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US Senate career of Barack Obama

2026-05-29T06:44:32Z

DortheaBye: created new info

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Distinguish|Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Barack Obama
| image = BarackObamaportrait.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2005
| jr/sr = United States Senator
| state = [[Illinois]]
| term_start = January 3, 2005
| term_end = November 16, 2008
| predecessor = [[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]]
| successor = [[Roland Burris]]
| office2 = Chairman of the [[United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs|Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs]]
| term_start2 = January 3, 2007
| term_end2 = November 16, 2008
| predecessor2 = [[George Allen (American politician)|George Allen]]
| successor2 = [[Jeanne Shaheen]]
}}
{{Barack Obama sidebar|expanded=Senator from Illinois}}
[[Barack Obama]] served as a [[United States Senate|U.S. senator]] representing [[Illinois]] from January 3, 2005, to November 16, 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://obama.senate.gov/about/ |title=About Barack Obama |access-date=January 14, 2008 |work=Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425044909/http://obama.senate.gov/about/ |archive-date=April 25, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], Obama previously served [[Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama|three terms]] in the [[Illinois Senate]] from 1997 to 2005. He resigned his seat in the U.S. Senate upon being elected [[President of the United States]].

Obama won the seat in an election against [[Alan Keyes]] who replaced Republican primary election winner [[Jack Ryan (politician)|Jack Ryan]]. Prior to his election but after Ryan withdrew from the race, he rose to national prominence by delivering the [[2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address]]. Upon his election, he became the fifth [[African-American]] senator in [[History of the United States|U.S. history]], the third to have been popularly elected.

As a senator, Obama served on a variety of committees and chaired the [[United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation|United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs]]. His bill sponsorship and voting records indicates that he was a Democratic Party loyalist. He was considered to be among the most liberal by various analyses. In his first session ([[109th United States Congress|109th Congress]]), he was involved in [[Illegal immigration to the United States|immigration reform]]. Legislation bearing his name was passed for armament reduction and federal transparency as well as relief aid.

In the first year of the [[110th United States Congress|110th Congress]], he worked on lobbying and campaign finance reform, election reform, climate control and troop reduction. In the second year, he legislated for oversight of certain military discharges, Iran divestment and nuclear terrorism reduction, but President [[George W. Bush]] vetoed his legislation for [[State Children's Health Insurance Program]]-related military family job protections. Obama resigned his seat in the U.S. Senate upon being elected President of the United States, after winning the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]].

==2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois==
{{See also|2004 United States Senate election in Illinois}}
[[File:2004 United States Senate election in Illinois results map by county.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Final results of the [[2004 U.S. Senate election in Illinois]] by county:{{collapsible list
| title = {{legend|#7996e2|'''Obama'''}}|{{legend0|#a5b0ff|40-50%}}|{{legend0|#7996e2|50–60%}}|{{legend0|#6674de|60–70%}}|{{legend0|#584cde|70–80%}}|{{legend0|#3933e5|80–90%}}|
}}
{{collapsible list
| title = {{legend|#E27F7F|'''Keyes'''}}|{{legend0|#e27f7f|50–60%}}|{{legend0|#d75d5d|60–70%}}|
}}
]]
In May 2002, Obama began considering a run for the U.S. Senate, enlisting political strategist [[David Axelrod (political consultant)|David Axelrod]] that Fall and formally announcing his candidacy in January 2003.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Scott |last=Helman |title=Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb |date=October 12, 2007 |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/ |work=Boston Globe |access-date=April 13, 2008}}</ref> Before deciding to run, Obama met with [[Jesse Jackson Jr.]], who was known to be considering a bid for the seat. "He said, 'Jesse, if you’re running for the U.S. Senate I’m not going to run'", Jackson said in recounting the conversation to ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 2008. Jackson told Obama he had already decided not to run.<ref name=jbcdnyt>Becker, Jo and Drew, Christopher, [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/11/us/politics/11chicago.html?_r=1&sq=&pagewanted=print&oref=slogin "Pragmatic Politics, Forged on the South Side"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 11, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2008</ref>

Decisions by Republican incumbent [[Peter Fitzgerald (senator)|Peter Fitzgerald]] and his Democratic predecessor [[Carol Moseley Braun]] not to contest the race launched wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Davey |first=Monica |title=Closely Watched Illinois Senate Race Attracts 7 Candidates in Millionaire Range |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html |work=The New York Times |date=March 7, 2004 |access-date=April 13, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015834/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html |archive-date=April 16, 2009 }}</ref> Obama's candidacy was boosted by Axelrod's advertising campaign featuring images of the late Chicago Mayor [[Harold Washington]] and an endorsement by the daughter of the late [[Paul Simon (politician)|Paul Simon]], former U.S. Senator for Illinois.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Ben |last=Wallace-Wells |title=Obama's Narrator |date=April 1, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/magazine/01axelrod.t.html |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |access-date=April 13, 2008}}</ref> He received over 52% of the vote in the March 2004 primary, emerging 29% ahead of his nearest Democratic rival.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Monica |last=Davey |title=From Crowded Field, Democrats Choose State Legislator to Seek Senate Seat |date=May 17, 2004 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9400E4D61431F934A25750C0A9629C8B63 |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 13, 2008 }} See also: {{Cite news |first=John S |last=Jackson |title=The Making of a Senator: Barack Obama and the 2004 Illinois Senate Race |date=August 2006 |work=Occasional Paper of the Paul Simon Public Policy Institute |publisher=Southern Illinois University |url=http://www.siu.edu/~ppi/PDF/papers/Obama.pdf |access-date=April 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413172719/http://www.siu.edu/~ppi/PDF/papers/Obama.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.state.il.us/ElectionInformation/VoteTotalsList.aspx?officeid=2364 |title=Official results from the Illinois State Board of Elections |access-date=June 11, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718213326/http://www.elections.state.il.us/ElectionInformation/VoteTotalsList.aspx?officeid=2364 |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner [[Jack Ryan (2004 U.S. Senate candidate)|Jack Ryan]], withdrew from the race in June 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ryan Drops Out of Senate Race in Illinois |date=June 25, 2004 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/25/il.ryan/ |publisher=CNN |access-date=April 13, 2008}}</ref> In August 2004, with less than three months to go before Election Day, [[Alan Keyes]] accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination to replace Ryan.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Maura Kelly |last=Lannan |title=Alan Keyes Enters U.S. Senate Race in Illinois Against Rising Democratic Star |date=August 9, 2004 |publisher=Union-Tribune (San Diego) |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html |agency=Associated Press |access-date=April 13, 2008}}</ref> A long time resident of Maryland, Keyes established legal residency in Illinois with the nomination.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Ford |last=Liam |author2=David Mendell |title=Keyes Sets Up House in Cal City |date=August 13, 2004 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/specials/elections/chi-0408130201aug13,1,7640082.story |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=April 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516070203/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/specials/elections/chi-0408130201aug13,1,7640082.story |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref>

Through three televised debates, Obama and Keyes expressed opposing views on stem cell research, abortion, gun control, school vouchers, and tax cuts.<ref>For debate transcripts and video, see ''Alan Keyes Archives'': {{Cite web|url=http://www.keyesarchives.com/transcript.php?id=367 |title=Alan Keyes and Barack Obama Debate, Hosted by Illinois Radio Network |date=October 12, 2004}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.keyesarchives.com/transcript.php?id=370 |title=U.S. Senate Debate Sponsored by the League of Women Voters in Illinois |date=October 21, 2004}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.keyesarchives.com/transcript.php?id=373 |title=Debate Sponsored by WTTW and the City Club of Chicago |access-date=April 13, 2008 |date=October 26, 2004}}</ref> Obama was criticized by Keyes, as he had also been by rival [[pro-choice]] candidates in the Democratic primary, for a series of "present" votes on [[late-term abortion]] and [[minors and abortion|parental notification]] issues.<ref name="trib_present">{{Cite news| first=Eric | last=Zorn | title=Disparagement of Obama Votes Doesn't Hold Up | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524191802/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/573751701.html?dids=573751701:573751701&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT | archive-date=May 24, 2011 | date=March 9, 2004 | url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/573751701.html?dids=573751701:573751701&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT | work=Chicago Tribune | access-date=January 14, 2008}} [http://blogs.chicagotribune.com/news_columnists_ezorn/2007/12/disparagement-o.html Alt URL] {{Cite news| title=Keyes Assails Obama's Abortion Views | date=August 9, 2004 | publisher=NBC News | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5654128 | agency=Associated Press | access-date=January 14, 2008}} See also: {{Cite news| first=Sam | last=Youngman | title=Abortion Foes Target Obama Because of His Vote Record on Illinois Legislation | date=February 15, 2007 |url=http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html | work=The Hill | access-date=January 14, 2008}}</ref> The charge that Obama's "present" votes suggested he was not firmly pro choice was refuted by two lobbyists for pro-choice groups (including [[Planned Parenthood]]).<ref name="trib_present" />

In the general election of November 2004, Obama received 70% of the vote to Keyes's 27%, the largest victory margin for a statewide race in Illinois history.<ref>{{Cite news|title=America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois |url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=April 13, 2008}} {{Cite news|first=Peter |last=Slevin |title=For Obama, a Handsome Payoff in Political Gambles |date=November 13, 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201945.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=April 13, 2008}}</ref> He won 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats have not historically done well.

===Keynote address===
{{Main|2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address}}
In July 2004, he wrote and delivered the keynote address at the [[2004 Democratic National Convention]] in Boston, Massachusetts.<ref>For details about the speech's genesis and delivery, see: {{Cite news |first=Shira |last=Boss-Bicak |title=Barack Obama '83: Is He the New Face of The Democratic Party? |date=January 2005 |url=http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/jan05/cover.php |work=Columbia College Today |access-date=April 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104022834/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/jan05/cover.php |archive-date=January 4, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }} See also: {{Cite news|first=David|last=Bernstein|title=The Speech|date=June 2007|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2007/The-Speech/|work=Chicago Magazine|access-date=April 13, 2008}}</ref> After describing his maternal grandfather's experiences as a World War II veteran and a beneficiary of the [[New Deal]]'s [[Federal Housing Administration|FHA]] and [[Servicemen's Readjustment Act (USA)|G.I. Bill]] programs, Obama spoke about changing the U.S. government's economic and social priorities.

He questioned the Bush administration's management of the Iraq War, and highlighted America's obligations to its soldiers. Drawing examples from U.S. history, he criticized heavily partisan views of the electorate and asked Americans to find [[unity in diversity]], saying, "There is not a liberal America and a conservative America; there's the United States of America."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Barack |last=Obama |title=Keynote Address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention |format=text or [http://www.barackobama.com/tv/speeches.php?bcpid=900718856&bclid=900554575&bctid=791793079 video] |date=July 27, 2004 |url=http://www.barackobama.com/2004/07/27/keynote_address_at_the_2004_de.php |publisher=BarackObama.com |access-date=April 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403144623/http://www.barackobama.com/2004/07/27/keynote_address_at_the_2004_de.php |archive-date=April 3, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Broadcasts of the speech by major news organizations launched Obama's status as a national political figure and boosted his campaign for U.S. Senate.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Randal C |last=Archibold |title=The Illinois Candidate; Day After, Keynote Speaker Finds Admirers Everywhere |date=July 29, 2004 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E7DB103DF93AA15754C0A9629C8B63 |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 13, 2008 }} {{Cite news |first=Ronald |last=Roach |title=Obama Rising |date=October 7, 2004 |work=Black Issues in Higher Education |publisher=DiverseEducation.com |url=http://www.diverseeducation.com/artman/publish/article_4041.shtml |access-date=April 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616045409/http://www.diverseeducation.com/artman/publish/article_4041.shtml |archive-date=June 16, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

With Obama facing nearly certain victory in his U.S. Senate race against Alan Keyes at the time combined with an overwhelmingly positive reaction to his address, speculation grew about the possibility of a potential Obama candidacy for [[President of the United States]] in 2008 or later. Following the speech, [[Chris Mathews]] even went as far as predicting that Obama would become the first African-American president.

If he decided to run for President, he would join other African-Americans like [[Alan Keyes]] and [[Shirley Chisholm]] who had previous presidential runs. But as of 2004, no African-American had received a major party's presidential nomination and no African-American had won a presidential primary since [[Jesse Jackson]] in 1988.

In addition, [[Hillary Clinton]] was favored by many to become the Democratic nominee and first ever female presidential nominee in 2008 while in contrast to Clinton, Obama's background and issue positions were still unknown to the majority of the public. For the next two years, Obama would downplay speculation of a future presidential run and focus instead on his duties as a U.S. Senator.

==Initial work==
Although a newcomer to Washington, he recruited a team of established, high-level advisers devoted to broad themes that exceeded the usual requirements of an incoming first-term senator.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Charles |last=Babington |author2=Shailagh Murray |title=For Now, an Unofficial Rivalry |date=December 8, 2006 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/07/AR2006120701755.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 21, 2008}} {{Cite news|first=Mike |last=Dorning |title=Obama's Policy Team Loaded with All-Stars |date=September 17, 2007 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-obama_mon_nusep17,1,4819101,full.story |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=January 21, 2008}}</ref> Obama hired [[Pete Rouse]], a 30-year veteran of national politics and former chief of staff to Senate Democratic Leader [[Tom Daschle]], as his chief of staff, and economist [[Karen Kornbluh]], former deputy chief of staff to Secretary of the Treasury [[Robert Rubin]], as his policy director.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Jodi |last=Enda |title=Great Expectations |date=February 5, 2006 |url=http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=10828 |work=The American Prospect |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203105143/http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=10828 |archive-date=February 3, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }} {{Cite news |first=Perry |last=Bacon Jr. |title=The Outsider's Insider |date=August 27, 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/26/AR2007082601446.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 14, 2008 }}</ref>

His key foreign policy advisers have included former [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]] officials [[Anthony Lake]] and [[Susan Rice]], as well as [[Samantha Power]], author on human rights and genocide (who resigned March 7, 2008).<ref>{{Cite news |first=James |last=Traub |title=Is (His) Biography (Our) Destiny? |date=November 4, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/magazine/04obama-t.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 14, 2008 }} {{Cite news |first=Neil |last=King |title=Obama Tones Foreign-Policy Muscle |date=September 5, 2007 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118895877299317784 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=January 14, 2008 }} {{Cite news |first=Lynn |last=Sweet |title=Obama Taps Influential Foreign Policy Experts |date=May 10, 2007 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/sweet/379187,CST-EDT-sweet10.article |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204104954/http://www.suntimes.com/news/sweet/379187,CST-EDT-sweet10.article |archive-date=February 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Foreign Relations]];<ref>[http://www.salon.com/opinion/conason/2007/12/29/obama_europe/ Barack Obama's chairmanship of the Senate Subcommittee on European Affairs], ''[[Salon (journal)|Salon]]''</ref> [[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions|Health, Education, Labor and Pensions]]; [[United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs|Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs]]; and [[United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs|Veterans' Affairs]], and he was a member of the [[Congressional Black Caucus]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://obama.senate.gov/committees/ |title=Committee Assignments |access-date=January 14, 2008 |work=Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209190827/http://obama.senate.gov/committees/ |archive-date=December 9, 2006 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }} {{Cite news |title=Member Info |url=http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html |work=Congressional Black Caucus |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228111351/http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html |archive-date=December 28, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }} See also: {{Cite news |first=Jeff |last=Zeleny |title=When It Comes to Race, Obama Makes His Point—With Subtlety |date=June 26, 2005 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-050626obama-race,1,7205709.story |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216014942/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-050626obama-race%2C1%2C7205709.story |archive-date=February 16, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

He was a chairman of the Subcommittee on [[United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs|European Affairs]].<ref>Tom Baldwin, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080709065000/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article3080794.ece 'Stay-at-home' Barack Obama comes under fire for a lack of foreign experience], The Times</ref> Nonpartisan analyses of bill sponsorship and voting records placed him as a "rank-and-file Democrat" and "Democratic Party loyalist."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Members of Congress: Barack Obama |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=400629 |work=GovTrack |access-date=March 31, 2008}} {{Cite news|first=Tom |last=Curry |title=What Obama's Senate Votes Reveal |date=February 21, 2008 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna23276453 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=March 31, 2008}}</ref> The [[Historian of the United States Senate|U.S. Senate Historical Office]] lists him as the fifth [[African-American]] Senator in [[History of the United States|U.S. history]], the third to have been popularly elected, and the only African-American serving in the Senate until he resigned his seat in November 2008 in preparation for his new job as the 44th [[President of the United States]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/h_multi_sections_and_teasers/Photo_Exhibit_African_American_Senators.htm |title=Breaking New Ground: African-American Senators |work=U.S. Senate Historical Office |access-date=February 11, 2008}}</ref>

===Committees===
* '''[[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions|Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions]]''' (110th Congress)
** [[United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Children and Families|Subcommittee on Children and Families]]
** [[United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety|Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety]]
* '''[[United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs|Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs]]''' (110th Congress)
** [[United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations|Subcommittee on Investigations]]
** [[United States Senate Homeland Security Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information and International Security|Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information and International Security]]
** Ad Hoc Subcommittee on State, Local, and Private Sector Preparedness and Integration
* '''[[United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs]]'''
* '''[[United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works|Committee on Environment and Public Works]]''' (109th Congress)
** [[United States Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety|Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety]]
* '''[[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Committee on Foreign Relations]]'''
** [[United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs|Subcommittee on European Affairs]] (Chairman – 110th Congress)
** [[United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs|Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs]]
** [[United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs|Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs]]
** [[United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs|Subcommittee on African Affairs]]
** [[United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs, and International Environmental Protection|Subcommittee on International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs, and International Environmental Protection]]

Source: [[United States Senate]] 109th Congress<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CPUB-109spub20/html/GPO-CPUB-109spub20.htmb |title=Committee and Subcommittee Assignments for the One Hundred Ninth Congress |editor=Erickson, Nancy |editor-link=Nancy Erickson |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]] |year=2011}}</ref> Source: [[United States Senate]] 110th Congress<ref>{{cite book |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-Nk9GhAQWPsJ:www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CPUB-110spub16/pdf/GPO-CPUB-110spub16.pdf+Committee+and+Subcommittee+Assignments+for+the+One+Hundred+tenth+Congress&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjG7mDHoUpZbwUDgP5nodywATclEmgzj8Q24A08VQQiK3j6rc_tdbF7DZDr-egmWVdcqkJHwM2xdr0o1UgqQRpLV957hLtpOQCDQ8lknJ5WNwI2c9DWMkmpdSQBLiDX_MjDiY60&sig=AHIEtbT0dedSlEJUNfPhOhL_ouHOG2GArw |title=Committee and Subcommittee Assignments for the One Hundred Tenth Congress |editor=Erickson, Nancy |editor-link=Nancy Erickson |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]] |year=2011}}</ref>

==109th Congress==
[[Image:Barakobama.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Obama addresses the First Year Student Convocation at [[Boston College]], September 2005.|left]]

Obama took an active role in the Senate's drive for improved [[Illegal immigration to the United States|border security and immigration reform]]. In May 2005, he cosponsored the [[Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act]] introduced by Sen. [[John McCain]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]–[[Arizona|AZ]]).<ref>{{Cite news |first=109th Congress, 1st Session |last=U.S. Senate |title=S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act |date=May 12, 2005 |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN01033: |work=Thomas |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=July 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704184523/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN01033: |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He later added three amendments to the [[Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006|Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act]], which passed the Senate in May 2006, but failed to gain majority support in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Immigration Bill Divides House, Senate |date=September 22, 2006 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-09-22-immigration_x.htm |work=USA Today |access-date=January 14, 2008 }} See also: {{Cite news |url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/060525-obama_statement_on_senate_passage_of_immigration_reform_bill/index.html |title=Obama Statement on Senate Passage of Immigration Reform Bill |date=May 25, 2006 |work=Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118105919/http://obama.senate.gov/press/060525-obama_statement_on_senate_passage_of_immigration_reform_bill/index.html |archive-date=January 18, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

In September 2006, Obama voted for a related bill, the [[Secure Fence Act of 2006|Secure Fence Act]], authorizing construction of fencing and other security improvements along the [[United States–Mexico border]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Latinos Upset Obama Voted for Border Fence |date=November 20, 2006 |url=http://cbs2chicago.com/local/local_story_324192245.html |work=CBS 2 (Chicago) |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231949/http://cbs2chicago.com/local/local_story_324192245.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> President Bush signed the Secure Fence Act into law in October 2006, calling it "an important step toward immigration reform."<ref>{{Cite news|title=President Bush Signs Secure Fence Act |date=October 26, 2006 |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/10/20061026.html |work=White House |access-date=January 14, 2008}}</ref>

Partnering first with Sen. [[Richard Lugar]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]–[[Indiana|IN]]), and then with Sen. [[Tom Coburn]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]–[[Oklahoma|OK]]), Obama successfully introduced two initiatives bearing his name. Lugar-Obama expands the [[Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction]] concept to [[conventional weapon]]s, including [[Man-portable air-defense systems|shoulder-fired missiles]] and [[anti-personnel mine]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |first=109th Congress, 2nd Session |last=U.S. Senate |title=S. 2566, Cooperative Proliferation Detection, Interdiction Assistance, and Conventional Threat Reduction Act of 2006 |date=May 25, 2006 |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN02566: |work=Thomas |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=July 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728212446/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN02566: |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Richard G |last=Lugar |author2=Barack Obama |title=Junkyard Dogs of War |date=December 3, 2005 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/02/AR2005120201509.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 14, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/ |title=Lugar-Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President |date=January 11, 2007 |work=Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154746/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/ |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The Lugar-Obama initiative subsequently received $48 million in funding.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://lugar.senate.gov/press/record.cfm?id=278019 |title=Obama, Lugar Secure Funding for Implementation of Nonproliferation Law |work=Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office |date=June 28, 2007 |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227024616/http://lugar.senate.gov/press/record.cfm?id=278019 |archive-date=December 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref>

The [[Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006|Coburn-Obama Transparency Act]] provides for the web site [https://web.archive.org/web/20080409141102/http://www.usaspending.gov/ USAspending.gov], managed by the [[Office of Management and Budget]]. The site lists all organizations receiving Federal funds from 2007 onward and provides breakdowns by the agency allocating the funds, the dollar amount given, and the purpose of the grant or contract.<ref>{{Cite news |first=109th Congress, 2nd Session |last=U.S. Senate |title=S. 2590, Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 |date=April 6, 2006 |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN02590: |work=Thomas |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=July 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728212438/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN02590: |url-status=dead }} {{Cite news |title=President Bush Signs Coburn-Obama Transparency Act |date=September 26, 2006 |url=http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb |work=Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110033800/http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb |archive-date=January 10, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref>

Obama and Coburn also collaborated on repeated efforts to end the abuse of no-bid contracting in the aftermath of natural disasters.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Elana |last=Schor |title=Obama and Coburn revive effort to stop no-bid FEMA contracts |date=September 14, 2006 |url=http://thehill.com/the-executive/obama-and-coburn-revive-effort-to-stop-no-bid-fema-contracts-2006-09-14.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209173848/http://thehill.com/the-executive/obama-and-coburn-revive-effort-to-stop-no-bid-fema-contracts-2006-09-14.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 9, 2008|work=The Hill |access-date=September 9, 2008}}</ref> In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.<ref>{{Cite news |first=109th Congress, 2nd Session |last=U.S. Senate |title=S. 2125, Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act |date=January 3, 2006 |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN02125: |work=Thomas |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=January 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123152943/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN02125: |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Image:Coburn and Obama discuss S. 2590.jpg|thumb|Senate bill sponsors [[Tom Coburn]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]–[[Oklahoma|OK]]) and Obama discuss the [[Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006|Coburn-Obama Transparency Act]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=President Bush Signs Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act |date=September 26, 2006 |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/09/20060926.html |work=White House |access-date=January 14, 2008}}</ref>]]

As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. In August 2005, he traveled with Richard Lugar to Russia, [[Ukraine]], and [[Azerbaijan]]. The trip focused on strategies to control the world's supply of [[conventional weapon]]s, [[biological warfare|biological weapons]], and [[weapon of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction]] as a first defense against potential [[terrorism|terrorist]] attacks.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Christina |last=Larson |title=Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP |date=September 2006 |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |work=Washington Monthly |access-date=January 14, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430232404/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |archive-date=April 30, 2008 |df=mdy }}</ref>

Following meetings with [[Military of the United States|U.S. military]] in [[Kuwait]] and [[Iraq]] in January 2006, Obama visited [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], and the [[Palestinian territories]]. At a meeting with [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] students two weeks before [[Hamas]] won the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|legislative election]], Obama warned that "the U.S. will never recognize winning Hamas candidates unless the group renounces its fundamental mission to eliminate Israel."<ref>{{Cite news |first=Chuck |last=Goudie |title=Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor |date=January 12, 2006 |url=http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=local&id=3806933 |work=ABC 7 News (Chicago) |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211134944/http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=local&id=3806933 |archive-date=February 11, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He left for his third official trip in August 2006, traveling to South Africa, [[Kenya]], [[Djibouti]], [[Ethiopia]] and [[Chad]]. In a nationally televised speech at the [[University of Nairobi]], he spoke forcefully on the influence of ethnic rivalries and [[corruption in Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud |date=August 28, 2006 |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html |publisher=News24.com |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605213213/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0%2C%2C2-11-1447_1989646%2C00.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The speech touched off a public debate among rival leaders, some formally challenging Obama's remarks as unfair and improper, others defending his positions.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Chris |last=Wamalwa |title=Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark |date=September 2, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |work=The Standard (Nairobi) |access-date=October 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050740/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archive-date=October 10, 2007 |url-status=usurped |df=mdy }} {{Cite news|first=Vincent |last=Moracha |author2=Mangoa Mosota |title=Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims |date=September 4, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |work=The Standard (Nairobi) |access-date=October 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007115436/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archive-date=October 7, 2007 |url-status=usurped |df=mdy }}</ref>

On June 2, 2006, Obama delivered the [[commencement speech]] at the [[University of Massachusetts Boston]]. Among other topics, he discussed his keynote address to the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston.<ref>[http://www.umb.edu/news/2006news/releases/june/obama.html Transcript of Barack Obama commencement remarks at UMASS/Boston] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202063723/http://umb.edu/news/2006news/releases/june/obama.html |date=February 2, 2009 }} – University of Massachusetts Boston, June 2, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts.</ref>

==110th Congress==
In the first month of the newly Democratic controlled [[110th United States Congress|110th Congress]], Obama worked with [[Russ Feingold]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]–[[Wisconsin|WI]]) to eliminate gifts of travel on corporate jets by [[Lobbying in the United States|lobbyists]] to members of Congress and require disclosure of [[Campaign finance in the United States#Bundling|bundled campaign contributions]] under the [[Honest Leadership and Open Government Act]], which was signed into law in September 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Nathaniel |last=Weixel |title=Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel |date=November 15, 2007 |url=http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html |work=The Hill |access-date=January 14, 2008}} {{Cite news|first=Nathaniel |last=Weixel |title=Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation |date=December 5, 2007 |url=http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html |work=The Hill |access-date=January 14, 2008}} See also: {{Cite news|title=Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 |date=September 24, 2007 |publisher=Federal Election Commission |url=http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml |access-date=January 14, 2008}}</ref>

He joined [[Chuck Schumer]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]–[[New York (state)|NY]]) in sponsoring [[Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act|S. 453]], a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections, including fraudulent flyers and automated phone calls, as witnessed in the [[2006 United States general elections|2006 midterm elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Seth |last=Stern |title=Obama-Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation |date=January 31, 2007 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html |access-date=January 14, 2008 }} {{Cite news |first=110th Congress, 1st Session |last=U.S. Senate |title=S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007 |date=January 31, 2007 |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:SN00453: |work=Thomas |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=September 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918054841/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:SN00453: |url-status=dead }} See also: {{Cite news |title=Honesty in Elections |date=January 31, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/opinion/31wed1.html |work=The New York Times |format=editorial |access-date=January 14, 2008 }}</ref>

Obama's [[Energy use in the United States|energy]] initiatives scored pluses and minuses with [[Environmentalism|environmentalists]], who welcomed his sponsorship with [[John McCain]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]–[[Arizona|AZ]]) of a [[Global warming|climate change]] bill to reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions]] by two-thirds by 2050, but were skeptical of his support for a bill promoting [[Coal#Liquefaction - Coal-To-Liquids (CTL)|liquefied coal]] production.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Hebert |last=H. Josef |title=Congress Begins Tackling Climate Issues |date=January 29, 2007 |publisher=CBS News |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/29/ap/politics/mainD8MV8LBG0.shtml |agency=Associated Press |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519182405/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/29/ap/politics/mainD8MV8LBG0.shtml |archive-date=May 19, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }} {{Cite news|first=Elizabeth |last=Williamson |title=The Green Gripe With Obama: Liquefied Coal Is Still... Coal |date=January 10, 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/09/AR2007010901503.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 14, 2008 }}</ref> Obama also introduced the [[Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007]], a bill to cap troop levels in Iraq, begin phased redeployment, and remove all combat brigades from Iraq before April 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |first=E. Kasak |last=Krystin |title=Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home |date=February 7, 2007 |work=Medill News Service |publisher=nwi.com |url=http://nwitimes.com/articles/2007/02/07/news/illiana/doc65cc98d8dc6506b28625727b0011edb5.txt |access-date=January 14, 2008 }} "Latest Major Action: 1/30/2007 Referred to Senate committee." {{Cite news |first=110th Congress, 1st Session |last=U.S. Senate |title=S. 433, Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007 |date=January 30, 2007 |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:SN00433: |work=Thomas |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=April 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414011940/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:SN00433: |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Image:Obama Senate Chamber Desk.jpg|thumb|Drawer of chamber desk XXIV that was once occupied in the U.S. Senate by Obama. Note signature inside lower right half of the drawer. This chamber desk was also formerly occupied in the U.S. Senate by [[Howard Baker]], [[Paul Simon (politician)|Paul Simon]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], and [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.|Henry Cabot Lodge]].<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/art/special/Desks/deskDetails.cfm?id=24 Senate chamber desks: Desk XXIV.] United States Senate. Retrieved January 8, 2009.</ref>]]
Later in 2007, Obama sponsored with [[Kit Bond]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]–[[Missouri|MO]]) an amendment to the 2008 [[National Defense Authorization Act|Defense Authorization Act]] adding safeguards for personality disorder [[military discharge]]s, and calling for a review by the [[Government Accountability Office]] following reports that the procedure had been used inappropriately to reduce government costs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action |date=October 1, 2007 |url=http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31 |work=Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205075008/http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31 |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }} See also: {{Cite news |first=Philip |last=Dine |title=Bond Calls for Review of Military Discharges |date=December 23, 2007 |url=http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/special/srlinks.nsf/story/2E7CC823AD55667B862573A7007D12A2?OpenDocument |work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |access-date=February 11, 2008 |archive-date=September 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919120123/http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/special/srlinks.nsf/story/2E7CC823AD55667B862573A7007D12A2?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry,<ref>{{Cite news |first=110th Congress, 1st Session |last=U.S. Senate |title=S. 1430, Iran Sanctions Enabling Act |date=May 17, 2007 |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:SN01430: |work=Thomas |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=November 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128063917/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:SN01430: |url-status=dead }} See also: {{Cite news |first=Adam |last=Graham-Silverman |title=Despite Flurry of Action in House, Congress Unlikely to Act Against Iran |date=September 12, 2007 |url=http://public.cq.com/docs/cqt/news110-000002583189.html |work=CQ Today |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030085402/http://public.cq.com/docs/cqt/news110-000002583189.html |archive-date=October 30, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and joined [[Chuck Hagel]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]–[[Nebraska|NE]]) in introducing legislation to reduce risks of [[nuclear terrorism]].<ref name=ObamaSchiff>{{Cite news |title=Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved |date=December 20, 2007 |url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |work=Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154751/http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

A provision from the Obama-Hagel bill was passed by Congress in December 2007 as an amendment to the State-Foreign Operations appropriations bill.<ref name=ObamaSchiff /> Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the [[State Children's Health Insurance Program]] (SCHIP) to provide one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members |date=August 2, 2007 |url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/ |work=Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154819/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/ |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> After passing both houses of Congress with bipartisan majorities, SCHIP was [[Veto#United States|vetoed]] by President Bush in early October 2007, a move Obama said "shows a callousness of priorities that is offensive to the ideals we hold as Americans".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Tony |last=Pugh |author2=Margaret Talev |title=Battles Set After Health Bill Veto |date=October 4, 2007 |url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/front_page/20071004_Battles_set_after_health_bill_veto.html |work=Philadelphia Inquirer |access-date=January 14, 2008}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Legislation and voting record==
{{See also|List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate}}
One analysis of bill co-sponsorship classified Obama as a "rank-and-file Democrat". Another, of party-line votes, tagged him a "Democratic Party loyalist".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Members of Congress: Barack Obama |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=400629 |work=GovTrack |access-date=March 31, 2008 }} {{Cite news |first=David |last=Nather |title=The Space Between Clinton and Obama |date=January 14, 2008 |url=http://public.cq.com/docs/cqw/weeklyreport110-000002654703.html |work=CQ Weekly |access-date=April 8, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724001128/http://public.cq.com/docs/cqw/weeklyreport110-000002654703.html |archive-date=July 24, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }} See also: {{Cite news |first=Tom |last=Curry |title=What Obama's Senate Votes Reveal |date=February 21, 2008 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna23276453 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=April 8, 2008 }}</ref> The ''[[National Journal]]'', in its 27th annual vote ratings, identified Obama as "the most liberal senator" in 2007,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings|title=Obama: Most Liberal Senator In 2007|work=National Journal|date=January 31, 2008|access-date=April 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428055419/http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/|archive-date=April 28, 2008|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}} See also: {{Cite web |title=From The Editor |url=http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/qanda.htm |access-date=April 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415000404/http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/qanda.htm |archive-date=April 15, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }} and {{Cite web |title=Key Votes Used To Calculate The Ratings |url=http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/votes.htm |access-date=April 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413115051/http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/votes.htm |archive-date=April 13, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> though this conclusion was rated "Barely True" by [[PolitiFact]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/jun/16/Obama-lefty/ | title=Is Obama a liberal?}}</ref>

Asked about the ''Journal'''s characterization of his voting record, Obama expressed doubts about the survey's methodology and blamed "old politics" categorization of political positions as conservative or liberal for creating predispositions that prevent problem-solving.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Obama Interview |format=transcript |date=February 12, 2008 |publisher=WJLA-TV |url=http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=0B213312-3048-5C12-000E0262A76D6B18 |access-date=April 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625055338/http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=0B213312-3048-5C12-000E0262A76D6B18 |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Ratings of Obama's liberalism by the [[Americans for Democratic Action]] (ADA), based on 20 ADA-selected votes each year, declined from 100% in 2005 to 95% in 2006, with one vote the ADA counted as not-liberal in 2006, and 75%, with five missed votes, in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.votesmart.org/issue_rating_category.php?can_id=9490&type=category&category=45&go.x=12&go.y=8 |title=Senator Barack H. Obama Jr. (IL) |publisher=Project Vote Smart |access-date=April 27, 2008 |archive-date=April 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416185139/http://www.votesmart.org/issue_rating_category.php?can_id=9490&type=category&category=45&go.x=12&go.y=8 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://s242798577.onlinehome.us/media/votingrecords/2007.pdf |title=2007 Congressional Voting Record Inside |work=ADA Today |publisher=Americans for Democratic Action |date=February 2008 |access-date=April 27, 2008}}</ref> A study of the voting records of all one hundred senators, using an average of the ratings of seven liberal interest groups, described Obama as "among the least liberal", of the Democrats, scoring an 80%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.electoral-vote.com/evp2008/Comparison/Maps/Apr09.html |title=Election 2008: Presidential, Senate and House Races |publisher=electoral-vote.com |access-date=April 10, 2008 |date=April 9, 2008}}</ref>

==Resignation and replacement in the U.S. Senate==
After his [[2008 United States presidential election|election]] to [[President of the United States]], Obama announced on November 13, 2008 his plan to resign his Senate seat, effective on November 16, 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DE4DD1E30F937A25752C1A96E9C8B63|title=ON THE WHITE HOUSE; If the Senate Reconvenes, Two Seats May Be Empty |access-date=November 21, 2008|date=November 14, 2008 |work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Baker, Peter}}</ref> On January 12, 2009, the Senate accepted former [[Attorney General of Illinois|Illinois Attorney General]] [[Roland Burris]] as Obama's replacement after he was [[Rod Blagojevich corruption charges#Obama Senate replacement|controversially appointed]] by Illinois Governor [[Rod Blagojevich]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2009/01/dems-accept-burris-into-the-senate-017366 |title=Dems accept Burris into the Senate |last=Raju |first=Manu; Bresnahan, John |date=January 12, 2009 |work=Politico }}</ref>

==Recognition and honors==
While in the U.S. Senate, Obama had a number of awards and honors bestowed on him by various groups. An October 2005 article in the British journal ''[[New Statesman]]'' listed Obama as one of 10 people who could change the world,<ref>{{Cite news|first=William |last=Skidelsky |title=Revolutionising the Future: From Tennis to Teleportation |date=October 17, 2005 |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/nssubsfilter.php3?newTemplate=NSArticle_NS&newDisplayURN=200510170012 |work=New Statesman |access-date=January 14, 2008}}</ref> the only politician included on the list. In 2005 and again in 2007, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named him one of [[Time 100|the world's most influential people]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |first=Perry |last=Bacon Jr. |title=Barack Obama: The Future of the Democratic Party? |date=April 18, 2005 |url=http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/2005/time100/leaders/100obama.html |magazine=Time |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=February 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208175236/http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/2005/time100/leaders/100obama.html |url-status=dead }} {{Cite magazine |first=Joe |last=Klein |title=The TIME 100: Barack Obama |date=May 14, 2007 |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1615513_1615496,00.html |magazine=Time |access-date=January 14, 2009 |archive-date=August 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824170755/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1615513_1615496,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During his first three years in the U.S. Senate, Obama received [[Honorary degree|Honorary]] Doctorates of Law from [[Knox College (Illinois)|Knox College]] (2005),<ref>{{Cite news|title=Commencement 2005: Knox honors U.S. Senator Barack Obama |date=May 10, 2005 |url=http://www.knox.edu/x9684.xml |publisher=Knox College |access-date=January 14, 2008}}</ref> [[University of Massachusetts Boston]] (2006),<ref>{{Cite news |title=U.S. Sen. Barack Obama to Receive Honorary Degree, Address 2,500 UMass Boston Graduates |date=May 26, 2006 |url=http://www.umb.edu/news/2006news/releases/may/060526_obama_press_release.html |publisher=University of Massachusetts Boston |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=May 15, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515050724/http://www.umb.edu/news/2006news/releases/may/060526_obama_press_release.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Northwestern University]] (2006),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Commencement 2006: Sen. Obama to Address Grads |date=June 6, 2006 |url=http://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2006/06/honorary.html |publisher=Northwestern University |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=December 14, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214155455/http://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2006/06/honorary.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Xavier University of Louisiana]] (2006),<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sen. Obama Addresses Xavier Graduates |date=August 13, 2006 |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-08-13-obama-xavier_x.htm |agency=Associated Press |access-date=January 14, 2008}}</ref> [[Southern New Hampshire University]] (2007),<ref>{{Cite news|title=SNHU Commencement with Sen. Barack Obama |date=May 19, 2007 |url=http://www.snhu.edu/6736.asp |publisher=Southern New Hampshire University |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704024303/http://www.snhu.edu/6736.asp |archive-date=July 4, 2007}}</ref> [[Howard University]] (2007),<ref>{{Cite news|title=Obama Calls the 'Joshua Generation' |date=September 28, 2007 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2007/09/obama_calls_the.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225114151/http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2007/09/obama_calls_the.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 25, 2008 |work=Boston Globe |access-date=January 14, 2008 | first=Scott | last=Helman}}</ref> and [[Wesleyan University]] (2008).<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XX5WEgqw6pM Barack Obama at Wesleyan Commencement Ceremony – YouTube]</ref>

The [[audiobook]] edition of ''Dreams from My Father'' earned Obama the [[Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Brooks |last=Boliek |title=Sen. Obama Finally Gets His Grammy |date=September 6, 2006 |url=http://www.entertainment-news.org/breaking/54592/sen-obama-finally-gets-his-grammy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118054250/http://www.entertainment-news.org/breaking/54592/sen-obama-finally-gets-his-grammy.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=January 18, 2007 |agency=Reuters/Hollywood Reporter |access-date=January 14, 2008 }}</ref> He won the award a second time in 2008 for the spoken word edition of ''The Audacity of Hope''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Obama Wins a Grammy for 'Hope' Book |date=February 10, 2008 |publisher=KVOA.com |url=http://kvoa.com/Global/story.asp?S=7850708&nav=HMO6HMaY |agency=Associated Press |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421103217/http://www.kvoa.com/Global/story.asp?S=7850708&nav=HMO6HMaY |archive-date=April 21, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> A school in Obama's father's hometown, which the senator visited on his 2006 Kenya trip, was renamed the Senator Barack Obama Primary School.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Nico |last=Gnecchi |title=Obama Receives Hero's Welcome at His Family's Ancestral Village in Kenya |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-08/2006-08-27-voa17.cfm?CFID=201721546&CFTOKEN=78935561 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116115801/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-08/2006-08-27-voa17.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 16, 2008 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=August 27, 2006 |access-date=February 25, 2008 |df=mdy }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama]]
* [[Political positions of Barack Obama]]
* [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign]]
* [[Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Curry, Jessica. "[http://www.chicagolife.net/content/politics/Barack_Obama Barack Obama: Under the Lights]", ''Chicago Life'', Fall 2004. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
* Graff, Garrett. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20061110181443/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html The Legend of Barack Obama]", ''Washingtonian'', November 1, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
* Lizza, Ryan. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080411114716/http://men.style.com/gq/features/landing?id=content_5841 Above the Fray]", ''GQ'', September 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
* MacFarquhar, Larissa. "[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?]", ''New Yorker'', May 7, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
* Mundy, Liza. "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038.html A Series of Fortunate Events]", ''Washington Post Magazine'', August 12, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
* Wallace-Wells, Ben. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070212112445/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/13390609/campaign_08_the_radical_roots_of_barack_obama Destiny's Child]", ''Rolling Stone'', February 7, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
* Zutter, Hank De. "[http://www.chicagoreader.com/obama/951208/ What Makes Obama Run?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401142811/http://www.chicagoreader.com/obama/951208/ |date=April 1, 2009 }}", ''Chicago Reader'', December 8, 1995. Retrieved January 14, 2008.

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|author=yes|Barack Obama}}

* [https://www.congress.gov/member/barack-obama/O000167 United States Senate career of Barack Obama] at the ''[https://www.congress.gov United States Congress]''
* {{CongLinks | congbio=o000167 | votesmart=9490 | fec=S4IL00180 | congress= }}

{{S-start}}
{{S-off|us}}
{{Succession box
|before= [[Alice J. Palmer]]
|title=[[Illinois Senate|Illinois State Senator from 13th district]]
|years=January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004
|after=[[Kwame Raoul]]}}
{{S-par|us-sen}}
{{U.S. Senator box
|state=Illinois
|class=3
|before=[[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]]
|years=January 4, 2005 – November 16, 2008
|after=[[Roland Burris]]
|alongside=[[Dick Durbin|Richard Durbin]]}}
{{S-ppo}}
{{Succession box
|before= [[Carol Moseley Braun]]
|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] nominee for [[List of United States senators from Illinois|Senator from Illinois]] (Class 3)
|years=[[2004 United States Senate elections|2004]]
|after=[[Alexi Giannoulias]]}}
{{s-prec|usa}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mel Martinez]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States order of precedence]] ''[[List of United States senators in the 109th Congress by seniority|United States senators by seniority (2007)]]''|years=}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ken Salazar]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Barack Obama}}
{{USSenIL}}
{{Portal bar|2000s|Politics|United States}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Obama, United States Senate Career Of Barack}}
[[Category:Barack Obama]]
[[Category:Tenures in U.S. Senate by individual|Obama, Barack]]
[[Category:2000s in the United States]]

Lakhwinder Shabla

2026-05-28T09:29:01Z

DortheaBye: created entry.

{{Short description|German-Indian filmmaker and entrepreneur}}
{{unreliable sources|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakhwinder Shabla
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|2|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India]]
| occupation = Filmmaker and entrepreneur
| years_active = 2009–present
| website = {{URL|http://www.shablafilms.com}}
}}
'''Lakhwinder Shabla''' (born 24 February 1971) is a German actor, theatre artist, film producer, writer, director and entrepreneur of [[Indians in Germany|Indian descent]] based in [[Munich, Germany]]. He is primarily known for his work in [[international cinema]].

Lakhwinder co-produced films such as ''[[Vaapsi]]'' (2016),<ref>{{cite web|title=Harish Verma's Vaapsi in the summer of 2016|url=http://punjabgold.com/movies/harish-vermas-vaapsi-in-the-summer-of-2016.html#more-11846|website=PunjabGold.com|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> ''Delhi to Lahore'' (2014),<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi to Lahore|url=http://shablafilms.com/d2l.html|website=shablafilms.com|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> a German language film titled ''Kopfwäsche'' (English translation: ''Brainwash''), and a [[Bollywood]] film titled ''Raja Abroadiya''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tCP-flyuNU|title=Luca Shabla Open Heart Interview with IndoEuropean.eu|website=youtube.com|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

The Punjabi movie ''Vaapsi'' was extensively shot in [[Punjab, India]], and [[Germany]] and was released on 3 June 2016 in India, the US, and Canada. ''Raja Abroadiya'' was released worldwide on 16 March 2018.

