https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=DonteOnslow6Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-08T04:36:18ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhyamgram_Assembly_constituency&diff=514535Madhyamgram Assembly constituency2026-05-07T06:43:04Z<p>DonteOnslow6: created first details more to come</p>
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<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Madhyamgram<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Madhyamgram.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Madhyamgram Assembly Constituency<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Rathin Ghosh]]<br />
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />
| alliance = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]<br />
| constituency_no = 118<br />
| established = 2011<br />
| electors = 242,425<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| abolished = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Madhyamgram Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 118 Madhyamgram Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Madhyamgram]] municipality, Chandigarh Rohanda, Kemia Khamarpara [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Barasat II (Community development block)|Barasat II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Ichhapur Nilganj, Paschim Khilkapur and Purba Khilkapur gram panchayats of [[Barasat I (Community development block)|Barasat I]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
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Madhyamgram Assembly constituency is part of No. 17 [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/><br />
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== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br/> Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]||rowspan=3| Madhyamgram||rowspan=3|[[Rathin Ghosh]]||rowspan=3 |[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===2026===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Madhyamgram}}<br />
[[Rathin Ghosh]], involvement in a multi-crore municipal recruitment scam. The [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) and [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) are investigating the illegal recruitment of approximately 1,500 people across various civic bodies between 2014 and 2018. It is alleged that jobs were provided in exchange for bribes.<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rathin Ghosh]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:95,995}}|percentage=41.21|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anindya Banerjee|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:93,596}}|percentage=40.18|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Priyanka Barman|party=Indian Secular Front|votes={{formatnum:35,501}}|percentage=15.24|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nitai Pal|party=All India Forward Bloc|votes={{formatnum:2,209}}|percentage=0.95|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ananta Roy|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:1,587}}|percentage=0.68|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:1,474}}|percentage=0.63|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = <br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
In the 2021 election, [[Rathin Ghosh]] of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival, Rajasree Rajbanshi of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Madhyamgram constituency}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Rathin Ghosh]]|votes=112,741|percentage=48.93%|change=-4.16%}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rajasree Rajbanshi|votes=64,615|percentage=24%|change=+19%}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Secular Front|candidate=Biswajit Maity|votes=46,748|percentage=21%|change=+21%}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=3,152|percentage=1.37|change=-0.04}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Himangshu Mondal|votes=1,667|percentage=0.72|change=-0.67}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Saifuddin Mondal|votes=869|percentage=0.38|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Biplab Dutta|votes=639|percentage=0.28|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=230,431|percentage=84.59|change=-2.04}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2016===<br />
In the 2016 election, [[Rathin Ghosh]] of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Tapas Majumdar of Indian National Congress, the coalition candidate.<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Madhyamgram constituency}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Rathin Ghosh]]<br />
|votes = 110,271<br />
|percentage = 53.09<br />
|change = -4.09<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Tapas Majumdar<br />
|votes = 74,467<br />
|percentage = 35.85<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Debasis Mitra<br />
|votes = 17,148<br />
|percentage = 8.26<br />
|change = +5.20<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|votes = 2,932<br />
|percentage = 1.41<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Himangshu Mondal<br />
|votes = 2,886<br />
|percentage = 1.39<br />
|change = -1.04<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 207,704<br />
|percentage = 86.63<br />
|change = -2.12<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2011===<br />
In the 2011 election, Rathin Ghosh of Trinamool Congress, the [[United Progressive Alliance (India)]] candidate, defeated his nearest rival Ranjit Choudhury of Forward Bloc.<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Madhyamgram constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=118| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120507065032/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=118| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 7 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Madhyamgram| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = Rathin Ghosh<br />
|votes = 99,841<br />
|percentage = 57.18<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Forward Bloc<br />
|candidate = Ranjit Choudhury<br />
|votes = 65,173<br />
|percentage = 37.33<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Bijoy Banerjee<br />
|votes = 5,350<br />
|percentage = 3.06<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Jaydeb Biswas<br />
|votes = 4,236<br />
|percentage = 2.43<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 174,600<br />
|percentage = 88.75<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box new seat win<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]<br />
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2011]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raja_Mahendra_Pratap_Singh&diff=528316Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh2026-04-30T00:47:30Z<p>DonteOnslow6: made the bio nd citations</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian independence activist (1886-1979)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Mahendra Pratap Singh<br />
| image = Mahendra Pratap 1979 stamp of India.jpg<br />
| caption = Mahendra Pratap on a 1979 stamp of India<br />
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term1 = 1957 — 1962<br />
| office4 =<br />
| constituency4 = [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]]<br />
| birth_date = 1 December 1886<br />
| birth_place = [[Hathras district|Hathras]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = 29 April 1979 (aged 92)<br />
| alma_mater = [[STS School|Muhammad Anglo-Oriental Collegiate School]]<br />
| honorific_prefix = Raja<br />
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
| spouse = Balveer Kaur<br />
| office = [[Provisional Government of India|President of the Provisional Government of India]]<br />
| term = 1 December 1915 — January 1919<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Girraj Saran Singh]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Chaudhary Digambar Singh]] <br />
}}<br />
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'''Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh''' (1 December 1886 – 29 April 1979) was an [[Indian independence activist]], politician, social reformer, and educationist.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh, Unsung Hero and Envoy Extraordinaire For India's Freedom |url=https://thewire.in/history/raja-mahendra-pratap-singh-freedom-fighter-envoy-extraordinaire |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> He was the president of the [[Provisional Government of India|provisional government of India]], established in [[Kabul]] in 1915, with the support of Indian nationalists and revolutionaries during [[World War I]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author=Gupta, Sourabh |date=28 November 2014 |title=3 surprising facts about Jat King at the centre of AMU row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amu-raja-mahendra-pratap-singh-birthday-3-things-jat-king-228983-2014-11-28 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=राजा महेंद्र प्रताप सिंह की पूरी कहानी, पीएम मोदी ने जिनके नाम पर यूनिवर्सिटी का किया शिलान्यास |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-58551689 |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=BBC News हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> He was nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1932.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrV5oovAKa0C&q=raja+mahendra+pratap+nobel+prize |title=Journal of Historical Research |date=2011 |publisher=Department of History, Ranchi University. |language=en |quote=Raja Mahendra Pratap was permitted to come to India from Tokyo with respect. He was also nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1932}}</ref><br />
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Born into the ruling family of [[Mursan]] in the [[Hathras district]] of the [[North-Western Provinces]] (now [[Uttar Pradesh]]), Singh was educated at [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]], which later became [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. Singh participated in various nationalist and reform movements and spent several years in self-imposed [[exile]] engaged in political activities abroad. Singh also formed the executive board of [[India]] in [[Tokyo]], Japan in 1940 during [[World War II]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |author=Singh, Vir |url=http://www.lppindia.com/servlet/lppgetbiblio?bno=000411 |title=Life and Times of Raja Mahendra Pratap |publisher=Low Price Publications (India) |year=2005 |isbn=9788188629329 |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224222505/http://www.lppindia.com/servlet/lppgetbiblio?bno=000411 |archive-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Role and Contribution of Raja Mahendra Pratap in Indian Freedom Movement |url=http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/508/2/02_introudction.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201024048/http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/508/2/02_introudction.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> After [[Independence Day (India)|India's independence]], Singh served as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] representing [[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency|Mathura]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from 1957 to 1962. Singh established a number of educational institutions, including Prem Maha Vidyalaya in [[Vrindavan]] in 1909. He was popularly known as "Aryan Peshwa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Mahendra Pratap |url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/R/RAJA%20MAHENDRA%20PRATAP |publisher=India Post}}</ref><br />
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His legacy was commemorated by the government of India by on 1979 postage stamp of India. In Uttar Pradesh, the Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh University was founded in his honour in 2021.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== Early life, education, and personal life ==<br />
Singh was born on 1 December 1886 in [[Mursan]], [[Hathras district]], [[North-Western Provinces]] (now [[Uttar Pradesh]]), into a [[Jats|Jat]] royal family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajesh |first=K. Guru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_dLCgAAQBAJ&dq=raja+mahendra+pratap+jat&pg=PT367 |title=Sarfarosh: A Naadi Exposition of the Lives of Indian Revolutionaries |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-5206-173-0 |language=en |quote=Raja Mahendra Pratap belonged to a Jat royal family. His father was Raja Ghanshyam Singh}}</ref> His father, Raja Ghanshyam Singh, was the ruler of [[Mursan]]. At the age of three, he was adopted by Raja Harnarayan Singh of [[Hathras]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
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He received his early education at Government High School, Aligarh, and later attended the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] (now [[Aligarh Muslim University]]).<ref name="Bhattacharya">Bhattacharya, Abinash Chandra (1962). ''Bahirbharate Bharater Muktiprayas'' (in Bengali), Kalikata:Firma K.L.Mukhopadhyaya, pp. 9–24</ref> Although he did not complete his degree, his years at [[Aligarh]] exposed him to modern political and social ideas that shaped his reformist outlook.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2021 |title=Explained: The legacy of Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh, and his contribution to the building of AMU |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/legacy-of-raja-mahendra-pratap-singh-contribution-to-building-of-amu-7508315/ |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In 1902, while still a student, Singh married Balveer Kaur, a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] princess from the [[princely state]] of [[Jind State|Jind]]. He was deeply interested in religion, philosophy, and science, and was known for his broad humanist worldview.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=8 September 2021 |title=PM Modi To Lay Foundation Stone Of Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh University, Know About The Legend |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-raja-mahendra-pratap-singh-university-know-about-the-jat-king-rts-1480945 |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Career ==<br />
Singh began his public life by focusing on educational and social reform. In 1906, he attended a session of the [[Indian National Congress]], after which he became involved in the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2021 |title=Who was Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/who-was-raja-mahendra-pratap-singh/articleshow/86210497.cms |access-date=9 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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=== Prem Mahavidyalaya ===<br />
In 1909, Singh established India's first polytechnic college, Prem Mahavidyalaya in [[Vrindavan]], with the dual vision of promoting education and nurturing nationalist thought.<ref name="o379">{{cite web |date=10 September 2021 |title=जहां राजा महेंद्र का बचपन बीता वहां से ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट: वृंदावन में बनाया था एशिया का पहला पॉलिटेक्निक कॉलेज, यमुना किनारे बनी है राजा की समाधि; लेकिन अब खंडहर हो गया निवास स्थान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/news/asias-first-polytechnic-college-was-built-in-vrindavan-the-samadhi-of-king-mahendra-pratap-is-built-on-the-banks-of-yamuna-128909737.html |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> During the inauguration of Prem Mahavidyalaya, Madan Mohan Malaviya was also present. Over time, it evolved into an intellectual centre for revolutionary ideas and a meeting place for freedom fighters and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathura: स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन का केंद्र बिंदु रहा प्रेम महाविद्यालय, अब बनेगा स्मारक |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/agra/prem-mahavidyalaya-of-vrindavan-will-now-take-the-form-of-a-memorial |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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Prominent figures such as [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[C. F. Andrews]], and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited the college, leaving their remarks in its visitor book. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] spent a day there on 19 April 1915, recording his admiration for Singh's dedication to the national cause. Singh was influenced by the ideas of [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Maharaja of Baroda]], and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], and actively supported the [[Swadeshi movement]] and opposed [[untouchability]].<ref name="u2532">{{cite web |last=Today |first=Vrindavan |date=15 August 2021 |title=Independence-Day Special: The story of Vrindavan's Prem Mahavidyalaya, Raja Mahendra Pratap and India's freedom struggle |url=https://vrindavantoday.in/independence-day-special-the-story-of-vrindavans-prem-mahavidyalaya-raja-mahendra-pratap-and-indias-freedom-struggle/ |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Vrindavan Today}}</ref><br />
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In 1914, Singh left Prem Mahavidyalaya to seek international backing for India's independence, publishing the periodical ''Nirbal Sevak''<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2021 |title=A Raja that time forgot, but politics will not |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-raja-that-time-forgot-but-politics-will-not-7518210/ |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> from [[Dehradun]] and travelling through [[Germany]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]], [[Turkey]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Russia]], and [[Japan]] to advocate for the Indian independence movement before returning to India in 1946.<ref name="u2532"/><br />
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During [[World War I]], Singh became involved in international [[anti-colonial]] activism. In 1914–1915, he travelled to Europe and Asia to seek support for India's independence from the [[British Raj]].<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><br />
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=== Provisional government of India ===<br />
{{Main|Provisional Government of India}}<br />
[[File:Indian,German and Turkish delegates of Niedermayer Mission.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mahendra Pratap (centre), President of the [[Provisional Government of India]], at the head of [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition|the mission]] with the German and Turkish delegates in Kabul, 1915. Seated to his right is [[Werner Otto von Hentig]].]]<br />
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On 1 December 1915, in [[Gardens of Babur|Bagh-e Babur]], [[Kabul]], Singh established the [[Provisional Government of India|provisional government of India]], a government-in-[[exile]] intended to secure international assistance against British rule.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} Singh served as president, while [[Maulana Barkatullah]] as prime minister in the provisional government of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=क्रांतिकारी जो अंग्रेजों पर पड़ा भारी, जिसने काबुल में बनाई भारत की निर्वासित सरकार |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/dna-analysis-raja-mahendra-pratap-singh-aligarh-muslim-university-connection-exile-govt-in-afghanistan/982346 |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Zee-Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> The government operated from Afghanistan and sought diplomatic and military support, though it did not gain official recognition from the Afghan ruler. This initiative is considered one of the earliest attempts by Indians to assert [[sovereignty]] outside the subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=यूपी चुनाव: जाट वोटबैंक को रिझाने पर BJP का ध्यान! अलीगढ़ में PM ने राजा महेंद्र प्रताप सिंह विवि की रखी आधारशिला |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/raja-mahendra-pratap-singh-was-the-president-of-indias-first-government-in-exile-in-afghanistan-pm-laid-the-foundation-stone-of-the-university/1822408/ |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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Following the Kabul mission, Singh spent several decades abroad, engaging in diplomatic and activist work across Europe and Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2025 |title=भारत का वो स्वतंत्रता सेनानी जिसे जर्मनी, रूस और अफगानिस्तान से मिला था समर्थन |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/national/independence-day-2025-raja-mahendra-pratap-indian-freedom-fighter-supported-by-afghanistan-russia-germany/2872134 |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> He met various leaders, including Kaiser [[Wilhelm II]] in Germany and [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] leaders in Russia.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Prabhash K. |date=14 September 2021 |title=Raja Mahendra Pratap: The Jat hero behind PM Modi's university move |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/raja-mahendra-pratap-jat-hero-behind-pm-modi-university-move-1852604-2021-09-14 |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Singh's efforts in establishing the provisional government of India in Kabul (1915) received recognition from various leaders in the Indian independence movement. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] acknowledged Singh's contributions in a series of letters exchanged between them. Gandhi stated that Singh held a "special place" in his regard from 1915 and noted that he had been aware of the Hindu Jat leader since his time in [[South Africa]]. In his correspondence, Gandhi described Singh's dedication and patriotism as commendable.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2024 |title=Raja Mahendra Pratap: A Complex Relationship with Gandhi |url=https://dnn24.com/raja-mahendra-pratap-a-complex-relationship-with-mahatma-gandhi |access-date=9 October 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Nomination for Nobel peace prize ===<br />
In 1929, Singh founded the World Federation, a platform promoting international cooperation, peace, and anti-imperial advocacy. In 1929, Singh donated 3.05 acres of land to [[Aligarh Muslim University]] for its expansion and development.<ref name="o37922">{{cite web |date=10 September 2021 |title=जहां राजा महेंद्र का बचपन बीता वहां से ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट: वृंदावन में बनाया था एशिया का पहला पॉलिटेक्निक कॉलेज, यमुना किनारे बनी है राजा की समाधि; लेकिन अब खंडहर हो गया निवास स्थान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/news/asias-first-polytechnic-college-was-built-in-vrindavan-the-samadhi-of-king-mahendra-pratap-is-built-on-the-banks-of-yamuna-128909737.html |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |quote=राजा महेंद्र प्रताप ने 1929 में अलीगढ़ में मोम्मडन एंग्लो ओरियंटल कॉलेज (वर्तमान में अलीगढ़ मुस्लिम यूनिवर्सिटी) की स्थापना के लिए अपनी 3.05 एकड़ जमीन 2 रुपए सालाना पट्टे पर दी थी}}</ref> In 1932, he was nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] by Swedish activist N. A. Nilsson for his contributions to international dialogue and anti-colonial activism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehlin |first=Hans |date=21 May 2024 |title=Nomination for Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=6519 |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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During [[World War II]], in 1940, Singh established the executive board of India in Tokyo, Japan. The organisation aimed to unite Indian nationalists abroad and coordinate efforts to secure support from the Axis powers for India's independence.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
=== Indian politics ===<br />
After more than three decades abroad, Singh returned to India in 1946, shortly before independence. In the [[1957 Indian general election]]s, he was elected as an independent [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]] from [[Mathura]], in the [[Lok Sabha]], defeating [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2018 |title=Despite humiliating defeat from Mathura in 1957, Vajpayee always had great love and affection for its people |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/despite-humiliating-defeat-from-mathura-in-1957-vajpayee-always-had-great-love-and-affection-for-its-people/articleshow/65430194.cms |access-date=9 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2022 |title=जब मंच से अपने विरोधी के लिए वोट मांगने लगे थे अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी; पढ़ें दिलचस्प किस्सा |url=https://www.jansatta.com/lifestyle/atal-bihari-vajpayee-started-asking-for-votes-for-his-opponent-raja-mahendra-pratap-singh-in-1957-election/2022804/ |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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On 22 November 1957, Singh moved a bill in [[Lok Sabha]] to recognise the service of people like, [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]], and [[Bhupendranath Datta]]. The bill was defeated, with 48 votes favouring it, and 75 against it. He, along with other members walked out of the [[Lok Sabha]] saying "I hope every Bengali and every [[Marathi people|Maratha]] will also walk out".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2023 |title=Divided over Savarkar: Once upon a time, CPI MPs, Feroze Gandhi spoke up for him |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/savarkar-row-cpi-mp-feroze-gandhi-spoke-up-for-him-8532389/ |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gandhi |first1=Feroze |last2=Gopalan |first2=Ayillath Kuttieri |last3=Pai |first3=Bapu Nath |last4=Tyagi |first4=Mahavir |last5=Chaudhuri |first5=Tridib |last6=Datar |first6=Balwantrao Nageshrao |last7=Tahir |first7=Mohammad |last8=Sen |first8=Ashok Kumar |last9=Narasimhan |first9=C. R. |last10=Singh (Patiala) |first10=Hukum |last11=Pratap |first11=Mahendra |date=18 July 2022 |title=Recognition (of Services to the country) Bill |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/898871 |website=Lok Sabha Digital Library}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Electoral history ==<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]]}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Raja Mahendra Pratap <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4112-general-election-1957-vol-i-ii/|title=General Election, 1957 (Vol I, II)|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=साहिल |first1=अफ़रोज़ आलम |title=बीजेपी को जिन राजा महेंद्र प्रताप पर प्यार आ रहा है, उन्होंने वाजपेयी को हराया था |url=https://hindi.theprint.in/opinion/new-love-bjp-raja-mahandra-pratap-singh-had-defeated-vajpayee/87987/ |access-date=8 September 2021 |work=ThePrint Hindi |date=1 October 2019}}</ref>|votes=95,202|percentage=40.68|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Chaudhary Digambar Singh]]|votes=69,209|percentage=29.57|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Pooran|votes=29,177|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh|candidate=[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]|votes=23,620|percentage=10.09|change=}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Singh was known for establishing the provisional government of India in Kabul in 1915, which aimed to secure international support for India's independence.<ref name=":2" /> Beyond his political activities, he promoted education by founding schools and colleges such as ''Prem Mahavidyalaya'', supporting technical and vocational training, and donating land for educational purposes for [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Stolte |first=Carolien |date=2012 |title='Enough of the Great Napoleons!' Raja Mahendra Pratap's Pan-Asian projects (1929–1939) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/enough-of-the-great-napoleons-raja-mahendra-prataps-panasian-projects-19291939/8719FBC8C1F04C2AE00953C77D039E3B?utm_source=chatgpt.com |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=403–423 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X11000813 |issn=1469-8099|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}<br />
<br />
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the foundation stone laying ceremony of Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh State University, in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh on September 14, 2021.jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister, Shri [[Narendra Modi]] at the foundation stone laying ceremony of [[Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh University]] with Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]]]]<br />
<br />
He was a prolific writer and thinker, advocating social harmony through his ethical-spiritual concept of "''Prem-Dharam''".<ref name=":1" /> In recognition of his contributions, the [[Government of India]] issued a commemorative postage stamp in 1979. His legacy is further honoured through the Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh University, established in 2021 in [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh]], which serves as a state university and affiliates colleges in the region.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=8 September 2021 |title=PM Narendra Modi to lay foundation of UP university named after Jat icon Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/pm-narendra-modi-to-lay-foundation-of-up-university-named-after-jat-icon-raja-mahendra-pratap-singh/articleshow/86025912.cms |access-date=10 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* The Kaiser's Mission to Kabul A Secret Expedition to Afghanistan in World War I by Jules Stewart, I. B. Taurus 2014 {{ISBN|978 178076 875 5}}<br />
* Dr. Vir Singh (2004), My Life History: 1886–1979, Raja Mahendra Pratap, {{ISBN|81-88629-24-3}}<br />
* "Mahendra Pratap (Raja)" in ''Dictionary of National Biography'', 1974, Vol. III, pp10–11<br />
* ''Les origines intellectuelles du mouvement d'indépendance de l'Inde (1893–1918)'' by Prithwindra Mukherjee, Paris, 1986 (PhD Thesis)<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* https://www.rajamahendrapratap.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511163124/https://www.rajamahendrapratap.com/ |date=11 May 2019 }}<br />
* https://web.archive.org/web/20040910013359/http://www.punjabiamericanheritagesociety.com/paf/paf2000/ghadar_ki_goonj.html<br />
* http://www.punjabilok.com/misc/freedom/history_of_the_ghadar_movement8.htm<br />
* [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/mahendra-pratap Mahendra Pratap materials at the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]<br />
* http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/508/2/02_introudction.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201024048/http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/508/2/02_introudction.pdf |date=1 December 2021 }}<br />
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{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratap Singh, Mahendra}}<br />
[[Category:1886 births]]<br />
[[Category:1979 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hathras district]]<br />
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mathura district]]<br />
[[Category:Social reformers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian royalty]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Su_From_So&diff=537692Su From So2026-04-23T18:36:09Z<p>DonteOnslow6: created the pg v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2025 Kannada film directed by J. P. Thuminad}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{infobox film<br />
| name = Su From So<br />
| image = Su From So.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[J. P. Thuminad]]<br />
| producer = Shashidhar Shetty Baroda<br>Ravi Rai Kalasa<br>[[Raj B. Shetty]]<br />
| writer = [[J. P. Thuminad]]<br />
| starring = Shaneel Gautham<br>J. P. Thuminad<br>Sandhya Arakere<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br>Sumedh K.<br>'''Score:'''<br>Sandeep Thulasidas<br />
| editing = Nithin Shetty<br />
| cinematography = S. Chandrasekaran<br />
| studio = [[Raj B. Shetty|Lighter Buddha Films]]<br />
| released = {{film date|2025|7|25|df=yes}}<br />
| language = [[Kannada]]<br />
| budget = {{INR}}5.50 crore{{Efn|Producers clarified the film was made on a production budget of ₹4.50 crores<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-08-07 |title=Raj B Shetty clarifies on speculations about Su From So budget |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/07/raj-b-shetty-clarifies-on-speculations-about-su-from-so-budget |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> which increased to ₹5.50 crores including promotion expenses<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/su-from-so-raj-b-shetty-sets-the-record-straight-on-the-budget-of-his-hit-film-ottplay-101754651750945.html|title=Su From So: Raj B Shetty sets the record straight on the budget of his hit film|date=8 August 2025|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> amidst trade speculated figure of ₹4 crores<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Vinay |date=2025-08-07 |title= Su From So: Made On Rs 4 Crore Budget, How This Kannada Horror-Comedy Became Box Office Phenomenon | url= https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/su-from-so-made-on-rs-4-crore-budget-how-this-kannada-horror-comedy-became-box-office-phenomenon-article-152423962/amp |access-date=2025-08-07 |website= Times now news |language=en}}</ref> to ₹6 crores.<ref name=:"50"/>}}<br />
| gross = {{INR|125}}<br />
crore<ref name=":125"/><br />
| runtime = 135 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2025 |title=''Su From So'' [M] |url=https://www.classification.gov.au/titles/su-so |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=[[Australian Classification Board]]}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
}}<br />
'''''Su From So''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]] language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[J. P. Thuminad]] in his directorial debut and is produced by Shashidhar Shetty Baroda, Ravi Rai Kalasa, and [[Raj B. Shetty]] under Lighter Buddha Films. It stars Shaneel Gautham, [[J. P. Thuminad]], [[Sandhya Arakere]], [[Prakash Thuminad]], Deepak Rai Panaje, Mime Ramdas and Raj B. Shetty.<ref name="h">{{Cite web |last=M. V. |first=Vivek |date=2025-07-28 |title='Su From So': How an unheralded Kannada film broke marketing norms to set box office records |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/su-from-so-kannada-movie-box-office-records-raj-b-shetty-jp-thuminad-break-marketing-norms/article69862850.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Set in the coastal village of Marlur linked to [[Someshwar Beach|Someshwara]], the story follows Ashoka, a carefree young man whose innocent crush spirals into rumours of possession by a ghost named Sulochana, upending village life through a cascade of comedic supernatural events.<br />
<br />
The film was released theatrically on 25 July 2025. Upon release, it received overwhelmingly positive reviews and became a commercial success. It also became [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|7th highest-grossing Kannada film of all time]] and [[List of Kannada films of 2025|the second highest-grossing Kannada film of the year]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Su from So OTT release: When and where to watch the Kannada horror comedy | work=The Economic Times | date=6 September 2025 | url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/su-from-so-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-the-kannada-horror-comedy/articleshow/123730102.cms}}</ref> The film was credited with bringing back large footfalls in [[Kannada cinema]] after ''[[Raajakumara (film)|Raajakumara]]'' (2017),<ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/su-from-so-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-the-kannada-horror-comedy-film-photo-gallery-13482907-2.html</ref> ''[[KGF (film series)|KGF Series]]'' (2018–2022), ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]'' (2022) and ''[[777 Charlie]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web | title=Ajay Devgn In Talks With 'Su From So' Director JP Thuminad For a Horror-Comedy | url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/ajay-devgn-in-talks-with-su-from-so-director-jp-tuminadu-for-a-horro-comedy/amp | access-date=2025-08-29 | website=www.hollywoodreporterindia.com | date=August 2025 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> ''[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' rated it one of the best Indian films of 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 15 Best Indian Films of 2025 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/columns/the-15-best-indian-films-of-2025-lokah-kantara-chapter-1-saiyaara-and-more |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |access-date=3 January 2026 |language=en |date=3 January 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Ashoka, a young painter in the village Maruluru, develops a crush on a woman. One night, while returning from a party, a drunk Ashoka peeps through the window of her bathroom. To escape, he acts like he is possessed by a ghost. From the next day, he finds himself at the center of unwanted attention. In an attempt to get rid of the "ghost", a timid priest is called, and Ashoka plays along, saying he is possessed by 'Kalpana', the ghost from the popular horror movie ''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]'' (which itself is a remake of the 2011 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]''). In the chaos, people mishear it as Sulochana.<br />
<br />
A famous priest, Karunakar Guruji, is called to get rid of the "spirit", and he then concludes that Ashoka is indeed possessed by a spirit named 'Sulochana', hailing from the neighbouring town 'Someshwara'. Bizarre rituals are performed to exorcise the spirit from Ashoka's body in vain, as he inadvertently causes people to think that he is still possessed. As a last resort, the villagers go to Someshwara to find Sulochana, where they find a woman, Bhanu, whose mother, Sulochana, died not long ago. She is coincidentally the first prospective bride whom Ravi "Anna", a popular man in the village, had visited and rejected years ago, and, as fate has it, both are still unmarried.<br />
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Bhanu then regularly visits Ashoka's village to talk to her mother via Ashoka, to persuade her to leave his body, and he gradually learns of Bhanu's struggles, her uncle's harassment and his sexual advances towards her. To put an end to all of this, Ashoka dresses up to resemble Sulochana, goes to Someshwara, and beats up Bhanu's uncle. A fight then ensues between the villages, and Ravi Anna and the other villagers decide to end it by bringing Bhanu to Maruluru permanently. Ashoka, still pretending to be possessed, says that Bhanu must marry one of the men of Maruluru, and Ravi Anna, who developed feelings towards Bhanu during this time, agrees.<br />
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Ashoka then returns to normal, bringing an end to the pretentious act, while Bhanu and Ravi marry.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* Shaneel Gautham as Ravi "Anna"<br />
* [[J. P. Thuminad]] as Ashoka<br />
* [[Sandhya Arakere]] as Bhaanu<br />
* [[Prakash Thuminad]] as Chandra<br />
* Deepak Rai Panaje as Sathisha<br />
* Mime Ramdas as Yadhu<br />
* [[Raj B. Shetty]] as Karunakar "Guruji"<ref>{{Cite web | title=Was Raj B Shetty's Su from So's role as Karunakar guruji more matchmaker than exorcist? | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/was-raj-b-shettys-su-from-sos-role-as-karunakar-guruji-more-matchmaker-than-exorcist/a29d3bb636929 | access-date=2025-08-29 | website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref><br />
* Pushparaj Bolar as Bhaava<br />
* Mamtha Shetty as Mala, Chandra’s wife<br />
* Manish Shetty as Guruji's assistant <br />
* Prakruthi Amin as Appi, Ashoka's sister<br />
* Tanishka Shetty as Chaithra, Ashoka’s love-interest <br />
* Shiva Alike as Daamu<br />
* Arjun Kaje as Prasada, Ashoka’s friend<br />
* Utsav Vamanjoor as Chethu, Ashoka’s friend<br />
* Vijayalakshmi B Rai as Sulochana, Bhaanu’s dead mother<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film marks the directorial debut of JP Thuminad, known for his appearance in the Kannada film ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello: Side B|Sapta Sagaradaache Ello – Side B.]]'' He played Deepak, the husband of Priya, acted by [[Rukmini Vasanth]] in the film''.'' He has worked as an assistant and behind the scenes in several Kannada films. Also known for his works in tulu theatre, he has also acted in several [[Tulu language|tulu language film]] such as ''Meera, Kattemar, and Katapadi Katappa.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-06-05 |title=Raj B Shetty Interview: The industry needs new faces and voices |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jun/25/raj-b-shetty-interview-the-industry-needs-new-faces-and-voices |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj B Shetty-JP Thuminad's Su from So Malayalam version gets a release date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/raj-b-shetty-jp-thuminads-su-from-so-malayalam-version-gets-a-release-date/f688d500b8494 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The film has been produced by Shashidhar Shetty Baroda, Ravi Rai Kalasa and Raj B Shetty under the banner of Lighter Buddha Films. Set in the coastal Mangaluru–Udupi region of Karnataka, the title refers to ''Sulochana from Someshwar'' with its initialism ''Su from So''. The music was composed by Sumedh K.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponnappa |first=Sanjay |date=2025-07-15 |title=Su From So trailer: Raj B Shetty's supernatural comedy promises a laugh riot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/su-from-so-trailer-released-supernatural-comedy-mangaluru-village-2756213-2025-07-15 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The background score was composed by Sandeep Thulasidas, who is an associate of [[Sushin Shyam]] in several films.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The film's songs were composed by Sumedh K, an independent musician, debuted in the mainstream cinema with this film's soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Su from So (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |access-date=2025-10-10|website=Deezer|date=25 August 2025 |url=<br />
https://www.deezer.com/en/album/810492001}}</ref> The background score was composed by Sandeep Thulasidas. The first single ''Danks Anthem'' was released on 27 June 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-06-28 |title='Danks Anthem' brings the groove in JP Thuminad's directorial debut Su From So |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Jun/28/danks-anthem-brings-the-groove-in-jp-thuminads-directorial-debut-su-from-so |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Danks Anthem<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Raj B. Shetty]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]<br />
| length1 = 3:16<br />
| title2 = Scooter Song<br />
| lyrics2 = Prithvi Anta<br />
| extra2 = Siddhartha Belmannu<br />
| length2 = 3:47<br />
| title3 = Intro Song<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Raj B. Shetty]]<br />
| extra3 = [[Indu Nagaraj]], [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]<br />
| length3 = 3:28<br />
| title4 = Prasada Song (Kalpana song)<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Raj B. Shetty]]<br />
| extra4 = Sumedh K<br />
| length4 = 3:18<br />
| title5 = Hennu Song<br />
| lyrics5 = Prithvi Anta<br />
| extra5 = Chaithra J Achar, Vasuki Vaibhav<br />
| length5 = 1:44<br />
| title6 = Gedde Song<br />
| lyrics6 = Prithvi Anta<br />
| extra6 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Anurag Kulkarni]]<br />
| length6 = 3:02<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
===Theatrical===<br />
''Su From So'' was released theatrically in India on 25 July 2025. The film began with a single premiere in [[Mangaluru]], followed by [[Shivamogga]] and [[Mysuru]], quickly snowballed into 28 preview shows across Karnataka before its theatrical release on 25 July.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-07-28 |title=Su From So rewrites box office rules |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Jul/28/su-from-so-rewrites-box-office-rules |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film's Malayalam dubbed version was released on 1 August 2025.<br />
<br />
===Distribution===<br />
The film was distributed in North India by [[AA Films]]. Its Malayalam dubbed version was released in [[Kerala]] by [[Dulquer Salmaan]]'s Wayfarer Films and Mythri Movie Makers for telugu release. The film was distributed internationally by Phars Films.<ref name="tnie">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-07-28 |title=Su From So rewrites box office rules |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jul/28/kannadanews2025jul28su-from-so-rewrites-box-office-rules |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The post-theatrical streaming rights were acquired by [[JioHotstar]]. The film began streaming there from 9 September 2025. [[Colors Kannada]] has acquired the satellite rights for the film. The film premiered in [[Colors Kannada]] on 12 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web | title=Su from So OTT Release Date: Raj B Shetty's Comedy Drama Streams on JioHotstar Sept 9 &#124; Raj B Shetty's Blockbuster Su from So to Premiere on JioHotstar – Date & Details &#124; when and Where to Watch Su from So Movie Online &#124; JioHotstar OTT Release Update &#124; Su from So Digital Release: Raj B Shetty's Comedy Drama Arrives on OTT Sept 9 &#124; JP Tuminad's Su from So OTT Release Confirmed – Streaming Details Inside – FilmiBeat | date=13 September 2025 | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/su-from-so-ott-release-date-confirmed-raj-b-shettys-blockbuster-comedy-drama-streams-on-jiohotstar-from-september-9-3-5495.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title='Su from So' OTT release: Find where to watch the comedy-drama online | work=The Times of India | date=27 August 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/su-from-so-ott-release-find-where-to-watch-the-comedy-drama-online/articleshow/123407220.cms }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
===Critical reception===<br />
''Su From So'' received highly positive reviews from critics. Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "‘Su From So’, directed by debutant JP Thuminad and backed by actor-director [[Raj B. Shetty|Raj B Shetty]], is helped by witty performances as it becomes a rare horror comedy that seamlessly blends thrills with a pertinent message".<ref>{{Cite web |last=M. V. |first=Vivek |date=2025-07-25 |title='Su From So' movie review: JP Thuminad delivers a refreshing and hilarious horror comedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/su-from-so-movie-review-raj-b-shetty-jp-thuminad-refreshing-hilarious-comedy-kannada-movie/article69854341.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Susmita Sameera of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4/5 and wrote "'Su from So' emerges as a refreshing entertainer that blends laughter, heartfelt moments, gentle romance, and a powerful message — wrapped in a wholesome package for the entire family to enjoy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sameera |first=Susmita |date=2025-07-25 |title=Overloaded with Laughs, Grounded in Meaning |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/su-from-so-overloaded-with-laughs-grounded-in-meaning/movie-review/122900644.cms |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 4/5 and wrote "A must-watch, not just for horror or comedy fans, but for anyone who believes cinema can still surprise, subvert, and stay with you."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-07-25 |title=P Thuminad and Raj B Shetty conjure a spirited riot with a lot of soul |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Jul/26/kannadareview2025jul25su-from-so-movie-review-jp-thuminad-and-raj-b-shetty-conjure-a-spirited-riot-with-a-lot-of-soul |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Pranati A. S. of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 4/5 and wrote "Billed as a horror comedy, the film looks at what real life horror looks like. And notably, it never for a moment gets dull and preachy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pranati |first=A. S. |date=2025-07-25 |title=Brilliantly written caper that wraps hard truths in humour |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/su-from-so-movie-review-brilliantly-written-caper-that-wraps-hard-truths-in-humour-3648572 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Sanjay Ponnappa of ''[[India Today]]'' also gave 4/5 and wrote "Directed by JP Thuminad, this Kannada comedy is a fun ride filled with laughter throughout. The film weaves social drama with comedy and presents a beautiful story."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponnappa |first=Sanjay |date=2025-07-25 |title=A superb natural comedy that doubles up as social drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/su-from-so-movie-review-a-superb-natural-comedy-film-that-blends-well-with-social-drama-2760928-2025-07-25 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Remakes===<br />
Ajay Devgn and NS Rajkumar have, respectively, bagged Hindi and Tamil remake rights for this film.<ref>{{cite web | title=NS Rajkumar bags Tamil remake rights of Su from So | date=18 August 2025 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Aug/18/kannadanews2025aug18ns-rajkumar-bags-tamil-remake-rights-of-su-from-so }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Kannada Hit 'Su from So' Impresses Ajay Devgn; Hindi Remake Buzz Grows | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kannada-blockbuster-su-from-so-wins-over-ajay-devgn-movie-all-set-for-hindi-reboot-3677865 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Box office===<br />
''Su From So'' sold over 3.80 lakh tickets in three days and became the first Kannada film in a long time to secure 72 early morning shows on a Sunday, all running to full houses, also on weekdays.<ref name="tnie" /> The film sold 1.27 lakh tickets on [[BookMyShow]] on its second day and became highest ticket sold film from Kannada cinema in a single day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Su From So Movie review: 5 Highlights that made the film a box office winner |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/su-from-so-movie-5-highlights-that-made-the-film-a-box-office-winner-3652315 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="h" /> The film grossed {{INR|17.30}} crore worldwide in five days.<ref name="hr">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Raj B Shetty on 'Su From So' Surprise Box-Office Success: 'We Need Kannada Films That Will Pull People Into Theatres' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/raj-b-shetty-on-su-from-so-box-office-success-we-need-kannada-films-that-will-pull-people-into-theatres |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter#International editions|The Hollywood Reporter India]]}}</ref> The film grossed {{INR|33{{ndash}}36}} crore in 10 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |date=2025-08-04 |title=Su from So Movie: 10 ದಿನಕ್ಕೆ ರಾಜ್ಯದಲ್ಲೇ 30 ಕೋಟಿ ರೂ ಬಾಚಿದ ಸು ಫ್ರಮ್ ಸೋ {{!}} Udayavani – Latest Kannada News, Udayavani Newspaper |url=https://udayavani.com/cinema/Su-from-So-made-30-crores-in-the-state-in-10-days-20250804T062838637Z?lang=kn |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-08-05 |title=Su From So breaks the star-ticket mould, crosses ₹36 crore gross and 1 million ticket sales on BMS |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Aug/04/kannadanews2025aug04su-from-so-breaks-the-star-ticket-mould-crosses-36-crore-gross-and-1-million-ticket-sales-on-bms |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":ce10">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-08-04 |title=Su From So breaks the star-ticket mould, crosses ₹36 crore gross and 1 million ticket sales on BMS |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/04/su-from-so-breaks-the-star-ticket-mould-crosses-36-crore-gross-and-1-million-ticket-sales-on-bms |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The net collection at the end of two weeks was reported to be {{INR|43}} crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-07 |title=Su From So OTT release: Where to watch Kannada horror comedy movie after its blockbuster theatrical run |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/su-from-so-ott-release-where-to-watch-kannada-horror-comedy-movie-after-its-blockbuster-theatrical-run/articleshow/123163176.cms?_oref=cook&from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It grossed {{INR|50.74}} crore moving towards the end of two weeks in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=Su From So: Made On Rs 4 Crore Budget, How This Kannada Horror-Comedy Became Box Office Phenomenon |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/su-from-so-made-on-rs-4-crore-budget-how-this-kannada-horror-comedy-became-box-office-phenomenon-article-152423962 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The film earned {{INR|2.5}} crore from USA by 5 August 2025.<ref name=":CE50">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-08-05 |title=Su From So to touch Rs 50 crore mark with warm reception overseas |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/05/su-from-so-to-touch-rs-50-crore-mark-with-warm-reception-overseas |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The film crossed {{INR|50}} crore mark at the box-office and became one of the Kannada films to sell more than 1 million tickets on BookMyShow.<ref name=":&quot;50&quot;">{{Cite web |last=Ponnappa |first=Sanjay |date=2025-08-07 |title=Su From So: How a low-budget Kannada film gained nationwide attention |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/su-from-so-how-raj-b-shetty-low-budget-kannada-film-gained-nationwide-attention-2767316-2025-08-07 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Malayalam version grossed {{INR|2.30}} crore in Kerala in six days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |date=2025-08-07 |title=Su From So film: 'Su From So' creates a buzz in Kerala too, massive earnings in 6 days! {{!}} Udayavani – Latest Kannada News, Udayavani Newspaper |url=https://udayavani.com/entertainment/su-from-so-film-su-from-so-creates-a-buzz-in-kerala-too-massive-earnings-in-6-days-20250807T123030764Z?lang=en |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Udayavani |language=en}}</ref> The film collected ₹57 crore worldwide in 15 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Aug 09 2025 |first1=Govindaraj S. Published |last2=Ist |first2=06:10 Am |title=100 ಕೋಟಿ ಕ್ಲಬ್ ಸೇರುವ ಕಡೆಗೆ ಸು ಫ್ರಂ ಸೋ: ತೆಲುಗು-ಮಲಯಾಳಂನಲ್ಲಿ ಬಿಗ್ ಹಿಟ್ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/gallery/sandalwood/raj-b-shettys-su-from-so-towards-joining-the-100-crore-club-gvd-s1w6bcd |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Asianet Suvarna News |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=100 ಕೋಟಿ ಕ್ಲಬ್ ಸೇರುವ ಕಡೆಗೆ ಸು ಫ್ರಂ ಸೋ |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.in/entertainment-news/su-from-so-heads-towards-100-crore-club/articleshow-v5lxcb0 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Asianet News Marathi |language=kn}}</ref> ''[[Sakshi (media group)|Sakshi Post]]'' reported a gross of {{INR|62}} crores.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-04 |title=Su From So Box Office Collection: Kannada Film Soars High; Rs.100 Crores Next? |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/sandalwood/su-so-box-office-collection-kannada-film-soars-high-rs100-crores-next-436621 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=[[Sakshi (media group)|Sakshi Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Mahavatar Narsimha or Su from So: Which is the Highest Grossing Kannada Movie for 2025? | url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/sandalwood/mahavatar-narsimha-or-su-so-which-highest-grossing-kannada-movie-2025-436664 }}</ref> The total collections at the end of 18 days was {{INR|65}} crore.<ref name=":&quot;65&quot;">{{Cite web |last=Jewoor |first=Revan P. |date=12 August 2025 |title=Su From So Movie: ರಿಲೀಸ್ ಆಗಿ 18 ದಿನ! ಸು ಫ್ರಂ ಸೋ ಮ್ಯಾಜಿಕಲ್ ರೇಸ್, 100 ಕೋಟಿ ಪಕ್ಕಾನಾ? |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/su-from-so-movie-box-office-collection-interesting-facts-rvj-dvp-2155955.html|access-date=12 August 2025|website=[[News18 Kannada]]}}</ref> In 19 days, the all-India domestic gross was reported to be {{INR|77.25}} crore including {{INR|4.59}} from the Malayalam version.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannada |first=TV9 |date=2025-08-13 |title='ಸು ಫ್ರಮ್ ಸೋ' ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ವಿದೇಶಿಗರ ಪಾಲೆಷ್ಟು? ಪರಭಾಷೆಯವರು ಕೊಟ್ಟಿದ್ದೆಷ್ಟು? |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/su-from-so-worldwide-collection-su-from-son-indian-gross-and-net-collection-1066265.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref> The total gross was estimated to be around {{INR|86.40}} crore including {{INR|9}} crore from overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannada |first=TV9 |date=2025-08-12 |title='ಸು ಫ್ರಮ್ ಸೋ'ಗೆ 3ನೇ ಸೋಮವಾರವೂ ತಗ್ಗದ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್; 100ರ ಕ್ಲಬ್ ಸೇರಲು ಬೇಕು ಕೆಲವೇ ಕೋಟಿ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/raj-b-shetty-starrer-su-from-so-movie-to-join-100-crore-club-soon-here-is-the-movie-gross-collection-1065834.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref> The film grossed ₹87 crore in 20 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-08-06 |title=Ajay Devgn lauds Raj B Shetty–backed Su From So, calls it a well-crafted film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/12/ajay-devgn-lauds-raj-b-shettybacked-su-from-so-calls-it-a-well-crafted-film |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D |first=Shilpa |date=2025-08-02 |title=ರಾಜ್ ಬಿ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ನಟನೆಯ 'ಸು ಫ್ರಮ್ ಸೋ' ಚಿತ್ರ ಶ್ಲಾಘಿಸಿದ ಅಜಯ್ ದೇವಗನ್ |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2025/Aug/13/ajay-devgn-lauds-raj-b-shettybacked-su-from-so-calls-it-a-well-crafted-film |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Kannada Prabha |language=kn}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The worldwide gross collections including that of the dubbed versions was estimated to be around {{INR|90}} crore within three weeks of release.<ref name=":&quot;90&quot;">{{Cite web |last=Jayaraman |first=NP |date=12 August 2025 |title=Kannada Blockbuster Su From So Wins Over Ajay Devgn movie all set for Hindi reboot? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kannada-blockbuster-su-from-so-wins-over-ajay-devgn-movie-all-set-for-hindi-reboot-3677865 |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.timesnownews.com/entertainment/low-budget-massive-returns-su-from-so-captivates-india-and-crosses-rs-80-crore-worldwide-article-152470197|title=Su From So : ಯಾವುದೇ ಪ್ರಚಾರವಿಲ್ಲ, ಅಬ್ಬರವೂ ಇಲ್ಲ, ಈ ಹಾಸ್ಯಮಯ ಚಿತ್ರದಿಂದ 1400% ಲಾಭ... IMDb ರೇಟಿಂಗ್ ಅದ್ಭುತ|date=15 August 2025|website=Times Now Kannada}}</ref> The film grossed ₹96 crore in 22 days including ₹12 crore from overseas.<ref name=":96">{{Cite web|url=https://udayavani.com/entertainment/su-from-so-races-towards-rs-100-crore-mark-despite-big-releases-20250816T071649933Z?lang=en|title='Su From So' races towards Rs 100 crore mark despite big releases &#124; Udayavani – Latest Kannada News, Udayavani Newspaper|date=16 August 2025|website=Udayavani}}</ref> The film crossed the ₹100 crore mark at the box-office in 23 days of which over ₹70 crore was from Kannada version in Karnataka alone.<ref name=":&quot;100&quot;">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/raj-b-shettys-su-from-so-in-rs-100-cr-club-attains-blockbuster-status/ae7d0d90c3914|title=Raj B Shetty's Su From So in Rs 100 cr club; attains blockbuster status|website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/su-from-so-movie-box-office-collection-crosses-100-crores-amid-coolie-and-war-2-release/articleshow/123347450.cms|title='ಕೂಲಿ' - 'ವಾರ್ 2' ಅಬ್ಬರದ ನಡುವೆಯೂ ಗಟ್ಟಿಯಾಗಿ ನಿಂತ 'ಸು ಫ್ರಮ್ ಸೋ'! ₹100 ಕೋಟಿ ಕ್ಲಬ್ಗೆ ಗ್ರ್ಯಾಂಡ್ ಎಂಟ್ರಿ!|website=Vijay Karnataka}}</ref> The movie grossed ₹105 crore in 24 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/su-from-so-movie-completes-25-days-run-at-box-office-total-collection-crosses-rs-100-cr-1068628.html|title=ಯಶಸ್ವಿಯಾಗಿ 25 ದಿನ ಪೂರೈಸಿದ 'ಸು ಫ್ರಮ್ ಸೋ': ಪರಭಾಷೆ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಎದುರು ಭಾರಿ ಪೈಪೋಟಿ|date=18 August 2025|website=TV9 Kannada}}</ref> The movie grossed ₹8 crores from Gulf countries alone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/26/su-from-so-cast-and-crew-celebrate-films-success-in-dubai|title=Su From So cast and crew celebrate film's success in Dubai|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=9 August 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The worldwide gross at the end of fourth weekend was reported to be ₹115 crore.<ref name=":115">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=18 August 2025 |title=Su From So crosses 100 crores at the box office|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Aug/18/kannadanews2025aug18su-from-so-crosses-100-crores-at-the-box-office |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/news/su-from-so-box-office-hits-a-century-first-kannada-movie-to-achieve-this-feat-since-kantara-10260972|title=Su From So Hits A Century, FIRST Kannada Movie To Achieve This Feat Since Kantara|website=www.thedailyjagran.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Su From So crosses 100 crores at the box office | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/18/su-from-so-crosses-100-crores-at-the-box-office | access-date=2025-08-29 | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=18 August 2025 }}</ref> <br />
