jerk}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[1990 Commonwealth Games|1990 Auckland]]|Overall}}<br />
{{MedalSilver|[[1990 Commonwealth Games|1990 Auckland]]|Snatch}}<br />
| updated = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Parvesh Chander Sharma''' is an Indian weightlifter from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. At the [[1990 Commonwealth Games]], he won two gold medals in the Men's Featherweight – Clean and Jerk, Men's Featherweight – Overall and one silver medal in Men's Featherweight-Snatch.<ref name="verandahonly">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Ludhianas-weightlifters-only-have-a-verandah-to-train/articleshow/9480091.cms|title=Ludhiana's weightlifters only have a verandah to train – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gbrathletics.com/commonwealth/weight.htm|title=Commonwealth Games Medallists – Weightlifting|publisher=}}</ref><br />
[[File:Parvesh_Chander_Sharma_at_Senior_National_Championship_Thanjavur_performed_Clean_and_Jerk_of_153_Kg.jpg|thumb|right|Parvesh Chander Sharma at Senior National Championship Thanjavur performed Clean and Jerk of 153&nbsp;kg]]<br />
<br />
==Records/Medals in Weightlifting==<br />
<br />
===International Level===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Body Weight<br />
! width=350px| Weightlifting Event<br />
! width=170px|Place<br />
!Position<br />
|-<br />
| 1982 || 52&nbsp;kg || [[Asian Games]] || {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi, India]] || Fourth<br />
|-<br />
| 1983 || 52&nbsp;kg || [[Asian Championship]] || {{flagicon|Syria}} [[Damascus, Syria]] || Fourth<br />
|-<br />
| 1985 || 56&nbsp;kg || Commonwealth Weightlifting Championship || {{flagicon|Samoa}} [[Western Samoa]] || First<ref name="honoureludes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060722/sports.htm|title=Honour eludes weightlifter – The Tribune|publisher=}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 1988 || 60&nbsp;kg || Commonwealth Weightlifting Championship || {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Malta]] || First<ref name="honoureludes" /><br />
|-<br />
| 1989 || 60&nbsp;kg || INDO-USSR Training cum Cultural Tour || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]] || First<br />
|-<br />
| 1990 || 60&nbsp;kg || [[Commonwealth Games]] || {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Auckland, New Zealand]] || First<ref name="verandahonly" /><ref name="honoureludes" /><br />
|-<br />
| 1990 || 60&nbsp;kg || INDO-USSR Training cum Cultural Tour || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]] || First<br />
|-<br />
| 1990 || 60&nbsp;kg || INDO-USSR Training cum Cultural Tour || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bangalore, India]] || First<br />
|-<br />
| 1990 || 60&nbsp;kg || India vs. Bulgaria Training cum Cultural Tour || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bangalore, India]] || First<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || 60&nbsp;kg || Youth World Weightlifting Championship || {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]] || First<ref name="honoureludes" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===National Level===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Body Weight<br />
! width=350px| Weightlifting Event<br />
! width=170px|Place<br />
!Position<br />
|-<br />
| 1981 || 52&nbsp;kg || Junior National Championship || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kolkata, India]] || First<ref name="honoureludes" /><br />
|-<br />
| 1982 || 52&nbsp;kg || Senior National Championship || {{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi, India]] || First<ref name="honoureludes" /><br />
|-<br />
| 1985 || 60&nbsp;kg || Senior National Championship || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kolkata, India]] || First<br />
|-<br />
| 1986 || 60&nbsp;kg || Senior National Championship || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jaipur, India]] || [[Second]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1988 || 60&nbsp;kg || Senior National Championship <br />
(Created New Record in C&J 145.5&nbsp;kg) <br />
|| {{flagicon|IND}} Jamnagar, [[India]] || First <br />
|-<br />
| 1989 || 60&nbsp;kg || Senior National Championship <br />
(Created New Record in C&J 146&nbsp;kg)<br />
|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur, India]] || [[Second]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1990 || 60&nbsp;kg || Senior National Championship <br />
(Created New Record in C&J 153&nbsp;kg) <br />
|| {{flagicon|IND}} Thanjavur, [[India]] || [[Second]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1991 || 60&nbsp;kg || Senior National Championship || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ambala, India]] || First<br />
|-<br />
| 1992 || 60&nbsp;kg || Senior National Championship || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bangalore, India]] || [[Second]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || 60&nbsp;kg || Senior National Championship || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Eluru]] || [[Second]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chander Sharma, Parvesh}}<br />
[[Category:Indian male weightlifters]]<br />
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 1990 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Weightlifters from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:1956 births]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Medallists at the 1990 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in weightlifting]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games squash players for India]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in weightlifting]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games weightlifters for India]]</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Ootacamund&diff=497281Diocese of Ootacamund2025-08-24T08:18:43Z<p>DottyN0357445099: made first details and citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox diocese<br />
|jurisdiction = Diocese <br />
|name = Ootacamund <br />
|latin = Dioecesis Ootacamundensis <br />
|local = உதகமண்டலம் மறைமாவட்டம் <br />
|country = [[India]]<br />
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Madras and Mylapore]] <br />
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Madras and Mylapore]] <br />
|rite = [[Latin Church|Roman Rite]]<br />
|cathedral = Sacred Heart Cathedral in [[Ooty]] <br />
|cocathedral = <br />
|image = Front Pole Sacred Heart Cathedral Ooty Mar25 A7CR 05524-5 Pano Edit.jpg<br />
|caption = [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Ooty]]<br />
|patron = [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]]<br />
|established = 3 July 1955<br />
|area_km2 = 7,312 <br />
|population = 1,461,000 <br />
|population_as_of = 2004 <br />
|catholics = 84,600 <br />
|catholics_percent= 5.8 <br />
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}<br />
|bishop = [[Arulappan Amalraj]] <br />
|metro_archbishop = George Antonysamy<br />
|vicar_general = A. Anthony Swamy<br />
|coadjutor = <br />
|auxiliary_bishops= <br />
|website =http://www.ootacamunddiocese.org<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Ootacamund''' ({{langx|la| Ootacamunden(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Ootacamund]] ([[Ooty]]) in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Madras and Mylapore]] in India.<br />
<br />
==Bishops==<br />
* [[Bishop]]s of Ootacamund Diocese ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])<br />