''25 Years later'', a German film, is currently{{when|date=September 2020}} in post-production, with an expected worldwide release after the [[COVID-19|coronavirus pandemic]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''Kopfwäsche'' (English: Brainwash)<ref name="sf"/> || [[German cinema|German]] short film || Director, producer, writer, actor
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Vaapsi]]'' || [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] feature film || Co-producer, actor
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Raja Abroadiya]]'' || [[Bollywood|Hindi]] feature film || Director, producer, writer, actor
|-
| 2019 || ''25 Years Later''<ref name="sf">{{cite web |url=http://www.shablafilms.com/ |title=Home |website=shablafilms.com}}</ref> || [[German cinema|German]] feature film / post-production || Director, producer, writer, actor
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shabla, Lakhwinder}}
[[Category:Film producers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:German people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:German people of Punjabi descent]]

Pachora Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T22:10:42Z

DortheaBye: creating the entry needs work.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pachora
| constituency_no = 18
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 18-Pachora.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Jalgaon]]
| district = [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Kishor Appa Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =335,848
}}
'''Pachora Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> The constituency is located in [[Jalgaon district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=18 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref>

==Overview==
It is part of [[Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency]] along with another five Vidhan Sabha constituencies of this district, namely [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City]], [[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural]], [[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]], [[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]] and [[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Patil Julalsing Shankarrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Onkar Narayan Wagh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | Supadu Bhadu Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Krishnarao Maharu Patil
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Onkar Narayan Wagh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Krishnarao Maharu Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Onkar Narayan Wagh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Krishnarao Maharu Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Onkar Narayan Wagh || {{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Vikas Congress}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | [[Tatyasaheb R.O. Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Dilip Wagh|Dilip Onkar Wagh]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan="3" | [[Kishor Appa Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kishor Appa Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 97,366 |percentage = 42.33% |change = {{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vaishalitai Narendrasing Suryawanshi |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 58,677 |percentage = 25.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amol Panditrao Shinde |party = Independent politician |votes = 58,071 |percentage = 25.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanasaheb Pratap Hari Patil |party = Maharashtra Swarajya Party |votes = 5,688 |percentage = 2.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Wagh|Dilip Onkar Wagh]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,259 |percentage = 2.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,911 |percentage = 0.83% |change = {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,689 |percentage = 16.82% |change = {{increase}}15.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 231,916 |percentage = 69.05% |change = {{increase}}5.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 230,005}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 335,848 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kishor Appa Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 75,699 |percentage = 37.91% |change = {{decrease}}8.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amol Panditrao Shinde |party = Independent politician |votes = 73,615 |percentage = 36.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Wagh|Dilip Onkar Wagh]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 44,961 |percentage = 22.52% |change = {{decrease}}8.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naresh Pandit Patil |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,214 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,724 |percentage = 0.86% |change = {{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,084 |percentage = 1.04% |change = {{decrease}}14.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 201,654 |percentage = 63.93% |change = {{decrease}}1.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 199,693}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 315,444 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}8.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kishor Appa Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 87,520 |percentage = 46.46% |change = {{increase}}1.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Wagh|Dilip Onkar Wagh]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 59,117 |percentage = 31.38% |change = {{decrease}}17.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Uttamrao Dhana Mahajan |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 20,772 |percentage = 11.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhausaheb Dilip Mukundrao Patil |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 12,833 |percentage = 6.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pradiprao Gulabrao Pawar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,904 |percentage = 2.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,272 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,403 |percentage = 15.08% |change = {{increase}}11.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 189,692 |percentage = 65.91% |change = {{increase}}1.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 188,372}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 287,812 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Wagh|Dilip Onkar Wagh]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 79,715 |percentage = 49.00% |change = {{increase}}7.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Tatyasaheb R.O. Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 73,501 |percentage = 45.18% |change = {{decrease}}7.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunil Ramkrishna Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,603 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajan Eknath Garbad |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 2,270 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Rasul Usman |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,297 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Abhay Sharad |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,031 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,214 |percentage = 3.82% |change = {{decrease}}7.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 162,718 |percentage = 64.49% |change = {{decrease}}4.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 162,670}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 252,303 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}3.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Tatyasaheb R.O. Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 75,862 |percentage = 52.35% |change = {{increase}}9.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Wagh|Dilip Onkar Wagh]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 59,674 |percentage = 41.18% |change = {{increase}}29.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinod Namdeo Ahire |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,413 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sahebrao Gajmal |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,413 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Brahmane Bhalchandra Pandurang |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,693 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chitodi Shersingh Babulal |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,580 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bramhane Ratan Zuba |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,284 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,188 |percentage = 11.17% |change = {{decrease}}4.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,928 |percentage = 69.34% |change = {{increase}}5.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,919}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,013 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}9.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Tatyasaheb R.O. Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 46,335 |percentage = 42.98% |change = {{increase}}23.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Onkar Narayan Wagh |party = Maharashtra Vikas Congres |votes = 29,491 |percentage = 27.36% |change = {{increase}}3.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Dileep Mukundrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,453 |percentage = 13.41% |change = {{decrease}}6.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Pandit Parashram |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 12,872 |percentage = 11.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sarala Kiran |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,977 |percentage = 3.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,844 |percentage = 15.63% |change = {{increase}}12.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,597 |percentage = 63.52% |change = {{decrease}}11.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,800}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,126 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Maharashtra Vikas Congres |swing = {{increase}}19.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Onkar Narayan Wagh |party = Maharashtra Vikas Congres |votes = 30,656 |percentage = 23.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Anil Ramrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,359 |percentage = 20.15% |change = {{decrease}}15.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Mahadeo Misal |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 25,903 |percentage = 19.80% |change = {{decrease}}6.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Krishnarao Shivarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,320 |percentage = 16.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Khalil Dadamiya |party = Janata Dal |votes = 9,335 |percentage = 7.14% |change = {{decrease}}28.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Tatyasaheb R.O. Patil]]|party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 7,643 |percentage = 5.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingale Vasant Damu |party = Hindustan Janta Party |votes = 3,554 |percentage = 2.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharad Tryambak Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,040 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,297 |percentage = 3.28% |change = {{increase}}3.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 134,651 |percentage = 74.90% |change = {{increase}}14.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 130,811}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,765 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Maharashtra Vikas Congres |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnarao Maharu Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,565 |percentage = 35.21% |change = {{decrease}}3.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Onkar Narayan Wagh |party = Janata Dal |votes = 34,542 |percentage = 35.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Mahadeo Misal |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 25,807 |percentage = 26.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Yadavrao Daulatrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,687 |percentage = 1.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23 |percentage = 0.02% |change = {{decrease}}16.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,147 |percentage = 60.58% |change = {{decrease}}3.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,169}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,306 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}20.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Onkar Narayan Wagh |party = Janata Party |votes = 45,855 |percentage = 55.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnarao Maharu Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,965 |percentage = 38.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagwan Nisar Ibrahim |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,498 |percentage = 4.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sharad Shmrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,201 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,890 |percentage = 16.77% |change = {{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,715 |percentage = 63.59% |change = {{increase}}3.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,803}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,222 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnarao Maharu Patil |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 37,601 |percentage = 53.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Onkar Narayan Wagh |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,470 |percentage = 37.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Jomail Shaikh Fakira |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,932 |percentage = 8.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,131 |percentage = 15.90% |change = {{increase}}5.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,728 |percentage = 59.70% |change = {{decrease}}13.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,003}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,148 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Onkar Narayan Wagh |party = Janata Party |votes = 43,130 |percentage = 55.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnarao Maharu Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,878 |percentage = 44.71% |change = {{decrease}}24.78 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,252 |percentage = 10.58% |change = {{decrease}}33.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,681 |percentage = 72.99% |change = {{increase}}14.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,008}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,538 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnarao Maharu Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,360 |percentage = 69.49% |change = {{increase}}21.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharad Tryambak Patil |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 13,315 |percentage = 25.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanabhau Jangalrao Pawar |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 1,971 |percentage = 3.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Zalte Shalik Koutik |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 676 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,045 |percentage = 44.04% |change = {{increase}}38.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,552 |percentage = 58.50% |change = {{decrease}}5.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,322}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,253 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}21.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Supadu Bhadu Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,668 |percentage = 47.95% |change = {{decrease}}16.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Onkar Narayan Wagh |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 21,097 |percentage = 42.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. T. Patil |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 4,597 |percentage = 9.31% |change = {{decrease}}17.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,571 |percentage = 5.21% |change = {{decrease}}33.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,230 |percentage = 63.54% |change = {{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,362}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,777 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Supadu Bhadu Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,413 |percentage = 64.60% |change = {{increase}}22.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Onkar Narayan Wagh |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 10,759 |percentage = 26.32% |change = {{decrease}}31.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxamanrao Shankarrao Adhav |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,712 |percentage = 9.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,654 |percentage = 38.29% |change = {{increase}}22.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,728 |percentage = 62.51% |change = {{increase}}2.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,884}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,549 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}6.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Onkar Narayan Wagh |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 22,408 |percentage = 57.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnarao Maharu Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,237 |percentage = 42.02% |change = {{decrease}}20.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,171 |percentage = 15.97% |change = {{decrease}}26.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,645 |percentage = 59.89% |change = {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,645}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,531 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Pachora <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Julalsing Shankarrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,541 |percentage = 62.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shankar Devchand |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 5,878 |percentage = 19.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adhav Shankarrao Bhikaji |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 5,439 |percentage = 18.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,663 |percentage = 42.41% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,858 |percentage = 56.49% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,858}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,853 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Pachora]]
* [[Pachora Municipal Council]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalgaon district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|20.66|75.35|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Poorva Express

2026-05-06T17:55:55Z

DortheaBye: creating initial data needs work.

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Superfast Express train between Howrah and New Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF0000
| name = Poorva Express
| logo = [[File:Poorva Express Train Board.jpg|200px]]
| image = [[File:Poorva express at jasidih.jpg|300px]]
| caption = Poorva Express at [[Jasidih Junction]]
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] & [[West Bengal]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1956|10|01}} (Via Gaya) {{start date and age|df=yes|1956|10|02}} (via Patna)
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Howrah}} (HWH)
| stops = 20 (Via Gaya) 22 (Via Patna)
| end = {{rws|New Delhi}} (NDLS)
| distance = {{convert|1,452|km|0|abbr=on}} (Via Gaya) {{convert|1531|km|0|abbr=on}} (Via Patna)
| journeytime = 21 hours 45 minutes (Via Gaya) 23 hours 20 minutes (Via Patna)
| frequency = Tri-weekly (Via Gaya) Four days a week (Via Patna)
| trainnumber = 12381/82 (Via Gaya) 12303/04 (Via Patna)
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|First AC]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Second AC]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Third AC]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = Yes
| catering = Available
| observation = Large Windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1,676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| speed = {{convert|66|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The ''12381/82'' & ''12303/04'' '''Poorva Express''' is a daily [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] trains of [[Indian Railways]] running between [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah Junction]], [[West Bengal]] to [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]. The name ''Poorva'' signifies the eastern part of [[India]], and the train is mainly attracts travellers from [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] & [[West Bengal]] states.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanction for regular operation |url=https://ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,283,362,1488,1496 |accessdate=19 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raising maximum permissible speed of sections. |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/civil_engg/CE_II/Raising_210318.pdf |accessdate=19 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=21_10_2016_009_020&type=A&eid=31812 |title=Mega Power & Traffic Block between Khana & Galsi stations on 23.10.2016 |access-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815140334/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=21_10_2016_009_020&type=A&eid=31812 |archive-date=15 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/into-effect-after-midnight-railway-timetable Railway timetable implemented after midnight]</ref><ref>[http://www.amarujala.com/india-news/lizard-found-in-food-served-to-a-passenger-in-chandauli-passenger-complained-to-suresh-prabhu Lizard found in train meal in UP, passenger complains to railway minister]</ref>

== History ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Prior to the introduction of the [[Rajdhani Express]], the Deluxe Express was the premium category superfast trains of India. Fully air conditioned and superfast, they were given the highest priority in Indian Railways. There were two of them. One use to [[Paschim Express|ply between Amritsar and Bandra Terminus]], and another from [[Amritsar]] to [[Howrah]]. Both of them use to carry the ICF Rajdhani liveried coaches. Later with due course of time the Deluxe Express till Bandra was renamed as [[Paschim Express]] while the Deluxe Express till Howrah was renamed as [[Poorva Express]]. The Poorva Express was launched on the 2nd of October, 1956 and ran as the first fully air conditioned train of India.

With due course of time, the "fully Air Conditioned" was stripped off from its name to accommodate additional Non-AC sleeper Coaches and was subsequently terminated till [[New Delhi]]. And with the launch of [[Howrah Rajdhani Express]], it lost its grandeur and subsequently its priority. It was relegated to Maroon-cream coloured Coaches with no tubelights only bulbs inside the coach first and then to Standard Blue ICF Coaches with tubelights inside the coach. But later getting refurbished to LHB coach in April 2013, gave this train next level security and accommodation.

Though it suffered with time, its popularity never ceased. Due to its huge demand, Indian Railways introduced a second pair of Poorva Express on 1 August 1971 via Patna. Not only that, during its peak time it was one of the longest trains with a load of 24 coaches and was used to be hauled by twin WDM-2 engines between [[Mughalsarai]] and [[Chittaranjan]].

== Service==
The 12381 Poorva Express has an average speed of 66.62 km/h with halt and covers 1449 km in 21h 45m. The 12382 Poorva Express has an average speed of 62.2 km/h with halt and covers 1449 km in 23h 20m.

=== Route and halts ===
Route and halts of Poorva Express (via Patna)
* '''{{rws|Howrah Junction}}'''
* {{rws|Bardhaman}}
* {{rws|Durgapur}}
* {{rws|Asansol Junction}}
* {{rws|Madhupur}}
* {{rws|Jamtara}}
* {{rws|Jasidih}}
* {{rws|Jhajha}}
* {{rws|Kiul}}
* {{rws|Patna Junction}}
* {{rws|Danapur}}
* {{rws|Ara Junction}}
* {{rws|Mughalsarai Junction||Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhayaya Junction}}
* {{rws|Prayagraj Junction}}
* {{rws|Kanpur Central}}
* {{rws|Etawah}}
* {{rws|Tundla}}
* {{rws|Aligarh Junction}}
* '''{{rws|New Delhi}}'''

Route and halts of Poorva Express (Via Gaya)
* '''{{rws|Howrah Junction}}'''
* {{rws|Barddhaman Junction}}
* {{rws|Durgapur}}
* {{rws|Asansol Junction}}
* {{rws|Dhanbad Junction}}
* {{rws|Parasnath}}
* {{rws|Koderma Junction}}
* {{rws|Gaya Junction}}
* [[Rafiganj|RafiGanj]]
* {{rws|Anugraha Narayan Road}}
* {{rws|Dehri-on-Sone}}
* {{rws|Sasaram Junction}}
* {{rws|Bhabua Road}}
* {{rws|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}}
* {{rws|Varanasi Junction}}
* [[Janghai]]
* {{rws|Prayagraj Junction}}
* {{rws|Kanpur Central}}
* {{rws|Etawah Junction}}
* {{rws|Tundla Junction}}
* {{rws|Aligarh Junction}}
*'''{{rws|New Delhi}}'''

== Coach composition ==
The train has standard LHB rakes with a max speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1HA (1st AC cum 2A)
* 2 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 9 Sleeper Coaches
* 1 Pantry Car
* 2 General Unreserved
* 2 HOG

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" |22
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|EOG
|GS
|GS
|S1
|S2
|S3
|S4
|S5
|S6
|S7
|S8
|S9
|PC
|HA1
|B1
|B2
|B3
|B4
|B5
|A1
|A2
|EOG
|}

==Traction==
Earlier both Poorva Express has been pulled by [[WDM-2]] and [[WDM-3A]] or [[WDP-4B]] respectively. But as of now both trains are regularly hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah Loco Shed]] based [[WAP 7]], [[WAP-5]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP 4]] electric locomotive from end to end in it's entire journey

== Rake sharing ==
Both Poorva Express shares it's rakes with each other

=== Train detail ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Detail of Poorva Express'''
!Pair
!Train No.
!Sector
!Departure
!Arrival
!Frequency
!Average Speed
!Stops
!Distance
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1'''
|12303<ref>{{cite web |title=Train Time Table - POORVA EXPRESS (12303) : etrain.info |url=http://etrain.info/in?TRAIN=12303 |accessdate=22 June 2017 |website=etrain.info}}</ref>
|Howrah – New Delhi Via Patna
|08:00
|06:00
|Mon, Tue, Fri, Sat
|70 km
| rowspan="2" |BWN, DGR, ASN, CRJ, MDP, JSME, JAJ, JMU, KIUL, MKA, BARH, BKP, PNBE, DNR, ARA, BXR, DDU, ALD, CNB, ETW, TDL, ALJN
| rowspan="2" |1531 km
|-
|12304<ref>{{cite web |title=Train Time Table - POORVA EXPRESS (12304) : etrain.info |url=http://etrain.info/in?TRAIN=12304 |accessdate=22 June 2017 |website=etrain.info}}</ref>
|New Delhi – Howrah Via Patna
|17:40
|17:00
|Wed, Thu, Sat, Sun
|65 km
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2'''
|12381<ref>{{cite web |title=Train Time Table - POORVA EXPRESS (12381) : etrain.info |url=http://etrain.info/in?TRAIN=12381 |accessdate=22 June 2017 |website=etrain.info}}</ref>
|Howrah – New Delhi Via Gaya
|08:15
|06:00
|Sun, Wed, Thu
|67 km
| rowspan="2" |ALJN, TDL, ETW, CNB, ALD, BSB, DDU, BBU, SSM, DOS, ABUR, RFG, GAYA, KQR, PNME, DHN, ASN, DGR, BWN
| rowspan="2" |1449 km
|-
|12382<ref>{{cite web |title=Train Time Table - POORVA EXPRESS (12382) : etrain.info |url=http://etrain.info/in?TRAIN=12382 |accessdate=22 June 2017 |website=etrain.info}}</ref>
|New Delhi – Howrah Via Gaya
|17:40
|17:00
|Mon, Tue, Fri
|62 km
|-
|}

== Accidents and incidents ==
On 14 December 2014 the 12381 UP Howrah - New Delhi Poorva Express derailed at 8.27 am after leaving Howrah at 8.15 am.<ref>{{cite web |title=Train jumps tracks like a toy |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141215/jsp/calcutta/story_3677.jsp#.VN_eYF2t-o8 |url-status=dead |archive-url= |archive-date=15 February 2015 |accessdate=22 June 2017 |website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref> 11 sleeper coaches and a pantry car (AC Hot Buffet Car) of the New Delhi-bound Poorva Express derailed at [[Liluah]] shortly after leaving Howrah station. There were no casualties or injuries to any passengers, railway officials said. The train was moving at a slow speed when it derailed, the officials said, adding that the reasons for the mishap were being examined. What saved the passengers was the speed of the train. "The Poorva Express was moving at 10 to 15 km/h when the accident occurred. The average speed of the train is 63 km/h, though it can travel at 120 km/h. Derailment at higher speeds would have been catastrophic," an official said.

The 12381 Howrah - New Delhi Poorva Express via Gaya, which left from Howrah on 19 April 2019 got derailed at Ruma Railway Station, near [[Kanpur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. At least 15 people were injured in this accident. As per PRO Kanpur Division, due to the modern LHB coach, something serious didn't happen. Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS) of [[Indian Railways]] ordered a panel for enquiry in this accident.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poorva Express accident: Howrah-New Delhi Poorva Express derails near Kanpur|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/howrah-new-delhi-poorva-express-derails-near-kanpur/articleshow/68962430.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-06-20}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:12303_Poorva_Express_-_EOG.jpg|alt=Poorva SF Express|''12304 Poorva Express - [[Diesel generator|EOG]]''
File:12303_Poorva_Express_-_Sleep_Class_coach.jpg|''12304 Poorva Express - [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]] coach''
File:Poorva_Express_at_New_Delhi.jpg|''Poorva Express at [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]''
File:Poorva_Express_at_New_Delhi_with_Ghaziabad_based_WAP_7.jpg|''Poorva Express at New Delhi with a [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad]] based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP 7]]''
File:Ghaziabad_based_WAP_7_ready_to_haul_the_Poorva_Express.jpg|''[[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad]] based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP 7]] ready to haul the Poorva Express''
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[New Delhi railway station]]
* [[Howrah Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1255 12381 Howrah-New Delhi Poorva Express (via Gaya)]
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1253 12303 Howrah-New Delhi Poorva Express (via Patna)]
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1256 12382 New Delhi- Howrah Poorva Express (via Gaya)]
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1254 12304 New Delhi- Howrah Poorva Express (via Patna)]

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poorva Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Delhi–Kolkata trains]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1951]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

Parbad

2026-05-04T11:04:25Z

DortheaBye: creating the post v1.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Parbad
| native_name_lang = hi
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Deoghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = Block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sarath, Deoghar|Sarath]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_ha = 126
| population_total = 771
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 814149
| registration_plate = JH
}}

'''Parbad''' is a village located in the Sarath block of the [[Deoghar district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Jharkhand]]. It is known for its historical temple, Parbad Kali Mandir and has a recorded population of 771 as per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Village and Town Directory: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Parbad is situated approximately 7 km from the block headquarters Sarath and about 44 km from the district town of [[Deoghar]]. The total area of the village is around 126 hectares.<ref name="auto" />

== Demographics ==
Per the 2011 census of [[India]], Parbad had a population of 771 individuals: 407 [[male]] and 364 [[female]]. Children aged 0–6 years constituted 127 individuals or about 16.5% of the total population.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/355143-parbad-jharkhand.html|title=Parbad Village Population - Sarath - Deoghar, Jharkhand|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

The village has a higher [[literacy]] rate than the state average, with an overall literacy of 84.56% — 95.97% for males and 71.38% for females.<ref name="auto2" />

The [[child sex ratio]] is 1,117 females per 1,000 males, which is significantly higher than the Jharkhand state average.<ref name="auto2" />

== Education ==
The village has a government-run primary school, Govt. P.S. Parbad, which was established in 1960. The school provides education up to class 5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vidyatime.com/|title=Schools, Colleges, Universities, Courses|website=Course Finder}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Out of the total population, around 204 individuals were engaged in work activities, which includes both main (18.6%) and marginal (81.4%) work. A small portion work as cultivators and agricultural laborers.<ref name="auto2" />

== Transport ==
The nearest [[public bus]] and [[Rail transport|railway services]] are located more than 10 km away from the village.<ref name="auto2" />

== Culture and religion ==
=== Parbad Kali Mandir ===
The Parbad Kali Mandir is a significant religious and cultural center in the village. It is believed to have been founded in the 18th century by the ancestors of Thakur Ram Kishor Ray, the then [[Zamindar]] and [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of Parbad. He is credited with financing and building the temple out of devotion to the [[Kali|Goddess Kali]].{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

The temple follows traditional regional architectural style and serves both [[Tantra|tantric]] and mainstream Hindu worship. Its sanctum sanctorum (''[[garbhagriha]]'') is dedicated to Goddess Kali. Rituals performed include [[Yajna|yagna]], [[Homa (ritual)|havan]], [[Devi Mahatmya|Chandi path]], and [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]].{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

A major renovation took place in 2024–25, with an investment of nearly ₹1 crore, reviving its original heritage style.<ref name="jagran">{{Cite web |last1=Unknown |title=250 Year Old Parbad Kali Temple Will Be Built Grandly With One Crore Rupees |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/deoghar-sarath-250-year-old-parbad-kali-temple-will-be-built-grandly-with-one-crore-23245306.html |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi |date=April 2025}}</ref>

The pratishtha mahotsav (reconsecration ceremony) was held on 28 June 2023, led by Acharya Alok and local priests and covered by regional news media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purification in the Newly Constructed Parbad Maa Kali Temple |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story-purification-in-the-newly-constructed-parbad-maa-kali-temple-8951000.html |website=Live Hindustan |language=hi |date=2025}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Villages in Deoghar district]]

Rokkam Lakshmi Narasimham Dora

2026-04-21T02:17:07Z

DortheaBye: creating the data from scratch.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rokkam Lakshmi Narasimham Dora
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| image =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency1 = [[Tekkali Assembly constituency|Tekkali]]
| office1 = 2nd [[List of speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly#Speakers of Andhra State|Speaker of Andhra State Legislative Assembly]]
| governor1 = [[Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi]]
| term_start1 = 23 April 1955
| term_end1 = 3 December 1956
| predecessor1 = Nallapati Venkatramaiah
| successor1 =
| party =
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| native_name = రొక్కం లక్ష్మి నరసింహం దొర
}}
'''Rokkam Lakshmi Narasimham Dora''' was an Indian politician who served as the second [[List of speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly#Speakers of Andhra State|Speaker of Andhra State Legislative Assembly]] from April 1955 to December 1956.{{Refn|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Speakers - Legislative Assembly |url=https://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/former-speakers |access-date=11 May 2023 |website=Andhra Pradesh State Legislature, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ&dq=rokkam+dora&pg=PA167 |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures |date=2004 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |isbn=978-81-200-0400-9 |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Innaiah |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEhuAAAAMAAJ&q=rokkam |title=A Century of Politics in Andhra Pradesh: Ethnicity & Regionalism in Indian State |date=2002 |publisher=Rationalist Voice Publications |pages=53 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y5YAAAAMAAJ&q=rokkam |title=Public Accounts Committee (Parliament of India), 1921-1971: Golden Jubilee Souvenir |date=1971 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |pages=122 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rāmārāvu |first=Ji Veṅkaṭa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0QtAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82 |title=Āndhra Pradēś caritralō pradhāna ghaṭṭālu |date=1979 |publisher=Prāptisthānaṃ, Veṅkaṭa Rāmārāvu |pages=42 |language=te}}</ref>}} He was elected as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Tekkali Assembly constituency|Tekkali]] constituency for two terms {{Em dash}} in 1952 as an independent and in 1955 as a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madras |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4100-madras-1951/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1955 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Archives/StasticalReports/StatRep_AP_1955.pdf |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=13 June 2019 |title=స్పీకర్ల జిల్లా శ్రీకాకుళం: ఆంధ్ర రాష్ట్రం నుంచి నవ్యాంధ్ర వరకు ఎవరెవరంటే... |language=te |work=[[BBC News]] తెలుగు |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-48623315 |access-date=2023-05-11}}</ref>

Lakshmi Narasimham Dora was born in a family of freedom fighters belonging to the [[Telaga]] [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]] community of [[Srikakulam district]].<ref name=":0" /> He was a lawyer by profession. He served as Srikakulam [[Bar (law)|Bar]] Association President, member of [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] district board, and member of [[Andhra University]] senate. In 1951, he became the first president of Srikakulam district board.

The Rokkam Lakshmi Narasimham Dora Educational Society was established in his memory. The society established a [[Bachelor of Education|B. Ed.]] college in [[Srikakulam]] named R. L. N. Dora College of Education in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RLN Dora College of Education, Srikakulam |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/colleges/rln-dora-college-of-education-srikakulam |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=R. L. N. Dora College of Education Srikakulam |url=http://www.highereducationinindia.com/institutes/r-l-n-dora-college-of-education-3317.php |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=HigherEducationinIndia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dora, Rokkam Lakshmi Narasimhan}}
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1952–1957]]

Sushma Nair

2026-04-19T04:23:26Z

DortheaBye: Added New Post Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
'''Sushma Nair''' is an Indian television actress. She has appeared Indian Tamil-language soap operas and television series including [[Budget Kudumbam]] and Nayagi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-07-08 |title=Vidya Pradeep, Meera Krishna and Sushma Nair enjoy a reunion with other team members of 'Nayagi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vidya-pradeep-meera-krishna-and-sushma-nair-enjoy-a-reunion-with-other-team-members-of-nayagi/articleshow/92754563.cms |access-date=2024-12-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-11-18 |title=Actors Kurinji Nathan and Sushma Nair to play the titular roles in upcoming show 'Budget Kudumbam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actors-kurinji-nathan-and-sushma-nair-to-play-the-titular-roles-in-upcoming-show-budget-kudumbam/articleshow/105312996.cms |access-date=2024-12-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sushma started her acting career as a costume designer on movie sets and started acting when she was made to stand in for an actress who did not show up on the set.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sebastian |first=Shilpa |date=2020-07-20 |title=Sushma Nair: ‘I started off with costume designing’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-sushma-nair-on-balancing-costume-desiging-and-acting/article32136552.ece |access-date=2024-12-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Soap Opera
!Role
!Channel
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Sumangali (TV series)|Sumangali]]''
|Charu<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2021-04-24 |title=Nayagi serial fame actress Sushma Nair gets married! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nayagi-serial-fame-actress-sushma-nair-gets-married/articleshow/82231284.cms |access-date=2024-12-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2019–2020
|[[Nayagi (TV series)|''Nayagi'']]
|Ananya<ref name=":0" />
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2020
|''Thirumagal''
|Pragathi<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-11 |title=Actress Sushma Nair quits TV show 'Thirumagal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sushma-nair-quits-tv-show-thirumagal/articleshow/80845185.cms |access-date=2024-12-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2021
|[[Thamizhum Saraswathiyum|''Thamizhum Saraswathiyum'']]
|Suhasini
|[[Vijay TV|Vijay TV]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021–2022
|''[[Senthoora Poove (TV series)|Senthoora Poove]]''
|Aishwarya
|[[Vijay TV|Vijay TV]]
|-
|[[Endrendrum Punnagai (TV series)|''Endrendrum Punnagai'']]
|Nila<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayagi Fame Sushma Nair To Play Nila in Endrendrum Punnagai |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nayagi-fame-sushma-nair-to-play-nila-in-endrendrum-punnagai-4466513.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Zee Tamizh|Zee Tamizh]]
|-
|2022–2026
|''[[Ilakkiya]]''
|Anjali
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Budget Kudumbam]]''
|Vanmathi<ref name=":1" />
|[[DD Tamil]]
|}

== Personal life ==
Sushma married Lijo John, a cricket coach, in 2021.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Sushma}}
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Margherita Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:22Z

DortheaBye: Added new article - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Margherita
| constituency_no = 83
| type = SLA
| map_image = Margherita Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| district = [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Margherita Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]], a north east state of [[India]]. Margherita is part of [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="4" |Kul Bahadur Chetri
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Tarun Gogoi]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|1998^
| rowspan="4" |[[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhaskar Sharma]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Margherita}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rahul Chetry|party=Raijor Dal|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=|party=|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Margherita}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bhaskar Sharma
|votes = 86,640
|percentage = 56.52
|change = +0.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manoranjan Borgohain
|votes = 28,140
|percentage = 18.36
|change = -20.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Assam Jatiya Parishad
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Deb
|votes = 22,935
|percentage = 14.96
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ignatius Ekka
|votes = 10,315
|percentage = 6.73
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rantu Sonowal
|votes = 1,444
|percentage = 0.94
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhogeswar Shyam
|votes = 1,269
|percentage = 0.83
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,536
|percentage = 1.65
|change = +0.09
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 58,500
|percentage = 38.16
|change = +21.53
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,53,279
|percentage = 78.12
|change = -5.88
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Margherita}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bhaskar Sharma
|votes = 76,365
|percentage = 55.84
|change = +18.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
|votes = 53,621
|percentage = 39.21
|change = -12.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nidan Purty
|votes = 1,332
|percentage = 0.97
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bishwanath Singha
|votes = 1,306
|percentage = 0.95
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Umesh Bora
|votes = 1,289
|percentage = 0.74
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Purna Chhetri
|votes = 690
|percentage = 0.50
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,137
|percentage = 1.56
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,744
|percentage = 16.63
|change = +1.59
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,36,740
|percentage = 84.00
|change = +15.61
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Margherita}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
|votes = 57,615
|percentage = 52.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
|votes = 41,006
|percentage = 37.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Suren Phukan
|votes = 7,066
|percentage = 6.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Joikrishna Tanti
|votes = 2,923
|percentage = 2.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Abani Mohan Medhi
|votes = 1,874
|percentage = 1.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,609
|percentage = 15.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,10,484
|percentage = 68.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Margherita, Assam|Margherita]]
* [[Tinsukia district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Tinsukia district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Assam]]

Raghu Dakat

2026-04-11T11:26:26Z

DortheaBye: creating a article from scratch.

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali action-adventure film by Dhrubo Banerjee}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raghu Dakat
| image = File:Raghu Dakat Release poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Dhrubo Banerjee
| producer = {{ubl|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]|Gurupada Adhikari|Shrikant Mohta|Mahendra Soni}}
| writer = Dhrubo Banerjee
| screenplay = Dhrubo Banerjee
| story = Dhrubo Banerjee
| starring = {{ubl|Dev|[[Anirban Bhattacharya]]|[[Om Sahani]]|[[Sohini Sarkar]]|[[Idhika Paul]]|[[Roopa Ganguly]]|[[Alexx O'Nell]]|Carl A. Harte}}
| music = {{ubl|[[Nilayan Chatterjee]]|Rathijit Bhattacharjee}}
| narrator = Anujoy Chatterjee
| cinematography = Soumik Halder
| editing = Md. Kalam
| studio = {{ubl|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]|Dev Entertainment Ventures}}
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|09|25}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = {{INR|8 crore}}<ref name="ap">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-29 |title=‘১২:১ মানুষ চেনাল! এই শিক্ষা যথেষ্ট, আমার কোনও অভিযোগ নেই’, স্ক্রিনিং কমিটির বৈঠক নিয়ে দেব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/why-dev-is-not-supporting-screening-committees-all-isues-dgtl/cid/1657409 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230053227/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/why-dev-is-not-supporting-screening-committees-all-isues-dgtl/cid/1657409 |archive-date=2025-12-30 |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|13 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghu Dakat BO: বক্স অফিসে ১০ কোটি পার রঘু ডাকাতের! মেগাস্টার দেব ধরা ছোঁয়ার বাইরে, ফের প্রমাণিত|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/box-office-dev-starrer-raghu-dakat-crosses-10-cr-says-producer-mahendra-soni-31759862045940.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116041536/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/box-office-dev-starrer-raghu-dakat-crosses-10-cr-says-producer-mahendra-soni-31759862045940.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2025|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] Bengali|date=8 October 2025|access-date=17 October 2025 }}</ref><ref name="ap"/>
}}

'''''Raghu Dakat''''' ({{IPA|bn|ɾɔɡʱu ɖakat}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Historical drama|period]] [[Folklore|folk]] [[superhero film]] written and directed by Dhrubo Banerjee.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Anurupa |title=Dev as Raghu Dakat: ইতিহাস লিখবে রঘু, বাংলার ডাকাত রাজাকে চেনাবেন দেব.. |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-as-raghu-dakat-pre-teaser-pujo-release-9515656 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=20 July 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films|Shrikant Mohta]], Mahendra Soni, Gurupada Adhikari and [[Dev Adhikari|Dev]] under the banners of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and Dev Entertainment Ventures,<ref>{{cite news |title='Raghu Dakat' teaser: Dev's vigilante warrior battles British rulers in Dhrubo Banerjee's period drama |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/devs-vigilante-warrior-battles-british-rulers-in-official-teaser-of-dhrubo-banerjee-directed-period-drama/cid/2118091 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=15 August 2025}}</ref> the film stars Dev himself in the [[Title character|titular role]] as a notorious 18th-century outlaw turned folk hero. It also features [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Om Sahani]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Idhika Paul]] and [[Roopa Ganguly]] in other pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=হাতে রক্তমাখা কুড়ুল, লম্বা উশকো-খুশকো চুলে রঘু ডাকাতের বেশে ধরা দিলেন দেব! আপডেট দিয়ে কী জানালেন? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-an-update-of-his-upcoming-film-raghu-dakat-31743140147834.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419082925/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-an-update-of-his-upcoming-film-raghu-dakat-31743140147834.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times Bangla |date=28 March 2025 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='রঘু ডাকাত'-এর টিজারে সাদা চুল, ক্রুর হাসিতে বাজিমাত অনির্বাণের! সোহিনী-রূপা-ইধিকাদের লুকেও বড় চমক |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raghu-dhakat-teaser-out-at-15-august-on-digital-platform-31755233478361.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910153835/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raghu-dhakat-teaser-out-at-15-august-on-digital-platform-31755233478361.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> The film is a fictionalised tale set in the backdrop of the [[Indigo revolt]] (1859–1860), during colonial unrest in Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |title='Raghu Dakat' pre-teaser: Dev plays a vigilante warrior battling against colonial rulers |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-plays-a-vigilante-warrior-who-launches-a-battle-against-colonial-rulers/cid/2114156 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=20 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=তরবারি হাতে ঘোড়সওয়ার 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এর হুঙ্কার, ফাঁস দেবের 'বিগ বাজেট' শুটিংয়ের দৃশ্য! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-idhika-pauls-look-out-from-raghu-dakats-outdoor-shoot/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=17 May 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

Banerjee conceptualised the film by reimagining the life and legends of Raghab Dutta, who later turned into Raghu Dakat as a formidable force uniting to battle [[British Raj|British colonial]] rule. Announced in November 2021, the film was stalled in the [[Development hell|development]] phase for four years and later reannounced in December 2024. It marks Banerjee's collaborations with Dev and Bhattacharya for the second and fourth time respectively. It also pairs Dev and Paul for the second time. [[Principal photography]] commenced in January 2025, primarily in [[Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite news |title=আউশগ্রামের জঙ্গলে হঠাৎ হাজির 'রঘু ডাকাত', ছুটল ঘোড়া! খবর ছড়িয়ে পড়তেই শোরগোল |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/shooting-of-film-raghu-dakat-starts-in-ausgram-dmg-2128718.html |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=11 April 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=চার বছরের টালবাহানার পর, অবশেষে শ্যুটিং ফ্লোরে দেবের নতুন ছবি, 'রঘু ডাকাত' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dev-on-raghu-dakat-shooting-starts-dhruba-banerjee-svf-entertainment-news-tollywood-1125208 |website=ABP Live Bangla |date=16 March 2025 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> The music has been composed by Rathijit Bhattacharjee and Nilayan Chatterjee, the background score is done by Rathijit Bhattacharjee did the background score while the cinematography and editing were handled by Soumik Halder and MD. Kalam respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=গা ছমছমে অমা-নিশি, 'রঘু ডাকাত' দেবের হুংকার! দেখুন ছবির মোশন পোস্টার |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/devs-upcoming-film-raghu-dakat-motion-poster-launched/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=8 November 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>

''Raghu Dakat'' released in the theatres on 25 September 2025, coinciding with [[Durga Puja]].<ref>{{cite web |title='রঘু ডাকাত'-এ সুপারস্টারের পরিবর্তে মেগাস্টার, দেবের সমর্থনে অনুরাগীরা |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/megastar-devs-raghudakat-will-be-released-on-durga-puja-1223713.html |website=TV9 Bangla |date=22 July 2025 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics and became a commercial success at the box office. It emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2025|second highest-grossing Bengali film of 2025]].

== Plot ==
Set in Bengal during the decades following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny]], the film begins with an aged Damru narrating events to villagers gathered by torchlight. He describes how British indigo planters, supported by local landlords, force peasants into exploitative contracts, sometimes using the peasants’ bloodied fingerprints as signatures. When a farmer refuses to comply, British officer Duncan orders a public hanging to intimidate the villagers.

The execution is interrupted by Raghu, an outlaw devoted to Kali, who defeats the mercenaries of Ahindra Barman, the zamindar of Rudrapur. Raghu humiliates Duncan but spares his life, telling him to remember his name. Rumors about Raghu grow after a captured mercenary claims Raghu is the son of Maa Kali, and his actions take on legendary status. A ritual dance follows, and it is revealed by Kalu Ustad that Ahindra is sending all taxes and indigo harvests to Duncan’s factory. Raghu intervenes when he learns of girls being abducted under Ahindra’s protection, Raghu rescues the abducted girls and on their way back meets Saudamini at Mahadevpur, a skilled fighter. Raghu develops feelings for Saudamini, which initially strains his relationship with his longtime companion Gunja, but they later reconcile with the guidance of Dakat Ma.

Raghu’s successes lead villagers to see him as a messianic figure, although information about his band is unwittingly passed to Durlav, a sadhu secretly working for Ahindra and the British. Raghu is haunted by memories of Ahindra and Duncan hanging his father infront of him. Raghu, Gunja, and Saudamini later prevent another execution in Rudrapur. The group suffers a setback when Durlav murders Dakat Ma and sets a trap that injures Raghu, who is presumed dead. Durlav attempts to kill Raghu at a Kali gathering, but Raghu survives and kills Durlav. With their hideout exposed, the group relocates to the mountains.

At Ahindra’s estate, confusion arises when he receives a letter from the King of Nawabgunj requesting donations of jewelry for a Maa Kali ritual. Ahindra soon understands that Raghu has already raided the wedding of King Bikram Roy’s daughter. During the raid, Raghu addresses the royal family, delivering a speech about redistributing wealth taken from the poor. In response, Bikram Roy’s wife asks for a peaceful resolution, and the king’s daughter is moved to tears. The royal family, including the king, ultimately chooses to donate their jewelry voluntarily. The redistributed wealth is given to the peasants, further establishing Raghu’s reputation among both the oppressed and the powerful.

Enraged by the raid, Ahindra instructs his manager to target Raghu’s supporters. Gunja and Saudamini are ambushed during their return; Gunja is fatally stabbed, and Saudamini is captured and taken to a ship. In response, Raghu and his allies pursue Lokenath and Duncan to Duncan’s indigo factory. During the confrontation, Bhimraj and the rebels kill Lokenath, and Raghu kills Duncan by whipping him and drowning him in indigo-stained water.

The final confrontation takes place on a ship, where Robert and Ferguson are killed in the ensuing battle. Raghu manages to rescue Saudamini, but is stabbed from behind by Ahindra. Believing Raghu to be dead, Ahindra boasts to Saudamini, but Raghu recovers, stabs Ahindra, and kills him. As the ship catches fire, Raghu and Saudamini escape.

The film concludes with a title card explaining that, following the Indigo Revolt and the Indigo Committee’s report, the Indigo Act of 1862 was passed, ending forced indigo cultivation in Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dev as Raghu Dakat: ইতিহাস লিখবে রঘু, বাংলার ডাকাত রাজাকে চেনাবেন দেব.. |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-as-raghu-dakat-pre-teaser-pujo-release-9515656 |website=Indian Express Bangla |access-date=July 23, 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dev looks fierce as a vigilante warrior in new poster of Dhrubo Banerjee's 'Raghu Dakat' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-dons-fierce-warrior-avatar-in-official-poster-of-dhrubo-banerjee-directed-period-drama/cid/2117963 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=14 August 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Dev Adhikari|Dev]] as Raghu Dakat / Raghab Dutta / Raja, a notorious outlaw and folk hero<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brahma |first1=Sanjali |title=Flames, folklore, and ferocity: Dev rises in the Raghu Dakat pre-teaser |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/flames--folklore--and-ferocity--dev-rises-in-the-raghu-dakat-pre-teaser/2000108 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=20 July 2025}}</ref>
** Ayush Banerjee as child Raghu
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] as Ahindra Barman, king of Rudrapur<ref>{{cite news |title=Anirban Bhattacharya: একদিকে শুভশ্রী, অন্যদিকে দেব... এসভিএফের জোড়া ছবিতে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকায় অনির্বাণ |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/subhasree-ganguly-new-film-dev-raghu-dakat-anirban-bhattacharya-will-act-in-chor-police-dakat-babu-entertainment-news-tollywood-1122720 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=1 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Sohini Sarkar]] as Gunja<ref>{{cite news |title=Raghu Dakat: বড় ঘোষণা! দেবের 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এ গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকায় দেখা যাবে সোহিনী ও ইধিকাকে |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/sohini-sarkar-and-idhika-paul-will-join-in-dev-dhruba-banerjee-raghu-dakat-movie-entertainment-news-tollywood-1118006 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=30 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Idhika Paul]] as Saudamini / Moni, Raghu's love interest<ref>{{cite news |title=রোম্যান্টিক নায়িকা থেকে যোদ্ধা! 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এ চমক ইধিকার! টলিউডের 'লাকি চার্ম'? কী বলছেন 'কিশোরী' |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/idhika-paul-talks-about-her-journey-in-her-upcoming-film-raghu-dakat-138812 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=17 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Roopa Ganguly]] as Dakat Maa
* [[Alexx O'Nell]] as a Duncan
* [[Om Sahani]] (credited as Om Prakash) as Durlav Roy
* Carl A. Harte as John Ferguson
* Loknath Dey as Ahindra's manager
* Anujoy Chatterjee as Damru, the narrator
* Biswaroop Biswas as Kalu Ustad
* Sumit Samadder as Petuk Thakur
* Sudip Dhara as Lakha
* Mithun Gupta as Budhon
* Arna Mukherjee as Haran Dutta, a farmer and Raghu's father
* Firdousi Bose as Dakat Maa's daughter<ref>{{cite news |title=সোহিনীদির সঙ্গে মিল! রূপাদির 'মেয়ে' ছাড়াও 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এ 'ডামি' হওয়ার ডাক পেয়েছি: ফিরদৌসি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actress-firdausi-basu-screen-sahres-with-dev-and-rupa-ganguly-in-movie-raghu-dakat-dgtl/cid/1608964 |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=2 June 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
* Siddhartha Mondal as Jadu, Bhimraj's first assistant fighter
* Subhankar Chatterjee as Madhu, Bhimraj's second assistant fighter
* Allen Archment as Robert
* Bidyut Das as Shankar
* Mouma Naskar as Shankar's wife

=== Special appearances ===

* Ashim Roy Chowdhury as Bikram Roy, king of Nawabgunj
* Tulika Bose as Bikram's wife, queen of Nawabgunj
* Sreeja Dutta as Bikram's daughter
* [[John Bhattacharya]] as Bikram's son-in-law

== Production ==
=== Announcement and development ===
''Raghu Dakat'' was announced in 2021 by [[SVF Entertainment]] and Dev Entertainment Ventures,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Anurupa |title=বসন্ত পঞ্চমীতে SVF এর বিরাট ঘোষণা, রঘু ডাকাতের ডেরায় ঢোকার আগেই নাম লেখান কিলবিল সোসাইটিতে... |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/svf-two-projects-back-to-back-from-raghu-dakat-to-kilbil-society-tollywood-news-8683538 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=2 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> with Dhrubo Banerjee as the director and writer.<ref>{{cite news |title=শেষ হল ঠান্ডা লড়াই, এসভিএফ-এর সঙ্গেই জুটিতে আসছে 'রঘু ডাকাত'! প্রকাশ্যে টাটকা নতুন পোস্টার |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/dev-releases-new-poster-of-his-upcoming-movie-raghu-dakat-and-announces-release-date-ent-121927 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=1 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ভয় ছিল তার শত্রু, সাহস ছিল তার অস্ত্র—'রঘু ডাকাত'-এর প্রথম ঝলকেই বিদ্রোহের আগুন লাগলেন দেব! |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/dev-looks-fierce-in-dhrubo-banerjee-s-raghu-dakat-movie-pre-tease-126476 |website=Aajkaal |access-date=July 23, 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> This marked their second collaboration after ''[[Golondaaj]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite news |title='গোলন্দাজ'এর পর এবার 'রঘু ডাকাত', দেব-ধ্রুবর জুটিতে ফের পর্দায় বাংলার ইতিহাস |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/dev-to-work-with-dhrubo-again-in-the-new-film-raghu-dakat_410991.html |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=4 November 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> The story was inspired by Bengali folklore surrounding the titular character, with additional research into 200 years ago, 19th-century colonial Bengal to ensure authenticity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev as Raghu Dakat: প্রযোজন এসভিএফ, পরিচালক ধ্রুব.. পুজোয় আসছে দেবের 'রঘু ডাকাত' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/producer-svf-director-dhrubo-banerjee-dav-coming-to-this-puja-as-raghu-dakat-entertainment-news-tollywood-1113186 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=23 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=Dev as 'Raghu Dakat', Dhrubo Banerjee wants to capture culture and heritage of 19th century Bengal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/dev-as-raghu-dakat-dhrubo-banerjee-wants-to-capture-the-culture-and-heritage-of-19th-century-bengal/articleshow/87523090.cms |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=4 November 2021}}</ref>