<br />
The movie had grossed ₹120 crores at the time of its OTT release<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |date=2025-09-01 |title=Su From So: Unstoppable run enters 38th day! {{!}} Udayavani - Latest English News, Udayavani Newspaper |url=https://udayavani.com/entertainment/su-from-so-unstoppable-run-enters-38th-day-20250901T043327736Z?lang=en |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Udayavani |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-06 |title=Su From So OTT release update: Is JP Thuminad's movie releasing online soon? Where to watch Kannada blockbuster horror comedy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/su-from-so-ott-release-update-is-jp-thuminads-movie-releasing-online-soon-where-to-watch-kannada-blockbuster-horror-comedy/articleshow/123709723.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> - making it one of the most profitable Indian films in recent times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Anjali |date=2025-09-05 |title=Su From So OTT release: When and where to watch the Kannada horror-comedy hit |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/su-from-so-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-the-kannada-horror-comedy-hit-11757053718600.html |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Though the movie was expected to close at ₹120 crores gross,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missed Su From So In Theatres? Catch The Supernatural Comedy On OTT Today |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/missed-su-from-so-in-theatres-catch-the-supernatural-comedy-on-ott-today-aa-9551481.html |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> the movie continued its theatrical run beyond that<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-09-06 |title=Su From So to premiere on OTT: When and where to watch JP Thuminad's hit horror comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Sep/06/su-from-so-to-premiere-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-jp-thuminads-hit-horror-comedy |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=ಒಟಿಟಿಗೆ ಬಂದ್ರೂ ಕಮ್ಮಿಯಾಗದ ʼಸು ಫ್ರಮ್ ಸೋʼ ಹವಾ: 54ನೇ ದಿನವೂ ಲಕ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಗಳಿಕೆ &#124; Udayavani - Latest Kannada News, Udayavani Newspaper | date=17 September 2025 | url=https://udayavani.com/sandalwood-news/Su-From-So-Box-Office-Collection--Day-54-185445?lang=kn }}</ref> taking the worldwide gross theatrical collections to ₹121 crores<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=Su From So OTT release: Raj B Shetty's hit Kannada horror comedy to stream soon; know when and where to watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/su-from-so-ott-release-raj-b-shettys-hit-kannada-horror-comedy-to-stream-soon-on-jiohotstar-101757157428531.html |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Enjoyed Su from So on JioHotstar? Catch more horror-comedies to keep the spooky vibe intact | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/listicle/enjoyed-su-from-so-on-jiohotstar-catch-more-horror-comedies-to-keep-the-spooky-vibe-intact/b4a3e0ac71829 }}</ref> to ₹125 crores.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Su From So OTT release date: When and where to stream JP Thuminad-Raj B Shetty's blockbuster Kannada comedy|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/su-from-so-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-stream-jp-thuminad-raj-b-shettys-blockbuster-kannada-comedy/8f34c8079043|access-date=2025-09-04 | website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref><ref name=":125">{{Cite web | title=Kantara 1 Box Office Collection Day 19: No Signs Of Slowing Down For Rishab Shetty's Film After Crossing Rs 500 Crore|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kantara-1-box-office-collection-day-19-no-signs-of-slowing-down-for-rishab-shettys-film-after-crossing-rs-500-crore-9490234|access-date=2025-10-21 | website=NDTV}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|37629310}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mangalore]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian supernatural films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riopa_vosmaerii&diff=530529Riopa vosmaerii2026-04-16T18:40:25Z<p>DonteOnslow6: made initial info more to come</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Species of lizard}}<br />
{{Speciesbox <br />
| status = DD <br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite iucn|author=[[Chelmala Srinivasulu|Srinivasulu C]], [[Bhargavi Srinivasulu|Srinivasulu B]]|title=''Lygosoma vosmaeri ''|volume=2013|article-number=e.T194122A2301386|date=2013|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T194122A2301386.en|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref><br />
| taxon = Riopa vosmaeri<br />
| authority = ([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1839)<br />
| synonyms = *''Hagria vosmaerii'' <br />{{small|Gray, 1839}}<br />
*''Campsodactylus lamarrei'' <br />{{small|[[André Marie Constant Duméril|A.M.C. Duméril]] & [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], 1839}}<br />
*''Lygosoma vosmaeri'' <br />{{small|— [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1887}}<br />
*''Riopa vosmaeri'' <br />{{small|— [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1935}}<br />
*''Lygosoma vosmaeri'' <br />{{small|— [[Édouard-Raoul Brygoo|Brygoo]], 1985}}<br />
| synonyms_ref =<ref>[[John Edward Gray|Gray JE]] (1839). "Catalogue of the Slender-tongued Saurians, with Descriptions of many new Genera and Species". ''Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist''., [''First Series'' ] '''2''': 287-293, 331-337. (''Hagria vosmaerii'', new species, p. 333).</ref><ref name=RDB/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vosmer's writhing skink''' ('''''Riopa vosmaeri''''') is a [[species]] of [[skink]], a lizard in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Scincidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].<br />
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==Etymology==<br />
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''vosmaeri'', is in honor of Dutch naturalist [[:de:Arnout Vosmaer|Arnout Vosmaer]] (1720–1799).<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Lygosoma vosmaeri'', p. 276).</ref><br />
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==Geographic range and habitat==<br />
''R. vosmaerii'' is found in [[India]].<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Lygosoma|species=vosmaeri|accessdate=25 January 2015}}</ref> Originally it was known only from the [[holotype]]. A second specimen was discovered in 2009 in an open scrub jungle in rocky habitat near Jaggayapet, [[Andhra Pradesh]], some 170 years after the collection of the holotype.<ref name=IUCN/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=[[Midathala Seetharamaraju|Seetharamaraju M]], [[Rachakonda Sreekar|Sreekar R]], Srinivasulu C, Srinivasulu B, Kaur H, Venkateshwarlu P |year=2009 |title=Rediscovery of Vosmer's Writhing Skink ''Lygosoma vosmaerii'' (Gray, 1839) (Reptilia: Scincidae) with a note on its taxonomy |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=1 |issue=12 |pages=624–626 |url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/457|doi=10.11609/JoTT.o2160.624-6|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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==Description==<br />
''R. vosmaerii'' resembles ''[[Lygosoma lineata|L. lineata]]''. However, ''L. vosmaerii'' has five digits on each front foot, where ''R. lineata'' has only four.<ref>[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1935).</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1887). ''Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume III. Lacertidæ, Gerrhosauridæ, Scincidæ, Anelytropidæ, Dibamidæ, Chamæleontidæ.'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 575 pp. + Plates I-XL. (''Lygosoma vosmaeri'', p.&nbsp;315 + Plate XXV, figures 2, 2a, 2b).<br />
*[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1935). ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. II.—Sauria.'' London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 440 pp. + Plate I + 2 maps. (''Riopa vosmaeri'', p.&nbsp;322).<br />
*Vyas, Raju (2002). "Notes on the distribution of ''Lygosoma lineata'' (Gray, 1839) and comments on the systematic status of ''L. vosmaerii'' (Gray, 1839)". ''Hamadryad'' '''26''' (2):360-361. [2001].<br />
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==External links==<br />
*Banglapedia, National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Lizard).<br />
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q3021764}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Riopa]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]<br />
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1839]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]<br />
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]] <!-- Riopa vosmaeri --><br />
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{{Lygosominae-stub}}</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhiloda_Assembly_constituency&diff=491151Bhiloda Assembly constituency2026-04-16T04:32:58Z<p>DonteOnslow6: Creating new stub - done</p>
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<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{expand list|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Bhiloda<br />
| state = Gujarat<br />
| district = [[Aravalli district|Aravalli]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]<br />
| established = 1972<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 30<br />
| mla = [[P. C. Baranda]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:316274}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Bhiloda''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Aravalli district|Aravalli]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. This constituency is one of seven that together make up the [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha constituency]] of the [[Lok Sabha]]. Due to Tribal native called Bhil this Nagar has been named as Bhiloda as per revenue records available.<ref>[http://www.tmbb.in/Bhiloda.aspx Trivedi Mewada Brahman (Barishi) Pragati Singh<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
==Segments==<br />
This assembly seat represents the following segments<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
# Meghraj Taluka<br />
# Bhiloda Taluka (Part) Villages - agheshvari, Virpur, Chorimala, Raisingpur, Kundol (Pal), Bavaliya (Pal), Dhansor, Jhejhudi, Torda, Jayala, Andhariya, Kalyanpur, Bavaliya (Takapur), Indrapura, Kishangadh, Bedasan, Malasa, Malekpur, Ubsal, Bolundra, Vajapur, Siladri, Bhanmer, Rampuri, Ambabar, Pahada, Takatuka, Math Bolundra, Vansli, Vejpur, Ghanti, Jumsar (Chhapra), Jumsar, Munai, Khalvad, Lilchha, Bhiloda, Mankroda, Dholvani, Silasan, Budheli, Dharasan, Patiyakuva, Vasaya, Jambudi, Panch Mahudi, Ode, Bornala, Budharasan, Ajitpura, Abhapur, Meru (Bhetali), Bhutavad, Naranpur, Mau (Navalpur), Sunsar, Desan, Narsoli, Khumapur, Vankaner, Rintoda, Nava Bhetali, Jasvantpura, Hathiya, Dodisara Nana, Dodisara Mota, Chitariya, Sonasan, Kadvath, Ansol, Pahadiya, Odha Pada, Rangpur, Nava Venpur, Dhandhasan, Raypur, Jesingpur, Bhetali, Vasai, Bhatera, Chiboda, Thuravas, Akodiya, Lokhan, Rampur, kheroj, Kaleka, Mandhari, Nandoj, Karanpur, Hardaspur, Dhamboliya, Palla, Dhuleta (Palla), Venpur, Vaktapur, Karchha, Mota Samera, Dahgamda, Ravtavada, Mota Kanthariya, Ramera, Lusadiya, Nana Kanthariya, Nana Samera, Padardi, Shamalaji, Rudardi, Meravada, Gadhiya, Rudral, Kheradi, Vanzar, Chibhadiyata, Janali, Moti Bebar, Napda (Khalsa), Vajapur (Kherancha), Khari, Shamalpur, Bahecharpura, Dolatpur, Rampur (Moti), Sabran, Sarkilimdi, Lakshmanpura, Gali Semro, Vanka Timba, Kagda Mahuda, Vaghpur, Devni Mori, Bhavanpur, Kherancha, Sodpur, Napda (Jagiri), Khiloda, Shobhayada (Jagiri), Vansera, Gadadar, Asal, Khodamba, Kuski, Himatpur, Kundol (Dahgamda), Godh (Kuski), Adhera, Lalpur, Brahmpuri, Vandiyol, Sunokh, Vagodar, Chhapara Kuski, Jaliya<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!Picture<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| rowspan=2| [[Upendra Trivedi]] ||<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|[[Anil Joshiyara]] ||<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br />
| [[Upendra Trivedi]] ||<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br />
| rowspan=4| [[Anil Joshiyara]]<ref name=election2017/> ||rowspan=4|<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
|[[P. C. Baranda]]<br />
|<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===2022===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2022]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[P. C. Baranda]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 90,396<br />
|percentage = 43.62<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajendrakumar Parghi|party=Indian National Congress|votes=42,831|percentage=20.67|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rupsibhai Bhagora|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=61,628|percentage=29.74|change=''New''}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=13.88|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=207,223|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2017===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]: Bhiloda<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Anil Joshiyara]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 95,719<br />
|percentage = 49.26<br />
|change = -5.22<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[P. C. Baranda]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=83,302|percentage=42.87|change=+6.33}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=12,417|percentage=6.39|change=-11.55}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=194,311|percentage=69.26|change=-4.19}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:280546}}<br />
|ref=<ref name=election2017/><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2012===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report On General Election, 2012 To The Legislative Assembly Of Gujarat |date= |publisher=[[Election Commission Of India]] |place=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2013}}</ref><br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anil Joshiyara]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=95,799|percentage=54.48|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nilaben Modiya|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=64,256|percentage=36.54|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=31,543|percentage=17.94|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=175,848|percentage=73.45|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Aravalli district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}<br />
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|23.77|73.25|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Aravalli district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ponda_Assembly_constituency&diff=525843Ponda Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:29:39Z<p>DonteOnslow6: made initial info w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Ponda<br />
| mla = '''Vacant''' <br />
| state = [[Goa]]<br />
| district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]<br />
| established = 1963<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:27927}}<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sec-to-decide-on-roll-for-ccp-polls-ponda-byelection-date-soon-ceo/articleshow/128655331.cms</ref><br />
| party = <br />
| type= SLA <br />
| constituency_no =21<br />
| map_image = File:Ponda constitution.svg<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ponda Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]]. Ponda is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]] <br />
|[[Gajanan Raikar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br />
|[[Shashikala Kakodkar]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br />
|rowspan=2|Rhoidas Naik<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br />
| Aguiar Joildo Souza<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]] <br />
| [[Ravi S. Naik]] <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=3}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]] <br />
| rowspan=2 |Shivdas Verekar <br />
|-<br />
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]] <br />
| rowspan=3|Ravi S. Naik<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]] <br />
| [[Lavoo Mamledar]] <br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}" |<br />
| [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br />
| rowspan="2" |Ravi S. Naik<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name=results2022/><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2027===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[Next Goa Legislative Assembly election|2027 Goa Legislative Assembly Election]]: [[Ponda]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=BJP|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = <br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2022===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Ponda<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravi Naik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,514 |percentage=29.08% |change={{increase}}3.21 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ketan Prabhu Bhatikar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=7,437 |percentage=28.78% |change={{increase}}13.65 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Verenkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,839 |percentage=26.46% |change={{decrease}}11.40 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanish Tilve |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=1,770 |percentage=6.85% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Sinai Khandeparkar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,237 |percentage=4.79% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surel Tilve |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=620 |percentage=2.40% |change={{increase}}0.32 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=292 |percentage=1.13% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=77 |percentage=0.30% |change= {{decrease}}11.70 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,842 |percentage=79.32% |change= {{decrease}}1.74 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,160 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.21 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.79 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2017===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Ponda<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravi Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,502 |percentage=37.86% |change={{decrease}}2.90 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Desai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,492 |percentage=25.87% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Verekar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,529 |percentage=18.05% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lavoo Mamledar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,796 |percentage=15.13% |change={{decrease}}39.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mulla Mansur Muzawar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=522 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=254 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,010 |percentage=11.99% |change= {{decrease}}1.74 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,095 |percentage=82.10% |change= {{increase}}0.84 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,568 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.90 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.63 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2012===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Ponda<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lavoo Mamledar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=12,662 |percentage=54.50% |change={{increase}}20.70 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravi Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,472 |percentage=40.77% |change={{increase}}0.24 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sayad Imtiyaz |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=502 |percentage=2.16% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gitesh Gokuldas Naik |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=223 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Govind Naik |party=Independent politician |votes=189 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,190 |percentage=13.73% |change= {{increase}}7.00 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,234 |percentage=81.24% |change= {{increase}}14.87 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,594 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}22.86 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.97 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2007===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Ponda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravi Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,972 |percentage=40.53% |change={{decrease}}9.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mamledar Lavoo |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=8,316 |percentage=33.80% |change={{increase}}32.63 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khandeparkar Sandeep |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,940 |percentage=24.14% |change={{decrease}}19.84 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dias Santan |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=329 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,656 |percentage=6.73% |change= {{increase}}0.57 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,606 |percentage=66.25% |change= {{decrease}}1.32 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,068 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.11 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.62 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2002===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Ponda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravi Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,745 |percentage=50.14% |change={{increase}}1.56 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Shripad Yasso |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,425 |percentage=43.98% |change={{increase}}16.38 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Rohidas Harischandra |party=Shiv Sena |votes=611 |percentage=2.85% |change={{increase}}2.01 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Deelipkumar Vishwanath |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=251 |percentage=1.17% |change={{decrease}}13.92 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,320 |percentage=6.16% |change= {{decrease}}14.81 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,428 |percentage=67.51% |change= {{increase}}0.72 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,651 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.17 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.56 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1999===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Ponda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravi Naik]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,349 |percentage=48.58% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khedekar Yeshwant Uttam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,313 |percentage=27.61% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shet Verekar Shivadas Atmaram |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,905 |percentage=15.10% |change={{decrease}}26.53 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aguiar Joildo Joao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,063 |percentage=5.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Ankush Babuli |party=Shiv Sena |votes=162 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sitaram Balkrishna Kamat |party=Independent politician |votes=149 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,036 |percentage=20.97% |change= {{increase}}9.09 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,244 |percentage=66.79% |change= {{increase}}1.12 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,730 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.65 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}6.95 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1994===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Ponda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shivdas Verekar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,931 |percentage=41.63% |change={{decrease}}0.84 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aguiar Joild Joao |party=Independent politician |votes=4,953 |percentage=29.75% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= [[Sulochana Ramakant Katkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,751 |percentage=22.53% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilve Umesh Pandurang |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=339 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Prakash Vishnu |party=Independent politician |votes=257 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,978 |percentage=11.88% |change= {{decrease}}1.42 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,649 |percentage=64.70% |change= {{decrease}}2.08 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,279 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.41 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.84 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1989===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Ponda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shivdas Verekar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,212 |percentage=42.47% |change={{decrease}}2.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Mohan Govind |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,267 |percentage=29.17% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sahakari Madhav Atmaram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,022 |percentage=13.82% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunal Narayan Desai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=573 |percentage=3.92% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khanolkar Mahadev Satchit |party=Independent politician |votes=484 |percentage=3.31% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mulla Zahirluddin Mirza |party=Independent politician |votes=282 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkar Prakash Shanu |party=Independent politician |votes=239 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,945 |percentage=13.30% |change= {{decrease}}2.66 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,628 |percentage=66.59% |change= {{decrease}}9.05 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,530 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.90 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.48 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1984===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Ponda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravi Naik]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=7,384 |percentage=44.95% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Gaunekar Anil Norsu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,762 |percentage=28.99% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabu Ramchandra Tukaram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,655 |percentage=16.16% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fonseca Anthonyu Joseph |party=Independent politician |votes=666 |percentage=4.55% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Korde Madhav Shivram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=282 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamat Ravindra Pandurang |party=Independent politician |votes=111 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,622 |percentage=15.96% |change= {{increase}}11.15 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,428 |percentage=74.98% |change= {{increase}}4.04 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,338 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.34 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}1.69 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1980===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Ponda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Aguiar Joildo Souza]] |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=6,700 |percentage=46.63% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravi Naik]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,009 |percentage=41.83% |change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sinai Usgaonkar Attchut Kashiram |party=Independent politician |votes=618 |percentage=4.30% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chari Ramesh Govind |party=Janata Party |votes=496 |percentage=3.45% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khandekar Shankar Krishna |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=202 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=691 |percentage=4.81% |change= {{increase}}1.80 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,367 |percentage=71.21% |change= {{increase}}2.01 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,695 |ref = |change= {{increase}}34.51 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}0.91 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1977===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Ponda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rhoidas Naik]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,749 |percentage=45.72% |change={{decrease}}11.57 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aguiar Joildo Souza |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,436 |percentage=42.71% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gajanan Raikar]] |party=Janata Party |votes=952 |percentage=9.17% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shinkre Janaradan Jagannath |party=Independent politician |votes=134 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=313 |percentage=3.01% |change= {{decrease}}32.89 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,387 |percentage=70.15% |change= {{decrease}}3.76 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,642 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.54 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.57 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1972===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Ponda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rhoidas Naik]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,052 |percentage=57.29% |change={{decrease}}17.18 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishwanath Yeshwant Naik |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,259 |percentage=21.38% |change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R Yeshvanta Laximan Pai |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=1,152 |percentage=10.90% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghanekar J Hira Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=784 |percentage=7.42% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Savant Guiri Venctesh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=107 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sincre Jaganath |party=Independent politician |votes=26 |percentage=0.25% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,793 |percentage=35.90% |change= {{decrease}}22.23 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,564 |percentage=73.40% |change= {{increase}}4.20 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,141 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.93 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}17.18 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1967===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Ponda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shashikala Kakodkar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=7,144 |percentage=74.47% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Dattatray |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=1,567 |percentage=16.33% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. D. Purushotam |party=Independent politician |votes=266 |percentage=2.77% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. G. Gopinath |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=152 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. G. B. Jotkar |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. M. Pudmhanabha |party=Independent politician |votes=63 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,577 |percentage=58.14% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,593 |percentage=68.49% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,606 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[North Goa district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{reflist|group=n}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}} <br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|15.4|74.01|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:North Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]<br />
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roorkee_Assembly_constituency&diff=530888Roorkee Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:27:22Z<p>DonteOnslow6: made a entry nd citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Roorkee<br />
| state = Uttarakhand<br />
| latest_election_year = 2022<br />
| district = [[Haridwar]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| established = 1962<br />
| mla = [[Pradip Batra]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:121468}}<ref name="ceouk">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf |title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Election - 2022 - AC wise Voter Turnout |website=ceo.uk.gov.in |date=1 March 2022 |accessdate=8 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301040631/https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf}}</ref>{{update after|2027|03}}<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]<br />
| constituency_no = 31<br />
| map_image = Roorkee Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
}}<br />
'''Roorkee Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=CEO Uttaranchal - Assembly Constitution Detail |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=CEO Uttaranchal - Assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It includes [[Roorkee]] area.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Roorkee Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/Constituencies_Division_Wise-1.pdf |title=Uttarakhand Assembly constituencies |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> The constituency also covers 24 wards of the [[Roorkee Municipal Corporation]] and the [[Roorkee Cantonment]] area.<br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election!!Name!!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| rowspan=3|Jagdish Narayan Sinha<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br />
| rowspan=2|Rao Mushtaq Ali<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| Ram Singh<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| [[Muhammad Muhiuddin]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
| Ram Singh Saini <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
| rowspan=2|Prithvi Singh<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
| Ram Singh Saini<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|<small>''Major boundary changes''</small><br />
|-<br />
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Suresh Chand Jain]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|<small>''Major boundary changes''</small><br />
|-<br />
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br />
| rowspan=3|[[Pradip Batra]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===Assembly Election 2022 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Roorkee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pradip Batra]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,986 |percentage=48.21% |change={{decrease}}6.95 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yashpal Rana|party=Indian National Congress|votes=34,709|percentage=45.24%|change={{increase}}7.38}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tanveer Ahmed|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,932|percentage=3.81%|change={{decrease}}0.66}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Naresh Kumar (Prince)|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=753|percentage=0.98%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nitin Sharma|party=Independent politician|votes=742|percentage=0.97%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=302|percentage=0.39%|change={{decrease}}0.02}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,277 |percentage=2.97% |change= {{decrease}}14.33 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=76,714|percentage=63.05%|change={{decrease}}1.01}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,681 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.49 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.95 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2017 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Roorkee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pradip Batra]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=40,000 |percentage=55.16% |change={{increase}}18.72 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Chand Jain]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,458 |percentage=37.87% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Subhag Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,239 |percentage=4.47% |change={{decrease}}11.46 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunita Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=918 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=303 |percentage=0.42% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,542 |percentage=17.30% |change= {{increase}}15.99 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,512 |percentage=64.05% |change= {{increase}}0.28 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,205 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.63 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}17.42 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2012 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Roorkee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pradip Batra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,164 |percentage=37.74% |change={{increase}}5.61 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Chand Jain]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,363 |percentage=36.44% |change={{decrease}}5.38 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nayyer Azam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,772 |percentage=15.92% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manohar Lal Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=3,228 |percentage=5.26% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Bhushan Kalra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,200 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Rohela Advocate |party=Independent politician |votes=855 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=801 |percentage=1.31% |change= {{decrease}}8.37 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,372 |percentage=63.77% |change= {{increase}}5.99 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,239 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.07 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2007 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Roorkee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Chand Jain]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,136 |percentage=41.82% |change={{increase}}7.63 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Furqan Ahmad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,855 |percentage=32.14% |change={{increase}}5.80 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh Saini |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=10,419 |percentage=16.06% |change={{decrease}}0.93 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=2,967 |percentage=4.57% |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Saini |party=Independent politician |votes=1,336 |percentage=2.06% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=904 |percentage=1.39% |change={{decrease}}6.70 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,281 |percentage=9.68% |change= {{increase}}1.83 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,892 |percentage=57.79% |change= {{increase}}7.29 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,12,305 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.63 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2002 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Roorkee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suresh Chand Jain]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,338 |percentage=34.19% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manohar Lal Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,587 |percentage=26.34% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piyush |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,116 |percentage=16.98% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar Saini |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=3,870 |percentage=8.10% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=2,259 |percentage=4.73% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravindra Kumar |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=1,276 |percentage=2.67% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Singh |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=947 |percentage=1.98% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazim |party=Independent politician |votes=587 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fakre Alam |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=556 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Afzal |party=Janata Party |votes=466 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=363 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,751 |percentage=7.85% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,790 |percentage=50.54% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,641 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}<br />
{{coord|29.86|77.89|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Haridwar]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:Haridwar district]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satyavedu_Assembly_constituency&diff=533596Satyavedu Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:26:02Z<p>DonteOnslow6: created first stub first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Satyavedu<br />
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (169-Sathyavedu highlighted).png<br />
| map_caption = Location of Satyavedu Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh<br />
| mla = [[Koneti Adimulam]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| electors = 202,771<br />
| established = 1962<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 169<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Satyavedu Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is reserved for Scheduled Caste community members.<br />
<br />
[[Koneti Adimulam]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 202,771 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1962, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1962)''.<br />
<br />
== Mandals ==<br />
{{srn}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
!Mandal<br />
|-<br />
| [[Buchinaidu Kandriga mandal|Buchinaidu Kandriga]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[K. V. B. Puram mandal|K.V.B.Puram]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nagalapuram mandal|Nagalapuram]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Narayanavanam mandal|Narayanavanam]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pichatur mandal|Pichatur]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Satyavedu mandal|Satyavedu]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Varadaiahpalem mandal|Varadaiahpalem]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Political party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| [[Tambura Balakrushniah]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| [[K. Munaswamy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |[[C. Doss]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
| [[Manohar Talari]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| [[Emsurajan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
| C. Doss<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
| Emsurajan<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
| [[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
| [[K. Narayana Swamy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
| [[H. Hemalatha]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
| [[Talari Aditya Tarachandrakanth]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
| rowspan=2 |[[Koneti Adimulam]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Satyavedu}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[K. Narayana Swamy]]<br />
|votes = 68,323<br />
|percentage = 62.94<br />
|change = +16.82<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]<br />
|votes = 36,831<br />
|percentage = 33.93<br />
|change = -18.58<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 31,492<br />
|percentage = 29.01<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 108,557<br />
|percentage = 72.94<br />
|change = +5.43<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Satyavedu}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[H Hemalatha]]<br />
|votes = 65,471<br />
|percentage = 46.05<br />
|change = +12.12<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[K. Narayana Swamy]]<br />
|votes = 55,780<br />
|percentage = 39.23<br />
|change = -23.71<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Praja Rajyam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Sankala Subbaiah]]<br />
|votes = 13,823<br />
|percentage = 9.72<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 9,691<br />
|percentage = 6.82<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 142,184<br />
|percentage = 79.94<br />
|change = +7.00<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Satyavedu}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Talari Aditya Tarachandrakanth]]<br />
|votes = 77,655<br />
|percentage = 48.22<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Koneti Adimulam]] <br />
|votes = 73,428<br />
|percentage = 45.60<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 4,227<br />
|percentage = 2.62<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 161,036<br />
|percentage = 83.15<br />
|change = +3.21<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathyavedu}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Koneti Adimulam]]<br />
|votes = 103,941<br />
|percentage = 59.02<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = Jadda Rajasekhar<br />
|votes = 59,197<br />
|percentage = 33.61<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = S. Venkataiah<br />
|votes = 1610<br />
|percentage = 0.91<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 44,744<br />
|percentage = 25.41<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 176,114<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathyavedu}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Koneti Adimulam]]<br />
|votes = 85,471 <br />
|percentage = 46.32<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Nukathoti Rajesh]]<br />
|votes = 81,732 <br />
|percentage = 44.29<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress <br />
|candidate = Balaguruvam Babu<br />
|votes = 5,444<br />
|percentage = 2.95<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Yathati Ramesh Babu<br />
|votes = 3,486<br />
|percentage = 1.89<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = NOTA<br />
|candidate = None Of The Above <br />
|votes = 2,764<br />
|percentage = 1.5<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 3739<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 184,522<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = YSR Congress Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{coord|16.07|78.87|display=title}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Tirupati district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal&diff=512893List of cities and towns in West Bengal2026-04-15T15:26:24Z<p>DonteOnslow6: created initial location more to come...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Corner of Harrison Street (Burra Bazar) and Strand Road, Calcutta in 1945.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Image of Harrison Street Strand Road and Burra Bazaar in Kolkata (Calcutta) in 1945, shortly before the urban expansion of West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
[[West Bengal]] is the [[States and union territories of India|state]] with the second highest population density in India. The state is dotted with several large and medium cities and towns. Historically, the main source of income of the people of West Bengal has been farming, and, as a consequence, the state previously had a large rural population skew. At the turn of the 20th century, however, the role of industry in West Bengal increased substantially, leading to a population move into urban areas.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/density.aspx| title = India at a glance: Population Density| publisher = Census of India, 2001 | accessdate = 13 December 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1947, when India gained independence, the erstwhile [[British India]]n province of [[Bengal]] was divided into two parts: the eastern region formed [[East Pakistan]], which became [[Bangladesh]] in 1971, and the western part joined India as the state of West Bengal. Scores of refugees from the eastern part came to West Bengal, leading to the start of new urban areas, and contributing to the congestion of already established cities like [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Population/List_of_Million_Plus_Cities.aspx|title=List of Million Plus Cities of India|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=2008-10-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Current scenario==<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], 128 cities and towns in West Bengal{{efn|name=fn1|Announcement of 2 new municipalities was made in October 2021.<ref name=telegraph/><ref name=bartaman/> [[Bally Municipality]] was re-established on 12 November 2021.<ref name=mp2/><ref name=abp/>}} are classified into the following categories:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref><ref name=wbmuni>{{cite web|url=http://wbdma.gov.in/pdf/b.pdf|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5llpyJUdT?url=http://wbdma.gov.in/pdf/b.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2009|title=Category, Year of Establishment, Area, SC, ST and total population in ULBs in West Bengal|publisher=Department of Municipal affairs, Government of West Bengal|accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Municipal Corporations (West Bengal, India)===<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Sl. No.<br />
!City Name<br />
!Founder<br />
!Year of Establishment<br />
!GDP Per Capita (2024)<br />
!Population (2011)<br />
! District<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] <br />
|[[British Empire]] (1758–1947) of England (Europe)<br />
|1876<br />
|$4,400<br />
|{{formatnum:4496694}}<br />
|[[Kolkata]] and [[South 24 Parganas]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]] <br />
|[[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]] (1948–1962) (First Chief Minister of [[West Bengal]])<br />
|2015<br />
|$6,000<br />
|{{formatnum:632107}}<br />
|[[North 24 Parganas]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]<br />
|[[Mughal Empire]] (1526–1757) of [[Uzbekistan]] (Central Asia)<br />
|1984<br />
|$3,000<br />
|{{formatnum:1362561}}<br />
|[[Howrah]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Chandannagar Municipal Corporation]]-<br />
|[[French colonial empire|French Empire]] (1534–1951) of France (Europe)<br />
|1994<br />
|$2,400<br />
|{{formatnum:166867}}<br />
|[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]<br />
|[[British Empire]] (1758–1947) of England (Europe)<br />
|1994<br />
|$3,400<br />
|{{formatnum:1243414}}<br />
|[[Paschim Bardhaman|West Burdwan]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Durgapur Municipal Corporation]]<br />
|[[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]] (1948–1962) (First Chief Minister of [[West Bengal]])<br />
|1994<br />
|$3,600<br />
|{{formatnum:566937}}<br />
|[[Paschim Bardhaman|West Burdwan]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Siliguri Municipal Corporation]]<br />
|[[British Empire]] (1758–1947) of England (Europe)<br />
|1994<br />
|$3,500<br />
|{{formatnum:513264}}<br />
|[[Darjeeling]] and [[Jalpaiguri]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Proposed Municipal Corporations===<br />
* [[Baharampur]], Murshidabad district<br />
* [[Barasat]], North 24 Parganas district<br />
* [[Bardhaman]], Purba Bardhaman district<br />
* [[Barrackpore]], North 24 Parganas district<br />
* [[Darjeeling]], Darjeeling district<br />
* [[Dum Dum]], North 24 Parganas district<br />
* [[Kharagpur]], Paschim Medinipur district<br />
* [[Maheshtala]], South 24 Parganas district<br />
* [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]], Malda district<br />
* [[Serampore]], Hooghly district<br />
<br />
===Municipalities===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Sl. No.<br />
!Town/City Name<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Alipurduar]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Arambag]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Ashoknagar Kalyangarh]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Baduria]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Baharampur]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Baidyabati]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Bally Municipality|Bally]]<ref name=mp2>{{Cite web|date=9 November 2021|title=Civic polls in Kol & Howrah on Dec 19|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/civic-polls-in-kol-howrah-on-dec-19-458343|work=Millennium Post|access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref><ref name=abp>{{Cite web|date=12 November 2021|title=Bally Municipality: হাওড়া পুরসভা থেকে আলাদা হয়ে গেল বালি|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/west-bengal-assembly-bally-municipality-excluded-from-howrah-municipal-corporation-846407|work=ABP Ananda|language=bn|access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Balurghat]]<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Bangaon]]<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[Bankura]]<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[Bansberia]]<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[Baranagar]]<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|[[Barasat]]<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Bardhaman]]<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|[[Barrackpore]]<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|[[Baruipur]]<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|[[Basirhat]]<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|[[Beldanga]]<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|[[Bhadreswar, Hooghly|Bhadreswar]]<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|[[Bhatpara]]<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|[[Birnagar]]<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|[[Bishnupur (Bankura)|Bishnupur]]<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|[[Bolpur]]<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|[[Budge Budge]]<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|[[Buniadpur]]<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|[[Chakdaha]]<br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
|[[Champdani]]<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
|[[Chandrakona]]<br />
|-<br />
|29<br />
|[[Contai]]<br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
|[[Dainhat]]<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|[[Dalkhola]]<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|[[Dankuni]]<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
|[[Darjeeling]]<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|[[Dhulian]]<br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|[[Dhupguri]]<br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
|[[Diamond Harbour]]<br />
|-<br />
|37<br />
|[[Dinhata]]<br />
|-<br />
|38<br />
|[[Domkal]]<br />
|-<br />
|39<br />
|[[Dubrajpur]]<br />
|-<br />
|40<br />
|[[Dum Dum]]<br />
|-<br />
|41<br />
|[[Egra]]<br />
|-<br />
|42<br />
|[[English Bazar]]<br />
|-<br />
|43<br />
|[[Falakata]]<ref name=telegraph>{{Cite web|date=13 February 2021|title=Push for two new municipalities in Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/push-for-two-new-municipalities-in-jalpaiguri-and-alipurduar/cid/1806535|work=Telegraph India|access-date=2021-10-24}}</ref><ref name=bartaman>{{Cite news|date=23 October 2021|title=রাজ্যে ২ নয়া পুরসভা|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=325686&P=2&nPID=20211023|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=2021-10-24}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|44<br />
|[[Gangarampur]]<br />
|-<br />
|45<br />
|[[Garulia]]<br />
|-<br />
|46<br />
|[[Gayespur]]<br />
|-<br />
|47<br />
|[[Ghatal]]<br />
|-<br />
|48<br />
|[[Gobardanga]]<br />
|-<br />
|49<br />
|[[Guskara]]<br />
|-<br />
|50<br />
|[[Habra]]<br />
|-<br />
|51<br />
|[[Haldia]]<br />
|-<br />
|52<br />
|[[Haldibari, India|Haldibari]]<br />
|-<br />
|53<br />
|[[Halisahar]]<br />
|-<br />
|54<br />
|[[Haringhata]]<br />
|-<br />
|55<br />
|[[Hugli-Chuchura]]<br />
|-<br />
|56<br />
|[[Islampur (Uttar Dinajpur)|Islampur]]<br />
|-<br />
|57<br />
|[[Jalpaiguri]]<br />
|-<br />
|58<br />
|[[Jahangirpur, Murshidabad|Jangipur]]<br />
|-<br />
|59<br />
|[[Jaynagar Majilpur]]<br />
|-<br />
|60<br />
|[[Jhalda]]<br />
|-<br />
|61<br />
|[[Jhargram]]<br />
|-<br />
|62<br />
|[[Jiaganj Azimganj]]<br />
|-<br />
|63<br />
|[[Kaliaganj]]<br />
|-<br />
|64<br />
|[[Kalimpong]]<br />
|-<br />
|65<br />
|[[Kalna, India|Kalna]]<br />
|-<br />
|66<br />
|[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]<br />
|-<br />
|67<br />
|[[Kamarhati]]<br />
|-<br />
|68<br />
|[[Kanchrapara]]<br />
|-<br />
|69<br />
|[[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]]<br />
|-<br />
|70<br />
|[[Katwa]]<br />
|-<br />
|71<br />
|[[Kharagpur, West Bengal|Kharagpur]]<br />
|-<br />
|72<br />
|[[Kharar, Ghatal|Kharar]]<br />
|-<br />
|73<br />
|[[Khardaha]]<br />
|-<br />
|74<br />
|[[Cooch Behar|Koch Bihar]]<br />