** Bishop [[Mar Antony Padiyara]] (later [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]) (3 July 1955 – 14 June 1970)<br />
** Bishop [[Packiam Arokiaswamy]] (later Archbishop) (16 January 1971 – 6 December 1971)<br />
** Bishop [[James Masilamony Arul Das]] (later Archbishop) (21 December 1973 – 11 May 1994)<br />
** Bishop [[Antony Anandarayar]] (later Archbishop) (2 January 1997 – 10 June 2004)<br />
** Bishop Arulappan Amalraj (30 June 2006 – present)<br />
<br />
==Saints and causes for canonisation==<br />
* Bl. [[Mary of the Passion]] established a convent and order in Ooty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmmii.org/mother-mary-of-the-passion.html |title=Mother Mary of the Passion - Franciscan Missionaries of Mary |publisher=Fmmii.org |date= |accessdate=2020-02-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/oota0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]<br />
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/doota.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]<br />
* [http://www.ootacamunddiocese.org/ Diocese website ]<br />
<br />
{{coord|11.4167|N|76.7086|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ootacamund}}<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]<br />
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1955]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]<br />
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:1955 establishments in Madras State]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}</div>DottyN0357445099https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:Userboxes/Sports/Football/AFC/India&diff=545210Bharatpedia:Userboxes/Sports/Football/AFC/India2025-08-24T04:44:03Z<p>DottyN0357445099: </p>
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<div>{{for|a directory of other nations|Wikipedia:Userboxes/Sports/Football}}<br />
<br />
This is a <section begin="PageDescription" />list of Indian football userbox templates <section end="PageDescription" />. For a directory of other confederations' nations, see [[Wikipedia:Userboxes/Sports/Football]]<br />
<br />
==General==<br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:UBX/Indian football}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
==National teams==<br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Royroydeb/Userboxes/IndianFootball}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
==[[Indian Super League]]==<br />
===General===<br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:SportsFan007/UserBoxes/Indian Super League}}<br />
{{yy|User ISL2}}<br />
{{yy|User ISL3}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
===Bengaluru===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded into [[:Category:Wikipedians interested in Bengaluru FC]] --><br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/BengaluruFC}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
===Chennaiyin===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded into [[:Category:Wikipedians interested in Chennaiyin FC]] --><br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/ISLcfc}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
===East Bengal===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded into [[:Category:Wikipedians interested in East Bengal FC]] --><br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User East Bengal Club}}<br />
{{yy|User:KadenIN/Userboxes/EastBengal}}<br />
{{yy|User:Royroydeb/Userboxes/East Bengal F.C.}}<br />
{{yy|User:UBX/EBFC}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
===Goa===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded into [[:Category:Wikipedians interested in FC Goa]] --><br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/ISLgfc}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
===Hyderabad===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded into [[:Category:Wikipedians interested in Hyderabad FC]] --><br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:ISL fan/Userboxes/Hyderabad FC}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
===Kerala Blasters===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded into [[:Category:Wikipedians interested in Kerala Blasters FC]] --><br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/ISLkb}}<br />
{{yy|Eagle Site/KBFC}}<br />
{{yy|User KBFC}}<br />
{{yy|User:Ken Tony/UBX/KBFC Fan}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
===Mohun Bagan Super Giant===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded into [[:Category:Wikipedians interested in Mohun Bagan Super Giant]] --><br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}<br />
{{yy|User:আকাশ নাথ সরকার/Userboxes/Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}<br />
{{yy|Eagle Site/MBSG}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/MohunBagan}}<br />
{{yy|User:SWASTIK/Userboxes/Mohun Bagan A.C.}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
===Mumbai City===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded into [[:Category:Wikipedians interested in Mumbai City FC]] --><br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/ISLmc}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
===NorthEast United===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded into [[:Category:Wikipedians interested in NorthEast United FC]] --><br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/ISLneu}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
===Odisha===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded into [[:Category:Wikipedians interested in Odisha FC]] --><br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/ISLdd}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
==[[I-League]]==<br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/BharatFC}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/MumbaiFC}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/PuneFC}}<br />
{{yy|Eagle Site/Gokulam Kerala FC}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/ShilongLajong}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
==[[I-League 2]]==<br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
==[[I-League 3]]==<br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
==[[Calcutta Football League]]==<br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
==[[Goa Football League|Goa Professional League]]==<br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/Dempo}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/SalgaocarFC}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/SportingGoa}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
==[[Shillong Premier League]]==<br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/RoyalWahingdoh}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
==Defunct==<br />
===ATK===<br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/ATK}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
===Delhi Dynamos===<br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Jupitus Smart/Userboxes/Delhi Dynamos}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
===Pune City===<br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Dibyendutwipzbiswas/ISLpc}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
==Player==<br />
{{yytop}}<br />
{{yy|User:Royroydeb/Userboxes/Sunil Chhetri}}<br />
{{yyend}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Wikipedia:Userboxes/footer}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Userbox galleries|Sports/Football/AFC/India]]</div>DottyN0357445099