The film's development faced repeated delays due to scheduling conflicts and budget finalization.It is planned to be one of the most expensive film in Bengali cinema.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev's 'Raghu Dakat' pushed further ahead? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/devs-raghu-dakat-pushed-further-ahead-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/114538929.cms |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=24 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=অবশেষে প্রস্তুতি শেষ, 'রঘু ডাকাত' রূপে পর্দায় আসবেন দেব, কবে থেকে শুরু হচ্ছে শুটিং? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dhrubo-banerjee-will-start-filming-for-his-much-anticipated-film-raghu-dakat-starring-dev-from-april-2024-dgtl/cid/1482402 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=18 December 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> A concept motion poster was released on 8 November 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=দেবই ডাকাত! এবার রঘুর দাপটে কাঁপবে বাংলা? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/actor-dev-finally-starts-his-movie-raghu-dakat-with-director-dhurbo-banerjee_539773.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=20 September 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Sayani |title='২০২১ সালে আমরা যে স্বপ্ন দেখেছিলাম...' , রবিবাসরীয় সকালে সুখবর শোনালেন দেব |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/tollywood-actor-dev-share-a-post-over-movie-raghu-dakat/ |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=16 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> After sorting out the issues, and with Banerjee and Dev refining the script to balance historical accuracy and cinematic flair, the first poster of the film was released on 1 January 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=The poster of Dev's upcoming film Raghu Dakat generates excitement among fans |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-poster-of-dev-s-upcoming-film-raghu-dakat-generates-excitement-among-fans/1276761 |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=3 January 2025}}</ref> In mid January 2025, Dhrubo Banerjee finished the final draft of the screenplay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=দেবের 'রঘু ডাকাত' ছবিতে বাম্পার চমক! কোন ভূমিকায় থাকছেন অনির্বাণ? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/anirban-bhattacharya-to-cast-in-devs-raghu-dakat/ |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=27 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] announced it on 5 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=SVF announces two big Bengali projects on Saraswati Puja |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/svf-announces-srijit-mukherjis-killbill-society-and-devs-raghu-dakat-on-saraswati-puja/cid/2081597 |access-date=22 August 2025 |date=5 January 2025}}</ref> The film was officially re-announced at [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]'s 30 year journey event ''"Golper Parbon 1432"'' on 28 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Tina |title=The bandit is back in movies. After Telugu's Daaku Maharaaj, it's Bengali Raghu Dakat |url=https://theprint.in/feature/the-bandit-is-back-in-movies-after-telugus-daaku-maharaaj-its-bengali-raghu-dakat/2534585/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=5 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Killbill Society' to 'Saptadingar Guptadhon': SVF announces six-film slate |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/raghu-dakat-killbill-society-saptadingar-guptadhon-and-other-films-releasing-this-year/cid/2086354 |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=3 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The casting process began in 2020, with Dev confirmed for the lead role of Raghu Dakat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev and Dhrubo Banerjee join hands for Raghu Dakat |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/dev-and-dhrubo-banerjee-join-hands-for-raghu-dakat/cid/1837224 |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=4 November 2021}}</ref> Dhrubo Banerjee mentioned in an interview that he approached Dev for the role of Raghu Dakat, soon after the success of ''Golondaaj'' (2021).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Misra |first1=Akash |title='গোলন্দাজে'র পর এবার 'রঘু ডাকাত', কালীপুজোয় অনুরাগীদের সারপ্রাইজ দিলেন দেব |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/tollywood-actor-dev-shares-first-look-of-his-new-movie-raghu-dakat/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=4 November 2021 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=কালীপুজোয় 'রঘু ডাকাত' দেব, ব্রিটিশদের বিরুদ্ধে লড়াইয়ের এক অন্য নায়কের কাহিনী পর্দায় |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dhrubo-banerjee-helmed-devs-upcoming-film-raghu-dakat/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=4 November 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] was cast in a pivotal antagonistic role.<ref>{{cite news |title=দেবের 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এ খলচরিত্রে অনির্বাণ? ইন্ডাস্ট্রির অন্দরে গুঞ্জন |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/anirban-bhattacharya-may-play-negative-role-in-dev-new-movie-raghu-dakat-gossips-in-tollywood-film-industry-bengali-celebs-gossip-soc-1161805-2025-01-28 |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=28 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> An obstacle appeared while filming his parts because the Tollywood technicians' guild decided to boycott Bhattacharya; but the issue was solved upon Dev's mediation, and the filming continued.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title='রঘু ডাকাত' ছবির ক্ষেত্রে টেকনিশিয়ানদের অসহযোগিতার মুখে পড়বেন না অনির্বাণ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/anirban-bhattacharya-can-shoot-for-devs-raghu-dakat/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=14 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> [[Sohini Sarkar]] and [[Idhika Paul]] were selected for principle female characters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=দেবের 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এ রূপা গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়! সোহিনী-ইধিকা কে কোন ভূমিকায়? রয়েছে বড় চমক! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/sohini-sarkar-idhika-paul-joins-raghu-dakat-casting-rupa-ganguly-in-devs-film/ |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=31 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='দেবদা ফের আমাকে বিশ্বাস করেছে জেনে ভাল লাগছে', 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এ সুযোগ পেয়ে আর কী বললেন ইধিকা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actress-idhika-paul-is-excited-as-she-got-another-opportunity-to-work-with-dev-in-raghu-dakat-dgtl/cid/1578759 |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=1 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> This marked the second collaboration between Dev and Idhika after ''[[Khadaan]]'' (2024).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Idhika Paul: 'দেবদার ড্রিম প্রজেক্টে সুযোগ পেয়েছি যখন...' খাদানের পর রঘু ডাকতেও ইধিকা, বাঁধভাঙা উচ্ছ্বাসে ভাসছেন 'কিশোরী' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/idhika-paul-shares-her-fun-and-excitement-after-getting-a-role-in-raghu-dakat-along-with-dev-31738402504002.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419175758/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/idhika-paul-shares-her-fun-and-excitement-after-getting-a-role-in-raghu-dakat-along-with-dev-31738402504002.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 April 2025 |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ফিরছে দেব-ইধিকা জুটি! দোসর সোহিনী, 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এ কোন চরিত্রে থাকছেন জোড়া নায়িকা? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/idhika-paul-and-sohini-sarkar-will-be-seen-with-dev-in-upcoming-bengali-movie-raghu-dakat-ent-129134 |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=31 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> [[Roopa Ganguly]] was cast to play a significant supporting role, marking her return to Bengali cinema.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Torsha |title=Raghu Dakat: দেবের 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এ নতুন চমক! থাকছেন অনির্বাণ ভট্টাচার্য ও রূপা গঙ্গোপাধ্যায় |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/anirban-bhattacharya-and-roopa-ganguly-joined-in-dev-raghu-dakat-svf-entertainment-news-bollywood-1118436 |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=2 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]] denied the rumors of him being present in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title='রঘু ডাকাত'-এ চিরঞ্জিৎ? 'কই, আমাকে মহরতে ডাকল না তো!' পাল্টা বিস্ময় অভিনেতার |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/is-actor-chiranjeet-chakraborty-doing-acting-in-raghu-dakat-dgtl/cid/1579496 |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=4 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> [[Alexx O'Nell]] and Carl A. Harte were cast as major British colonial officers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Biswadip |title='ইতিহাস লিখবে রঘু'! ইংরেজ সংহারক রূপে দেব, উন্মাদনার পারদ চড়াল ছবির প্রথম ঝলক |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/pre-teaser-of-raghu-dakat-released/ |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=20 July 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Firdousi Bose was cast in a pivotal role.<ref>{{cite news |title=রুক্মিণীর সঙ্গে রেষারেষি, তবু দেবের ডাকাত দলে নাম উঠল 'নটী'র 'ক্ষেত্রমণি' ফিরদৌসীর! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actress-firdausi-basu-will-be-in-devs-raghu-dakat-after-rukmini-maitras-binodini-dgtl/cid/1578068 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=29 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> [[Rajatava Dutta]] joined the cast in April 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Rajatabha-Raghu Dakat: ঘন জঙ্গলে রঘু ডাকাতের টিমে ভিড়লেন রজতাভ দত্ত-ও! কোন চরিত্রে ধরা দেবেন দেবের সঙ্গে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rajatabha-dutta-joined-raghu-dakat-team-will-portray-this-character-31744622917134.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 April 205 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |title=ঘন জঙ্গলে গোপন আস্তানায় 'রঘু ডাকাত', সঙ্গী হবেন রজতাভ দত্ত! কোন চরিত্রে বাজিমাত করবেন? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/44072/breaking-rajatava-dutta-joins-raghu-dakat-which-starring-dev |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413174659/https://www.aajkaal.in/story/44072/breaking-rajatava-dutta-joins-raghu-dakat-which-starring-dev |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2025 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=13 April 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
Pre-production involved extensive planning for the film's period setting.<ref>{{cite news |title=চার বছরের অপেক্ষার অবসান, আসছে 'রঘু ডাকাত'! দেবের প্রস্তুতি তুঙ্গে, কবে থেকে শুটিং? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/sources-revealed-that-director-dhrubo-banerjee-will-start-filming-for-his-much-anticipated-film-raghu-dakat-starring-dev-from-december-2024-dgtl/cid/1546988 |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=20 September 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=কালীপুজোয় ফের বাংলার বুকে 'রঘু ডাকাত' হয়ে ফিরছেন দেব? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/devs-next-venture-will-be-film-raghu-dakat-will-be-announced-on-diwali-dgtl/cid/1311777 |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=3 November 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> The team conducted location scouting in [[Jharkhand]] and [[Purba Bardhaman]] to capture the rugged landscapes of 19th-century Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |title=কোণায় কোণায় রহস্য, 'এই' জঙ্গলেই হয়েছে দেবের 'রঘু ডাকাত' সিনেমার শ্যুটিং |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/life-style/you-can-visit-this-jungle-where-actor-dev-s-raghu-dakat-movie-shooting-was-done-l18-rds-local18-2296848.html |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=15 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=তরবারি হাতে ঘোড়সওয়ার 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এর হুঙ্কার, ফাঁস দেবের 'বিগ বাজেট' শুটিংয়ের দৃশ্য! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-idhika-pauls-look-out-from-raghu-dakats-outdoor-shoot/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=17 May 2025}}</ref> Dev underwent physical training to portray the physically demanding role of Raghu, including horseback riding and combat choreography.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=ঘোড়সওয়ারি শিখছেন দেব, 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এর জন্য কড়া হোমওয়ার্ক সুপারস্টারের |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/bengali-actor-dev-prepping-for-raghu-dakat-learning-horse-riding/ |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=5 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=চার বছর পর ফ্লোরে 'রঘু ডাকাত', দেবের প্রস্তুতি কী রকম? জানালেন ছবির পরিচালক ধ্রুব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-director-dhrubo-banerjee-speaks-about-dev-as-his-film-raghu-dakat-starts-rolling-on-sunday-dgtl/cid/1588488 |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=16 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> The horse riding sessions were practiced at the Kolkata Horseback Policeman Training Ground.<ref>{{cite news |title=ঘোড়ার পিঠে দেব, শুরু করে দিলেন 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এর প্রস্তুতি |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/dev-as-raghu-dakat-started-preparation-entertainment-news-tollywood-1118907 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=5 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Rahul |title=রবিবাসরীয় ছুটিও 'ভ্যানিশ'! দুরন্ত 'ডাকাত' হওয়ার চেষ্টায় টানা ঘোড়সওয়ারির কসরত চালাচ্ছে 'রঘু ডাকাত' |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/dev-learing-horse-riding-and-preparing-himself-for-raghu-dakat-movie-136952 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=9 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Dev grew a long beard to suit the character of ''Raghu Dakat''.<ref>{{cite news |title=After 10 months': Dev shaves his beard after wrapping Dhrubo Banerjee's 'Raghu Dakat' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-wraps-dhrubo-banerjees-raghu-dakat-shaves-his-beard-after-10-months/cid/2106768 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=8 June 2025}}</ref> Costume design and set construction were prioritized to recreate the colonial era authentically, with Banerjee emphasizing attention to cultural details.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title='রঘু ডাকাত'-এর জন্য প্রস্তুতি শুরু দেবের, পরিচালক ধ্রবকে নিয়ে সদলবলে মিটিং 'খাদান' সুপারস্টারের |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/raghu-dakat-amid-khadaan-success-dev-is-busy-with-his-upcoming-movies-pre-production/ |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=9 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Rahul |title='রঘু ডাকাত'-এর প্রথম দফার শুটিং শেষ — দেবের রুদ্ররূপে জ্বলন্ত পোস্টারে শিউরে উঠছে দর্শক |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/42335/dev_announces_first_shooting_schedule_wrap_of_raghu_dakat_%E2%80%94_new_poster_oozes_power_and_intensity |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=28 March 2025 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Dev and all the cast adapted the Bengali accent of 19th century.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Dev-Raghu Dakat: কড়া অনুশীলনে ব্যস্ত 'রঘু ডাকাত'! ঘোড়সওয়ারি শেখার ফাঁকে কী করলেন দেব? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-is-learning-how-to-ride-a-horse-for-his-upcoming-film-raghu-dakat-31741054025927.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 March 2025 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The ''mahurat'' of the film was done on 2 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Dev, Anirban Bhattacharya, Roopa Ganguly and other cast members attend 'Raghu Dakat' mahurat |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-anirban-bhattacharya-roopa-ganguly-attend-special-puja-at-svf-office-photogallery/cid/2081317 |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=2 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=Raghu Dakat: রঘু ডাকাতের মহরতে দেব-অনির্বাণ-ইধিকা-সহ আর কারা? ভাইচারার বার্তা সৃজিতের মুখে |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/subha-muhurat-of-devs-next-bengali-pujo-release-raghu-dakat-with-rupa-ganguly-anirban-bhattacharya-idhika-paul-31738482927664.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222120244/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/subha-muhurat-of-devs-next-bengali-pujo-release-raghu-dakat-with-rupa-ganguly-anirban-bhattacharya-idhika-paul-31738482927664.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "A Dream we dreamt in 2021 is finally turning into Reality as we begin shoot today. This day wouldn't have been possible without my two strongest pillars Shrikant Mohta & Mahendra Soni (svf). Where we stand today as an industry, every penny counts, yet they dared to produce this magnum opus. I also must thank Dhrubo Banerjee my director for remaining loyal towards his passion for making sure this film sees the light of day, even when all I saw was darkness."

"Last but not the least, I want to thank my team of HOD's who have worked relentlessly over the past 6 months to make this project happen and create magic on celluloid. If everything goes well, get ready for the Biggest Bangla Film of 2025 and till 2025! Raghu Dakat Shoot begins today. Keep us in ur Prayers."
| source = — [[Dev Adhikari|Dev]], sharing his experience of re-starting such a high budget film which was almost shelved due to a high budget.<ref>{{cite news |title=দোলের পরই সুখবর দিলেন দেব, পূরণ হচ্ছে ৪ বছরের স্বপ্ন |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/tollywood-actor-dev-announced-raghu-dakat-going-to-the-floor-from-today-raghu-dakat-shooting-start-from-sunday-svf-produced-movie-raghu-dakat-come-to-floor-after-4-years-sum-1184493-2025-03-16 |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=16 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dev starrer Bengali film Raghu Dakat goes on floors |url=https://www.neherald.com/showbiz/dev-starrer-bengali-film-raghu-dakat-goes-on-floors |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=NorthEast Herald |date=16 March 2025}}</ref>
| align = right
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Filming was initially scheduled to start from mid 2022 but was delayed owing due budget finalisation and Dev's prior schedule.<ref>{{cite news |title='Raghu Dakat': Dev comes up with yet another surprise from his next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/raghu-dakat-dev-comes-up-with-yet-another-surprise-from-his-next-deets-inside/articleshow/87600967.cms |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=9 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=অন্ধকারে দেবের 'রঘু ডাকাত'! ছবি ঘিরে ধোঁয়াশা অব্যাহত, পিছিয়ে যেতে পারে শুটিংও |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/industry-sources-revealed-that-bengali-film-raghu-dakat-starring-dev-is-getting-delayed-dgtl/cid/1555112 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=23 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> It was rescheduled to start from April 2024 but was again delayed owing to date issues.<ref>{{cite news |title=অবশেষে ফ্লোরে 'রঘু ডাকাত', কবে থেকে শুরু দেবের নতুন ছবির শুটিং? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/raghu-dakat-starring-dev-shooting-starts-from-april-2024/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=18 December 2023 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Upcoming Bengali Movie 2024: ভাগ্য খুলল ডাকাত সর্দারের, 'রঘু ডাকাত' হয়ে ফিরছেন দেব, কবে থেকে শ্যুটিং? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/dhrubo-banerjee-will-start-filming-for-his-much-anticipated-film-raghu-dakat-starring-dev-from-april-2024-tollywood-upcoming-movie-sum-728342-2023-12-18 |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=18 December 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> Principal photography commenced on 16 March 2025, after being delayed for four years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title=চার বছরের টালবাহানার পর, অবশেষে শ্যুটিং ফ্লোরে দেবের নতুন ছবি, 'রঘু ডাকাত' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dev-on-raghu-dakat-shooting-starts-dhruba-banerjee-svf-entertainment-news-tollywood-1125208 |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=16 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dev pens emotional note as 'Raghu Dakat' goes on floors: 'Get ready for biggest Bangla film of 2025' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-pens-emotional-note-as-raghu-dakat-goes-on-floors/cid/2089127 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=16 March 2025}}</ref> A poster and small announcement video was released on that day, which displayed the construction of a 100 feet set for filming few horse fight scenes in the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Raghu Dakat began it's epic journey on Sunday |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/119103048.cmsutm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=17 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ঘোড়ায় চড়া শিখছেন দেব! রঘু ডাকাত রূপে পর্দায় আসার প্রস্তুতি তুঙ্গে |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/dev-learning-horse-riding-for-upcoming-bangla-movie-raghu-dakat-shares-photo-on-social-media-fans-netizens-super-excited-tollywood-bangla-film-news-soc-1166143-2025-02-04 |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=4 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

Major portions were filmed in the arid regions of [[Jharkhand]] in the second schedule, chosen for their resemblance to historical Bengal's terrain.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title=কোথায় তারকা দ্যুতি? মাঠে বসে জমিয়ে দুুপুরের খাওয়া খাচ্ছেন দেব! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dev-and-dhruba-banerjee-celebrated-first-schedule-warp-raghu-dakat-entertainment-news-tollywood-1127818 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=22 March 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Raghu Dakat-Dev: জ্বালাপোড়া গরমে ঝাড়খণ্ডের ধূধূ প্রান্তরে দেব! রঘু ডাকাতের দ্বিতীয় শিডিউল শুরুর আগে কী ঘটালেন? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-an-update-of-raghu-dakat-the-team-is-going-to-start-second-schedule-from-31-st-march-31743385505302.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=31 March 2025 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The first look poster of Dev as Raghu Dakat from the film was released on 28 March 2025,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |title='আরও অনেক চ্যালেঞ্জ..', রঘু ডাকাতের প্রথম পর্বের শুটিং শেষে আর কী বললেন দেব? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-starrer-uypcoming-bengali-movie-raghu-dakat-first-schedule-wrap-8899456 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=22 March 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> announcing the completion of the first schedule.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Dev-Raghu Dakat: হাতে রক্তমাখা কুড়ুল, লম্বা উশকো-খুশকো চুলে রঘু ডাকাতের বেশে ধরা দিলেন দেব! আপডেট দিয়ে কী জানালেন? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-an-update-of-his-upcoming-film-raghu-dakat-31743140147834.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419082925/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-an-update-of-his-upcoming-film-raghu-dakat-31743140147834.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 April 2025 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 March 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='More excitement ahead': Dev wraps up first shooting schedule for 'Raghu Dakat' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-wraps-first-shooting-schedule-for-dhrubo-banerjees-raghu-dakat/cid/2091242 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=28 March 2025}}</ref> Additional scenes were shot in the jungles of [[Ausgram, Bardhaman|Aushgram]] in [[Purba Bardhaman]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Abhirup |title=রাতের জঙ্গলে ঘোড়া ছোটাচ্ছেন 'রঘু ডাকাত' দেব |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/dev-raghu-dakat-shooting-scene-in-ausgram-forest-in-purba-bardhaman/200363794.cms |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=9 April 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Few sequences were shot in the Aduria forests, dilapidated Kalikapur zamindar house and the adjoining Moukhira teracotta temple.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raghu Dakat: সূর্যাস্তের পরই ঘন জঙ্গল থেকে ভেসে এল জোরে ঘোড়া ছোটানোর শব্দ, আসছে 'রঘু ডাকাত' ও দলবল |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/bengali-movie-raghu-dakat-shooting-at-purba-bardhaman-aushgram-jungle-with-tollywood-actor-dev-1129756 |website=ABP Live Bangla |date=11 April 2025 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Few scenes were shot in the forests of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Raghu Dakat-Dev: অপেক্ষার অবসান, অবশেষে শুরু দেবের রঘু ডাকাতের প্রস্তুতি! কবে থেকে হবে শ্যুটিং? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-starrer-dhrubo-banerjee-directorial-raghu-dakat-will-start-filming-soon-says-source-31726812526627.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007083213/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-starrer-dhrubo-banerjee-directorial-raghu-dakat-will-start-filming-soon-says-source-31726812526627.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 September 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=Raghu Dakat Update: 'খাদান'-এর বিজয়রথ অব্যাহত! এদিকে পুজো রিলিজ 'রঘু ডাকাত' নিয়ে এই বিশেষ কাজ করে ফেললেন দেব |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-starts-pre-production-work-for-raghu-dakat-which-will-be-tollywood-stars-pujo-release-31736474766257.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114113118/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-starts-pre-production-work-for-raghu-dakat-which-will-be-tollywood-stars-pujo-release-31736474766257.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Few scenes were shot in [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite news |title='হা-রে-রে-রে' আওয়াজ তুলে এবার 'ডাকাতি'তে বেরোবেন দেব! ফিরছে 'রঘু ডাকাত' |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/24428/bengali_famous_actor_dev_starrer_movie_raghu_dakat_shooting_will_start_soon_under_the_direction_of_dhrubo_banerjee_ent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921025242/https://aajkaal.in/story/24428/bengali_famous_actor_dev_starrer_movie_raghu_dakat_shooting_will_start_soon_under_the_direction_of_dhrubo_banerjee_ent |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=20 September 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Parts of the film were shot at [[Bolpur]] and [[Purulia]] in early June, 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Priyanka |title=From 'Aranyer Din Ratri' to 'Raghu Dakat', Tollywood faces heat challenge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/from-aranyer-din-ratri-to-raghu-dakat-tollywood-faces-heat-challenge/articleshow/121786195.cms |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=12 June 2025}}</ref> The song sequence of "Jhilmil Laage Re" has been filmed in the [[Krabi province]] of [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news |title=দেবের বিমান ছাড়তেই পৌঁছোলেন মিমি! 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এর ঘুরে আসা কোন জায়গায় পৌঁছে গেলেন নায়িকা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/after-dev-completes-his-raghu-dakat-shooting-at-krabi-mimi-chakraborty-is-there-for-a-visit-dgtl/cid/1610070 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=7 June 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> The production team shared behind-the-scenes updates on social media, showcasing Dev's transformation and the film's large-scale action sequences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=এত নিষ্ঠুর চোখ! নতুন বছরের শুরুতেই দোর্দণ্ডপ্রতাপ 'রঘু ডাকাত' লুকে দেব, ছবির মুক্তি কবে? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-shared-raghu-dakat-look-on-new-year/ |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=1 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Filming wrapped in mid-2025, with a focus on capturing authentic period visuals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=দশ মাস বাদে দাড়িতে 'দাঁড়ি' দেবের, 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এর শুটিং শেষ? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/actor-dev-says-after-10-months-its-time-to-say-goodbye-mr-beard/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=7 June 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=১০ মাসের সম্পর্ক শেষ, রঘু ডাকাতের শ্যুটিং শেষে কাকে বিদায় জানালেন দেব? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-took-big-decision-and-shared-on-facebook-after-complete-shooting-raghu-dakat-31749314801217.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708080301/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-took-big-decision-and-shared-on-facebook-after-complete-shooting-raghu-dakat-31749314801217.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2025 |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=7 June 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Raghu Dakat (soundtrack)}}
[[Nilayan Chatterjee]] and Rathijit Bhattacharjee composed its soundtrack,<ref>{{Cite news |last=ডেস্ক |first=আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |title=‘কিশমিশ’ থেকে ‘খাদান’— দেবের সঙ্গে জুটিতে সাফল্য, তবু তাল কাটল সুরকার নীলায়নের জীবনে! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/devs-film-khadaan-music-composer-nilayan-chatterjees-ex-wife-rj-ayantika-got-hitched-for-the-second-time-dgtl/cid/1577878 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250426202650/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/devs-film-khadaan-music-composer-nilayan-chatterjees-ex-wife-rj-ayantika-got-hitched-for-the-second-time-dgtl/cid/1577878 |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2026-01-11 |language=bn}}</ref> in their collaborations with Dev for the sixth time after ''[[Kishmish]]'' (2022), [[Kachher Manush|''Kachher Manush'']] (2022), ''[[Bagha Jatin (2023 film)|Bagha Jatin]]'' (2023), ''[[Khadaan]]'' (2024) and ''[[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]'' (2025), and ''[[Projapati]]'' (2022), ''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]'' (2023) and ''Khadaan'' respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ডেস্ক |first=আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |title=‘কিশমিশ’ থেকে ‘খাদান’— দেবের সঙ্গে জুটিতে সাফল্য, তবু তাল কাটল সুরকার নীলায়নের জীবনে! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/devs-film-khadaan-music-composer-nilayan-chatterjees-ex-wife-rj-ayantika-got-hitched-for-the-second-time-dgtl/cid/1577878 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250426202650/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/devs-film-khadaan-music-composer-nilayan-chatterjees-ex-wife-rj-ayantika-got-hitched-for-the-second-time-dgtl/cid/1577878 |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2026-01-11 |language=bn}}</ref> Lyrics were penned by Chatterjee himself with Sugata Guha, Prasen and Barish.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-31 |title=দেবদা, ধ্রুবদা থাকতে বলেছিল, কাজের চাপে পারিনি! ‘জয় কালী’ ধ্বনি দিয়েও কেন আফসোস রথীজিতের? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/what-instruments-did-rathijit-bhattacharya-use-in-the-songs-of-the-movie-raghu-dakat-dgtl/cid/1629692 |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>

The soundtrack preceded with five singles: "Joy Kaali" was the first to be released on 27 August 2025,<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2025 |title='Joy Kali': Dev is a fierce devotee of Maa Kali in the first song from 'Raghu Dakat' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/first-song-from-dev-starrer-period-drama-is-out/cid/2119968 |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> followed by "Jhilmil Laage Re" on 6 September 2025,<ref>{{cite news |date=6 September 2025 |title='Jhilmil Laage Re: Dev romances Idhika Paul in the forests of Krabi in new song from 'Raghu Dakat' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/romantic-song-jhilmil-laage-re-from-dev-starrer-period-drama-is-out/cid/2121632 |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> "Raghu Raghu" on 24 September, and "Agunpakhi" on 1 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-03 |title=Agunpakhi soars with Kailash Kher’s soul-stirring voice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/agunpakhi-soars-with-kailash-khers-soul-stirring-voice/articleshow/124286800.cms |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The soundtrack album was released on 21 September 2025, four days before the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-21 |title=Raghu Dakat reimagines a rebel’s legend through action and visual splendour. Glimpses from a special screening... |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/raghu-dakat-reimagines-a-rebel-s-legend-through-action-and-visual-splendour--glimpses-from-a-special-screening---/2001590 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The promotional campaign began with the release of a glimpse on 15 July 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title='আগুন নিভে যায়, ছাই কিন্তু...', লাল চোখ, কপালে সিঁদুরের প্রলেপ, 'রঘু ডাকাত' রূপে দেবের নয়া চমক |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/dev-movie-raghu-dakat-pre-teaser-release/200395957.cms |website=Ei Samay |date=20 July 2025 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=First glimpse of Raghu Dakat unveiled: A cinematic saga rooted in rebelliont |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/first-glimpse-of-raghu-dakat-unveiled-a-cinematic-saga-rooted-in-rebellion/articleshow/122852565.cms |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=23 July 2025}}</ref> The pre teaser was released on 20 July 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title='লোকে বলে রঘু মা কালীর ব্যাটা', স্বাধীনতা দিবসে দেশপ্রেম উসকে রক্তমাখা খড়্গ হাতে দেবের হুঙ্কার |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/devs-raghu-dakat-first-teaser-out-on-independence-day-2025/ |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=15 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dev's Raghu Dakat pre-teaser |url=https://bengali.timesnownews.com/entertainment/raghu-dakat-pre-teaser-dev-new-look-puja-2025-historical-bengali-film-article-152313185 |website=Times Now Bangla |date=20 July 2025 |access-date=July 23, 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> On 14 August 2025, the official teaser was attached at the end of ''[[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]'' screenings in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title='ধূমকেতু'র সঙ্গে পর্দায় 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এর হুঙ্কার, স্বাধীনতা দিবসের প্রাক্কালে দেশপ্রেম উসকে দেবেন দেব |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/devs-raghu-dakat-new-teaser-releasing-with-dhumketu/ |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=13 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> The teaser was released on social media on 15 August 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Rahul |title=শিরায় বিদ্রোহ, চোখে প্রতিশোধ! স্বাধীনতা দিবসে ডাকাতিয়া হুঙ্কার তুলে আগমনের ঘোষণা করল 'রঘু ডাকাত' |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/tollywood-news-raghu-dakat-s-teaser-bringa-dev-s-rebel-warrior-to-life-on-independence-day-146208 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=15 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> A poster was released on 18 August 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brahma |first1=Sanjali |title=The teaser of Raghu Dakat unleashes a storm this Independence Day |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-teaser-of-raghu-dakat-unleashes-a-storm-this-independence-day/2000553 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=18 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The official poster of Raghu Dakat unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-official-poster-of-raghu-dakat-unveiled/articleshow/123358744.cms |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

The makers announced "Bengal Tour" on 26 August 2025, to promote the film across several towns in [[West Bengal]] including [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]] (at Brindabani Ground) on 6 September 2025, [[Balurghat]] (Balurghat High School Ground) on 6 September 2025, [[Raiganj]] (Surendranath College) on 7 September 2025, [[Siliguri]] (Vega Mall) on 8 September 2025, [[Howrah]] (Sehagori Football Ground) on 11 September 2025, [[Berhampore]] (Mohan Mall) on 12 September 2025, [[Purulia]] (Near KB Centre City Mall) on 14 September 2025, [[Durgapur]] (Junction Mall Ground) on 15 September 2025 and [[Madhyamgram]] (Star Mall) on 18 September 2025, in a ''Raghu Dakat'' themed bus, featuring the characters in giant posters all over the bus.<ref>{{cite news |title=ভাত-পালং শাক খেয়ে 'রঘু ডাকাত' ছবির প্রচারে কে? ঘোড়ায় চেপে যেতে হলে কী খেতেন তিনি? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actress-sohini-sarkar-jokes-with-director-dhrubo-banerjee-during-the-promotion-of-raghu-dakat-dgtl/cid/1631117 |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=6 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

The trailer was launched at an event on 20 September 2025 at [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Trailer out for Dev-starrer ‘Raghu Dakat’, advance booking begins on September 22 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/trailer-out-for-dev-starrer-period-drama-advance-booking-begins-on-september-22/cid/2124208 |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=21 September 2025}}</ref> It marked the largest trailer release event for a film in the history of the Bengali film industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raghu Dakat-Prosenjit Chatterjee: 'আগে ৩০ লাখে সিনেমা হত আর এখন..', দেবের রঘু ডাকাত ট্রেলার লঞ্চে প্রসেনজিৎ, শ্রদ্ধা জ্ঞাপন জুবিনকে.. |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-raghu-dakat-prosenjit-chatterjee-came-in-trailer-launch-10482719 |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=20 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> It also marked the first ever ticketed trailer release event for a Bengali film.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘দেব আমার ছোট ভাই’, ‘রঘু ডাকাত’-এর ট্রেলার লঞ্চে এসে স্নেহাশিস ‘ভবানী পাঠক’ প্রসেনজিতের |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/prosenjit-chatterjee-at-raghu-dakat-trailer-launch-wishes-dev/ |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=20 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Twenty years of Dev in Tollywood was celebrated at the event.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Sayani |title=নেই কাছের বন্ধু জুবিন গর্গ! 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এর ট্রেলার লঞ্চের মঞ্চে প্রয়াত গায়ককে শ্রদ্ধা জ্ঞাপন |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tributes-to-zubeen-garg-at-the-stage-of-raghu-dakat-trailer-launch-event-31758384137540.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 September 2025 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The event marked by the presence of all of Dev's co-actresses throughout his career barring [[Subhashree Ganguly]] and [[Rukmini Maitra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=‘আমার সব নায়িকা উদ্‌যাপনে শামিল’, ‘রঘু ডাকাত’-এর ট্রেলারমুক্তিতে খাঁড়া হাতে নাচ দেবের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dev-and-idhika-paul-starrer-movie-trailer-launch-event-became-a-celebration-of-bengali-cinema-dgtl/cid/1634683 |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=20 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Besides, it was attended by most of the directors with whom Dev has worked in his career. Dev announced that the money which they collected from the trailer release event will be donated to the Bengali Technicians' Welfare Fund.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Arani |title=মানবিক দেব! ‘রঘু ডাকাত’-এর ট্রেলার লঞ্চে উপার্জিত অর্থ পাবেন ইন্ডাস্ট্রির কলাকুশলীরা |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/film-industry-crew-to-get-money-earned-from-debs-raghu-dakat-trailer-launch/ |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=20 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled to release on Diwali 2021, but was delayed owing to Dev's other projects, script changes and budget issues.<ref>{{cite news |title=শ্যুটিং শুরু হয়েও স্থগিত, বিশ বাঁও জলে দেবের এই দুই সিনেমা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/devs-raghu-dakat-and-commando-films-will-not-be-released-tollywood-bengali-movie-news-bangla-cinema-entertainment-news-sum-545170-2023-04-19 |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=19 April 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> The new release occasion was announced on 1 January 2025. The release date was announced with a poster on 1 July 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raghu Dakat: Dhrubo Banerjee's historical drama starring Dev set for Durga Puja 2025 release |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dhrubo-banerjees-historical-drama-led-by-dev-to-release-during-durga-puja-2025/cid/2074691 |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=1 July 2025}}</ref> ''Raghu Dakat'' theatrically released on 25 September 2025, on the eve of [[Durga Puja]], clashing with ''[[Raktabeej 2]]'' and ''[[Devi Chowdhurani (2025 film)|Devi Chowdhurani]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev roars aloud as Raghu Dakat |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/dev-roars-aloud-as-raghu-dakat-619550 |access-date=22 August 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=20 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tolly ready for epic Pujo box office clash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/tolly-ready-for-epic-pujo-bo-clash/articleshow/123359080.cms |access-date=21 August 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Sayani Rana of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 4/5 stars. She emphasised the performances of the characters in the film as that Dev's role does not seem exaggerated in any stage, Sohini's extraordinary acting deserves special praise and Anirban is a perfect hit for his character. She found the story quite entertaining, as the events and twists keep the film tense.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Sayani |date=2025-09-27 |title=নীলবিদ্রোহের সঙ্গে মিলেমিশে একাকার বাংলার কিংবদন্তী, কেমন হল দেবের ‘রঘু ডাকাত’? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-anirban-bhattacharya-sohini-sarkar-idhika-paul-starring-raghu-dakat-movie-review-31758979588918.html |trans-title=The legend of Bengal, united with the Blue Rebellion, how is Dev's 'Raghu Dakat'? |website=Hindustan Times Bangla |language=bn |access-date=2025-09-29}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and concluded that "At its core, Raghu Dakat plays out like an '80s-style action potboiler. While Dev risks typecasting in such heroic roles, the ensemble cast lifts the film into an entertaining, if uneven, experience." She considered the roles of Dev, Anirban and Sohini Sarkar's roles to be charming and compelling. She censured the film for historical instability, CGI, finale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Poorna |date=2025-09-26 |title=Raghu Dakat Movie Review: An Entertainer With The Right Mix Of Action And Star Power |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/raghudakat/movie-review/124159632.cms |website= The Times of India |access-date=2025-09-29}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Anurupa Chakraborty of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Raghu Dakat isn't a heist story, it is a story of hope and dream. It is a story of standing beside the poor people and inspire them to fight against the injustice served against them." She praised the power packed action sequences in the film, the background score, well written first part and the shot division but mentioned that it might get a bit tedious and repetitive till reaching the climax. She applauded Sohini, Rupa and Idhika's performances. She mentioned that the characters of Raghu Dakat and Ahindra Barman couldn't have been justified by anyone else better than Dev and Anirban Bhattacharya respectively and also noted that Dev's acting was more mature than his previous films and Anirban's artistry was the best among everyone.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Anurupa |title=Raghu Dakat Review: মায়ের ব্যাটা রঘু 'ডাকাত' না 'নায়ক'? কেমন হল মেগাস্টার দেবের নতুন ছবি? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-anirban-bhattacharya-raghu-dakat-movie-release-date-review-cast-director-and-producter-10502604 |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=26 September 2025 |language=bn |trans-title=Raghu Dakat Review: Is Raghu a 'dakat' or a 'hero'? How is Megastar Dev's new film?}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the film and termed it as "A South Indian mass entertainer rooted in Bengal". He opined "Unless you are a hardcore Dev fan, it will take a lot of dedication to sit through 150-odd minutes of an unabashed celebration of Dev-ian aura. Every other scene feels eerily similar to a Baahubali, Mohenjodaro or Kantara." He acclaimed the scale, the grand visuals, larger-than-life hero and villain, ornate costumes and lavish sets, massy dialogues, Anirban's performance and Banerjee's over-the-top storytelling but bemoaned the melodramatic writing and loud background score.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=‘Raghu Dakat’ is a Durga Puja gift Dev fans would love — others, not so much |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ambitious-on-scale-durga-puja-release-starring-dev-is-a-fan-service/cid/2125137 |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

Shatakshi Ganguly of ''IWMBuzz'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and highlighted "Raghu Dakat isn’t a bad film. It’s just a deeply frustrating one — because you can see what it could’ve been. The visuals are strong, but the writing falls short. A dacoit film without drama is like a gun without bullets — it might look dangerous, but it never fires." She praised Dev, Anirban and Sohini's performances, the cinematography, grand visuals and the background score but criticised the weak screenplay, dragged scenes, poor timing of songs, and the lack of intensity and rawness in the action sequences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Shatakshi |title=Raghu Dakat Review: Dacoit Drama, Without The Drama |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/editorial-movies/raghu-dakat-review-dacoit-drama-without-the-drama/2025/09/25 |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=IWMBuzz |date=25 September 2025}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Arani Bhattacharya of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' noted that the shadow of South Indian period action films is visible throughout Raghu Dakat and opined that Raghu's entry scene could have been better and the backstory reveal could have been avoided. Although, she praised the makers for choosing female characters to exemplify the dilemma for a person to choose between friendship and love.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Arani |title=বাংলার থেকে দক্ষিণী ছায়া বেশি! কেমন হল ‘রঘু ডাকাত’? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/bengali-film-raghu-dakats-review/ |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=26 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Souvik Saha of ''Cine Kolkata'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and noted "Raghu Dakat had the potential to be a gripping Bengali action-drama, but it does not deliver what the audience expects from its title." He applauded Dev’s strong performance, Anirban Bhattacharya's shrewd acting in certain sequences, the background score and the grand scale but criticised the weak screenplay, uneven pacing in the second half, poor song placement and the lack of powerful action scenes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saha |first1=Souvik |title=Raghu Dakat Movie Review: Dev Shines, But Weak Screenplay Pulls the Film Down |url=https://cinekolkata.com/review/raghu-dakat-movie-review-dev-shines-but-weak-screenplay-pulls-the-film-down/ |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=Cine Kolkata |date=25 September 2025}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt15891690|Raghu Dakat}}
* [https://www.svf.in/ Official website]

{{Dev Entertainment Ventures}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}
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Satkaryavada

2026-04-03T04:12:24Z

DortheaBye: Added Some Data From Scratch!

{{Short description|Theory of causation in Hindu-philosophy}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
{{Saivism|expanded=Philosophy}}
The [[Samkhya]] school of philosophy, which follows Prakṛti Parinama-vada (doctrine of the transformation of objective nature), describes the origination and evolution of universe through its theory of '''Satkāryavāda''' ({{langx|sa|सत्कार्यवाद}}) which is the theory of causation. According to this theory, the manifested effect is pre-existent in the cause; and the original material cause of everything that is perceived is Prakriti. When Prakriti is not in proximity with immutable Purusha, the conscious ability (chiti-shakti), the three modes (gunas-sattva, rajas and tamas) of prakriti are in equipoise and prakriti is an unmanifest potential. When the conscious ability and the objective ability interact the three modes of the objective nature become disturbed and enter a state of flux giving rise to diverse manifest appearance.

== Overview ==

''Satkāryavāda'' is the [[Samkhya]] theory of the pre-existent effect, which states that the effect ''Karya'' already exists in its material cause, which is ''Sat'', and therefore nothing new is brought into existence.

This theory uses two basic concepts.
* Sat(सत्) – existence
* Karya(कार्य)- the manifested effect

This theory asserts that something that exists (''Sat''), cannot originate from non-existence (''Asat'').

This theory, also associated with the [[Yoga]] school of Patanjali, is the systematic unfolding of [[Aruni|Uddalaka Aruni]]’s '[[Substance theory|substantialism]]' and '[[Eternalism (philosophy of time)|eternalism]]' ([[Sassatavada]]). Ishvarakrishna in his ''[[Samkhyakarika]]'' Sl.9 gives five reasons why the effect has to pre-exist in its material cause –

असदकरणादुपादानग्रहणात् सर्वसम्भवाभावात् ।

शक्तस्य शक्यकरणात् कारणभावाच्च सत्कार्यम् ॥ ९ ॥<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ishvarakrishna's sAnkhyakArikA|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_major_works/IshvarakRiShNasAnkyakArikA.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223144612/http://www.sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/IshvarakRiShNasAnkyakArikA.pdf|archive-date=2012-02-23|access-date=2020-11-23|website=sanskritdocuments.org}}</ref>

# what is not cannot be produced,
# the effect requires a material cause,
# not everything arises from everything,
# the cause produces only what corresponds to its potential
# the effect has the nature of the cause.<ref>{{cite book|title=On Being and What There Is|author=Wihelm Halbfass|publisher=SUNY Press|pages=28, 56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7cLHPj1dj8C&q=Satkaryavada&pg=PA56|isbn=978-0-7914-1178-0|date=1992-07-28}}</ref>

== Vedic roots ==

During [[Vedic]] times, in seeking to determine the [[Ṛta|rta]] or order underlying all phenomena, a postulation was made that change can be understood in terms of a potency inherent in these phenomena, that is, in the cause to produce the effect, this potency was termed ''svadha'' (own power). But later on, the reality of change itself came into question. However, the [[Upanishads]] and [[Samkhya]], though differing on whether phenomenal change was an illusion or real, accepted ''satkaryavada''. ''Svadha'' and ''satkaryavada'' go beyond efficient causation to partake of nature of formal and material cause. [[Pratītyasamutpāda]] of the [[Buddhist]]s implies a non-linear kind of causality; the word ''paccaya'' of ''paccaya-namarupa'' literally means support, and this presents causation not in terms of unilateral power but in terms of relationship. The [[Buddhist]]s consider all modes of relation to have casual significance.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mutual Causality in Buddhism and General Systems|author=Joanna Macy|publisher=SUNY Press|page=15,32,52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXMqPJ-_eY0C&q=Satkaryavada&pg=PA32|isbn=978-0-7914-0636-6|date=January 1991}}</ref>

== Vedanta explanation ==

From [[Chandogya Upanishad]] III.19 and [[Taittiriya Upanishad]] II.7, it appears that being emerged from the pregnant and undifferentiated chaos known as ''asat'' ('non-being') but the [[Brahmanas]] describe creation as the transformation of sat referred to as the impersonal abstract reality (Taittiriya Upanishad II.i ) or as the personal creator ([[Prasna Upanishad]] I.4); ''satkaryavada'' envisages creation as ''parinama::[[vikara]]'' ('modification') of Brahman ([[Brahma Sutras]] II.i.7) which orthodox view is not accepted by the followers of [[Advaita Vedanta]] who place their belief in [[Vivartavada]], the theory of superimposition.<ref>{{cite book|title=Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism|author=Richard King|publisher=SUNY Press|pages=58, 78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1bASTAOhjoC&q=Satkaryavada&pg=PA58|isbn=978-0-7914-2513-8|date=January 1995}}</ref>

[[Gaudapada]], advocating ''ajativada'', states that [[Mithyatva|mithya]] ('false', 'unreal') effect has a ''mithya'' origination; it is not a real origination. Therefore, [[Totakacharya]], a disciple of [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]], in ''Srutisarasamuddharanam'' Sloka 151 states – even if one thinks that the world, beginning with the mind, does somehow originate according to either the prior existence or the non-existence (of the effect), even then it is not real; for the [[Śruti|sruti]] has declared that it is unreal.<ref>{{cite book|title=Extracting the Essence of the Sruti|author=Totakacarya|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-eq605vuwUC&q=Satkaryavada&pg=PA100|isbn=9788120814103|year=1996}}</ref>

According to [[Vedanta]], [[Brahman]], the ever-existing [[Nonduality (spirituality)|non-dual]] entity ''sat'' but who is the eternal subject and not an object to be known, is the sole source of joy (''rasah''), a non-entity cannot be a source of happiness. Brahman is the cause of creation. As [[Saguna Brahman]] or [[Ishvara]], with his power of the beginningless [[Maya (illusion)|maya]], he brings forth this creation which is also beginningless, controls and rules it as the Lord within. Maya is [[Prakrti]] (''avayakrta'') composed of three [[Gunas]]. [[Adi Sankara|Sankara]] extends ''satkaryavada'' to state that creation is but manifestation of names and forms only; by transforming into Becoming the indeterminate becomes determinate in association with ''maya'', otherwise the world is unreal – the acosmic approach shows creation to be a superimposition on Brahman whereas according to the subjective approach the phenomenal world of diversity is unreal, a mere dream.<ref>{{cite book|title=Roots of Vedanta|author= Śaṅkarācārya |editor=S. Rangaswami|publisher=Penguin Books|pages=165, 213|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2snhxaaWDAYC&q=Satkaryavada&pg=PA458 |isbn= 978-0-14-306445-9 |year= 2012 }}</ref>

Sankara defends ''satkaryavada'' against ''asatkaryavada'' but in the light of ''[[vivartavada]]'' as distinguished from ''[[Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)|parinamavada]]'', he posits the infinite and eternal as the goal of human aspirations, distinguishing ''paramartha'' and ''vyavahara'' and agreeing that the former is timeless and the latter, fundamentally impermanent and insubstantial, differing though in their analysis of empirical things and causality.<ref>{{cite book|title=Life and Thought of Sankaracarya|author=Govinda Chandra Pande|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=259|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAiyujUqTwYC&q=Satkaryavada&pg=PA259|isbn=9788120811041|year=1994}}</ref> He states that the sruti speaks of ''[[Prarabdha karma|prarabdha]]'' from an empirical point of view; ''prarabdha'' is accepted for origination (or birth) to account for differences of beings etc., which difference cannot be otherwise produced.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Sankara's Vivekacudamani|author=Chandrasekhara Bharati|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|page=437|quote=St.462-463|oclc=633667305}}</ref> In the same context but opposing Sankara’s view-point, [[Ramanuja]], the proponent of [[Vishishtadvaita]], in his ''[[Vedarthasamgraha]]'' defines creation thus – Brahman whose body is formed by animate and inanimate beings, who in his gross form is divided by distinctions of names and forms, is presented in the effect; this disunited and gross state of Brahman is called creation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sankara and Indian Philosophy|author=N. V. Isaeva|publisher=SUNY Press|page=222|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hshaWu0m1D4C&q=Satkaryavada&pg=PA222|isbn=978-0-7914-1281-7|date=January 1993}}</ref>

== Samkhya delineation ==

Satkaryavada is the [[Samkhya]] theory of the pre-existent effect, that the effect ({{lang|sa-Latn|karya}}) already exists in its material cause and therefore, nothing new is brought into existence or produced in the process of creation. This theory, also associated with the [[Yoga]] school, is the systematic unfolding of Udalaka Aruni’s ([[Chandogya Upanishad]] VI.i.4-5) 'substantialism' and 'eternalism'. Ishvarakrishna in his [[Samkhyakarika]] (Sloka 9):

:असदकर्णाद् उपादान ग्रहणात् सर्वसम्भवाभावात् |
:शक्तस्य शक्यकर्णात् कारणभावाच्च सत्कार्यम् ||

gives five reasons why the effect has to pre-exist in its material cause – a) {{lang|sa-Latn|asadkarnat}} - what is not cannot be produced, b) {{lang|sa-Latn|upadana grahanat}} - the effect requires a material cause, c) {{lang|sa-Latn|sarvasambhavabhavat}} - not everything arises from everything, d) {{lang|sa-Latn|saktasya-sakya-karnat}} - the cause produces only what corresponds to its potential and e) {{lang|sa-Latn|karanabhavat}} - the effect has the nature of the cause.<ref>{{cite book|title=On Being and What There Is|author=Wihelm Halbfass|publisher=SUNY Press|pages=28, 56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7cLHPj1dj8C&q=Satkaryavada&pg=PA56|isbn=978-0-7914-1178-0|date=1992-07-28}}</ref>

The followers of the Samkhya school hold that {{lang|sa-Latn|karya}} ('effect') is {{lang|sa-Latn|sat}} ('existent') even before {{lang|sa-Latn|karakavyapara}} ('causal operation') renders {{lang|sa-Latn|avirbhuta}} ('manifest') from {{lang|sa-Latn|tirohita}} ('unmanifest condition'). The Samkhyas uphold Parinama-vada, that the cause is continuously transforming itself into effect.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Indian Philosophy Vol. 1|author=Surendranath Dasgupta|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=258|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&q=Satkaryavada&pg=PA257|isbn=9788120804128|year=1975}}</ref> They advocate two eternal realities, ''[[Prakrti]]'' and ''[[Purusha]]''; the five-fold reasoning for the inference of ''Purusha'' are ([[Samkhyakarika]] Sl.10)–

:हेतुमद् अनित्यमव्यापि सक्रियमनेकमाश्रितं लिङ्गम् |
:सावयवं परतन्त्रं व्यक्तं विपरीतमव्यक्तम् ||

''Prakrti'' and its evolutes all serve the purpose of the self which is Consciousness, b) the self whose purpose is served by ''Prakrti'' must be different from everything composed of the three gunas, c) experiences suggest a transcendental synthetic unity of pure consciousness to co-ordinate all experiences for knowledge pre-supposes the existence of the self, d) the physical universe needs a sentient [[purusha]] to experience it and e) there is the desire to escape from [[Prakṛti|prakrti]] (''[[Samkhyakarika]]'' Sl.10).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy|author=Jay L.Garfield|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F06FKmKKIXwC&q=Satkaryavada&pg=PA131|isbn=978-0-19-532899-8|date=2011-06-09|publisher=Oup USA }}</ref>

== Opposition ==

Asatkaryavada also called the arambhavada or new beginning. Against the ''asatkaryavada'' view of causality accepted by the [[Nyaya]] and the [[Vaisheshika]]s,<ref>{{Cite web|date=Dec 28, 2008|title=nyAya vaisheShika Philosophy|url=http://www.kamakotimandali.com/blog/index.php?p=162&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1|access-date=2020-11-23|website=www.kamakotimandali.com}}</ref> the Samkhyas aver that if the effect were something totally new, without prior existence in any form, then one would have to admit the production of existence from non-existence, which is not possible. But Sankara questions the Samkhya contention, he asks – if the effect actually pre-exists how can there be genuine change?<ref>{{cite book|title=Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion|publisher=Routledge|page=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMaenE1H-JEC&q=Satkaryavada&pg=PA103|isbn=978-1-136-69685-5|date=2013-01-17}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian philosophy|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Samkhya]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Causality]]

Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male

2026-03-22T07:42:40Z

DortheaBye:

{{short description|Hindi film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Award]] for Best Supporting Actor
| image = Anil Kapoor snapped at Race 3 interviews at Sun N Sand hotel in Juhu.jpg
| caption = Three-time recipient [[Anil Kapoor]]
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role
| presenter = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
| country = [[India]]
| year = [[Akshaye Khanna]], ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' (1998)
| holder = [[Ravi Kishan]], ''[[Laapataa Ladies]]'' (2025)
| website = [http://www.zeecineawards.com Zee Cine Awards]
}}

The '''Zee Cine Award Best Actor in a Supporting Role- Male''' is chosen by a jury organized by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]], and the winner is announced only at the ceremony.