|-<br />
|75<br />
|[[Konnagar]]<br />
|-<br />
|76<br />
|[[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]<br />
|-<br />
|77<br />
|[[Kshirpai]]<br />
|-<br />
|78<br />
|[[Kurseong]]<br />
|-<br />
|79<br />
|[[Madhyamgram]]<br />
|-<br />
|80<br />
|[[Maheshtala]]<br />
|-<br />
|81<br />
|[[Mainaguri]]<ref name=telegraph/><ref name=bartaman/><br />
|-<br />
|82<br />
|[[Malbazar|Mal]]<br />
|-<br />
|83<br />
|[[Mathabhanga]]<br />
|-<br />
|84<br />
|[[Mekliganj]]<br />
|-<br />
|85<br />
|[[Memari]]<br />
|-<br />
|86<br />
|[[Midnapore]]<br />
|-<br />
|87<br />
|[[Murshidabad]]<br />
|-<br />
|88<br />
|[[Nabadwip]]<br />
|-<br />
|89<br />
|[[Naihati]]<br />
|-<br />
|90<br />
|[[Nalhati]]<br />
|-<br />
|91<br />
|[[New Barrackpur]]<br />
|-<br />
|92<br />
|[[North Barrackpur]]<br />
|-<br />
|93<br />
|[[North Dumdum]]<br />
|-<br />
|94<br />
|[[Old Malda]]<br />
|-<br />
|95<br />
|[[Panskura]]<br />
|-<br />
|96<br />
|[[Panihati]]<br />
|-<br />
|97<br />
|[[Pujali]]<br />
|-<br />
|98<br />
|[[Purulia]]<br />
|-<br />
|99<br />
|[[Raghunathpur, Purulia|Raghunathpur]]<br />
|-<br />
|100<br />
|[[Raiganj]]<br />
|-<br />
|101<br />
|[[Rajpur Sonarpur]]<br />
|-<br />
|102<br />
|[[Ramjibanpur]]<br />
|-<br />
|103<br />
|[[Rampurhat]]<br />
|-<br />
|104<br />
|[[Ranaghat]]<br />
|-<br />
|105<br />
|[[Rishra]]<br />
|-<br />
|106<br />
|[[Sainthia]]<br />
|-<br />
|107<br />
|[[Santipur]]<br />
|-<br />
|108<br />
|[[Serampore]]<br />
|-<br />
|109<br />
|[[Sonamukhi]]<br />
|-<br />
|110<br />
|[[South Dumdum]]<br />
|-<br />
|111<br />
|[[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]]<br />
|-<br />
|112<br />
|[[Taki (India)|Taki]]<br />
|-<br />
|113<br />
|[[Tamluk]]<br />
|-<br />
|114<br />
|[[Tarakeswar]]<br />
|-<br />
|115<br />
|[[Titagarh]]<br />
|-<br />
|116<br />
|[[Tufanganj]]<br />
|-<br />
|117<br />
|[[Uluberia]]<br />
|-<br />
|118<br />
|[[Uttarpara Kotrung]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Notified area===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Sl. No.<br />
!Name<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Cooper's Camp]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Mirik]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Taherpur]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Major cities==<br />
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 12pt"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="1"|Rank<br />
!width="150" rowspan="1"| Name<br />
!width="150" rowspan="1"| District<br />
!rowspan="1"|Type<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/1.%20Data%20Highlight.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations and Cities |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|access-date = 27 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
!rowspan="1"|Population 2011<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 10 October 2011 }}</ref><br />
!rowspan="1"|Male<br />
!rowspan="1"|Female<br />
!width="90" rowspan="1"|Population<br/> below 5 yrs<br />
!width="90" rowspan="1"|Literacy rate<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|1<br />
|align=left|[[Kolkata]]<br />
|align=left|[[Kolkata district|Kolkata]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]<br>[[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|14,112,536<br />
|align="right"|7,319,682 <br />
|align="right"|6,792,854 <br />
|align="right"|1,063,394 <br />
|align="right"|88.33 <br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|2<br />
|align=left|[[Asansol]]<br />
|align=left|[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|1,243,008<br />
|align="right"|647,831<br />
|align="right"|595,177<br />
|align="right"|132,560<br />
|align="right"|80.00<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|3<br />
|align=left|[[Siliguri]]<br />
|align=left|[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|701,489<br />
|align="right"|359,750<br />
|align="right"|341,739<br />
|align="right"|72,252<br />
|align="right"|82.05<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|4<br />
|align=left|[[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]]<br />
|align=left|[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|581,409<br />
|align="right"|301,700<br />
|align="right"|279,709<br />
|align="right"|51,930<br />
|align="right"|87.70<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|5<br />
|align=left|[[Bardhaman]]<br />
|align=left|[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|347,016<br />
|align="right"|177,055<br />
|align="right"|169,961<br />
|align="right"|25,069<br />
|align="right"|88.62<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|6<br />
|align=left|[[English Bazar]]<br />
|align=left|[[Malda district|Malda]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|324,237<br />
|align="right"|175,073<br />
|align="right"|149,164<br />
|align="right"|44,186<br />
|align="right"|81.32<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|7<br />
|align=left|[[Baharampur]]<br />
|align=left|[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|305,609<br />
|align="right"|156,489<br />
|align="right"|149,120<br />
|align="right"|23,182<br />
|align="right"|88.38<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|8<br />
|align=left|[[Habra]]<br />
|align=left|[[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|304,584<br />
|align="right"|154,861<br />
|align="right"|149,723<br />
|align="right"|23,023<br />
|align="right"|91.03<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|9<br />
|align=left|[[Kharagpur, West Bengal|Kharagpur]]<br />
|align=left|[[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|293,719<br />
|align="right"|150,487<br />
|align="right"|143,232<br />
|align="right"|25,130<br />
|align="right"|85.61<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|10<br />
|align=left|[[Shantipur]]<br />
|align=left|[[Nadia district|Nadia]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|288,718<br />
|align="right"|147,299<br />
|align="right"|141,419<br />
|align="right"|24,006<br />
|align="right"|82.67<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|11<br />
|align=left|[[Dankuni]]<br />
|align=left|[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|249,840<br />
|align="right"|128,139<br />
|align="right"|121,701<br />
|align="right"|22,956<br />
|align="right"|85.69<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|12<br />
|align=left|[[Dhulian]]<br />
|align=left|[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|239,022<br />
|align="right"|119,151<br />
|align="right"|119,871<br />
|align="right"|45,483<br />
|align="right"|60.06<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|13<br />
|align=left|[[Ranaghat]]<br />
|align=left|[[Nadia district|Nadia]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|235,583<br />
|align="right"|119,578<br />
|align="right"|116,005<br />
|align="right"|18,575<br />
|align="right"|86.10<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|14<br />
|align=left|[[Haldia]]<br />
|align=left|[[Paschim Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]<br />
|City<br />
|align="right"|200,762<br />
|align="right"|104,852<br />
|align="right"|95,910<br />
|align="right"|21,122<br />
|align="right"|89.06<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|15<br />
|align=left|[[Raiganj]]<br />
|align=left|[[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|199,758<br />
|align="right"|104,966<br />
|align="right"|94,792<br />
|align="right"|22,028<br />
|align="right"|81.71<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|16<br />
|align=left|[[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]<br />
|align=left|[[Nadia district|Nadia]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|181,182<br />
|align="right"|91,583<br />
|align="right"|89,599<br />
|align="right"|13,663<br />
|align="right"|88.09<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|17<br />
|align=left|[[Nabadwip]]<br />
|align=left|[[Nadia district|Nadia]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|175,474<br />
|align="right"|90,810<br />
|align="right"|84,664<br />
|align="right"|13,049<br />
|align="right"|84.57<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|18<br />
|align=left|[[Midnapore|Medinipur]]<br />
|align=left|[[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]<br />
|City<br />
|align="right"|169,127<br />
|align="right"|85,362<br />
|align="right"|83,765<br />
|align="right"|14,365<br />
|align="right"|90.01<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|19<br />
|align=left|[[Jalpaiguri]]<br />
|align=left|[[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|169,013<br />
|align="right"|85,226<br />
|align="right"|83,787<br />
|align="right"|14,522<br />
|align="right"|86.03<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|20<br />
|align=left|[[Balurghat]]<br />
|align=left|[[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|164,593<br />
|align="right"|82,466<br />
|align="right"|82,127<br />
|align="right"|10,349<br />
|align="right"|91.66<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|21<br />
|align=left|[[Basirhat]]<br />
|align=left|[[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|144,891<br />
|align="right"|73,491<br />
|align="right"|71,400<br />
|align="right"|12,578<br />
|align="right"|86.88<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|22<br />
|align=left|[[Bankura]]<br />
|align=left|[[Bankura district|Bankura]]<br />
|City<br />
|align="right"|138,036<br />
|align="right"|70,734<br />
|align="right"|67,302<br />
|align="right"|10,760<br />
|align="right"|87.27<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|23<br />
|align=left|[[Chakdaha]]<br />
|align=left|[[Nadia district|Nadia]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|132,855<br />
|align="right"|67,135<br />
|align="right"|65,720<br />
|align="right"|9,829<br />
|align="right"|90.95<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|24<br />
|align=left|[[Darjeeling]]<br />
|align=left|[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|132,016<br />
|align="right"|65,839<br />
|align="right"|66,177<br />
|align="right"|7,382<br />
|align="right"|93.17<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|25<br />
|align=left|[[Alipurduar]]<br />
|align=left|[[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|127,342<br />
|align="right"|64,898<br />
|align="right"|62,444<br />
|align="right"|10,545<br />
|align="right"|89.16<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|26<br />
|align=left|[[Purulia]]<br />
|align=left|[[Purulia district|Purulia]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|126,894<br />
|align="right"|65,334<br />
|align="right"|61,560<br />
|align="right"|12,116<br />
|align="right"|81.53<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|27<br />
|align=left|[[Jahangirpur, Murshidabad|Jangipur]]<br />
|align=left|[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|122,875<br />
|align="right"|62,734<br />
|align="right"|60,141<br />
|align="right"|16,299<br />
|align="right"|75.71<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|28<br />
|align=left|[[Bangaon]]<br />
|align=left|[[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]<br />
|City<br />
|align="right"|110,668<br />
|align="right"|56,416<br />
|align="right"|54,252<br />
|align="right"|8,452<br />
|align="right"|90.25<br />
|-<br />
|align="right"|29<br />
|align=left|[[Cooch Behar]]<br />
|align=left|[[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]<br />
|UA<br />
|align="right"|106,760<br />
|align="right"|53,803<br />
|align="right"|52,957<br />
|align="right"|7,910<br />
|align="right"|91.75<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of Urban areas (District-wise)==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"<br />
|- <br />
!District<br />
!Headquarters<br />
!Municipal Corporations<ref name=wbmuni/><br />
!Municipalities<ref name=wbmuni/><br />
!Census Towns<ref>{{cite web | url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/TABLE-3B.htm | title=List of Census Towns, West Bengal, 2001 | publisher=Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate=2008-12-15}}</ref><br />
!Special Urban Units<br />
|-<br />
|[[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]<br />
|[[Alipurduar]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Alipurduar]], [[Falakata]]<br />
|[[Alipurduar Railway Junction]], [[Bholar Dabri]], [[Chechakhata]], [[Jaygaon]], [[Paschim Jitpur]], [[Sobhaganj]], [[Uttar Kamakhyaguri]], [[Uttar Latabari]]<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bankura district|Bankura]]<br />
|[[Bankura]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Bankura]], [[Bishnupur (Bankura)|Bishnupur]], [[Sonamukhi]]<br />
|[[Barjora]], [[Beliatore]], [[Khatra]]<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]<br />
|[[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Bolpur]], [[Dubrajpur]], [[Nalhati]], [[Rampurhat]], [[Sainthia]], [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]] <br />
|[[Ahmedpur, Birbhum|Ahmadpur]], [[Labhpur]]<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]<br />
|[[Cooch Behar]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Dinhata]], [[Cooch Behar|Koch Bihar]], [[Haldibari, India|Haldibari]], [[Mathabhanga]], [[Mekliganj]], [[Tufanganj]]<br />
|[[Bhangri Pratham Khanda]], [[Guriahati]], [[Khagrabari]], [[Kharimala Khagrabari]] <br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]<br />
|[[Balurghat]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Balurghat]], [[Gangarampur]], [[Buniadpur]]<br />
| –<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]<br />
|[[Darjeeling]]<br />
|[[Siliguri]]<br />
|[[Darjiling]], [[Kurseong]], [[Mirik]]<br />
|[[Bairatisal]], [[Cart Road]], [[Pattabong Tea Garden]], [[Uttar Bagdogra]]<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]<br />
|[[Chinsurah]]<br />
|[[Chandannagar]]<br />
|[[Arambag]], [[Bansberia]], [[Baidyabati]], [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly|Bhadreswar]], [[Champdani]], [[Hugli-Chuchura]], [[Konnagar]], [[Rishra]], [[Serampore]], [[Tarakeswar]], [[Uttarpara Kotrung]]<br />
|[[Amodghata]], [[Badhagachhi]], [[Bamunari]], [[Barijhati]], [[Begampur, India|Begampur]], [[Chak Bansberia]], [[Chikrand]], [[Dakshin Rajyadharpur]], [[Dharmapur, West Bengal|Dharmapur]], [[Kanaipur]], [[Kharsarai]], [[Kodalia]], [[Kulihanda]], [[Madhusudanpur]], [[Mrigala]], [[Monoharpur]], [[Nabagram Colony]], [[Pairagachha]], [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]], [[Purba Tajpur]], [[Raghunathpur (PS-Magra)|Raghunathpur]], [[Rishra, Sreerampur Uttarpara|Rishra]], [[Shankhanagar]], [[Simla, West Bengal|Simla]], [[Singur]], [[Garalgachha]], [[Krishnapur, Chanditala|Krishnapur]], [[Raghunathpur (PS-Dankuni)|Raghunathpur]] <br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Howrah district|Howrah]]<br />
|[[Howrah]]<br />
|[[Howrah]]<br />
|[[Bally Municipality|Bally]], [[Uluberia]]<br />
|[[Andul]], [[Ankurhati]], [[Argari]], [[Bagnan]], [[Balaram Pota]], [[Bally, Jagachha|Bally (Jagachha)]], [[Bankra]], [[Banupur]], [[Beldubi]], [[Bhandardaha]], [[Bikihakola]], [[Bipra Noapara]], [[Chakapara]], [[Chamrail]], [[Dakshin Jhapardaha]], [[Dhuilya]], [[Domjur]], [[Eksara]], [[Gabberia]], [[Hatgachha]], [[Jagadishpur]], [[Jala Kendua]], [[Jhorhat]], [[Kalara]], [[Kantlia]], [[Kesabpur, India|Kesabpur]], [[Khalia]], [[Khalor]], [[Khantora]], [[Mahiari]], [[Makardaha]], [[Manikpur, West Bengal|Manikpur]], [[Mansinhapur]], [[Nalpur]], [[Natibpur]], [[Naupala]], [[Nibra]], [[Panchla]], [[Panchpara]], [[Paniara]], [[Podara]], [[Raghudebbati]], [[Ramchandrapur, India|Ramchandrapur]], [[Sahapur]], [[Salap]], [[Sankrail]], [[Santoshpur, Uluberia|Santoshpur]], [[Sarenga]], [[Tentulkuli]], [[Uttar Pirpur]] <br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] <br />
|[[Jalpaiguri]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Dhupguri]], [[Jalpaiguri]], [[Mainaguri]], [[Malbazar|Mal]] <br />
|[[Banarhat Tea Garden]], [[Gairkata]]<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]<br />
|[[Jhargram]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Jhargram]]<br />
| –<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]<br />
|[[Kalimpong]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Kalimpong]]<br />
| –<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]<br />
|[[Kolkata]]<br />
|[[Kolkata]]<br />
| –<br />
| –<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Malda district|Malda]]<br />
|[[Malda City]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[English Bazar]], [[Old Malda]]<br />
|[[Aiho]], [[Kachu Pukur]], [[Kendua, West Bengal|Kendua]], [[Gazole (community development block)|Gazole]], [[Chanchal]], [[Kaliachak I (community development block)|Kaliachak]], [[Sujapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sujapur]], [[Manikchak]], [[Ratua I (community development block)|Ratua]], [[Harishchandrapur I (community development block)|Harish Chandrapur]], [[Bamangola (community development block)|Bamongola]], [[Habibpur, Malda (community development block)|Habibpur]]<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]<br />
|[[Baharampur]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Baharampur]], [[Beldanga]], [[Dhulian]], [[Jangipur (WB)|Jangipur]], [[Jiaganj Azimganj]], [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]], Murshidabad<br />
|[[Anup Nagar]], [[Aurangabad, West Bengal|Aurangabad]], [[Chachanda]], [[Charka, Jangipur|Charka]], [[Dafahat]], [[Dhusaripara]], [[Sagardighi (community development block)|Sagardighi]], [[Farrakka Barrage Township]], [[Fatellapur]], [[Ghorsala]], [[Goaljan]], [[Gora Bazar]], [[Harharia Chak]], [[Jagtaj]], [[Jot Kamal]], [[Kankuria]], [[Kasimbazar]], [[Khodarampur]], [[Paschim Punropara]], [[Sahajadpur]], [[Salar, Murshidabad|Salar]], [[Serpur]], [[Srikantabati]], [[Uttar Mahammadpur]]<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nadia district|Nadia]]<br />
|[[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Birnagar]], [[Chakdaha]], [[Gayespur]], [[Haringhata]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Taherpur]], [[Nabadwip]], [[Ranaghat]], [[Santipur]], [[Cooper's Camp]]<br />
|[[Aistala]], [[Bablari Dewanganj]], [[Baruihuda]], [[Char Brahmanagar]], [[Char Maijdia]], [[Darappur]], [[Jagadanandapur]], [[Karimpur]], [[Kshidirpur]], [[Madanpur, India|Madanpur]], [[Badkulla]], [[Nasra]], [[Parbbatipur]], [[Phulia]], [[Satigachha]]<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]<br />
|[[Barasat]]<br />
|[[Bidhannagar]]<br />
|[[Ashoknagar Kalyangarh]], [[Baduria]], [[Bangaon]], [[Baranagar]], [[Barasat]], [[Barrackpore]], [[Basirhat]], [[Bhatpara]], [[Dum Dum]], [[Gobardanga]], [[Habra]], [[Halisahar]], [[Garulia]], [[Kamarhati]], [[Kanchrapara]], [[Khardaha]], [[Madhyamgram]], [[Naihati]], [[New Barrackpur]], [[North Barrackpur]], [[North Dumdum]], [[Panihati]], [[South Dumdum]], [[Taki (India)|Taki]], [[Titagarh]] <br />
|[[Bamangachhi]], [[Bara Bamonia]], [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]], [[Dhakuria, North 24 Parganas|Dhakuria]], [[Dhanyakuria]], [[Garshyamnagar]], [[Guma, India|Guma]], [[Ichhapur Defence Estate]], [[Jafarpur]], [[Jetia]], [[Kaugachhi]], [[Maslandapur]], [[Muragachha]], [[Nebadhai Duttapukur]], [[Nokpul]], [[Patulia]], [[Raigachhi]], [[Ruiya]], [[Sadpur]], [[Sonatikiri]], [[Talbandha]], [[Thakurnagar]]<br />
|[[Barrackpur Cantonment]], [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]<br />
|[[Asansol]]<br />
|[[Asansol]], [[Durgapur]]<br />
|[[Jamuria]], [[Kulti]], [[Raniganj]]<br />
|[[Amkula]], [[Andal, Bardhaman|Andal]], [[Bahula]], [[Ballavpur]], [[Banshra]], [[Baska, Andal|Baska]], [[Belebathan]], [[Bhanowara]], [[Bilpahari]], [[Chak Bankola]], [[Chapui]], [[Chelad]], [[Chhora]], [[Chittaranjan]], [[Dalurband]], [[Debipur, India|Debipur]], [[Dhandadihi]], [[Dignala]], [[Haripur, Bardhaman|Haripur]], [[Harishpur]], [[Hindusthan Cables Town]], [[Jemari]], [[Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township)]], [[Kajora]], [[Kanksa]], [[Kenda]], [[Kendra Khottamdi]], [[Khandra]], [[Konardihi]], [[Kunustara]], [[Mahira]], [[Mandarbani]], [[Murgathaul]], [[Nabgram]], [[Palashban]], [[Pangachhiya (B)]], [[Parashkol]], [[Parasia]], [[Prayagpur]], [[Raghunathchak]], [[Ramnagar, Pandaveswar|Ramnagar]], [[Ratibati]], [[Sankarpur, Bardhaman|Sankarpur]], [[Sarpi, Bardhaman|Sarpi]], [[Siduli]], [[Sirsha, India|Sirsha]], [[Ukhra]]<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]<br />
|[[Medinipur]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Chandrakona]], [[Ghatal]], [[Kharagpur]], [[Kharar, Ghatal|Kharar]], [[Kshirpai]], [[Medinipur]], [[Ramjibanpur]] <br />
|[[Balichak]], [[Deuli, India|Deuli]], [[Durllabhganj]], [[Kharagpur Railway Settlement]]<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]<br />
|[[Bardhaman]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Bardhaman]], [[Dainhat]], [[Guskara]], [[Kalna, India|Kalna]], [[Katwa]], [[Memari]]<br />
|[[Dhatrigram]], [[Gopinathpur, West Bengal|Gopinathpur]], [[Hatsimla]], [[Panuhat]], [[Patuli]], [[Srirampur, India|Srirampur]], [[Sukdal]], [[Uttar Goara]] <br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]<br />
|[[Tamluk]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Contai]], [[Egra]], [[Haldia]], [[Panskura]], [[Tamluk]]<br />
|[[Bahirgram]], [[Dakshin Baguan]], [[Goasafat]], [[Kakdihi]], [[Kolaghat]]<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Purulia district|Purulia]]<br />
|[[Purulia]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Jhalda]], [[Puruliya]], [[Raghunathpur, Purulia|Raghunathpur]]<br />
|[[Manbazar]], [[Adra (India)|Adra]], [[Arra, Purulia|Arra]], [[Balarampur, Purulia|Balarampur]], [[Barabazar]], [[Chapari]], [[Hijuli]], [[Nabagram, India|Nabagram]], [[Par Beliya]], [[Santaldih]] <br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]]<br />
|[[Alipore]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Baruipur]], [[Budge Budge]], [[Diamond Harbour]], [[Jaynagar Majilpur]], [[Maheshtala]], [[Pujali]], [[Rajpur Sonarpur]]<br />
|[[Abhirampur]], [[Alipur, Jaynagar|Alipur]], [[Amtala]], [[Asuti]], [[Baharu]], [[Balarampur, Budge Budge|Balarampur]], [[Barkalikapur]], [[Basanti, South 24 Parganas|Basanti]], [[Benjanhari Acharial]], [[Bhangar Raghunathpur]], [[Bhasa, Bishnupur|Bhasa]], [[Bidyadharpur]], [[Bilandapur]], [[Birlapur]], [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas|Bishnupur]], [[Bora Gagangohalia]], [[Bowali]], [[Buita]], [[Chak Alampur]], [[Chak Baria]], [[Chak Enayetnagar]], [[Chak Kashipur]], [[Champahati]], [[Chanddandaha]], [[Chata Kalikapur]], [[Dakshin Raypur]], [[Danga, Sonarpur|Danga]], [[Daulatpur, Bishnupur|Daulatpur]], [[Ganye Gangadharpur]], [[Garia, Baruipur|Garia]], [[Gaur Daha]], [[Gobindapur, Bhangar|Gobindapur]], [[Hanspukuria]], [[Hariharpur, Baruipur|Hariharpur]], [[Kalikapur, Sonarpur|Kalikapur]], [[Kalikapur Barasat]], [[Kalua, Maheshtala|Kalua]], [[Kanganbaria]], [[Kanyanagar]], [[Khodar Bazar]], [[Komarhat]], [[Kriparampur]], [[Magrahat]], [[Mallikpur]], [[Maricha, Bhangar|Maricha]], [[Mathurapur, South 24 Parganas|Mathurapur]], [[Nadabhanga]], [[Nahazari]], [[Naridana]], [[Nimpith]], [[Nischintapur, Budge Budge|Nischintapur]], [[Panchghara, Baruipur|Panchghara]], [[Patharberia]], [[Petua]], [[Poali]], [[Radhanagar, Sonarpur|Radhanagar]], [[Ramchandrapur, Maheshtala|Ramchandrapur]], [[Ramchandrapur, Sonarpur|Ramchandrapur]], [[Rameswarpur, Maheshtala|Rameswarpur]], [[Ramkrishnapur, Bishnupur|Ramkrishnapur]], [[Raynagar]], [[Sahebpur]], [[Salipur, Baruipur|Salipur]], [[Samali]], [[Solgohalia]], [[Tulshighata]], [[Uttar Durgapur]], [[Uttar Kalas]], [[Uttar Raypur]], [[Uttarparanij]]<br />
| –<br />
|-<br />
|[[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]<br />
|[[Raiganj]]<br />
| –<br />
|[[Dalkhola]], [[Islampur (Uttar Dinajpur)|Islampur]], [[Kaliaganj]], [[Raiganj]]<br />
|[[Kasba (Uttar Dinajpur)|Kas<br />
ba]], [[Nachhratpur Katabari]]<br />
| –<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of cities in West Bengal by population]]<br />
* [[List of metropolitan area in West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in West Bengal| ]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal-related lists| ]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biligere_Assembly_constituency&diff=491696Biligere Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:54:02Z<p>DonteOnslow6: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Biligere<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = [[Mysore state]]<br />
| district = [[Mysore district|Mysore]]<br />
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore ]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Chamarajanagar]]<br />
| constituency_no = 112<br />
| established = 1957<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| abolished = 1978<br />
| mla = <br />
| party = <br />
| alliance = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| electors = <br />
}}<br />
'''Biligere Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Mysore state assembly]] in India until 1978 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=Delimitation, 1967 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3944-delimitation-orders-1967/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || G. M. Chinnaswamy || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | D. M. Siddaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || N. S. Gurusiddappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|}<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Biligere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. S. Gurusiddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,105 |percentage = 47.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Krishnaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,540 |percentage = 45.78% |change = {{increase}}0.32 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. S. Veerasbhadraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,789 |percentage = 4.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Rajanaika |party = Independent politician |votes = 699 |percentage = 1.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 565 |percentage = 1.56% |change = {{decrease}}7.10 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,623 |percentage = 60.09% |change = {{decrease}}2.48 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,133}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,611 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.30 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.88 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Biligere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. M. Siddaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,793 |percentage = 45.46% |change = {{decrease}}35.80 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. S. Gurusiddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,975 |percentage = 36.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Krishnaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,776 |percentage = 17.75% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,818 |percentage = 8.66% |change = {{decrease}}61.78 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,200 |percentage = 62.57% |change = {{increase}}19.13 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,544}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,256 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.34 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}35.80 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Biligere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. M. Siddaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,417 |percentage = 81.26% |change = {{increase}}61.42 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Devaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,053 |percentage = 10.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Puttanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 956 |percentage = 5.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. C. Sanjeevan |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 547 |percentage = 2.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,364 |percentage = 70.44% |change = {{increase}}67.28 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 20,308 |percentage = 43.44% |change = {{decrease}}0.90 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 18,973}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,746 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.84 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}48.20 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Biligere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. M. Chinnaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,476 |percentage = 33.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. B. Mallaradhya |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 5,857 |percentage = 29.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Madappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,885 |percentage = 19.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Devaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,368 |percentage = 17.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 619 |percentage = 3.16% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 19,586 |percentage = 44.34% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 19,586}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,168 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Mysore Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|12.153053|76.801943|region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Mysore district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1978]]<br />
[[Category:1978 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-constituency-stub}}<br />
{{Mysore-geo-stub}}</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Churu_Assembly_constituency&diff=494585Churu Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:21:08Z<p>DonteOnslow6: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Churu<br />
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-22-Churu.svg<br />
| mla = [[Harlal Saharan]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| state = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| district = [[Churu district]]<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| reservation = None <br />
| constituency_no = 22<br />
}} <br />
<br />
'''Churu Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Churu Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
Churu Constituency covers all voters from [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu tehsil]].<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1951 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<ref name="election1951">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_Raj.pdf 1951 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>|| [[Kumbha Ram Arya]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="election1957">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Rajasthan_1957.pdf 1957 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>|| rowspan=2|[[Mohar Singh Rathore|Mohar Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name="election1962">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf 1962 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Megh Raj Mali<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Mohar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Megh Raj Mali|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Bhalu Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Hamida Begum || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || rowspan=4|[[Rajendra Singh Rathore]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008-1">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Hazi Maqbool || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=2|[[Rajendra Singh Rathore]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Harlal Saharan]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Churu<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Harlal Saharan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:99432}}<br />
|percentage = 50.05<br />
|change = +1.77<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Rafique Mandelia<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:92558}}<br />
|percentage = 46.59<br />
|change = -0.66<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1151}}<br />
|percentage = 0.58<br />
|change = -0.43<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:6874}}<br />
|percentage = 3.46<br />
|change = +2.43<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:198681}}<br />
|percentage = 77.41<br />
|change = -0.47<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Churu<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Rajendra Singh Rathore]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:87233}}<br />
|percentage = 48.28<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Rafique Mandelia<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:85383}}<br />
|percentage = 47.25<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1816}}<br />
|percentage = 1.01<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1850}}<br />
|percentage = 1.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:180687}}<br />
|percentage = 77.88<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br />
[[Category:Churu district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]<br />
{{coord|28.30|74.96|display=title}}</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanjita_Devi_Thingbaijam&diff=532782Sanjita Devi Thingbaijam2026-04-13T18:00:51Z<p>DonteOnslow6: created initial bio v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian footballer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Western name order|Thingbaijam Sanjita Devi}}<br />
{{Meitei name|Thingbaijam|Sanjita|Devi}}<br />
{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = Sanjita Devi<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| fullname = Sanjita Devi Thingbaijam<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2006|9|10|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India<br />
| height = <br />
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]<br />
| currentclub = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]<br />
| clubnumber = 2<br />
| youthyears1 = <br />
| youthclubs1 = <br />
| years1 = <br />
| clubs1 = NYTHC<br />
| caps1 = <br />
| goals1 = <br />
| years2 = <br />
| clubs2 = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]<br />
| caps2 = <br />
| goals2 = <br />
| nationalyears1 = 2025<br />
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]<br />
| nationalcaps1 = 1<br />
| nationalgoals1 = 0<br />
| nationalyears2 = 2025–<br />
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national football team|India]]<br />
| nationalcaps2 = 1<br />
| nationalgoals2 = 0<br />
| medaltemplates = <br />
| club-update = <br />
| nationalteam-update = 2 January 2025<br />
}}<br />
'''Sanjita Devi Thingbaijam''' ({{langx|mni|Thingbaijam Sanjita Devi}}, born 10 September 2006) is an Indian professional footballer from [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-01-01 |title=Indian women's football team coach Joakim Alexandersson makes six changes for second Maldives friendly |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-football-team-maldives-joakim-alexandersson-make-six-changes-debut-blue-tigresses-news/article69050661.ece |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> She plays as a defender for the [[Indian Women's League|Indian Women’s League]] club [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]] and the [[India women's national football team|India women’s national football team]].<br />
<br />
== Early life and career ==<br />
Devi is from Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur U-17 women's team for NFC announced |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/6/5/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Jun-4-The-All-Manipur-Football-Association-AMFA-has-named-a-20-me.amp.html |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Devi was selected in the 23-player Indian squad by Indian coach [[Joakim Alexandersson]] and she played the second of the two FIFA international friendlies against Maldives on January 2 at the [[Padukone - Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence|Padukone-Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence]] in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-29 |title=India women's football team coach Alexandersson announced 23-member squad for Maldives friendly |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-football-team-23-member-squad-maldives-friendly-full-team-venue-time/article69039441.ece |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India complete a Maldives massacre in FIFA Women's Friendly |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/india-complete-a-maldives-massacre-in-fifa-womens-friendly20241230205547/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=9 from NE in 23-member Women's India Football Squad |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/9-from-ne-in-23-member-womens-india-football-squad-to-play-friendlies-against-maldives/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> She made her senior India debut in the second match against Maldives, off the bench.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India women beat Maldives 11-1 in second friendly contest |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/sports/2025/01/02/spd13-spo-foot-wom-ind-friendly.html |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=International Friendly: India score 11 past Maldives in the second FIFA friendly |url=https://theawayend.co/2025/01/02/international-friendly-india-score-11-past-maldives/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=The Away End |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2022, she played for Manipur in the Hero Junior Under 17 Women's National Football Championship at Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium, [[Guwahati]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Babita, Sanjana dazzle as Manipur kick off Junior Women's NFC with 14-0 demolition of Uttarakhand |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/6/23/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Jun-22-Oinam-Babita-hit-a-hattrick-and-Moibungkhongbam-Sanjana-Chan.html |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=Bihar upset Manipur in quarters; Arunachal storm into semis of Junior Women's National Football |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/local-sports/bihar-upset-manipur-in-quarters-arunachal-storm-into-semis-of-junior-womens-national-football-599983 |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref> In the Group A opener, she scored a goal in the 73rd minute in the 14-0 victory.<ref name=":0" /> In the next match against [[Andhra Pradesh women's football team|Andhra Pradesh]], she scored three goals in the 17-0 win.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=Hero Junior (U-17) Women's National Football Championship 2022-23 |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11794 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> She also scored against [[Uttarakhand women's football team|Uttarakhand]] in the other Group A match which Manipur won 14-0.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-22 |title=U-17 Women's National Football Championship: Manipur, Jharkhand earn huge wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/u-17-womens-national-football-championship-manipur-jharkhand-earn-huge-wins/articleshow/92395049.cms |access-date=2025-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career statistics==<br />
===International===<br />
{{Updated|2 January 2025}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=1|[[India women's national football team|India]]<br />
|2025<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2|Total<br />
!1<br />
!0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Sanjita}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:2006 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]<br />
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Women's association football defenders]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Women's League 2 players]]<br />
[[Category:Garhwal United FC players]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanjay_Kumar_Singh_(BJP_politician)&diff=532718Sanjay Kumar Singh (BJP politician)2026-04-12T00:39:23Z<p>DonteOnslow6: created new bio w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1968)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Sanjay Kumar Singh<br />
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|03|30}}<ref>{{cite web |title=MLA Date of Births |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |publisher=Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref><br />
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| alma_mater =<br />
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br />
| profession = <br />
| education = <br />
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Lalganj, Bihar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lalganj]]<br />
| term_start = November 2020<br />
| predecessor = [[Rajkumar Sah]]<br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sanjay Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician, currently a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]] from [[Lalganj, Bihar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIHAR VIDHAN SABHA/Know your MLA |url=https://www.vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/Knowyourmla.html |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=www.vidhansabha.bih.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Kumar Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- LALGANJ(VAISHALI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12190 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225111951/https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12190 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Yashveer |date=2020-11-10 |title=Lalganj Election Result: लालगंज में भाजपा के संजय कुमार सिंह 26,299 वोटों से जीते |url=https://www.indiatv.in/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-chunav-2020-lalganj-seat-election-result-rakesh-kumar-sanjay-kumar-singh-bjp-congress-ljp-751832 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425123012/https://www.indiatv.in/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-chunav-2020-lalganj-seat-election-result-rakesh-kumar-sanjay-kumar-singh-bjp-congress-ljp-751832 |archive-date=2022-04-25 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Kumar Singh Election Result Lalganj Live: Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Results 2020 Sanjay Kumar Singh Lalganj Seat |url=https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/sanjay-kumar-singh-lalganj-candidate-s04a124c01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425123247/https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/sanjay-kumar-singh-lalganj-candidate-s04a124c01/ |archive-date=2022-04-25 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=News18}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sanjay Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:1968 births]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aranthangi_Nisha&diff=487261Aranthangi Nisha2026-04-09T04:03:10Z<p>DonteOnslow6: Creating data - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{infobox person<br />
| name = Aranthangi Nisha<br />
| image = Aranthangi_Nisha.jpg<br />
| caption = Nisha at ''[[Maari 2]]'' press meet (2018)<br />
| spouse = Riaz Ali (m. 2010)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/aranthangi-nisha-walks-down-memory-lane-shares-a-glimpse-of-her-wedding-video/articleshow/75246049.cms|title=Aranthangi Nisha walks down memory lane; shares a glimpse of her wedding video|work=Times Of India|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><br />
| birth_name = Nisa<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|10|12}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Aranthangi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| occupation = {{Flatlist|<br />
* Actress<br />
* comedian<br />
* television personality<br />
}}<br />
| years_active = 2015{{En dash}}present<br />
| children = 2<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/aranthangi-nisha-and-riaz-ali-become-parents-for-the-second-time/articleshow/73026200.cms|title=Aranthangi Nisha and Riaz Ali become parents for the second time|work=Times Of India|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><br />
| other_names = <br />
}}<br />
'''Aranthangi Nisha''' ({{IPA|ta|aːɾaɳtaːɳɡiː ɳishaː}}) (born 12 October 1987)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/supporting-actress/aranthangi-nisha|title=Kollywood supporting actress Aranthangi Nisha|work=nettv4u.com|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> is an Indian actress and comedian who predominantly works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film and television. She is known for appearing in films such as ''[[Maari 2]]'' (2018), ''[[Aan Devathai]]'' and ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nettv4u.com/latest-tamil-celebrity-news/vijay-tv-contestant-turns-an-actress|title=Vijay TV Contestant Turns An Actress!|work=nettv4u.com|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> She has also performed in more than 800 stage shows as a comedian.<br />
<br />
She has appeared in several different television shows such as ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru]]'' (2015), ''Sagala vs Ragala '' (2018), ''Kalakka Povathu Yaaru Champions'' (2018), ''Ramar Veedu'' (2019), ''Mr And Mrs Chinnathirai (season 1) '' (2019), ''[[Cooku With Comali]] '' (2019–2020), ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)|Bigg Boss Tamil (season 4)]]'' (2020), ''BB Jodiagl (season 1) '' (2021), ''[[Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani]] '' (2021), ''Star Kids '' (2021), ''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]'' (2021), ''Mr And Mrs Chinnathirai (season 4)'' (2022) and ''Vijay Sabhai'' (2022).<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Aranthangi Nisha was born on 12 October 1987 in [[Aranthangi]], [[Pudukottai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://time.news/nisha-came-to-chennai-in-one-way-and-settled-down/|title=Nisha came to Chennai in one way and settled down!|work=time.news|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> She loved to act and do comedy in her school days and childhood period.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Aranthangi Nisha made her television debut in 2015 on the [[Vijay TV]]'s' comedy reality show ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' as a contestant. She successfully emerged as the 1st runner up of the show and received positive feedback for her talent in the show.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/kpy-aranthangi-nisha-shares-marriage-video-and-pens-an-emotional-message.html|title=VIDEO: ARANTHANGI NISHA GETS EMOTIONAL - "I CRY EVERY TIME I SEE THIS...IF YOU ARE BORN AS A GIRL..."|work=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> After her appearance in the show she started to appear in films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pulwama-terror-attack-aranthangi-nisha-pays-a-visit-to-the-family-of-deceased-crpf-jawan-sivachandran/articleshow/68065389.cms|title=Pulwama Terror Attack: Aranthangi Nisha pays a visit to the family of deceased CRPF jawan Sivachandran|work=Times Of India|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> She made her debut in the film ''[[Maari 2]]'' in 2018 alongside actors [[Dhanush]] and [[Sai Pallavi]] playing the role as Attu Aanandi which received an overall positive reviews from critics and viewers who praised Nisha for her role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maari 2 Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maari-2/movie-review/67187410.cms |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She later appeared in various different films such as ''[[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]'' (2018), ''[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]'' (2018) and ''[[Seemaraja]]'' (2018). She later returned to television hosted a various number of shows such as ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai|Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai]] (season 1)'' in 2019 and ''[[Cooku with Comali]]'' in 2020. Later in 2020, she appeared in the reality show [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)|Bigg Boss Tamil (season 4)]] as a contestant and was later evicted from the show on the 70th day. After her Bigg Boss experience she returned to films and acted in films like ''[[Hostel (2022 film)|Hostel]]'' (2022), ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' (2022) and ''[[Trigger (2022 film)|Trigger]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFSCuEvskLI|title= In Latest Video, Actor Aranthangi Nisha Takes Fans on Home Tour; They Love it|work=www.news18.com|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vadivel-balaji-death-details-real-reason-aranthangi-nisha-interview-tamil-news-269433|title=Exclusive! Aranthangi Nisha reveals facts behind Vadivel Balaji's death|work=www.indiaglitz.com|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
She appeared in the film [[Aneethi]] directed by [[Vasanthabalan]], alongside actors [[Arjun Das]] and [[Dushara Vijayan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-vanitha-vijayakumar-aranthangi-nisha-in-vasantha-balan-new-movie-arjun-doss-dushara-vijayan-tamil-news-292753|title=Vanitha Vijayakumar and Aranthangi Nisha board class director's new movie|work=www.indiaglitz.com|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/aranthangi-nisha-criticize-pollachi-sex-abuse-pollachi-rapists-thirunavukkarasu-mother-telugu-news-231628|title=Aranthangi Nisha questions Thirunavukkarasu's mother|work=www.indiaglitz.com|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Social work==<br />
During [[Cyclone Michaung]] in 2023, she helped by providing supplies to the many people from [[Tiruchirappalli]]. Despite facing logistical issues in taking the aid materials to the people, she also prepared meals for around a thousand people but faced delays due to unpliable roads. She used her social media account to seek more help for [[Madipakkam, Chennai|Madipakkam]], [[Pallikaranai]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/city/tv-star-aranthangi-nisha-turns-a-good-samaritan-by-helping-flood-hit-victims-752852|title=TV star Aranthangi Nisha turns a good samaritan by helping flood-hit victims|work=www.dtnext.in|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Key<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |2018<br />
|''[[Maari 2]]'' <br />
|Attu Aanandi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]'' <br />
|Rathi's patient<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]'' <br />
|Guru's wife<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Seemaraja]]'' <br />
|Herself<br />
|Special appearance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Aan Devathai]]'' <br />
|Herself<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kalakalappu 2]]'' <br />
|Ganesh's assistant<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2022<br />
|''[[Hostel (2022 film)|Hostel]]'' <br />
| “Burdha” Parvin (Ghost)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' <br />
|Dhanalakshmi, Subbaraj's wife<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Trigger (2022 film)|Trigger]]'' <br />
|Revathi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |2023<br />
|''[[Aneethi]]'' <br />
|Kalaimamani Nisha<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''<br />
|G. Kanagalakshmi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |2024<br />
|''[[Saamaniyan]]'' <br />
|Kanaga<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Raayan]]''<br />
|Sargunam's assistant<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" |2026<br />
|''[[Leader (2026 film)|Leader]]'' <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Channel <br />
!Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
|2015 || ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? (season 5)|Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Season 5]]'' || Contestant || rowspan="20" | [[Star Vijay]] ||1st Runner Up ||<br />
|-<br />
|2024-2025<br />
|[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?|Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Season 10]]<br />
|Host<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
| ''Sagala vs Ragala '' || Guest || <br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actresses-chithra-raksha-holla-priyanka-deshpande-and-aranthangi-nisha-to-feature-in-sagala-vs-ragala/articleshow/67207526.cms|title=Actresses Chithra, Raksha Holla, Priyanka Deshpande and Aranthangi Nisha to feature in 'Sagala vs Ragala'|work=Times Of India|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2017–2023<br />
| ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions]]'' || Contestant/ Host || Contested in Seasons 1, 2 and 3<br />
Co-hosted Season 4 alongside [[KPY Bala]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
| ''Ramar Veedu '' || Ammu/ Ramar's wife || Main Cast<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/ramar-veedu-comedy-show-on-vijay-tv-94331.html|title= Ramar Veedu comedy show on Vijay TV |work=www.exchange4media.com|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
| ''[[Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai|Mr And Mrs Chinnathirai (season 1)]] '' || Contestant || Finalist<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2019–2020<br />
| ''[[Cooku With Comali]] (season 1)'' || Host || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2019–2022<br />
|''[[Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai|Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai (season 2-4)]]'' || Host || <br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mr-mrs-chinnathirai-4-set-for-a-grand-launch-on-july-2-deets-inside/articleshow/92600049.cms|title=Mr & Mrs.Chinnathirai 4 set for a grand launch on July 2; deets inside|work=Times Of India|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
|''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)|Bigg Boss Tamil (season 4)]]'' || Contestant || Evicted Day 70<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-4-aranthangi-nisha-gets-evicted-from-the-kamal-haasan-hosted-show/articleshow/79711691.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 4: Aranthangi Nisha gets evicted|work=Times Of India|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
| ''[[BB Jodigal]] (season 1) '' || Contestant || Finalist <br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/aranthangi-nisha-emotional-speech-at-vijay-tv-bb-jodigal-final-342284/|title=என் குழந்தைக்கு தாய்மாமன் இவர்… மகேஷ் நெஞ்சில் சாய்ந்து கண்கலங்கிய நிஷா!|work=tamil.indianexpress.com|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
| ''Bigg Boss Kondattam'' || Guest||<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
| ''[[Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani]] '' || Contestant || Paired with [[Raju Jeyamohan]]<br>Quitted show <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
| ''Star Kids '' || Guest || Special show<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://astroulagam.com.my/entertainment/vj-priyanka-bigg-boss-nisha-many-other-stars-get-emotional-show-209178|title=VJ Priyanka, Bigg Boss Nisha & Many Other Stars Get Emotional on This Show!|work=astroulagam.com.my|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
| ''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]'' || Vadivukkarasi ||Tamil TV Serial<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://astroulagam.com.my/entertainment/vj-priyanka-bigg-boss-nisha-many-other-stars-get-emotional-show-209178|title=VJ Priyanka, Bigg Boss Nisha & Many Other Stars Get Emotional on This Show!|work=astroulagam.com.my|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
|''Vijay Sabhai'' || [[Devasena]] || Special show<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
|''Happy Birthday Kamal Haasan'' || Guest || Special show<br>Birthday show dedicated to actor [[Kamal Haasan]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
|''[[Cooku with Comali season 5]]'' || Comali <br />
|<br />
|| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-5-aranthangi-nisha-joins-as-new-comali/articleshow/111036480.cms|title=Cooku With Comali 5: Aranthangi Nisha joins as new comali|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
|''[[Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai|Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai season 5]]'' || Host || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2026<br />
|''Happy Wife Happy Life'' || Guest || <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2026<br />
|''[[Cooku with Comali season 7]]'' || Contestant || <br />
|<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/cooku-with-comali-season-7-meet-the-couple-contestants-bringing-double-trouble-to-the-kitchen-5-7684.html|title=Cooku With Comali Season 7: Meet the Couple Contestants Bringing Double Trouble to the Kitchen|website=www.filmibeat.com|date=28 March 2026|language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Cateogary !! Awards !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2019 || ''Best Comedian female non fiction'' || [[Vijay Awards]] ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/aranthangi-nisha/awards.html|title=Aranthangi Nisha Awards & Nominations List|work=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name}}<br />
*{{Instagram|aranthainisha}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nisha, Aranthangi}}<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1983 births]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Cooku with Comali contestants]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inderbir_Singh_Nijjar&diff=503846Inderbir Singh Nijjar2026-04-07T15:31:44Z<p>DonteOnslow6: adding first bio w/ sources - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name =<br />
| image = Inderbir Singh Nijjar.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = Inderbir Singh Nijjar.jpg<br />
| caption = Inderbir Singh Nijjar in 2022<br />
| order = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| office = [[Mann ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Punjab (India)|Government of Punjab]] <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_start = 5 July 2022 <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_end = 31 May 2023 <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = Balkar Singh<br />
| 1blankname = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata = [[Bhagwant Mann]]<br />
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''<br />
| suboffice = [[Mann ministry]]<br />
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments<br />
| 2namedata = {{unbulleted list| Local Government|Parliamentary Affairs|Conservation of Land and Water|Administrative Reforms}}<br />
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| term_start1 = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| term_end1 = <!-- Add data only when the actual term has ended, not for terms which will end in the future. (Per usage guideline.) --><br />
| constituency1 = [[Amritsar South Assembly constituency|Amritsar South]]<br />
| majority1 = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Inderbir Singh Bolaria]]<br />
| successor1 = <br />
| order2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| office2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_start2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_end2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> <br />
<!--Personal data--><br />
| pronunciation = <br />
| birth_name = Inderpreet Singh najjar<br />
| birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| birth_place = Ajnala<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
| education = Post Graduate<br />
| alma_mater = Goveronment Medical College Amritsar<br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| profession = Doctor(MD)<br />
| known_for = <br />
| salary = <br />
| cabinet = Minister local bodies<br />
| committees = <br />
| portfolio = <br />
| awards = <!-- For civilian awards - appears as "Awards" if |mawards= is not set --><br />
| blank1 = <br />
| data1 = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| website = <br />
| nickname = <br />
}}<br />
'''Inderbir Singh Nijjar''' is an Indian politician and the MLA from [[Amritsar South Assembly constituency]]. He is current President of [[Chief Khalsa Diwan]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="Menon">{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Aditya |title=Punjab Results: Who is Jeevan Jyot, AAP Candidate Who Defeated Sidhu & Majithia? |url=https://www.thequint.com/punjab-elections/jeevan-jyot-navjot-sidhu-bikram-majithia-amritsar-east-punjab-results |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=TheQuint |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He is also elected as Protem Speaker of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<br />
<br />
==MLA==<br />
The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022. Nijjar was appointed the pro tem speaker of 16th [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]<br />
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly House Committee|House Committee]]<ref name="House Committee">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=45&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref> <br />
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Questions & References|Committee on Questions & References]]<ref name="Committee on Questions & References">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=37&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cabinet Minister==<br />
5 MLAs including Inderbir Singh Nijjar were inducted into the cabinet and their swearing in ceremony took place on 4 July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab: CM Bhagwant Mann expands Cabinet, 5 MLAs inducted as ministers |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/punjab-cm-bhagwant-mann-expands-cabinet-5-mlas-inducted-as-ministers |access-date=6 July 2022 |work=Free Press Journal |date=4 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> On 5 July, Bhagwant Mann announced the [[Mann ministry#Council of Ministers|expansion of his cabinet of ministers]] with five new ministers to the departments of Punjab state government. Inderbir Singh Nijjar was among the inducted ministers and was given the charge of following departments.<ref name="Tribune News 05 July 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Cabinet expansion: Anmol Gagan gets tourism; Indervir Nijjar local bodies, Chetan Singh health |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-cabinet-expansion-anmol-gagan-gets-tourism-indervir-nijjar-local-bodies-chetan-singh-health-409731 |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=Tribune India News Service |date=5 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
:{{unbulleted list| Local Government|Parliamentary Affairs|Conservation of Land and Water|Administrative Reforms}}<br />
<br />
==Assets and liabilities declared during elections==<br />
During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], he declared Rs. 36,00,04,024 as an overall financial asset and Rs. 40,02,069 as financial liability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inderbir Singh Nijjar(AAP):Constituency- AMRITSAR SOUTH(AMRITSAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=564 |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Electoral performance ==<br />
{{transcluded section|source=Amritsar South Assembly constituency}}<br />
{{#section:Amritsar South Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2017}}<br />
{{#section:Amritsar South Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-off}}<br />
{{s-bef|before= [[Bhagwant Mann]] }}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Local Government]]<br />
|years=2022–present}}<br />
{{s-inc}}<br />
{{s-bef|before= [[Bhagwant Mann]] }}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Parliamentary Affairs]]<br />
|years=2022–present}}<br />
{{s-inc}}<br />
{{s-bef|before= [[Bhagwant Mann]] }}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Conservation of Land and Water]]<br />
|years=2022–present}}<br />
{{s-inc}}<br />
{{s-bef|before= [[Bhagwant Mann]] }}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Administrative Reforms]]<br />
|years=2022–present}}<br />
{{s-inc}}<br />
{{s-par|in-la}}<br />
{{IN MLA box|before=[[Inderbir Singh Bolaria]]|state=Punjab|constituency=Amritsar South|years=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] –}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nijjar, Inderbir Singh}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]<br />
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party candidates in the 2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwaraka_Nath_Das&diff=497949Dwaraka Nath Das2026-04-07T11:04:59Z<p>DonteOnslow6: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Dwaraka Nath Das<br />
| image =<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term = 1991-1998<br />
| constituency = [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimganj]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Sudarsan Das]]<br />
| successor = [[Nepal Chandra Das]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| website = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
}}<br />
'''Dwaraka Nath Das''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]], from [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimganj]], [[Assam]] in 1991 and 1996 as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S03/partycomp01.htm | title=Assam 1 - Karimganj Parliamentary Constituency | publisher=Election commission of India | accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://silcharnews.wordpress.com/tag/dwarka-nath-das/ | title=Lok Sabha Election 2014 : battle ahead for Silchar, Karimganj seat | publisher=silcharnews.wordpress.com | accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/cachar/story.php?sec=2&subsec=12&id=186369&dtP=2014-03-21&ppr=1 | title=Battle for Karimganj LS seat yet to heat up | publisher=www.sentinelassam.com | accessdate=29 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100509/http://www.sentinelassam.com/cachar/story.php?sec=2&subsec=12&id=186369&dtP=2014-03-21&ppr=1 | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Assam | title=Tenth Lok Sabha Assam | publisher=Lok Sabha | accessdate=29 July 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Assam | title=Eleventh Lok Sabha Assam | publisher=Lok Sabha | accessdate=29 July 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Rediff.com r916">{{cite web | title=Rediff On The NeT: Polling Booth: Election' 96: Assam/Karimganj | website=Rediff.com | url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/assam01.htm | access-date=25 Jun 2023}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. House of the People 1992 p. 147">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. House of the People | title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. | year=1992 | issn=0445-6769 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4AwAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA147 | access-date=25 Jun 2023 | page=147}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1997 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Lok Sabha Debates | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. | year=1997 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XK5XAAAAMAAJ | language= | access-date=25 Jun 2023 | page=47}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1992 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Parliamentary Debates, House of the People: Official Report | publisher=Parliament Secretariat | year=1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=746vAAAAIAAJ | access-date=25 Jun 2023 | page=563}}</ref> It was believed that he was the founding member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Assam|Bharatiya Janata Party Assam]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Dwarka Nath}}<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Assam]]<br />
[[Category:People from Karimganj district]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]<br />
<br />
{{Assam-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhadra_(2019_TV_series)&diff=490613Bhadra (2019 TV series)2026-04-05T22:48:50Z<p>DonteOnslow6: Creating a entry - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Malayalam TV series}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Bhadra TV series.jpeg<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| voices = Manoj Nair<br />[[Devi S.]]<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
| channel = [[Surya TV]]<br />
| released = <br />
| num_episodes = 139<br />
| runtime = 16{{endash}}29 minutes<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|09|16|df=y}}<br />
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|03|27|df=y}}<br />
| director = Baiju Devaraj <br /> Venu Chelakkottu<br />
| opentheme = <br />
| genre = [[Soap opera]]<br />
| endtheme = <br />
| screenplay = John John<br />
| alt_name = <br />
| writer = John John<br />Leena P. Nair<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/writing-dialogues-for-the-tv-serial-bhadra-is-a-dream-come-true-for-me-leena-nair/articleshow/71253526.cms|title=Writing dialogues for the TV serial Bhadra is a dream come true for me: Leena Nair|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Arya|last=UR|date=23 September 2019|accessdate=21 May 2023}}</ref><br />
| creative_director = <br />
| producer = <br />
| theme_music_composer = Jithin K. Roshan<br />
| company = V. Tracks Info Media Pvt Ltd<br />
| editor = <br />
| story = John John<br />
| composer = Raajeev Alungal<br />
| cinematography = Anpumani<br /> Laiju Aravind<br />Ani V.Tracks<br />Ajesh<br />Anoop<br />
| executive_producer = Sajayan Perigamala<br />
| animator = Santhosh Sreeshar<br />Manju Simon (title)<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| developer = V. Tracks Info Media Pvt Ltd<br />
| creator = Baiju Devaraj<br />
| starring = [[#Cast]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bhadra''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language television series directed by Baiju Devaraj and Venu Chalakottu. It premiered on [[Surya TV]] on 16 September 2019 and streams on [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Bhadra all episodes from Sun NXT|url=https://www.sunnxt.com/tv/detail/88812|website=Sun NXT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhadra serial Surya TV launching on 16th September at 7:00 P.M Every Monday to Friday at 7:00PM is the telecast time of bhadra serial on Surya TV|url=https://www.keralatv.in/bhadra-serial-surya/amp|website=Kerala TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malayalam Tv Serial Bhadra|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Malayalam/tv-serials/bhadra|website=NETTV4U}}</ref> The show abruptly went off air on 27 March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhadra Serial Stopped|url=https://www.keralatv.in/surya-tv-resumes-serials/?amp|website=Kerala TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/crime-patrol-to-karthika-deepam-list-of-new-shows-set-to-launch-soon/articleshow/76265542.cms|title=Crime Patrol to Karthikadeepam: List of new shows set to launch soon|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Bhadra is the gem of lady, an epitome of all good qualities. Bhadra lush life enters into undesirable woes when circumstances lead her to be accused of her husband, Madhavan's murder.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*Seena Antony as Bhadra<ref>{{Cite web|title='Bhadra' to feature Seena Antony in lead role|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bhadra-to-feature-seena-antony-in-lead-role/articleshow/71126363.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
*Vijay Anand as Madhavan<br />
*[[Sarath Das]] as Hari<br />
*[[Sreelakshmi]] as Seethalakshmi<br />
*[[Krishnachandran]]<br />
*Ramesh Kottayam<br />
*[[Mahesh (Malayalam actor)|Mahesh]] as Swami<br />
*Swathi Shaji as Bhama<br />
*Thanvi<br />
*Vidhya Pillai<br />
*Anandhu Sheeja<br />
*Kezia Joseph<br />
*Vipian James<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Sun Surya original programming]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nandu_(Telugu_actor)&diff=520383Nandu (Telugu actor)2026-04-04T12:55:41Z<p>DonteOnslow6: created a post w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Telugu actor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Nandu<br />
| image =<br />
| birth_name = Ananda Krishna Nandu<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years active = 2009{{ndash}}present<br />
| spouse = [[Geetha Madhuri]]<br />
| children = 2<br />
}}<br />
'''Nandu''' is an Indian actor and host who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. He debuted with ''[[Photo (2006 film)|Photo]]'' (2006) and is best known for his role in ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]'' (2011).<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Nandu made his lead debut with the thriller film ''[[Photo (2006 film)|Photo]]'' (2006) starring [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]] and [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] under the stage name of Anand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-photo.html|title = Photo film launch - Telugu Cinema - Anand, Anjali & Mukta}}</ref> After playing a negative role in [[Sukumar]]'s ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]'', he went on to play the lead roles in several films notably including [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s ''[[365 Days (2015 film)|365 Days]]'' (2015) with [[Anaika Soti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/365-days-had-positive-effect-on-my-marriage-nandoo/|title='365 Days' had positive effect on my marriage: Nandoo|date=19 May 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> That same year, he played the lead role in ''Best Actors''. Regarding his performance, a critic from ''The Times of India'' wrote, "Nandu delivered a decent performance, aptly displaying emotions. His performance has a comfort level that makes his acting seem natural".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/best-actors/movie-review/48719151.cms|title=Best Actors Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critics Review of Best Actors by The Times of India|last=Rao|first=Siddharth|work=The Times of India}}</ref> After starring in several low-budget films, Nandu starred in ''Sawaari'' in 2020. The film released to positive reviews with a critic noting that "Nandu comes out of his comfort zone and steals the show right from the get-go".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/savaari/movie-review/74007802.cms|title=Savaari Movie Review : Savaari is an entertaining rom-com despite the flaws|last=Rajasekhar|first=Paturi|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Nandu is married to [[Geetha Madhuri]] with whom he has a daughter and a son.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-2-actor-nandu-urges-votes-for-geetha-madhuri/articleshow/65952270.cms|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2: Actor Nandu urges votes for Geetha Madhuri|website=The Times of India|date=25 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-2-actor-nandu-reacts-to-kaushalunfitforbb2-trend/articleshow/65820727.cms|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 2: Actor Nandu reacts to #kaushalunfitforbb2 trend|website=The Times of India|date=15 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/cute-pictures-geetha-madhuri-and-nandu-embrace-the-formers-pregnancy-in-style/articleshow/70591003.cms|title=Cute pictures: Geetha Madhuri and Nandu embrace the former's pregnancy in style|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandu-and-priyanka-sharma-starrer-savaari-set-for-a-grand-release-on-feb-7/articleshow/73047690.cms|title=Nandu and Priyanka Sharma starrer 'Savaari' set for a grand release on Feb 7|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/nandu-and-geetha-madhuri-finally-announce-parenthood-see-picture/articleshow/70712607.cms|title=Nandu and Geetha Madhuri finally announce parenthood; see picture|website=The Times of India|date=17 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandu-and-geetha-madhuris-blockbuster-baby-girl/articleshow/70711383.cms|title=Nandu and Geetha Madhuri's 'blockbuster' baby girl!|website=The Times of India |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref><br />
== Legal issues ==<br />
In 2017, Nandu appeared before the Special Investigation Team (SIT) of Telangana’s excise department as part of a probe into a high-profile drug racket in Hyderabad. Media reports stated that he was among several individuals from the Telugu film industry summoned for questioning in connection with the investigation. He later appeared before the Enforcement Directorate for questioning related to a money laundering inquiry linked to the same case, with authorities examining financial records as part of the ongoing probe.<ref>{{cite news<br />
|title=Hyderabad drug racket: Telugu actor Nandu appears before SIT<br />
|work=The Times of India<br />
|date=1 August 2017<br />
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-drug-racket-telugu-actor-nandu-appears-before-sit/articleshow/59859521.cms<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news<br />
|title=Hyderabad Drug Case: Actor Ananda Krishna Appears Before Special Probe Team<br />
|work=NDTV<br />
|date=1 August 2017<br />
|url=https://www.ndtv.com/telangana-news/hyderabad-drug-case-telugu-actor-ananda-krishna-alias-nandu-appears-before-special-probe-team-1731856<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news<br />
|title=Hyderabad drug case: Actor Nandu grilled by SIT<br />
|work=The New Indian Express<br />
|date=1 August 2017<br />
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/Aug/01/hyderabad-drug-case-actor-nandu-grilled-for-three-hours-by-sit-1636609.html<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
=== Film ===<br />
*''All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''[[Photo (2006 film)|Photo]]'' || Siddhu || credited as Anand<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || ''[[Khiladi No. 1]]'' || Vijay || [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri film]]; dubbed into Telugu as ''Bhairavi''<br />
|-<br />
|2009 || ''Preminche Rojullo'' || || credited as Vijay Nandu<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]'' || Ajit Jogi|| credited as Anand<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-100percentlove.html | title=100% Love film review - Telugu cinema Review - Naga Chaitanya & Tamanna }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Nenu Nanna Abaddam'' || Kiran ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Idhayam Thiraiarangam]]'' || Kumar || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]]; credited as Anand <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"|2014 || ''[[Autonagar Surya]]'' || Kiccha ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Paathasala]]'' || Raju ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rabhasa]]'' || Vaibhav ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ice Cream 2]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"|2015 || ''[[Pesarattu (film)|Pesarattu]]'' || Yuvaraj ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Serndhu Polama]]'' || Tony || Tamil film<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vinay-madhurima-to-go-to-new-zealand/articleshow/26267150.cms?from=mdr | title=Vinay, Madhurima to go to New Zealand | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Lakshmi | first1=V. }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[365 Days (2015 film)|365 Days]]'' || Apoorva ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Superstar Kidnap]]'' || Nandu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Best Actors'' || Nandu || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Shourya (2016 film)|Shourya]]'' || Netra's fiancé ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'' || Vikram ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"|2017 || ''Pichiga Nachav'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]'' || Prudhvi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 2]]'' || Nandu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''B.Tech Babulu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''Kutumba Katha Chitram'' || Charan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2018 || ''[[Sammohanam (2018 film)|Sammohanam]]'' || Kishore Babu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Inthalo Yennenni Vintalo'' || Vishnu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Enduko Emo'' || Karthick ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''Sivaranjani'' || Karthik ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''[[Savaari (2020 film)|Savaari]]'' || Raju || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2022 ||''[[Sehari]]'' || Passerby || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bomma Blockbuster]]'' || Pothuraju ||<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Dhandoraa]]''<br />
|Vishnu<br />
| rowspan="2" |credited as Shree Nandu<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2026 ||''[[Psych Siddhartha]]''|| Siddhartha Reddy <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vanaveera]]''|| Deva ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vowels (film)|Vowels]]'' || Martin || Tamil anthology film; credited as Nandu Vijaya Krishna<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/27/yugi-sethu-and-chinni-jayanth-star-in-the-upcoming-film-vowels|title=Yugi Sethu and Chinni Jayanth star in the upcoming film Vowels|first=Akshay|last=Kumar|date=January 27, 2026|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== As dubbing artist ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Actor<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
|2015 ||''[[Size Zero (2015 film)|Size Zero]]'' || [[Arya (actor)|Arya]]|| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2015/sep/15/nandoo-dubs-for-arya-in-size-zero-815283.html|title=Nandoo Dubs for Arya in 'Size Zero'|work=New Indian Express|date=15 September 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
*''All titles are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title <br />
! Role<br />
! Network<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''Hey Krishna''<br />
|[[Lord Krishna]]<br />
|[[Yupp TV]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2023<br />
|''[[Vadhuvu]]''<br />
|Anand<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mansion 24]]'' || Lilly<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[The Mystery of Moksha Island]]''<br />
|Vikram (Vicky)<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/06/the-mystery-of-moksha-island-trailer-a-game-of-lies-and-thrills|title=The Mystery of Moksha Island trailer: A game of lies and thrills|first=C. E.|last=Features|date=6 September 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/the-mystery-of-moksha-island-telugu-web-series-review.html|title=The Mystery of Moksha Island Telugu web series|date=20 September 2024|website=www.123telugu.com}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|6836471}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sampathige_Savaal&diff=532358Sampathige Savaal2026-04-01T12:25:28Z<p>DonteOnslow6: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sampathige Saval<br />
| image = Sampathige.jpg<br />
| caption = Film poster<br />
| director = [[A. V. Seshagiri Rao]]<br />
| writer = B. P. Dhuttharagi<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''Saahukaara'' (play)|B. P. Dhuttharagi}}<br />
| screenplay = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]<br />
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] <br /> [[Vajramuni]] <br /> [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]]<br />
| producer = A. N. Murthy<br />
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]<br />
| cinematography = R. Chittibabu<br />
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam<br />
| studio = Padmashree Enterprises<br />
| distributor = Padmashree Pictures<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1974}}<br />
| runtime = 148 minutes<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| country = India<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sampathige Savaal''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಸಂಪತ್ತಿಗೆ ಸವಾಲ್.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|A Challenge to Wealth}}) is a 1974 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[A. V. Seshagiri Rao]] and produced by [[A._N._Murthy_Rao|A. N. Murthy]], based on the play ''Saahukaara'' written by B. P. Dhuttharagi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/how-yesteryears-blockbuster-dr-raj-samapttige-saval-movie-started/articlecontent-pf86382-041893.html|title=ಡಾ.ರಾಜ್ ಅಭಿನಯದ ಬ್ಲಾಕ್ ಬಸ್ಟರ್ 'ಸಂಪತ್ತಿಗೆ ಸವಾಲ್' ಸೆಟ್ಟೇರಿದ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಅಸಲಿ ಕಥೆ|date=2 March 2020|access-date=8 October 2021|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008121508/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/how-yesteryears-blockbuster-dr-raj-samapttige-saval-movie-started-041893.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/here-are-some-must-watch-iconic-films-of-dr-rajkumar-829441.html|title = Here are some must-watch iconic films of Dr Rajkumar|date = 24 April 2020|access-date = 8 October 2021|archive-date = 20 April 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420025022/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/here-are-some-must-watch-iconic-films-of-dr-rajkumar-829441.html|url-status = live}}</ref> The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Vajramuni]] and [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]]. The screenplay, dialogues and lyrics for the soundtracks were written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]].<br />
<br />
The film was a musical blockbuster with all the tracks composed by [[G. K. Venkatesh]] considered evergreen hits. Rajkumar became popular as a playback singer with the track ''Yaare Koogadali'' from the film which became an instant hit among the audiences. He would then go on to sing regularly for his films.<ref>{{cite web|title=When Rajkumar sang...|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/20rk.htm|work=Rediff.com|date=20 April 2006|access-date=18 November 2014|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502201130/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/20rk.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was remade in Telugu in 1975 as ''Thota Ramudu'' starring [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]], in Tamil in 1975 as ''Pudhu Vellam'' starring [[Sivakumar (actor)|Sivakumar]] and in Malayalam in 1976 as ''[[Themmadi Velappan]]'' starring [[Prem Nazir]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=u-P9laXTh94&feature=youtu.be | title=7 ಭಾಷೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರ 33 ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು 55ಕ್ಕೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಬಾರಿ ರೀಮೇಕ್ ಆಗಿವೆ..!! &#124; Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 101 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=10 January 2022 }}</ref> - making it the second Kannada movie to be remade in three other South Indian languages after ''[[School Master (1958 film)|School Master]]''. Manjula reprised her role in both Telugu and Tamil versions - which also marked her debut in both those language.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film opens to a woodcutter chopping down a tree. He works for Siddappa ([[Vajramuni]]), a village landlord. The tree breaks at the stem and falls on him, killing him instantly. His wife Parvathamma ([[M. V. Rajamma]]) approaches Siddappa with her two children (Vishwa and Veerabhadra) and requests him to pay for the funeral expenses. Siddappa is however unconcerned and drives them away, which would go on to influence Veerabhadra ("Bhadra") hugely as he grows up. Both the children grow up into hardworking men; but, Vishwa works for Siddappa and stays in his good books while Bhadra grows into an easy going man with scant respect for Siddappa.<br />
<br />
Vishwa requests Siddappa for financial help as the day of his wedding approaches. Siddappa lends him {{INR}}1,000. Vishwa marries Mahalakshmi. Bhadra, on the other hand, angers Siddappa, his daughter Durga ([[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]]) and his accountant Puttappa ([[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]) at every opportunity he gets. He humiliates Siddappa in front of the village gathering at a festival, which does not sit well with the latter. On another occasion, he cuts a few strands of Durga's hair using a sickle. Siddappa reports the matter to Bhadra's mother and brother stating that Bhadra had molested his daughter Durga. Enraged, Vishwa drives Bhadra out of their house. Bhadra enters Siddappa's house and threatens to really molest Durga in his presence. He however exits leaving her unharmed.<br />
<br />
He stays at the village temple nearby. One day, his mother falls sick and expresses her desire to see him. Mahalakshmi proceeds to the temple to bring him home and takes a circuitous route through the forest. Siddappa, who is passing by, sees her and attempts to molest her. Her screams alert Bhadra who gets into a fist fight with Siddappa, ending in beating him black and blue. As a new marriage proposal for Durga comes, she confesses to her father her romantic feelings toward Bhadra. An enraged Siddappa slaps her on the face following which she runs to Bhadra at the temple and confesses her feelings to him, who initially reluctant, reciprocates them. Hearing the news, Siddappa sends Vishwa to threaten him with a revolver, claiming it to be unloaded, but unbeknownst to Vishwa, having loaded it beforehand with a single bullet. Mahalakshmi reaches the spot as an argument ensues between the two brothers. As she attempts to save Bhadra from the bullet fired by an unsuspecting Vishwa, she gets hit on her left shoulder. Enraged, Bhadra pursues Siddappa and gets into another fist fight with him. As he is about to strike him with an axe, the police arrive on the scene and arrest Siddappa for [[culpable homicide]]. Siddappa, before leaving, hands his daughter over to Bhadra.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as Veerabhadra<br />
* [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] as Durga<br />
* [[Vajramuni]] as Siddappa<br />
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as Puttappa<br />
* [[M. V. Rajamma]] as Parvathi<br />
* C. K. Kalavathi as Mahalakshmi<br />
* [[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]] as Subbalakshmi, Umapathi's wife<br />
* Jayamma<br />
* Suryakumari<br />
* [[Raja Shankar]] as Vishwa<br />
* [[H. R. Shastry]] as priest at temple<br />
* Joker Shyam as Umapathi, Puttappa's son<br />
* M. S. Sathya as Kittappa<br />
* B. Hanumanthachar<br />
* [[Shani Mahadevappa]]<br />
* Comedian Guggu as Chennajja<br />
* Tiptur Siddaramaiah<br />
* Narayan<br />
* Ellappa<br />
* Master Hemachandra<br />
* Master Bharath<br />
* [[Cudavalli Chandrashekar]] in a cameo appearance<br />
* Harshavardhan Rao in a cameo appearance<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
After many attempts to adapt B. P. Dhuttharagi's play ''Saahukaara'' into a film had previously failed, producer [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]] became interested. She asked screenwriter and [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]'s frequent collaborator [[Chi. Udayashankar]] to watch the play that was staged in [[Kanakapura]] during the time and report his view to her. Happy with the plot, the two proceed to go ahead with the project and having Rajkumar play the leading man; Udayashankar wrote the screenplay.<ref name="totalkannada">{{cite video |title=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು ವೀರಪ್ಪನ್ ಅಪಹರಣದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಾಗ ಬಳಸಿದ್ದ ಚಪ್ಪಲಿಗಳನ್ನು ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಜೋಪಾನವಾಗಿ ಎತ್ತಿಟ್ಟಿದ್ದರು ಏಕೆ..? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaXBbY_kFwU |publisher=Total Kannada |access-date=25 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125153835/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaXBbY_kFwU |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Upon Rajkumar's insistence, [[Vajramuni]] was cast in the role of Siddappa, the landlord. Director [[A. V. Seshagiri Rao]], who was initially adamant on having [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as the female lead, relented after Rajkumar suggested that [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] would be a better choice. The entirety of filming took place in [[Gajanur, Tamil Nadu|Gajanur]], a village in [[Tamil Nadu]], where Rajkumar was born. The makers were unhappy with certain sequences on the film during the [[post-production]] stage leading them to reshoot those sequences again there.<ref name="totalkannada"/><br />
<br />
The song "Yaare Koogadali" was originally intended to be sung by [[P. B. Sreenivas]]. However, his unavailability led composer [[G. K. Venkatesh]] suggest that Rajkumar sing it. Rajkumar went on to become a full-fledged playback singer after this.<ref name="dhnt">{{cite web|date=12 April 2006|title=Nata Saarvabhouma Dr Rajkumar no more|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Apr122006/update103482006412.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017012701/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Apr122006/update103482006412.asp|archive-date=17 October 2013|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> It was picturised on Rajkumar who is seated on a [[Water buffalo|buffalo]] through most of the song.<ref name="totalkannada"/><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The background score on the film and music for the soundtrack was scored by [[G. K. Venkatesh]] with lyrics for the soundtrack written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] and [[R. N. Jayagopal]].<br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Naguvudo Aluvudo<br />
| extra1 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]]<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]<br />
| length1 = <br />
| title2 = Raja Muddu Raja<br />
| extra2 = P. B. Sreenivas, [[S. Janaki]]<br />
| lyrics2 = Chi. Udaya Shankar<br />
| length2 = <br />
| title3 = Anthinta Hennu<br />
| extra3 = S. Janaki<br />
| lyrics3 = [[R. N. Jayagopal]]<br />
| length3 = <br />
| title4 = Yaare Koogadali<br />
| extra4 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]<br />
| lyrics4 = Chi. Udaya Shankar<br />
| length4 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|1369570}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last = Dhuttaragi|first = Pi. Bi |year = 2008 |title = Dhuttaragi avara āyda nāṭakagaḷu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQICPwAACAAJ |publisher=Karnāṭaka Sarkāra, Kannaḍa Pustaka Prādhikāra, 2008 |isbn= 9788177132588|location=India}}A detailed study of works by playwright Dhuttaragi.<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sampathige Savaal}}<br />
[[Category:1974 films]]<br />
[[Category:1974 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Chi. Udayashankar]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by A. V. Seshagiri Rao]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samajwadi_Party&diff=462069Samajwadi Party2026-03-28T16:13:31Z<p>DonteOnslow6: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Political party in India}}<br />
{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian Political Party <br />
| party_name = Samajwadi Party<br />
| logo = Samajwadi Party.png<br />
| flag = [[File:SP Flag.png|200px|centre]]<br />
| abbreviation = SP<br />
| colorcode = {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
| split = [[Janata Dal]]<br />
| chairman = <br />
| president = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]<br />
| general_secretary = [[Ram Gopal Yadav]]<br>[[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]<br>[[Shivpal Singh Yadav]]<br>[[Indrajit Saroj]]<br>[[Lalji Verma]]<br>[[Awadhesh Prasad]]<br>[[Ram Achal Rajbhar]]<br>[[Balram Yadav]]<br>[[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad]]<br>[[Ram Ji Lal Suman]]<br>[[Harendra Singh Malik]] <br />
| rajyasabha_leader = [[Ram Gopal Yadav]]<br />
| loksabha_leader = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]<br />
| founder = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]<br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1992|10|4}}<br />
| students = Samajwadi Chatra Sabha<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/17/sp-chatra-sabha-declares-70-district-unit-presidents-name-1205773388.html|title=SP chatra sabha declares 70 district unit presidents name|date=17 March 2008|website=oneindia.com}}</ref><br />
| youth = Samajwadi Prahari<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samajwadiprahari.in/हमारे-बारे-में|title=About Samajwadi Prahari|date=10 March 2021|website=Samajwadi Prahari}}</ref><br />
Samajwadi Yuvjan Sabha<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/sp-reinstates-youth-wings-office-bearers-with-a-rider/articleshow/19606629.cms|title=SP reinstates youth wings' office-bearers with a rider &#124; Lucknow News — Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 April 2013 }}</ref><br /><br />
| women = Samajwadi Mahila Sabha<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sp-appoints-presidents-of-nine-frontal-organisations-114070201133_1.html|title=SP appoints presidents of nine frontal organisations|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=2 July 2014|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><br />
| labour = <br />
| eci = [[List of political parties in India|State Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref><br />
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|37|543|hex={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|4|245|hex={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| state2_seats_name = [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislative Assemblies]] <br />
| state2_seats = <br />
{{Composition bar|106|403|hex={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}} ([[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]])<br />
{{Composition bar|2|288|hex={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}} ([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]])<br />
{{Composition bar|1|182|hex=<br />
{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
([[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]])<br />
| no_states = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| ideology = {{nowrap|[[Socialism]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/mulayam-singh-lays-emphasis-on-socialist-ideology-118112200636_1.html|title=Mulayam Singh lays emphasis on socialist ideology|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=22 November 2018 }}</ref><br>[[Social conservatism]]<ref name="scroll.in">{{cite news |date=16 May 2021 |title=Which political party has most clearly and consistently opposed women's rights? |url=https://scroll.in/article/666351/which-political-party-has-most-clearly-and-consistently-opposed-womens-rights |work=[[scroll.in]]}}</ref><ref name="sagepub44">{{Cite journal |last1=Verniers |first1=Gilles |year=2018 |title=Conservative in Practice: The Transformation of the Samajwadi Party in Uttar Pradesh |journal=Studies in Indian Politics |volume=6 |pages=44–59 |doi=10.1177/2321023018762675 |s2cid=158168430 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br>[[Populism]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-03-15 |title=Slew of populist measures by Akhilesh on Day 1 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/slew-of-populist-measures-by-akhilesh-on-day-1/article2998039.ece |access-date=2024-11-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>}}<br />
| position = {{nowrap|[[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Financial Times]]|title=Left wing triumphs in Uttar Pradesh election|date=6 March 2012|quote=The big winner in the Uttar Pradesh state election was the regional leftwing Samajwadi party|url=https://www.ft.com/content/7c9c93d4-67b1-11e1-978e-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/7c9c93d4-67b1-11e1-978e-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />
|international = [[Progressive Alliance]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://progressive-alliance.info/network/parties-and-organisations/|title=Parties & Organisations|publisher=[[Progressive Alliance]]|access-date=2 June 2017|archive-date=6 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306042542/http://progressive-alliance.info/network/parties-and-organisations/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| colours = {{Color box|#ed0e0e}} {{Color box|#0c7c0c}} Red and Green<br />
| headquarters = 18 Copernicus Lane, [[New Delhi]]<br />
| publication = ''Samajwadi Bulletin''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/command-performance-can-a-party-mouthpiece-question-its-leaders/story-UT9ZjxmzGuzYkJHGL7TsUM.html|title=Command performance: Can a party mouthpiece question its leaders?|date=10 January 2016|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|150px|center]]<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.samajwadiparty.in/}}<br />
|alliance= * '''National Alliance'''<br/>[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]] (2023–present) <br />
* '''Regional Alliance'''<br/>[[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]])<br />
* '''Former Alliance'''<br/>[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] (1996–2016) ([[West Bengal]])|state_seats_name=[[State legislative councils of India|State Legislative Council's]]|state_seats={{Composition bar|10|100|hex={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}} ([[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]])<br />
}}<br />
{{Socialism sidebar}} <br />
The '''Samajwadi Party''' ({{small|abbr.}} '''SP'''; {{Literal translation|Socialist Party}}) is a [[Socialism|socialist]] political party in [[India]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Samajwadi Party |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Samajwadi-Party |access-date=23 Sep 2024 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> It was founded on 4 October 1992 by former [[Janata Dal]] politician [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] and is headquartered in [[New Delhi]]. It is the third-largest political party in India, and is led by former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |date=29 September 2022 |title=Akhilesh Yadav elected Samajwadi Party President for third time |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/akhilesh-yadav-elected-samajwadi-party-president-for-third-time/article65949754.ece |access-date=8 August 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Hindu Business Line">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/akhilesh-yadav-elected-samajwadi-party-president-for-third-time/article65949529.ece|title=Akhilesh Yadav elected Samajwadi Party president for third time |work=[[Hindu Business Line]]|date=29 September 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Indian Express">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/akhilesh-yadav-re-elected-sp-president-as-2-day-party-convention-concludes-8181473/|title=Akhilesh Yadav re-elected SP president as 2-day party convention concludes |work=[[Indian Express]]|date=30 September 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
While the party is largely based in [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16330708|title=Why Uttar Pradesh is India's battleground state|work=BBC News|date=26 December 2011}}</ref> it has significant presence in many other Indian states as well. It has been the ruling party in the state of Uttar Pradesh for four terms – three times under [[Chief Minister]] [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], the fourth and most recent being [[Chief Minister]] [[Akhilesh Yadav]]'s full majority government in the 2012–2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly.<br />
<br />
The coalition of the party and its alliance partners: [[Samajwadi Alliance]] ('''SP+''') is currently the largest bloc in Uttar Pradesh in terms of [[Lok Sabha]] MPs. The alliance has one of the largest vote bases in the state of Uttar Pradesh in terms of the collective voting pattern, with more than 37% vote share in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 assembly elections]] and 44% in the [[2024 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|2024 general elections]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/heres-what-the-samajwadi-party-alliance-in-up-needs-to-focus-on-now/amp|work=The Wire|date=15 March 2022|title=What the Samajwadi Party alliance needs to focus on now}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/akhilesh-yadav-missed-majority-mark-by-just-few-lakh-votes-tst-1426767-2022-03-11|title=Akhilesh missed majority by a margin of few lakh votes|work= Aaj Tak|date=11 March 2022}}</ref>{{Verification needed|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Party symbolism - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|In [[Mumbai]], a supporter of the Samajwadi Party carries a bicycle, which is the symbol featured on the [[socialist]] party's flag.]]<br />
The Samajwadi Party was one of several parties that emerged when [[Janata Dal]] fragmented into several regional parties.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT379|title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation|last1=Kochanek|first1=Stanley A.|last2=Hardgrave|first2=Robert L.|date=30 January 2007|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9780495007494|language=en}}</ref> The party was founded by [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Shyamlal |date=6 April 2023 |title=Uneasy allies, fierce foes: Saga of BSP-SP ties, from Kanshi Ram and Mulayam to Mayawati and Akhilesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bsp-sp-ties-kanshi-ram-mulayam-singh-akhielsh-yadav-8541853/ |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=G. C. Malhotra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko0nAQAAMAAJ |title=Anti-defection Law in India and the Commonwealth | date=26 September 2023 |page=570 | publisher=[Published for] Lok Sabha Secretariat [by] Metropolitan Book Company | isbn=9788120004061 |quote=Mulayan Singh Yadav, MLA, along with 22 other MLAs belonging to the Janata Party Legislature Party, in a letter addressed to the Speaker, intimated that there was a split in their original Party, in a letter addressed to the Speaker, intimated that there was a split in their original Party.}}</ref> Created just months before the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri Masjid demolition]], the party rose to power by pursuing secular politics. The support of its key voters, Other Backward Classes and Muslims helped the party become a major political force in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 January 2024 |title=Who are karsevaks, what do they do? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/who-are-karsevaks-what-do-they-do-2858728 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[West Bengal]], the [[West Bengal Socialist Party]] of [[Kiranmoy Nanda]] merged with the SP in 2010. The Samajwadi Party is now led by former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<br />
<br />
He was chosen as the President for the first time in an Emergency meeting in 2017. He was chosen for second time in 2017 at Agra Convention of Samajwadi Party. He was chosen for the third time at the party's national convention held in September 2022 at Lucknow,<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref name="Hindu Business Line"/><ref name="Indian Express"/> after he was chosen as the President at the party's national convention held on 1 January 2017.<br />
<br />
The party have contested [[Lok Sabha]] and State Assembly elections around the country, but by far the bulk of its victories have been in Uttar Pradesh. In the [[2012 Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election|2012 legislative assembly elections]] of Uttar Pradesh, SP registered a landslide victory with a clear majority in the house, thus enabling it to form a government in the state. This was expected to be the fifth term of Mulayam Singh Yadav as Chief Minister of state, but he selected his son, Akhilesh Yadav instead. This became official on 15 March. It was also the first time that SP was head of the UP government for a full term of five years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |title=Assembly Elections May 2013 Results |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=22 July 2013 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215065208/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Assembly Elections 2012 – The end of Mayayug in UP|url=http://indiavoice.info/201203061495/news-desk/politics/assembly-elections-2012-the-end-of-mayayug-in-up.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507144711/http://indiavoice.info/201203061495/news-desk/politics/assembly-elections-2012-the-end-of-mayayug-in-up.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 May 2012 |publisher=IndiaVoice |access-date=7 March 2012|date=6 March 2012}}</ref> However, the party suffered a landslide defeat in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]], slumping to only 47 seats as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] swept to victory. The major loss of Samajwadi Party was attributed to several factors, most notably being corruption, several political controversies, deteriorating law and order, and insensitive comments on rape as well as anti-women views.<br />
<br />
=== National Convention of January 2017 ===<br />
In a National Convention held on 1 January 2017, called by Ram Gopal Yadav, [[Akhilesh Yadav]] was appointed as president of the Party for 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Meenal |date=5 October 2017 |title=Akhilesh Yadav re-elected Samajwadi Party national president for 5 years |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/UMizS74kX3vRXBzKn5IDNO/Akhilesh-Yadav-reelected-Samajwadi-Party-national-president.html |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Position in state and national politics==<br />
<br />
=== Alliance ===<br />
====UPA====<br />
The Samajwadi Party provided outside support to the [[United Progressive Alliance]] government up to the fourteenth general election. After the fourteenth general election, its support became unnecessary when the UPA became the largest alliance. It contested the 2009 general election in alliance with the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and the [[Lok Janshakti Party]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SP-RJD-LJP-Front-to-kickstart-UP-campaign-on-Apr-9/articleshow/4360254.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624172518/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-05/india/28011955_1_election-meeting-saifai-star-campaigner|url-status=live|archive-date=24 June 2013|title=SP, RJD, LJP Front to kickstart UP campaign on Apr 9|date=5 April 2009|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2014, the [[Save Indian Family Foundation]] encouraged voters to support the Samajwadi Party or vote [[None of the above]] because they had said they opposed the alleged misuse of gender bias laws.<ref name="misuse">{{cite news |last=Anuraag Singh |date=17 April 2014 |title=Vote for Samajwadi Party or press Nota: Mulayam |work=[[Indiatimes]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Vote-for-Samajwadi-Party-or-press-Nota-Mulayam/articleshow/33835972.cms |access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><br />
====SP-BSP Alliance====<br />
In 2019 general election, the Samajwadi Party was defeated by the BJP in Uttar Pradesh though allying with [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP wins 62 seats in Uttar Pradesh, SP-BSP alliance gets 15 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/bjp-wins-62-seats-in-uttar-pradesh-in-2019-lok-sabha-elections-1533627-2019-05-24 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=India Today |date=24 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> It became the thirteenth largest party in parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/partywiselist.aspx|title=Sixteenth LokSabha Party wise|website=loksabha.nic.in|publisher=LokSabha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018225726/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/partywiselist.aspx|archive-date=18 October 2015|url-status = dead|access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> In the general elections of 2019, it won only five seats, while the BSP won 10.<br />
<br />
====INDIA====<br />
Recently, Samajwadi Party joined the newly formed [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]](I.N.D.I.A) formed as an umbrella alliance of opposition parties in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=Which are the 26 parties in the INDIA combine, the face of Opposition unity for the 2024 Lok Sabha polls? |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/which-are-the-26-parties-in-the-india-combine-the-face-of-opposition-unity-for-the-2024-lok-sabha-polls/article67115171.ece |access-date=8 August 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=Group of 26 Oppn parties join hands under banner of 'INDIA' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/opposition-parties-in-bengaluru-announce-pre-poll-coalition-to-take-on-bjp-led-nda-in-2019-lok-sabha-elections-101689706428905.html |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shivam |first1=Kohli |title=What is INDIA, the new group formed by opposition parties |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-is-india-the-new-group-formed-by-opposition-alliance/articleshow/101873880.cms?from=mdr |website=The Times of India |publisher=Times Of India |access-date=18 July 2023 |date=18 July 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[2024 Indian general election]], the Samajwadi Party achieved a historic breakthrough by winning 37 seats, making it the third-largest party in the [[18th Lok Sabha]]. In Uttar Pradesh, the Samajwadi Party contested the elections in alliance with the [[Indian National Congress]]. Together, they secured 43 out of the 80 seats in the state, marking a significant gain for the [[INDIA Alliance]].<br />
<br />
=== Presence in state assemblies ===<br />
The SP has two MLAs in [[Maharashtra]] and one MLA in the 2022 [[Gujarat]] assembly election.<br />
<br />
== Samajwadi Prahari and Samajwadi Sanwad ==<br />
<br />
Under the guidance of Kailash Chaurasia, who was the Minister of State in the Government of Uttar Pradesh and under the direction of Dr.Arvind Srivastava, Shri Shivendra Nandan <ref>{{cite web|url=https://samajwadiprahari.in/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82/|title=About Samajwadi Prahari Founder|date=10 March 2021|website=Samajwadi Prahari}}</ref> made the formal announcement of the formation of Samajwadi Sentinel and in this sequence, Samajwadi Samvad to put forward the public's views. He reportedly cited the fight for equal rights for all races and issues related to inequality in youth-related matters as the main issues presented. The Samajwadi Party has front line campaigning groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samajwadiprahari.in/|title=About Samajwadi Prahari|date=10 March 2021|website=Samajwadi Prahari}}</ref> Ongoing debate on party policy comes from many of their leaders. Among them are:<br />
# Chhatra Sabha Sanwad<br />
# Yuvjan Sabha Sanwad<br />
# Samajwadi prahari Sanwad<br />
# Mulayam Singh Youth Brigade Sanwad<br />
# Lohiya Vahini Sanwad<br />
# Shikshak Sabha Sanwad<br />
# Vyapar Sabha Sanwad<br />
# Adhivakta Sabha Sanwad<br />
# Ambedkar Vahini Samwad<br />
<br />
==Electoral performances==<br />
=== Lok Sabha Elections ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Lok Sabha Term<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Lok Sabha<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Seats contested<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Seats won<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|% of votes<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|State (seats)<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Ref<br />
|-<br />
| [[11th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
| 111<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|17|543|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 3.3%<br />
| Uttar Pradesh (16), Bihar (1)<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 1996|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/11|access-date=24 September 2021|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[12th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
| 166<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|19|543|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 4.9%<br />
| Uttar Pradesh (19)<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 1998|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/12|access-date=24 September 2021|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[13th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
| 151<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|26|543|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 3.8%<br />
| Uttar Pradesh (26)<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 1999|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/13|access-date=24 September 2021|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[14th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
| 237<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|36|543|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 4.3%<br />
| Uttar Pradesh (35), Uttarakhand (1)<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 2004|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/14|access-date=24 September 2021|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[15th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
| 193<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|23|543|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 3.4%<br />
| Uttar Pradesh (23)<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 2009|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/15|access-date=24 September 2021|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[16th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
| 197<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|5|543|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 3.4%<br />
| Uttar Pradesh (5)<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 2014|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/16|access-date=24 September 2021|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[17th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
| 49<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|5|543|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 2.6%<br />
| Uttar Pradesh (5)<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 2019|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150835/https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/17|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2021|access-date=24 September 2021|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[18th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
| 62<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|37|543|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 4.58%<br />
| Uttar Pradesh (37)<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605053823/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/index.htm |archive-date=2024-06-05 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
{{Vertical bar chart|1996|17|1998|19|1999|26|2004|36|2009|23|2014|5|2019|5|2024|37|full_name=All time-SP Lok Sabha seat count|type=demographic|color=RED}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Elections ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Vidhan Sabha Term<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|UP Elections<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Seats contested<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Seats won<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|% of votes<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Party Votes<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Ref<br />
|-<br />
!Colspan="7"|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 12th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
| 256<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|109|425|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 17.94%<br />
| 8,963,697<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=1993 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1993/uttar-pradesh%20[1947%20-%201999]/108/8|access-date=24 August 2022|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 13th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
| 281<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|110|425|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 21.80%<br />
| 12,085,226<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=1996 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1996/uttar-pradesh%20[1947%20-%201999]/128/8|access-date=24 August 2022|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 14th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br />