Actors [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Anil Kapoor]] have won the awards thrice while [[Saif Ali Khan]] has won the award twice. The most recent recipient is [[Anil Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-zee-cine-awards-2023-full-list-of-winners-best-film-best-actor-best-actress-songs-and-more-226531/amp|title=Zee Cine Awards 2023: Check Full list of Winners, Best Film, Best Actor, Actress, Songs and more|website=Zeebiz|access-date= 18 March 2023}}</ref>

== Multiple wins ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Wins
!Recipient
|-
|4
| [[Anil Kapoor]]
|-
|3
|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]
|-
|2
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|}

==Winners==
The winners are listed below:-
{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%;"
|- style="background:#bebebe;"
!style="width:10%;"| Year
!style="width:30%;"| Actor
!style="width:30%;"| Film
|-
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1998 || [[Akshaye Khanna]] || ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]''
|-
| 1999 || [[Manoj Bajpai]] || ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2000 || [[Anil Kapoor]] || ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
|-
| 2001 || [[Sunil Shetty]] || ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2002 || [[Saif Ali Khan]] || ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''
|-
| 2003 || [[Vivek Oberoi]] || ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]''
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2004 || [[Saif Ali Khan]] || ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
|-
| 2005 || rowspan="3" | [[Abhishek Bachchan]] || ''[[Phir Milenge (2004 film)|Phir Milenge]]''
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| 2006 || ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]''
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2008 || [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] || ''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]''
|-
| 2011 || [[Arjun Rampal]] || ''[[Raajneeti]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2012 || [[Farhan Akhtar]] || ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
|-
| 2013
| [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
| ''[[Talaash (2012 film)|Talaash]]''
|- bgcolor="#edf3fe"
| 2014
| [[Rajkummar Rao]]
| ''[[Kai Po Che!|Kai Po Che]]''
|-
|2015
|[[Inaamulhaq]]
|''[[Filmistaan]]''
|-
|2016
|[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
|''[[Masaan]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
|2017
|[[Rishi Kapoor]]
|''[[Kapoor & Sons]]''
|-
|2018
| [[Anil Kapoor]]
| ''[[Mubarakan]]''
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
|2019
| [[Vicky Kaushal]]
| ''[[Sanju]]''
|-
|2020
|Soham Majumdar
|''[[Kabir Singh]]''
|-
|2023
|[[Anil Kapoor]]
|''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]''
|-
|2024
|[[Anil Kapoor]]
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|-
|2025
|[[Ravi Kishan]]
|''[[Laapataa Ladies]]''
|-
|2026
|[[Vineet Kumar Singh]]
|[[Chhaava]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Zee Cine Awards]]
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Zee Cine Awards}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestSupportingActorMale}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zee Cine Award For Best Actor In A Supporting Role - Male}}
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards|Supporting Role- Male]]

Errum Manzil

2026-03-21T18:33:28Z

DortheaBye: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Errum Manzil
| image = Irrum Manzil.jpg
| image_size = 265 px
| building_type = Royal Palace
| architectural_style = [[Baroque|Indo-European Baroque]]
| structural_system =
| location = [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| address = Irram Manzil Colony, Punjagutta, Hyderabad, Telangana 500082
| completion_date = {{start date and age|1870}}
| opened_date =
| main_contractors =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
}}

'''Errum Manzil''' or '''Iram Manzil''' is an expansive palace standing in [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, India. It was built around the year 1870 by [[Nawab]] Safdar Jung Musheer-ud-daula Fakhrul Mulk, a nobleman of [[Hyderabad state]]. It is located on top of a hillock off the Khairatabad - Panjagutta road.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/vantage-location-hoary-past/article28454848.ece|title=Vantage location, hoary past|date=2003-11-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2011-09-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919171301/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/vantage-location-hoary-past/article28454848.ece|archive-date=2019-09-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/government-exploring-ways-to-protect-errum-manzil-545384|title=Government exploring ways to protect Errum Manzil|last=Babu|first=Pathan Afzal|date=2019-07-10|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> The Errun Manzil is well known for its Indo-European [[Baroque architecture|baroque style]] of architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Aihik |date=2019-06-30 |title=What makes Errum Manzil an iconic structure of Hyderabad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/Jun/30/what-makes-errum-manzil-an-iconic-structure-of-hyderabad-1997397.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Its facades display Doric and Corinthian pilasters, arched windows with verandahs, and a central dome rising above a U‑shaped plan. The palace once included auxiliary stables, a dairy farm, and landscaped gardens, amenities befitting its princely owner.

==History==
The Errum Manzil is likely named after [[Iram of the Pillars|Iram]], a lost city mentioned in the [[Qur'an]] that was said to have lofty pillars.<ref name="q89:6–14">{{qref|89|6-14|b=y}}</ref> The palace was used for royal banquets and other grand events. Later, the palace was taken over by the Government to be used as a records store-house. After some years it was again transferred into the hands of Public Works Department. Presently the land on which the palace is located houses offices of the Engineers-in-chief and the Chief Engineers of the Roads and Buildings and Irrigation/Command Area Development Departments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Errum Manzil |url=https://www.telangana360.com/2023/09/errum-manzil.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Telangana360.com}}</ref>
The [[Government of Telangana]] previously announced that the structure would be razed because of its dilapidated state. There has been a coordinated effort by locals to preserve this historic structure. This structure falls under the B2 category on the list Archaeological Survey of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/A-glimpse-of-Eden-in-Khairatabad/articleshow/28342097.cms|title=A glimpse of Eden in Khairatabad - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/jun/30/what-makes-errum-manzil-an-iconic-structure-of-hyderabad-1997397.html|title=What makes Errum Manzil an iconic structure of Hyderabad|website=The New Indian Express|date=30 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/will-kcrs-project-bring-down-a-heritage-structure/article28137277.ece|title=Will KCR's project bring down a heritage structure?|last=Somasekhar|first=M.|website=@businessline|date=25 June 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/irrum-manzil-citys-iconic-address-may-be-bulldozed-for-new-assembly/articleshow/69865352.cms|title=Irrum Manzil, Hyderabad's iconic address, may be bulldozed for new assembly|date=June 20, 2019|first=Sunil|last=Mungara|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/240619/petitioners-urge-state-to-restore-errum-manzil.html|title=Petitioners urge state to restore Errum Manzil|last=Parasa|first=Rajeswari|date=2019-06-24|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-06-30}}</ref> Recently, a High Court order made it illegal to demolish the structure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/170919/telangana-high-court-dashes-k-chandrashekar-rao-plan-for-errum-manzil.html|title=Telangana high court dashes K Chandrashekar Rao's plan for Errum Manzil|last=Vamshidhara|first=Vujjini|date=2019-09-17|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The Errun Manzil is well known for its Indo-European [[Baroque architecture|baroque style]] of architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Aihik |date=2019-06-30 |title=What makes Errum Manzil an iconic structure of Hyderabad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/Jun/30/what-makes-errum-manzil-an-iconic-structure-of-hyderabad-1997397.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> During its heyday the palace had over 150 rooms furnished with Louis XVI furniture, nine-hole golf course, polo ground, stable for horses and a dairy farm. The palace was full of [[stucco]] and ornamental works. The palace used to overlook the [[Hussain Sagar]], but this view has now been blocked by other buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-24 |title='Don't demolish Errum Manzil for Telangana Assembly': Heirs of Nawab write to CM KCR |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/dont-demolish-errum-manzil-telangana-assembly-heirs-nawab-write-cm-kcr-104165 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040422193949/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/11/05/stories/2003110500050300.htm The Hindu feature]
*[https://archive.today/20130505035149/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php/Number/542935 A post on Google Earth Community]
*[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/jun/20/errum-manzil-to-be-torn-down-for-proposed-telangana-assembly-building-1992705.html Errum Manzil to be torn down for proposed Telangana Assembly building?] Government of Telangana press release

{{Coord|17|25|10|N|78|27|18|E|region:KR-47_type:city(516105)_source:dewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Palaces in Hyderabad, India]]

Mahmoud Tawalbe

2026-03-19T23:35:03Z

DortheaBye: quick expand content and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Palestinian fighter and militant}}
{{Infobox person
| native_name = محمود طوالبة
| native_name_lang = ara
| name = Mahmoud Tawalbe
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1979|03|19}}
| birth_place = [[Jenin]], [[West Bank]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2002|04|20|1979|03|19}}
| death_place = [[Jenin]], [[West Bank]]
| known_for =
}}

'''Mahmoud Tawalbe''' ({{langx|ar|محمود طوالبة}}; c. 1979 – 2002), also known as '''Nusri''',<ref>{{Cite web|title= Jenin: Defiant To The Death|url= https://time.com/archive/6666228/jenin-defiant-to-the-death/|website=Time|date=22 April 2002|last=Saporito|first=Bill|access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref> was the head of the [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] in [[Jenin]], one of the main strongholds of the militant organization.<ref name="aljazeera">{{Cite news|title= حين أخفقت إسرائيل في القضاء على المقاومة.. 20 |trans-title=When Israel failed to eliminate the resistance... 20 years and the battle of Jenin camp is still ongoing |url= https://www.aljazeera.net/politics/2022/4/3/20-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9|work=[[Al Jazeera Arabic]]|date=3 April 2022|last=Nofal|first=Azizah|access-date=3 January 2026|language=ar}}</ref>

Tawalbe was involved in many attacks against Israelis but he was best known for being the leader of the Palestinian militants in Jenin during the [[Battle of Jenin (2002)|Battle of Jenin]], part of Israel's 2002 [[Operation Defensive Shield]].<ref name="aljazeera"/>

The Israeli authorities had 23-year-old Mahmoud Tawalbe, a father of two who worked in a record store but also headed the local Palestinian Islamic Jihad cell, at the top of their "wanted" list. Tawalbe was responsible for numerous attacks against Israelis, including an October 2001 shooting on the main street of [[Hadera]], north of Tel Aviv, which killed four women. Tawalbe had dispatched his 19-year-old brother Murad on a suicide attack to [[Haifa]] in the July of that year, though Murad lost his nerve and surrendered to [[Israel Police]]. Other top Islamic Jihad targets in Jenin included Thabet Mardawi, behind a March 20 suicide bomb that killed seven Israelis on a bus, and Ali Suleiman al-Saadi, known as Safouri, who had planned a November shooting that killed two Israelis.<ref name="jenin">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/2002/jenin/story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011044738/http://www.time.com/time/2002/jenin/story.html |archive-date=October 11, 2003 |title=The Battle of Jenin |first=Matt |last=Rees |author-link=Matt Rees |year=2002 |access-date=4 February 2022 |magazine=[[TIME]]}}</ref>

Tawalbe was one of the commanders in the battle over Jenin. Tawalbe ordered supporters to [[booby trap]] the entire camp in order to kill as many Israeli soldiers as possible.

During a break from the fighting on the seventh day, Tawalbe sneaked out of the camp into neighbouring [[Jenin]] to visit his mother and brother. His brother told ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' that "Mahmoud looked pleased with his work", and he told his mother "Don't worry about me...I feel strong". The camp lore says Mahmoud killed 13 Israelis in the fighting.<ref name="jenin"/><ref name="aljazeera"/>

''Time'' visited the rubble of the house where Tawalbe died with a British military expert working in the camp for [[Amnesty International]], David Holley. They reported that "the three-story structure shows signs of attack from two directions. One wall was charred by fire; the wall on the other side had collapsed." Holley deduced from the tank [[Caterpillar tracks|tracks]] and bomb craters that Tawalbe was killed by an alert [[IDF Caterpillar D9]] [[armored bulldozer]] whose operator thwarted an attempt by Tawalbe and his gunmen to plant a bomb on the armour of a passing Israeli [[Armored fighting vehicle]], probably by ramming the wall onto him.<ref name="jenin"/>

After the battle of Jenin, Mahmoud Tawalbe was considered a hero by many [[Palestinians]] and [[Arabs]] worldwide. His mangled corpse was interred together with that of his fellow militant due to the difficulty in identifying the bodies, in Jenin's "Martyrs' Cemetery". Tawalbe was labeled "general of the martyrs" in posters throughout the camp, and marching children chanted his name.<ref name="jenin"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tawalbe, Mahmoud}}
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Palestinian militants]]
[[Category:Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine members]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:People from Jenin Camp]]

Meghdhanush

2026-03-18T10:24:18Z

DortheaBye: Added post - done

{{Short description|Indian Fusion-Rock band}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Meghdhanush
| image =
| caption =
| origin = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| genre = [[Fusion music|Fusion]], [[Rock music|Rock]]
| years_active = 2009–present
| label =
| website = {{URL|https://www.meghdhanush.in}}
| current_members = Jainam Modi Karan Patel Priyesh Mehta Ishrat Kalavant Ujjwal Rishi
| past_members = Dhaivat Jani
}}

'''Meghdhanush''' ({{Translation|Rainbow}})<ref>{{Cite web|title=मेघधनुष - English translation - bab.la Hindi-English dictionary|url=https://en.bab.la/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7|website=en.bab.la|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref> is an [[India|Indian]] [[Fusion music|Fusion]]–[[Rock music|Rock]] band formed in [[Ahmedabad]] formed in December 2009, who are widely recognized for their Hindi and Gujarati Fusions and unique covers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/music/meghdhanush-releases-a-new-single/articleshow/68241194.cms|title=Meghdhanush releases a new single|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20150727-catching-them-young-820107-2015-07-16|title=Catching them young|date=July 16, 2015|first=Aditi|last=Pai|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> They are one of Gujarat's foremost band led by Jainam Modi and Karan Patel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meghdhanush.in/theband/|title=The Band – Meghdhanush|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> Their signature lies in a contemporary yet rooted sound which connects with the youth and the old. Meghdhanush describes theirs style of experimenting with different genres of music as they believe that different colours of the rainbow represent different emotions, their music does the same.

The band is known for unique cover songs released as singles such as “Shaktiman” (Title Track of the Famous Hindi TV Series of 90s on Doordanshan)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/travel/shaktiman-cover-meghdhanush-5453cd56cb3ba-307468.html|title=Shaktiman (Cover) - Meghdhanush|date=2014-10-31|website=indiatimes.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> and “Lollipop” (Famous Bhojpuri Song).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bhojpuri-cinema/lollipop-lagelu-meghdhanush-bhojpuri-rock-song-1866612|title=जबरदस्त अंदाज में आया भोजपुरी सॉन्ग 'लॉलीपॉप लागेलू', बैंड का गाना सुन दीवाने हुए लोग... देखें Video|website=NDTVIndia|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> It released its debut album “Mijlas” in 2017 and its acclaimed EP “Folk Rang by Meghdhanush” in 2018.

== Band Members ==
* Jainam Modi – Bass Guitar, Vocals
* Karan Patel – Vocals, Lead Guitar
* Priyesh Mehta – Drums, Percussions, Backing Vocals
* Ishrat Kalavant – Vocals
* Ujjwal Rishi – Lead Guitar

== History ==
Meghdhanush was initially formed for a national level rock band competition based on original songs called “Rock Parva” in December 2009, they stood in top 7 bands from across India where [[Agnee (band)]] was the judge. The competition gave them the boost to carry forward and they started creating original music.

They released their first official music video “Shaktiman (Cover)” in March 2014, the video was made by Ahmedabad based production house – Videowala, this gave them a nationwide recognition. YouTube India shared the video and Storypick,<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 March 2014|title=This Amazing Cover Of Shaktimaan's Theme Song Is A Tribute To The Greatest Superhero Of India.|work=Storypick|url=https://www.storypick.com/amazing-cover-shaktimaans-theme-song-tribute-greatest-superhero-india/}}</ref> [[ScoopWhoop]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 March 2014|title=This Rock Version Of Shaktimaan Title Song Is A Fantastic Ode To The Yesteryear Classic Hit Show|work=ScoopWhoop|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/shaktimaan-rock-version/#.vsqtbhjp5}}</ref> and many other blogs published an article on the same. This took them to their first television appearance on [[Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega]] on Sony TV and later on MTV RayBan Never Hide Sounds on MTV Indies where in they were the winners for the fusion genre. Post this and the release of their popular single “Baawari” featuring [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]] on [[Mtv Indies|MTV Indies]] in October 2015, they were invited to perform at various music festivals across India and also performed internationally at Turkey<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 January 2017|title=Ahmedabad based rock band Meghdhanush goes international|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/music/Ahmedabad-based-rock-band-Meghdhanush-all-set-to-give-their-first-international-performance-/articleshow/42103470.cms}}</ref> and Sri Lanka.

== Discography ==
=== Studio albums ===
* Mijlas (2017)
* Folk Rang<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meghdhanush to recreate two folk songs for a Gujarati film - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/music/meghdhanush-to-recreate-two-folk-songs-for-a-gujarati-film/articleshow/64749735.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref> by Meghdhanush (2018)

=== Singles ===
* Baawari Feat. Divya Kumar (2015)
* Yaari (2017)

=== Covers ===
* Shaktiman (2014)
* Lollipop (2018)

=== Filmography ===
* [[Chhello Divas]] (2015)
* [[Mijaaj]] (2018)
* [[Dhh]] (2018)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meghdhanush}}
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2009]]
[[Category:Indian musical groups]]

Eastern Chalukyas

2026-03-17T14:06:36Z

DortheaBye: content update

{{Short description|624–1189 dynasty in South India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{more footnotes needed |date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox country
| image_map = File:Eastern Chalukya Maximum Extent.jpg
| conventional_long_name = Eastern Chalukyas
| common_name = Eastern Chalukyas
| native_name = Chalukyas of Vengi
| government_type = Monarchy
| year_start = 624
| year_end = 1189
| p1 = Chalukya dynasty
| s1 = Chola Empire
| s2 = Kakatiya dynasty
| image_map_caption = Map of India {{circa|753 CE}}. The Eastern Chalukya kingdom is shown on the eastern coast.
| capital = [[Pitapuram]] [[Vengi]] [[Rajamahendravaram]]
| common_languages = {{ubl||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Sanskrit]] [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nath Sen |first1=Sailendra |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=2 May 1999 |page=360 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |quote=They belonged to the Karnataka country and their mother tongue was Kannada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&dq=Sen+1999+historian&pg=PR7}}</ref>
}}
| religion = [[Shaivism]] [[Jainism]]
| leader1 = [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana]]
| year_leader1 = 624–641
| leader2 = [[Rajaraja Narendra]]
| year_leader2 = 1018–1061
| title_leader = [[Maharaja]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today =
| image_coat = Eastern Chalukya coin.jpg
| coa_size = 270px
| symbol_type = Eastern Chalukya coin. Central punchmark depicting a Boar standing left. Incuse of punchmarks.
}}
'''Eastern Chalukyas''', also known as the '''Chalukyas of Vengi''', were a dynasty that ruled parts of [[South India]] between the 7th and 12th centuries. They started out as governors of the [[Chalukyas of Badami]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region. Subsequently, they became a sovereign power, and ruled the [[Vengi]] region of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]] until {{circa|1001 CE}}.

Originally, the capital of the Eastern Chalukyas was located at Pishtapura (modern-day [[Pithapuram|Pitapuram]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&dq=Eastern+Chalukyas+pishtapura&pg=PA362 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=362 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Desikachari |first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNx31XT747wC&dq=Eastern+Chalukyas+Pishtapura&pg=PA39 |title=South Indian Coins |date=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0155-0 |pages=39 |language=en |orig-date=1933}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnBDAAAAYAAJ&q=pishtapura |title=Epigraphia Indica |date=1987 |publisher=Manager of Publications |volume=29 |pages=46 |language=en |orig-date=1888}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nigam |first=M. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRtQAAAAMAAJ&q=Pishtapura |title=Sculptural Heritage of Andhradesa |date=1975 |publisher=Booklinks Corporation |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> It was subsequently moved to Vengi (present-day [[Pedavegi]], near [[Eluru]]) and then to Rajamahendravaram (now [[Rajahmundry]]). The five centuries of the Eastern Chalukya rule of Vengi saw not only the consolidation of this region into a unified whole, but also saw the efflorescence of [[Telugu people|Telugu]] culture, literature, poetry and art during the later half of their rule. They had marital relationship with Cholas.{{sfn|Rao|1994|p=36}}

== Origin ==

The Chalukyas of Vengi branched off from the [[Chalukyas of Badami]]. The Badami ruler [[Pulakeshin II]] (609–642 CE) conquered the [[Vengi]] region in eastern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], after defeating the remnants of the [[Vishnukundina]] dynasty. He appointed his brother [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana]] the governor of this newly acquired territory in 624 A.D.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|N Venkataramanayya|1960|p=471}} Vishnuvardhana's viceroyalty subsequently developed into an independent kingdom, possibly after Pulakeshin died fighting the [[Pallavas]] in the [[Battle of Vatapi]].{{sfn|N. Ramesan|1975|p=7}} Thus the Chalukyas were originally of [[Kannada people|Kannada]] stock.<ref>{{cite book |title=History and culture of the Andhras |author1=Modali Nāgabhūṣaṇaśarma |author2=Mudigonda Veerabhadra Sastry |author3=Cīmakurti Śēṣagirirāvu |publisher=Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha, Telugu University |date=1995 |page=62 |isbn=81-86073-07-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryCultureOfTheAndhras/mode/1up |oclc=34752106}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Altekar |first1=A.S |title=Rashtrakutas And Their Times |date=1934 |publisher=Digital Library of India |page=22 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57217/page/n37/mode/2up?q=country}}</ref>{{sfn|Kamat|2002|p=6}}

As per the Timmapuram plates of [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana]], the progenitor of the Eastern Chalukyas, they belonged to the Manavya [[Gotra]] and were Haritputras (sons of [[Hariti]]) just like the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]] and Western Chalukyas.<ref>{{cite book|title=New themes in Indian history: art, politics, gender, environment, and culture|author=A. Murali|editor=Rattan Lal Hangloo, A. Murali|publisher=Black & White, 2007|page=24}}</ref> From the 11th century onward, the dynasty started claiming legendary [[lunar dynasty]] origins. According to this legend, the dynasty descended from [[Chandra|the Moon]], via [[Budha]], [[Pururava]], the [[Pandavas]], Satanika and Udayana. 59 unnamed descendants of Udayana ruled at [[Ayodhya]]. Their descendant [[Vijayaditya]] was killed in a battle with Trilochana [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]], during an expedition in [[Dakshinapatha]] (Deccan). His pregnant widow was given shelter by Vishnubhatta Somayaji of Mudivemu (modern [[Jammalamadugu]]). She named her son Vishnuvardhana after her benefactor. When the boy grew up, he became the ruler of [[Dakshinapatha]] by the grace of the goddess Nanda Bhagavati.{{sfn|N. Ramesan|1975|pp=4–5}}

== History ==

=== Origin ===
Between 641 AD and 705 AD some kings, except Jayasimha I and Mangi Yuvaraja, ruled for very short durations. Then followed a period of unrest characterised by family feuds and weak rulers. Meanwhile, the [[Rashtrakutas]] of Malkhed ousted [[Western Chalukyas]] of [[Badami]]. The weak rulers of Vengi had to meet the challenge of the Rashtrakutas, who overran their kingdom more than once. There was no Eastern Chalukya ruler who could check them until Gunaga [[Vijayaditya III]] came to power in 848 AD. The then Rashtrakuta ruler [[Amoghavarsha]] treated him as his ally and after Amoghavarsha's death, Vijayaditya proclaimed independence.{{sfn|Nagabhusanasarma|2008|p=62}}

=== Decline ===
After the decline of the Rashtrakuta power, the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]] who were former vassals of the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]], assumed sovereignty by suppressing other Chalukya subordinates in the Telangana region.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sastry |first=P. V. Parabhrama|author-link=P. V. Parabrahma Sastry |editor=N. Ramesan |title=The Kākatiyas of Warangal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |location=Hyderabad |oclc=252341228 |page=6}}</ref>

== Administration ==

In its early life, the Eastern Chalukya court was essentially a republic of [[Badami]], and as generations passed, local factors gained in strength and the Vengi monarchy developed features of its own. External influences still continued to be present as the Eastern Chalukyas had long and intimate contact, either friendly or hostile, with the [[Pallavas]], the [[Rashtrakutas]], the [[Cholas]] and the [[Chalukyas]] of Kalyani.{{sfn|Yazdani|2009|p=498}}

=== Type of Government ===
{{South Asia in 800 CE|right|The Eastern Chalukyas and main neighbouring polities in South Asia circa 800 CE.<ref name="JES">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (e) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|{{Annotation|140|164|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|50px]]}}}}
The Eastern Chalukyan government was a monarchy based on the [[Hindu]] philosophy. The inscriptions refer to the traditional seven components of the state (Saptanga), and the eighteen Tirthas (Offices), such as:{{sfn|Rao|1994|pp=53,54}}

* Mantri (Minister)
* [[Purohit]]a (Chaplain)
* Senapati (Commander)
* Yuvaraja (Heir-apparent)
* Dauvarika (Door keeper)
* Pradhana (Chief)
* Adhyaksha (Head of department) and so on.

No information is available as to how the work of administration was carried out. The ''[[Vishaya]]'' and ''Kottam'' were the administrative subdivisions known from records. The ''[[Karmarashtra]]'' and the ''Boya-Kottams'' are examples of these. The royal edicts (recording gifts of lands or villages) are addressed to all ''Naiyogi Kavallabhas'', a general term containing no indication of their duties, as well as to the ''Grameyakas'', the residents of the village granted. The ''Manneyas'' are also occasionally referred in inscriptions. They held assignments of land or revenue in different villages.{{sfn|Kumari|2008|p=134}}

Fratricidal wars and foreign invasions frequently disturbed the land. The territory was parcelled out into many small principalities (estates) held by the nobility consisting of collateral branches of the ruling house such as those of Elamanchili, [[Pithapuram]] and Mudigonda, and a few other families such as the Kona Haihayas, Kalachuris, Kolanu Saronathas, [[Chagi]]s, [[Pericchedi|Parichedas]], [[Kota Vamsa]]s, [[Telugu Cholas|Velanadus]] and Kondapadamatis, closely connected by marriage ties with the Eastern Chalukyas and families who were raised to high position for their loyal services. When the Vengi ruler was strong, the nobility paid allegiance and tribute to him, but when the weakness was apparent, they were ready to join hands with the enemies against the royal house.{{sfn|Rao|1994|pp=49,50}}

== Society ==
The population in the [[Vengi]] country was heterogeneous in character. The society was based on hereditary [[caste system]]. Even the [[Buddhists]] and [[Jainism|Jains]] who originally disregarded caste, adopted it. Besides the four traditional castes, minor communities like Boyas and Savaras (Tribal groups) also existed.{{sfn|Rao|1994|p=55}}

The [[Brahmins]] were held in high esteem in the society. They were proficient in [[Vedas]] and Shastras and were given gifts of land and money. They held lucrative posts such as councillors, ministers and members of civil service. They even entered the army and some of them rose to positions of high command. The [[Kshatriya]]s were the ruling class. Their love of intrigue and fighting was responsible for civil war for two centuries. The [[Komati caste|Komatis]] ([[Vaishyas]]) were a flourishing trading community. Their organisation into a powerful guild (Nakaram) which had its headquarters in [[Penugonda]] ([[West Godavari]]) and branches in seventeen other centres had its beginnings in this period. It seems there used to be a minister for communal affairs (Samaya Mantri) in the government. The [[Shudras]] constituted the bulk of the population and there were several sub-castes among them. The army furnished a career for most of them and some of them acquired the status of [[Samanta Raju]] and Mandalika.{{sfn|Rao|1994|p=56}}

== Religion ==
[[Hinduism]] was the prominent religion of the Eastern Chalukya kingdom, with [[Shaivism]] being more popular than [[Vaishnavism]]. The Mahasena temple at [[Chebrolu, Guntur district|Chebrolu]] became famous for its annual [[Yatra|Jatra]], which involved a procession of the deity's idol from Chebrolu to [[Vijayawada]] and back.{{sfn|N. Ramesan|1975|p=2}} Some of the rulers, declared themselves as ''Parama Maheswaras'' (Emperors). The Buddhist religious centres eventually attained great celebrity as [[Shiva|Siva]] pilgrim centres. Eastern Chalukya rulers like Vijayaditya II, Yuddhamalla I, Vijayaditya III and Bhima I took active interest in the construction of many temples. The temple establishments like dancers and musicians show that during this period, temples were not only a centre of religious worship but a fostering ground for fine arts.{{sfn|Rao|1994|pp=54,55}}

[[Buddhism]], which was dominant during the [[Satavahanas]] was in decline.{{sfn|N. Ramesan|1975|p=2}} Its monasteries were practically deserted. Due to their love of sacred relics in stupas, a few might have lingered on, [[Xuanzang]] noticed some twenty or more Buddhist monasteries in which more than three thousand monks lived.{{sfn|Rao|1994|p=55}}

[[Jainism]], unlike Buddhism, continued to enjoy some support from the people.{{sfn|N. Ramesan|1975|p=2}} This is evident from the several deserted images in ruined villages all over [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]]. The inscriptions also record the construction of Jain temples and grants of land for their support from the monarchs and the people. The rulers like Kubja Vishnuvardhana, [[Vishnuvardhana III]] and [[Amma II]] patronised Jainism. [[Vimaladitya]] even became a declared follower of the doctrine of [[Mahavira]]. [[Vijayawada]], Jenupadu, Penugonda (West Godavari) and Munugodu were the famous Jain centres of the period.{{sfn|Rao|1994|p=56}}

== Literature ==
[[File:Copper plates NMND-9.JPG|thumb|{{circa|10th century}} Sanskrit copper plates of [[Amma II]] written in [[Telugu-Kannada alphabet|Kannada–Telugu script]].]]
Early Telugu literature was at its zenith during this period. Vipparla Inscription of [[Jayasimha I (Eastern Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha I]] and the ''Lakshmipuram'' inscription of the Mangi yuvaraja were the earliest Telugu inscriptions of Eastern chalukyas found in 7 century AD.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=Madhusudana Reddy |first=K. V. |date=April 2019 |chapter=Significance of the Eastern Chalukyan Inscriptions |title= The Eastern Chalukyan Inscriptions: A Social and Cultural Study |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.the-eastern-chalukyan-inscriptions-a-social-and-cultural-study/mode/1up |publisher=Sri Venkateswara University}}</ref>

The copper plate grants of the early Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi are written in Sanskrit, but a few charters like the ''Aladankaram'' plates are written partly in Sanskrit and partly in Telugu<ref name=":0" />

Telugu poetry makes its early appearance in the [[Addanki]], [[Kandukur]] and [[Dharmavaram, Anantapur district|Dharmavaram]] inscriptions of Pandaranga, Army Chief of [[Vijayaditya III]], in the later half of the 9th century. However, literary compositions dating earlier than 11th century CE are not clearly known. [[Nannaya]] was the poet-laureate of [[Rajaraja Narendra]] in the middle of the 11th century. An erudite scholar, he was well-versed in the [[Vedas]], [[Shastra]]s and the ancient epics, and undertook the translation of the [[Mahabharata]] into Telugu. Narayana Bhatta who was proficient in eight languages assisted him in his endeavour. Though incomplete, his work is acclaimed as a masterpiece of Telugu literature.{{sfn|Rao|1994|p=48}}

=== Connection between Kannada and Telugu literature ===
Kubja Vishnuvardhana, the founder of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty, was the brother of the [[Chalukya]] king, [[Pulakeshin II]]. The Chalukyas therefore governed both the Karnataka and Andhra countries and patronised Telugu as well. This very likely led to a close connection to Kannada literature. A number of Telugu authors of the age also wrote in Kannada Nannaya-Bhatta's ''Bharata'' includes the ''Akkara'', a metre considered unique to Kannada works. The same metre is also found in Yudhamalla's [[Bezwada]] inscription. Another inscription notes that Narayana-Bhatta, who assisted Nannaya-Bhatta in composing the ''Bharata'', was a Kannada poet and was granted a village by Rajaraja Narendra in 1053 for his contribution. Kannada poets, [[Adikavi Pampa]] and [[Nagavarma I]], also hailed from families originally from Vengi.<ref name="rnlit">{{cite book|last1=Narasimhacharya|first1=Ramanujapuram|title=History of Kannada Literature: Readership Lectures|date=1988|orig-year=1934|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120603035|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofkannada0000nara/page/27 27, 68]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofkannada0000nara/page/27|access-date=13 September 2016|language=en}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
{{Main|Ambapuram cave temple}}
[[File:Draksharama temple - Main entrance.jpg|thumb|The Bhimesvara temple at Draksharama]]

Due to the widely spread [[Shiva]] devotional practice in the kingdom, the Eastern Chalukyan kings undertook the construction of temples on a large scale. [[Vijayaditya II]] is credited with the construction of 108 temples. Yuddhamalla I erected a temple to [[Kartikeya]] at [[Vijayawada]]. Bhima I constructed the famous [[Draksharama]] and Chalukya [[Bhimavaram]] ([[Samalkot]]) temples. Rajaraja Narendra erected three memorial shrines at [[Kalidindi]] (West Godavari). The Eastern Chalukyas, following the [[Pallava]] and Chalukya traditions, developed their own independent style of architecture, which is visible in the [[Pancharama Kshetras|Pancharama]] shrines (especially the Draksharama temple) and [[Biccavolu]] temples. The Golingesvara temple at Biccavolu contains some richly carved out sculptures of deities like [[Ardhanarisvara]], Shiva, [[Vishnu]], [[Agni]], [[Chamundi]] and [[Surya]].{{sfn|Rao|1994|pp=42,55}}

Ambapuram cave temple is [[Jain]] cave temple constructed by Eastern Chalukyas in the 7th century. During the 7th—8th century CE, a total of five Jain caves were constructed in Ambapuram and Adavinekkalam hills.<ref>{{cite news | last=Varma | first=P. Sujata | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/ancient-jain-temple-cries-for-attention/article7710156.ece | title=Ancient Jain temple cries for attention | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=1 October 2015 | access-date=16 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000001066u00027000.html | title=Jain sculpture of Mahavira at Vijayawada | publisher=[[British Library]] | date=21 August 1815 | access-date=16 July 2021 | archive-date=2 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202001118/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000001066u00027000.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Rulers ==
{{Chalukyas}}
* [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana|Kubja Vishnuvardhana I]] (624 – 641)
* [[Jayasimha I (Eastern Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha I]] (641 – 673)
* [[Indra Bhattaraka]] (673, seven days)
* [[Vishnuvardhana II]] (673 – 682)
* Mangi Yuvaraja (682 – 706)
* Jayasimha II (706 – 718)
* Kokkili (718–719, six months)
* Vishnuvardhana III (719 – 755)
* Vijayaditya I Bhattaraka (755 – 772)
* [[Vishnuvardhana IV|Vishnuvardhana IV Vishnuraja]] (772 – 808)
* Vijayaditya II (808 – 847)
* Kali Vishnuvardhana V (847– 849)
* [[Vijayaditya III|Gunaga Vijayaditya III]] (849 – 892) with his two brothers Yuvaraja Vikramaditya I and Yuddhamalla I
* Bhima I Dronarjuna (17 April 892 – 921)<ref name="p264">{{cite web | publisher =Kitabistam | title=Full text of "Historical Inscriptions Of Southern India" | website=Internet Archive | date=2016-10-23 | url=https://archive.org/stream/historicalinscri035270mbp/historicalinscri035270mbp_djvu.txt | access-date=2025-09-23}}</ref>
* Vijayaditya IV Kollabiganda (921, six months)
* Amma I Vishnuvardhana VI (921 – 927)
* Vijayaditya V Beta (927, fifteen days)
* Tadapa (927, one month)
* Vikramaditya II (927 – 928, eleven months)
* Bhima II (928 – 929, eight months)
* Yuddhamalla II (929 – 934)
* Bhima III Vishnuvardhana VII (934 – 945)
* Amma II Vijayaditya VI (5 December 945 – 970)
* Danarnava (970 – 973)
* Jata Choda Bhima (973 – 999) (usurp.)
* Shaktivarman I Chalukyacandra (999 – 1011)
* Vimaladitya (10 May 1011 – 1018)
* [[Rajaraja Narendra]] I Vishnuvardhana VIII (16 August 1022 – 1061)
* Shaktivarman II (1061–1063)
* Vijayaditya VII (1063–1068, 1072–1075)
* [[Rajaraja II]] (1075–1079)
* Virachola Vishnuvardhana IX (1079–1102)

== References ==
{{APhistory}}
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Kamat|first=Suryanath U|title=A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present|year=2002 |orig-year=1980|publisher=Jupiter Books|location=Bangalore|isbn=81-206-09778}}
* {{cite book |author1=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |author2=N Venkataramanayya |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts |volume=VII: The Eastern Chāḷukyas |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/531155 |oclc=59001459 |access-date=25 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828105828/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/531155 |archive-date=28 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |author=N. Ramesan |title=The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi |year=1975 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahithya Akademi |url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/175058 |oclc=4885004 |access-date=25 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117064322/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/175058 |archive-date=17 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}
* Durga Prasad, History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D., P. G. Publishers, Guntur (1988)
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
* {{Citation |last=Rao|first=P. Raghunatha |year=1994|title=History And Culture Of Andhra Pradesh: From The Earliest Times To The Present Day |publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-81-207-1719-0}}
*{{Citation |last=Nagabhusanasarma |year=2008 |title=History and culture of the Andhras|publisher= Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha, Telugu University, 1995|isbn=9788186073070 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTluAAAAMAAJ&q=The+then+Rashtrakuta+ruler+%5B%5BAmoghavarsha%5D%5D+treated+him+as+his+ally+and+after+Amoghavarsha%27s+death,+Vijayaditya+proclaimed+independence }}
*{{Citation |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam | year=2009| title=The Early History of the Deccan, Volume 2| publisher=Published under the authority of the Government of Andhra Pradesh by the Oxford University Press, 1961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OllDAAAAYAAJ&q=External+influences+still+continued+to+be+present+as+the+Eastern+Chalukyas+had+long+and+intimate+contact,+either+friendly+or+hostile,+with+the+%5B%5BPallavas%5D%5D,+the+%5B%5BRashtrakutas%5D%5D,+the+%5B%5BCholas%5D%5D+and+the+%5B%5BChalukyas%5D%5D+of+kalyani}}
*{{Citation|last=Kumari|year=2008|title=Rule Of The Chalukya-Cholas In Andhradesa|publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp., 1985|isbn=9788170182542|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUNuAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Manneyas+are+also+occasionally+referred+in+inscriptions.+They+held+assignments+of+land+or+revenue+in+different+villages}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Middle kingdoms of India}}

[[Category:States and territories established in the 620s]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1189]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Lunar dynasty]]
[[Category:Kshatriya]]
[[Category:Kannada people|*]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Telugu society]]
[[Category:Coastal Andhra]]
[[Category:Coromandel Coast]]
[[Category:624 establishments]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1189 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:12th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Dynasties of medieval Andhra]]

Basudev Than

2026-03-15T17:22:46Z

DortheaBye: creating a pg added tags.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Basudev Than
|image = Basudev Than.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Basudev Than established by Jaydhwaj Singha
|map_type =
|coordinates = {{coord|27|21|42|N|94|33|48|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption = Basudev Than in [[Lakhimpur district]]

|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Assam]]
|district = [[Lakhimpur district]]
|locale = Dhakuakhana
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
|deity =Vishnu
|festivals =Palnaam, Doul Utsav, Raas Mahotsav
|architecture =
|temple_quantity =
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =
|established = 1392 CE
|year_completed =
|creator = King Satyanarayan
|temple_board =
|website = [http://www.assaminfo.com/tourist-places/27/shri-shri-basudev-than.htm Sri Sri Basudev Than]
}}
'''Basudev Than''' (pronounced as [baxudew tʱan]) or '''Narua Satra''' is a [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|satra]] located in [[Dhakuakhana]], [[Lakhimpur District|Lakhimpur]], [[Assam]]. It was first established in the 14th century by the [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia]] king Satyanarayan. Originally known as ''Laumura Satra'', this satra is well known in Assam and other parts of India.

==Etymology==
Damodar Ata established this satra in the 17th century as Laumura Satra. However, the plot of the which was originally donated by [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king Jayadhaj Shingha was transferred to many people many times. This led to the name ''Na-rua''.

''Na'' means "Not", "rua" means "to stay" which translates to ''Not-to-Stay''.<ref name="A2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.assaminfo.com/tourist-places/27/shri-shri-basudev-than.htm|title=Shri Shri Basudev Than {{!}} Basudev Than {{!}} Basudev Than, Dhakuakhana, Lakhimpur|website=www.assaminfo.com|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref>

==Legends==
According to the legend constructed in the 16th-century poem [[Sankardeva#Poetic works (kavya)|Rukmimi-harana]] by [[Srimanta Sankardev]],<ref>"The prominence of Bhismaka can be attributed to the Rukmini-harana, the well-known poem composed by Sankaradeva. He interwove the two versions of story of the abduction of Rukmini by Krishna, as given in the Harivamsa II, chapters 59-60 and the Bhagavatapurana, 10, chapters 52-4, and incorporated distinct
regional features in the poem. To the original tale he added scenes of common domestic life, which transformed the Puranic story into a narrative of popular experience"{{harvcol|Shin|2023|p=74-75}}</ref> [[Rukmini]] made the statue of [[Krishna|Basudev]]/Krishna for her desire to marry him.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/Assam/dakhuakhana/basudevthan1.htm |title=cicwebpages, Assam, Dhakuakhana, Basudevthan1 Para 6 |access-date=29 March 2016 |archive-date=10 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410134836/http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/Assam/dakhuakhana/basudevthan1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2021}}
Although the original temple was built in 14th-15th century during the rule of Chutia kings Lakshminarayan and Satyanarayan, it was shifted to the present location in mid-17th century by the grandson of [[Sankardeva]], Damodar Ata as Laumura Satra, during the rule of [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom]] king [[Jayadhwaj Singha]]. There is controversy whether Damodar Ata came from Bijani or from Upper Assam.<ref name="A2"/>

The land of the Satra (where it was originally located) was donated by the Chutia king of Sadhayapura/Sadiya, Satyanarayan in 1392 CE to a Brahmin named "Narayan Dwij" for Bishnu Puja.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1986}}</ref>
Later, a Brahmin family took the land and finally a member of the Brahmin family 'Bahude' gave the land to Damodar Ata in the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/Assam/dakhuakhana/basudevthan1.htm |title=cic.nic.in Shri Shri Basudev Than Para 1 |access-date=29 March 2016 |archive-date=10 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410134836/http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/Assam/dakhuakhana/basudevthan1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to others, in 1401 CE, Sadhayapuriya/Sadiya Chutia king Laxminarayan devoted the land to Ravidev Basaspati for Bishnu Puja. From this family, the land was eventually transferred to Damodar Ata for setting up the Satra in the 17th century. From then on, the temple and the satra merged and it was known as Narua Satra.

After Damodar Ata's death, Ramakanta Ata took the place of the ''Adhikar''. However, having to look two other Satras a well, Basudev Than, due to neglection, almost turned into a forest. In 1683, Ramdev Ata took the place of the Adhikar, after the death of Ramakanta Ata. Here the land of the temple was granted to a priest named Ravidas Vanaspati whose descendant Bahude finally gave the land to the Vaishnavite saint Damodardev Ata for setting up the Satra. From then on, the temple and the satra merged and it was known as Narua Satra. During this time, the temple was finally transferred to the present-day location. By that time, the Ahom kings started to pay respect to the Satradhikars. In 1707, Ahom king [[Suhitpangphaa|Gourinath Singha]] decided to visit this satra. However, he had to return from a place now called Uvata Sampara (Uvata meaning 'to return'<ref>xobdo.org xobdo online dictionary search result of 'ubhata' in Assamese</ref>). Knowing this, Satradhikar felt sorry, left this satra and went to live in [[Barpeta]]. Later on, when king came to know of this, he regretted and sent Mahidhar Dangariya there and bestowed a Bor-Kah.<ref name="A2"/>

Gradually, this place became deserted. This remained so till the arrival of Rangain Aldhara. Later on, Achyut Ata, with the help of Aldhara established a temple there. The Basudev Mandir was established in 'Maghi Purnima'. And thus, people organize Pal Nam every year on Maghi Purnima till date. His brother, Mahesh Ata built a big Namghar there. Over the years priest like Rupendra Dev Goswami, Bhupendra Dev Goswami have taken charge of the temple.

According to the copper plate inscriptions found in Dhakuakhana, the statues of the former temple included Basudev, Amba and Ganesha. During the days of Damodardev, another statue of Basudev carved out of black stone is said to be transferred from Kundil in Sadiya which was the capital of Chutia kingdom. According to the manuscript Thakur Charita, a statue carved out of black stone was transferred from Sadiya during the rule of the Ahom king [[Jayadhwaj Singha]] and established in the Noruwa Satra. The statue is about 4 feet in length. This indicates that the Satra and the temple merged during the 17th century to form the Basudev Narua Satra. The other statues and artifacts found in the temple dates back to 1392 when it was established by the Chutia kings.