| 390<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|143|403|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 25.37%<br />
| 13,612,509<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=2002 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2002/uttar-pradesh%20[2000%20onwards]/163/60|access-date=24 August 2022|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 15th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly elections|2007]]<br />
| 393<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|97|403|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 25.43%<br />
| 13,267,674<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=2007 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2007/uttar-pradesh%20[2000%20onwards]/191/60|access-date=24 August 2022|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 16th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election|2012]]<br />
| 401<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|224|403|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 29.15%<br />
| 22,107,241<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2012/uttar-pradesh%20[2000%20onwards]/220/60|access-date=24 August 2022|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 17th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />
| 311<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|47|403|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 21.82%<br />
| 18,923,689<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=2017 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2017/uttar-pradesh%20[2000%20onwards]/255/60|access-date=24 August 2022|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 18th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| 347<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|111|403|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 32.06%<br />
| 29,543,934<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=2022 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2022/uttar-pradesh%20[2000%20onwards]/289/60|access-date=24 August 2022|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!Colspan="7"|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 11th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| 1998<br />
| 228<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|4|320|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 1.58%<br />
| 419,626<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=AC: Party-wise performance for 1998|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1998/madhya-pradesh%20[1947%20-%201999]/136/4|access-date=15 September 2023|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 12th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| 2003<br />
| 161<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|7|230|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 3.71%<br />
| 946,891<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=AC: Party-wise performance for 2003|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/party/detail/59/172|access-date=15 September 2023|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 13th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| 2008<br />
| 187<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|1|230|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 1.90%<br />
| 501,324<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=AC: Party-wise performance for 2008|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/party/detail/59/204|access-date=15 September 2023|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 14th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| 2013<br />
| 161<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|0|230|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 1.2%<br />
| 404,853<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=AC: Party-wise performance for 2013|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/party/detail/59/232|access-date=15 September 2023|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 15th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| 2018<br />
| 52<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|1|230|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 1.3%<br />
| 496,025<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=AC: Party-wise performance for 2018|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/party/detail/59/267|access-date=15 September 2023|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 16th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| 2023<br />
| 71<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|0|230|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 0.46%<br />
| 200,069<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Colspan="7"|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 9th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| 1995<br />
| 22<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|3|288|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 0.93%<br />
| 356,731<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=AC: Party-wise performance for 1995|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/party/detail/30/119|access-date=15 September 2023|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 10th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| 1999<br />
| 15<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|2|288|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 0.7%<br />
| 227,640<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=AC: Party-wise performance for 1999|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/party/detail/30/144|access-date=15 September 2023|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 11th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| 2004<br />
| 95<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|0|288|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 1.13%<br />
| 471,425<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=AC: Party-wise performance for 2004|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/party/detail/30/177|access-date=15 September 2023|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 12th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| 2009<br />
| 31<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|4|288|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 1.11%<br />
| 337,378<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=AC: Party-wise performance for 2009|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/party/detail/30/206|access-date=15 September 2023|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 13th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| 2014<br />
| 22<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|1|288|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 0.17%<br />
| 92,304<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=AC: Party-wise performance for 2014|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/party/detail/30/241|access-date=15 September 2023|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 14th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| 2019<br />
| 7<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|2|288|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 0.22%<br />
| 123,267<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=AC: Party-wise performance for 2019|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/party/detail/30/276|access-date=15 September 2023|website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 15th Vidhan Sabha<br />
| 2024<br />
| 9<br />
| {{Composition bar compact|2|288|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}}}<br />
| 0.38%<br />
| 246,350<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywiseresult-S13.htm|title=Election}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of chief ministers==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" <br />
|-<br />
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white" | No.<br />
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white" | Name<br />{{small|Constituency}}<br />
!colspan=2 Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white" | Term of office<ref name=CM>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130812234844/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM Chief Ministers]. [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. Retrieved on 27 July 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130812231236/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/PRESIDENT%20RULE.htm President's rule]. Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Retrieved on 27 July 2013.</ref><br />
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white" | Tenure length<br />
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white" | Party{{efn|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he or she heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}<br />
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white" | Assembly<ref>[http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CONSTITUTION%20%20&%20DISSOLUTION.htm Date of Constitution & Dissolution of Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812234619/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CONSTITUTION%20%20%26%20DISSOLUTION.htm |date=12 August 2013 }}. Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Retrieved on 27 July 2013.</ref><br />{{small|(Election)}}<br />
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white" | Ref<br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
| 1<br />
| [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] <br />{{small|[[Jaswantnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaswantnagar]]}}<br />
| 5 December 1989<br />
| 24 June 1991<br />
| {{age in years and days|1989|12|05|1991|06|24}}<br />
| [[ Janata Dal]]<br />
| [[Tenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|Tenth Assembly]] (1989–91)<br />{{small|(1989 election)}}<br />
|<ref name=":1">"[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf Statistical Report on General Election, 2002, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</ref> |- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
| (1)<br />
| [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] <br />{{small|[[Jaswantnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaswantnagar]]}}<br />
| 4 December 1993<br />
| 3 June 1995<br />
| {{age in years and days|1993|12|04|1995|06|03}}<br />
| Samajwadi Party<br />
| [[Twelfth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|Twelfth Assembly]] (1993–95)<br />{{small|(1993 election)}}<br />
|<ref name=":1">"[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf Statistical Report on General Election, 2002, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
| (1)<br />
| [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] <br />{{small|[[Gunnaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gunnaur]]}}<br />
| 29 August 2003<br />
| 13 May 2007<br />
| {{age in years and days|2003|08|29|2007|05|13}}<br />
| Samajwadi Party<br />
| [[Fourteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|Fourteenth Assembly]] (2002–07)<br />{{small|(2002 election)}}<br />
|<ref name=":1" /><br />
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"<br />
| 2<br />
| [[Akhilesh Yadav]]<br />{{small|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]}}<br />
| 15 March 2012<br />
| 19 March 2017<br />
| {{age in years and days|2012|03|15|2017|03|19}}<br />
| Samajwadi Party<br />
| [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|Sixteenth Assembly]] (2012–17)<br />{{small|(2012 election)}}<br />
|<ref>"[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]" [pdf]. Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</ref><br />
|}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==List of union ministers==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|No.<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Photo<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Portfolio<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Name<br/><small>(Lifespan)</small><br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Assumed office<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Left office<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Duration<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|Constituency<br/><small>(House)</small><br />
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 Style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}};color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|1<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Shri.Mulayam Singh Yadav, addressing at the National Development Council, New Delhi on December 9, 2006 (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]'''<br><small>(1939{{ndash}}2022)</small><br />
|1 June<br>1996<br />
|21 April<br>1997<br />
!rowspan="2"|{{ayd|1996|6|1|1998|3|18}}<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Mainpuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mainpuri]]<br/><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|'''[[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]]'''<br />
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|21 April<br>1997<br />
|18 March<br>1998<br />
|'''[[Inder Kumar Gujral|I.K. Gujral]]'''<br />
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="4"|2<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[File:Beni Prasad Verma (cropped).jpg|70px]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]]'''<br>('''{{abbr|MoS(I/C)|Minister of State (Independent Charge)}}''' until 10 July 1996) <br />
|rowspan="4"|'''[[Beni Prasad Verma]]'''<br><small>(1941{{ndash}}2020)</small><br />
|29 June<br>1996<br />
|21 April<br>1997<br />
!rowspan="2"|{{ayd|1996|6|29|1998|3|19}}<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[Kaiserganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaiserganj]]<br/><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|'''[[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]]'''<br />
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|21 April<br>1997<br />
|19 March<br>1998<br />
|'''[[Inder Kumar Gujral|I.K. Gujral]]'''<br />
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]]'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|rowspan="2"|1 June<br>1996<br />
|rowspan="2"|29 June<br>1996<br />
!rowspan="2"|{{ayd|1996|6|1|1996|6|29}}<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]]'''<br />
|rowspan="2" {{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="4"|3<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]'''<br>'''[{{abbr|MoS(I/C)|Minister of State (Independent Charge)}}''']<br />
|rowspan="4"|'''[[Saleem Iqbal Shervani]]'''<br><small>(born 1953)</small><br />
|29 June<br>1996<br />
|21 April<br>1997<br />
!rowspan="2"|{{ayd|1996|6|29|1997|6|9}}<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[Badaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Badaun]]<br/><small>([[Lok Sabha]])</small><br />
|'''[[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]]'''<br />
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|21 April<br>1997<br />
|9 June <br>1997<br />
|'''[[Inder Kumar Gujral|I.K. Gujral]]'''<br />
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|1 June<br>1996<br />
|29 June<br>1996<br />
!{{ayd|1996|6|1|1996|6|29}}<br />
|'''[[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]]'''<br />
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]'''<br>'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br />
|9 June<br>1997<br />
|19 March<br>1998<br />
!{{ayd|1997|6|9|1998|3|19}}<br />
|'''[[Inder Kumar Gujral|I.K. Gujral]]'''<br />
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="3"|4<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of Water Resource]]'''<br />
|rowspan="3"|'''[[Janeshwar Mishra]]'''<br><small>(1933{{ndash}}2010)</small><br />
|29 June<br>1996<br />
|21 April<br>1997<br />
!rowspan="2"|{{ayd|1996|6|29|1997|6|9}}<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Uttar Pradesh]]<br/><small>([[Rajya Sabha]])</small><br />
|'''[[H. D. Deve Gowda|Deve Gowda]]'''<br />
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|21 April<br>1997<br />
|9 June <br>1997<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''[[Inder Kumar Gujral|I.K. Gujral]]'''<br />
|rowspan="2" {{party color cell|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]'''<br />
|9 June<br>1997<br />
|19 March<br>1998<br />
!{{ayd|1997|6|9|1998|3|19}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Prominent members==<br />
<!--PLEASE DO NOT MAKE ADDITIONS TO THIS LIST THAT DO NOT HAVE APPROPRIATE REFERENCES--><br />
<!--ALSO, ENTRIES SHOULD HAVE ARTICLES--><br />
<br />
* [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], founder and former President of Samajwadi Party, former Defence minister of India and former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=About The Party {{!}} Samajwadi Party|url=https://www.samajwadiparty.in/about-the-party|access-date=24 September 2021|website=www.samajwadiparty.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ministry of Defence|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/former-raksha-mantri|access-date=24 September 2021|website=www.mod.gov.in}}</ref><ref>[http://up.gov.in/upexcms.aspx Former Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh] ''up.gov.in''.</ref><br />
* [[Akhilesh Yadav]], President of Samajwadi Party and former chief minister of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akhilesh Yadav Re-Elected As Samajwadi Party National President For Five Years|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/akhilesh-yadav-re-elected-as-samajwadi-party-national-president-for-five-years/302627|access-date=24 September 2021|website=www.outlookindia.com|date=5 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=11 March 2017|title=UP elections: Chief minister Akhilesh Yadav resigns|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/up-elections-chief-minister-akhilesh-yadav-resigns/story-seO9Y8UvUyNVOrHBTDF3fP.html|access-date=24 September 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> <br />
* [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]], [[Member of Parliament]], 9 time [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], Member of Parliament [[Loksabha]] [[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rampur]] former cabinet minister of Uttar Pradesh and former Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=18 March 2012 |title=Azam Khan takes oath as Cabinet minister in Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/uttar-pradesh-azam-khan-oath-96276-2012-03-18|access-date=24 September 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=24 May 2019 |title=Election Results 2019: Azam Khan wins big from Rampur against Jaya Prada|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/rampur-election-results-2019-azam-khan-jaya-prada-1533349-2019-05-24|access-date=24 September 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Janeshwar Mishra]], former cabinet minister, [[Government of India]]. Former [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]].<br />
* [[Shivpal Singh Yadav]], Former State President of Samajwadi Party, [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jaswantnagar]] – 6th term, Former Cabinet Minister(UP Govt.), Former [[Leader of Opposition]]<br />
* [[Beni Prasad Verma]], former Union Cabinet Minister of India<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 2020 |title=SP founding member Beni Prasad Verma dies |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sp-founding-member-beni-prasad-verma-dies/articleshow/74852187.cms?from=mdr |access-date=4 July 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
* [[Awadhesh Prasad]], General Secretary of Samajwadi Party, Former Cabinet Minister of Uttar Pradesh, founding member<br />
* [[Anantram Jaiswal]] former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]], [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]], Minister and Samajwadi [[Ideologist]], Founding member <br />
* [[Kiranmoy Nanda]], Vice President of Samajwadi Party<br />
* [[Naresh Uttam Patel]], Former Uttar Pradesh State president of Samajwadi Party.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 January 2017|title=Akhilesh appoints Mulayam's old loyalist Naresh as president of SP state unit|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/akhilesh-appoints-mulayam-s-old-loyalist-naresh-as-president-of-sp-state-unit/story-SUCR5OgJxKwiIs5DgSk86H.html|access-date=24 September 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
* Professor [[Ram Gopal Yadav]], Party Leader in Rajya Sabha<br />
* [[Jaya Bachchan]], Indian actress and [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajya Sabha Elections: Samajwadi Party's Jaya Bachchan wins from Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rajya-sabha-elections-samajwadi-party-s-jaya-bachchan-wins-from-uttar-pradesh-2597008|date= 23 March 2018|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref><br />
* [[Ram Govind Chaudhary]], Leader of opposition in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Akhilesh Yadav chooses loyalist Ram Govind Chaudhary as new Leader of Opposition|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/akhilesh-yadav-chooses-loyalist-ram-govind-chaudhary-as-new-leader-of-opposition-samajwadi-party-4588416/|date= 28 March 2017|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref><br />
* [[Indrajit Saroj]], National General Secretary, Deputy Leader of Opposition in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=मिश्रा |first=अविनीश |date=1 February 2023 |title=स्वामी, राजभर और सरोज... 'कौशांबी मॉडल' से बीजेपी को फिर मात देंगे अखिलेश? |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/akhilesh-yadav-stake-6-defector-makes-general-secretary-samajwadi-party-abpp-2323106 |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><br />
* [[Balram Yadav]], 5 times elected as [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Atraulia Assembly constituency]] and 4 times as [[Member of Legislative Council]], Former Cabinet Minister (UP Govt.), He is prominent leader in purvanchal( Eastern Uttar Pradesh).<br />
* [[Sanjay Lathar]], Leader of Opposition in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]].<br />
* Dr. [[Sangram Yadav]], 3 times [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]] from [[Atraulia Assembly constituency]] and Whip/sachetak of Samajwadi party vidhan mandal dal.<br />
* [[Abu Asim Azmi]], Samajwadi Party Maharashtra state President, Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] and former Member of [[Rajya Sabha]].<br />
*[[Mohan Singh]], former Member of Parliament Rajya Sabha<br />
* [[Harendra Singh Malik]], former MP Rajya Sabha, prominent Jat leader from Western Uttar Pradesh.<br />
* [[Pankaj Kumar Malik]], MLA from Charthawal Assembly Seat.<br />
* [[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad]], Samajwadi Party General Secretary, [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]], former Member of [[Lok Sabha]], and former Cabinet Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<br />
*[[Balwant Singh Ramoowalia]], Prominent [[Sikh]] leader and former cabinet minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<br />
*[[Anand Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anand Singh]], leader, ex 5 time MP and MLA from [[Gonda district|Gonda]] district, and former [[Cabinet Minister |Cabinet Minister of Agriculture]] from Uttar Pradesh Government, under [[Akhilesh Yadav ministry|Akhilesh Yadav]] from 2012 to 2014.<br />
<br />
==State leadership==<br />
* [[Abu Asim Azmi]]: Maharashtra<br />
* Shyamlal Pal: Uttar Pradesh<br />
* Dr.Manoj Yadav: Madhya Pradesh<br />
* Satyanarayan Sachan: Uttarakhand<br />
* Manjappa Yadav: Karnataka<br />
* Devendra Upadhyaya: Gujarat<br />
* Manas Bhattacharya: West Bengal<br />
*Mukesh Yadav: Rajasthan<br />
*Sukhvinder Singh: Punjab<br />
*Dr Saji Pothen Thomas: Kerala<br />
*B Jagadeesh Yadav: Andhra Pradesh<br />
*Om Prakash Sahu:Chhattisgarh<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of political parties in India]]<br />
* [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
<br />
{{Samajwadi Party}}<br />
{{Janata Parivar parties}}<br />
{{Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance }}<br />
{{Indian political parties}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party| ]]<br />
[[Category:1992 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Socialist parties in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Full member parties of the Socialist International]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Parivar]]<br />
[[Category:Left-conservative parties]]<br />
[[Category:Left-wing parties]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 1992]]<br />
[[Category:Populist parties]]<br />
[[Category:Progressive Alliance]]<br />
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=MVM_Arts_and_Science_College&diff=454235MVM Arts and Science College2026-03-26T17:19:39Z<p>DonteOnslow6: brief cleanup information after review and improved wording</p>
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{{Article for deletion/dated|page=MVM Arts and Science College|timestamp=20260326171939|year=2026|month=March|day=26|substed=yes|help=off}}<br />
<!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=MVM Arts and Science College|date=26 March 2026|result='''keep'''}} --><br />
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{{moresources|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| image = mvm.gif<br />
| name = M.V.Muthiah Government Arts College for Women, Dindigul<br />
| native_name = <br />
| latin_name = <br />
| motto = "Purity, Unity and Ability"<br />
| established = 1966<br />
| type = Government, Tamilnadu<br />
| endowment = <br />
| staff = 33<br />
| faculty = 125<br />
| principal = Dr.L. REVATHI<br />
| enrollment = 3212<br />
| city = [[Dindigul]]<br />
| state = Tamil Nadu<br />
| country = India<br />
| address = ThadiKombu Road, Angu Nagar<br />
| colors = <br />
| mascot = <br />
| affiliations = [[Mother Teresa Women's University]]<br />
| website = {{url|www.mvmwgacdgl.ac.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''M.V.Muthiah Govt. Arts College for Women''' is a women's public college on the outskirts of [[Dindigul|Dindigul, Tamil Nadu]], India.<br />
<br />
==Degrees offered==<br />
* [[Bachelor of Arts]], [[Master of Arts]]<br />
* [[Bachelor of Commerce]]<br />
* [[Bachelor of Science]], [[Master of Science]]<br />
<br />
==Departments==<br />
* Department of Physics<br />
* Department of Chemistry<br />
* Department of Commerce<br />
* Department of Computer Science<br />
* Department of Economics<br />
* Department of English<br />
* Department of Geography<br />
* Department of History<br />
* Department of Mathematics<br />
* Department of Tamil<br />
* Department of Zoology<br />
*Department of Botany<br />
*Department of BBA<br />
<br />
==Notable alumni==<br />
* L. Shanthi, Class of 1989 (English), founder and CEO Tarka Systems, Inc, USA{{citation needed|date=August 2010}}<br />
<br />
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mvm Arts And Science College}}<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]<br />
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:1966 establishments in Madras State]]<br />
[[Category:Dindigul]]<br />
[[Category:Education in Dindigul district]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabi_Nazrul_Mahavidyalaya&diff=452942Kabi Nazrul Mahavidyalaya2026-03-26T02:07:06Z<p>DonteOnslow6: minor cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|College in Tripura, India}}<br />
<!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --><br />
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Kabi Nazrul Mahavidyalaya|timestamp=20260326020706|year=2026|month=March|day=26|substed=yes|help=off}}<br />
<!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Kabi Nazrul Mahavidyalaya|date=26 March 2026|result='''keep'''}} --><br />
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{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{One source|date=December 2022}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Kabi Nazrul Mahavidyalaya<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| established = 1988<br />
| founder = <br />
| type = Undergraduate college<br />
| motto = <br />
| motto_lang = [[Sanskrit]]<br />
| mottoeng = <br />
| city = [[Sonamura]]<br />
| principal = Dr. Udai Narayan Adhikari<br />
| dean = <br />
| director = <br />
| head_label = <br />
| head = <br />
| academic_staff = 31<br />
| administrative_staff = 17<br />
| students = 1636 (2014-15)<br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = <br />
| doctoral = <br />
| other = <br />
| state = [[Tripura]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| postcode = 799181<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4901|91.2794867|display=Inline}}<br />
| campus = Urban<br />
| affiliations = Tripura University<br />
| language = <br />
| free_label = <br />
| free = <br />
| free_label2 = <br />
| free2 = <br />
| colors = <!--or, colours= --><br />
| athletics = <br />
| sports = <br />
| athletics_nickname = <!--or, sports_nickname= --><br />
| sporting_affiliations = <br />
| mascot = <!--or, mascots= --><br />
| sports_free_label = <br />
| sports_free = <br />
| sports_free_label2 = <br />
| sports_free2 = <br />
| website = http://knmsonamura.ac.in/<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = <br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kabi Nazrul Mahavidyalaya''', established in 1988, is a general degree college in [[Sonamura]], [[Tripura]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts and sciences. It is affiliated to [[Tripura University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of Tripura University |url=https://www.tripurauniv.ac.in/Page/affiliatedCollege1 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814111933/https://www.tripurauniv.ac.in/Page/affiliatedCollege1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Departments==<br />
===Science===<br />
*Chemistry<br />
*Physics<br />
*Mathematics<br />
*Environmental Science<br />
*Information Technology<br />
<br />
===Arts===<br />
*Bengali<br />
*English<br />
*History<br />
*Political Science<br />
*Philosophy<br />
*Education<br />
*Sociology<br />
*Physical Education<br />
*Economics<br />
<br />
==Accreditation==<br />
The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Education in India]]<br />
*[[Education in Tripura]]<br />
*[[Tripura University]]<br />
*[[Literacy in India]]<br />
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Tripura]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|Education}}<br />
<br />
{{Tripura University}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Tripura University]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1988]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:1988 establishments in Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Colleges in Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Memorials to Kazi Nazrul Islam]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{tripura-university-stub}}</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Aizawl&diff=497218Diocese of Aizawl2026-03-25T20:04:48Z<p>DonteOnslow6: New</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Assam & Mizoram, India}}<br />
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox diocese<br />
|jurisdiction = Diocese <br />
|name = Aizawl <br />
|latin = Dioecesis Aizavlen<br />
|local = <br />
|image = CKC mizoram.png<br />
|image_size = 230px<br />
|caption = Christ the King Cathedral in Aizawl<br />
|country = {{flag|India}}<br />
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong|Shillong]] <br />
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong|Shillong]] <br />
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]<br />
|cathedral = [[Christ the King Cathedral, Aizawl|Christ the King Cathedral]] in [[Aizawl]]<br />
|cocathedral = <br />
|parishes = 32<br />
|area_km2 = 28,002 <br />
|population = 5,072,598<br />
|population_as_of = 2020 <br />
|catholics = 41,067<br />
|catholics_percent= 0.8 <br />
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}<br />
|bishop = [[Stephen Rotluanga]], [[Congregation of Holy Cross|C.S.C.]] <br />
|metro_archbishop = [[Victor Lyngdoh]]<br />
|coadjutor = <br />
|auxiliary_bishops= Joachim Walder<ref>{{cite web |title=Fr. Joachim Walder is Appointed as the Auxiliary Bishop of Aizawl |url=https://ccbi.in/fr-joachim-walder-is-appointed-as-the-auxiliary-bishop-of-aizawl/ |website=ccbi.com}}</ref><br />
|vicar_general = Fr. Joseph Lalbiakthanga<br />
|website = {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130727020216/http://aizawldiocese.org/index.php Website of the Diocese]}} <br />
|priests=80|established={{start date and age|11 January 1996}}|patron=St. Joseph|churches=|dissolved=|founded=|sui_iuris_church=|flag=|denomination=|headquarters=|territory=|coat=|language=}}<br />
The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Aizawl''' ({{langx|la| Aizavlen(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Aizawl]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong|Shillong]] in India.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
* 17 January 1952: Established as [[Apostolic Prefecture]] of Haflong from the [[Metropolitan Archdiocese of Dacca]]<br />
* 26 June 1969: Promoted as Diocese of Silchar<br />
** 11 January 1996: Renamed as Diocese of Aizawl<br />
<br />
==Leadership==<br />
* [[Bishop]]s of Aizawl ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])<br />
** Bishop [[Stephen Rotluanga]], C.S.C. (2 October 2001 – present)<br />
** [[Apostolic Administrator]] - Bishop [[Lumen Monteiro]] (2000–2001)<br />
** Bishop [[Denzil Reginald D’Souza]] (11 January 1996 – 18 October 2000)<br />
* Bishops of Silchar (Latin Rite) <br />
** Bishop Denzil Reginald D’Souza (26 June 1969 – 11 January 1996)<br />
* Prefect Apostolic of Haflong (Roman Rite) <br />
** Fr. [[George Daniel Breen]], C.S.C. (21 March 1952 – 1969)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Christian denominations in North East India]]<br />
* [[List of Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --><br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/aiza0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]<br />
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/daiza.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]<br />
<br />
{{coord|9.4965|N|76.3289|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aizawl}}<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]<br />
[[Category:Christianity in Mizoram]]<br />
[[Category:Churches in Mizoram]]<br />
[[Category:Aizawl|Diocese]]<br />
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1952|Diocese]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]<br />
[[Category:1952 establishments in India|Diocese]]<br />
<br />
{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_raid_on_Bari&diff=453729Air raid on Bari2026-03-22T20:07:37Z<p>DonteOnslow6: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|1943 attack by German bombers on Allied forces and shipping in Bari, Italy, during WWII}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict=Air raid on Bari<br />
| image = Atak lotniczy na flotę w Bari (2-2442).jpg<br />
| image_upright = 1.0<br />
| caption = Allied ships burning during the German attack on Bari<br />
| partof=the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] of [[World War II]]<br />
| date = 2 December 1943<br />
| place = [[Bari]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|41|07|31|N|16|52|0|E|type:event_region:IT-BA|display=inline, title}}<br />
| map_type = Italy<br />
| map_size = 200<br />
| map_caption = Bari, in the [[Apulia]] [[region]] of Italy on the [[Adriatic Sea]]<br />
| map_label = Bari<br />
| result = German victory<br />
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}<br />
| combatant2 = {{Flagcountry|UK|1801}}<br />{{flag|United States|1912}}<br />{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Kingdom of the South|Kingdom of Italy]]<br />
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Albert Kesselring]]<br />{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Wolfram von Richthofen]]<br />
| commander2 = {{Flagicon |United Kingdom}} [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]]<br />{{Flagicon |United Kingdom}} [[Arthur Coningham (RAF officer)|Arthur Coningham]]<br />
| strength1 = 105 [[Junkers Ju 88]] A-4 bombers<br />
| strength2 =<br />
| casualties1 = One aircraft destroyed<br />
| casualties2 = 29 ships sunk<br />harbour extensively damaged<br />1,000 military and merchant marine personnel killed<br />1,000 civilians killed{{sfnp|Atkinson|2007|pp=275–276}}<br />
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Italy}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''air raid on Bari''' ({{langx|de|Luftangriff auf den Hafen von Bari}}, {{langx|it|Bombardamento di Bari}}) was an air attack by [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[bomber]]s on [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces and shipping in [[Bari]], Italy, on 2 December 1943, during [[World War II]]. 105 German [[Junkers Ju 88]] bombers of [[Luftflotte 2|''Luftflotte'' 2]] surprised the port's defenders and bombed shipping and personnel operating in support of the Allied [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]], sinking 27 cargo and transport ships, as well as a [[schooner]], in Bari harbour.<br />
<br />
The attack lasted a little more than an hour and put the port out of action until February 1944. The release of [[mustard gas]] from one of the wrecked cargo ships added to the loss of life. The British and US governments covered up the presence of mustard gas and its effects on victims of the raid.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
In early September 1943, coinciding with the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Allied invasion of Italy]], Italy surrendered to the Allies in the [[Armistice of Cassibile]] and changed sides, but the breakaway [[Italian Social Republic]] in central and northern Italy continued the war on the Axis side. On 11 September 1943, the [[port of Bari]] in southern Italy was taken unopposed by the British [[1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|1st Airborne Division]]. The port was used by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] to land ammunition, supplies and provisions from ships at the port for Allied forces advancing towards Rome and to push German forces out of the Italian peninsula.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}<br />
<br />
Bari had inadequate [[air defence]]s; no [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) [[fighter aircraft]] squadrons were based there, and fighters within range were assigned to escort or offensive duties, not port defence. Ground defences were equally ineffective.{{sfnp|Orange|1992|p=175}}<!-- a rather close phrasing of Orange p175 --><br />
<br />
Little thought was given to the possibility of a German air raid on Bari, because it was believed that the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' in Italy was stretched too thin to mount a serious attack. On the afternoon of 2 December 1943, Air Marshal [[Arthur Coningham (RAF officer)|Sir Arthur Coningham]], commander of the [[Northwest African Tactical Air Force]], held a press conference in Bari where he stated that the Germans had lost the air war. "I would consider it as a personal insult if the enemy should send so much as one plane over the city".<ref name="faguet">{{cite book |last= Faguet |first= Guy B. |title= The War on Cancer |url= https://archive.org/details/waroncanceranato00fagu |url-access=limited |publisher= Springer |year= 2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/waroncanceranato00fagu/page/n74 70] |isbn=1-4020-3618-3}}</ref><ref name=Holland>{{cite book |last= Holland |first= James |year= 2023 |title= The Savage Storm: The Battle for Italy 1943 |location= London |publisher= Bantam |pages= 273, 310|type= Paperback |isbn=9781787636699}}</ref> That was despite the fact that German air raids by [[Kampfgeschwader 54|KG 54]], [[KG 76]], and other units, had hit the port area of [[Naples]] four times in the previous month, and attacked other Mediterranean targets.{{sfnp|Orange|1992|p=175}}<br />
<br />
Thirty ships of American, British, Polish, Norwegian and Dutch registry were in Bari Harbour on 2 December. The adjoining port city held a civilian population of 250,000. The port was lit on the night of the raid to expedite the unloading of supplies for the [[Battle of Monte Cassino]] and was working at full capacity.{{sfnp|Saunders|1967|p=36}}<br />
<br />
==Raid==<br />
[[File:Atak lotniczy na flotę w Bari (2-2443).jpg|thumb|Allied ships burn during the raid.]]<br />
<br />
On the afternoon of 2 December, ''Luftwaffe'' pilot Werner Hahn made a reconnaissance flight over Bari in an [[Messerschmitt Me 210|Me 210]].<ref name=Holland/> His report reached [[Field Marshal (Germany)|''Generalfeldmarschall'']] [[Wolfram von Richthofen]]—who commanded [[Luftflotte 2|''Luftflotte'' 2]].<ref name=Holland/> With the support of [[Albert Kesselring]], Richthofen ordered a raid; Kesselring and his staff had earlier considered Allied airfields at [[Foggia]] as targets but the ''Luftwaffe'' lacked the resources for such an attack.<ref name=Holland/><ref name=faguet/> Richthofen had suggested Bari as an alternative.{{sfnp|Infield|1976|p=28}} Richthofen believed that crippling the port might slow the advance of the British [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] and told Kesselring that the only aircraft available were his [[Junkers Ju 88#Ju 88A|Junkers Ju 88A-4]] bombers. Richthofen thought that a raid by 150 Ju 88s might be possible but only 105 bombers were available, some from KG 54.<ref>{{cite web |language=de |trans-title=Battle Squadron 54 "Skull" – Battle Squadron (Hunt) 54 – 1. ''curriculum vitae'' – 1943 |url=http://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Gliederungen/Kampfgeschwader/KG54-R.htm |title=Kampfgeschwader 54 "Totenkopf" – Kampfgeschwader (Jagd) 54 – 1. Lebenslauf – 1943 |website=lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de |publisher=Lexikon der Wehrmacht |access-date=1 December 2016 |quote=Im Dezember flog das Geschwader weiter Einsätze gegen alliierte Schiffe in der Adria und den Hafen von Bari [In December, the wing continued to carry out operations against Allied ships in the Adriatic and the port of Bari]}}</ref> Most of the aeroplanes were to fly from Italian airfields but Richthofen wanted to use a few from [[Yugoslavia]] in the hope that the Allies might be fooled into thinking that the mission originated from there and misdirect any retaliatory strikes. The Ju 88 pilots were ordered to fly east to the [[Adriatic Sea]], then swing south and west, since it was thought that the Allied forces would expect any attack to come from the north.<br />
<br />
The attack opened at 19:25, when two or three German aircraft circled the harbour at {{convert|10000|ft|m|abbr=on}} dropping [[Chaff (countermeasure)|''Düppel'']] (foil strips) to confuse Allied radar. They also dropped flares, which were not needed due to the harbour being well illuminated. The German bomber force surprised the defenders and was able to bomb the harbour with great accuracy. Hits on two ammunition ships caused explosions which shattered windows {{convert|7|mi|km|abbr=on}} away. A bulk petrol pipeline on a quay was severed and the gushing fuel ignited.{{sfnp|Orange|1992|p=176}} A sheet of burning fuel spread over much of the harbour, engulfing undamaged ships.{{sfnp|Saunders|1967|p=36}}<br />
<br />
Twenty-eight merchant ships laden with more than {{convert|34000|ST|lk=on|abbr=on}} of cargo were sunk or destroyed; three ships carrying a further {{convert|7500|ST|t|abbr=on}} were later salvaged.{{sfnp|Orange|1992|p=175}} Twelve more ships were damaged.<ref name=Bollsta/> The port was closed for three weeks and was only restored to full operation in February 1944.{{sfnp|Orange|1992|p=176}} All Bari-based submarines were undamaged, their tough exteriors able to withstand the German attack.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
|+Ships damaged in the raid<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Flag<br />
! Type<br />
! style="white-space: nowrap;" data-sort-type="number"| [[Gross register tonnage|GRT]] or<br />[[Displacement (ship)|Displacement]]<br />
! Status<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
! class="unsortable"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{ship|FV|Ardito|1937|2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|naval}}<br />
|<br />
| {{GRT|3,732}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Argo||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|civil}}<br />
| Coaster<br />
| {{GRT|526}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Damaged ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Aube||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|France|1794}}<br />
| [[Cargo ship]]<br />
| {{GRT|1,055}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{MV|Barletta|1931|2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|naval}}<br />
| [[Auxiliary cruiser]]<br />
| {{GRT|1,975}}<ref name=Bollsta/><ref name=Prevato/><ref name=cLeonardo>{{Cite web |url=https://cronologia.leonardo.it/battaglie/batta60a.htm |title=Navi Italiane in Guerra |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322091518/https://cronologia.leonardo.it/battaglie/batta60a.htm }}</ref><br />
| Sunk || Forty-four crew killed. Four men from the militarized crew killed in action and four men were wounded. The military crew had twenty-two men killed in action, fourteen missing in action and forty wounded. Raised in 1948–1949 and repaired.<ref name=Prevato>{{cite web |url=http://www.prevato.it/giornalenautico/52.php/ |title=Motonave "Barletta" |publisher=Franco Prevato |language=it |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| data-sort-value="Bicester" | {{HMS|Bicester|L34|6}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}}<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{sclass2|Hunt|destroyer}}<br />
| {{GRT|1,050}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Damaged ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Bollsta|1924|2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Norway}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|1,832}}<ref name=Bollsta/><ref name=Bollsta2>{{cite web|url=http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154674 |title=Bollsta (+ 1943) |publisher=Wrecksite |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322060233/http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154674 |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
| Sunk || Raised in 1948, repaired and returned to service as ''Stefano M''.<ref name=Bollsta>{{cite web|url= http://www.warsailors.com/singleships/bollsta.html |title= D/S Bollsta |publisher=Warsailors |access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Brittany Coast||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|1,389}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Damaged ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Cassala||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|civil}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|1,797}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| [[Total loss#Shipping|Total loss]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Corfu|1907|2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|civil}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|1,409}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Total loss ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Crista||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|1,389}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Damaged ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Dagö||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Latvia}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|1,996}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Damaged ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{MV|Devon Coast||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}<br />
| [[Coastal trading vessel|Coaster]]<br />
| {{GRT|646}}<ref name=Bollsta/><ref name=Coast>{{cite web|url=http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?58306 |title=Devon Coast (+ 1943) |publisher=Wrecksite |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322063229/http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?58306 |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
| Sunk ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Fort Athabaska||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}<br />
| Cargo ship ([[Fort ship|Fort class]])<br />
| {{GRT|7,132}}<ref name=Athabasca>{{cite web|url=http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?140472 |title=Fort Athabasca (+ 1943) |publisher=Wrecksite |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322055719/http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?140472 |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
| Sunk ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Fort Lajoie||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}<br />
| Cargo ship (Fort class)<br />
| {{GRT|7,134}}<ref name=Bollsta/><ref name=Lajoie>{{cite web|url=http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154672 |title=Fort Lajoie (+ 1943) |publisher=Wrecksite |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322051918/http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154672 |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
| Sunk ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Frosinone||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|civil}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|5,202}}<ref name=Bollsta/><ref name=Frosinone>{{cite web|url=http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154677 |title=Frosinone (+ 1943) |publisher=Wrecksite |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322052018/http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154677 |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
| Sunk ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Genespesca II||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|civil}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|1,628}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Goggiam||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|civil}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|1,934}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Total loss ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Grace Abbott||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United States|1912}}<br />
| Liberty ship<br />
| {{GRT|7,191}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Damaged ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{ship||Inaffondabile|schooner|2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|civil}}<br />
| [[Schooner]]<br />
| Unknown<ref name=Inaffondabile>{{cite web|url=http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154633 |title=Inaffondabile (+ 1943) |publisher=Wrecksite |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322050241/http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154633 |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
| Sunk ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|John Bascom||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United States|1912}}<br />
| Liberty ship<br />
| {{GRT|7,176}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk || Four crewmen, ten armed guards killed.<ref name="armed-guard.com">{{cite web |title=American Merchant Ships Sunk in WWII |url=http://www.armed-guard.com/sunk.html |access-date=28 June 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234845/http://www.armed-guard.com/sunk.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wreck scrapped in 1948.<ref name=LibJo>{{cite web |url=http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/LibShipsJo.html |title=Liberty Ships – Joaquin – Johns |publisher=Mariners |access-date=6 November 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|John Harvey||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United States|1912}}<br />
| [[Liberty ship]]<br />
| {{GRT|7,177}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk || Cargo of [[mustard gas]] bombs. Thirty-six crewmen, ten soldiers, twenty armed guards killed.<ref name="armed-guard.com"/> Wreck scrapped in 1948.<ref name=LibJo/><br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|John L. Motley||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United States|1912}}<br />
| Liberty ship<br />
| {{GRT|7,176}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk || Cargo of ammunition. Thirty-six crewmen, Twenty-four armed guards killed.<ref name="armed-guard.com"/><br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{SS|John M. Schofield||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United States|1912}}<br />
| Liberty ship<br />
| {{GRT|7,181}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Damaged ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Joseph Wheeler||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United States|1912}}<br />
| Liberty ship<br />
| {{GRT|7,176}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk || Twenty-six crewmen, fifteen armed guards killed.<ref name="armed-guard.com"/> Wreck scrapped in 1948.<ref name=LibJon>{{cite web |url=http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/LibShipsJon.html |title=Liberty Ships – Jonas – Justo |publisher=Mariners |access-date=6 November 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Lars Kruse||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|1,807}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk || Nineteen crew killed.<ref name=Kruse>{{cite web|url=http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154431 |title=Lars Kruse (+ 1943) |publisher=Wrecksite |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322052031/http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154431 |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Lom|1920|2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Norway}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|1,268}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk || Four crew killed.<ref name=Lom>{{cite web|url=http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154675 |title=Lom (+ 1943) |publisher=Wrecksite |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322052520/http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154675 |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Luciano Orlando||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|civil}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| Unknown<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Lwów||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Poland (with coat of arms, 1919-1928).svg}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|1,409}}<ref name=Bollsta/><ref name=Lwow>{{cite web|url=http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154676 |title=Lwow (+ 1943) |publisher=Wrecksite |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322060621/http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154676 |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
| Sunk ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Lyman Abbott||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United States|1912}}<br />
| Liberty ship<br />
| {{GRT|7,176}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Damaged ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''MB 10''<br />
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|naval}}<br />
| Armed motor boat<br />
| 13 [[long ton|tons]] [[Displacement (ship)|displacement]]<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Norlom||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Norway}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|6,326}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk || Six crew killed. Refloated November 1946, scrapped 1947.<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Odysseus||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|1,057}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Damaged ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Porto Pisano||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|civil}}<br />
| Coaster<br />
| {{GRT|226}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Puck||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Poland|state}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|1,065}}<ref name=Bollsta/><ref name=Puck>{{cite web|url=http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?123294 |title=Puck (+ 1943) |publisher=Wrecksite |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322060448/http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?123294 |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
| Sunk ||<br />
|-<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{SS|Samuel J. Tilden||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United States|1912}}<br />
| Liberty ship<br />
| {{GRT|7,176}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk || Ten crewmen, fourteen US soldiers, three British soldiers killed.<ref name="armed-guard.com"/> Wreck scrapped in 1948.<ref name=LibS>{{cite web |url=http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/LibShipsS.html |title=Liberty Ships – S |publisher=Mariners |access-date=6 November 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Testbank||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|civil}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|5,083}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk || Seventy crew killed.<ref name=Testbank>{{cite web|url=http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154632 |title=Testbank (+ 1943) |publisher=Wrecksite |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322063259/http://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?154632 |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Vest||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Norway}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|5,074}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Damaged ||<br />
|-<br />
| data-sort-value="Vienna" | HMS {{SS|Vienna|1929|2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}}<br />
| Depot ship<br />
| {{GRT|4,227}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Damaged ||<br />
|-<br />
| {{SS|Volodda||2}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|civil}}<br />
| Cargo ship<br />
| {{GRT|4,673}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Sunk ||<br />
|-<br />
| data-sort-value="Zetland" | {{HMS|Zetland|L59|6}}<br />
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}}<br />
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{sclass2|Hunt|destroyer}}<br />
| {{GRT|1,050}}<ref name=Bollsta/><br />
| Damaged ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==''John Harvey''==<br />
One of the destroyed vessels—the US [[Liberty ship]] {{SS|John Harvey||2}}—had been carrying a secret cargo of 2000 [[M47 bomb|M47A1]] [[sulfur mustard|mustard gas]] bombs, each holding {{convert|60|-|70|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of the agent. According to Royal Navy historian Stephen Roskill, the cargo had been sent to Europe for potential retaliatory use if Germany carried out its alleged threat to use [[chemical warfare]] in Italy.{{sfnp|Orange|1992|p=176}} The destruction of ''John Harvey'' caused liquid sulfur mustard from the bombs to spill into waters already contaminated by oil from the other damaged vessels. The many sailors who had abandoned their ships into the water became covered with the oily mixture, which provided an ideal solvent for the sulfur mustard. Some mustard evaporated and mingled with the clouds of smoke and flame.{{sfnp|Saunders|1967|p=36}} The wounded were pulled from the water and sent to medical facilities whose personnel were unaware of the mustard gas. Medical staff focused on personnel with blast or fire injuries and little attention was given to those merely covered with oil.{{sfnp|Saunders|1967|p=37}} Many injuries caused by prolonged exposure to low concentrations of mustard might have been reduced by bathing or a change of clothes.{{sfnp|Saunders|1967|p=38}}<br />
<br />