==Access==
The [[North Lakhimpur|Lakhimpur]] railway station is the nearest railway station, and Lilabari Airport is the nearest airport. It is 10 km away from Dhakuakhana town.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==See also==

* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites]]
** [[Chabimura]], 15th-16th century Hindu rock carvings
** [[Unakoti]], 7th-9th century Hindu rock carvings

* [[Shaktipeetha]]: there are 3 Shaktipeetha in Northeast
** Assam's [[Kamakhya Temple]] Shaktipeetha in Guwahati
** Meghalaya's [[Nartiang Durga Temple]] Shaktipeetha and 600-year-old temple
** Tripura's [[Tripura Sundari Temple]] Shaktipeetha

* [[Tourism in Northeast India]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{citation |last1=Shin|first1=Jae-Eun|year=2023|title=Kecaikhaiti, Eater of Raw Flesh: A Profile of the Multifaceted Goddess in the North-East|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors}}
*{{citation
| first = S L
| last = Baruah
| title = A Comprehensive History of Assam
| year = 1986
| publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal
}}

[[Category:Satras (Ekasarana Dharma)]]
[[Category:Hindu architecture]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]

Lilly Rani

2026-03-10T13:42:49Z

DortheaBye: Added new article - done

{{Short description|2022 Tamil language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lilly Rani
| image =
| caption =
| director = Vishnu Ramakrishnan
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Chaya Singh]]
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]]
*Dushyanth Jayaprakash
}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| runtime = 95 mins
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|09|09}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Lilly Rani''''' is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Vishnu Ramakrishnan and starring [[Chaya Singh]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]] and Dushyanth Jayaprakash. It was released on 9 September 2022.

==Cast==
*[[Chaya Singh]] as Rani
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Moorthy
*Dushyanth Jayaprakash as Michael
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]
*Boopalan
*Raqath Fathima
*Akash Ram as Police Constable

==Reception==
The film was released on 9 September 2022 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave the film a mixed review, noting that it "could have been better".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2022 |title=Lilly Rani |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/lilly-rani-17001 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> Logesh Balachandran critic from ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film a negative review, writing "director Vishnu Ramakrishnan's idea to start this film as an emotional drama and to end it as a quirky thriller is laudable. But the writing isn't organic and does nothing to keep us engrossed".<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2022 |title=Lilly Rani Movie Review: An interesting idea marred by amateurish filmmaking |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/lilly-rani/movie-review/94070312.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|22187156}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{2020s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Velaiilla Pattadhari

2026-03-10T06:39:58Z

DortheaBye: Added The Stub Initial Version

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by R. Velraj}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Velaiilla Pattadhari
| image = Velaiilla Pattadhari poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Velraj|Velraj]]
| writer = [[R. Velraj|Velraj]]
| producer = [[Dhanush]]
| starring = Dhanush [[Amala Paul]]
| cinematography = Velraj
| editing = Rajesh Kumar
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| studio = [[Wunderbar Films]]
| distributor = [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]]<ref name="SifyVIP" /> Wunderbar Films [[Kalasangham Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|07|18|df=y|ref1=<ref name="Suganth" />}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}8 crore<ref name="Hindustan Times" />
| gross = {{INR}}108 crore<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite news |date=19 December 2014 |title=2014: When little gems outclassed big guns in southern cinema |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/2014-when-little-gems-outclassed-big-guns-in-southern-cinema/story-uGXHA2iNOCWMaAROHdIokK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221095504/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/chunk-ht-ui-homepage-entertainment/2014-when-little-gems-outclassed-big-guns-in-southern-cinema/article1-1298300.aspx |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=21 December 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Velaiilla Pattadhari''''' ({{translation|The Unemployed Graduate}}), popularly referred to as '''''VIP''''', is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Velaiyilla Pattadhari |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/velaiyilla-pattadhari-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzgynti |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |quote=A life changing event motivates an unemployed engineer to restart his career in this Tamil-language action drama.}}</ref> written and directed by [[R. Velraj|Velraj]], in his directorial debut, and produced by [[Dhanush]], who also plays the lead role alongside [[Amala Paul]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]], [[Samuthirakani]] and [[Surbhi]]. It is the predecessor to ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'' (2017), which was directed by [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]]. The film follows Raghuvaran "Raghu," an unemployed graduate, who tries to overcome various obstacles before and after finding employment.

Dhanush, besides acting, producing and distributing the venture in association with [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]], also worked as the lyricist and album producer on the film's [[soundtrack album|original soundtrack]]. The film's album and [[background music|score]] were composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]]. The stunts were handled by Hari Dinesh. [[Principal photography]] commenced in August 2013 and was completed by May 2014, with the film being shot primarily in [[Chennai]]. The film was released on 18 July 2014, and received a positive critical reception. It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Brihaspathi (film)|Brihaspathi]]'' (2018).

== Plot ==
Raghuvaran is a graduate in [[Civil Engineering|civil engineering]], but he has been unemployed for four years. Raghuvaran is adamant about working in a job related to his field only and he is unwilling to accept any other profession. Raghuvaran often comes into conflict with his father Krishnamoorthy, who considers him irresponsible. Raghuvaran's younger brother, Karthik, works for an [[Information technology in India|IT]] company, earning well and, evidently with his father's approval. Raghuvaran's mother, Bhuvana, however, supports Raghuvaran. Raghuvaran falls for his neighbour's daughter, Shalini who hates Raghuvaran initially, but she warms up to him after hearing about the difficulties Raghuvaran is facing and Shalini eventually reciprocates Raghuvaran's love.

One day, while Raghuvaran's father and Karthik are absent, Raghuvaran is asked to look after his mother, who has a heart condition. However, Raghuvaran goes out on a date with Shalini. Raghuvaran gets continuous phone calls from his mother, which he ignores despite Shalini's insistence on picking the phone up. However, on returning home, Raghuvaran finds out that his mother died of a heart attack. Raghuvaran feels guilty about not being there when his mother needed him and develops depression. Meanwhile, Bhuvana's lungs are transplanted into Anitha, a [[Chain smoking|chain smoker]] who developed lung cancer. Anitha's father Ramkumar is the chairman of a civil engineering company in [[Chennai]] and offers Raghuvaran a job as a token of his gratitude for saving his daughter's life. Raghuvaran accepts the job while also requesting Anitha not to smoke, to which Anitha agrees. Six months later, Raghuvaran is offered an assignment on a government project to construct high-rise flats to re-house people living in a nearby slum. Azhagusundaram and Manickam are appointed as Raghuvaran's assistants. Raghuvaran successfully wins the contract from the government and begins work on it immediately.

Arun Subramaniam, a business novice who took over his father's company's Chennai branch, bids for the same contract, even by using illegal methods. Furious that he did not get the land, he tries to thwart Raghuvaran's progress in a number of ways. Raghuvaran overcomes each of these obstacles and continues his work, but Arun eventually hires rowdies to beat up Raghuvaran's workers at the construction site. The workers get injured and end up in the hospital, which prompts Raghuvaran to go to Arun's office to put an end to this issue. He makes Arun confess that he sent the rowdies, which is recorded by a microspy camera, and demands an apology from Arun, blackmailing him and saying that otherwise the video would be made public. Fearing that the video could tarnish his reputation, Arun's father, Venkat, sends Arun to the hospital to apologise. Raghuvaran accepts the apology and the project is completed within ten months.

On the day of the flats' inauguration, Arun and a gang of rowdies ambush Raghuvaran en route. He outwits them but spares Arun, much to Arun's surprise. Raghuvaran says he has no intention to compete with or beat him and wishes to be his friend. Raghuvaran takes Arun to the site on his moped, where the state [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|public works]] minister and Anitha inaugurate the flats.

== Cast ==

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Dhanush]] as Raghuvaran
* [[Amala Paul]] as Shalini (Voice dubbed by [[Savitha Radhakrishnan]])
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Bhuvana, Raghuvaran's mother
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Krishnamoorthy, Raghuvaran's father
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Azhagusundaram
* [[Hrishikesh (actor)|Hrishikesh]] as Karthik, Raghuvaran's brother
* [[Surbhi]] as Anitha (Voice dubbed by [[Raveena Ravi]])
* [[Amitash Pradhan]] as Arun Subramaniam
* [[Cell Murugan]] as Manickam
* [[Vignesh Shivan]] as Vignesh
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Shalini's mother
* [[D. R. K. Kiran]] as MLA Varadarajan
* [[M. J. Shriram]] as Ramkumar, Anitha's father
* Sanjay Kumar Asrani as Venkat Subramaniam
* Sridhar as the [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Minister for Public Works]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2017 |title=Sridharan: A man of multiple shades |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sridharan-interview-a-man-of-multiple-shades/article19125339.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035750/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sridharan-interview-a-man-of-multiple-shades/article19125339.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
{{colend}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Velraj and Dhanush had worked together on several projects including ''[[Aadukalam]]'' (2011) and ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'' (2012) as cinematographer and lead actor respectively. During the production of those films, Dhanush suggested Velraj to make his debut as a director and promised to play the lead role.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} After Velraj showed Dhanush the film's script, Dhanush agreed to play the lead role as well as produce the film. In July 2013, Dhanush confirmed his collaboration with Velraj, whilst also confirming the inclusion of [[Amala Paul]] as the female lead and [[Anirudh Ravichander]] as the music director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad, Shiva |date=29 July 2013 |title=Dhanush pairs up with Amala Paul |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanush-pairs-up-with-Amala-Paul/articleshow/21447990.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008122202/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanush-pairs-up-with-Amala-Paul/articleshow/21447990.cms |archive-date=8 October 2014 |access-date=8 October 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The title of the film, ''Velaiilla Pattadhari'' was unveiled on 15 August 2013. After the title launch, Dhanush confirmed that filming would start on 20 August 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad, Shiva |date=15 August 2013 |title=Dhanush's 25th titled 'Velaiyiilla Pattathari' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanushs-25th-titled-Velaiilla-Pattathari/articleshow/21842815.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915022542/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Dhanushs-25th-titled-Velaiilla-Pattathari/articleshow/21842815.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Regarding the film's development, Velraj said, "Dhanush must have liked something about me to help me grow. It was during our ''Aadukalam'' days that he promised to make me a director and said he would act in my first film. Several directors would have lined up for this opportunity. He chose me. It's just a bond we share."<ref name="The Hindu Velraj">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan, Sudhir |date=19 July 2014 |title=A reluctant director |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-reluctant-director/article6229065.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918121136/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-reluctant-director/article6229065.ece |archive-date=18 September 2014 |access-date=18 September 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Velraj shot the film alongside his commitments as cinematographer for ''[[Poriyaalan]]'' (2014) and ''[[Vai Raja Vai]]'', while [[Anirudh Ravichander]] and [[Kola Bhaskar]] joined the team as music composer and editor respectively. However, Bhaskar was replaced with M. V. Rajesh Kumar after scheduling conflicts arose. The film was planned as a "message to the youth with some comedy on rising unemployment and the growing frustration for jobs with love".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2013 |title=Dhanush in and as 'Velayilla Pattathari' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-in-and-as-velayilla-pattathari-news-tamil-niptT9jgcaf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915021841/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-in-and-as-velayilla-pattathari-news-tamil-niptT9jgcaf.html |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
When Velraj showed Dhanush the script for the film, he was impressed by it and immediately offered to act in it as well as bankroll the venture. Velraj said besides acting, Dhanush suggested additional inputs to the script. Rather than demand changes, the actor collaborated with the director to develop the best script for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2014 |title=Dhanush helped with 'Vellai Illa Pattathari' script: Director |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dhanush-helped-with-vellai-illa-pattathari-script-director/article6193008.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915014908/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dhanush-helped-with-vellai-illa-pattathari-script-director/article6193008.ece |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Dhanush's well-toned body was remarked upon by the media, but Dhanush clarified the workout was mostly for promoting the film rather than having done it as an integral part of his character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2014 |title=Watch: Dhanush flaunt his six-packs in 'Velaiyilla Pattathari' trailer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140618/entertainment-kollywood/article/watch-dhanush-flaunt-his-six-packs-velaiyilla-pattathari |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915015504/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140618/entertainment-kollywood/article/watch-dhanush-flaunt-his-six-packs-velaiyilla-pattathari |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2014 |title=My six pack abs are only decorative in VIP |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/My-six-pack-abs-are-only-decorative-in-VIP/2014/07/11/article2321129.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918123122/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/My-six-pack-abs-are-only-decorative-in-VIP/2014/07/11/article2321129.ece |archive-date=18 September 2014 |access-date=18 September 2014 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Velraj later commented about the requirement of a muscular appearance for a fight scene in the film's climax, resulting in Dhanush toning his body for the sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi, V. |date=4 July 2014 |title=VIP is about relationships and its importance |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/VIP-is-about-relationships-and-its-importance/articleshow/37710898.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918124306/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/VIP-is-about-relationships-and-its-importance/articleshow/37710898.cms |archive-date=18 September 2014 |access-date=18 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Dhanush's character was named Raghuvaran after the actor [[Raghuvaran|of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Devi Dundoo |first=Sangeetha |date=24 July 2017 |title=Didn't want to exit Raghuvaran's world, says Dhanush about VIP 2 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhanush-talks-about-about-vip-2/article19341836.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724120941/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhanush-talks-about-about-vip-2/article19341836.ece |archive-date=24 July 2017 |access-date=24 July 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

[[Amala Paul]] was selected to play the role of a doctor named Shalini. She described her character as "very different" from those that she had done before, and that the characters in the film were drawn from real-life archetypes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravi, Nandita |date=10 July 2014 |title=Something for everyone, says Amala Paul |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Something-for-everyone-says-Amala-Paul/articleshow/38075553.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915015958/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Something-for-everyone-says-Amala-Paul/articleshow/38075553.cms |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], who was added to the cast in May 2014, stated during a press meet of the film that he initially rejected the role and as a result, Dhanush decided to make someone else play the role. Vivek then accepted the role for Dhanush's sake.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} [[Saranya Ponvannan]] was selected to play the role of Bhuvana, Raghuvaran's mother,<ref name="TOIVIPDKR" /> while [[Samuthirakani]] was chosen to play Dhanush's father. Samuthirakani was suggested to Dhanush by [[Vetrimaaran]].<ref name="TOIVIPDKR">{{Cite news |date=25 August 2013 |title=Velraj takes up Dhanush's challenge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Velraj-takes-up-Dhanushs-challenge/articleshow/22044931.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915021053/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Velraj-takes-up-Dhanushs-challenge/articleshow/22044931.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="TOIVIPINT">{{Cite web |last=Suganth, M. |date=17 July 2014 |title=Couldn't get a better script for my 25th film: Dhanush |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Couldnt-get-a-better-script-for-my-25th-film-Dhanush/articleshow/38487656.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915015246/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Couldnt-get-a-better-script-for-my-25th-film-Dhanush/articleshow/38487656.cms |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Actress [[Surbhi]] began filming her scenes in early March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi, V. |date=6 March 2014 |title=Surabhi's special role in 'Velai illa Pattadhari' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Surabhis-special-role-in-Velai-illa-Pattadhari/articleshow/31476494.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915020419/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Surabhis-special-role-in-Velai-illa-Pattadhari/articleshow/31476494.cms |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Hrishikesh (actor)|Hrishikesh]], who plays Karthik, Raghuvaran's sibling, received an [[Short Message Service|SMS]] from Dhanush's production office, which asked him to audition for the role. He was selected after his screen test ended successfully.<ref name="THVIP">{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam, Srinivasa |date=6 July 2014 |title=Cinema is in my genes: Hrishikesh |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/cinema-is-in-my-genes-hrishikesh/article6180631.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915014900/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/cinema-is-in-my-genes-hrishikesh/article6180631.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Amitash Pradhan played the main antagonist, Arun Subramaniam. He was recruited from the Anupam Kher Acting School. In an interview with ''[[Gulf News]]'', Amitash described his character to be not the "stereotypical villain" often seen in [[Tamil cinema]], and that his character was more cunning.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran, Mythily |date=16 July 2014 |title=Meet Amitash, the new villain in Tamil cinema |url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/india/south-india/meet-amitash-the-new-villain-in-tamil-cinema-1.1360322 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915015634/http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/india/south-india/meet-amitash-the-new-villain-in-tamil-cinema-1.1360322 |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014 |website=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] formally began on 20 August 2013.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} An initial production poster was released to the media on 25 December 2013. On 31 December 2013, the team released a teaser trailer featuring Dhanush, Amala Paul and Saranya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2013 |title=Dhanush's 'VIP' teaser released |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanushs-vip-teaser-released-news-tamil-nm5rhxfgjbg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915021858/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanushs-vip-teaser-released-news-tamil-nm5rhxfgjbg.html |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The team began the final shoot on 2 May 2014, with Vivek amongst other actors joining the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2014 |title=Vivek to join Dhanush |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vivek-to-join-Dhanush-soon/articleshow/34425550.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915023319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Vivek-to-join-Dhanush-soon/articleshow/34425550.cms |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=30 April 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Filming was completed on 4 May 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2014 |title=Dhanush to wrap up 'Velai Illa Pattadhari' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Dhanush-to-wrap-up-Velai-Illa-Pattadhari/articleshow/34630720.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915013601/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Dhanush-to-wrap-up-Velai-Illa-Pattadhari/articleshow/34630720.cms |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=10 September 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

During the film's shoot, Velraj would often forget to say "Action!", but despite this, there were hardly any retakes. Being a cinematographer, Velraj gave priority to visual presentations and costume designing in the film.<ref name="The Hindu Velraj" /> Director [[Subramaniam Siva]], who had earlier collaborated with Dhanush for ''[[Thiruda Thirudi]]'' (2003), helped with the post-production work involved in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title='Velaiyilla Pattathari' firms up its release plans |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/velaiyilla-pattathari-firms-up-its-release-plans-news-tamil-ohcjxkabcfjgf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918052114/http://www.sify.com/movies/velaiyilla-pattathari-firms-up-its-release-plans-news-tamil-ohcjxkabcfjgf.html |archive-date=18 September 2014 |access-date=18 September 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> According to Velraj, during the entire schedule of filming, the speaking parts were completed in 52 days.<ref name="The Hindu Velraj" />

== Themes and influences ==
''Velaiilla Pattadhari'' raises the issue of unemployed graduates in society.<ref name="HPVIP" /> Dhanush's character, Raghuvaran, represented the unemployed graduate who is waiting to move up the social ladder.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saravanan, T. |date=31 July 2014 |title=Cinema cinema! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/cinema-cinema/article6267935.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052832/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/cinema-cinema/article6267935.ece |archive-date=8 October 2014 |access-date=8 October 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> One scene shows Raghuvaran delivering a speech about the difficulties in finishing an engineering degree only to remain jobless, with some of them having to take jobs not related to their fields to make a living.<ref name="HPVIP" /> Dhanush's characterisation was similar to his characters from his previous films like ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]'' (2007), ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' (2008) and ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]'' (2009).{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Both [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' and M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' compare Dhanush's and Amitash's characters and their encounters with each other to those that took place between the second king of the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|United Kingdom of Israel and Judah]], [[David]] and the [[Philistines|Philistine]] warrior, [[Goliath]].<ref name="Suganth" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan, Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=23 April 2015 |title=Caste and class in popular cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/caste-and-class-in-popular-cinema/article7130907.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423053803/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/caste-and-class-in-popular-cinema/article7130907.ece |archive-date=23 April 2015 |access-date=23 April 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

The film shifts from exploring self-pity to proving a point, where the protagonist overcomes all hurdles and outwits a rich adversary, as well as building a successful relationship. The father-figure in the film disapproves of his son's continued unemployment, while his mother defends him. Karthik, meanwhile, is a contrasting figure, being settled and prosperous. Amala Paul's character, Shalini, is shown as Raghuvaran's confidante though he feels jealous when she interacts with his brother. The film also portrays the relationship between a mother and her son as particularly important.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar, S. Shiva |date=24 July 2014 |title=From pages of past |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/celebrities-to-chat-on-weekend-with-ramesh/article6245648.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052816/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/celebrities-to-chat-on-weekend-with-ramesh/article6245648.ece |archive-date=8 October 2014 |access-date=8 October 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Prior to the release, there were concerns raised that the film was similar to the [[Kamal Haasan]] starrer, ''[[Sathyaa]]'' (1988). Dhanush clarified that there were no similarities between the films, nor was it similar to another Haasan film, ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]'' (1980), except for the fact that the protagonist was unemployed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2014 |title='VIP' is not similar to 'Sathya': Dhanush |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/VIP-is-not-similar-to-Sathya-Dhanush/articleshow/38598517.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915023502/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/VIP-is-not-similar-to-Sathya-Dhanush/articleshow/38598517.cms |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Velaiilla Pattadhari (soundtrack)}}
The film's soundtrack and score were composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]]. The album, containing eight tracks, was initially scheduled to be released in January 2014, but the release was brought forward to 14 February 2014, to add two additional songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2013 |title=Six-Pack for Dhanush in 'VIP'? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/six-pack-for-dhanush-in-vip-news-tamil-nmzmwEeghjg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915021908/http://www.sify.com/movies/six-pack-for-dhanush-in-vip-news-tamil-nmzmwEeghjg.html |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The team also recorded a track described as a "lilting melody" between Dhanush and singer [[S. Janaki]] in October 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam, Srinivasa |date=27 October 2013 |title=Janaki sings after a decade; records with Dhanush |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Janaki-sings-after-a-decade-records-with-Dhanush/articleshow/24757034.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916021813/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Janaki-sings-after-a-decade-records-with-Dhanush/articleshow/24757034.cms |archive-date=16 September 2014 |access-date=17 February 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Anirudh promoted the album on [[Sun Music]] a week before the film's release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2014 |title=Anirudh goes Live on Sun Music today! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Anirudh-goes-Live-on-Sun-Music-today/articleshow/38185618.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916022139/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Anirudh-goes-Live-on-Sun-Music-today/articleshow/38185618.cms |archive-date=16 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The track list was released on 10 February 2014.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The album was launched at the [[Suryan FM 93.5]] radio station with Dhanush, Amala Paul and Anirudh Ravichander in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2014 |title='Velai Illa Pattathari' audio launched |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Velai-Illa-Pattathari-audio-launched/movie-review/30442576.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916021552/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Velai-Illa-Pattathari-audio-launched/movie-review/30442576.cms |archive-date=16 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The album received positive response from critics. The songs "Velaiilla Pattadhari", "Poo Indru Neeyaga", "What a Karuvad" and "Udhungada Sangu" topped the [[Radio Mirchi]] South charts for 31 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2014 |title=TAMIL TOP 20 |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/chennai/countdown/tamil-top-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923061208/http://www.radiomirchi.com/chennai/countdown/tamil-top-20 |archive-date=23 September 2014 |access-date=16 September 2014 |website=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
The theatrical rights of the film in [[Tamil Nadu]] were sold to Madhan of Escape Artists Motion Pictures.<ref name="SifyVIP">{{Cite web |date=8 July 2014 |title=Dhanush strikes gold with 'Velai Illa Pattathari' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-strikes-gold-with-velai-illa-pattathari-news-tamil-ohijTAfdegggg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917113625/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-strikes-gold-with-velai-illa-pattathari-news-tamil-ohijTAfdegggg.html |archive-date=17 September 2014 |access-date=13 September 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ATMUS Entertainment distributed the film in the [[United States]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} On 1 July 2014, Madhan confirmed that the film would be released on 18 July 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2014 |title='Velaiyilla Pattathari' set to release on July 18th |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Velaiyilla-Pattathari-set-to-release-on-July-18th/articleshow/37621318.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918123825/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Velaiyilla-Pattathari-set-to-release-on-July-18th/articleshow/37621318.cms |archive-date=18 September 2014 |access-date=18 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The film was released in 350 screens in Tamil Nadu. The film released in 60 screens in [[Chengalpattu]], 65 screens in [[Coimbatore|Kovai]], 30 screens in [[Madurai]], 30 screens in [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]] and 55 screens in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]. The film also released in 60 screens in [[Kerala]] and 65 screens in [[Karnataka]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The film was later dubbed and released into [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language under the title ''Raghuvaran B.Tech'' and in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''VIP''.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

=== Marketing ===
The official first look poster of ''Velaiilla Pattadhari'' was released by Dhanush through his official [[Twitter]] account on 24 December 2013.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The teaser of the film was uploaded on [[YouTube]] on 9 February 2014.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The official trailer of the film was released on 18 June 2014 on YouTube, and trended on social networking sites following its release,<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2014 |title=Dhanush's 'Velai Illa Pattathari' trailer trends in K-town |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dhanushs-velai-illa-pattathari-trailer-trends-in-ktown/article6126266.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916025942/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dhanushs-velai-illa-pattathari-trailer-trends-in-ktown/article6126266.ece |archive-date=16 September 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> reaching 2 million views in two weeks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthikeyan, Shruti |date=5 July 2014 |title=Amala Paul's 'Velai Illa Pattadhaari' trailer crosses 2 million views |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Amala-Pauls-Velai-Illa-Pattadhaari-trailer-crosses-2-million-views/articleshow/37828174.cms? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916025955/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Amala-Pauls-Velai-Illa-Pattadhaari-trailer-crosses-2-million-views/articleshow/37828174.cms |archive-date=16 September 2014 |access-date=26 August 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Some of the posters depicting Dhanush smoking were removed, followed by the complaint raised by the authorities, as this did not conform to the Tobacco Control Board's guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2014 |title=Dhanush torn to pieces |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanush-torn-to-pieces/articleshow/39616113.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920003207/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanush-torn-to-pieces/articleshow/39616113.cms |archive-date=20 September 2014 |access-date=20 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The administrators of the Ramakrishna Mission School opposed a dialogue spoken by the character Raghuvaran attributing his weak English to the subpar education he received in that school.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2014 |title=Hindu Outfits Pan Dhanush for VIP's 'Offensive' Scene |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Hindu-Outfits-Pan-Dhanush-for-VIPs-Offensive-Scene/2014/08/05/article2365018.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052600/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Hindu-Outfits-Pan-Dhanush-for-VIPs-Offensive-Scene/2014/08/05/article2365018.ece |archive-date=8 October 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Velraj explained that they never contemplated such a huge opposition and did not want to hurt the sentiments of anyone, hence it was decided to remove the dialogue from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2014 |title=Dhanush's controversial dialogue removed |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanushs-controversial-dialogue-removed/articleshow/39875417.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920002741/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanushs-controversial-dialogue-removed/articleshow/39875417.cms |archive-date=20 September 2014 |access-date=20 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The film's satellite rights were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2014 |title=Sun TV bags TV rights of 'Velaiyilla Pattathari' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Sun-TV-bags-TV-rights-of-Velai-Illa-Pattathari/articleshow/37998967.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916030325/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Sun-TV-bags-TV-rights-of-Velai-Illa-Pattathari/articleshow/37998967.cms |archive-date=16 September 2014 |access-date=16 July 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The television premiere took place on 15 January 2015, coinciding with Pongal.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The dubbed Telugu version ''Raghuvaran B. Tech'' was aired on [[Star Maa]], which bought the Telugu satellite rights on 22 February 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2015 |title=Raghuvaran B Tech to premiere on MAA TV today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/telugu/Raghuvaran-B-Tech-to-premiere-on-MAA-TV-today/articleshow/46411638.cms |access-date=30 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
The film received generally positive reviews from critics.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', [[Baradwaj Rangan]] said "There are films that cater to the actor, and there are films that cater to the star — in {{sic|''Velayilla Pattathari''|nolink=y}}, Dhanush gets a film where he gets to showcase both sides ... [Velraj has] given actor-Dhanush fans half a movie to love, and he's handed over the rest to the star-Dhanush fans. Is there much use complaining when both actor and star are in such fine form?"<ref name="VIP1">Rangan, Baradwaj (19 July 2014). {{Cite news |title=Idle worship |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/idle-worship/article6229114.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916085904/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/idle-worship/article6229114.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment |archive-date=16 September 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote "{{sic|''Velai Illa Pattadhari''|nolink=y}} is a rollicking fun ride. It's pure unadulterated masala laced with all essential ingredients that work with mass audiences. Writer, director and cinematographer R Velraj has made a dream debut with a perfect commercial mix".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2014 |title=Velai Illa Pattadhari |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/velai-illa-pattadhari-review-tamil-15058002.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916090234/http://www.sify.com/movies/velai-illa-pattadhari-review-tamil-15058002.html |archive-date=16 September 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "[...] Velraj (the cinematographer making his directorial debut) superbly manages to strike a balance between the emotional and mass hero moments.[...] It is fantastic to see Dhanush take this boy-next-door to mass hero mode and he has quite a few punchy lines."<ref name="Suganth">Suganth, M. (18 July 2014). {{Cite news |title=Movie Review: Velaiyilla Pattathari |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Velaiilla-Pattadhari/movie-review/38692196.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916090536/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Velaiilla-Pattadhari/movie-review/38692196.cms |archive-date=16 September 2014 |work=The Times of India}} Retrieved 18 July 2014. {{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Dhanush has chosen a befitting script for his 25th milestone film and in the company of his favourite cinematographer turned filmmaker Velraj, who has churned out a mass family entertainer with {{sic|''Velai Illa Pattadhari''}}", calling it a "wholesome entertainer".<ref>Subramanian, Anupama (19 July 2014). {{Cite news |title=Movie review — Velai Illa Pattadhari: A wholesome entertainer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140719/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-velai-illa-pattadhari-wholesome-entertainer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916090749/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140719/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-velai-illa-pattadhari-wholesome-entertainer |archive-date=16 September 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=Deccan Chronicle}} </ref>

S. Saraswathi of [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and concluded, "{{sic|''Velaiyilla Pattathari''|nolink=y}} is two hours of pure entertainment, definitely worth a watch".<ref>S. Saraswathi (18 July 2014). {{Cite web |title=Review: Velaiyilla Pattadhari is pure entertainment |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-velaiyilla-pattadhari-is-pure-entertainment-south/20140718.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913195213/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-velaiyilla-pattadhari-is-pure-entertainment-south/20140718.htm |archive-date=13 September 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Rediff]]}} </ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave the film 3 stars out 5 and stated, "While VIP fortifies Dhanush's heroism in a tailor-made role which he comfortably pulls off, it also achieves so many things right as a commercial film and that's what works in its favour. Dhanush reinforces he's still cut out for commercial cinema with {{sic|''Velaiyilla Pattathari''|nolink=y}}".<ref name="HPVIP">Pudipeddi, Haricharan (18 July 2014). {{Cite web |title='Velai Illa Pattathari': Dhanush's royal return to commercial zone |url=http://www.iansplus.in/index.php?param=news/Vella_Illa_Pattathari_Movie_Review-433031/ENTERTAINMENT/15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723034515/http://www.iansplus.in/index.php?param=news/Vella_Illa_Pattathari_Movie_Review-433031/ENTERTAINMENT/15 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=25 July 2014 |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}} {{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

In contrast, Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "With its racy first half and a predictable second half, ''VIP'' is an average entertainer".<ref>Mannath, Malini (21 July 2014). {{Cite news |title=Predictable and cliche-ridden entertainer |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Predictable-and-cliche-ridden-entertainer/2014/07/21/article2339639.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021120957/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Predictable-and-cliche-ridden-entertainer/2014/07/21/article2339639.ece |archive-date=21 October 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5, saying "Although {{sic|''Vellaiyilla Pattathari''|nolink=y}} presents a grave social malaise – that of joblessness among engineering graduates in Tamil Nadu with 3000-odd colleges turning out hundreds of thousands of degree holders year after year – the script plays goodsport. Performances do not lift the movie either".<ref>Bhaskaran, Gautaman (19 July 2014). {{Cite news |title=Movie review: Vellai Illa Pattadhari has great theme, poor script |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-vellai-illa-pattadhari-has-great-theme-poor-script/article1-1242205.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918042622/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-vellai-illa-pattadhari-has-great-theme-poor-script/article1-1242205.aspx |archive-date=18 September 2014 |access-date=21 July 2014 |work=Hindustan Times}} </ref>

=== Box office ===
The film was released in 30 screens in Chennai alone.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Sreedhar Pillai stated that the film had made {{INR}}100.6 million on its opening day in [[Tamil Nadu]] alone.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The film collected approximately {{INRConvert|13|c}} in [[Tamil Nadu]] in first weekend and over {{INRConvert|24|c}} in ten days. The film collected a nett collection of {{INRConvert|50|c}} worldwide in fourth week.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The first weekend gross was {{INR}} 190.8 million.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2014 |title='Velai Illa Pattathari' creates ripples at BO |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Velai-Illa-Pattathari-creates-ripples-at-BO/articleshow/39034328.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915012922/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Velai-Illa-Pattathari-creates-ripples-at-BO/articleshow/39034328.cms |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="sify.com">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2014 |title=Tamil Nadu first week net collections:'Velai Illa Pattadhari' – A blockbuster hit! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/velai-illa-pattadhari-a-blockbuster-hit-news-tamil-ohztNrcaebbeb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011072325/http://www.sify.com/movies/velai-illa-pattadhari-a-blockbuster-hit-news-tamil-ohztNrcaebbeb.html |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=24 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film made {{INR}} 250 million in Tamil Nadu overall.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

''Velaiilla Pattadhari'' made {{INR}} 9.83 million in the UK and Ireland together. It also grossed {{INR}} 3.735 million in Australia.<ref name="sify.com" /> The film made one month's collection of {{INR}} 22.3 million in [[Malaysia]].<ref>[[Taran Adarsh|Adarsh, Taran]] (18 August 2014). {{Cite web |date=18 August 2014 |title='Singham Returns' fares well! |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/538 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925084652/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/538 |archive-date=25 September 2014 |access-date=18 August 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Overall, the film grossed {{INR}} 530 million worldwide.<ref name="Hindustan Times" />

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Velaiilla Pattadhari}}

== Sequel ==
{{Main|Velaiilla Pattadhari 2}}
In November 2016, Dhanush announced that he would act in [[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2|the sequel of the film]] to be directed by [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]] and produced by [[S. Thanu]].<ref name="VIP-2">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2016 |title=Dhanush and Soundarya to make 'Velai Illa Pattadhari-2' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-and-soundarya-to-make-velai-illa-pattadhari-2-news-tamil-qljjGScdbebfg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115145116/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-and-soundarya-to-make-velai-illa-pattadhari-2-news-tamil-qljjGScdbebfg.html |archive-date=15 November 2016 |access-date=15 November 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Filming for the sequel began on 15 December 2016 with actress [[Kajol]] being drafted to play "a prominent role" marking her comeback to Tamil films since ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'' (1997). Paul and Samuthirakani reprised their roles from ''Velaiilla Pattadhari''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poorvaja |first=S. |last2=Lakshmi |first2=K. |date=16 December 2016 |title=VIP 2 shooting begins, Kajol to feature in a prominent role |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/VIP-2-shooting-begins-Kajol-to-feature-in-a-prominent-role/article16842049.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216122646/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/VIP-2-shooting-begins-Kajol-to-feature-in-a-prominent-role/article16842049.ece |archive-date=16 December 2016 |access-date=16 December 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The sequel was released on 11 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2017 |title=Toilet: Ek Prem Katha, VIP 2 box office report — Akshay Kumar's film crosses Rs 50 cr over weekend |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/toilet-ek-prem-katha-vip-2-box-office-report-akshay-kumars-film-crosses-rs-50-cr-over-weekend-3929057.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023033505/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/toilet-ek-prem-katha-vip-2-box-office-report-akshay-kumars-film-crosses-rs-50-cr-over-weekend-3929057.html |archive-date=23 October 2017 |access-date=14 August 2017 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

== Remake ==
The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Brihaspathi (film)|Brihaspathi]]'' (2018) directed by [[Nanda Kishore]] with [[Manoranjan Ravichandran]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=19 September 2017 |title=Manoranjan's next is now titled S/o of Ravichandran |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/sep/19/manoranjans-next-is-now-titled-so-of-ravichandran-2207.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023152509/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/sep/19/manoranjans-next-is-now-titled-so-of-ravichandran-2207.html |archive-date=23 October 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2017 |title=Manoranjan's next titled as S/O Ravichandran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/manoranjans-next-titled-as-s/o-ravichandran/articleshowprint/60763292.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171023152830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/manoranjans-next-titled-as-s/o-ravichandran/articleshowprint/60763292.cms |archive-date=23 October 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |work=The Times of India |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Wunderbar Films}}
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[[Category:2014 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 masala films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fiction about unemployment]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Velraj]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dhanush]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Military (film)

2026-03-03T04:40:06Z

DortheaBye: reworked content based on references for clarity

{{short description|2003 film directed by Suraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Military (film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Suraj (director)|G. Saisuresh]]
| screenplay = G. Saisuresh
| story = [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]
| based_on = ''[[Hitler (1996 film)|Hitler]]'' by Siddique
| producer = S. Siddiq
| starring = [[Sathyaraj]] [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
| cinematography = D. Sankar
| editing = Suresh Rajan
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Cine Times Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|02|28}}
| country = India
| runtime = 142 minutes
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Military''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]], credited as G. Saisuresh. The film stars [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]. A remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Hitler (1996 film)|Hitler]]'' (1996), it was released on 28 February 2003, and became a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2023 |title=மம்முட்டியின் நடிப்பில் மலையாளத்தில் சூப்பர் டூப்பர் ஹிட்... தமிழில் சத்யராஜ் நடிப்பில் தோல்வியடைந்த படம்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-mammoottys-malayalam-film-which-ran-for-300-days-failed-in-tamil-900711.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230307133534/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-mammoottys-malayalam-film-which-ran-for-300-days-failed-in-tamil-900711.html |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=February 2023}}
Madhavan, locally known as Military, is a protective brother of five younger sisters: Ammu, Seetha, Nandhini, Kamali and Archana. Their father remarried after his first wife's death, and because of that his children do not speak to him. With his second wife, he has two daughters. Ammu, the eldest of Madhavan's sisters, was raped by her widower professor. Madhavan asked Ammu to marry the professor, who was quite old. The other sisters did not know about the matter. Seetha elopes with her cousin Balasubramaniam and they later come to stay in their neighbourhood. Madhavan's enemies try to kill his brother-in-law and put the blame on Madhavan. Luckily, his brother-in-law survives and tells the truth.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Madhavan (Military)
*[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Lakshmi, Madhavan’s cousin
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Balasubramaniam
*[[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] as Seetha, Madhavan’s sister
*[[Manivannan]] as Madhavan's father
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Sundaramoorthy, Madhavan's uncle
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Professor
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Muthu
*[[Senthil]] as Aravind Swamy
*[[Ramesh Khanna]] as Ganesan
*[[Dhamu]] as Azhagesan
*[[Mayilsamy]]
*[[Vaiyapuri]]
*[[Halwa Vasu]]
*[[Lollu Sabha Maaran|Maaran]]
*Raghavan
*[[Santhana Bharathi]] as Velu Nayakar
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Velu Nayakar’s brother
*[[Kazan Khan]] as Shiva, Velu Nayakar’s brother
*[[Anju (actress)|Anju]] as Velu Nayakar’s wife
*Indhu as Ammu, Madhavan's sister
*[[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] as Nandhini, Madhavan's sister
*Arunasri as Kamili, Madhavan's sister
*Poorvaja (Karishma) as Archana, Madhavan's sister
*Karpagam as Madhavan's half-sister
*[[Santhoshi]] as Madhavan's half-sister
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Aishwarya
*[[K. R. Vatsala]] as Madhavan's aunt
*S. Lalitha as Velu Nayakar’s wife
*[[Kovai Senthil]] as Villager
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]] as Villager
*[[Scissor Manohar]] as Barber
*[[Chelladurai]] as Villager
*Amirthalingam as Villager
*[[Kovai Babu]]
*Vijay Ganesh as Shop owner
*[[Pandiarajan]] in a guest appearance
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Military |url=https://gaana.com/album/military-tamil-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223123854/https://gaana.com/album/military-tamil-2021 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Ammamma" || [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || [[Pa. Vijay]] || 5:22
|-
| "Chittu Kuruvi" || [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], Krishnaraj || [[Na. Muthukumar]] || 5:21
|-
| "Mama Mama" || Deva, Sabesh, Murali, Ramji, Sundarrajan || Kalidasan || 3:30
|-
| "Suriyanae Suriyanae" || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] || Pa. Vijay || 5:13
|-
| "Therodum Veedhiyilae" || [[Anuradha Sriram]], Srinivas || [[Palani Bharathi]]|| 5:38
|}

== Release and reception ==

''Military'' was released on 28 February 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Military ( 2003 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=military |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029125508/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=military |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=2 January 2012 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' felt "the remake fails to live up to the original" and added "while remaking it, the makers seem to have lost out on the feel of the original. It’s like they’ve just borrowed the scenes and situations, and rushed through the whole scenario. The natural flow is missing, leading to jerky narration."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=6 March 2003 |title=Military |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov255.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324062712/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov255.asp |archive-date=24 March 2005 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote the film "fails to live up to the original" and that Sathyaraj "fails to make an impression as the elder brother of five sisters".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2003 |title=Military |url=https://m.sify.com/movies/military-review-tamil-pclu0djejbdgd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930184029/https://m.sify.com/movies/military-review-tamil-pclu0djejbdgd.html |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote despite being a sentimental plot about brother and sisters, it sustains the interest till the end due to new kind of scenes and natural humour and also praised the director keeping the flashback short but felt the only negative is antics of Vinu Chakravarthy and Ponnambalam and concluded the director deserves military salute for making a film which can be watched with families.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விசுவல் |date=16 March 2003 |title=மிலிட்டரி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-03-16/page/n13/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230327022539/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-03-16/page/n13/mode/2up |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=27 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=12 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''IndiaInfo'' wrote "Except Satyaraj’s performance, the film has nothing much to rave about".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/military.html|title=Indiainfo: Tamil: MILITARY, Average family fare!|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030405022433/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/military.html|archive-date=5 April 2003|work=Indiainfo}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Suraj (director)}}

[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 action drama films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suraj (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Itki, India

2026-03-02T02:45:07Z

DortheaBye: Put up

{{other uses|Itki (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Itki
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.3568|N|85.1226|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12174
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Itki block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835301
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06529
| registration_plate = JH 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 82.93%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Mandar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandar]]
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Itki''' (also Itkithakurgaon) is a village with four panchayat Itki East, Itki West, Malti and Semra in the [[Itki block|Itki]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Ranchi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8= You are at the Itki page|shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black 
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|30|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam| label-color38 = #C42222 | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| label-size38=11| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 =[[Getalsud Dam]]| shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Itki is located at {{coord|23.3568|N|85.1226|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]], flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref> There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
There is a police station at Itki.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| title = District Police Profile - Ranchi| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 7 September 2021| archive-date = 8 September 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210908124539/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Itki CD block are located at Itki village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Ranchi district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Itkithakurgaon had a total population of 12,174, of which 6,141 (50%) were males and 6,033 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,668. The total number of literate persons in Itkithakurgaon was 8,713 (82.93% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 374385, page 274-275|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==Transport==
There is a railway station at Itki on the [[Barkakana-Son Nagar line|Ranchi-Tori line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/ranchi-lohardaga-memu-68135/7343/384/5355 | title= 58651->68135 Ranchi-Lohardaga MEMU |work= Time Table |publisher= IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 20 September 2021}}</ref>
There is a Bus Station at Itki Baazar Tar

==Education==
Lal Mohan Inter College is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 2005. It has facilities for teaching in classes XI and XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20142303515/lal-mohan-inter-college.html | title = Lal Mohan Inter College | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

St. Agnes Balika High School is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 1961. It has facilities for teaching from class VII to class X. It has a playground, a library with 1,500 books and has 1 computer for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20142303523/st-agnes-balika-high-school-itki.html | title = St. Agnes Balika High School Itki | publisher = | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

Al Kuasar Balika High School is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 2008. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class X.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20142303514/al-qausar-high-school-balika.html | title = Al Quasar High School Balika | publisher = Schools.org| access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

Itki Balika High School is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 1982. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X. It has a library with 370 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20142303507/high-school-itki-balika.html | title = High School Itki Balika| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

British Public High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 2007. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. It has a library with 120 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20142303503/british-public-high-school.html | title = British Public High School | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

Darsgah Islami Itki was established in 1960 under the supervision of Jamat-e-Islami-Hind, however, it's being managed by the local body of Itki. where education up to matriculation is given. This School is counted among the top-rated Schools in Jharkhand with an excellent academic track record.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.humsub.com.pk/77056/muhammad-alamullah-4/|title = ماسٹر اللہ داد کریم|date = 17 September 2017}}</ref>

==Social environment==
The social atmosphere here is quite good, with the characteristics of both the Hindu and Muslim communities living together and helping each other. While there are many mosques in the village, there are also many temples and churches which make this village distinct and beautiful from other villages. Most of the people here are farmers while a large number of businesspeople are also there. On Saturdays and Wednesdays, there seems to be a huge market where people from far and wide come to buy and sell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.humsub.com.pk/77056/muhammad-alamullah-4/|title = ماسٹر اللہ داد کریم|date = 17 September 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Itki TB Sanatorium, with 300 beds, is functioning as a dedicated Covid care hospital. [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] has provided a Centralised Oxygen Support System as a part of its corporate social responsibility programme. There is a proposal to convert it to a multi-speciality hospital.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://thecsrjournal.in/top-csr-projects-ranchi-jharkhand-corporate-social-responsibility/ | title = Top CSR Projects in Ranchi |work= NTPC | date = 2 June 2021 | publisher = The CSR Journal | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-itki-tb-sanatorium-as-dedicated-covid-hospital-work-in-final-stage-in-ranchi-jharkhand-21643007.html | title = रांची स्थित इटकी टीबी सैनिटोरियम को डेडिकेटेड कोविड हॉस्पिटल बनाने की तैयारी अंतिम चरण में (Conversion of Ranchi-based Itki TB Sanatorium to a dedidcated Covid hospital) in its last phase)| work = in Hindi | publisher = Dainik Jagaran, 14 May 2021 | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/itki-tb-sanatorium-will-be-developed-as-super-specialty-tb-hospital-these-diseases-will-be-treated-arun-kumar-singh-additional-chief-secretary-of-health-department-gave-these-instructions-grj | title = सुपर स्पेशलिटी TB हॉस्पिटल के रूप में विकसित होगी इटकी यक्ष्मा आरोग्यशाला (Itki TB Sanatorium Will Be Developed As Super Specialty Hospital)| work= in Hindi| publisher = Prabahat Khabar 21 June 2021 | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Ranchi district]]

George Dick (governor of Bombay)

2026-02-20T05:47:29Z

DortheaBye: Started initial entry from scratch.

{{Short description|British Governor of Bombay}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}

'''George Dick ''' (1739 – 9 May 1818) was the [[Governor of Bombay]] from 26 November 1792 to 9 November 1795.

== Life ==
Dick became a writer for the [[East India Company]] in 1759. At the time of his death he "had never been out of Bombay, except for an occasional trip to [[Bancoot]], for nearly sixty years."<ref>James Douglas, ''Glimpses of Old Bombay and Western India, with other papers'', 1900</ref> There is a tablet to his memory in [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm
|title=Previous Governors List
|accessdate=2008-12-23
|publisher=[[Governor of Maharashtra]]
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206050259/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm
|archivedate=6 February 2009
}}
*{{Cite ODNB |title=Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in India (1616–2000) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93241}}
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ
|author=Great Britain India Office
|title=The India List and India Office List
|volume=I
|year=1819
|publisher=Harrison
|pages=125–7
|accessdate=2008-10-09
|ref=in}}
*{{cite book
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#40
|title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer
|series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers
|volume=I
|year=1986
|accessdate=2008-08-13
|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|ref=bom}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box | title=[[Governor of Bombay]]
| before= [[The Hon. Maj. Gen. Sir Robert Abercromby K. B.|Robert Abercromby]]
| after= [[John Griffith (Governor of Bombay)|John Griffith]]
| years=1792–1795}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dick, George}}
[[Category:1818 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Bombay]]
[[Category:1739 births]]

{{UK-politician-stub}}

Boxout.fm

2026-02-17T04:50:14Z

DortheaBye: Started the data and citations.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox radio station
| name = boxout.fm
| logo = Boxout fm logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt = boxout.fm
| caption =
| city = [[New Delhi]]
| country = IN
| branding =
| airdate = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|4|7}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chauhan|first1=Siddharth|title=Boxout.fm online community radio service to go live from April 7|url=http://www.gizmodo.in/indiamodo/boxout-fm-online-community-radio-service-to-go-live-from-april-7/articleshow/57771598.cms|website=Gizmodo|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=22 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020208/http://www.gizmodo.in/indiamodo/boxout-fm-online-community-radio-service-to-go-live-from-april-7/articleshow/57771598.cms|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| last_airdate = 
| format = [[Internet radio]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| webcast = [http://boxout.fm/ Listen Live]
| website = {{URL|boxout.fm}}
}}
'''Boxout.fm''' is an [[online radio|online]], [[community radio]] station based in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. It was founded in April 2017<ref>{{cite web|title=boxout.fm Launches With Romaré - Wild City|url=http://www.thewildcity.com/EN/news.xhtml/article/11808-boxoutfm-launches-with-romare|website=thewildcity.com|accessdate=30 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> by Mohammed Abood ([[DJ MoCity]]) and [[Independent music|indie]] musician Sahej Bakshi (Dualist Inquiry).<ref>{{cite web|title=Online radio station Boxout.fm to go live on 7 April|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/press-releases/170322-online-radio-station-boxoutfm-go|website=radioandmusic.com|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Kanika|title=Attend The Launch Of India's First Online Community Radio For Alternative Music!|url=https://www.whatshot.in/delhi-ncr/attend-the-launch-of-indias-first-online-community-radio-for-alternative-music-c-5178|website=Whats Hot|accessdate=30 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> It broadcasts live from [[Gulmohar Park]] in New Delhi seven days a week with programming beginning each morning at 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30]]) and ending at 01:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. Boxout.fm's shows are then archived for [[Streaming media|streaming]] [[free of charge]] to a global audience on [[Mixcloud]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lakhani|first1=Somya|title=Out of the Box|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/out-of-the-box-29-4617118/|website=The Indian Express|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=18 April 2017}}</ref>

According to its founders, the radio station was born of a need for a community-run music platform focused on showcasing [[alternative music]] and [[culture in India]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kappal|first1=Bhanuj|title=Indie on the airwaves|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/online-community-radio-station-boxoutfm/article9912189.ece|website=The Hindu Business Line|accessdate=30 October 2017|language=en|date=20 October 2017}}</ref>

These radio programs are hosted by a collective of thirty resident DJs in addition to a large and growing number of broadcasts from guest DJs and cultural figures from India and around the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet the founders of the new online community radio, Boxout.fm|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/music/story/online-community-radio-boxout-fm-founders-music-lifest-970391-2017-04-09|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=30 October 2017|date=9 April 2017}}</ref> The radio also welcomes submissions from artists looking to contribute musically to the station's programs.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wani|first1=Zainab|title=BoxOut FM : India's First Independent Radio Station – Beats Beyond Borders|url=http://www.beatsbeyondborders.com/boxout-fm-indias-first-independent-radio-station/|website=beatsbeyondborders.com|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107083222/http://www.beatsbeyondborders.com/boxout-fm-indias-first-independent-radio-station/|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Internet radio stations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official webpage|http://boxout.fm/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boxout.fm}}
[[Category:2017 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Community radio stations in India]]
[[Category:Internet radio in India]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Delhi]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 2017]]

Manalikkara

2026-02-09T08:15:30Z

DortheaBye:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kothanallor(Manalikkarai)
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =மணலிக்கரை
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.285|N|77.31|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam/Tamil]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title2 = Official
| demographics2_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 629164
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04651
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Nagercoil
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = Constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Padmanabhapuram
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

== Geography ==

Manalikkara (മണലിക്കര) is a small village located in the southern part of ancient travancore state, presently under Kanyakumari district of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[Kalkulam]] Taluk. The area comes under Padmanabhapuram division in Kalkulam Taluk in Kothanallur Panchayat.<ref name="Kanyakumari District">{{cite web|author=Govt of Tamil Nadu|title=Kanyakumari District|url=http://www.kanyakumari.tn.nic.in/tp.html|access-date=9 February 2014|archive-date=4 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204024711/http://www.kanyakumari.tn.nic.in/tp.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Presently this place is known as Vazhikkalampadu under revenue department. The Malayalam name Manalikkara was very popular during the Travancore state rule and after the reformation of Indian states in 1956, this place is more known as Vazhikkalampadu and it became the part of [[Kanyakumari district]] of Tamil Nadu. This area is mostly covered with Malayalam speaking families. The core places in Manalikkara are Azhuvar Sree Krishna Swamy Temple and Ancient Manalikkara Madom. Sree Kailasam temple, Muttakadu and 6th Sivalaya temple Pannipaham temple are a kilometer away from this place. The world heritage centre and the first capital city of travancore, Padmanabhapuram and the Padmanabhapuram palace is located a few kilometers away from Manalikkara.

== Location ==

This place is around 22 km from [[Nagercoil]] town and around 52 km from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] city. This place is located between [[Thuckalay]] and [[Kulasekharam]] road near Muttakadu. The vicinity of this place are covered with green trees and mountains. One can see and enjoy the nature beauty of Velli hills from here and the nearest tourist locations are Thirparappu water falls, Pechipara Dam, Perunchani Dam, Mathur Hanging Bridge.

== History ==

This place belonged to constituency of Princely [[Travancore]] State in 1235 AD. The Inscription about Taxation was written in a pillar in front of the Manalikkara Alwar Temple in year 410 ME during the rule of Venad ruler King Veera Ravi Kerala Varma.<ref name="Nagam Aiya278">{{cite book| last = AIYA| first = V. NAGAM| title = Travancore State Manual| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AVd1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA203|accessdate = 1 January 2014| year = 1906 | publisher = Digitally published by Victoria Institutions| page = 278 }}</ref><ref name="Encyclopaedia Dictionary of Puranas">{{cite book| author = Swami Parameshwaranand| title = Encyclopaedia Dictionary of Puranas| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7YQlAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1017| date = 2001| publisher = Sarup & Sons| isbn = 8176252263 }}</ref> The place Manalikkara has its influence as one of the branch of travancore royal family in Kalkulam in 1610 AD. Raja Sri Illaya Rama Varma from Venad was from Manalikkara branch of the family in Kalkulam.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} The Former Capital of travancore [[Padmanabhapuram]] is 5 km from Manalikkara.

<gallery>
File:About the inscriptions from Padmanabhapuram Palace Archeology Museum.jpg| About the inscriptions in the year ME 411
File:Stone Inscription about taxation found from Manalikkara.jpg| Stone Inscription found from Manalikkara
</gallery>

== Pictures of Temple and religious places ==

<gallery>
File:MKMadom 01.jpg| Manalikkara Kalpaka Mangalathu Madom
File:Manalikkara Azhvar Sree Krishna Swamy Temple 2.jpg| Manalikkara Azhvar Sree Krishna Swamy Temple
File:Manalikkara Azhvar Sree Krishna Swamy Temple.jpg| Manalikkara Azhvar Sree Krishna Swamy Temple Front View
File:MSKST_front_view.jpg|Aama Vilakku in front of temple
File:KodimaramSKST.jpg|Kodimaram(Flagpole)
File:Garuda VSKSTM.jpg|Garuda Vahanam presented by Manalikkara Kalpamangalathu Madom
</gallery>

== Temple ==

Manalikkara Azhuvar Sree Krishna Swamy Temple is located here. This temple is believed to be found before 411ME Kollavarsham. The temple main deity is Krishna (Vishnu). The full structures of the temple are made up of long granite stones. This temple is believed to be constructed around 700 years ago. This construction is similar to other old temples in Kanyakumari like Thiruvattar Adikesava Temple and Velimala Murugan Temple. Although it was part of the travancore state, the style of construction shows similarities with Tamil style.

== Legends ==

The oldest building in Manalikkara is Manalikkara Madom or Manalikkara Kalpaka Mangalathu (കല്പമംഗലത്ത്) madom, a monastery of [[Brahmin]]s. The Brahmin scholars lived in Manalikkara proved their expertise in tantric rituals, vedic and literatures. They served as priests in several temples in Kalkulam.<ref name="Temple India">{{cite book|author=Vivekananda Kendra Patrika|title=Temple India page 43|url=http://prakashan.vivekanandakendra.org/sites/default/files/Temples%20In%20India-1.pdf}}</ref> The last patriarch of the family who lived in Manalikkara was K V Manalikkara whose name was Kesavaru Vasudevaru. He was a good writer and poet. His contributions in [[Malayalam]] script writings, poems and translations are memorable.

The major translations by K V Manalikkara from Sanskrit to Malayalam are Sasthreeya Bhouthikavadha Rekha,<ref name="Sasthreeya Bhouthikavadha Rekha">{{cite book|author=K V Manalikkara|title=Sasthreeya Bhouthikavadha Rekha|url=http://dm.maebag.com/details.php?ItemCode=14181&&ItemName=Sasthreeya%20Bhouthikavadha%20Rekha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408230958/http://dm.maebag.com/details.php?ItemCode=14181&&ItemName=Sasthreeya%20Bhouthikavadha%20Rekha|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> Rahul Sankrityante Darshana Rekha, Samugiya Rekha and Vishwarekha. He also translated Maxim Gorky's book "Mother"<ref name="Mother">{{cite book|author=Maxim Gorki|title= "Mother" |translator=K V Manalikkara|isbn=9780000106025|url= http://library.shcollege.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=54574&query_desc=au%3A%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C}}</ref> in Malayalam. He also wrote and published the second smallest book in the world called "Rasarasika"<ref name="Rasarasika">{{cite book|author=K V Manalikara|title=Rasarasika |translator=K V Manalikkara|url=http://nationallibrary.gov.in/showdetails.php?id=447872}}</ref> is 1.5 cm's in length and 1 cm in width contain 5 characters in each line readable only through lens.<ref name="Rasarasika by K V Manalikkara">{{cite book|author= Indian Express News|title=Booking a place in history in a tiny way|date=6 April 1996|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19990406/ile06088.html}}</ref>

The Manalikkara Madom is founded by this Hindu Brahmin family who were residing in a place called Mathoor in Kalkulam taluk. They were the priest of [[Adikesava Perumal Temple, Kanyakumari|Thiruvattar Adikesava temple]]. To overcome the poverty, they believed in worshipping lord [[Ganesha]] deity which was then lying in the place called Kottur. They brought the deity to Manalikara Madom and started worshiping.<ref>Article by Leena Chandran. "Maraviyil Oru Madom", Malayala Manorama News, Trivandrum edition, Published on 22 June 2013.</ref>
The writer and lyricist [[S. Ramesan Nair|S.Ramesan Nair]] is also from the neighbouring village Kumarapuram who wrote poem about Manalikkara Lord Krishna.

== History about the temple ==

Manalikkara Azhvar Temple is a dedicated Hindu Vishnu Krishna temple. Years ago this temple was known as "Manalikkara Thiruvannur Azhvar Temple". [[Alvars|Azhvar's]] are the followers and core devotees of Lord Vishnu. The [[Kulashekhara Alwar|Kulasekhara Azhvar]] who had been the 9th Azhvar from Kerala ruled Travancore during 800-825 AD.<ref name="The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism">{{cite book| last = Lochtefeld| first = James G.| title = The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA377| year = 2002| publisher = The Rosen Publishing Group| isbn = 978-0-8239-3179-8 }}</ref> The presence of Manalikkara Alwar temple is mentioned in the "Manalikkara inscription" during the year 410 (ME)<ref name="Travancore Inscriptions">{{cite book| last = Poduval| first = R. Vasudeva| title = Travancore Inscriptions-A Topographical List| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NsPMtQ3UdmYC&pg=PA128| year = 1990| publisher = Asian Educational Services| isbn = 978-81-206-0555-8 }}</ref> The re-installation of deity is happened by year 411 ME. The present "Kodimaram" (flag pole) in front of the temple is installed in the year 1141 ME.

== Library ==

There is a small library named "Keasva Vilasam Vayanashala" in Manalikkara which had been a contribution from the scholars of Manalikkara Madom. Although it is not functioning now, the memories are still alive.
<gallery>
File:KV library.jpg| Kesava Vilasam Vayanashala(Library)
</gallery>

== Findings from Manalikkara ==

Palm leaf manuscript bundles about ancient scientific researches and vedic literature's were found from Manalikkara Madom that later shifted to [[Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library|Oriental Research and Manuscript Library]] of University of Kerala in Thiruvananthapuram. The 13 plays in Sanskrit called [[Svapnavasavadattam|Swapnavasavadatta]] written by the famous playwright and ancient poet [[Bhāsa|Bhasa]] were unearthed from Manalikkara Madom in 1912 by [[T. Ganapati Sastri|T.Ganapati Sastri]] that was believed to be lost till the time.<ref name="Words from another era">{{cite book|author= Article by Anand Narayanan-The Hindu News|title= Words from another era|newspaper= The Hindu|date=18 December 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/words-from-another-era/article5474307.ece}}</ref><ref name="Bhasa">{{cite book|author=Bhasa by A.S.P Ayyar|title=Bhasa| year = 1942 | publisher = Madras law journal office|url=http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/2331/218802_Bhasa_India_Men_Of_Letters_Series.pdf?sequence=2 |chapter="Chapter II THE DISCOVERY OF 13 OF HIS PLAYS"}}</ref><ref name="A treasure trove of Palmleaf Manuscripts">{{cite book|author=Article by Aparna Unni-The Indian Express|title= A treasure trove of Palmleaf Manuscripts|date=21 February 2014|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/A-Treasure-Trove-of-Palmleaf-Manuscripts/2014/02/21/article2068554.ece#.UxmqB4XbetY|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222211842/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/A-Treasure-Trove-of-Palmleaf-Manuscripts/2014/02/21/article2068554.ece#.UxmqB4XbetY|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref>

The Sanskrit work [[Devi Mahatmya]]m written in palm leaves fabricated in the shape of garland was also found in Manalikkara Madom. It consists of a string of fifteen beads, each made of inseparable palm leaves pressed against two ingeniously worked out knots.

T. Gaṇapati Sastri also discovered a unique manuscript of the Buddhist treatise ''Āryamañjuśrīmūlakalpa'' (aka ''[[Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa|Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa]]'') at this location.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Āryamanjuśrîmûlakalpa|last=Mañjūśrī|date=1920|publisher=Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press|location=Trivandrum|language=Sanskrit|oclc=29995388}}</ref>'',''<ref name="A Social History of India">{{cite book| last = Sadasivan| first = S.N.| title = Buddhism in Kerala Page138| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC| year = 2000| publisher = APH Publishing| isbn = 978-81-7648-170-0 }}</ref> It is a rare work about Buddhism. The script is in [[Devanagari]], written with special resinous ink. It consists of 307 palm leaves. The "Manalikkara Shasanam" written by Ravi Kerala Varma and the [[Unnuneeli Sandesam]] script found by the poet Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer were from the library of Manalikara Madom.

== Temple Festival ==

The Manalikkara Azhvar Sree Krishna Swamy temple is managed by Tamil Nadu Devasom Board under Tamil Nadu Government. This is one of the temple in Tamil Nadu follows the Kerala style of tradition and culture. The Major temple festival is conducted by April–May of every year.

The yearly temple festival called Utsavam is conducted here on Malayalam month ([[Kollavarsham|Malayalam calendar]]) Medam on Rohini Nakshathram (star) day represents the birthday of lord [[Krishna]]. On Rohini Nakshathram day the "Kodikayataam" (flag hoisting) is carried out in the morning represents the begin of Utsavam which would be followed by another nine days of functions.

The ten days of Utsavam is auspicious and covered with special pujas in the morning and evening. Elephant procession is carried out in the temple all the day. In the late evening, cultural programs like Nadakam (Drama), [[Kathakali]] (Traditional art), Bale (Dramatic dance), [[Ottamthullal|Ottanthullal]] etc. are conducted.

The ninth day of utsavam, late in the evening the custom called "Palli Vetta" is carried out on the belief that Lord Krishna is on his way for Vetta (hunting). The tenth day function is an "Aaraat Mahotsavam" during which the Lord Krishna is on elephant procession to the place called Valliyatumugham. The procession starts by 4pm is accompanied by different traditional melas, vadhyas and full of devotees. The whole procession is completely colorful with the presence of traditional instrumental performances like [[Panchari melam]], [[Chenda|Chenda melam]], Singarimelam and other folk artistic performances like [[Theyyam]], [[Puli Kali]] etc. The procession would reach to a place Valliyatumugham at 11pm night followed by poojas on the valley of the river and final dip bath in the Valliyar river. Thereby lord krishna finishes the Aaarat and the procession would be returning to Manalikara temple. Once lord Krishna is back from Aaarat (holy bath), the last tribute was the Kodiyirakkam. This is the symbolic end of the 10 days Utsavam followed by "Vedikette"(bursting of crackers) to show and notify the pleasing end of Utsavam.

== Temple yearly festival pictures ==

<gallery>
File:Kathakali on 8th day of Utsavam in Sree Krishna Temple.jpg|Kathakali on 8th day of Utsavam
File:Pallivetta on 9th day of Utsavam in Sree Krishna Temple.jpg|Pallivetta on 9th day of Utsavam
File:Chenda Melam at Sree Krishna Temple.jpg|Chenda Melam
File:Ready for procession.jpg|Lord Krishna ready for Procession
File:Aaraat Mahotsavam on the 10th day at Sree Krishna Temple.jpg|Aaratt Mahotsavam in Manalikkara
File:Theyyam Kali.jpg|Theyyam Artists
File:Teyyamkali.jpg|Theyyamkali
File:Panchari Melam (2013).jpg|Panchari Melam
File:Pancharimelam.jpg|Panchari Melam performance
</gallery>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
S. N. Sadasivan (2006). ''A Social History of India'', p. 138. Penguin Books, London. {{ISBN|0140289712}}.

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Manalikkara}}
* {{cite book| last = George| first = K.M.| title = Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MZqqyxVkufQC&q=manalikkara&pg=PA78| year = 1972| publisher = Sahitya Akademi| isbn = 978-81-260-0413-3| page = 78 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140913195515/http://homepage.univie.ac.at/dominik.wujastyk/Sanskrit_Catalogues/Biswas/Biswas_Bibliographic%20survey%20of%20Indian%20manuscript%20catalogues_1998.pdf Bibliographic Survey of Indian Manuscripts Catalogues-(page 270-271, sl no 0999, Findings by Ganapati Sastri from Manalikkara Matham )]

==See also==
* [[Bhāsa]]
* [[Verkilambi]]
* [[Travancore]]
* [[Kanyakumari District]]

[[Category:Villages in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Kerala]]

15th Haryana Assembly

2026-02-07T20:16:15Z

DortheaBye: creating initial pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian state assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 15th Haryana Assembly
| before = [[14th Haryana Assembly|14th Assembly]]
| after =
| image = India Haryana Legislative Assembly 2024.svg
| image_size = 300
| caption =
| body = [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| election = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = [[Second Saini ministry]]
| opposition = [[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start = 25 October 2024
| term_end = 2029
| website = 
| membership1 = '''90'''
| control1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Haryana Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Harvinder Kalyan]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| chamber1_leader2 = [[Krishan Lal Middha]]
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Haryana|Leader of the House]]
| chamber1_leader3 = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Haryana Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader4 = [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
}}

The '''Fifteenth Legislative Assembly of Haryana''' constituted after the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly elections]]. Legislative Assembly [[election]] was held in [[Haryana]] on 5 October 2024 to elect 90 members of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |date=31 August 2024 |title=Haryana Poll Date Moved To October 5; J&K and Haryana Results Now On October 8 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/haryana-poll-date-moved-to-october-5-jk-and-haryana-results-now-set-for-october-8-article-112952021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831134119/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/haryana-poll-date-moved-to-october-5-jk-and-haryana-results-now-set-for-october-8-article-112952021 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> The results were announced on 8 October 2024.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 August 2024 |title=Haryana Assembly Election: EC Revises Polling Date To October 5, Counting On October 8 |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/haryana-assembly-election-date-revised-ec-shifts-polling-date-to-october-5-counting-on-october8-10184539 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831134119/https://english.jagran.com/india/haryana-assembly-election-date-revised-ec-shifts-polling-date-to-october-5-counting-on-october8-10184539 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=[[Jagran Prakashan|English Jagran]]}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! District
! No
! Constituency Name
! Name
! colspan="2" |[[List of political parties in India|Political Party]]
! colspan="2" |[[List of political groups by country#India|Political Group]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Panchkula district|Panchkula]]
| 1
| [[Kalka Assembly constituency|Kalka]]
| [[Shakti Rani Sharma]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|2
| [[Panchkula Assembly constituency|Panchkula]]
| [[Chander Mohan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Ambala district|Ambala]]
|3
| [[Naraingarh Assembly constituency|Naraingarh]]
| [[Shalley Chaudhary]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|4
| [[Ambala Cantonment Assembly constituency|Ambala Cantt]]
| [[Anil Vij]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|5
| [[Ambala City Assembly constituency|Ambala City]]
| [[Nirmal Singh (Haryana politician)|Nirmal Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|6
| [[Mulana Assembly constituency|Mulana]] (SC)
| [[Pooja Chaudhary]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Yamunanagar district|Yamunanagar]]
|7
| [[Sadhaura Assembly constituency|Sadhaura]] (SC)
| [[Renu Bala]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|8
| [[Jagadhri Assembly constituency|Jagadhri]]
| [[Akram Khan (politician)|Akram Khan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|9
| [[Yamunanagar Assembly constituency|Yamunanagar]]
| [[Ghanshyam Dass]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| 10
| [[Radaur Assembly constituency|Radaur]]
| [[Shyam Singh Rana]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]]
| 11
| [[Ladwa Assembly constituency|Ladwa]]
| [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|12
| [[Shahbad Assembly constituency|Shahbad]] (SC)
| [[Ram Karan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|13
| [[Thanesar Assembly constituency|Thanesar]]
| [[Ashok Kumar Arora]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|14
| [[Pehowa Assembly constituency|Pehowa]]
| [[Mandeep Chatha]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Kaithal district|Kaithal]]
|15
| [[Guhla Assembly constituency|Guhla]] (SC)
| [[Devender Hans]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|16
| [[Kalayat Assembly constituency|Kalayat]]
| [[Vikas Saharan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|17
| [[Kaithal Assembly constituency|Kaithal]]
| [[Aditya Surjewala]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|18
| [[Pundri Assembly constituency|Pundri]]
| [[Satpal Jamba]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Karnal district|Karnal]]
|19
| [[Nilokheri Assembly constituency|Nilokheri]] (SC)
| [[Bhagwan Das KabirPanthi|Bhagwan Das]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|20
| [[Indri Assembly constituency|Indri]]
| [[Ram Kumar Kashyap]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|21
| [[Karnal Assembly constituency|Karnal]]
| [[Jagmohan Anand]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|22
| [[Gharaunda Assembly constituency|Gharaunda]]
| [[Harvinder Kalyan]] (Speaker)
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|23
| [[Assandh Assembly constituency|Assandh]]
| [[Yogender Singh Rana]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Panipat district|Panipat]]
|24
| [[Panipat Rural Assembly constituency|Panipat Rural]]
| [[Mahipal Dhanda]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|25
| [[Panipat City Assembly constituency|Panipat City]]
| [[Parmod Kumar Vij]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|26
| [[Israna Assembly constituency|Israna]] (SC)
| [[Krishan Lal Panwar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|27
| [[Samalkha Assembly constituency|Samalkha]]
| [[Manmohan Bhadana]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]
|28
| [[Ganaur Assembly constituency|Ganaur]]
| [[Devender Kadyan]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|
|-
|29
| [[Rai Assembly constituency|Rai]]
| [[Krishna Gahlawat]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|30
| [[Kharkhauda Assembly constituency|Kharkhauda]] (SC)
| [[Pawan Kharkhoda|Pawan Kharkhauda]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|31
| [[Sonipat Assembly constituency|Sonipat]]
| [[Nikhil Madan]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|32
| [[Gohana Assembly constituency|Gohana]]
| [[Arvind Kumar Sharma]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|33
| [[Baroda Assembly constituency|Baroda]]
| [[Indu Raj Narwal]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Jind district|Jind]]
|34
| [[Julana Assembly constituency|Julana]]
| [[Vinesh Phogat]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|35
| [[Safidon Assembly constituency|Safidon]]
| [[Ram Kumar Gautam]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|36
| [[Jind Assembly constituency|Jind]]
| [[Krishan Lal Middha]] (Deputy Speaker)
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|37
| [[Uchana Kalan Assembly constituency|Uchana Kalan]]
| [[Devender Attri]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|38
| [[Narwana Assembly constituency|Narwana]] (SC)
| [[Krishan Kumar (Narwana politician)|Krishan Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]]
|39
| [[Tohana Assembly constituency|Tohana]]
| [[Paramvir Singh (politician)|Paramvir Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|40
| [[Fatehabad (Haryana Assembly constituency)|Fatehabad]]
| [[Balwan Singh Daulatpuria]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|41
| [[Ratia Assembly constituency|Ratia]] (SC)
| [[Jarnail Singh (Haryana politician)|Jarnail Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]]
|42
| [[Kalanwali Assembly constituency|Kalanwali]] (SC)
| [[Shishpal Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|43
| [[Dabwali Assembly constituency|Dabwali]]
| [[Aditya Devilal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" |
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" |
| [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]+
|-
|44
| [[Rania Assembly constituency|Rania]]
| [[Arjun Chautala]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" |
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" |
| [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]+
|-
|45
| [[Sirsa Assembly constituency|Sirsa]]
| [[Gokul Setia]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|46
| [[Ellenabad Assembly constituency|Ellenabad]]
| [[Bharat Singh Beniwal]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Hisar district|Hisar]]
|47
| [[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency|Adampur]]
| [[Chander Prakash Jangra]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|48
| [[Uklana Assembly constituency|Uklana]] (SC)
| [[Naresh Selwal]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|49
| [[Narnaund Assembly constituency|Narnaund]]
| [[Jassi Petwar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|50
| [[Hansi Assembly constituency|Hansi]]
| [[Vinod Bhayana]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|51
| [[Barwala Assembly constituency|Barwala]]
| [[Ranbir Singh Gangwa]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|52
| [[Hisar Assembly constituency|Hisar]]
| [[Savitri Jindal]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|
|-
|53
| [[Nalwa Assembly constituency|Nalwa]]
| [[Randhir Parihar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
|54
| [[Loharu Assembly constituency|Loharu]]
| [[Rajbir Singh Fartiya]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Charkhi Dadri district|Charkhi Dadri]]
|55
| [[Badhra Assembly constituency|Badhra]]
| [[Umed Singh (Haryana politician)|Umed Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|56
| [[Dadri (Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dadri]]
| [[Sunil Satpal Sangwan]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
|57
| [[Bhiwani Assembly constituency|Bhiwani]]
| [[Ghanshyam Saraf]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|58
| [[Tosham Assembly constituency|Tosham]]
| [[Shruti Choudhry]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|59
| [[Bawani Khera Assembly constituency|Bawani Khera]] (SC)
| [[Kapoor Singh|Kapoor Valmiki]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]]
|60
| [[Meham Assembly constituency|Meham]]
| [[Balram Dangi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|61
| [[Garhi Sampla-Kiloi Assembly constituency|Garhi Sampla-Kiloi]]
| [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|62
| [[Rohtak Assembly constituency|Rohtak]]
| [[Bharat Bhushan Batra]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|63
| [[Kalanaur Assembly constituency|Kalanaur]] (SC)
| [[Shakuntla Khatak]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]]
| 64
| [[Bahadurgarh Assembly constituency|Bahadurgarh]]
| [[Rajesh Joon]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|
|-
|65
| [[Badli, Haryana Assembly constituency|Badli]]
| [[Kuldeep Vats]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|66
| [[Jhajjar Assembly constituency|Jhajjar]] (SC)
| [[Geeta Bhukkal]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|67
| [[Beri Assembly constituency|Beri]]
| [[Raghuvir Singh Kadian]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]
|68
| [[Ateli Assembly constituency|Ateli]]
| [[Arti Singh Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|69
| [[Mahendragarh Assembly constituency|Mahendragarh]]
| [[Kanwar Singh Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|70
| [[Narnaul Assembly constituency|Narnaul]]
| [[Om Parkash Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|71
| [[Nangal Chaudhry Assembly constituency|Nangal Chaudhry]]
| [[Manju Choudhary (politician)|Manju Chaudhary]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Rewari district|Rewari]]
|72
| [[Bawal Assembly constituency|Bawal]] (SC)
| [[Krishan Kumar (Bawal politician)|Krishan Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|73
| [[Kosli Assembly constituency|Kosli]]
| [[Anil Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|74
| [[Rewari Assembly constituency|Rewari]]
| [[Laxman Singh Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]]
|75
| [[Pataudi Assembly constituency|Pataudi]] (SC)
| [[Bimla Chaudhary]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|76
| [[Badshahpur Assembly constituency|Badshahpur]]
| [[Rao Narbir Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|77
| [[Gurgaon Assembly constituency|Gurgaon]]
| [[Mukesh Sharma (Haryana politician)|Mukesh Sharma]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|78
| [[Sohna Assembly constituency|Sohna]]
| [[Tejpal Tawar|Tejpal Tanwar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Nuh district|Nuh]]
|79
| [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh]]
| [[Aftab Ahmed (Indian politician)|Aftab Ahmed]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|80
| [[Ferozepur Jhirka Assembly constituency|Ferozepur Jhirka]]
| [[Mamman Khan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|81
| [[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punahana]]
| [[Mohammad Ilyas (Indian politician)|Mohammad Ilyas]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Palwal district|Palwal]]
|82
| [[Hathin Assembly constituency|Hathin]]
| [[Mohd Israil]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|83
| [[Hodal Assembly constituency|Hodal]] (SC)
| [[Harinder Singh (Haryana politician)|Harinder Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|84
| [[Palwal Assembly constituency|Palwal]]
| [[Gaurav Gautam]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]]
|85
| [[Prithla Assembly constituency|Prithla]]
| [[Raghubir Tewatia]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|-
|86
| [[Faridabad NIT Assembly constituency|Faridabad NIT]]
| [[Satish Kumar Phagna]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|87
| [[Badkhal Assembly constituency|Badkhal]]
| [[Dhanesh Adlakha]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|88
| [[Ballabgarh Assembly constituency|Ballabgarh]]
| [[Mool Chand Sharma]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|89
| [[Faridabad Assembly constituency|Faridabad]]
| [[Vipul Goel]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|90
| [[Tigaon Assembly constituency|Tigaon]]
| [[Rajesh Nagar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Current Indian assemblies}}

[[Category:Terms of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029| ]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Haryana]]

GK (art director)

2026-02-07T19:15:22Z

DortheaBye: Started initial data v1

{{short description|Indian film art director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = GK
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Gopi Kanth
| birth_date = 1957
| birth_place =
| death_date = 20 September 2017 (age 60)
| death_place = [[Chennai]], India
| other_names =
| known_for =
| years_active = 1985–2017
| occupation = [[art director]], [[production designer]]
|website=
}}

'''GK''' (1957 – 20 September 2017) was an Indian art director who worked in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. He also worked as actor in films and television series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/art-director-gk-dies-in-chennai-aged-60/articleshow/60775044.cms|title=Art director GK dies in Chennai aged 60 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/veteran-art-director-gk-passed-away-048637.html|title=பிரபல ஆர்ட் டைரக்டர் ஜிகே மரணம்: திரையுலகினர் இரங்கல்|date=21 September 2017|website=filmibeat.com}}</ref>

==Career==
GK held a diploma in Fine Arts from the Madras College of Arts and Crafts. He received his first opportunity as an art director in Netaji's 1985 film, ''[[Janani (1985 film)|Janani]]''. GK went on to work on over 200 Tamil films as an art director during his career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.woodsdeck.com/stories/8203-art-director-g-k-passed-away|title=Art Director G.K passed away|website=WoodsDeck}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20170921/3190114.html|title=Noted Art director GK passes away|website=news.webindia123.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Art Director]] award for his work in [[Sundar C]]'s ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' (1997).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/art-director-gk-dies-in-chennai-aged-60/articleshow/60775664.cms|title=கலை இயக்குநர் கோபி காந்த் காலமானார்|website=Samayam Tamil}}</ref> In a notable moment during the making of the film, GK quickly prepared a [[Lingam]] prop from a water pot when filming the "Adhandha Idhandha" song featuring [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/may/17/artists-at-heart-businessmen-outside-254020.html|title=Artists at heart, businessmen outside|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=29 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229061443/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/May/17/artists-at-heart-businessmen-outside-254020.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also worked on the sets of [[Kamal Haasan]]'s ''[[Marudhanayagam]]'' in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/News/30-11-04/GK_interview.htm |title=Tamil Cinema News - Art-Director GK - Interview |website=www.behindwoods.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311002049/http://www.behindwoods.com/News/30-11-04/GK_interview.htm |archive-date=11 March 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

His acting career included antagonistic dual roles in the television serial, ''[[Thangam (TV series)|Thangam]]'', which ran between 2009 and 2013.

==Death==
He died aged 60 on 20 September 2017 at Apollo Hospitals in Chennai following heart ailments. He was survived by his wife Nageshwari, son Krishnakanth and daughter Hema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/veteran-art-director-gk-passes-away-4854071/|title=Veteran art director GK passes away|date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/art-director-gk-passes-away.html|title=Art Director GK passes away|date=21 September 2017|website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/art-director-gk-passed-away-due-to-heart-related-ailments-in-chennai-apollo-hospital-inbox-x--telugu-news-196365|title=Art Director GK is no more - Telugu News|date=21 September 2017|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
===As art director===
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Avvai Shanmughi]]'' (1996)
*''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' (1997)
*''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002)
*''[[Thirupaachi]]'' (2005)
*''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005)
*''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]'' (2005)
*''[[Puli Vesham]]'' (2011)
*''[[Puthagam]]'' (2013)
{{colend}}

===As actor===
;Television
*''[[Kalasam (TV series)|Kalasam]]'' (2008-2009)
*''[[Thangam (TV series)|Thangam]]'' (2009-2013)
*''[[Ganga (TV series)|Ganga]]'' (2017-2018)
;Films
*''[[Sami Potta Mudichu]]'' (1991)
*''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' (1997) as film producer

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm1287251}}

[[Category:Indian art directors]]
[[Category:Indian production designers]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Tamil television presenters]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Bodyguard (soundtrack)

2026-02-04T20:50:56Z

DortheaBye: Started new article more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}{{Infobox album
| name = Bodyguard
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]] and [[Pritam]]
| cover =Bodyguard (soundtrack).jpg
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2011|07|27}}
| recorded = 2011
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=48|s=16}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Atul Agnihotri]] Alvira Agnihotri
| chronology = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| prev_title = [[Kajraare]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Damadamm!]]
| next_year = 2011
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Pritam]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]
| prev_year = 2011
| title = Bodyguard
| year = 2011
| next_title = [[Mausam (2011 film)|Mausam]]
| next_year = 2011
}}
}}'''''Bodyguard''''' is the [[soundtrack]] to the [[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|2011 film of the same name]] directed by [[Siddique Ismail]] starring [[Salman Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]]. The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]] and [[Pritam]], with lyrics written by [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] and [[Neelesh Misra]]. The 12-song soundtrack featured four tracks used in the film, while also accompanied by remixes, alternatives and a theme music. It was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 27 July 2011.

== Development ==
Initially Pritam was considered to score music for the film and had curated four tunes for the film, but due to creative differences with Salman and Siddique, the former chose Himesh Reshammiya to replace Pritam as the composer. Reshammiya had collaborated with Salman on several of his films, whose music became successful. However, their last collaboration was on ''[[Kyon Ki]]'' (2005) before parting ways with Salman due to creative differences; ''Bodyguard'' marked their reunion after six years.<ref>{{cite web |author=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=6 June 2011 |title=Himesh back with Salman after 6 years with Bodyguard |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/06/06/7562/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609175721/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/06/06/7562/index.html |archive-date=9 June 2011 |access-date=6 June 2011 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The film was also Reshammiya's only album not to be released under his own label HR Musik, as he was involved in the project in June 2011, and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] acquired the film's music rights for ₹6 crore.<ref name="eco">{{cite news |author=Raghavendra |first=Nandini |date=26 August 2011 |title=Salman Khan's 'Bodyguard' comes with 22-crore marketing budget |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/salman-khans-bodyguard-comes-with-rs-22-crore-marketing-budget/articleshow/9739063.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020042401/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/salman-khans-bodyguard-comes-with-rs-22-crore-marketing-budget/articleshow/9739063.cms |archive-date=2012-10-20 |access-date=28 August 2011 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Since the film was set for [[Eid al-Fitr]] (31 August 2011) release, all the songs were composed within one-and-a-half months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-22 |title=Himesh Reshammiya: Salman Khan is my driving force |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/interviews/himesh-reshammiya-salman-khan-is-my-driving-force-65101/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111081329/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/interviews/himesh-reshammiya-salman-khan-is-my-driving-force-65101/ |archive-date=2024-01-11 |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref> Producer Atul Agnihotri had revealed that Pritam's composition for the film "I Love You" would be included in the soundtrack and the film as well, thereby Pritam becoming one of the contributors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=2011-07-12 |title=Pritam back in Bodyguard, for one song only |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pritam-back-in-bodyguard-for-one-song-only/articleshow/16144934.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111080027/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-turns-her-back-on-hrithiks-agneepath/articleshowajax/16144640.cms?version=18&enforceseoatarticle=0&lastarticle=16144669&photocount=9&photoexclude=6 |archive-date=2024-01-11 |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=48|s=16}}
| title1 = Bodyguard
| extra1 = [[Salman Khan]], Band of Power
| lyrics1 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| music1 = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| length1 = 3:41
| title2 = I Love You
| extra2 = [[Ash King]], [[Clinton Cerejo]]
| lyrics2 = [[Neelesh Misra]]
| music2 = [[Pritam]]
| length2 = 4:20
| title3 = Desi Beat
| extra3 = [[Mika Singh]], [[Amrita Kak]]
| lyrics3 = Shabbir Ahmed
| music3 = Himesh Reshammiya
| length3 = 4:12
| title4 = [[Teri Meri]]
| extra4 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics4 = Shabbir Ahmed
| music4 = Himesh Reshammiya
| length4 = 5:27
| title5 = Desi Beat
| note5 = Remix
| extra5 = Mika Singh, Amrita Kak
| lyrics5 = Shabbir Ahmed
| music5 = Himesh Reshammiya
| length5 = 3:48
| title6 = Teri Meri
| note6 = Reprise
| extra6 = Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Shreya Ghoshal
| lyrics6 = Shabbir Ahmed
| music6 = Himesh Reshammiya
| length6 = 3:41
| title7 = Teri Meri
| note7 = Remix
| extra7 = Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Shreya Ghoshal
| lyrics7 = Shabbir Ahmed
| music7 = Himesh Reshammiya
| length7 = 5:27
| title8 = Bodyguard
| note8 = Remix
| extra8 = Salman Khan, Band of Power
| lyrics8 = Shabbir Ahmed
| music8 = Himesh Reshammiya
| length8 = 3:28
| title9 = Desi Beat
| note9 = Punjabi Hip-Hop Mix
| extra9 = [[Alamgir Khan (singer)|Alamgir Khan]], Amrita Kak
| lyrics9 = Shabbir Ahmed
| music9 = Himesh Reshammiya
| length9 = 3:58
| title10 = I Love You
| note10 = Remix
| extra10 = Ash King, Clinton Cerejo
| lyrics10 = Neelesh Misra
| music10 = Pritam
| length10 = 4:20
| title11 = I Love You
| note11 = Unplugged
| extra11 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan Mukherjee]], Clinton Cerejo
| lyrics11 = Neelesh Misra
| music11 = Pritam
| length11 = 4:11
| title12 = Theme
| note12 = Instrumental
| extra12 = [[Instrumental]]
| lyrics12 = —
| music12 = Himesh Reshammiya
| length12 = 2:30
}}

== Reception ==
Upon release, the album received mixed reviews from critics. Joginder Tuteja from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave it 4 out of 5 stars, concluding: "The music of ''Bodyguard'' has in it to be hugely popular amongst audience as it has everything for everybody."<ref name="bh">{{cite web |author=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=29 July 2011 |title=Bodyguard: Music Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/14340/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018094814/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/14340/index.html |archive-date=18 October 2010 |access-date=29 July 2011 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' awarded it 3 out of 5 stars and wrote: "Himesh, despite being a little rusty, is back in action and let’s hope he continues what he is best at and keeps his acting ambitions under check."<ref name="ff">{{cite web |author=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=8 August 2011 |title=Bodyguard: Music Review |url=http://filmfare.com/articles/bodyguard-2607.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008171318/http://filmfare.com/articles/bodyguard-2607.html |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=31 August 2011 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> Karthik Srinivasan of ''Milliblog'' wrote: "the only other strength of the soundtrack is the fact that Himesh resisted singing any of the songs and is named only as the music composer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=2011-07-28 |title=Bodyguard (Music review), Hindi – Himesh Reshammiya and Pritam |url=https://milliblog.com/2011/07/28/bodyguard-music-review-hindi-himesh-reshammiya-and-pritam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726162254/https://milliblog.com/2011/07/28/bodyguard-music-review-hindi-himesh-reshammiya-and-pritam/ |archive-date=2019-07-26 |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Milliblog |language=en-US}}</ref>

On the other hand, Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave it 2 out of 5 stars and described it as "very average as it tries in vain to recreate ''Wanted''<nowiki/>'s hit soundtrack."<ref name="rf">{{cite web |author=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=29 July 2011 |title=Bodyguard's Music Review |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music-review-bodyguard/20110729.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102121104/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music-review-bodyguard/20110729.htm |archive-date=2012-11-02 |access-date=29 July 2011 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Similarly, Ruchika Kher of the [[Indo-Asian News Service]] also gave the album 2 stars and noted: "On the whole, the album is quite average. Though none of the songs is very bad, there isn't any that really stands out and grabs attention."<ref>* {{cite web |author=Kher |first=Ruchika |date=31 July 2011 |title=Average score by Reshammia in 'Bodyguard' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/average-score-by-reshammia-in-bodyguard-ians-music-review-news-national-lh5jkdjegbi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022185859/http://www.sify.com/movies/average-score-by-reshammia-in-bodyguard-ians-music-review-news-national-lh5jkdjegbi.html |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=16 August 2011 |work=[[Sify]] |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}
* {{Cite web |last=Kher |first=Ruchika |date=2011-07-31 |title=Music Review: Bodyguard |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/music-review-bodyguard-601042 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111084607/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/music-review-bodyguard-601042 |archive-date=2024-01-11 |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=[[NDTV]] |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Award
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Category
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Recipient
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Producers Guild Film Awards|Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards]]
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Himesh Reshammiya]] and [[Pritam]]
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |author=Press Trust of India |date=20 January 2012 |title=Rockstar leads nominations at the Apsara Awards 2012 |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20120192799&keyword=Bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710092348/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20120192799&keyword=Bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA |archive-date=10 July 2012 |accessdate=21 January 2012 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |author=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=25 January 2012 |title=Nominations for 7th Chevrolet Apsara Film and Television Producers Guild Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3019 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224193648/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3019 |archivedate=24 February 2012 |accessdate=30 March 2012 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer (Male)]]
| [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] for "[[Teri Meri]]"
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] for "Teri Meri"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| Most Entertaining Music
| Himesh Reshammiya
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=14 December 2011 |title=''Bodyguard'', ''Ra.One'', ''Rockstar'' top BIG Star Entertainment Awards nominations |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2011/big-star-entertainment-awards-nomination-list-141211.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101064502/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2011/big-star-entertainment-awards-nomination-list-141211.html |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=3 July 2012 |publisher=Oneindia}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of Big Star Entertainment Awards 2012 |url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/winners-of-big-star-entertainment-awards-2012/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108214418/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/winners-of-big-star-entertainment-awards-2012/ |archivedate=8 January 2012 |accessdate=1 January 2011 |publisher=Indicine}}</ref>
|-
|Most Entertaining Singer (Male)
| [[Clinton Cerejo]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Singer (Female)
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] for "Teri Meri"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer (Male)]]
| Rahat Fateh Ali Khan for "Teri Meri"
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2012 |title=Filmfare Awards 2011 Nominations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Filmfare-Awards-2011-Nominations/articleshow/11673724.cms? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729022015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Filmfare-Awards-2011-Nominations/articleshow/11673724.cms |archive-date=2017-07-29 |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer (Female)]]
| Shreya Ghoshal for "Teri Meri"
|-
! scope="row" |[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
|[[GiMA Award for Best Film Song|Best Film Song]]
|"Teri Meri"
|{{nom}}
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2012 |title=GiMA Music Awards 2012 – Complete Nominations and Winners List |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/gima-music-awards-complete-nominations-and-winners-list/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019174835/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/gima-music-awards-complete-nominations-and-winners-list/ |archive-date=19 October 2012 |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=Koimoi}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| Shabbir Ahmed for "Teri Meri"
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2012 |title=Nominations for IIFA Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3351 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507221553/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3351 |archive-date=7 May 2012 |accessdate=2 July 2012 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |date=11 June 2012 |title=List of IIFA Awards 2012 Winners |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2012/iifa-awards-2012-winners-096370.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201043/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2012/iifa-awards-2012-winners-096370.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=2 July 2012 |publisher=Oneindia}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer (Male)]]
| [[Ash King]] for "I Love You"
|-
| Rahat Fateh Ali Khan for "Teri Meri"
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer (Female)]]
| Shreya Ghoshal for "Teri Meri
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | Lions Gold Awards
| Favourite Music Director
| Himesh Reshammiya
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="lga">{{cite web |date=12 January 2011 |title=Bollywood stars grace 18th Lions Gold Awards |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-12/news-interviews/30619130_1_favourite-actor-sonu-nigam-sunny-deol |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615100301/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-12/news-interviews/30619130_1_favourite-actor-sonu-nigam-sunny-deol |archive-date=15 June 2020 |accessdate=2 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| Favourite Lyricist
| Shabbir Ahmed
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]
| Himesh Reshammiya, Pritam, [[Neelesh Misra]], Shabbir Ahmed
| rowspan="4" {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-30 |title=Nominations {{ndash}} Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011 |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com:80/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| Rahat Fateh Ali Khan for "Teri Meri"
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]
| Himesh Reshammiya for "Teri Meri"
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]]
| Shabbir Ahmed for "Teri Meri"
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Himesh Reshammiya}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:2011 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Himesh Reshammiya albums]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]

Proto-industrialization

2026-02-02T17:07:56Z

DortheaBye: small refined section and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Theory viewing rural handicraft production as a precursor to industrialization}}
{{Infobox historical era
|name = Proto-industrialization
|location = {{plainlist|
* [[Europe]]
* [[Middle East]]
* [[South Asia]]
* [[China]]}}
|start = ?
|end = {{Circa|1760}} (controversial)
|before = [[Pre-industrial society|Pre-industrial era]]
|after = [[Industrial Revolution]]
|key_events = {{plainlist|
* [[Population growth]]
* [[Glue#History|Glue production]]
* [[Textile industries]]
}}
}}
{{History of technology sidebar}}

'''Proto-industrialization''' is the regional development, alongside [[commercial agriculture]], of rural [[handicraft]] production for external markets.{{sfnp|Coleman|1983|pp=436–437}} Cottage industries in parts of Europe between the 16th and 19th centuries had long been a niche topic of study.
In the early 1970s, some economic historians introduced the label "proto-industrialization", arguing that these developments were the main cause of the economic and demographic growth and social change that occurred in Europe over this period, and of the [[Industrial Revolution]] that followed.{{sfnp|Ogilvie|2008|p=711}} Several theories were proposed to explain the mechanisms of this proposed causation.{{sfnp|Ogilvie|2008|p=712}}

Proto-industrialization theories have been challenged by other historians.{{sfnp|Ogilvie|2008|pp=712–713}} They stress the importance of other factors that are downplayed in proto-industrialization theories.{{sfnp|Ogilvie|Cerman|1996b|pp=232–233}} Empirical studies have demonstrated a [[Demographic transition model|variety of economic and demographic responses]] to proto-industrialization.{{sfnp|Ogilvie|Cerman|1996b|pp=228–232}} In several cases it led to [[de-industrialization]].{{sfnp|Ogilvie|Cerman|1996b|pp=227–238}}