Within a day, the first symptoms of mustard poisoning had appeared in 628 patients and medical staff, including blindness and chemical burns. That puzzling development was further complicated by the arrival of hundreds of Italian civilians also seeking treatment, who had been poisoned by a cloud of sulfur mustard vapor that had blown over the city when some of ''John Harvey''{{'}}s cargo exploded. As the medical crisis worsened, little information was available about what was causing the symptoms, because the US military command wanted to keep the presence of chemical munitions secret from the Germans.{{sfnp|Pechura|Rall|1993|p=43|ps=[http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2058&page=43]}} Nearly all crewmen of ''John Harvey'' had been killed, and were unavailable to explain the cause of the "[[garlic]]-like" odour noted by rescue personnel.{{sfnp|Saunders|1967|p=37}}<br />
<br />
Informed about the mysterious symptoms, Deputy Surgeon General Fred Blesse sent for Lieutenant Colonel [[Stewart Francis Alexander]], an expert in chemical warfare. Carefully tallying the locations of the victims at the time of the attack, Alexander traced the epicenter to ''John Harvey'', and confirmed mustard gas as the responsible agent when he located a fragment of the casing of a US M47A1 bomb.<ref name=faguet/><br />
<br />
By the end of the month, 83 of the 628 hospitalised military victims had died. The number of civilian casualties, thought to have been even greater, could not be accurately gauged since most had left the city to seek shelter with relatives.<ref name=faguet/><br />
<br />
An additional cause of contamination with mustard is suggested by George Southern, the only survivor of the raid to have written about it. The huge explosion of ''John Harvey'', possibly simultaneously with another ammunition ship, sent large amounts of oily water mixed with mustard into the air, which fell down like rain on men who were on deck at the time. That affected the crews of the {{sclass2|Hunt|destroyer}}s {{HMS|Zetland|L59|6}} and {{HMS|Bicester|L34|6}}. Both ships were damaged by the force of the blast and had taken casualties. After moving the destroyers away from burning ships and towing the [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] ''La Drome'' away from the fires, the ships received orders to sail for [[Taranto]]. They threaded their way past burning wrecks, with the flotilla leader, ''Bicester'' having to follow ''Zetland'', because her navigation equipment was damaged. Some survivors were picked up from the water in the harbour entrance by ''Bicester''. When dawn broke, it became clear that the magnetic and gyro compasses had acquired large errors, requiring a considerable course correction. Symptoms of mustard gas poisoning then began to appear. By the time they reached Taranto, none of ''Bicester''{{'}}s officers could see well enough to navigate the ship into harbour, so assistance had to be sought from the shore.{{sfnp|Southern|2002|p=82–86}}<br />
<br />
===Cover-up===<br />
A member of Allied Supreme Commander General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s medical staff, Stewart F. Alexander, was dispatched to Bari following the raid. Alexander had trained at the Army's [[Edgewood Arsenal]] in Maryland, and was familiar with some of the effects of mustard gas. Although he was not informed of the cargo carried by ''John Harvey'', and most victims suffered atypical symptoms caused by exposure to mustard diluted in water and oil (as opposed to airborne), Alexander rapidly concluded that mustard gas was present. Although he could not get any acknowledgement from the chain of command, Alexander convinced medics to treat patients for mustard gas exposure and saved many lives as a result. He also preserved many tissue samples from autopsied victims at Bari. After World War II, those samples resulted in the development of an early form of [[chemotherapy]] based on mustard, [[mustine]].{{sfnp|Infield|1976}}<br />
<br />
Allied High Command suppressed news of the presence of mustard gas, in case the Germans believed that the Allies were preparing to use chemical weapons, fearing it might provoke them into pre-emptive use. The presence of multiple witnesses caused a re-evaluation of this stance and in February 1944, the US Chiefs of Staff issued a statement admitting to the accident and emphasizing that the US had no intention of using chemical weapons except in the case of retaliation.<ref name=hoenig>{{cite book | last = Hoenig | first = Steven L. | title = Handbook of Chemical Warfare and Terrorism | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | year = 2002 | page = [https://archive.org/details/handbookofchemic0000hoen/page/14 14] | url = https://archive.org/details/handbookofchemic0000hoen/page/14 | isbn = 0-313-32407-7 }}</ref> Eisenhower approved Alexander's report. [[Winston Churchill]], however, ordered all British documents to be purged. Mustard gas deaths<!-- What about non-fatal injuries?--> were described as "burns due to enemy action".<ref name=faguet/><br />
<br />
US records of the attack were declassified in 1959, but the episode remained obscure until 1967 when author Glenn B. Infield published the book ''Disaster at Bari''.{{Sfnp|Infield|1976}} In 1986, the British government admitted to survivors of the Bari raid that they had been exposed to poison gas and amended their pension payments.{{sfnp|Atkinson|2007|p=277}} In 1988, through the efforts of [[Nick T. Spark]] and US Senators [[Dennis DeConcini]] and [[Bill Bradley]], Alexander received recognition from the [[Surgeon General of the United States Army]] for his actions in the aftermath of the Bari disaster.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tucson senior helps retired doctor receive military honor |newspaper=Mojave Daily Miner |date=20 May 1988 |page=B8 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=943&dat=19880520&id=-61PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eVMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3824,2173744 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Alexander's information contributed to [[Cornelius P. Rhoads]]' chemotherapy for cancer and Alexander turned down Rhoads' offer to work at the [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|Sloan Kettering Institute]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Conant |first1=Jennet |title=The Bombing and the Breakthrough |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/bombing-and-breakthrough-180975505/ |access-date=6 September 2020 |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |date=September 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In his autobiographical work ''Destroyer Captain'', published in 1975 by William Kimber & Co., [[Roger P. Hill|Roger Hill]] describes refuelling {{HMS|Grenville|R97|6}} in Bari shortly after the attack.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fYJioV_saO0C "Destroyer Captain – Memoirs of the War at Sea, 1942–45" Roger Hill] Page 176ff "...over a thousand merchant seamen had been killed or wounded..." Periscope Publishing Ltd., 1975, {{ISBN| 9781904381259}}. books.google.co.uk, accessed 2 December 2018</ref> He describes the damage done and details how a shipload of mustard gas came to be in the harbour because of intelligence reports which he viewed as "incredible".{{Citation needed|date = December 2016}}<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
An inquiry exonerated Arthur Coningham of negligence in defending the port but found that the absence of previous air attacks had led to complacency.{{sfnp|Orange|1992|p=176}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving transport or storage of ammunition]]<br />
* [[SS Charles Henderson|SS ''Charles Henderson'']]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Rick |author-link=Rick Atkinson |year=2007 |title=The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944 |publisher=Henry Holt |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8050-6289-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/dayofbattlewarin00atki }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Infield |first=Glenn B. |year=1976 |title=Disaster at Bari |publisher=Bantam |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-450-02659-1 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Langford |first=R. Everett |year=2004 |title=Introduction to Weapons of Mass Destruction |publisher=John Wiley/Interscience |isbn=978-0-471-46560-7}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Mason |first=Geoffrey B. |year=2004 |title=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War II}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Morison |first=Samuel Eliot |author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison |year=1975 |orig-date=1954 |title=Volume 9: Sicily-Salerno-Anzio January 1943 – June 1944 |series=[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]] |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company|Little, Brown]] |location=Boston |oclc=313489807 |isbn=0-316-58316-2}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Orange |first=Vincent |year=1992 |title=Coningham: a biography of Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham |publisher=Center for Air Force History |location=Washington, D.C. |orig-date=1st pub. London: Methuen 1990 |url=https://archive.org/details/Coningham |isbn=0-413-14580-8 }}<br />
* {{cite report | year=1993 |title=Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite |publisher= National Academies Press |location=Washington, D.C. |doi=10.17226/2058 |pmid=25144024 |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2058&page=R1 |isbn=0-309-04832-X |last1=Pechura |first1=Constance M. |last2=Rall |first2=David P.|url-access=subscription }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Reminick |first=Gerald |year=2001 |title=Nightmare in Bari: The World War II Liberty Ship Poison Gas Disaster and Coverup |publisher=Glencannon Press |location=Palo Alto |isbn=1-889901-21-0}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Saunders |first=D.M. |title=The Bari Incident |journal=U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings |publisher=United States Naval Institute |location=Annapolis |date=1 September 1967 |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1967/september/bari-incident |access-date=3 December 2024 |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Southern |first=George |year=2002 |title=Poisonous inferno: World War II tragedy at Bari Harbour |publisher=Airlife Publishing |location=Shrewsbury, England |isbn= 1-84037-389-X}}<br />
* {{cite web |date=8 August 2006 |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq104-4.htm |title=Naval Armed Guard Service: Tragedy at Bari, Italy on 2 December 1943 |publisher=U.S. Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center |access-date=7 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112101131/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq104-4.htm |archive-date=12 January 2008}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Birchfield|first1=B.|last2=Ellis|first2=Harry V. III|last3=Pflug|first3=Robert H. |year=1989 |title=Question 2/88 |journal=Warship International|volume=XXVI |issue=2 |pages=202–203 |issn=0043-0374|name-list-style=amp}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{YouTube|NonWxm4aYHc|Trailer documentary Top Secret Bari 2 December 1943}}<br />
<br />
{{World War II}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Air raid on Bari| ]]<br />
[[Category:1943 in Italy|Bari, Air Raid On]]<br />
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles of World War II by populated place|Bari]]<br />
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Germany]]<br />
[[Category:Military operations involving chemical weapons]]<br />
[[Category:20th century in Apulia]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pattanapravesham&diff=460066Pattanapravesham2026-03-18T10:28:03Z<p>DonteOnslow6: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=October 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pattanapravesham<br />
| image = Pattanapravesham.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Sathyan Anthikad]]<br />
| writer = [[Sreenivasan]]<br />
| producer = [[Kokers Films|Siyad Koker]]<br />
| starring = [[Mohanlal]]<br> [[Sreenivasan]]<br> [[Karamana Janardhanan Nair|Karamana Janardhanan]]<br> [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]<br> [[Thilakan]]<br />
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Vipin Mohan]]<br />
| editing = K. Rajagopal<br />
| distributor = Central Pictures<br />
| studio = [[Kokers Films]]<br />
| released = {{film date|1988|6|16|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 158 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
}}<br />
'''''Pattanapravesham''''' ({{Translation|Town Entrance}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Detective fiction|detective]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] film directed by [[Sathyan Anthikad]] and written by [[Sreenivasan]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Karamana Janardhanan Nair|Karamana Janardhanan]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] and [[Thilakan]] in the lead roles. It is a sequel to the 1987 film ''[[Nadodikkattu]]'', with [[Mohanlal]] and Sreenivasan reprising their roles as Dasan and Vijayan. The film was produced by [[Kokers Films|Siyad Koker]] under the banner of [[Kokers Films]].<br />
<br />
The film was a critical and commercial success. In 1990, [[Priyadarshan]] made a sequel titled ''[[Akkare Akkare Akkare]]''.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
A smuggling gang is holding sway over Kochi, customs and police officials who try to catch them are brutally murdered. Ashoka Varma, an honest police officer, is murdered while trying to find evidence in the smuggling case. Following this, many police officials are reluctant to investigate the case, leading to political crisis. On the advice of a senior police official to utilise the talents of two famous Malayali boys who had arrested a smuggling gang in Madras and dealt with hired killers sent against them (the events of the prequel), the home minister appoints CID officers Ramdas (Dasan) and Vijayan to [[Kerala]] to find the solve the case.<br />
<br />
Dasan and Vijayan are not capable or skillful but they pretend to be top detectives. During the course of an evening meal at a restaurant, Dasan overhears a conversation leading him to mistake Isaac and Prof. Vidyadharan, two [[bird watcher]]s, as the murderers. Dasan and Vijayan follow Isaac but they are shot at and ambushed by a group of men. They are rescued by Prabhakaran Thampi, the boss of the smuggling gang. He pretends to be a philanthropic businessman involved in a lot of charity work. <br />
<br />
They decide to focus on Isaac and go undercover as [[Mapilla]] umbrella repairmen to try to find him. While pretending to repair an umbrella, Vijayan's fake beard is spotted by a woman named Shobha. Suspecting them to be thieves, she raises the alarm but the duo escape. Next, Vijayan and Dasan dress up as parrot [[Tarot]] diviners. However, they are again discovered by Shobha, who raises the alarm. The locals catch them, beat them up and take them to the police. Eventually, Shobha learns the truth about them and they become friendly. They find out that Shoba's husband was a customs officer who was murdered just days before completing his probation, hence the government didn't give the family the "dying in harness" job. <br />
<br />
Dasan and Vijayan tell their superiors and Prabhakaran that they know who the killer is and that they will make an arrest soon. This alarms Prabhakaran who sends masked men to attack them at home. <br />
<br />
Vijayan goes undercover in disguise as a servant to Prabhakarans house which, coincidentally, is next to Isaac's house. Prabhakaran does not recognize him because of the disguise. At night, Vijayan sneaks out to get Isaac's blood but inhales chloroform accidentally and is unsuccessful. At midnight, a mysterious figure arrives at the house. This is Ananthan Nambiar, who is a close friend of Prabhakaran and who has broken out of jail. He seeks his help to get a fake passport so that he can leave the country. Nambiar is then sent to hide in his [[copra]] [[warehouse]].<br />
<br />
Dasan and Vijayan learn that Nambiar has broken out of jail and is searching for them. Both of them continue to try different ways of obtaining Isaac's blood but hilariously fail in their attempts. Isaac meanwhile suspects them as rival birdwatchers who have come to steal his research.<br />
<br />
Prabhakaran restarts his drug smuggling operation. His lorry rams down a check point gate and the police chase them. Meanwhile, Dasan and Isaac end up in a tussle when the former tries to draw his blood while bird-watching. Dasan escapes in his [[Jeep]]. Isaac jumps into Thampi's lorry and throw out the men in it and follows Dasan, whose jeep gets damaged causing Dasan too to jump into the lorry. Isaac and he fight for control, but Dasan manages to escape with the lorry because Issac is distracted by the sound of the rare [[bullfinch]] that he has been looking for. The police follow the lorry and are surprised to see Dasan driving it. They are under the impression that Dasan has single-handedly overpowered the goons and seized the drug shipment and Dasan impishly takes the credit.<br />
<br />
Prabhakaran is shocked about the seizure of his shipment. Isaac and Prof. Vidyadharan go after the elusive [[bullfinch]] which was observed on an island and by chance, their boarding point is exactly where Gafoorka plans to rendezvous with Nambiar to take him to a different country. Dasan and Vijayan follow Issac and Viyadharan and run into Gafoorka and Nambiar. Nambiar jumps into the lagoon and escapes. They rough Gafforka up and confiscate the money he had stolen from them in the prequel.<br />
<br />
Thambi arranges Nambiar to escape to Tamil Nadu, but he recognises the driver Balan (from the prequel movie). Balan's family is kidnapped and he is forced to get close to his good friends Dasan and Vijayan and assassinate him. However, at the last minute, his conscience gets in the way of the deed and he tells them the truth about Thambi. <br />
<br />
Nambiar informs Prabhakaran that the same CIDs who destroyed his smuggling business are the ones following him. They also see Isaac using binoculars and think that he works for the CIDs too. When they see Isaac leaving with a suitcase, they grab it from him thinking that it contains evidence against them. Vijayan and Dasan chase Thambi and his goons too.<br />
<br />
Eventually, everyone including the CIDs arrive at the copra warehouse where there is huge free for all fight for the suitcase. Dasan and Vijayan realise that Prabhakaran and Nambiar are friends. They also realise that Isaac is a bird watcher and is not associated with the criminals. Issac, Dasan and Vijayan join forces and beat up and subdue the goons. The police arrive and Prabhakaran, Nambiar and their gang are all captured. The Kerala government felicitate the CIDs for successfully solving the case. Shoba gets the dying in harness job from the government.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Mohanlal]] as [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] [[Dasan and Vijayan|Ramdas / Dasan]]<br />
* [[Sreenivasan]] as [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] [[Dasan and Vijayan|Vijayan]] / Thankappan<br />
* [[Karamana Janardanan Nair]] as Prabhakaran Thampi / Copra Prabhakaran<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sreenivasan-we-wanted-a-local-name-for-a-smuggler-and-so-chose-prabhakaran/articleshow/75427931.cms|title=Sreenivasan: We wanted a local name for a smuggler and so chose Prabhakaran - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 April 2020 }}</ref><br />
* [[Thilakan]] as Ananthan Nambiar / IbrahimKutty<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/5-years-without-thilakan-void-malayalam-cinema-still-unfilled-68917|title=5 years without Thilakan: A void in Malayalam cinema that is still unfilled|date=24 September 2017}}</ref><br />
* [[N. L. Balakrishnan]] as Isaac (Bird watcher 1)<br />
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Puthenpurackal Balan / Balettan<br />
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Shobha<br />
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Shobha's mother-in-law<br />
* [[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Prof. Vidyadharan (Bird watcher 2)<br />
* [[Philomina]] as Prabhakaran Thampi's mother<br />
* [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Home Minister Aravindakshan<br />
* Rashid as Kunjukrishnan<br />
* [[Azeez (actor)|Azeez]] as Circle Inspector Santhosh<br />
* [[Valsala Menon]] as Home Minister's wife<br />
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Gafoorka<br />
* [[Mala Aravindan]] as Damu<br />
* [[Prathapachandran]] as DySP. Ashoka Varma<br />
* [[Thodupuzha Vasanthi]] as Prabhakaran Thampi's wife<br />
* Aloor Elsy as Prabhakaran Thampi's servant<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The film features songs composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]], with lyrics by [[Yusufali Kechery]].<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
<br />
| title1 = Saubhaagyam<br />
| extra1 = Cochin Ibrahim, [[Satheesh Babu]]<br />
<br />
| title2 = Shishirame Nee<br />
| note2 = Female<br />
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
<br />
| title3 = Shishirame Nee<br />
| note3 = Male<br />
| extra3 = Satheesh Babu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0292174}}<br />
<br />
{{DV film series}}<br />
<br />
{{Sathyan Anthikad}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1988 films]]<br />
[[Category:1988 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sreenivasan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|DasanVijayan2]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Sathyan Anthikad]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meetha_Zahar&diff=517225Meetha Zahar2026-03-07T07:05:41Z<p>DonteOnslow6: created the entry w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Meetha Zahar<br />
| image = Meetha_Zahar_(1938).jpg<br />
| caption =<br />
| director = [[Sohrab Modi]]<br />
| producer = Minerva Movietone<br />
| writer = Gajanan Jagirdar (screenplay)<br />
| narrator =<br />
| starring = [[Naseem Banu]]<br>[[Sohrab Modi]]<br>[[Gajanan Jagirdar]]<br>Eruch Tarpore<br />
| music = B. S. Hoogan<br>Irshad Ahmed (lyrics)<br />
| cinematography = Y. D. Sarpotdar<br />
| editing =<br />
| distributor = Evergreen Pictures, Bombay<br />
| studio = Minerva Movietone<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1938|03|05}}<br />
| runtime = 127 minutes<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Urdu|Hindi]]<br />
| budget =<br />
| gross =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Meetha Zahar''''' (Sweet Poison) is a 1938 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]/[[Urdu]]-language social drama film directed by [[Sohrab Modi]] for his Minerva Movietone productions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/meetha-zahar-movie-cast-crew/709|title=Cast and crew Meetha Zahar (1938)|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=21 December 2014}}</ref> The screenplay was by [[Gajanan Jagirdar]] with dialogue by Munshi Abdul Baqi and director of photography by Y. S. Sarpotdar<ref name="Patel">{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Meetha Zahar|journal=Filmindia|date=February 1938|volume=3|issue=11|pages=59|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia19373803unse#page/n199/mode/2up/search/Meetha+Zahar|accessdate=21 December 2014}}</ref> The music was by B. S. Hoogan with lyrics by Irshad Ahmed. The cast included [[Naseem Banu]], Sohrab Modi, Jagirdar, Sadiq Ali, Eruch Tarapore, Sadat Ali, Sheela and Fakir Mohammed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cineplot.com/database/meetha-zahar-1938/ |title=Meetha Zahar-1938|publisher=Cineplot.com|accessdate=21 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Meetha Zahar was a social film dealing with the "evils of alcoholism". Modi was lauded for taking up the cause of prohibition in the nation's interest.<ref name=Patel /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaheritage.org/perform/cinema/history/modi.htm|title=Sohrab Merwanji Modi Films|publisher=Indiaheritage.org|accessdate=21 December 2014}}</ref> The film was a part of the social trilogy Modi made around that time starting with ''[[Jailor (1938 film)|Jailor]]'' (1938), which dealt with an illicit relationship concerning a married woman, ''Meetha Zahar'' (1938) dealing with prohibition, and ''[[Bharosa (1940 film)|Bharosa]]'' a social melodrama verging on the incestuous.<ref name="Gangar">{{cite book|last1=Gangar|first1=Amrit|title=Sohrab Modi The Great Mughal of Historicals|date=2008|publisher=Wisdom Tree|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=9788183281089|pages=25}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Naseem Banu]]<br />
* [[Sohrab Modi]]<br />
* [[Gajanan Jagirdar]]<br />
* Fakir Mohammed<br />
* Sadiq Ali<br />
* E. Tarapore<br />
* Shanta Dutt<br />
* Sheela<br />
<br />
==Review==<br />
The review of May 1938 by ''[[Filmindia]]'' editor, [[Baburao Patel]], picked on various aspects of the film. Commending the story, the title itself was cited as "misguiding". The music and recording were praised with criticism for the "jarring" photography. Modi was criticised for his direction, "not at all enterprising and lacks imagination". Jagirdar came in for praise for his acting and holding the film aloft. Modi was considered "stagy" while Naseem Banu came in for the harshest criticism for her acting "Naseem is a rank failure as a screen artiste." Overall box-office value was cited as "good".<ref name=Patel /> The harsh treatment meted out to Modi by Patel was referred to by Gangar as due to "old rivalry" between the two, concerning advertising in the magazine.<ref name="Gangar p. 67">Gangar, p. 67</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music direction was by B. S. Hoogan with lyrics by Irshad Ahmed. The songs were considered popular with the "rest of the music" quoted as being "good".<ref name=BPatel>{{cite journal|title=Meetha Zahar|date=May 1938|pages=27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/td810865/songs/#tabs|title=Songs Meetha Zahar|publisher=Muvyz, Inc|accessdate=21 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Song list===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! # !! Title !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| "Ab Toh Banungi Main Star Film Ki"<br />
| Sheela<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| "Apne Piya Pe Bl Ja KeBhar Bhar Doongi"<br />
| Eruch Tarapore, Sheela<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| "Manmohan Kab Ghar Aayenge Kab Geet Khushi Ke Sunayenge"<br />
| Sheela<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| "Phoolon Ki Mala Apne Devta Ko"<br />
| Naseem Banu<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| "Sakhi Man Ki Baat Tohe Kahun"<br />
| Naseem Banu<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| "Nayan Mohan Prem Bhare Jaadu Nazariya"<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| "Mori Sajdhaj Hai Nyari"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
| "Hey Prabhu Murari Sankathaari Binti Sun"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
| "Sheeshapari Rangili Ras Ki Bhari"<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|id =0243411 |title =Meetha Zahar (1938) }}<br />
<br />
{{Sohrab Modi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1938 films]]<br />
[[Category:1938 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1938 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Sohrab Modi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh&diff=446042United Provinces of Agra and Oudh2026-03-06T22:25:50Z<p>DonteOnslow6: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Province in British India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox Former Subdivision<br />
|native_name = <br />
|conventional_long_name = United Provinces of Agra and Oudh <br />
|common_name = United Provinces<br />
|subdivision = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Province]]<br />
|nation = [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
|image_map = Map of the United Provinces from The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1907-1909).jpg<br />
|image_map_caption = Map of the United Provinces, {{Circa|1909}}<br />
|capital = [[Allahabad]] |summer Capital = [[Nainital]]<br />
|stat_area1= <br />
|stat_pop1 = <br />
|stat_year1=<br />
|p1 = North-Western Provinces<br />
|s1 = United Provinces (1937–1950)<br />
|image_flag = Blue Ensign of British United Provinces.svg<br />
|flag_type = Flag<br />
|image_coat = Badge of British United Provinces.svg<br />
|year_start = 1902<br />
|event_start = <br />
|year_end = 1937<br />
|event1 = = <br />
|date_event1 = <br />
|event2 = <br />
|date_event2 = <br />
|today = [[India]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''United Provinces of Agra and Oudh''' was a [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|province]] of India under the [[British Raj]], which existed from 22 March 1902 to 1 April 1937; the official name was shortened by the [[Government of India Act 1935]] to '''United Provinces''' ('''UP'''), by which the province had been commonly known, and by which name it was also a province of independent [[India]] until 1950.<ref name=paxton-statesmanyb-historical>{{citation|last=Paxton|first=John|title=The Statesman's Year-Book Historical Companion|chapter=Uttar Pradesh|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|pages=138&ndash;139|year=1988|isbn=978-1-349-19448-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tu-uCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139|quote=In 1902 the name 'United Provinces of Agra and Oudh' came into use, shorted to 'United Provinces' in 1935. After independence the territory was enlarged by the addition of the small [[princely state|states]] of Rampur, Banaras and Tehri-Garhwal. In 1950 the Provinces became the state of Uttar Pradesh.}}</ref><br />
<br />
It corresponded approximately to the present-day Indian [[states and territories of India|states]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (UP) and [[Uttarakhand]]. [[Allahabad]] served as the administrative headquarters and the capital of the province. Two years after the annexation of [[Oudh State]] in 1856, ''i.e.'' after 1858 and until 1902, the region had existed as [[North-Western Provinces and Oudh]], Oudh being a Chief Commissionership.<br />
<br />
[[Lucknow]] became its capital some time after 1921. [[Nainital]] was the summer capital of the [[province]].{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{main|Ceded and Conquered Provinces|Agra Province|North-Western Provinces|Awadh}}<br />
By the 18th century, the once vast [[Mughal Empire]] was collapsing, undone by internal dissension and by expansion of the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] from the Deccan, the [[Company rule in India|British]] from [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], and the [[Durrani|Afghans]] from [[Durrani Empire|Afghanistan]]. By the middle of the century, present-day Uttar Pradesh was divided between several states: [[Oudh State|Oudh]] in the centre and east, ruled by a [[Nawab]] who owed allegiance to the Mughal Emperor but was ''de facto'' independent; [[Rohilkhand]] in the north, ruled by Afghans; the Marathas, who controlled the [[Bundelkhand]] region in the south, and the Mughal Empire, which controlled the entire [[Doab]] (the tongue of land between the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers) as well as the [[Delhi]] region.<br />
<br />
In 1765, the combined forces of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor met the British at the [[Battle of Buxar]]. The British won, but they did not take any territory; the whole of Awadh was restored to the Nawab, and the Mughal emperor Shah Alam was restored the [[subah (province)|subah]]s of [[Allahabad]] and Kora in the lower Doab, with a British garrison in the fort of Allahabad. Governor-General [[Warren Hastings]] later augmented the territory of Awadh by lending the nawab a British army to conquer [[Rohilkhand]] in the [[Rohilla War]], and by giving Allahabad and Kora to Awadh on the ground that Shah Alam had placed himself in the power of the Marathas. At the same time the British received the province of [[Benares]] from Awadh.<br />
<br />
Subsequently, no great change took place until the arrival of [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesley]] ([[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] 1797–1805) who acquired a very large accession of territory in two instalments. In 1801 he obtained from the [[Nawab of Oudh]] the cession of Rohilkhand, the lower Doab, and the [[Gorakhpur division]], thus enclosing Awadh on all sides except the north. In 1804, as the result of [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|Lord Lake]]'s victories in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], part of Bundelkhand and the rest of the Doab, including [[Agra]] and the guardianship of the old and blind emperor, Shah Alam, at Delhi, were obtained from [[Scindia]]. In 1815 the [[Kumaon division]] was acquired after the [[Gurkha War]], and a further portion of Bundelkhand from the Maratha [[Peshwa]] in 1817. These new acquisitions, known as the ceded and conquered provinces, continued to be administered by the governor-general as part of [[Bengal]]. In 1833 an act of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] was passed to constitute a new presidency (province), with its capital at Agra. But this scheme was never fully carried out, and in 1835 another statute authorised the appointment of a lieutenant-governor for the North-Western Provinces, as they were then known.<br />
<br />
The North-Western Provinces included the Delhi and [[Gurgaon]] territories, transferred later, after the [[Revolt of 1857]] to the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]; and also (after 1853) the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]], which in 1861 became part of the [[Central Provinces]]. Awadh remained under its nawab, who was permitted to assume the title of king in 1819. Awadh was annexed in 1856 and constituted a separate chief commissionership. Then followed the [[Revolt of 1857]], when all signs of British rule were for a time swept away throughout the greater part of the two provinces. The lieutenant-governor died when shut up in the fort at Agra, and Oudh was reconquered only after several campaigns lasting for eighteen months.<br />
<br />
In 1877 the offices of Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioner of Oudh were combined in the same person; the formula was common in British imperial administration, and was known as 'double-hatting'. In 1902, when the new name of United Provinces of Agra and Oudh was introduced, the title of chief commissioner was dropped, though Oudh still retained some marks of its former independence. On 1 April 1937, the official name of the province was shortened to the United Provinces (UP).<ref name=paxton-statesmanyb-historical/><br />
<br />
The United Provinces became a province of the newly independent [[India]] in 1947. After the [[political integration of India]], and upon the coming into force of the new [[Constitution of India]] on 26 January 1950, three former [[princely states]], [[Rampur State|Rampur]], [[Benares State|Benares]], and [[Tehri Garhwal State|Tehri Garhwal]], were added to it, and it was renamed [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=paxton-statesmanyb-historical/><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
The provinces were bounded on the north by Tibet, and on the north-east by [[Nepal]]; on the east and south-east by the Champaran, Saran, Shahabad, and Palamau<br />
Districts of Bengal; on the south by two of the Chota Nagpur States in the Central Provinces, Rewah and some small States in the Central India kanpur technical augor District in the Central Provinces; on the west by the States of Gwalior, Dholpur, and Bharatpur, the Districts of Gurgaon, Delhi, Karnal, and Ambala in the Punjab, and the Punjab States of Sirmur and Jubbal. The Jumna river formed part of the western boundary, the Ganges part of the southern, and the Gandak part of the eastern; other boundaries are artificial. According to the District surveys the areas of the two Provinces are, in square miles: Agra, 83,198; [[Oudh]], 23,966; total, 107,164.9044<br />
Including some river-beds which form District boundaries and are excluded from the District details, 041 the total area amounts to {{convert|107494|sqmi|km2}}. The area of the two Native States in the Provinces (Rampur and Tehri) is {{convert|5079|sqmi|km2}} more.<br />
<br />
A Presidency of Agra was first formed in 1834, and the area had until then separated had been included in the Presidency of Bengal, sometimes called the Western Provinces. The United Provinces included four distinct tracts of country namely, portions of the Himalayas, the sub-Himalayan tracts, the great Gangetic plain, and portions of the hill systems of Central India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_139.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 24, page 133 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223023/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_139.gif|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Administrative divisions==<br />
The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh included 9 [[divisions of British India|divisions]] with 48 districts.<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
* [[Meerut division]]<br />
** [[Meerut district]]<br />
** [[Dehra Dun district]]<br />
** [[Saharanpur district]]<br />
** [[Muzaffarnagar district]]<br />
** [[Bulandshahr district]]<br />
** [[Aligarh district]]<br />
* [[Agra division]]<br />
** [[Muttra district]] (Mathura)<br />
** [[Agra district]]<br />
** [[Farrukhabad district]]<br />
** [[Mainpuri district]]<br />
** [[Etawah district]]<br />
** [[Etah district]]<br />
* [[Rohilkhand division]]<br />
** [[Bijnaur district]] (Bijnor)<br />
** [[Moradabad district]]<br />
** [[Budaun district]]<br />
** [[Bareilly district]]<br />
** [[Shahjahanpur district]]<br />
** [[Pilibhit district]]<br />
* [[Allahabad division]] <br />
** [[Kanpur Nagar district|Cawnpore district]] (Kanpur) <br />
** [[Fatehpur district]]<br />
** [[Banda district (India)|Banda district]]<br />
** [[Allahabad division]]<br />
** [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur district]]<br />
** [[Jhansi district]]<br />
* [[Benares division]]<br />
** [[Mirzapur district]]<br />
** [[Benares district]]<br />
** [[Jaunpur district]]<br />
** [[Ghazipur district]]<br />
** [[Ballia district]]<br />
* [[Gorakhpur division]]<br />
** [[Azamgarh district]]<br />
** [[Gorakhpur district]]<br />
** [[Basti district]]<br />
* [[Kumaun division]]<br />
** [[Almora district]]<br />
** [[Naini Tal district]]<br />
** [[Garhwal district]]<br />
* [[Lucknow division]]<br />
** [[Lucknow district]]<br />
** [[Unao district]] (Unnao)<br />
** [[Rae Bareli district]]<br />
** [[Hardoi district]]<br />
** [[Sitapur district]]<br />
** [[Kheri district]]<br />
* [[Faizabad division]]<br />
** [[Faizabad district]]<br />
** [[Bahraich district]]<br />
** [[Gonda district]]<br />
** [[Sultanpur district]] <br />
** [[Bara Banki district]]<br />
** [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Partabgarh district]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
===Princely states===<br />
*[[Rampur State]] <br />
*[[Garhwal Kingdom|Tehri-Garhwal State]]<br />
*[[Benares State]]<br />
<br />
==Dyarchy (1920–37)==<br />
The [[Government of India Act 1919]] expanded the United Provinces Legislative Council to 123 seats, including more elected Indian members. The reforms also introduced the principle of [[diarchy]], whereby certain responsibilities such as agriculture, health, education, and local government, were transferred to elected ministers. However, the important portfolios like finance, police and irrigation were reserved with members of the Governor's Executive Council. Some of the prominent members and ministers in the United Provinces were [[Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan]] (Home Member), [[C. Y. Chintamani]] (Minister of Education and Industries) and [[Jagat Narain Mulla]] (Minister of Local & Self Government).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jafri|first1=Saiyid Zaheer Husain|title=Transformations in Indian History|year=2009|publisher=Anamika Publishers and Distributors|page=447|isbn=9788179752616|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2c9312fKPqgC}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Governors of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |volume=27 |pages=609–612 |short=x}}<br />
*{{Cite Collier's |wstitle=United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |short=x}}<br />
<br />
{{Presidencies and provinces of British India}}<br />
{{Agra Division topics}}<br />
{{Agra district}}<br />
{{Lucknow division topics}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|25.45|N|81.85|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}<br />
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{{Uttarakhand}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh}}<br />
[[Category:1902 establishments in British India]]<br />
[[Category:1937 disestablishments in British India]]<br />
[[Category:Subdivisions of British India]]<br />
[[Category:Provinces of British India]]<br />
[[Category:British administration in Uttar Pradesh| ]]<br />
[[Category:History of Agra]]<br />
[[Category:History of Lucknow]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Bihar_alcohol_poisoning&diff=4828962022 Bihar alcohol poisoning2026-03-06T02:46:21Z<p>DonteOnslow6: Creating page - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Mass poisoning in Bihar, India}}<br />
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| cause = poisoning from hooch<br />
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On 14 December 2022, an alcohol poisoning took place in [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Mohak |date=2022-12-31 |title=Bihar Hooch Tragedy: Delhi Police arrests mastermind behind liquor case in Bihar |url=https://newsroompost.com/india/bihar-hooch-tragedy-delhi-police-arrests-mastermind-behind-liquor-case-in-bihar/5220202.html |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=NewsroomPost |language=en-US}}</ref> The poisoning resulted in the death of 73 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mastermind behind Bihar Hooch tragedy that killed over 70 nabbed by Delhi police |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/mastermind-behind-bihar-hooch-tragedy-that-killed-over-70-nabbed-by-delhi-police-2556076.html |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> The victims consumed [[Liquor|hooch]] (spurious liquor), that is qualitatively different from the standard alcoholic products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhapra deaths: How hooch tragedies have stalked dry Bihar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-hooch-tragedy-recent-cases-chhapra-death-liquor-prohibition-2309792-2022-12-16 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=India Today |date=16 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is the highest death toll in [[Bihar]], since liquor prohibition in the state in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Shine Jacob & Sanjeeb |date=2022-12-18 |title=Bihar hooch tragedy: Sobering reality of missing liquor policy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/bihar-hooch-tragedy-experts-demand-national-policy-to-curtail-demand-122121800479_1.html |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
In April 2016, Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] enacted legislation banning the sale and consumption of alcohol in the [[Bihar]]. 21 million litres of liquor had been seized in the state till February 2022 since the prohibition. For violating the law, around 450,000 people have been arrested. Mostly, the poisoning incidents have been reported from rural areas, where denatured spirit's use has proliferated due to illegal manufacturing facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why liquor is still killing so many people in dry Bihar {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-liquor-is-killing-people-in-dry-bihar/articleshow/90334342.cms |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Incident==<br />
According to police, relatives of those who were killed claimed that the victims died due to the consumption of poisonous liquor in the Doila and Yadu Mot villages of the [[Saran district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=At least 31 dead in India's Bihar after drinking toxic alcohol |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/15/at-least-31-dead-in-indias-bihar-after-drinking-toxic-alcohol |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> The victims started vomiting after consuming the alcohol with people dying on the way to hospital. Many others died while being treated in hospital later. The tragedy took the lives of 73 people in total.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-15 |title='You'll die, if you consume alcohol': Nitish Kumar on Bihar liquor deaths |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/youll-die-if-you-consume-alcohol-nitish-kumar-on-bihar-liquor-deaths-11671084896029.html |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Most of the victims were declared dead on arrival at a hospital in [[Chhapra]]. Many of the victims did not seek help initially because they feared being punished for their violation of the liquor prohibition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Alisha Rahaman |date=15 December 2022 |title=At least 39 dead after drinking illicit alcohol in India’s ‘dry state’ |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/bihar-illicit-liquor-death-toll-alcohol-b2245748.html |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><br />
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==Response==<br />
Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] said that those who drink alcohol will die and no compensation will be given to the families of the deceased. Pointing out that [[Bihar]] is a state where [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] prohibition has been in place since 2016, the Chief Minister asked people to be more cautious in this regard. The opposition, including the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], protested against [[Nitish Kumar]]'s stand in the assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=65 Dead Due To Toxic Liquor In Bihar, Worst Tragedy Since Prohibition |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/number-of-deaths-due-to-toxic-liquor-in-bihars-chapra-rises-to-65-3613713 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Nitish Kumar declined to repeal the liquor ban, citing women's rights concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2022 |title=At least 31 dead and multiple others left blind as death toll from illegally brewed alcohol in India rises |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-15/illegal-alcohol-liquor-ban-india-deaths/101779024 |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Alcohol in India}}<br />
{{Disasters in India in 2022}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bihar alcohol poisoning, 2023}}<br />
[[Category:2022 crimes in India|Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in India]]<br />
[[Category:December 2022 crimes in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:December 2022 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Methanol poisoning incidents]]<br />
[[Category:Crime in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Nitish Kumar]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Cunningham&diff=460887Alexander Cunningham2026-03-05T14:46:36Z<p>DonteOnslow6: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|British Army engineer (1814–1893)}}<br />
{{Other people}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]<br />
| name = Sir Alexander Cunningham<br />
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCIE|CSI}}<br />
| image = Alexander Cunningham of the ASI 02.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1814|1|23|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1893|11|28|1814|1|23|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[London]], United Kingdom<br />
| death_cause = <br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Alicia Maria Whish|1840|1870}} (her death)<ref name="dnb" /><br />
| partner = <br />
| children = {{ubl|[[Allan Joseph Champneys Cunningham|Allan J. C. Cunningham]]|Sir Alexander F. D. Cunningham<ref name="dnb" />}}<br />
| signature = A.Cunningham signature.jpg<br />
}}<br />
[[Major-General]] '''Sir Alexander Cunningham''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCIE|CSI}} (23 January 1814 – 28 November 1893) was a [[British Army]] engineer with the [[Bengal Sappers]] who later took an interest in the history and archaeology of India. In 1861, he was appointed to the newly created position of archaeological surveyor to the [[British Raj|government of India]]; and he founded and organised what later became the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<br />
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He wrote numerous books and monographs and made extensive collections of artefacts. Some of his collections were lost, but most of the gold and silver coins and a fine group of [[Buddhist sculpture]]s and jewellery were bought by the [[British Museum]] in 1894. He was also the father of mathematician [[Allan J. C. Cunningham|Allan Cunningham]].<br />
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==Early life and career==<br />
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2025}}<br />
[[File:Alexander Cunningham of the ASI 01.jpg|thumb|Cunningham (fourth from the right)]]<br />
Cunningham was born in London on 23 January 1814 to the [[Scotland|Scottish]] poet [[Allan Cunningham (author)|Allan Cunningham]] (1784–1842) and his wife Jean née Walker (1791–1864).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Father of Indian Archaeology |url=https://testbook.com/articles/father-of-indian-archaeology}}</ref> Along with his older brother, [[Joseph Davey Cunningham|Joseph]], he received his early education at [[Christ's Hospital]], London.{{sfn|Buckland|1906|p=106}} Through the influence of Sir [[Walter Scott]], both Joseph and Alexander obtained cadetships at the [[East India Company]]'s [[Addiscombe Military Seminary|Addiscombe Seminary]] (1829–31), followed by technical training at the Royal Engineers Estate at [[Chatham, Kent|Chatham]].<br />
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Alexander joined the [[Bengal Engineers]] at the age of 19 as a Second Lieutenant and he spent the next 28 years in the service of [[British Raj|British Government of India]]. He demonstrated his abilities as an official by surveying flood-prone areas in and around Delhi. Cunningham's interest in the history and architecture of ancient India developed during his service. Soon after arriving in [[India]] on 9 June 1833, he met [[James Prinsep]]. He was in daily communication with Prinsep during 1837 and 1838 and became his intimate friend, confidant and pupil.{{sfn|Kejariwal|1999|p=200}} Prinsep passed on to him his lifelong interest in Indian archaeology and antiquity.<br />
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From 1836 to 1840, he was [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] to [[Lord Auckland]], the [[Governor-General]] of India. During this period he visited [[Kashmir]], which was then not well explored. He finds mention by initials in ''Up the Country'' by [[Emily Eden]].<ref name="dnb">{{cite ODNB|last1=Cotton |first1=J. S. |first2=James (revised) |last2=Lunt |title=Cunningham, Sir Alexander (1814–1893) |year=2004 |id=6916}}</ref>{{sfn|Vibart|1894|pp=455-59}}<br />
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==Military life==<br />
[[File:The Palace at Leh, 1847.jpg|thumb|[[Leh Palace]], [[Ladakh]]. Illustration from ''Ladak: Physical, Statistical, and Historical'']]<br />
In 1841 Cunningham was made executive engineer to the [[Nawab of Awadh|king of Oudh]]. In 1842 he was called to serve the army in thwarting an uprising in [[Bundelkhand]] by the [[Maharaja of Jaipur|ruler of Jaipur]]. He was then posted at Nowgong in central India before he saw action at the [[Battle of Punniar]] in December 1843. He became engineer at [[Gwalior]] and was responsible for constructing an arched stone bridge over the Morar River in 1844–45. In 1845–46 he was called to serve in [[Punjab]] and helped construct two bridges of boats across the [[Beas River]] prior to the [[Battle of Sobraon]].<br />
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In 1846, he was made commissioner along with [[P. A. Vans Agnew]] to demarcate boundaries. Letters were written to the Chinese and Tibetan officials by [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]], but no officials joined. A second commission was set up in 1847 which was led by Cunningham to establish the [[Ladakh]]-[[Tibet]] boundary, which also included [[Henry Strachey (explorer)|Henry Strachey]] and [[Thomas Thomson (botanist)|Thomas Thomson]]. Henry and his brother [[Richard Strachey]] had trespassed into [[Lake Manasarovar|Lake Mansarovar]] and Rakas Tal in 1846 and his brother Richard revisited in 1848 with botanist J. E. Winterbottom.{{sfn|Waller|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|Strachey|1854|p=3}} The commission was set up to delimit the northern boundaries of the Empire after the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] concluded with the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]], which ceded [[Kashmir]] as war [[indemnity]] expenses to the British.{{sfn|Cunningham|1854b|p=?}} His early work ''Essay on the Aryan Order of Architecture'' (1848) arose from his visits to the temples in Kashmir and his travels in Ladakh during his tenure with the commission. He was also present at the battles of [[Battle of Chillianwala|Chillianwala]] and [[Battle of Gujrat|Gujrat]] in 1848–49. In 1851, he explored the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monuments of [[Central India]] along with Lieutenant Maisey and wrote an account of these.{{sfn|Cunningham|1854a|p=?}}<br />
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In 1856 he was appointed chief engineer of [[Burma]], which had just been annexed by Britain, for two years; and from 1858 served for three years in the same post in the [[North-Western Provinces]]. In both regions, he established public works departments. He was therefore absent from India during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Rebellion of 1857]]. He was appointed Colonel of the [[Royal Engineers]] in 1860. He retired on 30 June 1861, having attained the rank of [[Major General]].<ref name="dnb" /><br />
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==Archaeology==<br />
Cunningham had taken a keen interest in antiquities from early on in his career. Following the activities of [[Jean-Baptiste Ventura]] (general of [[Ranjit Singh]])—who, inspired by the French explorers in Egypt, had excavated the bases of pillars to discover large stashes of Bactrian and Roman coins—excavations became a regular activity among British antiquarians.<ref name="imam63">{{cite journal |last1=Imam |first1=Abu |title=Sir Alexander Cunningham (1814–1893): The First Phase of Indian Archaeology |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=October 1963 |volume=95 |issue=3–4 |pages=194–207 |jstor=25202645 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00121926 |s2cid=163154105 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1834 he submitted to the ''[[Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal]],'' an appendix to [[James Prinsep]]'s article, on the relics in the [[Mankiala stupa]]. He had conducted excavations at [[Sarnath]] in 1837 along with [[Frederick Charles Maisey]] and made careful drawings of the sculptures. In 1842 he excavated at [[Sankassa]] and at [[Sanchi]] in 1851. In 1854, he published ''The Bhilsa Topes'', a piece of work which attempted to establish the [[history of Buddhism]] based on architectural evidence.<br />
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By 1851, he also began to communicate with [[William Henry Sykes]] and the [[East India Company]] on the value of an archaeological survey. He provided a rationale for providing the necessary funding, arguing that the venture<ref name="imam63" /><br />
{{blockquote|... would be an undertaking of vast importance to the Indian Government politically, and to the British public religiously. To the first body it would show that India had generally been divided into numerous petty chiefships, which had invariably been the case upon every successful invasion; while, whenever she had been under one ruler, she had always repelled foreign conquest with determined resolution. To the other body it would show that Brahmanism, instead of being an unchanged and unchangeable religion which had subsisted for ages, was of comparatively modern origin, and had been constantly receiving additions and alterations; facts which prove that the establishment of the Christian religion in India must ultimately succeed.{{sfn|Cunningham|1843|pp=241–47}}}}<br />
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[[File:Alexander Cunningham of the ASI 03.jpg|thumb|Letter dated 31 January 1862, appointing Cunningham as Surveyor General]]<br />
Following his retirement from the Royal Engineers in 1861, [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]], then [[Viceroy of India]], appointed Cunningham as an archaeological surveyor to the [[British Raj|Government of India]].{{sfn|Cunningham|1871c|pp=1–3}} He held this position from 1861 to 1865, but it was then terminated through lack of funds.<ref name="dnb" /><br />
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Most antiquarians of the 19th century who took interest in identifying the major cities mentioned in ancient Indian texts, did so by putting together clues found in classical Graeco-Roman chronicles and the travelogues of travellers to India such as [[Xuanzang]] and [[Faxian]]. Cunningham was able to identify some of the places mentioned by Xuanzang,{{sfn|Cunningham|1848|pp=13–60}} and counted among his major achievements the identification of [[Aornos]], [[Ahichchhatra]], [[Bairat]], [[Kosambi]], [[Nalanda]], [[Padmavati Pawaya|Padmavati]], [[Sangala]], [[Sankassa|Sankisa]], [[Shravasti]], [[Srughna]], [[Taxila]], and [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]. Unlike his contemporaries, Cunningham would also routinely confirm his identifications through field surveys. The identification of Taxila, in particular, was made difficult partly due to errors in the distances recorded by [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] in his {{Lang|la|[[Naturalis Historia]]}} which pointed to a location somewhere on the [[Haro River]], a two-day march from the [[Indus River|Indus]]. Cunningham noticed that this position did not tally with the itineraries of Chinese pilgrims and in particular, the descriptions provided by Xuanzang. Unlike Pliny, these sources noted that the journey to [[Taxila]] from the Indus took three days and not two and therefore, suggested a different location for the city. Cunningham's subsequent explorations in 1863–64 of a site at [[Shah Dheri|Shah-dheri]] convinced him that his hypothesis was correct.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=265}}<br />
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{{blockquote|Now as Hwen Thsang, on his return to China, was accompanied by laden elephants, his three days' journey from {{sic|''Takhshasila''}} to the Indus at ''Utakhanda'', or Ohind, must necessarily have been of the same length as those of modern days, and, consequently, the site of the city must be looked for somewhere in the neighbourhood of ''Kâla-ka-sarâi''. This site is found near ''Shah-dheri'', just one mile to the north-east of ''Kâla-ka-sarâi'', in the extensive ruins of a fortified city, around which I was able to trace no less than 55 stupas, of which two are as large as the great [[Manikyala]] tope, twenty-eight monasteries, and nine temples.|author=Alexander Cunningham|source={{sfn|Cunningham|1871c|p=105}}}}<br />
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After his department was abolished in 1865, Cunningham returned to England and wrote the first part of his ''Ancient Geography of India'' (1871), covering the Buddhist period; but failed to complete the second part, covering the Muslim period.{{sfn|Cunningham|1871c|p=?}} During this period in London he worked as director of the [[Delhi and London Bank]].{{sfn|Iman|1966|p=191}} In 1870, [[Lord Mayo]] re-established the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], with Cunningham as its director-general from 1 January 1871. Cunningham returned to India and made field explorations each winter, conducting excavations and surveys from Taxila to Gaur. He produced twenty-four reports, thirteen as author and the rest under his supervision by others such as J. D. Beglar. Other major works included the first volume of ''[[Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum]]'' (1877) which included copies of the edicts of [[Ashoka]], ''The Stupa of [[Bharhut]]'' (1879) and the ''Book of Indian Eras'' (1883) which allowed the dating of Indian antiquities. He retired from the Archaeological Survey on 30 September 1885 and returned to London to continue his research and writing.<ref name="dnb" /><br />