Later researchers suggested that similar conditions had arisen in other parts of the world, including [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]] and [[Song dynasty|Song China]]. A proto-industrial and even partially industrial economy has moreover been suggested for the [[Roman Empire]] between the 1st and 4th centuries AD.<ref>{{cite encyclopaedia |last1=Dark |first1=K. |author1-link=Ken Dark |editor1-last=Polfer |editor1-first=Michel |title=Proto-industrialization and the Economy of the Roman Empire |encyclopaedia=L’artisanat romain: évolutions, continuités et ruptures (Italie et provinces occidentales). Actes du 2ème colloque d’Erpeldange (26–28 octobre 2001), organisé par le Séminaire d’Études anciennes du Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg et Instrumentum (Monographies Instrumentum 20) |date=2001 |pages=19–29 |url=http://artefacts.mom.fr/Publis/Dark_2001_[Proto_Industrialization].pdf |location=Montagnac |language=en}}</ref>

== Theories ==
The concept was developed and named by Franklin Mendels in his 1969 doctoral dissertation on the rural [[linen]] industry in 18th-century [[Flanders]] and popularized in his 1972 article based on that work.{{sfnp|Ogilvie|2008|p=159}}{{sfnp|Mendels|1972}}
Mendels argued that using surplus labor, initially available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons, increased rural incomes, broke the monopolies of urban [[guild]] systems and weakened rural traditions that had limited population growth.
The resulting increase in population led to further growth in production, in a self-sustaining process that, Mendels claimed, created the labour, capital and entrepreneurial skill that led to [[industrialization]].{{sfnp|Ogilvie|2008|pp=159–160}}

Other historians expanded on these ideas in the 1970s and 1980s.{{sfnp|Ogilvie|Cerman|1996a|pp=2–3}}{{sfnp|Van Bavel|2003|p=1110}}
In their 1979 book, Peter Kriedte, [[Hans Medick]] and Jürgen Schlumbohm expanded the theory into a broad account of the transformation of European society from [[feudalism]] to industrial [[capitalism]].
They viewed proto-industrialization as part of the second phase in this transformation, following the weakening of the [[manorialism|manorial system]] in the [[High Middle Ages]].<ref>{{cite book
|first1=Peter |last1=Kriedte |first2=Hans |last2=Medick |first3=Jürgen |last3=Schlumbohm
|title=Industrialization Before Industrialization
|translator-first=Beate |translator-last=Schempp
|publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1979 |year=1981
|isbn=978-0-521-28228-4
|pages=6–8
}}</ref>
Later historians identified similar situations in other parts of the world, including [[India]], [[China]], [[Japan]] and the former [[Muslim world]].<ref>{{cite journal
|title=Proto-industrialization in Europe
|first=Sheilagh |last=Ogilvie |year=1993
|journal=Continuity and Change |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=159–179
|doi=10.1017/S0268416000002058
|s2cid=39840293 }} n. 6, p. 178.</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Koyama|first=Mark|date=2017-06-15|title=Jared Rubin: Rulers, religion, and riches: Why the West got rich and the Middle East did not?|journal=Public Choice|language=en|pages=549–552|doi=10.1007/s11127-017-0464-6|issn=0048-5829|volume=172|issue=3–4|s2cid=157361622}}</ref>

The applicability of proto-industrialization in Europe has since been challenged. [[Martin Daunton]], for example, argues that proto-industrialisation "excludes too much" to fully explain the expansion of industry: not only do proponents of proto-industrialisation ignore the vital town-based industries in pre-industrial economies, but also ignores "rural and urban industry based upon non-domestic organisation"; referring to how mines, mills, forges and furnaces fit into the agrarian economy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Daunton|first1=Martin|title=Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain 1700-1850|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press Inc.|location=New York|isbn=0-19-822281-5|page=169}}</ref> Clarkson has criticized the tendency to categorize all types of pre-industrial manufacturing as proto-industries.{{sfnp|Ogilvie|Cerman|1996b|p=227}} [[Sheilagh Ogilvie]] discussed the historiography of proto-industrialisation, and observed that scholars have re-evaluated pre-factory industrial production, but have seen it emerge as a phenomenon of its own rather than just a precursor to industrialisation. According to Ogilvie, a major perspective "emphasizes long-term continuities in the economic and social development of Europe between the medieval period and the nineteenth century."{{sfnp|Ogilvie|Cerman|1996b|p=239}} Some scholars have defended the original conceptualisation of proto-industrialisation or extended it.{{sfnp|Van Bavel|2003}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Marfany|first=Julie|date=2010|title=Is it still helpful to talk about proto-industrialization? Some suggestions from a Catalan case study|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00466.x|journal=The Economic History Review|language=en|volume=63|issue=4|pages=942–973|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00466.x|s2cid=142998083|issn=1468-0289|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Europe ==
Mendels' initial coining of "proto-industrialisation" referred to commercial activities in 18th-century Flanders and much study focused on the region.{{sfnp|Van Bavel|2003}} [[Sheilagh Ogilvie]] wrote, "Proto-industries arose in almost every part of Europe in the two or three centuries before industrialization."{{sfnp|Ogilvie|Cerman|1996b|p=227}}

Rural proto-industries were often affected by guilds, which retained major influence over rural manufacturing in Switzerland (until the early 17th century), France and Westphalia (until the later 17th century), Bohemia and Saxony (until the early 18th century), Austria, Catalonia, and the Rhine area (until the later 18th century) and Sweden and Württemberg (into the 19th century). In other areas of Europe, guilds excluded all forms of proto-industry, including in Castile and parts of northern Italy. Political struggles occurred between proto-industries and regional guilds that sought to control them, as well against urban privileges or customs privileges.{{sfnp|Ogilvie|Cerman|1996b}}

[[Bas van Bavel]] argued that some non-agriculture activities in the [[Low Countries]] reached a proto-industrial extent as early as the 13th century, though with regional and temporal differences, with a peak in the 16th century.{{sfnp|Van Bavel|2003|p=1111}} Van Basel observes that Flanders and Holland developed as urbanised regions (a third of Flanders' population being urban in the 15th century, and over half of Holland's population in the 16th century) with a commercialised countryside and developed export markets. Flanders saw the predominance of labor-intensive rural activities such as textile production, while Holland saw the predominance of capital-intensive urban activities such as shipbuilding. Proto-industrial activities in Holland included "glue-production, lime-burning, brick work, peat digging, barging, shipbuilding, and textile industries" targeted for export.{{sfnp|Van Bavel|2003|p=1128}}

Historian Julie Marfany also put forward a theory of proto-industrialisation observing proto-industrial textile production in [[Igualada]], [[Catalonia]] from 1680, and its demographic effects — including increased population growth that compared to the later industrial revolution. Marfany also suggests that a somewhat alternate mode of capitalism developed due to differences in the family unit compared to Northern Europe.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Marfany|first=Julie|date=2016-04-22|title=Land, Proto-Industry and Population in Catalonia, c. 1680-1829|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315591339|doi=10.4324/9781315591339|isbn=9781317108344}}</ref>

=== Switzerland ===
Proto-industrialization in [[Switzerland]] developed primarily around cities such as [[Geneva]], [[St. Gallen]], and [[Zurich]], which participated little in [[mercenary]] service and where elites sought alternative economic activities. The system was characterized by the commercialization of peasant technologies using indigenous raw materials: [[flax]] in pre-Alpine hill regions of northeastern Switzerland and the [[Aargau]]-[[Lucerne]] border area, [[wool]] in the [[Fribourg]] Pre-Alps and [[Canton of Glaris]], and [[iron ore]] and wood in the [[Jura Mountains]]. As the system matured, imported materials like [[silk]] and [[cotton]] became increasingly important.<ref name="HDS2">{{cite web |author=Ulrich Pfister |title=Protoindustrialisation |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013823/2013-08-20/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=[[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland]]}}</ref>

Rural entrepreneurship played a central role, with merchants providing consumer goods to populations no longer living in [[autarky]]. The indebtedness of rural populations to these merchants created a system where commercial capital was transformed into proto-industrial capital through advances on goods and subsequent artisanal work arrangements. This often involved the [[truck system]], which contemporaries recognized as exploitative.<ref name="HDS2" />

Proto-industrialization flourished in areas of extensive agriculture or those with significant social inequality. In pre-Alpine regions, it combined with extensive [[livestock]] farming, while in wine-growing areas along [[Lake Zurich]], it coexisted with intensive agriculture through gender-based labor division—women worked in [[silk]] production while men served as agricultural laborers. The proximity to cereal-exporting regions of [[Southern Germany]] ([[Alsace]] for [[Basel]], [[Swabia]] for northeastern Switzerland) further supported this development.<ref name="HDS2" />

The system significantly altered demographics and lifestyles, allowing rural households to participate in market economies and adopt new consumption patterns including [[white bread]], [[meat]], [[coffee]], and [[tobacco]]. Young people could establish independent households without agricultural foundations, leading to increased marriage rates and population growth, particularly during the cotton industry boom of 1740-1785.<ref name="HDS2" />

Swiss proto-industrialization provided crucial foundations for later industrialization through the accumulation of wage-dependent populations, artisanal skills, capital, and market knowledge. The resulting differentiated industrial structure enabled flexible responses to economic challenges, with centralized factory production and decentralized domestic work remaining linked in textile industries and [[watchmaking]] well into the 19th century.<ref name="HDS2" />

== Mughal Empire ==
Some historians have identified proto-industrialization in the early modern [[South Asia]],<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]]|title=Money and the Market in India, 1100–1700|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=9780521257589}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Perlin|first=Frank|year=1983|title=Proto-industrialization and Pre-colonial South Asia|journal=Past & Present|issue=98|pages=30–95|doi=10.1093/past/98.1.30|jstor=650688}}</ref> mainly in the wealthiest and largest [[subah|subdivision]] of [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Bengal Subah]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Giorgio Riello, Tirthankar Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niuwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|title=How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500–1850|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2009|isbn=9789047429975|page=174}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Abhay Kumar Singh|title=Modern World System and Indian Proto-industrialization: Bengal 1650–1800, (Volume 1)|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=2006|isbn=9788172112011}}</ref> The eastern part of Bengal (today's modern [[Bangladesh]]) was globally prominent in industries such as [[textile manufacturing]] and [[shipbuilding]],<ref name="ray">{{cite book |author=Indrajit Ray |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |publisher=Routledge |pages=57, 90, 174 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1 |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116112335/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}</ref> and it was a major exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, [[saltpeter]], and agricultural and industrial produce in the world.<ref name="star">{{cite news |last=Khandker |first=Hissam |date=31 July 2015 |title=Which India is claiming to have been colonised? |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284 |newspaper=The Daily Star |type=Op-ed |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328220449/https://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284 |url-status=live }}</ref> The region singlehandedly accounted for 40% of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch imports]] outside Europe.<ref name="Prakash">[[Om Prakash (historian)|Om Prakash]], "[http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320 Empire, Mughal]", ''History of World Trade Since 1450'', edited by [[John J. McCusker]], vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, ''World History in Context''. Retrieved 3 August 2017</ref>

== Song China ==
[[Economy of the Song dynasty|Economic development]] in the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279) has often been compared to proto-industrialization or an early capitalism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=1000-1450 CE: China's Golden Age: The Song, the Mongols, and the Ming Voyages {{!}} Central Themes and Key Points {{!}} Asia for Educators {{!}} Columbia University|url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/kp_song.htm|access-date=2021-03-19|website=afe.easia.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=Deng|first=Kent|title=One-Off Capitalism in Song China, 960–1279 CE|date=2020-03-26|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780199499717.001.0001/oso-9780199499717-chapter-9|work=Capitalisms|pages=227–250|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/oso/9780199499717.003.0009|isbn=978-0-19-949971-7|access-date=2021-03-19|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The commercial expansion began in the [[Northern Song (960–1127)|Northern Song dynasty]] and was catalysed by migrations in the [[Song dynasty#Southern Song, 1127–1279|Southern Song dynasty]].<ref name=":2" /> With the growth of the production of non-agricultural goods in a [[Putting-out system|cottage industry]] context (such as silk), and the production of cash crops that were sold instead of consumed (such as tea), market forces were extended into the life of ordinary people.<ref name=":1" /> There was a rise of industrial and commercial sectors, and profit-making commercialisation emerged.<ref name=":2" /> There were parallel government and private enterprises in iron and steel production,<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 23">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 23.</ref> while there was strict government control of some industries such as sulfur and [[Niter|saltpetre]] production.<ref name="needham volume 5 part 7 126">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 126.</ref> Historian Robert Hartwell estimated that per capita iron output in Song China rose sixfold between 806 and 1078 based on Song-era receipts.<ref name="Ebrey 158">Ebrey et al., 158.</ref> Hartwell estimated that China's industrial output in 1080 resembled that of Europe in 1700.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Pomeranz|first=Kenneth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H177DwAAQBAJ|title=The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy|date=2021-04-13|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-21719-2|pages=62–63|language=en}}</ref>

An arrangement of allowing competitive industry to flourish in some regions while setting up its opposite of strict government-regulated and monopolized production and trade in others was prominent in iron manufacturing as in other sectors.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 23"/> In the beginning of the Song, the government supported competitive silk mills and [[brocade]] workshops in the eastern provinces and in the capital city of [[Kaifeng]].<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 23" /> However, at the same time the government established strict legal prohibition on the merchant trade of privately produced silk in [[Sichuan]] province.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 23" /> This prohibition dealt an economic blow to Sichuan that caused a small rebellion (which was subdued), yet Song Sichuan was well known for its independent industries producing timber and cultivated [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]].<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 23" />

Many of the economic gains were lost during the [[Yuan dynasty]], taking centuries to recover.<ref name=":5" /> Coal mining was a cutting-edge sector in the Song era, but declined with the Mongol conquest. Iron production recovered to an extent during Yuan, based mainly on charcoal and wood.<ref name=":5" />

==See also==
* [[Barbegal aqueduct and mills]]
* [[Pre-industrial society]]
* [[Putting-out system]]
* [[Sprouts of capitalism]]
* [[Venetian Arsenal]]
* [[History of the cotton industry in Catalonia#1783-1832 Proto-industry|History of the cotton industry in Catalonia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Free-content attribution
| title = Protoindustrialisation
| author = Ulrich Pfister
| publisher = [[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland]]
| source =
| documentURL = https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013823/2013-08-20/
| license statement URL =
| license = CC-BY SA
| howto =
| this =
}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
* {{cite journal
|title=Proto-Industrialization: A Concept Too Many
|first=D. C. |last=Coleman |author-link=Donald Cuthbert Coleman
|journal=The Economic History Review |series=New Series |volume=36 |number=3
|year=1983 |pages=435–448 |doi=10.2307/2594975 |jstor=2594975
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Mendels |first=Franklin F. |year=1972
|title=Proto-industrialization: the first phase of the industrialization process
|journal=Journal of Economic History |volume=32 |number=1 |pages=241–261
|doi=10.1017/S0022050700075495 |jstor=2117187 |s2cid=153828103
}}
* {{cite book
|first=Sheilagh |last=Ogilvie |chapter=Protoindustrialization |pages=711–714
|title=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
|editor1-first=Steven |editor1-last=Durlauf
|editor2-first=Lawrence |editor2-last=Blume
|volume=6 |isbn=978-0-230-22642-5
|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2008
}}
* {{cite book
|first1=Sheilagh C. |last1=Ogilvie |first2=Markus |last2=Cerman
|chapter=The theories of proto-industrialization
|pages=1–11
|chapter-url=https://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/sco2/full-texts/Ogilvie-Cerman-1996-Theories.PDF
|title=European Proto-Industrialization: An Introductory Handbook
|editor1-first=Sheilagh C. |editor1-last=Ogilvie
|editor2-first=Markus |editor2-last=Cerman
|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996a
|isbn=978-0-521-49760-2
}}
* {{cite book
|first1=Sheilagh C. |last1=Ogilvie |author1-mask=3 |first2=Markus |last2=Cerman |author2-mask=3
|chapter=Proto-Industrialization, economic development and social change in early modern Europe
|pages=227–239
|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265207147
|title=European Proto-Industrialization: An Introductory Handbook
|editor1-first=Sheilagh C. |editor1-last=Ogilvie
|editor2-first=Markus |editor2-last=Cerman
|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996b
|isbn=978-0-521-49760-2
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Van Bavel|first=Bas|date=2003
|title=Early Proto-Industrialization in the Low Countries? The Importance and Nature of Market-Oriented Non-Agricultural Activities on the Countryside in Flanders and Holland, c. 1250–1570
|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2003_num_81_4_4777
|journal=Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire
|language=fr|volume=81|issue=4|pages=1109–1165|doi=10.3406/rbph.2003.4777
|hdl=1874/309441|s2cid=130731299|hdl-access=free
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=Hudson |first=P. |year=1990 |title=Proto-industrialisation |journal=Recent Findings of Research in Economics and Social History |volume=10 |pages=1–4 |ref=none}}

{{Types of societies}}
{{Industrial Revolution}}
{{History of technology}}
{{Western culture}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1970s neologisms]]
[[Category:Industrialisation]]
[[Category:Handicrafts]]

Shalimar Malani Express

2026-01-31T00:11:18Z

DortheaBye: Added Initial Bio Nd Citations

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Shalimar Malani Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] & [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} (JAT)
| stops = 60
| end = {{stnlnk|Barmer}} (BME)
| distance = {{convert|1467|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 28 hours 55 minutes
| frequency = Daily.{{efn|Runs daily for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 14661 / 14662
| speed = {{convert|51|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 14661 / 14662 '''Shalimar Malani Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} and {{stnlnk|Barmer}} in India. It is currently being operated with 14661/14662 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=4475&id=0,4,268 PERMANENT AUGMENTATION OF TRAINS]</ref><ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=5447&did=1463051006970320B0A61129CC696101D75519279A0CF.web91 Mega Traffic Block For RRI Commissioning and Remodelling of Jodhpur Yard from 16.05.2016 to 09.06.2016]</ref>

==Service==

The 14661/Shalimar Malani Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 1467 km in 28 hrs 55 mins. The 14662/Shalimar Malani Express has an average speed of 50 km/h and covers 1467 km in 29 hrs 05 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Pathankot Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Jalandhar Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Ludhiana Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sirhind}}
* {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Saharanpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Muzaffarnagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Meerut City Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Delhi Junction||Old Delhi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Delhi Sarai Rohilla}}
* {{stnlnk|Delhi Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Gurgaon}}
* {{stnlnk|Rewari Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Alwar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dausa}}
* {{stnlnk|Gandhinagar Jaipur}}
* {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Phulera Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Merta Road Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jodhpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Luni Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Samdari Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Balotra}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Barmer}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has LHB rakes with max speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 18 coaches:

* 1 First AC and Second AC
* 1 AC II Tier
* 1 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper coaches
* 5 General
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by an [[Diesel Loco Shed, Bhagat Ki Kothi|Bhagat Ki Kothi Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Jammu Tawi to [[Jodhpur]]. From Jodhpur it is hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Bhagat Ki Kothi|Bhagat Ki Kothi Loco Shed]]-based [[WDP-4|WDP-4 / WDP-4D]] diesel locomotive till Barmer and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with;
* 14646/14645 [[Shalimar Express (India)|Shalimar Express]]
* 14659/14660 [[Malani Express]]

== See also ==

* [[Old Delhi railway station]]
* [[Barmer railway station]]
* [[Malani Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://d.indiarailinfo.com/train/15305 Delhi–Barmer Link Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/15110 Barmer–Delhi Link Express]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi-Barmer Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Barmer, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Phansidewa, Darjeeling

2026-01-20T01:15:46Z

DortheaBye: small expand formatting as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{About|the settlement in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake community development block|Phansidewa|2 its namesake assembly constituency|Phansidewa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Phansidewa
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.5891|N|88.3713|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Drjeeling]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 734434
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 0353
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Phansidewa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Phansidewa]]
| website = {{URL|darjeeling.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Phansidewa''' is a village in the [[Phansidewa]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Siliguri subdivision]] of the [[Darjeeling district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=270| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|38|20|N|88|19|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the south-western portion of Siliguri subdivision in Darjeeling district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: facilities Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|42|40|N|88|19|34|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Dumriguri| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Dumriguri]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|39|30|N|88|11|58|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Bhimram | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Bhimram]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|40|0|N|88|18|40|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3=Dakshin|labela3= Bagdogra | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Dakshin Bagdogra]]
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|40|20|N|88|12|35|E}}| label-pos4=right|label4= Geni | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Geni, Siliguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|33|43|N|88|11|22|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5= Kharibari | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Kharibari]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|41|40|N|88|21|0|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6= Lalman | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Lalman]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|35|42|N|88|10|0|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7= Shyamdhan | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Shyamdhan]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|41|40|N|88|18|30|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8= Uttar Bagdogra| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Uttar Bagdogra]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|40|55|N|88|19|5|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Bagdogra| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Bagdogra]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|43|40|N|88|18|22|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Bengdubi| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Bengdubi]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|40|15|N|88|11|30|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11= Naxalbari| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Naxalbari]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|38|0|N|88|10|12|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12= Panitanki| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Panitanki]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|35|0|N|88|22|16|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13= Phansidewa| numbered13=R| mark-title13= Phansidewa, Darjeeling (R)| shape-color13=black| label-size13=13|label-color13=black 
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|36|40|N|88|10|49|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14= Batasi| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Batasi]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|40|10|N|88|19|43|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Bagdogra Airport| numbered15=F| mark-title15= [[Bagdogra Airport]] (F) |shape-color15=#967117
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|44|20|N|88|12|20|E}}|label16= Mechi| labela16= River| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16=-80| label-pos16=top| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|45|40|N|88|16|30|E}}|label17= Balason River| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=30| label-pos17=top| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17=none
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|45|0|N|88|25|30|E}}|label18= Mahananda |labela18 = River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=-70| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|41|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|arc-textA= NEPAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|29|30|N|88|22|0|E}}|arc-textB= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-20| arc-gapB=3.0| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Phansidewa is located at {{coord|26.5891|N|88.3713|E|display=inline}}.

Phansidewa is shown as being located in Bandar Gachh mouza in the map of Phansidewa CD block on page 327 of ''District Census Handbook, Darjeeling''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Page 327: Phansidewa CD block| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 22 February 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Siliguri subdivision of Darjeeling district. This area is spread across the foothills of the Himalayas and is a plain land gently sloping from north to south. While the northern part is mentioned as the Terai region, the larger southern portion forms the western part of the [[Dooars]] region. While 55.11% per cent of the population resides in the rural areas, 44.89% resides in the urban areas. On the western side the [[Mechi River]] forms a long border with Nepal. On the eastern side the [[Mahananda River]] forms a short border with Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Page 13: Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Pages 15-17: Drainage| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 29 March 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bandar Gachh had a total population of 3.891 of which 2,020 (52%) were males and 1,871 (48%) were females. There were 380 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Bandar Gachh was 2,825 (72.60% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 22 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Civic Administration==
===Police station===
Phansidewa police station has jurisdiction over the [[Phansidewa]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 22 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | title = District Profile - Darjeeling | publisher = District administration | access-date = 22 February 2020 | archive-date = 17 August 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150817064946/http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of the Phansidewa CD block is at Phansidewa.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Darjiling | work= Map of District Darjiling with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 22 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Transport==
The station at Nijbari, on the [[Howrah-New Jalpaiguri line]], located nearby. Nijbari is 15 km from New Jalpaiguri.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/malda-town-new-jalpaiguri-passenger-55711/14042/441/444#st | title= 55711/ Malda Town-New Jalpaiguri Passenger| work= Time Table |publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 22 February 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Phansidewa High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1865. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. It has 14 computers, a library with 1,520 books and a playground.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/phansidewa-high-school-o93kvz | title = Phansidewa High School |access-date = 22 February 2020}}</ref>

Phansidewa Girls High School is a Bengali-medium girls only institution established in 1980. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. It has a playground.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/phansidewa-govt-s-a-type-h-s-for-girls-eylp30| title = Phansidewa Govt. S.A. type H.S. for girls High School| publisher = ICBSE|access-date = 22 February 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Darjeeling District}}

[[Category:Villages in Darjeeling district]]

Mangaluru taluk

2026-01-10T14:25:52Z

DortheaBye: Added a details - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mangaluru Taluk
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Taluk]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.87|N|74.85|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tulunaad]] ([[South Canara]])
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Mangaluru]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 834
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 994,602
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 5750xx
| registration_plate = KA 19
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mangaluru taluk''' is a ''[[taluk]]'' (subdistrict) in the [[Dakshina Kannada]] district, [[Karnataka]] on the western coast of [[India]]. [[Mangaluru]] is the administrative headquarters of the ''taluk''. It is made up of [[Mangaluru City Corporation]], [[Ullal City Municipal Council]] that govern the Mangaluru Urban Agglomeration,<ref>[http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/391-mangalore.html Mangalore Urban Agglomeration Population]</ref> Other than these there are forty-nine [[panchayat village]]s in Mangalore taluk.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory: Village Panchayat Names of Mangalore, Dakshin Kannada, Karnataka|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=5817&parenttype=B&ptype=V|access-date=1 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501075908/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=5817&parenttype=B&ptype=V|archive-date=1 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It covers an area of {{Convert|834|sqkm|sqmi|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=District Statistics (2010-11) Part-I|publisher=Dakshina Kannada District|page=8|url=http://www.dk.nic.in/other/ankiamsha_1.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430225423/http://www.dk.nic.in/other/ankiamsha_1.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-30}}</ref> [[Mangaluru]], [[Ullal]] and [[Moodabidri]] are the top 3 highly populated towns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/5561-mangalore-dakshina-kannada-karnataka.html|title=Villages & Towns in Mangalore Taluka of Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2018-04-25}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = '''Languages in Mangaluru Taluk''' (1951)<ref name="census1951">{{cite book | author = J. I. Arputhanathan | year=1955
| title= South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| value1 = 54.6
| color1 = Green
| label2 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| value2 = 21.2
| color2 = White
| label3 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| value3 = 17.3
| color3 = Purple
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 6.9
| color4 = Orange
}}

== See also ==
* [[Economy of Mangaluru]]
* [[Swami Vivekananda Planetarium]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web|title=Map: Mangalore Taluk|url=http://www.dk.nic.in/dcimg/mangalore.jpg|access-date=1 May 2013|archive-date=1 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501082026/http://www.dk.nic.in/dcimg/mangalore.jpg|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web|title=Mangalore City Corporation Website |url=http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423032035/http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/ |archivedate=2012-04-23 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangalore taluk}}
[[Category:Geography of Mangalore]]
[[Category:Villages in Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Taluks of Karnataka]]

{{Mangalore-geo-stub}}

Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu (film series)

2026-01-09T01:10:20Z

DortheaBye: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu series
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Rajendra Singh Babu]]
| producer = [[Jai Jagadish]] Vijayalakshmi Singh [[Aditya (actor)|Dushyanth Singh]]
| writer = Rajendra Singh Babu
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[S. Narayan]] [[Mohan Shankar|Mohan]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = [[B. C. Gowrishankar]]
| editing = B. S. Kemparaju
| studio = Lakshmi Creations
| distributor =
| released =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu''''' is a series of Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy films]]. The series is directed by [[Rajendra Singh Babu]].<ref name="Kur">{{cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2351-kurigalu-saar-kurigalu-review.html|title=KURIGALU SAAR KURIGALU MOVIE REVIEW|website=Chitraloka |date=24 March 2001}}</ref> The film's title is based on a famous poem on [[herd mentality]] written by acclaimed poet [[K. S. Nissar Ahmed]].<ref>[http://www.poemhunter.com/k-s-nissar-ahmed/biography/ Biography of K. S. Nissar Ahmed]</ref>

==Films==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:99%;"
|-
! style="width:17%;"| Film
! Release date
! Runtime
|-
! ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]''
|23 March 2001
| 151 minutes
|-
! ''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]''
|28 December 2001
| 157 minutes
|-
! ''[[Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu]]''
|28 March 2003
| 154 minutes
|-
! ''[[Chathrigalu Saar Chathrigalu]]''
|19 April 2013<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/327408/gagmasters-back-how.html | title=The gagmasters are back and how! | date=21 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/chatrigalu-saar-chatrigalu/movie-review/19661195.cms |title=Chatrigalu Saar Chatrigalu Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Chatrigalu Saar Chatrigalu |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 May 2016 |access-date=2022-09-12}}</ref>
| 135 minutes
|}

===''Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu''===
{{Main|Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu}}

Rummi, Nani and Moni are inmates who wants to remain in jail permanently. A kind hearted jailor gets them released on the basis of good behavior and wants them to lead a good life. An auto driver allowed them to house without any rent but with one condition. One of them should marry his middle aged unmarried elder sister Rukmini who is devotee of Lord Krishna. On the night Rukmini assumes Nani is tha avatar of Krishna and forced him to marriage and threatened. Trio escapes from marriage by wearing "Trimoorty" dress, while escaping enter bank unknowingly and got bags of money intended for other robbers. They saw and save the Jailor daughter from committing suicide and decide to help her. Undercover police inspector joined them to find truth about bank robbers.

===''Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu''===
{{Main|Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu}}
Nani, Moni and Varada are middle-class employees, who wish to commit suicide but fail in it. They see an elderly business-man trying to commit suicide and talk him out of his woes. All three of them start to work for him and turn his ventures profitable. However, they become embroiled while trying to get the three daughters of the businessman married. Trying to vent out their frustrations against their wives, they flirt with the three daughters of businessman, only to end up learning the difference between marriage and flirting.

===''Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu''===
{{Main|Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu}}

===''Chatrigalu Saar Chatrigalu ''===
{{Main|Chathrigalu Saar Chathrigalu}}

==Principal cast==
This table lists the main characters who appear in the Saar franchise.
<blockquote class="toccolours" style="text-align:justify; width:95%; float:center; padding:5px 6px 6px; display:table;">
{{center|'''List indicator'''}}
*A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film.
</blockquote>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Actor/Actress
! colspan="4"|Film
|-
! width:10%; |''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]''
! width:10%; |''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]''
! width:10%; |''[[Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu]]''
! width:10%; |''[[Chathrigalu Saar Chathrigalu]]''
|-
![[Ramesh Aravind]]
|colspan=4| Rammi
|-
![[S. Narayan]]
| Nani and Nani's father
|colspan=3|Nani
|-
![[Mohan Shankar (actor)|Mohan]]
|colspan=2|Moni
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Moni
|-
![[Umashree]]
|Rukmini
|Muniyamma
|Jayamma
|Rajalakshmi
|-
![[Komal Kumar]]
|Ice-candy Gopala
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Komi
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Almelu
|Urmila
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Ruchita Prasad]]
|Dr Vijayalakshmi
|colspan=3 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]]
|Ramya
|colspan=3 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Ananth Nag]]
| Special Investigation Officer
|colspan=3 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Doddanna]]
| Veerappa
|colspan=3 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]]
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Lalita
|colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Anu
|colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Meghana Naidu]]
|colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Nandhini
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
!Sanathahi
|colspan=3 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Lakshmi
|}

==Crew==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Occupation
! colspan="4" | Film
|-
! width:10%; |''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'' (2001)
! width:10%; |''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]'' (2001)
! width:10%; |''[[Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu]]'' (2003)
! width:10%; |''[[Chathrigalu Saar Chathrigalu]]'' (2013)
|-
! Director
| colspan="3"|[[Rajendra Singh Babu]]
| [[S. Narayan]]
|-
! Producer(s)
| colspan="3"|[[Jai Jagadish]] Vijayalakshmi Singh [[Aditya (actor)|Dushyanth Singh]]
|B N Pavan Karthik
|-
! Screenplay
|colspan="3"|Rajendra Singh Babu
|[[Mohan Shankar (actor)|Mohan]] [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[S. Narayan]]
|-
! Cinematography
|colspan="2"|[[B. C. Gowrishankar]]
|P. K. H. Das
|Jagadish Vali
|-
! Editor
|colspan="3"|B. S. Kemparaju
|K R Lingaraj
|-
! Composer(s)
|colspan="3"|[[Hamsalekha]]
|[[Arjun Janya]]
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" width =100% |
|-
! Film !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Ref
|-
! rowspan=2|''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]''
|rowspan=2| [[2000–01 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Umashree]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/17/stories/2001121701550300.htm|title=Shivaraj, Tara, Anu bag State film awards|website=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102014049/http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/17/stories/2001121701550300.htm |archive-date=2013-11-02 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|[[Rajendra Singh Babu]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan=3|''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]''
| rowspan=2|[[49th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]]
| [[Jai Jagadish]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nuvvu-Nenu-wins-4-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/6011249.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921025343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-04-06/hyderabad/27122602_1_filmfare-film-award-actor-award | url-status=live | archive-date=21 September 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Nuvvu Nenu wins 4 Filmfare awards | date=6 April 2002}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|[[Ramesh Aravind]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[2001–02 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|[[Rajendra Singh Babu]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/3c89ecbe8d9664ed65257253001b95f7/$FILE/A0580283.pdf |title=Film-makers told to focus on issues affecting society|work=Deccan Herald |access-date=18 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405022703/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/3c89ecbe8d9664ed65257253001b95f7/%24FILE/A0580283.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|14728834|qid=Q16250600|title=Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu}}
* {{IMDb title|14728462|qid=Q13158986|title=Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu}}
* {{IMDb title|14677454|qid=Q16852433|title=Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu}}
* {{IMDb title|3046052|qid=Q115805440|title=Chathrigalu Saar Chathrigalu}}
{{Saar series}}

[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Comedy film series]]
[[Category:Film series introduced in 2001]]

ZBD (disambiguation)

2025-12-25T00:31:12Z

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#REDIRECT [[ZBD]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to disambiguation page}}
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N. K. Singh

2025-12-04T10:16:28Z

DortheaBye: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Indian bureaucrat and politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office1 = Chairman of [[Fifteenth Finance Commission|15th Finance Commission]]
| term_start1 = 26 November 2017<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/n-k-singh-appointed-chairman-of-15th-finance-commission/articleshow/61823808.cms|title=N K Singh appointed chairman of 15th Finance Commission|work=Ties of India|date=27 November 2017 |accessdate=18 January 2019}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 26 November 2023
| predecessor1 =[[Y. V. Reddy]]
| successor1 =[[Arvind Panagariya]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 2008
| term_end2 = 2014
| constituency2 = [[Bihar]]
| name = N. K. Singh
| image = N. K. Singh - World Economic Forum on India 2012.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Singh at the [[World Economic Forum]] on India in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|01|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[St Stephens College, Delhi]] [[Delhi School of Economics]] [[Delhi University]]
| occupation = Economist, Civil Servant
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Prem Kumari Singh (Tiny)
| children = 3
| homepage =
| signature = NKSingh_Signature.png
| website = http://web.nksingh.com/
}}

'''Nand Kishore Singh''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician, [[economist]] and [[retired]] [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer. He is a senior member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) since March 2014<ref>{{cite web|author=Deepak Nagpal |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/elections-2014-mj-akbar-nk-singh-join-bjp_919540.html |title=Elections 2014: MJ Akbar, NK Singh join BJP | Zee News |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |date=2014-03-23 |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref> after having served as a [[Member of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (2008-2014) from [[Bihar]] for the [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_13012014.pdf |title=ECI - Press Note}}</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/flyingbs-nitish-kumar/357074/ Flying with BS: Nitish Kumar]</ref>
He has been a senior bureaucrat, Member of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]{{efn|a Govt. body tasked with charting the course of Indian economy and later replaced with /renamed as [[NITI Aayog]]}} and handled assignments of Union Expenditure and [[Revenue Secretary]]. He was also [[Officer on Special Duty (India)|Officer on Special Duty]] to [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].

On 27 November 2017, [[Modi government]] appointed him as the chairman of [[Fifteenth Finance Commission of India]] and served the office till 26 November 2023.

He currently holds the position of Distinguished Fellow at the [https://csep.org/ Centre for Social and Economic Progress]. He is also currently on the board of [[Hindustan Times]], ICRIER, IMI, [[Nalanda University]] as well as connected with the [[Stanford University]] and the India Advisory Committee of [[London School of Economics]] and [[Columbia University]]. He is the former chairman, board of governors of [[Management Development Institute]] (MDI), Gurgaon. He is currently the chairman of the review committee set up under [[Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003]], under the purview of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145416l |title=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Pib.nic.in |date=2012-09-13 |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/discipline-yourself-2807734/ |title=Discipline yourself |publisher=The Indian Express |date=2017-11-16 |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref>

He is one of the people involved in the [[Indian Airlines Flight 814|IC-814]] response of the Indian government on board which his sister's son [[Shashi Bhushan Singh Tomar]], Nepal RAW station head, was travelling, against the strong advice of his junior whom he reprimanded, according to former RAW analyst and author [[RK Yadav]]. His other sister's husband [[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]] was the then Director of the [[National Security Guard|NSG]] which did not take any action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/ex-raw-chief-wasnt-totally-honest-with-us-in-his-book-heres-what-dulat-didnt-tell-us-about-ic-814-2336728.html|title = Ex-RAW chief wasn't totally honest with us in his book: Here's what Dulat didn't tell us about IC-814|date = 11 July 2015}}</ref> He is the older brother of [[Uday Singh]] (Pappu Singh), the national president of the [[Jan Suraaj Party]] and the owner of the Sheikhpura House in Patna where [[Prashant Kishor]] lives.

==Early life and career==

Born in [[Kolkata]] on 27 January 1941, Singh did his schooling at [[St. Xavier's High School, Patna]] and completed his Senior Cambridge Examination at [[St. Xavier's College, Patna]] before he joined [[St Stephens College, Delhi]] for pursuing graduation. He did Masters in Economics from the [[Delhi School of Economics]].

Following that, he has held the following positions:
* Member, State Secretariat, Finance Department (1968–69)
* Under Secretary, Ministry of Commerce (1969–73)
* Special Assistant to Commerce Minister (1973–77)
* Represented India at GATT, UNACTD, UN and the Common Wealth Secretariat.
* Chairman, Bihar State Electricity Board
* Special Assistant to the former President [[Pranab Mukherjee]], then former Minister of Commerce, Steel and Mines (1980–81)
* First Minister, Economic and Commercial, Indian Embassy, Japan (1981–85)
* Additional Finance Commissioner, Principal Secretary Industries and Industrial Development Commissioner, Bihar (1986–90)
* Joint Secretary Police (Ministry of Home Affairs) (1990–91)
* Joint Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs (Ministry of Finance) (1991–93)
* First Chairman UNGEF (United Nations Global Environment Facility) (1993–94)
* Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs (1993–95)
* Secretary, Department of Expenditure (1995–96)
* Revenue Secretary (1996–98)
* Secretary to former PM [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|AB Vajpayee]] (1998-2001)
* Member Planning Commission (2001–06)
* Deputy Chairman, Bihar State Planning Board (2006–08)
* Member of Parliament to the Rajya Sabha (2008–14)
*President of [[Institute of Economic Growth]] (IEG) Society (since 2021)

==Tax Reforms==
As Revenue Secretary (July 1996 – August 1998), he oversaw the [[Dream Budget]] (1997–98), one of the most ambitious tax reforms so far.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/10-budgets-that-have-impact-on-indias-economy/1/13660.html |title=10 budgets that changed India- Business News |publisher=Businesstoday.intoday.in |date= 10 March 2011|accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref> Tax rates were substantially reduced and personal Income Tax rates were brought down considerably from 15, 30 and 40 per cent to 10, 20 and 30 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mathews |first=Prince |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/independence-day-special/economic-milestone-chidambarams-dream-budget-(1997)/38459/1 |title=Economic Milestone: Chidambaram's Dream Budget (1997) |work=Forbes India |date=2014-08-20 |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref> Similarly, corporate tax rates were also significantly reduced apart from simplifying and merging the widely varying customs and excise duty structure. Import tariffs were also slashed down to align India's import duties with other emerging markets.
Moreover, a [[Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme]] (VDIS) was launched in the same year which enabled people to make voluntary disclosures given the benefits of lower tax rates. This enabled not only tax realisation of over $2 billion as hidden wealth of over Rs.33,000 crores or $10 billion being brought back to the economic stream. The VDIS scheme is considered a watershed and many have clamoured for its repetition both for domestic and foreign income.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Communications/Circular/Others/910110000000000808/dtc44skp.htm | title=Voluntary disclosure of income scheme, 1997 | publisher=incometaxindia.gov.in | accessdate=7 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capitalmarket.com/Macro/vdis.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-02-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181239/http://www.capitalmarket.com/macro/vdis.htm |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/voluntary-disclosureincome-scheme-a-workable-idea_404496.html |title=Share/Stock Market News - Latest NSE, BSE, Business News, Stock/Share Tips, Sensex Nifty, Commodity, Global Market News & Analysis |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date= |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref>

==Task Force on Telecom==
He has also served as the Secretary, Task Force on Telecommunications and played a key role in placing a far-reaching reform on deregulation of India's Telecommunication sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://it-taskforce.nic.in/govtnot.htm |title=National Taskforce on IT & Software Development - Government Notification |publisher=It-taskforce.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref name="india1">{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2078 |title=Detailed Profile - Shri N. K. Singh - Members of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |publisher=Archive.india.gov.in |date=2012-12-09 |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref> During his tenure, another major reform in the telecomm policy was to auction the spectrum bandwidth to the highest bidder.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/telecom-policy-in-2-weeks-nk-singh-198120101008_1.html |title=Telecom Policy In 2 Weeks: Nk Singh | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date= December 1998|accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-11-20/news/27350626_1_textile-industry-textile-asset-reconstruction-fund-technology-upgradation-fund |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403062142/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-11-20/news/27350626_1_textile-industry-textile-asset-reconstruction-fund-technology-upgradation-fund |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2015 |title=Textile asset recast fund can help retire debt: NK Singh - The Economic Times |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2002-11-20 |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref>

==National Highway Development Project==
As PMO Secretary and Member Secretary of the Task Force on Infrastructure, N.K. Singh was instrumental in the planning of the 13000 km National Highways Development Project (NHDP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/01/05/stories/2002010501511100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309090750/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/01/05/stories/2002010501511100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-03-09 |title=Sinha will decide on extra petrol cess |date=2002-01-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref> Comprising the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] and the [[North-South and East-West Corridor|North-South and East-West corridors]], it was one of the flagship scheme of the Indian Government and [[NHAI]] (National Highway Authority of India).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/05/27/stories/1427403s.htm |title=PM reviews NHDP progress |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date=2000-05-27 |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nk.nksingh.com/DownloadableFiles/Putting%20India%20in%20the%20fast%20lane.pdf |title=Putting India in the fast lane |author=N K Singh |date=12 June 2005 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Career as a Member of Parliament==
Singh was elected as a Member of Parliament to the Rajya Sabha from Bihar in April 2008 representing the Janata Dal (United). He was a member of several important Parliamentary Committees including the Public Accounts Committee, Committee on Public Undertakings, Committee on External Affairs, Committee on MPLADS, Parliamentary Standing Committee on Human Resource Development, Consultative Committee on Finance and the Parliamentary Forum on Global Warming and Climate Change.<ref name="india1"/>
He joined the BJP in the run-up to the General Elections in 2014 following his close association with the NDA for over a decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/nk-singh-quits-nitish-kumar-s-party-will-join-bjp-498327 |title=NK Singh quits Nitish Kumar's party, will join BJP |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=2014-03-21 |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/former-janata-dal-united-mp-nk-singh-joins-bjp-498821 |title=Former Janata Dal (United) MP NK Singh joins BJP |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=2014-03-22 |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref>

== Author ==

N.K. Singh has authored ''The New Bihar'' which is a collection of essays on the state's model of development, shedding light on its achievements, shortcomings, and the challenges ahead. His other publication, "Not by Reason Alone", is a commentary on Indian political economy, analysing the various reforms pertaining to infrastructure, finance, government policies and Centre-state relations. His first book, "The Politics of Change", gives the reader a window into Indian politics and economy, providing insights into the realities of coalition politics and international fault lines.

== Awards ==

=== Order of the Rising Sun ===

The Japanese order is the second highest civilian award accorded to people with distinguished achievements in the field of international relations, promotion of Japanese culture, development in welfare or preservation of the environment.

On 29 April 2016, NK Singh was conferred with the 2nd class Gold and Silver of the [[Order of the Rising Sun|Order of the Rising sun]] by the Japanese Government. He is the only Indian in the list of recipients of 2016 Spring Imperial Decorations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Japan-confers-highest-civilian-honour-on-Indian-economist/articleshow/52038986.cms |title=Japan confers highest civilian honour on Indian economist - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-04-29 |accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref>

== Chairman, FRBM Committee ==

The Government of India formed a Review Committee to evaluate the [[Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003|FRBM]] Act, 2003<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/nk-singh-to-head-panel-to-review-frbm-act/article8612219.ece |title=N.K. Singh to head panel to review FRBM Act |work=The Hindu |date= 17 May 2016|accessdate=2017-11-23}}</ref> in order to assess its functionality in the last 12 years. The five-member panel, which includes Former Finance Secretary Sumit Bose, Chief Economic Adviser [[Arvind Subramanian]], [[Reserve Bank of India]] Governor [[Urjit Patel]] and [[National Institute of Public Finance and Policy]] Director Rathin Roy, is chaired by Mr. N.K. Singh. The committee's mandate includes making recommendations to pave the way forward, keeping at its focus fiscal consolidation and prudence. The feasibility of fiscal deficit range and aligning fiscal change with credit change analysis is also incorporated in the ambit.

== Nira Radia Tapes ==

In the recorded conversations in the Nira Radia tapes, NK Singh<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/134-nk-singh-jul-09-2009-093149/268459|title=#134 N.K. Singh: Jul 09, 2009 09:31:49}}</ref> is heard stating that he got the order of the speakers in the Rajya Sabha changed to give an edge on retroactive tax rebates to [[Reliance Industries]]. N.K. Singh said his Reliance advocacy was for national ‘[[energy security]]'.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article922360.ece Reliance advocacy was for national ‘energy security': N.K. Singh 30 November 2010]</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://nksingh.com/ Mr. N. K. Singh]
* [https://archive.today/20130103134145/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010402/cover-nks.shtml N K Singh-India's supercrat:Prabhu Chawla]
* [http://www.webnewswire.com/node/517852 A K Rai takes over N K Singh as the new Chairman of MDI Gurgaon]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, N. K.}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Bihar cadre civil servants]]
[[Category:Scientists from Patna]]
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's Patna alumni]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Politicians from Patna]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Yugbhushan Suri

2025-11-11T06:06:11Z

DortheaBye: enhanced layout as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|21st century Indian Jain ascetic}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Yugbhushan Suri
| birth_date = {{birth date|1957|10|26|df=y}}
| image = Jainacharya_Yugbhushan_Suri_2.jpg
| caption = Yugbhushan Suri
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvētāmbara]]
| birth_place =
| birth_name = Naveen Khimji Mota
| title = Pandit Maharaj Saheb<ref name="Shaikh">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hellomumbainews.com/current-news/achayra-guru-yugbhushan-suri-ji-maharaj-pandit-maharaj-tweeted-on-foreign-policy/|title=Achayra Guru Yugbhushan Suri ji Maharaj (Pandit Maharaj) Tweeted on Foreign Policy|last=Shaikh|first=Aleem|website=Hello Mumbai News|date=20 April 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref>
}}

'''Yugbhushan Suri'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Remembering-the-scholar/articleshow/5301822.cms|title=Muniraj: Remembering the scholar {{!}} Ahmedabad News|newspaper=The Times of India|date=5 December 2009|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref name="livemint">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/lQ6a1mlkovLV2BQ1SDswDK/Meet-the-millennial-monks.html|title=Meet the millennial Jain monks|date=2018-02-24|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/cover-story/Monks-who-gave-up-their-Ferraris/articleshow/35649479.cms|title=Monks who gave up their Ferraris|date=7 April 2014|newspaper=Ahmedabad Mirror|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref name="Shaikh"/>(born 26 October 1957) born as '''Naveen Khimji Mota''' is a [[Acharya (Jainism)|Jain acharya]] of [[Śvētāmbara|Shwetamber]] tradition.