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== Father of Indian Archaeology ==<br />
Cunningham provided the Archaeological Survey of India with much-needed organization and expertise after he left the Army in 1861.<ref name=":0" /> In his capacity as the first Director General, he carried out excavations in significant ancient towns, issued thirty volumes of archaeological papers, and assessed over 725 sites. He is regarded as the founder of archaeology in India because:<br />
<br />
* He is regarded as the father of Indian archaeology since he was the first to use archaeological data to reconstruct [[Ancient history india|ancient Indian history]] in a methodical manner. <br />
* His thorough excavations at locations like Sanchi, Sarnath, and Bharhut produced priceless artifacts and inscriptions that expanded our understanding of the dissemination of Buddhism. <br />
* Many others were motivated to pursue a career in archaeology by his authoritative references found in the Reports of the ASI. The pioneer of Indian prehistoric archaeology, <br />
* Cunningham established techniques for documenting, mapping, photography, and conservation that are still in use today. <br />
* For the first time, Indians were involved in archaeology thanks to his training of indigenous assistants that he hired for digs. <br />
* Cunningham made sure archaeology got financing and formal recognition, which helped to establish the field's legitimacy in India.<br />
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==Numismatic interests==<br />
Cunningham assembled a large [[Numismatics|numismatic]] collection, but much of this was lost when the steamship he was travelling in, the ''Indus'', was wrecked off the coast of [[Ceylon]] in November 1884. The [[British Museum]], however, obtained most of the gold and silver coins. He had suggested to the Museum that they should use the arch from the [[Sanchi Stupa]] to mark the entrance of a new section on Indian history. He also published numerous papers in the ''[[Journal of the Asiatic Society]]'' and the ''[[Numismatic Chronicle]]''.{{sfn|Mathur|2007|p=146}}<br />
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==Family and personal life==<br />
Two of Cunningham's brothers, [[Francis Cunningham (Indian Army officer)|Francis]] and [[Joseph Davey Cunningham|Joseph]], became well known for their work in [[British India]]; while another, [[Peter Cunningham (writer, born 1816)|Peter]], became famous for his ''Handbook of London'' (1849).{{sfn|Cunningham|1853|pp=12-14}} Cunningham married Alicia Maria Whish, daughter of Martin Whish, B.C.S., on 30 March 1840. The couple had two sons, Lieutenant-Colonel [[Allan Joseph Champneys Cunningham|Allan J. C. Cunningham]] (1842–1928) of the Bengal and Royal Engineers, and Sir Alexander F. D. Cunningham (1852–1935) of the Indian Civil Service.<ref name="dnb" /> Cunningham died on 28 November 1893, at his home in [[South Kensington]] and was buried at [[Kensal Green Cemetery]], London. His wife predeceased him, in 1870. He was survived by his two sons.<ref name="dnb" /><br />
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==Awards and memorials==<br />
[[File:RAS 089.003 - Sir Alexander Cunningham (cropped).jpg|thumb|Portrait of Cunningham by C. W. Walton, showing him wearing the badge of a KCIE, with other decorations.]]<br />
Cunningham was awarded the [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] on 20 May 1870 and [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] in 1878. In 1887, he was made a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]].{{sfn|Cunningham|1871c|p=?}}<br />
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==Publications==<br />
Books written by Cunningham include:<br />
* ''[https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich LADĀK: Physical, Statistical, and Historical with Notices of the Surrounding Countries]'' (1854).<br />
* ''[https://archive.org/details/cu31924022980571 Bhilsa Topes]'' (1854), a history of [[Buddhism]]<br />
* ''[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023029485 The Ancient Geography of India]'' (1871)<br />
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94077 Archaeological Survey Of India Vol. 1]'' (1871) [https://books.google.com/books?id=xM4OAAAAQAAJ Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65, Volume 1] (1871)<br />
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62695 Archaeological Survey Of India Vol. 2]''<br />
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-wk3AQAAMAAJ Archaeological Survey Of India Vol. 3]'' (1873)<br />
* ''[https://archive.org/details/reportatourinea01cunngoog Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. Volume 1.]'' (1877)<br />
* ''[https://archive.org/details/stpabharhutabud00offigoog The Stupa of Bharhut: A Buddhist Monument Ornamented with Numerous Sculptures Illustrative of Buddhist Legend and History in the Third Century B.C.]'' (1879)<br />
* ''[https://archive.org/details/bookindianeras01cigoog The Book of Indian Eras]'' (1883)<br />
* ''[https://archive.org/details/coinsancientind00cunngoog Coins of Ancient India]'' (1891)<br />
* ''[https://archive.org/details/cu31924008747788 Mahâbodhi, or the great Buddhist temple under the Bodhi tree at Buddha-Gaya]'' (1892)<br />
* ''Coins of Medieval India'' (1894)<br />
* ''Report of Tour in Eastern Rajputana''<br />
<br />
Additional works:<br />
* ''The World of India’s First Archaeologist: Letters from Alexander Cunningham to J.D.M. Beglar''; Oxford University Press: Upinder Singh.<br />
* {{cite thesis |last1=Imam |first1=Abu |title=Sir Alexander Cunningham and the Beginnings of Indian Archeology |date=1963 |doi=10.25501/SOAS.00033626 |oclc=966141480 }}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Joseph David Beglar]]<br />
* [[Edward Clive Bayley|Sir Edward Clive Bayley]]<br />
* [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Sir John Hubert Marshall]]<br />
<br />
==Citations==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Buckland |first1=Charles Edward |title=Dictionary of Indian Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501620 |date=1906 |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co. |location=London}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=Alex |title=An Account of the Discovery of the Ruins of the Buddhist City of Samkassa |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=July 1843 |volume=7 |issue=14 |pages=241–249 |jstor=25207592 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X0015590X |s2cid=162756981 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1935442 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=Alexander |title=Verification of the Itinerary of the Chinese Pilgrim, Hwan Thsang, through Afghanistan and India during the First Half of the Seventh Century of the Christian Era| journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=17 |year=1848 |issue=2 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40132302}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Joseph Davey |url=https://archive.org/stream/cunninghamshisto00cunnuoft#page/n13/mode/2up |title=Cunningham's History of the Sikhs |date=1853 |work=History of the Sikhs |publisher=John Murray |editor-last1=Garrett |editor-first1=Herbert Leonard Offley |edition=2 |orig-year=1849}}<br />
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/report00cunngoog#page/n3/mode/2up|title=Archaeological Survey of India: four reports made during the years 1862–63–64–65 |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |year=1871 |publisher=Government Central Press |location=[[Shimla]] |ref={{harvid|Cunningham|1871a}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/report00cunngoog/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65 |date=1871 |publisher=Government Central Press |volume=I |location=Shimla |ref={{harvid|Cunningham|1871b}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |year=1871 |title=The Ancient Geography of India |volume=1 |publisher=Trübner and Co. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023029485#page/n9/mode/2up |ref={{harvid|Cunningham|1871c}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NuoPqdEvkloC |title=The Bhilsa Topes, Or, Buddhist Monuments of Central India: Comprising a Brief Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of Buddhism |date=1854 |publisher=Smith, Elder & Co. |location=London |ref={{harvid|Cunningham|1854a}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Ladak, physical, statistical and historical |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |date=1854 |publisher=W. H. Allen |place=London |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |ref={{harvid|Cunningham|1854b}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Alexander |authorlink1=Alexander Cunningham |title=The Ancient Geography of India: The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang |date=1871 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, NY |isbn=9781108056458 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kT5JvRZCixQC |ref={{harvid|Cunningham|1871d}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Iman |first=Abu |title=Sir Alexander Cunningham and the beginnings of Indian archaeology|publisher=Asiatic Society of Pakistan |location=Dacca |date=1966}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Kejariwal |first1=O. P.|title=The Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Discovery of India's Past 1784–1838 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19565089-1 |edition=1988 |year=1999}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Mathur |first=Saloni |title=India by Design: Colonial History and Cultural Display |publisher=University of California Press |year=2007 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |authorlink1=Upinder Singh|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131711200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Physical Geography of Western Tibet |year=1854 |last=Strachey |first=Henry |publisher=William Clowes and sons.|place=London|url=https://archive.org/stream/physicalgeograp00stragoog#page/n9/mode/2up}} <br />
* {{cite book |last=Vibart |first=H. M. |title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note |place=Westminster |publisher=Archibald Constable |year=1894 |url=https://archive.org/stream/addiscombeitsher00viba#page/455/mode/1up/ }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Waller |first=Derek J. |title=The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=2004}}<br />
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{{Commons}}<br />
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[[Category:Explorers of Central Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Bengal Engineers officers]]<br />
[[Category:British people in British India]]<br />
[[Category:British Army major generals]]<br />
[[Category:British military personnel of the Gwalior Campaign]]<br />
[[Category:Graduates of Addiscombe Military Seminary]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Christ's Hospital]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century British archaeologists]]<br />
[[Category:Directors general of the Archaeological Survey of India]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeologists of South Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faasle&diff=457862Faasle2026-03-03T23:54:56Z<p>DonteOnslow6: updated details</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Faasle<br />
| image = Faasle.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Yash Chopra]]<br />
| producer = Yash Chopra<br />
| writer = <br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Sunil Dutt]]<br />[[Rekha]]<br />[[Farooq Shaikh]]<br />[[Deepti Naval]]<br />[[Rohan Kapoor (actor)|Rohan Kapoor]]<br />[[Farah (actress)|Farah]]<br />[[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]] <br />
| music = [[Shiv-Hari]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|1985|09|27|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget =<br />
<br />
}}<br />
'''''Faasle''''' is a 1985 Indian film produced and directed by [[Yash Chopra]].<br />
<br />
The film stars [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Rekha]], [[Farooq Shaikh]], [[Deepti Naval]], [[Rohan Kapoor (actor)|Rohan Kapoor]], [[Farah (actress)|Farah]], [[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Sushma Seth]] and [[Alok Nath|Aloknath]]. The film is the debut film for [[Rohan Kapoor (actor)|Rohan Kapoor]], son of singer [[Mahendra Kapoor]] and also for the actress [[Farah (actress)|Farah]], niece of [[Shabana Azmi]]. The film's music was composed by [[Shiv-Hari]] with lyrics by [[Shahryar (poet)|Shahryar]]. This film was panned by the critics for bad storyline and editing.<ref name=Dwyer>{{cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Rachel|author-link=Rachel Dwyer|title=Yash Chopra|title-link=Yash Chopra (book)|year=2002|publisher=British Film Inst.|location=London|isbn=978-0-85170-874-4|pages=218}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Vikram is proud and wealthy. His wife having died young, Vikram has brought up his son Sanjay and daughter Chandni, sacrificing his own personal happiness, choosing a secret relationship over marriage, with Maya. He dotes upon his children and is very protective about his daughter.<br />
<br />
When Vijay comes into Chandni's life and steals her heart - they realize the course of true love never runs smooth and her father's disapproval and her impending arranged marriage threatens the love between Chandni and Vijay.<br />
<br />
Faasle is a story about the blind sense of duty inculcated by the older generation and the self-confidence and arrogance of the youth, it is a story of everyone doing what they believe to be right, all in the name of Love.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Sunil Dutt]] as Vikram<br />
*[[Rekha]] as Maya<br />
*[[Farooq Shaikh]] as Sanjay <br />
*[[Deepti Naval]] as Sheetal <br />
*[[Rohan Kapoor (actor)|Rohan Kapoor]] as Vijay<br />
*[[Farah (actress)|Farah]] as Chandni <br />
*[[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]] as Shivraj Gupta<br />
*Daljeet Kaur as Shivraj's Sister-in-law<br />
*Ajit Singh Deol as Veer<br />
*Damyanti Puri as Veer's wife <br />
*Huma Khan as dancer <br />
*[[Sushma Seth]] as Shivraj's Eldest Sister-in-law<br />
*[[Javed Khan Amrohi|Javed Khan]] as Nandu<br />
*[[Alok Nath|Aloknath]] as Shivraj's Handicapped Brother<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by [[Shiv-Hari]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Akhlaq Mohammed Khan|Shahryar]].<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" <br />
! Song !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
| "Chandni Tu Hai Kahan"<br />
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
|-<br />
| "In Aankhon Ke Zeenon Se"<br />
| Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar <br />
|-<br />
| "Janam Janam Mere Sanam"<br />
| Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar <br />
|-<br />
| "Hum Chup Hain" (Duet)<br />
| Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar <br />
|-<br />
| "Hum Chup Hain" (Solo)<br />
| Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|-<br />
| "Sun Le Yeh Sara Zamana"<br />
| Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|-<br />
| "Faasle Hai Bahut"<br />
| [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Yeh Kafile Yaadon Ke"<br />
| Asha Bhosle<br />
|-<br />
| "Mora Banna Dulhan Leke Aaya"<br />
| [[Pamela Chopra]], [[Shobha Gurtu]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0089119|Faasle}}<br />
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{{Yash Chopra}}<br />
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[[Category:1985 films]]<br />
[[Category:1985 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Yash Chopra]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Shiv-Hari]]<br />
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]<br />
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{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birkha_Bahadur_Muringla&diff=446158Birkha Bahadur Muringla2026-02-27T02:47:54Z<p>DonteOnslow6: updated page</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian writer (1943–2022)}}<br />
'''Birkha Bahadur Muringla''' (13 April 1943 – 8 June 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/northeastindia/padma-shri-bb-muringla-passes-away-35956 |title=Development Board Northeast India The Logical Indian Crew BB Muringla: Padma Shri Laureate & Modern Architect Of Limbu Language Passes Away At 80 |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-date=2022-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628234945/https://thelogicalindian.com/northeastindia/padma-shri-bb-muringla-passes-away-35956 |url-status=dead }}</ref> was one of the eminent writers in [[Limbu language|Limbu]] literature from [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], now [[Sikkim]], India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sikkimnow.blogspot.in/2014/02/bb-muringla-conferred-vivekananda.html|title=BB Muringla conferred Vivekananda Kendra Institute of Culture Samman|publisher=Sikkim Now|accessdate=23 December 2015}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2017 for his contribution to [[Limbu language]] and literature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157675|title=Padma Awards 2017 announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs|accessdate=26 January 2016}}</ref><br />
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[[Category:1943 births]]<br />
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[[Category:Limbu people]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Sikkim]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]<br />
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{{India-writer-stub}}</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganges_Delta&diff=445987Ganges Delta2026-02-19T20:43:35Z<p>DonteOnslow6: page edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Delta of the Ganges River}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=April 2011}}<br />
[[File:Ganges Delta ESA22274217.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|Ganges Delta, 2020 satellite photograph]]<br />
<br />
The '''Ganges Delta''' (also known the '''Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta''', the '''Sundarbans Delta''' or the '''Bengal Delta'''<ref name=BengalDelta/>) is a [[river delta]] predominantly covering the [[Bengal region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]], consisting of [[Bangladesh]] and the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. It is the world's largest river delta<ref>{{cite news |author1=Seth Mydans |title=Life in Bangladesh Delta: On the Edge of Disaster |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/21/world/life-in-bangladesh-delta-on-the-edge-of-disaster.html |work=The New York Times |date=21 June 1987 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104181307/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/21/world/life-in-bangladesh-delta-on-the-edge-of-disaster.html |archive-date=4 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-is-the-largest-delta-in-the-world.html|title=Where Is The Largest Delta In The World?|website=WorldAtlas|date=25 April 2017 }}</ref> and it empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]] with the combined waters of several [[river system]]s, mainly those of the [[Brahmaputra River]] and the [[Ganges River]]. It is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus earning the nickname the ''Green Delta''. The delta stretches from the [[Hooghly River]] in the west to as far as the [[Meghna River]] in the east.<br />
<br />
==Geography and Topography==<br />
[[Image:SunderbanFarmHouse.JPG|thumb|A typical landscape in the delta with palms, rice, flat, green and ponds]]<br />
[[File:The delta of Ganges by J. Rennel.jpg|thumb|Delta of Ganges from the map of surveyor [[James Rennell]] (1778)]]<br />
The Ganges Delta has the shape of a triangle and is considered to be "arcuate" (arc-shaped). It covers more than {{convert|105000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and lies mostly in Bangladesh and India, with rivers from [[Bhutan]], [[Tibet]], and [[Nepal]] draining into it from the north. 67% of the delta is inside Bangladesh and only 33% belongs to West Bengal. Most of the delta is composed of [[alluvial]] soils made up of small sediment particles that finally settle down as river currents slow in the estuary. Rivers carry these fine particles with them, even from their sources at glaciers as [[fluvio-glacial]]. Red and red-yellow [[laterite]] soils are found as one heads farther east. The soil has large amounts of minerals and nutrients, which are good for agriculture.<br />
<br />
It is composed of a labyrinth of [[Channel (geography)|channels]], [[swamp]]s, lakes, and flood plain sediments (chars). The [[Gorai-Madhumati River]], one of the distributaries of the Ganges, divides the Ganges Delta into two parts: the geologically young, active, eastern delta, and the older, less active, western delta.<ref name=BengalDelta>{{cite book |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Sifatul Quader |last2=Hassan |first2=M Qumrul |year=2012 |chapter=Bengal Delta |chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bengal_Delta |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Population==<br />
Around 273.6 million (173.6 million Bangladesh and 100 million West Bengal, India) people live on the delta,{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} despite risks from floods caused by [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoons]], heavy run-off from the melting snows of the [[Himalayas]], and [[North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone]]s. 80% of the nation of [[Bangladesh]] lies in the Ganges Delta; many of the country's people depend on the delta for survival.{{sfn|Bowden|2003|p=39|ps=: "Many of [Bangladesh's] people depend on the delta for their survival. Two-thirds of Bangladeshis work in agriculture and grow crops on the fertile delta floodplains. Jute fiber, used to make twine and sacking, is Bangladesh's main export crop. Tea, wheat, rice, beans, sugarcane, and fruits are grown."}}<br />
<br />
It is believed that upwards of 300 million people are supported by the Ganges Delta; approximately 400&nbsp;million people live in the [[Ganges|Ganges River]] Basin, making it the most populous river basin in the world. Most of the Ganges Delta has a population density greater than 200/km<sup>2</sup> (520 people per square mile),{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} making it one of the most densely populated regions in the world.<br />
<br />
==Wildlife==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2013}}<br />
[[Image:Panthera tigris.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bengal tiger]]]]<br />
Three [[terrestrial ecoregion]]s cover the delta region. The [[Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]] ecoregion covers much of the delta, although most forests have been cleared for agriculture, leaving only small remnants. Thick stands of tall grasses, known as canebrakes, grow in wetter areas. The [[Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests]] ecoregion lies closer to the Bay of Bengal; this ecoregion is flooded with slightly [[brackish]] water during the dry season, and fresh water during the monsoon season. These forests, too, have been almost completely converted to intensive agriculture, with only {{convert|130|km2|sqmi}} of the {{convert|14600|km2|sqmi}} protected. Where the delta meets the Bay of Bengal, [[Sundarbans mangroves]] form the world's largest [[mangrove]] ecoregion, covering an area of {{convert|20400|km2|sqmi}} in a chain of 54 islands. They derive their name from the predominant mangrove species, ''[[Heritiera]] fomes'', which are known locally as ''sundri'' or ''sundari''.<br />
<br />
Animals in the delta include the Indian python (''[[Python molurus]]''), clouded leopard (''[[Neofelis nebulosa]]''), [[Indian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus indicus'') and [[crocodile]]s, which live in the Sundarbans. Approximately 1,020 endangered [[Bengal tiger]]s (''Panthera tigris tigris'') are believed to inhabit the Sundarbans. The [[golden jackal]] (Canis aureus) is one of the mammals found in the Sundarbans and is also seen along the canals and on the islands. [[Indian rhino]]s (Rhinoceros unicornis) were once present in the Sundarbans, but became locally extinct before 1920–1925 due to intensive hunting. Today, there are no rhino populations in the Sundarbans. The Ganges–Brahmaputra basin has tropical deciduous forests that yield valuable timber: [[Shorea robusta|sal]], [[teak]], and [[peepal]] trees are found in these areas.<br />
<br />
It is estimated that 30,000 [[chital]] (''Axis axis'') are in the Sundarbans part of the delta. Birds found in the delta include [[kingfisher]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[woodpecker]]s, the shalik (''[[common myna|Acridotheres tristis]]''), the [[swamp francolin]] (''Francolinus gularis''), and the doel (''[[Oriental magpie robin|Copsychus saularis]]''). Two species of dolphin can be found in the delta: the [[Irrawaddy dolphin]] (''Orcaella brevirostris'') and the [[Ganges and Indus river dolphin|Ganges river dolphin]] (''Platanista gangetica gangetica''). The [[lesser adjutant]] (Leptoptilos javanicus) is present in the Sundarbans, albeit in small numbers. It is a vulnerable species that inhabits wetlands and mangroves, occasionally nesting in taller trees. The [[greater adjutant]] (Leptoptilos dubius), on the other hand, is now absent or, at best, extremely rare in the Sundarbans. Once widespread in Bengal, it now survives only in a few colonies in Assam and Cambodia. The Irrawaddy dolphin is an [[oceanic dolphin]] which enters the delta from the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges river dolphin is a true [[river dolphin]], but is extremely rare and considered [[endangered]].<br />
<br />
Trees found in the delta include [[Heritiera littoralis|sundari]], garjan (''[[Rhizophora]]'' spp.), [[bamboo]], mangrove palm (''[[Nypa fruticans]]''), mangrove date palm (''[[Phoenix paludosa]]'') and banyan ([[Ficus benghalensis]]).<br />
<br />
==Geology==<br />
The Ganges Delta lies at the junction of three tectonic plates: the [[Indian Plate]], the [[Eurasian Plate]], and the [[Burma Plate]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banglapire.org/Research/tectonics-geophysics |title=Tectonics & Geophysics |website=BanglaPIRE |access-date=13 June 2017 |quote=The Ganges Brahmaputra Delta lies at the junction of three plates: the Indian Plate, the Eurasian Plate and the Burma Platelet. |archive-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617043150/http://www.banglapire.org/Research/tectonics-geophysics |url-status=dead }}</ref> The edge of the [[Eocene]] paleoshelf runs approximately from [[Kolkata]] to the edge of the [[Shillong Plateau]]. The edge of the paleoshelf marks the transition from the thick continental crust in the northwest to the thin continental or oceanic crust in the southeast. The enormous sediment supply from the Himalayan collision has extended the delta about {{convert|400|km}} seaward since the [[Eocene]]. The sediment thickness southeast of the edge of the paleoshelf beneath the Ganges Delta can exceed {{convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Steckler |first1=Michael S. |last2=Humayun |first2=S. Akhter |last3=Seeber |first3=Leonardo |date=15 September 2008 |title=Collision of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta with the Burma Arc |url=https://univdhaka.academia.edu/SyedHumayunAkhter/Papers/274196/Collision_of_the_Ganges-Brahmaputra_Delta_with_the_Burma_Arc |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |publisher=Elsevier |volume=273 |issue=3–4 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.009 |access-date=22 April 2013 |quote=The edge of the pre-delta Eocene paleoshelf is marked by the shallow-water Sylhet Limestone, which runs NNE from near Calcutta to the edge of the Shillong Plateau ... The Sylhet Limestone drops ... indicating the presence of thick continental crust. East of the hinge zone the great thickness of sediments indicates that the crust is greatly thinned or oceanic ... The enormous supply of sediments provided by the Himalayan collision fed the [Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD)] and has produced ~400 km of progradation of the shelf edge since the Eocene ... Total sediment thickness beneath the GBD southeast of the hinge zone exceeds 16 km.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
[[File:CowShed.JPG|thumb|Rice, cattle and fishing in rivers and ponds are important sources of food.]]<br />
Approximately two-thirds of the Bangladesh people work in agriculture and grow crops on the fertile floodplains of the delta. The major crops that are grown in the Ganges Delta are [[jute]], tea, and rice.{{sfn|Bowden|2003|p=39|ps=: "Many of [Bangladesh's] people depend on the delta for their survival. Two-thirds of Bangladeshis work in agriculture and grow crops on the fertile delta floodplains. Jute fiber, used to make twine and sacking, is Bangladesh's main export crop. Tea, wheat, rice, beans, sugarcane, and fruits are grown."}} Fishing is also an important activity in the delta region, with fish being a major source of food for many of the people in the area.{{sfn|Bowden|2003|p=44|ps=: "Fishing has played a part in the lives of Bangladeshi people for a long time ... Fish is particularly important in Bangladesh, where it provides the main source of protein in the diet of many people ... Shrimp are farmed in large containers or cages that are submerged in the open water. They are mainly sold for export."}}<br />
<br />
In the last decades of the 20th century, scientists helped the poor people of the delta to improve fish farming methods. By turning unused ponds into viable fish farms and improving methods of raising fish in existing ponds, many people can now earn a living raising and selling fish. Using new systems, fish production in existing ponds has increased 800%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.futureharvest.org/earth/fish.shtml |title=Global Demand for Fish Rising—Fish Farming is the Fastest Growing Field of Agriculture |website=Future Harvest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005030820/http://www.futureharvest.org/earth/fish.shtml |archive-date=5 October 2006 |quote=In Bangladesh, scientists are turning unused ponds into viable fish farms and improving fish raising in the existing ones. The project has led to a new way for the rural poor to earn an income ... Using new systems developed through research, fish production in existing ponds has increased eightfold.}}</ref> Shrimp are farmed in containers or cages that are submerged in open water. Most are exported.{{sfn|Bowden|2003|p=44|ps=: "Fishing has played a part in the lives of Bangladeshi people for a long time ... Fish is particularly important in Bangladesh, where it provides the main source of protein in the diet of many people ... Shrimp are farmed in large containers or cages that are submerged in the open water. They are mainly sold for export."}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:HasnabadFerryPier.JPG|thumb|right|A lot of bustle at a ferry pier]]<br />
[[Image:Vidyasagar setu.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Vidyasagar Setu]] which spans the [[Hooghly River|Hoogli]] River in [[Kolkata]]]]<br />
<br />
As there is a maze of many river branches, the area is difficult to pass. Most islands are only connected with the mainland by simple wooden ferryboats. Bridges are rare. Some islands are not yet connected to the electric grid, so island residents tend to use solar cells for a bit of electric supply.<br />
<br />
===Gas reserves===<br />
Important gas reserves have been discovered in the delta, such as in the Titas and Bakhrabad [[List_of_natural_gas_fields_in_Bangladesh|gas fields]]. Several major oil companies have invested in exploration of the Ganges Delta region.<ref>{{cite book |author=USGS-Bangladesh Gas Assessment Team |date=2001 |title=U.S. Geological Survey—PetroBangla Cooperative Assessment of Undiscovered Natural Gas Resources of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsdgH-coRJoC&pg=PA8 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1428917972}}</ref>{{sfn|Bowden|2003|p=41|ps=: "Gas reserves ... lie under the delta region and offshore in the Bay of Bengal. Important discoveries were made during the 1990s, and several major oil companies have invested in gas exploration in Bangladesh."}}<br />
<br />
===Arsenic pollution===<br />
{{Further|Arsenic contamination of groundwater}}<br />
Arsenic is a naturally occurring substance in the Ganga Delta that has detrimental effects on health and may enter the [[food chain]], especially in key crops such as rice.<br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
The Ganges Delta lies mostly in the tropical wet [[climate]] zone, and receives between {{convert|1500|to|2000|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall each year in the western part, and {{convert|2000|to|3000|mm|in|abbr=on}} in the eastern part.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}. Hot, dry summers and cool, dry winters make the climate suitable for agriculture.<br />
<br />
===Cyclones and flooding===<br />
In November 1970, the deadliest tropical cyclone of the twentieth century hit the Ganges Delta region. The [[1970 Bhola cyclone]] killed 500,000 people (official death toll), with another 100,000 missing. [[The Guinness Book of World Records]] estimated the total loss of human life from the Bhola cyclone at 1,000,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=53274 |title=History and Society/Disasters/Cyclone Deaths |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119041251/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=53274 |archive-date=19 November 2005}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[1991 Bangladesh Cyclone|Another cyclone]] hit the delta in 1991, killing about 139,000 people.{{sfn|Bowden|2003|p=43|ps=: "In 1970 Bangladesh suffered the world's worst recorded cyclone, when about 500,000 people were killed. The last bad cyclone to strike Bangladesh was in 1991. It killed 139,000 people."}} It also left many people homeless.<br />
<br />
In 1998, the Ganges flooded the delta, killing about 1,000 people and leaving more than 30 million people homeless. The Bangladesh government asked for $900&nbsp;million to help feed the people of the region, as the entire rice crop was lost.{{sfn|Bowden|2003|p=40|ps=: "In 1998 ... About one thousand people were killed, and more than 30 million were left homeless by floods ... The entire rice crop was ruined, and the government asked for almost $900&nbsp;million dollars of aid to help it feed and rehouse its people."}}<br />
Major floods also occurred in 1953, 1987, 1988, 2004, 2007 and 2017.<br />
<br />
== Environmental history ==<br />
<br />
=== Colonial period === <br />
From the late 1600s, the delta was colonized by the [[East India Company]], whose governance relied on [[zamindar]]s. Whereas the inhabitants used to build temporary [[levee]]s, which were breached each monsoon season, colonial rule promoted the construction of permanent [[levee]]s. This increased agricultural productivity in the short run, but interfered with [[sedimentation]], which naturally fertilizes and raises the land, compensating [[subsidence]]. In the 19th century, the British state promoted the construction of railroads, which led to more levees, fewer forests, more stagnant wetland, and the spreading of [[malaria]].<ref name="miller"/><br />
<br />
=== Coastal Embankment Project ===<br />
From the 1960s, Western governments and aid organizations, in particular [[USAID]], funded the large-scale construction of [[polder]]s and levees. Their plans followed the Dutch model, and neglected the role of rivers. Rivers were channeled between embankments, and tended to choke in their own sediments, instead of spreading them across the delta. <br />
<br />
Due to insufficient sedimentation, saltwater from tidal rivers intruded in rice paddies, leading the Bangladeshi government and foreign aid organizations to encourage the replacement of agriculture by shrimp aquaculture from the 1980s. As an export commodity, shrimp helps transfer wealth to landowners, while farmers, crops and livestock suffer from the increased salinity. <br />
<br />
The Coastal Embankment Project did not lead to a decrease of damage from flooding in the coastal zone.<ref name="miller"/><br />
<br />
=== Tidal river management and de-poldering===<br />
In the 1990s, starting at [[Beel Dakatia]], villagers defied the Bangladeshi government and cut embankments.<ref name="miller"/> Since then, [[Sedimentation enhancing strategies|tidal river management]] has been introduced in the delta.<ref name="Gain 111–120">{{Cite journal|last1=Gain|first1=Animesh K.|last2=Benson|first2=David|last3=Rahman|first3=Rezaur|last4=Datta|first4=Dilip Kumar|last5=Rouillard|first5=Josselin J.|date=1 September 2017|title=Tidal river management in the south west Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh: Moving towards a transdisciplinary approach?|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901116309236|journal=Environmental Science & Policy|language=en|volume=75|pages=111–120|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2017.05.020|bibcode=2017ESPol..75..111G |issn=1462-9011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=van Staveren|first1=Martijn F.|last2=Warner|first2=Jeroen F.|last3=Shah Alam Khan|first3=M.|date=1 February 2017|title=Bringing in the tides. From closing down to opening up delta polders via Tidal River Management in the southwest delta of Bangladesh|url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/19/1/147/20536/Bringing-in-the-tides-From-closing-down-to-opening|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=147–164|doi=10.2166/wp.2016.029|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Auerbach|first1=L. W.|last2=Goodbred|first2=S. L. Jr.|last3=Mondal|first3=D. R.|last4=Wilson|first4=C. A.|last5=Ahmed|first5=K. R.|last6=Roy|first6=K.|last7=Steckler|first7=M. S.|last8=Small|first8=C.|last9=Gilligan|first9=J. M.|last10=Ackerly|first10=B. A.|date=February 2015|title=Flood risk of natural and embanked landscapes on the Ganges–Brahmaputra tidal delta plain|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2472|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=153–157|doi=10.1038/nclimate2472|bibcode=2015NatCC...5..153A |issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This method has been implemented in 5 [[beel]]s and resulted in benefits including decreased [[Waterlogging (agriculture)|waterlogging]], creation of [[Agricultural land|agricultural areas]], improved [[navigation]] and land creation.<ref name="Gain 111–120"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Masud|first1=Md. Mahedi Al|last2=Moni|first2=Nurun Naher|last3=Azadi|first3=Hossein|last4=Van Passel|first4=Steven|date=1 February 2018|title=Sustainability impacts of tidal river management: Towards a conceptual framework|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X17306593|journal=Ecological Indicators|language=en|volume=85|pages=451–467|doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.10.022|bibcode=2018EcInd..85..451M |issn=1470-160X|hdl=10067/1490390151162165141|s2cid=84181903 |hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tidal river management has been promoted by Bangladeshi prime minister [[Sheikh Hasina]], and implemented by the [[Bangladesh Water Development Board|Water Board]].<ref name="miller"/><br />
<br />
===More recent infrastructure plans===<br />
Since 2013, the [[World Bank]] has invested in the '''Coastal Embankment Improvement Project''', whose aim is to strengthen levees. Moreover, in 2018, Bangladesh adopted the '''Delta Plan 2100''', jointly produced with the Netherlands, and which prescribes the construction of massive concrete dams, and new polders. <br />
<br />
Past failures of such infrastructures are sometimes blamed on climate change, although they are more often due to mismanagement and infrastructure maladaptation. The World Bank plans only account for 15 years worth of sea level rise, and only cover the cost of construction, leaving repairs to the community.<ref name="miller"/><br />
<br />
===Threat of rising sea levels===<br />
[[current sea level rise|Rising sea levels caused by climate change]] threaten the delta and its inhabitants. An increase in sea level of {{convert|0.5|m}} could result in six million people losing their homes in Bangladesh.{{sfn|Bowden|2003|p=44-45|ps=: "The greatest change Bangladesh and its people may face in the coming years will probably be the threat of global warming ... One of the likely results of global warming is a gradual rise in sea levels. This could be {{convert|1.6|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} by 2100. That might not sound like very much, but it would mean that 6 million Bangladeshis would lose their homes."}}<br />
<br />
=== Historiography ===<br />
The history of the Bengal Delta has been a concern of scholarship by environmental historians, although mostly limited to the 18th to 21st centuries.<br />
<br />
Indian historian Vinita Damodaran has extensively profiled famine management practices by the [[East India Company]], and related these practices to major ecological changes wrought about by forest and land management practices.<ref>{{Citation|last=Damodaran|first=Vinita|title=The East India Company and the Natural World|chapter=The East India Company, Famine and Ecological Conditions in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|date=2015|pages=80–101|editor-last=Damodaran|editor-first=Vinita|series=Palgrave Studies in World Environmental History|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1057/9781137427274_5|isbn=978-1-137-42727-4|editor2-last=Winterbottom|editor2-first=Anna|editor3-last=Lester|editor3-first=Alan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=DAMODARAN|first=VINITA|date=1995|title=Famine in a Forest Tract: Ecological Change and the Causes of the 1897 Famine in Chotanagpur, Northern India|journal=Environment and History|volume=1|issue=2|pages=129–158|issn=0967-3407|jstor=20722973|doi=10.3197/096734095779522636|s2cid=84650653 |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/2827 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Damodaran|first=Vinita|date=1 October 2006|title=Famine in Bengal: A Comparison of the 1770 Famine in Bengal and the 1897 Famine in Chotanagpur|journal=The Medieval History Journal|language=en|volume=10|issue=1–2|pages=143–181|doi=10.1177/097194580701000206|s2cid=162735048|issn=0971-9458}}</ref> Debjani Bhattacharyya has shown how Calcutta was constructed as an urban centre through tracing ecological changes wrought upon by colonial powers involving land, water and humans throughout the mid-18th to the early 20th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/empire-and-ecology-in-the-bengal-delta/4741DB240F1EACD9E1AFDDDFD9EE74AA|title=Empire and Ecology in the Bengal Delta: The Making of Calcutta|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Debjani|date=2018|language=en|doi=10.1017/9781108348867|isbn=9781108348867|s2cid=134078487 |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Siegel|first=Benjamin|date=1 October 2019|title=Empire and Ecology in the Bengal Delta: The Making of Calcutta. By Debjani Bhattacharyya|url=https://academic.oup.com/envhis/article/24/4/807/5550680|journal=Environmental History|language=en|volume=24|issue=4|pages=807–809|doi=10.1093/envhis/emz053|issn=1084-5453|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
In terms of recent scholarship that focuses more on the eastern part of the Bengal/Ganges Delta, Iftekhar Iqbal argues for the inclusion of the Bengal Delta as an ecological framework within which to study the dynamics of agrarian prosperity or decline, communal conflicts, poverty and famine, especially throughout the colonial period.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Bengal Delta : ecology, state and social change, 1840-1943|last=Iqbal, Iftekhar.|date=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-23183-2|location=Basingstoke|oclc=632079110}}</ref> Iqbal has tried to show how resistance movements such as the Faraizi movement can be studied in relation to colonial ecological management practices.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Iqbal|first=Iftekhar|title=The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943 |chapter=The Political Ecology of the Peasant: the Faraizi Movement between Revolution and Passive Resistance|date=2010|pages=67–92|editor-last=Iqbal|editor-first=Iftekhar|series=Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1057/9780230289819_4|isbn=978-0-230-28981-9}}</ref><br />
<br />
==View==<br />
[[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|left|800px|{{center|Ganga/Padma River from space}}]]<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Doab]]<br />
*[[Gangotri]]<br />
*[[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]<br />
*[[Indian subcontinent]]<br />
*[[Bay of Bengal]]<br />
*[[Bengal tiger]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name="miller">{{cite book | last=Miller | first=Stephen Robert | title=Over the Seawall | publisher=Island Press | publication-place=Washington, D. C | date=2023-10-31 | isbn=978-1-64283-257-0 | page=}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bowden |first=Rob |title=The Ganges |date=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fGvMz4bMACAC |series=A River Journey |location=Chicago |publisher=Heinemann-Raintree Library |isbn=978-0739860700 }}<br />
* {{cite book |date=1997 |title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA412 |location=Springfield, Mass. |publisher=Merriam-Webster |isbn=978-0-87779-546-9 |access-date=23 April 2011 |ref={{harvid|Merriam-Webster|1997}}}}<br />
* {{cite web |url=http://www.lsmsa.edu/MKhandoker/environmental%20science/Aquatic%20Ecosystem/Conflict%20on%20water2-Ganges%20river%20issues.htm |title=Water Resources in the Ganges River Basin |website=Louisiana School for Math, Science, and the Arts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026160753/http://www.lsmsa.edu/MKhandoker/environmental%20science/Aquatic%20Ecosystem/Conflict%20on%20water2-Ganges%20river%20issues.htm |archive-date=26 October 2005}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bagchi |first=Kanangopal |date=1944 |title=The Ganges Delta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21183 |location=Calcutta |publisher=University of Calcutta}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|position=left|Ganges Delta}}<br />
* The Golden Fibre Trade Centre: [https://web.archive.org/web/20051117232413/http://tradezone.com/tradesites/ganges_delta.html Ganges Delta: Most Fertile Land for Growing Raw Jute]<br />
* {{cite book |last=Rob |first=Md Abdur |year=2012 |chapter=Ganges-Padma River System |chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ganges-Padma_River_System |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}<br />
<br />
{{Waters of South Asia}}<br />
{{GeoSouthAsia}}<br />
{{West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|22|42|N|89|40|E|type:waterbody_region:BD_dim:500000|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ganges|.]]<br />
[[Category:Ganges basin]]<br />
[[Category:River deltas of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Bay of Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Environment of Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Environment of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Sundarbans]]<br />
[[Category:Regions of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Regions of India]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Air_Command_(India)&diff=460281Eastern Air Command (India)2026-02-01T12:30:33Z<p>DonteOnslow6: cleaned up details per standard format and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Air Force command}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
| unit_name = '''Eastern Air Command'''<br />
| image = File:Eastern Air Command (India).png<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| caption = Emblem of the Eastern Air Command<br />
| dates = <br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| branch = {{air force|India}}<br />
| type = Operational Air Command<br />
| role = [[Air superiority fighter|Air Defence]], [[Offensive counter air attack|OCA]], [[Close Air Support|Offensive Ground Support]], Civilian Relief.<br />
| size = <br />
| command_structure = <br />
| garrison = [[Shillong]]<br />
| garrison_label = Headquarters<br />
| nickname = <br />
| motto = {{langx|sa|italic=yes|Samareshu Parakramah}}<br />
| colors = <br />
| colors_label = <br />
| battles = [[Sino-Indian War|1962 Sino-Indian War]], [[East Pakistan Operations 1971]], [[Operation Meghdoot]], [[Cyclone 05B (1999)|Orissa Super-Cyclone Relief, 1999]], [[Operation All Clear]] (MEDEVAC and support)<br />
| anniversaries = <!-- Commanders --><br />
| commander1 = Air Marshal [[Inderpal Singh Walia]], {{post nominals|country=IND|AVSM|VM}}<br />
| commander1_label = [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief]]<br />
| notable_commanders = <!-- Insignia --><br />
| identification_symbol = <br />
| identification_symbol_label = <br />
| start_date = May 27, 1958<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Eastern Air Command''' is one of the five operational [[Command (military formation)|commands]] of the [[Indian Air Force]]. Currently headquartered in [[Shillong]] in [[Meghalaya]]. It was initially raised as '''No. 1 Operational Group''' on 27 May 1958 at Ranikutir, [[Kolkata]] as a part of the [[Government of India|Government]]'s increasing emphasis on defence of the eastern borders. The Operational Group was upgraded as Command on 1 December 1959 with headquarters at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], [[Kolkata]] and re raises as a full fledged command at [[Shillong]].<br />
<br />
The present Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief is [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Inderpal Singh Walia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Air Marshal Inderpal Singh Walia assumes charge as AOC in C of Eastern Air Command|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Feb/01/air-marshal-inderpal-singh-walia-assumes-charge-as-aoc-in-c-of-eastern-air-command|website=The New Indian Express|date=2026-02-01|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=Express News|last=Service}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
It was initially raised as '''No. 1 Operational Group''' on 27 May 1958 at Ranikutir, [[Kolkata]] as a part of the [[Government of India|Government]]'s increasing emphasis on defence of the eastern borders. The Operational Group was upgraded as Command on 1 December 1959 with headquarters at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], [[Kolkata]] and Air Vice Marshal KL Sondhi as the first AOC-in-C of the Eastern Command. After the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 Indo-Chinese War]], The decision was made to raise a full-fledged command at Shillong. The area of responsibility of the command now covers 11 states, and is bound by the international boundaries of [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[China]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Bangladesh]] incorporating 6300&nbsp;km of common border. Eastern Air Command now has permanent airbases at [[Chabua]], [[Guwahati]], [[Bagdogra]], [[Barrackpore]], [[Hasimara]], [[Jorhat]], [[Kalaikunda]] and [[Tezpur]] with forward airbases at [[Agartala]], [[Kolkata]], [[Panagarh]] and [[Shillong]]. Eastern Air Command historically consisted of [[Air superiority fighter|Air Defence]] squadrons consisting of the [[MiG-21]] and [[Ground attack]] squadrons consisting of the [[MiG-27]], though today the command relies on [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|SU-30MKIs]] and [[Dassault Rafale|Dassault Rafales]]. It holds the motto "Samareshu Parakramaha" (''Lit: Valour in battle'').<br />
<br />
==Activities and responsibilities==<br />
The Eastern Air Command has a specific mandate both during peace and war. In war situations, the command is tasked to conduct [[Offensive counter air|counter air operations]] and provides [[Close air support|offensive air support]] to Army and Para-Military Forces. In peace, the command swings into action whenever there is a natural calamity. It was extensively involved in relief operations in the aftermath of the [[Cyclone 05B (1999)|supercyclone in Orissa]] and has provided relief supplies during floods in [[Assam]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. The command has three broad spheres of activity - operations, maintenance and administration. The fighter squadrons under the Eastern Air Command are equipped with MiG variants, and pilots are under continuous training for operational flying.<br />
<br />
At [[Tezpur]], located on the northern bank of the [[Brahmaputra]] in Upper [[Assam]], newly commissioned [[Ab initio|ab-initio]] fighter pilots undergo fighter pilot training and on successful completion get inducted into various fighter squadrons in [[Indian Air Force|IAF]]. Majority of the fighter fleet of Eastern Air Command consisted of [[MiG-21]] and the [[MiG-27]] (''Bahadur),'' before their retirement and replacement by SU-30MKIs and Dassault Rafales. <br />
<br />
The [[Cargo aircraft|transport aircraft]] and [[helicopter]] of the Eastern Air Command are critical in the [[North-East India]]. The [[topography]] in the hill regions restrict the construction of a standard [[runway]]. Tribal settlements in places like Menchuha, Vijaynagar and Tuting in remote and inaccessible areas of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] totally depend on the aerial supply by the Air Force. They also depend on these aircraft to airlift their sick and ailing. The district headquarters at [[Anini]], a conglomeration of about ten tribal settlements with a population of a couple of thousand in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] is the only one of its kind in the world which is totally air-maintained.<br />
<br />
Pilots operate from the advance landing grounds (ALG) with only one third of the length of a regular runway, having unique and uni-directional approach and take off requirements. This coupled with the vagaries of weather expects superior skills from the pilots and their navigators. Both man and machine are stretched to the limits of their capabilities. Helicopter operations also form a critical part of the responsibilities of the Easter Air Command. For the pilots who negotiate this remote and inaccessible terrain, the experience gained over the last five decades has been well assimilated. The contribution of Eastern Air Command in bringing relief and in aiding civilian population in times of calamity and strife is an unsung saga of commitment, daring and dedication.<br />
<br />
==War operations==<br />
The Eastern Air Command was a major participant in 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pak war of 1971]]. During the 1962 war, Eastern Air Command was tasked with mounting transport support missions, a task admirably performed by its [[Douglas DC-3|Dakota]] and [[De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou|Caribou]] aircraft. It also mounted [[reconnaissance]] and [[CASEVAC|casualty evacuation]] sorties using the [[Bell Helicopter Textron|Bell]] and [[Sikorsky Aircraft|Sikorsky]] helicopters it operated at the time.<br />
<br />
During the 1971 war, Eastern Air Command was tasked with offensive as well as supply operations. It was involved right from the first [[clash over Boyra]] to the [[Tangail Airdrop]]. It also operated [[Mil Mi-4|Mi-4]] helicopters in offensive roles behind enemy lines, operating from helicopter bases in [[Tripura]]. Kalaikunda, one of the oldest and most strategically placed airbases under Eastern Air Command, has supported fighter operations since the early post-independence years. Its historical transformation has been documented extensively.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=Evolution of Kalaikunda Airbase |url=https://iafhistory.in/2023/11/22/evolution-of-kalaikunda-airbase/ |website=IAFHistory |date=22 November 2023 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
Squadrons include (as of 2015):<br />
<br />
{| class="sortable" border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;" <br />
|- style="background:#ccc;"<br />
!Squadron!!Base!!Equipment!!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|[[No. 43 Squadron IAF]]<br />
|[[Jorhat Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[AN-32]]<br />
|No. 10 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|[[No. 129 Helicopter Unit, IAF]]<br />
|[[Jorhat Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[Mi-17]]<br />
|No. 10 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|[[No. 2 Squadron IAF]]<br />
|[[Tezpur Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[Su-30 MKI]]<br />
|No. 11 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|[[No. 106 Squadron IAF]]<br />
|[[Tezpur Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[Su-30 MKI]]<br />
|No. 11 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|[[No. 115 Helicopter Unit, IAF]]<br />
|[[Tezpur Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[HAL Dhruv]]<br />
|No. 11 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|[[No. 101 Squadron IAF]]<br />
|[[Hasimara Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[Dassault Rafale]]<br />
|No. 16 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|[[No. 102 Squadron IAF]]<br />
|[[Chabua Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[Su-30 MKI]]<br />
|No.14 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|Helicopter Unit<br />
|[[Chabua Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[Mi-8]]<br />
|No. 14 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|Helicopter Unit<br />
|[[Chabua Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[Mi-17]]<br />
|No. 14 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|[[No. 59 Squadron IAF]]<br />
|[[Mountain Shadow Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[Avro 748]]M<br />
|No. 19 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|[[No. 118 Helicopter Unit, IAF]]<br />
|[[Mountain Shadow Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[Mi-8]]<br />
|No. 19 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|No. 142 SSS Flight, IAF<br />
|[[Bagdogra Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[HAL Chetak]]<br />
|No. 20 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|[[No. 110 Helicopter Unit, IAF]]<br />
|[[Kumbhirgram Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[Mi-8]]<br />
|No. 22 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|[[No. 127 Helicopter Unit, IAF]]<br />
|[[Mohanbari Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[Mi-17]]<br />
|No. 42 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|[[No. 128 Helicopter Unit, IAF]]<br />
|[[Mohanbari Air Force Station]]<br />
|[[Mi-17]]<br />
|No. 42 Wing<br />
|-<br />
|[[No. 87 Squadron IAF]]<br />
|[[Air Force Station Arjan Singh]]<br />
|[[C-130J]]<br />
|No. 31 Wing<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! colspan="6" |'''List of Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Air Command'''<br />
|- style="background:#cccccc"<br />
! Rank<br />
! Name<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office<br />
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office<br />
!Reference<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7"|[[Air Vice Marshal]]<br />