He is also titled as Gachhadhipati amongst Jain followers.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/jain-monk-to-be-anointed-gacchadhipati/articleshow/73575638.cms|title=Jain monk to be anointed 'Gacchadhipati' {{pipe}} Mumbai News|website=The Times of India|date=2020-01-24|accessdate=2021-02-27}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He is a disciple of [[Ramchandrasuri|Acharya Ramchandrasuri]] and was initiated into monkhood on 29 April 1979 along with his elder brother Muni Mohjit Vijayji.<ref>{{Citation|last=Jain|first=Palash Pinu|title=English: He was widely acclaimed as "powerhouse of knowledge" by Times of India|date=2016-11-17|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mohjit_MS_Times_Of_India_2000-_Powerhouse_of_knowledge.jpg|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref>

He was appointed to [[Acharya (Jainism)|Acharya]] position at [[Deolali]] on 23 April 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/iitian-gives-up-cushy-job-family-for-diksha/articleshow/62515420.cms|title=IITian gives up cushy job, family for diksha {{!}} Mumbai News|date=16 January 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes"/><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Yagnik|first1=Bharat|first2=Maulik|last2=Pathak|title=From corporate frontliner to Jain ascetic|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/from-corporate-frontliner-to-jain-ascetic/articleshow/82280850.cms|access-date=2021-05-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="livemint"/>

== Sainthood ==
Yugbhushan Suri leads Jyot,<ref name="livemint"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jyot.gitarthganga.com/|title=The Best of Knowledge|last=Solutions|first=Abmiro|website=Jyot|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524182739/http://jyot.gitarthganga.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/exhibition-on-jain-philosophy-in-octoberend/503696/|title=Exhibition on Jain philosophy in October-end - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> an organization spreading Jainism. He gave the concept to Jyot for films like ''Chal Man Jeetva Jaiye'',<ref>{{Citation|title=Chal Man Jeetva Jaiye|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt8185004/|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> an urban Gujarati morality drama,<ref name="livemint"/> and ''Ek Cheez Milegi Wonderful'',<ref>{{Citation|title=Ek Cheez Milegi Wonderful|url=http://www.imdb.com/videoplayer/vi3484660249|access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Ek Cheez Milegi Wonderful Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/ek-cheez-milegi-wonderful/movieshow/61256119.cms|access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref> a scientific and philosophical movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ekcheez.gitarthganga.com/about-movie.html|title=EK Cheeze Milegi Wonderful - JYOT|website=ekcheez.gitarthganga.com|access-date=2019-05-25|archive-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525061938/http://ekcheez.gitarthganga.com/about-movie.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2017, under the guidance of Yugbhushan Suri, a 50-foot tall 3D image projection of Jain Lord [[Mahavira]] emerging from [[Sabarmati River]] was organised on the evening of birth anniversary of Mahavira Swami.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/city-celebrates-mahavir-jayanti/articleshow/58099178.cms|title=Mahavir Jayanti: Ahmedabad celebrates Mahavir Jayanti {{!}} Ahmedabad News|date=10 April 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref>

[[File:Jainacharya Yugbhushan Surishwarji.jpg|thumb|Jainacharya Yugbhushan Surishwarji during [[Shikharji Movement|Save Shikharji Movement]]]]
Yugbhushan Suri led the [[Shikharji Movement]], 2018 against [[Government of Jharkhand|Jharkhand government]]'s project related to the development of commercial infrastructure on the hill of [[Shikharji]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/jains-protest-plan-to-convert-sacred-hill-into-tourist-centre/articleshow/66200246.cms|title=Jains protest plan to convert sacred hill into tourist centre {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India|date=14 October 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref> The hill is considered sacred by all Jain sects. He is concerned about government's effects on all religions and often supports agitations based on the sanctity of religious places.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/women-should-not-enter-sabarimala-jain-acharya-pandit-maharaj-1370232-2018-10-18|title=Women should not enter Sabarimala: Jain acharya Pandit Maharaj|first=Pankaj P.|last=Khelkar|date=18 October 2018|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jyot.gitarthganga.com/save-religion-page|title=Save Religion|last=Solutions|first=Abmiro|website=Jyot|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524182739/http://jyot.gitarthganga.com/save-religion-page|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/node/1321717v|title=dna|date=2009-12-09|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.narendramodi.in/ma/solution-to-global-warming-lies-in-indian-scriptures-cm-3438|title=Solution to global warming lies in Indian scriptures: CM|website=www.narendramodi.in|access-date=2019-05-24}}</ref>
Jain Acharya's letter to the CJI highlights differences between Indian and Western religions and urges respect for Indian faiths.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parekh |first1=Priyanka |title=Open Letter to CJI |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/jainacharya-urges-cji-over-tapering-religious-rights/1714297}}</ref>

== Writings ==
In an article with FirstPost, Yugbhushan emphasised the importance of religious sovereignty in India as a means for global influence. Despite withstanding centuries of foreign invasion, the religious framework is still constantly meddled with in independent India. To maximise its soft power and revive the civilisational heritage, he says that India must correct historical wrongs and ensure religious sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/sovereignty-of-religions-if-india-wants-to-maximise-its-global-influence-then-it-must-correct-historical-wrongs-12376882.html | title=Sovereignty of religions: If India wants to maximise its global influence, then it must correct historical wrongs | date=30 March 2023 }}</ref>

At a conference organised in tribute to Maharana Pratap, Yugbhushan elaborated on how Maharana Pratap is considered the icon of sovereignty. Sovereignty is the most invaluable political aspect that must be protected at all costs. Delving into Indian history, he explained that during independence, India was granted legislative sovereignty, not absolute temporal sovereignty. Consequently, India was brought under the sovereignty of the British Empire in a de-jure manner. He guides contemporary Indian leaders by stating that India must break the de-jure sovereignty from under the British monarch and establish it with indigenous sources to secure India's independence and sovereignty for the future.<ref>http://usanasfoundation.com/report-maharana-pratap-annual-geopolitics-dialogue-2023i{{Dead link | date=July 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

== Media ==
The Gitarth Ganga research institute organised an assembly, wherein Yugbhushansuri spoke about the protection of dharmik sampatti and management of sources of religious income to spread awareness among the Jain community. The assembly was attended by 276 representatives from 231 shravak sanghs of Ahmedabad and approximately 25 CAs and CSs, among others, totalling 430 individuals.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/121Qi88xABHIE8v3vh0ngRNOvjGmeKxgC/view?usp=share_link | title=Dharmik Sampatti Raksha Mahasabha_Ahmedabad.jpeg }}</ref>

Arun Anand interviewed for FirstPost to understand his insightful opinions about how India's G20 theme of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam can positively influence international relations, especially in the context of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], terrorism and other global conflicts. During the interview, he explained that although India has immense potential, there is a long way to go to compete with China. Moreover, although India is home to all major religions, only Christianity has a global voice. Yugbhushansuri emphasises that other spiritual voices that encourage conflict resolution must be internationally recognised in an institutional set-up.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/global-watch-only-christianity-has-got-the-global-voice-other-religions-are-voiceless-says-top-jain-monk-12543622.html | title=Global Watch | Only Christianity has got the global voice, other religions are voiceless, says top Jain monk | date=3 May 2023 }}</ref>

In an opinion piece with FirstPost, Mr. Abhinav Pandya of Usanas Foundation shared his insights on a panel discussion held under Yugbhushansuri, one of the finest minds on strategy and foreign policy today. The panel discussed the topic of “Ethics of Kutumb towards Achieving Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”. Mr. Pandya elaborated on his perspective in the article based on his realisation that envisioned the topic as India's contribution to international relations theories. Modern international relations is dominated by Western theories, which focus on conflict and struggle. However, these theories are unlike the lived experiences of the Eastern world. Therefore, Yugbhushansuri provided this topic (ethics of a kutumb can help achieve Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam) as a revolution to international relations that focuses on ethics, morals and feelings of a shared future.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/vasudhaiva-kutumbakam-a-new-theoretical-framework-to-make-sense-of-the-world-order-12829972.html | title=Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam: A new theoretical framework to make sense of the world order | date=5 July 2023 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Manatunga]]
* [[Devardhigani Kshamashraman]]
* [[Yashovijaya]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suri, Yugbhushan}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:21st-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:Prakrit literature]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:20th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Śvetāmbara monks]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian monks]]

Kathashilpa Publishing House

2025-08-28T00:35:48Z

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{{no footnotes|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

'''Kathashilpa''' (literally 'The Art of the Word') of 19 Shyamacharan De Street, [[Calcutta]], 700073 (now Kolkata), was founded in 1959 by Abani Ranjan Ray (1932–2008) and friends, including Indranath Majumdar. It became a rendezvous of radical intellectuals and artists of Calcutta, including those with extreme left sympathies. It was active for more than thirty years.

==Founding and history==
Abani Ranan Ray founded Kathashilpa in 1959 as a publishing company and a creative hub for various cultural activities, including drama and folk music. In the 1960s, it published three Bengali [[little magazine movement|little magazines]].

In the mid-1980s, Abani Ranjan Ray, assisted by Dhiren Ray, published a science monthly called ''Anwesha'' ("Search"). A special [[science fiction]] number of Anwesha carried translations of writers like [[Ray Bradbury]], Richard Sheckley and [[Arthur C. Clarke]]. Anwesha also published special issues on the Indian Chemist Sir [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] and the physicist and plant-physiologist Sir [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]].

Kathashilpa published books encompassing a wide variety of genres.an Maiti)

In the 1990s, Kathashilpa gradually declined. The political and cultural atmosphere changed with the advent of globalization and the disappointment with leftism in general. Montu Da's health failed and eventually Kathashipa changed hands in 2006. Abani Ranjan Ray died shortly after, in 2008. The establishment, along with a semblance of its famous logo, is still at the same address, but in a new avatar.

== See also ==
*[[Naxalbari]]
*[[Naxalite]]
*[[The Emergency (India)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/71485141/Montudar-Smriti An article on Abani Ranjan Ray by Ashish Lahiri (in Bengali)]
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/71483740/Prastuti-Parba-Sukumar-Ray-Issue Scanned pages from the Special Sukumar Ray issue of Prastuti Parba, with a short introduction] by [[Satyajit Ray]]
* [http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/Library.nsf/(docid)/BA7CEF4CBCB520E96525706700349EA5?OpenDocument&StartKey=Naxalbari&Count=100 Archival page on Naxalbari and After: A Frontier Anthology]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Category:1959 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1959]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1959]]

Pratham (disambiguation)

2025-08-24T16:13:57Z

DortheaBye: creating first entry v1.

'''[[Pratham]]''' (Sanskrit, 'first') is a non-governmental organisation in India.

Pratham may also refer to:

* [[Pratham (satellite)]], an Indian ionospheric research satellite
* [[Pratham (Kannada actor)]] (fl. from 2014)
* [[Pratham Singh]] (born 1992), Indian cricketer
* Pratham, a former community in [[Sardinia, New York#Communities and locations in Sardinia|Sardinia, New York]], United States

==See also==
{{srt}}
* [[Pratama (disambiguation)]]
* [[Pratham Mysore]], a non-profit organization

{{disambiguation}}

Uppaluru railway station

2025-08-15T06:44:19Z

DortheaBye: Added The Entry Needs Work

{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{notability|Geo|date=January 2019}}
{{third-party|date=January 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Uppaluru
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type =
| image = Uppaluru Railway station name board.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Uppaluru railway station name board
| address =
| borough =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.2934|80.4652|display=inline}}{{dubious|date=February 2019}}
| map_type = India#India Andhra Pradesh
| owned = Government of India
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| line = [[Vijayawada–Gudivada section]]
| distance =
| platforms =
| tracks =
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
| code =
| website =
| opened =
| closed =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Vijayawada–Nidadavolu loop line|left=Nidamanuru|right=Tenneru}}
}}

'''Uppaluru railway station''' (station code:UPL<ref>{{cite web |title=Distances in kilometers between stations on the Vijayawada Jn. – Uppalur section |url=http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |website=Indian Railways |access-date=30 April 2019 |page=6 |format=PDF |date=12 September 2009 |archive-date=14 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150809/http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>), is an [[Indian Railways]] station in [[Nidamanuru, Krishna district|Nidamanuru]] town{{dubious|date=February 2019}} of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It lies on the [[Vijayawada–Nidadavolu loop line]] and is administered under [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Repalle railway station info|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/3937?|publisher=India Rail Info|access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf|title=Stations on the Vijayawad–Uppalur section|date=12 September 2009|website=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry|publisher=Ministry of Indian Railways|page=3|format=PDF|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150809/http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Classification ==
Uppaluru railway station is categorized as a ''Non-Suburban Grade-6 (NSG-6)'' station in the [[Vijayawada railway division]].<ref name="station_categories">{{cite web |title=Stations – Category-wise (NEW) |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,358,748,2213 |website=South Central Railway |access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Krishna district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Vijayawada railway division]]

{{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}

National Highway 334B (India)

2025-08-07T09:12:51Z

DortheaBye: Added a post

{{Short description| National Highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 334B
| length_km = 236
|map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q55473670|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 334B}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=Map of the National Highway in red
| direction_a = East
| direction_b = West
| terminus_a = [[Meerut]]
| terminus_b = [[Loharu]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 34
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 34 
| next_route = 709 
| states = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]]
| destinations = [[Sonipat]], [[Kharkhoda, Haryana|Kharkhauda]], [[Sampla]], [[Jhajjar]], [[Charkhi Dadri]]
}}
'''National Highway 334B''', commonly called '''NH 334B''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158728.pdf|title=New highways notification dated March, 2014|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 34 (India)|National Highway 34]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> NH-334B traverses the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Haryana]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==
[[Meerut]], [[Baghpat]], [[Sonipat]], [[Kharkhoda, Haryana|Kharkhauda]], [[Hassangarh]] [[Sampla]], [[Jhajjar]], [[Charkhi Dadri]],(Badhra) [[Loharu]] <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://haryanapwd.gov.in/Documents/National%20Highway%20in%20Haryana.pdf|title=National Highways in state of Haryana|website=Haryana Public Works Department|access-date=3 July 2018|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820124017/http://www.haryanapwd.gov.in/Documents/National%20Highway%20in%20Haryana.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|34|country=IND}} Terminal near Meerut.<ref name=":1" />
: {{jct|NH|709B|country=IND}} near Baghpat
: {{jct|NH|44|country=IND}} near Sonipat
: {{jct|NH|352A|country=IND}} near Sonipat
: {{jct|NH|9|country=IND}} near Kharkhauda
: {{jct|SH|20|country=IND}} near Hassangarh
: {{jct|NH|352|country=IND}} near Jhajjar
: {{jct|NH|152D|country=IND}} near Charkhi Dadri
: {{jct|NH|148B|country=IND}} near Charkhi Dadri
: {{jct|NH|709|country=IND}} Terminal near Loharu.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11644606 NH 334B on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH34 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:National highways in Haryana]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

N. Venkate Gowda

2025-05-28T01:50:47Z

DortheaBye: Added new post - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''N. Venkate Gowda''' (born 1988) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Palamaner Assembly constituency]] in [[Chittoor district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing YSR Congress Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Palamaner Assembly Election 2024: Palamaner Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/palamaner-constituency-result-1174 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Palamaner Constituency Election Results 2019: Palamaner Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/palamaner |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Palamaner Election Results 2019 Live Updates: N Venkate Gowda of YSRCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/palamaner-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2153495.html |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He has been nominated again by YSRCP to contest the Palamaner seat for the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]] but he lost to [[N. Amarnath Reddy]] of the Telugu Desam Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-18 |title=Day one of filing nominations passes off peacefully in Chittoor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/day-one-of-filing-nominations-passes-off-peacefully-in-chittoor/article68080242.ece |access-date=2024-05-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-21 |title=Tirupati: Determined Amaranatha faces crucial test in Palamaner |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/tirupati-determined-amaranatha-faces-crucial-test-in-palamaner-873849 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Palamaner Assembly Election Results 2024: Palamaner Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/palamaner-constituency-result-1174 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gowda did his schooling till Class 9 from [[Zilla Parishad High School]] in [[Venkatagirikota|Venkatagiri Kota]]. He runs his own business.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-31 |title=N Venkate Gowda {{!}} MLA {{!}} Thotakanuma {{!}} Venkatagiri Kota {{!}} YSRCP |url=https://theleaderspage.com/n-venkate-gowda/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gowda became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing YSR Congress Party. He polled 119,241 votes and defeated his nearest rival, N. Amarnath Reddy of [[Telugu Desam Party]], by a margin of 31,616 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Palamaner Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of the Palamaner Constituency Seat in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/palamaner-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, he lost to Amarnath Reddy in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] by a margin of 20,122 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palamaner Constituency Election Results 2024: Palamaner Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/palamaner |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkate Gowda, N.}}
[[Category:Politicians from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]

Doon Sarla Academy

2025-05-14T14:11:24Z

DortheaBye: content update

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=May 2016}}{{primary sources|date=July 2016}}
}}

[[File:Late Smt. Sarla Devi (1936-1991).jpg|thumb|Late Smt. Sarla Devi (1936–1991)]]
'''Doon Sarla Academy''' is a coeducational school in Uttarakhand, India. It was founded by J.C. Sharma and established in 1991 in the memory of Smt. Sarla Devi. The school has roughly 540 students.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Doon Sarla Academy – eduGorilla Institution Review|url=https://directory.edugorilla.com/school/doon-sarla-academy-patthri-bagh-dehradun-fee-structure-syllabus-address-admission-form-contact-number/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818211026/https://directory.edugorilla.com/school/doon-sarla-academy-patthri-bagh-dehradun-fee-structure-syllabus-address-admission-form-contact-number/ |archive-date=18 August 2021 }}</ref> The school's motto is "Duty, Discipline and Devotion".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doonsarlaacademy.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823192916/http://www.doonsarlaacademy.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=23 August 2014 |title=Home |website=doonsarlaacademy.org}}</ref>

The school is recognized by the [[Government of Uttarakhand]] and is in the process of attaining recognition from [[Central Board of Secondary Education|C.B.S.E.]] board.

== School information ==
[[File:Anubha Sharma.jpg|thumb|Mrs. Anubha Sharma]]
Mrs. Anubha Sharma is the school's principal. She has more than 25 years of educational experience.

This school's primary medium of instruction is English and the student teacher ratio is 54:1.<ref name=":0" />

They recently started offering a virtual school program, which is described as ''"A user friendly online system that provides parents an exclusive access to all information about their ward/wards."''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Target Study Data – Doon Sarla Academy|url=https://targetstudy.com/school/82983/doon-sarla-academy/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818211025/https://targetstudy.com/school/82983/doon-sarla-academy/ |archive-date=18 August 2021 }}</ref>

== Second branch ==

Doon Sarla Academy is in the process of opening a new branch up to 12th standard, affiliated by CBSE, which is scheduled to open in 2017. The location of the new campus will be in Mothrowala Cantt, Dehradun, 6 km from ISBT and 7 km from Dehradun's railway station.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://paryavaranmitra.in/UK_1.%20Doon%20Sarla%20Academy,%20Dehradun.pdf

{{Dehradun}}

{{coord missing|Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Schools in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1991]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Somnath–Okha Express

2025-05-07T14:58:31Z

DortheaBye: Added Initial Stub More To Come

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Somnath–Okha Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Gujarat]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|04|12}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Somnath}} (SMNH)
| stops = 15
| end = {{stnlnk|Okha}} (OKHA)
| distance = {{convert|442|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 9 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No catering available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 19251 / 19252
| speed = {{convert|47|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Okha - Somnath) Express Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 19251 / 19252 '''Somnath–Okha Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Somnath}} and {{stnlnk|Okha}} in India. It is currently being operated with 19251/19252 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3584&did=14913119403215CCEA8A4B88D20398D1D379233B3A743.web91 REVISION IN TIMINGS OF 4 WR TRAINS W.E.F 4th AUGUST, 2017]</ref>

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with a max speed of 130 km/h. But operating at a maximum speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 22 coaches:
* 1 AC 1st Class
* 3 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 2 AC III Tier Economy
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Generator Car

==Service==

*19251/Somnath–Okha Express has an average speed of 45 km/h and covers 442 km in 9 hrs 25 mins.
*19252/Okha–Somnath Express has an average speed of 47 km/h and covers 442 km in 9 hrs 10 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Somnath}}
* {{stnlnk|Veraval Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Maliya Hatina}}
* {{stnlnk|Keshod}}
* {{stnlnk|Junagadh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jetalsar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Virpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Gondal}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhaktinagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hapa}}
* {{stnlnk|Jamnagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Khambhalia}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhatiya}}
* {{stnlnk|Dwarka}}
* {{stnlnk|Mithapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Okha}}

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 19251 || SMNH || Somnath || 22:50 PM || Daily || Okha || 08:15 AM || Daily
|-
| 19252 || OKHA || Okha || 20:15 PM || Daily || Somnath || 05:25 AM || Daily
|}

==Direction reversal==

Train reverses its direction 1 times at:

* {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}}

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-5]] electric locomotive from Somnath to Okha and vice versa.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/21833 19251/Somnath - Okha Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/21832 19252/Okha - Somnath Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somnath-Okha Expresss}}
[[Category:Transport in Veraval]]
[[Category:Transport in Okha]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2013]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Kushiyara Water Sharing Agreement

2025-05-01T06:05:41Z

DortheaBye: New

{{Short description|MoU between India and Bangladesh on Kushiara River Water Sharing}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Kushiyara Water Sharing Agreement
| long_name = Memorandum of Understanding on the Withdrawal of Water from the Kushiyara River
| image = Kushiara Water Sharing Deal, 6 September 2022.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Memorandum of Understanding]]
| context = Water sharing agreement between Bangladesh and India for the [[Kushiyara River]]
| date_drafted = August 25, 2022
| date_signed = {{Start date|2022|09|06}}
| location_signed = [[Hyderabad House]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| date_effective = September 6, 2022
| negotiators = {{Bulleted list|[[Zahid Faruk]], [[Ministry of Water Resources|State Minister for Water Resources, Bangladesh]]|[[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]], [[Ministry of Jal Shakti|Minister of Jal Shakti, India]]}}
| original_signatories = {{Bulleted list|[[Sheikh Hasina]], [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]]|[[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India]]}}
| signatories = {{Bulleted list|{{Flag icon|Bangladesh}} [[Sheikh Hasina]]|{{Flag icon|India}}
[[Narendra Modi]]}}
| parties = {{Bulleted list|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}|{{Flag|India}}}}
| language = [[English language|English]]
}}

The '''Kushiyara Water Sharing Agreement''' is a memorandum of understanding signed between [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]] on September 6, 2022, centered around the [[Kushiyara River]]. According to this agreement, Bangladesh will withdraw 153 cusecs of water from the Kushiyara River at the Rahimpur canal point in Sylhet.

== Background ==
Originating from the Angami Naga hills in northern Manipur, India, the Barak River flows through the Cachar district of Manipur and enters Bangladesh via Badarpur and Sylhet. At a place called Amalshid, located on the Sylhet border, the Barak River splits into two branches — one becomes the Surma River, and the other the Kushiyara River. The Kushiyara River is 120 miles long.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Kushiyara River|article-url=Kushiyara River}}</ref> India had long-standing objections to the use of water from the Kushiyara River for agricultural purposes through the Rahimpur canal. To resolve this issue, discussions began in January 2021 during a meeting of the working group of the Joint Rivers Commission.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |script-title=bn:কুশিয়ারার পানি নিয়ে ভারতের সঙ্গে চুক্তি করতে চায় বাংলাদেশ |trans-title=Bangladesh wants to sign agreement with India on Kushiyara water |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/national/663866/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=[[Bangla Tribune]] |language=bn}}</ref> On August 25, during a ministerial-level meeting of the Bangladesh-India Joint Rivers Commission (JRC), a draft memorandum of understanding was finalized regarding the withdrawal of water from the Kushiyara River flowing into Sylhet from India. On behalf of Bangladesh, State Minister for Water Resources Zahid Faruk led the delegation, while on behalf of India, Minister of Jal Shakti Gajendra Singh Shekhawat led theirs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Bangladesh, India reach consensus on Kushiyara water sharing |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/e4rwt0pdsn |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=[[Prothomalo]] |language=en |archive-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216055241/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/e4rwt0pdsn |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India, Bangladesh Sign Pact on Sharing Waters of Kushiyara River |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/09/india-bangladesh-sign-pact-on-sharing-waters-of-kushiyara-river/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=[[thediplomat.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kushiyara River: Dhaka, Delhi finalize text of MoU to share water |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/292943/kushiyara-river-dhaka-delhi-finalize-text-of-mou |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=India, Bangladesh ink first water sharing pact in 25 years; Hasina flags Teesta |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/sep/06/india-bangladesh-ink-first-water-sharing-pact-in-25-years-hasina-flags-teesta-2495442.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907070646/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/sep/06/india-bangladesh-ink-first-water-sharing-pact-in-25-years-hasina-flags-teesta-2495442.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On September 6, a total of seven memorandums of understanding, including this one, were signed between the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, and the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi. In this agreement, India agreed to allow Bangladesh to withdraw 153 cusecs of water from the Kushiyara River at the Rahimpur point.<ref>{{Cite news |title= |script-title=bn:হাসিনা-মোদী বৈঠক: অধরাই রয়ে গেল তিস্তা, রফা হলো কুশিয়ারার পানি বন্টনে |trans-title=Hasina-Modi meeting: Teesta remains elusive, Kushiyara water sharing reaches a deadlock |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-62809532 |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=[[BBC News]] বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=2022-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909073234/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-62809532 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India, Bangladesh sign agreement for water-sharing of River Kushiyara |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-bangladesh-sign-agreement-for-water-sharing-of-river-kushiyara-1142852.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=2022-09-11 |title=Explained {{!}} Why is the Kushiyara river treaty between India and Bangladesh important? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/explained-why-is-the-kushiyara-river-treaty-between-india-and-bangladesh-important/article65874597.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004034639/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/explained-why-is-the-kushiyara-river-treaty-between-india-and-bangladesh-important/article65874597.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=India, Bangladesh sign water-sharing deal, in boost to ties |url=https://apnews.com/article/elections-india-bangladesh-new-delhi-430183c2370f3feffe61343c3b3c87d8 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329215457/https://apnews.com/article/elections-india-bangladesh-new-delhi-430183c2370f3feffe61343c3b3c87d8 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Benefits of the agreement ==
No irrigation water was available in the seven upazilas at the Rahimpur point, and during the dry season, no agricultural activities could be carried out in the entire region. Due to the lack of irrigation water, for most of the year the agricultural land in that entire area remained completely barren. Between 2011 and 2015, Bangladesh constructed a pump house and a dam at the Rahimpur point. The Surma-Kushiyara Project was implemented by the Water Development Board to make this possible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kushiyara water-sharing: How Bangladesh benefits from the agreement with India |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/tni7wsc4j3 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=[[bdnews24.com]] |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925093629/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/tni7wsc4j3 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of the agreement, more than a hundred thousand people in the region will benefit. Boro cultivation will also become possible in the haor areas downstream of the canal, and fish farming will increase.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-07 |title=Kushiyara water-sharing deal: Hope rekindled after all these years |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/kushiyara-water-sharing-deal-hope-after-all-these-years-3113066 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912233420/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/kushiyara-water-sharing-deal-hope-after-all-these-years-3113066 |archive-date=2024-09-12 |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reaction ==
Bangladesh’s State Minister for Foreign Affairs, Shahriar Alam, termed this agreement a major achievement for Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kushiara water sharing deal is Bangladesh's big achievement: Shahriar {{!}} News Flash |url=https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/81050 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title='Kushiara water sharing deal is Bangladesh's big achievement' {{!}} |url=https://en.bd-pratidin.com/national/2022/09/07/1070 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Kushiara water sharing deal is Bangladesh's big achievement: Shahriar |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/kushiara-water-sharing-deal-bangladeshs-big-achievement-shahriar-491582 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Water resource management in India]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Treaties of India]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations]]
[[Category:2022 in international relations]]
[[Category:2022 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:2022 in India]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 2022]]

William Lowe (civil servant)

2025-04-18T08:15:48Z

DortheaBye: Added New Data From Scratch!

{{Short description|British civil servant of the Indian Civil Service (ICS)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = William Lowe
| image = William Henry Lowe memorial plaque.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Memorial plaque inside All Saints Church (Bulandshahr)
| birth_name = William Henry Lowe
| birth_date = {{birth date|1831|08|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1862|07|30|1831|08|30|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bulandshahr]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = [[District magistrate|District magistrate and collector]] for [[Indian Civil Service]]
| years_active =
| known_for = *Led funding of the [[All Saints Church, Bulandshahr|All Saints Church]], Bulandshahr
| notable_works =
}}
'''William Henry Lowe''' (30 August 1831 – 30 July 1862), was a British [[District magistrate|district magistrate and collector]] of the [[Bulandshahr district|district of Bulandshahr]], during [[British Raj|British rule of India]]. He led the funding of the construction of the [[All Saints Church, Bulandshahr|All Saints Church]] in [[Bulandshahr]]. The Lowe memorial building by the district magistrate's court in Bulandshahr was named for him. He died at age 30 of natural causes.

==Early life and family==
William Lowe was born on 30 August 1831 in Calcutta, to John Lowe.<ref name=Aroles>{{cite book |last1=Aroles |first1=Serge |title=L'énigme des enfants-loups: une certitude biologique mais un déni des archives, 1304-1954 |date=2008 |publisher=Editions Publibook |isbn=978-2-7483-8502-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-fjWToCMo0C&pg=PA82 |language=fr}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} He married a daughter of [[William Muir|Sir William Muir]].<ref name=Sketches1884/> They had a son, William Henry Muir Lowe.<ref>Westminster, London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1935</ref> Elizabeth Huntley was his only daughter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Domestic occurrences |publisher=Bangalore Spectator |date=16 August 1886 |page=3}}</ref>

==Career==
Lowe succeeded [[George Hamilton Freeling]] as [[District magistrate|district magistrate and collector]] for the [[Bulandshahr district|district of Bulandshahr]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Bulandshahr A Gazetteer Vol-v (1922) |date=1922 |page=118 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.1361/mode/2up?q=lowe}}</ref><ref name=Singh1874>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kuar Lachman|title=Historical and Statistical Memoir of Zila Bulandshahar |date=1874 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government Press|isbn=978-3-382-50031-3|location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.11477/page/45/mode/2up?q=lowe|language=en|pages=45–52}}</ref> In that role he led the funding of the construction of [[All Saints Church, Bulandshahr|All Saints Church]] on the far west side of the town [[Bulandshahr]].<ref name=Sketches1884>{{cite book |last1=Growse |first1=F. S. |title=Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District: Social, Historical and Architectural |date=1884 |publisher=Medical Hall Press |location=Benares |url=https://archive.org/details/bulandshahrorsk00growgoog/page/n78/mode/2up?q=lowe|language=English|page=78}}</ref> It was completed in 1864 and later described by the subsequent collector [[Frederic Salmon Growse|F. S. Growse]] as a "pretty little building" with the caretakers accommodation as a "practical joke".<ref name=Sketches1884/>

===Wolf child===
The [[feral child]] [[Dina Sanichar]], may have been the inspiration for the character [[Mowgli]] in ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' by [[Rudyard Kipling]].<ref name=Sorabji1904>{{cite book |last=Sorabji |first=Caroline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0A2AQAAMAAJ&dq=lowe&pg=PA38 |title=The Wide World Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly of True Narrative, Travel, Customs, and Sport |date=1904 |publisher=George Newnes |pages=38 |language=en}}</ref> The traditional story has been that the boy was brought to the attention of Bulandshahr's district magistrate after hunters discovered the child in a cave in the [[Bulandshahr District|district of Bulandshahr]].<ref name=Ferros1902>{{cite book |last1=Ferros |first1=George C. |title=Sanichar the wolf boy of India .. |date=1902 |publisher=[n.p.] |pages=22–28 |url=https://archive.org/details/lanicharwolfboyo00ferr/page/22/mode/2up?q=magistrate|location=New Year City}}</ref><ref name=Notes1886>{{cite book |title=Notes and Queries |date=1886 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLeLZtG33ZwC&dq=william+henry+lowe+bulandshahr&pg=PA178 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Ha>{{cite book |last1=Ha |first1=James C. |last2=Campion |first2=Tracy L. |title=Dog Behavior: Modern Science and Our Canine Companions |date=2018 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-816746-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gON8DwAAQBAJ&dq=bulandshahr%C2%A0&pg=PA176 |language=en}}</ref> This magistrate has been cited as being Lowe.<ref name=Ferros1902/><ref name=Notes1886/><ref>{{cite news |title=Wolf boys |publisher=North British Advertiser & Ladies' Journal |date=5 September 1885 |page=3}}</ref> However, Lowe had died five years earlier.<ref name=Sketches1884/> A letter from [[W. F. Prideaux]] to the editor of the ''North British Advertiser and Ladies Journal'' (1885) questioned the authenticity of 'wolf boys' in general, and of particularly the one at the "orphanage at Secundra, near Agra".<ref name=Prid1885>{{cite news |title=Letters to the editor |work=Newspaper: North British Advertiser & Ladies' Journal County |date=5 September 1885 |location=Midlothian, Scotland |page=3}}</ref> Prideaux requested the name of the magistrate and further details of the wolf boy.<ref name=Prid1885/> In response, the orphanage replied that the boy came to them in 1867 after being found by William Lowe, then collector of Bulandshahr".<ref name=Prid1885/><ref name=Zingg1940>{{cite journal |last1=Zingg |first1=Robert M. |title=Feral Man and Extreme Cases of Isolation |journal=The American Journal of Psychology |date=1940 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=487–517 |doi=10.2307/1417630 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1417630 |issn=0002-9556|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Prideaux noted that no official report on the story existed, and the year and Officer's name was given from a recollection sufficiently long after to question its accuracy.<ref name=Prid1885/>

==Death and legacy==
Lowe died on 30 July 1862, a day before a planned move to England.<ref name=Sketches1884/><ref name=South1862>{{cite news |title=Died |publisher=Southern Reporter and Cork Commercial Courier |date=19 September 1862}}</ref> He is buried in the [[chancel]] of [[Bulandshahr]]'s [[All Saints Church, Bulandshahr|All Saints Church]], which had been commissioned by his widow.<ref name=Sketches1884/> The Lowe memorial building by the district magistrate's court, acting as a shelter for those attending the courts, was named for him.<ref name=Sketches1884/><ref name=Atk1876>{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Edwin Thomas |title=Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India: 3.:Meerut division part 2 |date=1876 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9jaXsOc-tEC&dq=All+Saints+Church&pg=PA127 |language=en}}</ref> The inscription read;<ref name=Atk1876/>
<blockquote>This building has been erected by the Europeans and native-official and non-official residents of the station and district as a token of their respect and esteem, and as a memorial of the late William Henry Lowe, Esquire, who died while collector of this district on the 30th of July 1862, AD.</blockquote>

<gallery>
File:All Saints Church, Bulandshahr.jpg|All Saints Church, Bulandshahr
File:William Henry Lowe (d.1862) grave.jpg|Lowe's grave in the chancel of the church
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Frederick Pollen]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lowe, William}}
[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1862 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]

Shanta Meena

2025-04-16T08:04:55Z

DortheaBye: Added Basic Data Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shanta Meena
| office = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Salumber Assembly constituency|Salumber]]
| predecessor = [[Amrit Lal Meena]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Shanta Amrit Lal Meena''' also known as '''Shanta Meena''' is an Indian politician from Rajasthan. She is a [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing
[[Salumber Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Salumber Bypoll Election Result 2024 LIVE: Shanta Amrit Lal Meena of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/salumber-bypoll-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130424.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan Bypolls: BJP's Shanta Amrit Lal Meena wins Salumbar |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/rajasthan-bypolls-bjp-s-shanta-amrit-lal-meena-wins-salumbar/2008349 |website=www.ptinews.com |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chronicle |first1=Deccan |title=BJP candidate Shanta Amrit Lal Meena wins assembly... ... Priyanka wins Wayanad Lok Sabha seat by over 4.1 lakh votes |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/buzz/live-bypolls-results-all-eyes-on-priyanka-gandhis-wayanad-debut-947 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Rajasthan]]
* [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meena, Shanta}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Lokagrani Adv. Balwantrao Raga alias Balasaheb Deshmukh

2025-03-22T16:37:22Z

DortheaBye: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian political leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
'''Lokagrani Adv. Balwantrao Raga''' (27 March 1878 - 18 November 1957), also called the '''Balwantrao Narayanrao Deshmukh''' and '''Balasaheb Deshmukh''' was an Indian lawyer, [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) politician and independence activist from [[Chandrapur]] in [[Vidharbha]] region of [[Maharashtra]] state of India.<ref name=balw>[https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?23318], amritmahotsav.nic.in, accessed 3 March 2025.</ref>

== Early life and education==
He was born in the Daryapur village and hailed from his native village of Shivar. He completed his early schooling from Chandrapur, and the high school and college education from [[Nagpur]]. Later he obtained a law degree from [[Calcutta University]] in 1899.<ref name=balw/>

== Legal Career==

He rejected a British government judicial post and established a legal practice in Chandrapur in 1900 becoming a renowned lawyer. He acted as a defense lawyer for those arrested during the 1942 [[Quit India movement]], specifically during the [[Chimur#History|Chimur incident]].<ref name=balw/>

==Independence Movement Involvement==

He was a staunch follower of Lokmanya [[Balgangadhar Tilak]], whom he considered his political leader and [[guru]], and he promoted Tilak's ideologies of [[Swadeshi]], [[Swadeshi movement]], promotion of education for Indians and boycott of colonial British goods. He also supported [[Annie Besant]]'s [[Home Rule League]] movement of 1917 and [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Non-Cooperation Movement]]. He joined INC and participated in INC sessions, including the 1906 session under [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], and organized public gatherings through [[Ganesh Jayanti]] and [[Shiv Jayanti|Shivaji Maharaj Jayanti]] celebrations to mobilise people for the [[Indian independence movement]]. He hosted Lokmanya Tilak during his 1918 Chandrapur visit for the [[Swaraj Party]]'s provincial sessions. He served as President of the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] INC Committee (1919-1920), member of the All India Congress Committee from 1919 to 1923, was elected to the Provincial Assembly in 1921-2026.<ref name=balw/>

== Social Contributions==

He founded the Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Mandal in Chandrapur, established the Lokmanya Tilak Vidyalaya, supported the [[Goa liberation movement]] of 1956, advocated for social equality and supported marginalized communities serving as president of the Choka Mela hostel.<ref name=balw/>

==Legacy ==
He is remembered as a respected nationalist lawyer and social reformer, he received a testimonial from the Manciple committee in 1937.<ref name=balw/>

[[Shakuntala Railway]], originally named {{rws|Yavatmal}}–{{rws|Murtizapur Junction}}–{{rws|Achalpur}} railway, was renamed after '''Shakuntala Deshmukh [[née]] Jadhav''', who was wife of Balwantrao Deshmukh.

== See also ==

* [[List of Indian independence activists]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh, Lokagrani Adv. Balwantrao Raga alias Balasaheb}}
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

881 Missile Regiment (India)

2025-01-27T05:06:15Z

DortheaBye: creating some article first draft.

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 881 Missile Regiment
| image =
| caption =
| dates =
| country = {{flag icon|India}} [[India]]
| allegiance = India
| branch = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
| type = [[File:Regiment of Artillery Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[Artillery]]
| role =
| size = Regiment
| command_structure =
| equipment = [[BrahMos]]
| Past Commanders =
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label = Abbreviation
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto = ''Sarvatra, Izzat-O-Iqbal'' (Everywhere with Honour and Glory)
| colors = "Red & Navy Blue"
| march =
| mascot =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
}}

'''881 Missile Regiment''' is a [[BrahMos]] equipped regiment which is part of the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] of the [[Indian Army]].

[[File:BrahMos missiles during rehearsal of Republic Day Parade 2018.jpg|thumb|right|BrahMos missiles of the regiment during rehearsal of Republic Day Parade, January 2018]]

==History==
The regiment was raised as light regiment. It was converted to a missile regiment in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.spsmai.com/military/?id=771&q=2nd-regiment-of-BrahMos-missiles|title= 2nd regiment of BrahMos missiles|date=2011-11-16|access-date=2023-10-25}}</ref> It is presently part of 41 Artillery Division.
===Operations===
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://songramernotebook.com/archives/392148|title=Indian Army deployment in Bangladesh|date=7 May 2021 |access-date=2023-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.claws.in/images/events/pdf/1292432928_SeminarReport_1971LiberationofBangladesh.pdf|title=Liberation Of Bangladesh: 1971 Recollection And Reflection|date=2013-12-12|access-date=2023-10-25}}</ref>
*[[Operation Meghdoot]]
==Achievements==
*The regiment was awarded the COAS unit citation in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan16/head1.htm|title=Malik promises better weapons|date=1999-01-16|access-date=2023-10-25}}</ref>
*The Regiment had the honour of participating in the annual [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] in 2013, 2015 and 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.livemint.com/Politics/P1clTVeGVvjTyXA5ML6pfN/Republic-Day-2018-live-updates-Parade-to-begin-at-950-am.html|title=Republic Day parade highlights: India showcases military might, cultural diversity| date=2018-01-26|access-date=2023-10-25}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Artillery|List of artillery regiments of Indian Army]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{India-mil-unit-stub}}
[[Category:Artillery regiments of the Indian Army after 1947]]

Edward Kutchat

2024-11-30T06:54:56Z

DortheaBye:

{{short description|Indian tribal leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Edward Kutchat
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Car Nicobar]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Tribal leader
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Edward Kutchat''' was an Indian tribal leader<ref name="Kingdom For a Jacket">{{cite web | url=http://www.littleindia.com/odds-ends/10269-kingdom-for-a-jacket.html | title=Kingdom For a Jacket | publisher=Little India | date=16 October 2011 | access-date=September 1, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004202951/http://www.littleindia.com/odds-ends/10269-kingdom-for-a-jacket.html | archive-date=4 October 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Chief of the Tribal Council of [[Car Nicobar|Car Nicobar island]].<ref name="When Nehru got land in exchange for his jacket">{{cite web | url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/books/when-nehru-got-land-in-exchange-for-his-jacket-113748.html | title=When Nehru got land in exchange for his jacket | publisher=Mathrubhumi | date=4 September 2011 | access-date=September 1, 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="A Journey Through Nicobars: A History of Nicobar Islands Pre and Post Tsunami (Nicobars, A History of Nicobar Islands Pre and Post Tsunami)">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/Journey-Through-Nicobars-History-Nicobar/dp/B008NZ26QK | title=A Journey Through Nicobars: A History of Nicobar Islands Pre and Post Tsunami (Nicobars, A History of Nicobar Islands Pre and Post Tsunami) | publisher=Zen publication | author=Dr. Tilak Ranjan Bera | year=2010 | pages=279 | isbn=9788190612142}}</ref> He was featured in the media for cooperating with the Indian Government by offering his land for the expansion of airfields in Car Nicobar island, in exchange for the [[Nehru jacket|jacket]] worn by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], on a visit to the island.<ref name="Nehru got land for his jacket">{{cite web | url=http://www.andhrawishesh.com/375-wishesh-special/15579-nehru-got-land-for-his-jacket.html | title=Nehru got land for his jacket | publisher=Andhra Telangana Vishesh | date=5 September 2011 | access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref> He was also reported to have assisted [[Nicobarese people]] in promoting their business.<ref name="History of Jadwets">{{cite web | url=http://www.jadwet.com/history-of-jadwets.php | title=History of Jadwets | publisher=Jadwet Trading Company | date=2015 | access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 1989.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=October 15, 2015 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Nehru jacket]]
* [[Nicobarese people]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=A Journey Through Nicobars: A History of Nicobar Islands Pre and Post Tsunami (Nicobars, A History of Nicobar Islands Pre and Post Tsunami) | publisher=Zen publication | author=Dr. Tilak Ranjan Bera | year=2010 | pages=279 | isbn=9788190612142}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kutchat, Edward}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:People from Nicobar district]]
[[Category:Tribal chiefs]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]

{{India-bio-stub}}

Janataraj High School

2024-09-02T20:56:16Z

DortheaBye: Done

{{Multiple issues|{{third-party|date=July 2018}}
{{inline|date=May 2024}}}}
'''Janataraj High School''' is a high school in [[Dudurkote]], Hindol, [[Dhenkanal]]. It started with classes from 8-10 grades in 1963. It is one of the oldest Hindol high schools. It is part of [[Dudurkote]] and a central part of Hindol Subdivision. The school was established in 1963 on land provided by Fakira Charan Garnaik, Sarbarakar of Dudurkote Hindol princely state and his family members.

== History ==
This school was established in 1963 in Dhenkanal.

== Curriculum ==
It instructs humanities, social science, and physical sciences. This institution also aims at broader education. Co-curricular and extracurricular are an integral part of this institution. Many societies, association and different clubs address social service and cultural matters, J.R.C Scouts, Guide Eco Club, Red Ribbon Club, Science Club, and Legal Literacy Club operate there.

== Details ==
School Name : Janataraj High School, Dudurkote
Address : Dudurkote, Dhenkanal, Orissa, Postal Code: 759020 India
Location: Dudurkote Town
Subdivision : Hindol
School Type : Co-Educational
School Category : Upper Primary with Secondary
School Management : Department of Education
Mid-Day Meal : Provided and Prepared in School Premises
Medium of Instruction : Oriya
Founded In Year : 1963
Location Type: Rural
School Building Type : Government Building
No. of Books in Library : 1626
No. of Computers : Not Specified
No. of Class Rooms : Not Specified
No. of Teachers: 7
Classes : Class 6 to 10
Drinking Water Type : Hand-Pump
Playground : Yes
Books Library: Yes
Residential Facility: Yes
Pre-Primary Section : NO
Medical Check-Up : Yes
Computer Aided Learning: No
Ramps for Disabled : NO

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.rtiodisha.gov.in/Pages/printAllManual/office_id:7012 rtiodisha.gov]
* {{Cite web |title=Account Suspended |url=http://studychacha.com/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=studychacha.com}}
* {{Cite web |title=List of Best Schools - CBSE, CISCE, International, Boarding, Nursery |url=https://www.icbse.com/schools?utm_source=https://www.icbse.com/schools/janataraj-hs-dudurkote/21140403001&utm_medium=auto-redirects |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=iCBSE |language=en-US}}

{{coord |20.689021| 85.255882|display=title}}

[[Category:Schools in Odisha]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]

Pehchaan

2024-06-10T03:56:49Z

DortheaBye:

{{wikt|पहचान}}
'''Pehchaan''' or '''Pehchan''' may refer to:
* [[Pehchan (1946 film)|''Pehchan'' (1946 film)]], Indian Hindi-language film by P. C. Barua
* [[Pehchan (1970 film)|''Pehchan'' (1970 film)]], Indian Hindi-language film by Sohanlal Kanwar, starring Manoj Kumar, Babita, and Balraj Sahni
* [[Pehchan (1975 film)|''Pehchan'' (1975 film)]], Pakistani action-drama film
* [[Pehchaan (1993 film)|''Pehchaan'' (1993 film)]], Indian Hindi-language action thriller film by Deepak S. Shivdasani, starring Suniel Shetty, Saif Ali Khan, Siddharth Ray, Madhoo and Shilpa Shirodkar
* [[Pehchaan (2009 TV series)|''Pehchaan'' (2009 TV series)]], 2009 Indian drama series broadcast on DD National
* ''[[Pehchaan 3D]]'', 2013 Indian Punjabi-language film
* ''[[Pehchaan: The Face of Truth]]'', 2005 Indian Hindi-language drama film by Shrabani Deodhar, starring Vinod Khanna, Rati Agnihotri and Raveena Tandon
* [[Pehchaan (2006 TV series)|''Pehchaan'' (2006 TV series)]], 2006 Pakistani drama serial aired on Hum TV directed by Mehreen Jabbar
* [[Pehchaan (2014 TV series)|''Pehchaan'' (2014 TV series)]], 2014 Pakistani drama television series aired on A-Plus Entertainment
*"Pehchaan", Indian [[List of Crime Patrol episodes|TV episode of ''Crime Patrol'']] and ''[[Crime Patrol Dial 100]]''
*"Pehchaan", episode of the 2021 Indian TV series ''[[Grahan (2021 TV series)|Grahan]]''

{{Disambiguation}}

Arunachalese cuisine

2024-05-14T06:57:12Z

DortheaBye: enhance details further and improved wording per sources

#REDIRECT [[Arunachali cuisine]]

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{{R from move}}
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