| Kundan Lal Sondhi<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1959|12|7}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1961|12|28}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf">{{cite news|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/list.php?qunit=EAC|title=List of Air Officer Commanding in Chief, Eastern Air Command|access-date=14 May 2021|website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Kanwar Jaswant Singh]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1962|03|3}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1963|01|1}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Shivdev Singh]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1963|01|14}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1963|06|9}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Ramaswamy Rajaram]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1963|06|10}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1963|08|4}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Minoo Merwan Engineer]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1963|08|5}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1964|09|30}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Yeshwant Vinayak Malse<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1964|10|1}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1966|09|30}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Ranjan Dutt]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1966|10|28}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1968|03|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="35"|[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]<br />
| Hirendra Nath Chatterjee<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1968|04|1}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1971|03|23}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Hari Chand Dewan]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1971|03|24}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1973|03|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Maurice Barker]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1973|04|1}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1976|04|21}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Lal Singh Grewal<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1976|04|24}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1978|08|12}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Lakshman Madhav Katre]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1978|09|4}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1981|01|2}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Malcolm Wollen|Malcolm Shirley Dundas Wollen]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1981|01|3}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1983|02|26}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Douglas George King-Lee<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1983|03|1}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1983|11|30}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Minoo Jehangir Dotiwalla<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1983|12|1}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1984|10|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Kapil Dev Chadha<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1984|11|5}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1987|12|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Man Mohan Sinha]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1988|02|8}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1991|1|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Rajendra Kumar Dhawan<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1991|02|11}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1991|10|5}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Brijesh Dhar Jayal]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1991|10|7}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1992|03|30}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Dushyant Singh<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1992|05|1}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1995|01|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Janak Kapur<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1995|02|1}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1996|03|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Prithvi Singh Brar<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1996|04|1}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1999|01|3}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Krishnan Narayan Nair]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|1999|01|4}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2000|11|30}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Satish Govind Inamdar<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2000|12|1}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Avinash Deodata Joshi<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|1}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|08|21}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Fali Homi Major]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|09|5}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|03|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Pranab Kumar Barbora<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|1}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|12|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Shiv Kumar Bhan<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2008|01|1}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|12|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Krishan Kumar Nohwar<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2010|01|01}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|07|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Simhakutty Varthaman<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2011|08|01}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|11|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Ravi Kant Sharma<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|12|1}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2013|12|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| Rakesh Kumar Jolly<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|01|1}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|12|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Shirish Baban Deo]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|01|01}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|08|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Chandrashekharan Hari Kumar]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015|10|01}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2016|12|31}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Anil Khosla]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|01|01}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2018|09|30}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Air Marshal Anil Khosla takes over as AOC-in-C, Eastern Air Command|url=https://www.spsmai.com/aerospace/?id=4268&q=Air-Marshal-Anil-Khosla-takes-over-as-AOC-in-C-Eastern-Air-Command|website=www.spsmai.com|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Raghunath Nambiar]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2018|10|01}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2019|02|28}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Air Marshal Raghunath Nambiar AVSM VM and BAR takes over Command as Air Officer Commanding in Chief Eastern Air Command - SP's ShowNews|url=https://www.spsshownews.com/appointments/?id=104&h=Air-Marshal-Raghunath-Nambiar-AVSM-VM-and-BAR-takes-over-Command-as-Air-Officer-Commanding-in-Chief-Eastern-Air-Command|website=www.spsshownews.com|access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Rajiv Dayal Mathur]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2019|03|01}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2020|09|30}}<br />
|<ref name="eac-brf" /><br />
|-<br />
| [[Amit Dev]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2020|10|01}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2021|09|30}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Air Marshal Amit Dev takes over as AOC-n-C of Indian Air Force's Eastern Air Command|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/air-marshal-amit-dev-takes-over-as-aoc-n-c-of-indian-air-forces-eastern-air-command/articleshow/78428943.cms?from=mdr|work=The Economic Times|date=2020-10-01|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Dilip Kumar Patnaik]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2021|10|03}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2022|09|30}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Air Marshal Dilip Patnaik to head Eastern Air Command|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Oct/03/air-marshal-dilip-patnaik-tohead-eastern-air-command-2366984.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=2021-10-03|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=Express News|last=Service}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Sujeet Pushpakar Dharkar]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2022|10|01}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2024|09|30}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=S P Dharkar new chief of IAF Eastern Air Command|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/s-p-dharkar-new-chief-of-iaf-eastern-air-command/articleshow/94585917.cms?from=mdr|work=The Economic Times|date=2022-10-01|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Surat Singh (air marshal)|Surat Singh]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2024|10|01}}<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2026|01|31}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/air-marshal-surat-singh-assumes-command-of-eastern-air-command-in-shillong-1100636-2024-10-01|title=Air Marshal Surat Singh assumes command of Eastern Air Command in Shillong|work=India Today|date=2024-10-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Inderpal Singh Walia]]<br />
| {{dts|format=dmy|2026|02|01}}<br />
| ''Incumbent''<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Aircraft==<br />
<br />
*[[Sukhoi Su-30 MKI]]<br />
*[[Mil Mi-17]]<br />
*[[Mil Mi-24]]<br />
*[[Avro 748]]<br />
*[[An-32]]<br />
* [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk]]<br />
* [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules]]<br />
* [[Dassault Rafale]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Indian Air Force]]<br />
* [[No. 22 Squadron, Indian Air Force]]<br />
* [[Sino-Indian War]]<br />
* [[East Pakistan Operations 1971]]<br />
* [[Operation Meghdoot]]<br />
* [[Tropical Cyclone 05B (1999)|Orissa Super Cyclone]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Military of India}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian Air Force}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Commands of the Indian Air Force]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1958]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Indian Air Force]]<br />
[[Category:1958 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karakat_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=477479Karakat Lok Sabha constituency2026-01-28T21:46:37Z<p>DonteOnslow6: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Bihar}}<br />
{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Karakat<br />
| type = LS<br />
|established = 2009<br />
|reservation = None<br />
| assembly_cons = [[Nokha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nokha]]<br/> [[Dehri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dehri]]<br/>[[Karakat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karakat]]<br/>[[Goh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Goh]]<br/>[[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Obra]]<br/>[[Nabinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nabinagar]]<br />
|mp = [[Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Bihar]]<br />
|electors = 1,569,989<br />
}}<br />
'''Karakat''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002. Karakat is considered as a [[Kushwaha]] dominated constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-pawan-singh-lok-sabha-polls-9265334/|title=Exit West Bengal, Enter Bihar: Bhojpuri star Pawan Singh back in Lok Sabha poll fray|website=Indian express|date=12 April 2024 |access-date=12 April 2024|archive-date=12 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412022241/https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-pawan-singh-lok-sabha-polls-9265334/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Caste and communities==<br />
The caste data of this constituency shows that there are 2{{nbsp}}[[lakh]] (200,000) voters belonging to each of [[Koeri]] ([[Kushwaha]]), [[Rajput]] and [[Yadav]] communities. For last few elections, the constituency has been a place of contest between [[Mahabali Singh]] and [[Upendra Kushwaha]], both belonging to [[Koeri]] caste.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/in-bihars-karakat-battle-of-prestige-for-upendra-kushwaha-and-nitish-kumar/article27152630.ece|website=The Hindu|title=Bihar's Karakat, battle of prestige for Upendra Kushwaha and Nitish Kumar|date=16 May 2019 |access-date=13 May 2023|archive-date=14 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514052546/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/in-bihars-karakat-battle-of-prestige-for-upendra-kushwaha-and-nitish-kumar/article27152630.ece|url-status=live |last1=Tewary |first1=Amarnath }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-caste-kushwaha-s-switch-deciding-factors-in-karakat/story-PE8YxZvOts4rwzebThgoYJ.html|title=Lok Sabha elections 2019: Caste, Kushwaha's switch deciding factors in Karakat|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=13 May 2023|archive-date=14 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514052822/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-caste-kushwaha-s-switch-deciding-factors-in-karakat/story-PE8YxZvOts4rwzebThgoYJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024 Indian general election, [[Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]] won the election in a triangular contest involving [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]] chief [[Upendra Kushwaha]] and Bhojpuri singer and actor [[Pawan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bihar-modi-nitish-mahadlit-nda-india-9372908/|title=In Bihar, fuelled by Modi factor, Nitish's EBC, Mahadalit base, NDA trumps INDIA|website=Indian express|access-date=5 June 2024|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605113506/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bihar-modi-nitish-mahadlit-nda-india-9372908/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Due to victory of candidates belonging to only [[Kushwaha]] caste from this constituency, ever since its formation, it is referred to as 'Kushwaha land' in Bihar's political circle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/aurangabad-upendra-kushwaha-mahabali-singh-karakat-lok-sabha-seat-bihar-politics-news-in-hindi-23679337.html|title=कुशवाहा लैंड' पर बड़े सियासी खेल की तैयारी, उपेंद्र ने काट दिया JDU के दिग्गज नेता का पत्ता; समझें इसके मायने|website=Dainik Jagran|access-date=5 June 2024|archive-date=11 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411074800/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/aurangabad-upendra-kushwaha-mahabali-singh-karakat-lok-sabha-seat-bihar-politics-news-in-hindi-23679337.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
Presently, Karakat Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
!#<br />
!Name<br />
!District<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"| Party<br />
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead<br />
|-<br />
|211<br />
|[[Nokha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nokha]]<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]<br />
|[[Nagendra Chandravanshi]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|rowspan=6}}<br />
|-<br />
|212<br />
|[[Dehri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dehri]]<br />
|Rajeev Ranjan Singh<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}" |<br />
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|213<br />
|[[Karakat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karakat]]<br />
|[[Arun Singh Kushwaha|Arun Kushwaha]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|219<br />
|[[Goh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Goh]]<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]<br />
|Amrendra Kumar<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |<br />
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|220<br />
|[[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Obra]]<br />
|Prakash Chandra<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}" |<br />
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|221<br />
|[[Nabinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nabinagar]]<br />
|[[Chetan Anand (politician)|Chetan Anand]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==Members of Parliament==<br />
<br />
Source:<ref>[http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm "Election Commission of India"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131061850/http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm |date=31 January 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx "Lok Sabha Former Members"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx |date=16 June 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Before 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]<br />
|[[Mahabali Singh|Mahabali Singh Kushwaha]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]<br />
|[[Upendra Kushwaha]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Samata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]<br />
|[[Mahabali Singh|Mahabali Singh Kushwaha]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]<br />
|[[Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}" |<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===General election 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Rohtas district|Karakat]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Karakat">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Karakat |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0435.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731180517/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0435.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Karakat Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Karakat Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/karakat |access-date=2 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202033747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/karakat |archive-date=2 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|candidate=[[Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha]]|votes=3,80,581|percentage=36.89|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=[[Pawan Singh]]|votes=2,74,723|percentage=26.63|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Lok Morcha|candidate=[[Upendra Kushwaha]]|votes=2,53,876|percentage=24.61|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=21,595|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=1,05,858|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,33,379|percentage=54.73|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation<br />
|loser=Janata Dal (United)<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Rohtas district|Karakat]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = [[Mahabali Singh]]<br />
|votes = 398,408<br />
|percentage=47.21<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Upendra Kushwaha]]<br />
|votes = 313,866<br />
|percentage=37.19<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|votes = 22,104<br />
|percentage=2.62<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Raj Narayan Tiwari<br />
|votes = 21,715<br />
|percentage=2.56<br />
|change=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 84,542<br />
|percentage = 9.73<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 869,546<br />
|percentage = 49.09<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|loser=Rashtriya Lok Samata Party<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Rohtas district|Karakat]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=23 September 2015 |page=80 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=web-arch-turnout>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |access-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 }}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Upendra Kushwaha]]<br />
|votes = 338,892<br />
|percentage=42.90<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Kanti Singh<br />
|votes = 233,651<br />
|percentage=29.58<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = [[Mahabali Singh]]<br />
|votes = 76,709<br />
|percentage=9.79<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Sanjay Kewat<br />
|votes = 45,503<br />
|percentage=5.76<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 105,241<br />
|percentage =13.32<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 790,361<br />
|percentage = 50.01<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Samata Party <br />
|loser = Janata Dal (United) <br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Rohtas district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
* [[Maudihan]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/karakat/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Karakat lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
{{Patna Division topics}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|25.2|84.3|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Karakat (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Rohtas district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Aurangabad district, Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Dehri]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_Day_Cup_(Assam)&diff=503831Independence Day Cup (Assam)2026-01-21T19:41:49Z<p>DonteOnslow6: adding the article initial version - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Association football tournament in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox football tournament<br />
|logo =<br />
|organiser = Nowgong Sports Association<br />
|founded = {{Start date and age|1947}}<br />
|region = India<br />
|number of teams = Various<br />
|current =<br />
|current champions = Asufii Football Academy (1st title) <br />
|most successful team = [[Oil India FC|Oil India]] (8th title)<ref name="OIL lift Independence Day" /> <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''All India Independence Day Cup''', commonly known as the '''Independence Day Cup''', is an Indian [[association football|football]] tournament held in [[Nagaon]], [[Assam]] and organised by Nowgong Sports Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's football past gasping for survival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |date=25 March 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |location=Kolkata |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html }}</ref> Teams from across the country compete here in what is the oldest football tournament of Assam, first held in 1947, days after the [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]]. Initially the tournament was hosted by the Nagaon Marwari Yubak Sangha.<ref name="indcup">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/independencedaycup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Independence Day Cup|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|website=www.indianfootball.de|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=19 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019212053/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/independencedaycup.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Abhishek Ganguly|date=Oct 5, 2018|title=Mohammedan Sporting to open campaign in All India Independence Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mohammedan-sporting-to-open-campaign-in-all-india-independence-cup/articleshow/66091483.cms|access-date=5 December 2021|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205164838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mohammedan-sporting-to-open-campaign-in-all-india-independence-cup/articleshow/66091483.cms|archive-date=5 December 2021|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Venues==<br />
Most of the matches are played at the [[Nurul Amin Stadium]], Nagaon, which has the capacity of 5,000 spectators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assam.gov.in/citizen/424|title=Sports Venues|accessdate=17 September 2022|work=assam.gov.in|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170406/https://assam.gov.in/citizen/424|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Results==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+List of Independence Day Cup finals<ref name="indcup"/><br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" |Edition<br />
! scope="col" |Year<br />
! scope="col" |Winners<br />
! scope="col" |Score<br />
! scope="col" |Runners-up<br />
! scope="col" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|1969<br />
|'''[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]'''<br />
|–<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://onnodristy.com/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6/|title=হারিয়ে যাওয়া মোহামেডানীদের সালতামামি…|trans-title=Diary of the lost stars of Mohammedan...|date=19 July 2019|first=Elis|last=Hoque|access-date=3 November 2022|language=bn|location=Dhaka|website=onnodristy.com|publisher=Onno Dristi Bangla|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103122241/https://onnodristy.com/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6/|archive-date=3 November 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|1971<br />
|'''[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]'''<br />
|–<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|1972<br />
|'''[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]'''<br />
|–<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|1976<br />
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]]'''<br />
|–<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|1977<br />
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]]'''<br />
|–<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|1979<br />
|'''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]'''<br />
|–<br />
|[[Oil India FC|Oil India]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|1981<br />
|'''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]'''<br />
|–<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|1988<br />
|'''[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]'''<br />
|1–0<br />
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|1993<br />
|'''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]'''<br />
|3–0<br />
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abahani Krira Chakra]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|1994<br />
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]]'''<br />
|–<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|1996<br />
|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''<br />
|–<br />
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]<br />
|<ref name="mb">{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan Trophy room|url=https://themohunbaganac.com/trophy-room-2/|website=themohunbaganac.com|publisher=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|access-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126082005/https://themohunbaganac.com/trophy-room-2/|archive-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|1997<br />
|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''<br />
|–<br />
|<br />
|<ref name="mb"/><br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|1998<br />
|'''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]'''<br />
|2–0<br />
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Muktijoddha Sangsad KC|Muktijoddha Sangsad]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|1999<br />
|'''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]'''<br />
|1–1 {{pso|7–6}}<br />
|[[Tata Football Academy]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2000<br />
|'''[[Indian National FC|Indian National]]'''<br />
|1–1 {{pso|3–1}}<br />
|[[Assam Regiment|Assam Regimental Centre]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2001<br />
|'''[[North East Frontier Railway|NF Railway]]'''<br />
|5–0<br />
|[[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2002<br />
|'''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]'''<br />
|2–0<br />
|[[Oil India FC|Oil India]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2003<br />
|'''[[Steel Authority of India|SAIL]], Kolkata'''<br />
|3–0<br />
|[[Oil India FC|Oil India]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2004<br />
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]]'''<br />
|2–0<br />
|[[Kidderpore SC|Khidderpore Sporting Union]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2005<br />
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]]'''<br />
|1–0<br />
|[[Nagaland Police]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06s.html|title=2005/06 Season in Indian Football:|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109192919/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06s.html|archive-date=9 January 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2006<br />
|'''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]'''<br />
|4–1<br />
|[[Assam Police Blues]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2007<br />
|'''[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]'''<br />
|0–0 {{pso|3–2}}<br />
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2008–09<br />
|'''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]'''<br />
|0–0 {{pso|6–5}}<br />
|[[Oil India FC|Oil India]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2010<br />
|'''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]'''<br />
|–<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2011<br />
|'''[[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]] Ranidanga'''<br />
|–<br />
|[[Langsning FC|Langsning]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|64th<br />
|2012<br />
|'''[[Langsning FC|Langsning]]'''<br />
|2–1<br />
|[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2012-10-16|title=Langshiling of Shillong lifts ID Cup|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/langshiling-of-shillong-lifts-id-cup-112101600587_1.html|access-date=2021-12-06|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206023203/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/langshiling-of-shillong-lifts-id-cup-112101600587_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|65th<br />
|2013<br />
|'''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]'''<br />
|4–0<br />
|[[Oil India FC|Oil India]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/riflemen-lift-id-cup|title=Riflemen lift ID Cup|website=assamtribune.com|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925042525/https://assamtribune.com/riflemen-lift-id-cup|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|68th<br />
|2016<br />
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]]'''<br />
|2–1<br />
|[[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|69th<br />
|2017<br />
|'''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]'''<br />
|2–0<br />
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|70th<br />
|2018<br />
|'''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]'''<br />
|1–1 {{pso|4–3}}<br />
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|71st<br />
|2019<br />
|'''[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]'''<br />
|1–0<br />
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Gokulam Kerala lift 71st Independence Day Cup|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=oct2419%2Fsports052|website=assamtribune.com|publisher=Assam Tribune|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025142729/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=oct2419/sports052|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|73rd<br />
|2021<br />
|'''[[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]]'''<br />
|1–1 {{pso|4–3}}<br />
|[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/asebsc-win-independence-cup-title-defeating-kerala-united-football-club-567369|title=ASEBSC win Independence Cup title defeating Kerala United Football Club|website=sentinelassam.com|publisher=Sentinel Assam|date=11 December 2021|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211134925/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/asebsc-win-independence-cup-title-defeating-kerala-united-football-club-567369|archive-date=11 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/KeralaUnitedFC/status/1469532121207169031|title=Kerala United FC finishes as runners-up of the 2021 Independence Day Cup|website=Twitter (Kerala United FC official)|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211050850/https://mobile.twitter.com/KeralaUnitedFC/status/1469532121207169031|archive-date=11 December 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|74th<br />
|2022<br />
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]]'''<br />
|1–0<br />
|[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/oil-india-football-club-duliajan-lift-independence-day-cup-trophy-614859|title=Oil India Football Club, Duliajan lift Independence Day Cup Trophy|website=sentinelassam.com|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926005349/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/oil-india-football-club-duliajan-lift-independence-day-cup-trophy-614859|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|75th<br />
|2023<br />
|'''[[Oil India FC|Oil India]]'''<br />
|2–0<br />
|[[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]]<br />
|<ref name="OIL lift Independence Day">{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/oil-india-fc-lift-independence-day-cup-title-at-nagaon-675000|title=OIL India FC lift Independence Day Cup title at Nagaon|website=sentinelassam.com|access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|76th<br />
|2024<br />
|'''Asufii FA, Manipur'''<br />
|2–1<br />
|[[Oil India FC|Oil India]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..091224.dec24|title=Asufii Football Academy win 76th All India Independence Day Cup 2024 in Assam|website=e-pao.net|access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|77th<br />
|2025<br />
|'''[[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]]'''<br />
|2–2 {{pso|15–14}}<br />
|Sadar Hills FA, Manipur<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsanagaon.com/independence_day_cup_football_tournament_2025.php|title=77th All India Independence Day Cup Football Tournament 2025-2026|website=NSA Nagaon|access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Assam Football Association]]<br />
*[[Bordoloi Trophy]]<br />
*[[ATPA Shield]]<br />
*[[Assam State Premier League]]<br />
*[[Bodousa Cup]]<br />
*[[Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Football in Assam}}<br />
{{Football in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]<br />
[[Category:Football in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1947]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shreyansanatha&diff=474735Shreyansanatha2026-01-21T13:37:41Z<p>DonteOnslow6: general refine content for accuracy and improved wording for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|11th Tirthankara in Jainism}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox deity<br />
| type = Jain<br />
| deity_of = 11th Jain [[Tirthankara]]<br />
| image = Shri Shreyansnath Bhagwan at Shri Sinhapuri Tirth, Sarnath.jpg<br />
| caption = Shri Shreyansnath Bhagwan at Shri Sinhapuri Tirth, Sarnath, UP.<br />
| alt = Shreyansanatha<br />
| venerated_in = [[Jainism]]<br />
| symbol = [[Rhinoceros]]<ref>{{citation |last=Tandon |first=Om Prakash |author-link=Om Prakash Tandon |title=Jaina Shrines in India |publisher=[[Publications Division]], [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] |isbn=81-230-1013-3 |date=2002 |orig-year=1968|pages=44–5 |edition=1 |location=[[New Delhi]] }}</ref><br />
| color = [[Gold (color)|Golden]]<br />
| father = Vishnu<br />
| mother = Vishna<br />
| height = 80 [[Dhanusha (unit)|bows]] (240 meters)<br />
| age = 8,400,000 years<br />
| tree = <br />
| predecessor = [[Shitalanatha]]<br />
| successor = [[Vasupujya]]<br />
| birth_place = [[Sarnath]]<br />
| moksha_place = [[Shikharji]]<br />
| dynasty = [[Solar dynasty|Ikṣvākuvaṁśa]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Jainism}}<br />
<br />
'''Shreyansanath''' was the eleventh [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]] of the present age (Avasarpini). According to Jain beliefs, he became a [[Siddha]] – a liberated soul which has destroyed all of its [[Karma in Jainism|karma]]. Shreyansanatha was born to King ''Vishnu'' and Queen ''Vishna'' at Simhapuri, near [[Sarnath]] in the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]. His birth date was the twelfth day of the Falgun Krishna month of the Indian calendar.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Shreyansanath was the eleventh [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]] of the present age (Avasarpini).{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}} According to Jain beliefs, he became a [[Siddha]] – a liberated soul which has destroyed all of its [[Karma in Jainism|karma]]. Shreyansanatha was born to King ''Vishnu'' and Queen ''Vishna'' at Simhapuri, near [[Sarnath]] in the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]. His birth date was the twelfth day of the Falgun Krishna month of the Indian calendar.{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}} His height is mentioned as 80 [[Dhanusha (unit)|dhanusha]].{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} He is said to have lived for 8,400,000 years.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}}<br />
<br />
Shreyansnath's Deshna inspired many to take Diksha and achieve Keval-Gnan and Moksha (liberation). He attained Nirvana from Sammed Shikharji Mountain, along with many Sadhus, Sadhvis, Shravakas, and Shravikas.{{cn|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
Shreyansanatha is said to have been born 9,999,900 ''sagara'' after his predecessor, [[Shitalanatha]].{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} His successor, [[Vasupujya]], is said to have been born 54 ''sagara'' after him.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}}<br />
<br />
== Teachings on Nirjara ==<br />
Shreyansnath's teachings emphasized Nirjara, the discharge of karmas. He explained that karmas are in stages of charging and discharging, with Nirjara being the stage of discharge. He distinguished between Akaam Nirjara (discharge without purpose) and Sakaam Nirjara (discharge with purpose). For a self-realized person, Sakaam Nirjara ensures that no new karmas are charged, as they remain vigilant in their awareness of being a Knower and Seer. Shreyansnath also highlighted the importance of penance (tapa) in achieving Sakaam Nirjara. He categorized penance into two types: Bahya Tapa (external penance) and Abhyantar Tapa (internal penance).{{cn|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
=== Bahya Tapa ===<br />
The six types of Bahya Tapa are:<br />
# Anshan (fasting)<br />
# Unodari (eating less)<br />
# Vrutti Sankshep (limiting desires)<br />
# Ras Tyag (abstaining from taste)<br />
# Kayotsarg (meditation)<br />
# Sanlinta (modesty)<br />
<br />
=== Abhyantar Tapa ===<br />
The six types of Abhyantar Tapa are:<br />
# Prayashchit (repentance)<br />
# Vaiyavach (service to saints)<br />
# Swadhyay (study of the self)<br />
# Vinay (humility)<br />
# Vyutsarg (renunciation)<br />
# Dhyan (meditation)<br />
<br />
Through Abhyantar Tapa, true karmic shedding occurs. Practices like Prayashchit help cleanse sins, while maintaining equanimity and viewing others as innocent aids in achieving liberation.{{cn|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Main Temple==<br />
The [[Sarnath Jain Tirth]] temple located at [[Sarnath]], [[Varanasi]] is one of the main shrines of Shreyansanatha.<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Digamber Jain Temple, Sarnath.jpg|Sridigamber Jain Temple, Simhapuri, Sarnath, near [[Varanasi]], the birthplace of Shreyansanath.<br />
File:Shreyansanatha Gujarat.jpg|Gouche and Silver on paper painting, Gujarat, 18th century. <br />
File:Three_sculptures_of_Jain_tirthankaras_in_the_Bhand_Dewal_Temple,_Arang.jpg|Shreyanasanatha idol in [[Bhand Dewal]] along with [[Neminatha]] and [[Ajitnatha]] dated back to 9th century<br />
File:Shreyansanath Tonk, Shikharji.jpg|Shreyansanath Tonk, [[Shikharji]]<br />
File:Footprint at Shreyansanath Tonk, Shikharji.jpg|Footprint at Shreyansanath Tonk, [[Shikharji]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{commons cat}}<br />
*[[God in Jainism]]<br />
*[[Arihant (Jainism)]]<br />
*[[Jainism and non-creationism]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
* {{citation |last=Finegan |first=Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae4nAAAAYAAJ |title=The archeology of world religions |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=1952 }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |author-link=Helen Moore Johnson |title=Shreyamsanathacaritra (Book 4.1 of the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra) |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc213209.html |publisher=[[Maharaja_Sayajirao_University_of_Baroda#Oriental_Institute|Baroda Oriental Institute]] |date=1931 }}<br />
*{{citation |last=Tukol |first=T. K. |author-link=T. K. Tukol |title=Compendium of Jainism |publisher=[[Karnatak University]] |date=1980 |location=[[Dharwad]] }}<br />
<br />
{{Jain Gods}}<br />
{{Jainism topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tirthankaras]]<br />
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{india-reli-bio-stub}}<br />
{{Jainism-stub}}</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathej&diff=508920Kathej2026-01-21T08:29:22Z<p>DonteOnslow6: adding a data w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kathej<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.15261|N|83.67963|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Geonames">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geonames.org/10509699/kathej.html|title=Geonames.org. ''Kathej''|accessdate=3 February 2021}}</ref><br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 4.90<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Geonames"/><br />
| elevation_m = 86<br />
| population_total = 4471<ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kathej''' is a village in [[Mohania]] block of [[Kaimur district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. As of 2011, its population was 4,471, in 665 households.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook - Kaimur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=344–423|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html |website=Census 2011 India|accessdate=3 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Kaimur district]]<br />
<br />
{{Kaimur-geo-stub}}</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adaspur&diff=484542Adaspur2026-01-20T19:54:37Z<p>DonteOnslow6: Creating a stub - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{ai-generated|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=March 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Adaspur<br />
| native_name = ଅଡ଼ସପୁର (Odia)<br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position= right<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|20.222113|86.011169|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = Odisha<br />
| subdivision_type2 = District<br />
| subdivision_name2 = Cuttack<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Block<br />
| subdivision_name3 = Kantapada<br />
| government_type = Odisha Government<br />
| population_total = 8000<br />
| population_as_of = estimated 2023<br />
| elevation_m = 20<br />
| timezone1 = IST<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Adaspur''' is a village in the [[Kantapada]] block of [[Cuttack district]], [[Odisha]], India. It is known for its historical significance, business activities, and cultural landmarks like the Baraha Nrusingha Temple and Tara Pokhari. The village is connected by [[State Highway 60 (Odisha)|State Highway 60]] (SH-60) and is home to educational institutions such as [[Udayanath College of Science and Technology]] and [[Prachi Academy]]. Its population is approximately 8,000 as of 2023, according to local estimates.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Adaspur, historically known as "Ardharasapura" and "Attahasapur," lies along the [[Prachi River]]. It was part of the Prachi civilization, an ancient cultural region in eastern Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prachi Valley Civilization |url=https://www.odishatourism.gov.in/content/tourism/en/discover/attractions/prachi-valley.html |website=Odisha Tourism |access-date=2025-03-21}}</ref> The Baraha Nrusingha Temple is a prominent historical site in the village. According to local tradition, the original temple was constructed in the 9th century AD by the [[Somavamshi dynasty]], which ruled Odisha between the 9th and 12th centuries and is credited with building several temples in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Somavamshis of Odisha |url=https://puratattva.in/2011/10/07/the-somavamshis-of-odisha-1076 |website=Puratattva |access-date=2025-03-21}}</ref> It is believed that the temple was later destroyed during an Islamic invasion, possibly linked to historical raids in eastern India, and was rebuilt by local residents between 1910 and 1920.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baraha Nrusingha Temple |url=https://cuttack.nic.in/tourist-places/ |website=Cuttack District Administration |access-date=2025-03-21}}</ref> Further historical records are needed to substantiate these claims.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Adaspur is located at {{coord|20.222113|N|86.011169|E|}}, at an elevation of 20 meters above sea level, in the Kantapada block of [[Cuttack district]]. It is 29&nbsp;km from [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha's capital, and 70&nbsp;km from [[Puri]]. Nearby places include:<br />
* [[Jayadeva Pitha]] – 2.7&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Nimapada]] – 24&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Jagatsinghpur]] – 27&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Astaranga]] – 44&nbsp;km<br />
* [[Konark]] – 46&nbsp;km<br />
<br />
== Landmarks ==<br />
* '''Baraha Nrusingha Temple''': A temple dedicated to Lord Nrusingha, recognized by Odisha Tourism. [[File:BarahaNrusinghaTemple Adaspur Outside.jpg|thumb|Baraha Nrusingha Temple at Bedhasahi, Adaspur]]<br />
* '''Tara Pokhari''': A local pond with cultural importance.<br />
<br />
== Institutions ==<br />
Adaspur hosts:<br />
* '''[[Udayanath College of Science and Technology]]''': A college for science and technology education. In 2022, a female student was found dead in a hostel near the college.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha: College girl found hanging in private hostel room |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2022/Oct/26/odisha-college-girl-found-hanging-in-private-hostel-room-31857.html |website=EdexLive |date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2025-03-21}}</ref> In 2021, 27 students tested positive for COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha: 27 students of Udayanath Autonomous College test COVID positive |url=https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-27-students-of-udayanath-autonomous-college-test-covid-positive/ |website=Sambad English |date=7 July 2022 |access-date=2025-03-21}}</ref><br />
* '''[[Prachi Academy]]''': An educational institution in the village.<br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
[[State Highway 60 (Odisha)|State Highway 60]] (SH-60) passes through Adaspur, linking it to [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Puri]], and [[Konark]]. Vehicles in Odisha use the registration code "OD."<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
Adaspur’s population is estimated at 8,000 as of 2023, though no official census data supports this figure yet. The primary language is [[Odia language|Odia]], and the village is governed by the [[Government of Odisha]]. An Odia individual Biswatma Nayak from Adaspur village developed the app "Chingari," gaining investor attention.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odia boy who developed Tik Tok desi alternative app Chingari catches eye of investors |url=https://www.orissapost.com/odia-boy-who-developed-tik-tok-desi-alternative-app-chingari-catches-eye-of-investors/ |website=Orissa Post |date=30 June 2020 |access-date=2025-03-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Populated places in Odisha]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panoth_Weir&diff=524251Panoth Weir2026-01-16T04:25:13Z<p>DonteOnslow6: made some info more to come!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Diversion dam in Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
[[File:Panoth Weir.jpg|thumb|250px|Panoth Weir]]<br />
<br />
'''Panoth Weir''' is a small diversion dam across Vaniyam puzha which is a tributary of [[Mahé River|Mahe puzha]] at Panoth in Naripatta panchayath in Vilangad village of [[Kozhikode district]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diversion Structures in Kozhikode District – KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation|url=https://dams.kseb.in/?p=180|access-date=2021-07-29|language=en-US}}{{CC-notice|cc=bysa2.5}}</ref> It is the second weir of Vilangad SHEP. It is located at Panoth near Vilangad in [[Vadakara (State Assembly constituency)|Vadakara taluk]] of [[Kozhikode district]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-09-02|title=Vilangad mini-hydel project commissioned|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/vilangad-minihydel-project-commissioned/article6372828.ece|access-date=2021-07-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The project was commissioned in 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mini hydroelectric project commissioned in Kerala|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Mini-hydroelectric-project-commissioned-in-Kerala|access-date=2021-07-29|website=www.projectstoday.com}}</ref> The weir has a height of {{Convert|8.55|m}} from deepest foundation and a length of {{Convert|44.5|m}}<br />
<br />
==Power Project==<br />
It is a 7.5 MW (3 x 2.50 MW) power project built on Vaniyampuzha and Kavadipuzha, the tributaries of Mahe river, with an investment of Rs 59.49 crore INR. The project consists of dams at Panoth and [[Valook Weir|Valookku]] and two canals (1750 meter long Valook Canal and 2850 meter long Panoth canal)<ref>[http://billview.kseb.in/~ksebuser/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=484:2014-09-01-11-35-31&catid=25:press-releases&Itemid=58 വിലങ്ങാട് ചെറുകിട ജലവൈദ്യുത പദ്ധതി – ഉദ്ഘാടനം] billview.kseb.in 30 August 2014</ref> and a fore-bay tank with a penstock pipe. This Along with three 2.5 MW generators creates the Power and the water flows through a 124-meter tailrace channel. The power generated is conveyed to Nadapuram substation which is 14 kilometers away from the power house.<br />
<br />
== Specifications ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|Dam/Weir: PANOTH (Vilangadu SHEP)<br />
|-<br />
|Location<br />
|Latitude:11⁰46’36.6”N<br />
Longitude:75⁰47’9.74”E<br />
|Dam Features<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Type of Dam<br />
|Concrete gravity<br />
|-<br />
|Panchayath<br />
|Naripatta<br />
|Classification<br />
|Weir<br />
|-<br />
|Village<br />
|Vilangad<br />
|Maximum Water Level (MWL)<br />
|EL 186.33 m<br />
|-<br />
|District<br />
|Kozhikode<br />
|Full Reservoir Level ( FRL)<br />
|EL 185.05 m<br />
|-<br />
|River Basin<br />
|Vaniyam<br />
|Storage at FRL<br />
|Diversion only<br />
|-<br />
|River<br />
|Mahe puzha<br />
|Height from deepest foundation<br />
|8.55m<br />
|-<br />
|Release from Dam to river<br />
|Mahe puzha<br />
|Length<br />
|44.5m<br />
|-<br />
|Taluk through which release flows<br />
|Vadakara<br />
|Spillway<br />
|2 Nos. 1.50 x 1.30 m<br />
|-<br />
|Year of completion<br />
|2014<br />
|Crest Level<br />
|EL 185.05m<br />
|-<br />
|Name of Project<br />
|Vilangad Small Hydro Electric Project<br />
|River Outlet<br />
|1 No. sluice gate<br />
|-<br />
|Purpose of Project<br />
|Hydro Power<br />
|Officers in charge<br />
|Executive Engineer, KG Division, Kakkayam<br />
|-<br />
|Installed capacity of the Project<br />
|7.5 MW<br />
|Assistant Executive Engineer, SHEP, Kakkayam<br />
|-<br />
|Project Identification Code ( PIC)<br />
|Nil<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2N4mgCkEdN0&list=RDCMUCAK0P7b-eQ7u5waz93Ld_Ww&index=2 Vilangad Small Hydro Electric Project]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Dams in Kerala}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Kerala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dams completed in 2014]]<br />
[[Category:Dams in Kozhikode district]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_C._Major&diff=459241John C. Major2026-01-13T20:38:53Z<p>DonteOnslow6: further rework intro after review additionally and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Canadian jurist (born 1931)}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=June 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox Judge<br />
|name = John C. Major<br />
|image =<br />
|caption =<br />
|office = [[Puisne Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of Canada]]<br />
|termstart = November 13, 1992<br />
|termend = December 25, 2005<br />
|nominator = [[Brian Mulroney]]<br />
|appointer =<br />
|predecessor = [[William Stevenson (judge)|William Stevenson]]<br />
|successor = [[Marshall Rothstein]]<br />
|office2 =<br />
|termstart2 =<br />
|termend2 =<br />
|nominator2 =<br />
|appointer2 =<br />
|predecessor2 =<br />
|successor2 =<br />
|birth_name = <br />
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1931|2|20|mf=y}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Mattawa, Ontario]], Canada<br />
|death_date =<br />
|death_place =<br />
|spouse =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''John Charles Major''' {{postnominals|country=CAN|CC|KC}} (born February 20, 1931) is a Canadian jurist and was a [[puisne justice]] on the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] from 1992 to 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Judges of the Court: The Honourable Mr. Justice John C. Major|url=http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/ju/major/index-eng.asp|publisher=Supreme Court of Canada|access-date=15 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227170459/http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/ju/major/index-eng.asp|archive-date=27 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Major was born at Mattawa Hospital in [[Mattawa, Ontario]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=John Major |url=https://mattawamuseum.ca/local-history/local-characters/john-major/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Mattawa Museum |language=en-CA}}</ref> Major received a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from [[Loyola College (Montreal)|Loyola College]] in 1953 and a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree from the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Law]] in 1957.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Major practised law as a partner in the [[Calgary]] office of [[Bennett Jones|Bennett Jones LLP]] for 34 years. He was appointed a [[Queen's Counsel]] in 1972. From 1975 to 1985, he was the Senior Counsel for the [[Calgary Police Service]]. He was appointed to the [[Alberta Court of Appeal|Court of Appeal of Alberta]] on July 11, 1991.<br />
<br />
==Supreme Court==<br />
On November 13, 1992, he was appointed to the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] by [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Brian Mulroney]]. He was known for his belief in providing deference to government and for his particularly succinct writing style. Major stepped down from the court on December 25, 2005, approximately two months before the mandatory retirement date of his 75th birthday.<br />
<br />
==Administrator of Canada==<br />
On September 27, 2005, Major served as [[Deputy of the Governor General of Canada#Administrator of Canada|Administrator of Canada]], due to the absence of Chief Justice [[Beverley McLachlin]], during the transition between Governors General [[Adrienne Clarkson]] and [[Michaëlle Jean]].<br />
<br />
==Post-court==<br />
On January 5, 2006, he rejoined the Calgary office of Bennett Jones LLP, the firm with which he practised before his judicial career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bennettjones.com/MajorJohn/|title=Hon. John C. (Jack) Major C.C., Q.C.|website=Bennett Jones|access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> On March 8, 2006, he was appointed by Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] to lead a [[public inquiry]] into the [[Air India Flight 182]] bombing and the resulting trials. He was made a Companion of the [[Order of Canada]] in the [[Canada Day]] 2008 Honours.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Justice Major]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{CanadaSupremeCourtbio|john-c-major}}<br />
<br />
{{Lamer-court}}<br />
{{McLachlin-court}}<br />
{{Air India Flight 182}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Major, John C.}}<br />
[[Category:1931 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian King's Counsel]]<br />
[[Category:Lawyers in Alberta]]<br />
[[Category:Judges in Alberta]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Order of Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada]]<br />
[[Category:University of Toronto Faculty of Law alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Air India Flight 182]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mattawa, Ontario]]<br />
[[Category:Loyola College (Montreal) alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Lawyers from Nipissing District]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sister_Sridevi&diff=536216Sister Sridevi2026-01-08T18:25:59Z<p>DonteOnslow6: created a bio w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2017 film by Ashok Pati}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sister Sridevi<br />
| image = sistershrideviposter.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster <br />
| director = [[Ashok Pati]]<br />
| producer = [[Tarang Cine Productions]]<br />
| screenplay = [[Ashok Pati]]<br />
| starring = [[Babushaan]]<br />Sivani Sangita<br />Aparajita Mohanty<br />[[Mihir Das]]<br />
| music = Abhijit Majumdar<br />
| editing = Sukumar Mani<br />
| studio = [[Tarang Cine Productions]]<br />
| distributor = [[Tarang Cine Productions]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|06|09|[[India]]}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]<br />
| budget =<!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Sister Sridevi''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Odia language|Odia]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film produced by [[Tarang Cine Productions]]. [[Babushaan]] and Sivani Sangita, with [[Mihir Das]] and Aparajita Mohanty are in supporting role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pragativadi.com/watch-official-teaser-sister-sridevi-starring-babushan-sivani/|title=Watch official teaser of 'Sister Sridevi' starring Babushan, Sivani|date=2017-05-13|website=Pragativadi: Leading Odia Dailly|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/movies-in-raja-race-sister-sridevi-abhay-romeo-juliet.html|title=Movies in Raja race: Sister Sridevi, Abhay, Romeo Juliet|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tarangtv.in/|title=Tarang TV Official {{!}} No 1 Family Entertainment Odia Channel|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/sister-sridevi-proves-a-thorough-entertainer-221116|title=Sister Sridevi proves a thorough entertainer {{!}} OTV|date=2017-06-10|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-29}}</ref> The movie is a remake of 2016 Tamil movie ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-05|title=Odia directors: A tribute to the masters|url=https://www.utkaltoday.com/tribute-to-odia-directors/|access-date=2021-12-03|website=Utkal Today|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Premise==<br />
A romantic story with an extra dose of comedy. This is a story of a boy who goes to extreme lengths of disguising his gender to win the love of his beloved.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Babushaan]] as Sanju<br />
* Sivani Sangita as Sunayana<br />
* [[Mihir Das]]<br />
* Aparajita Mohanty<br />
* Salil Mitra<br />
* Jayprakash Das<br />
* Tribhuban Raj<br />
* Pratyush toltia<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
The music for the film was composed by Abhijit Majumdar<br />
<br />
* Music Director - Abhijit Majumdar<br />
* Lyricist - Nirmal Nayak<br />
* Male Vocals - Tarique Aziz, [[Rituraj Mohanty]]<br />
* Female Vocals - Sanju Mohanty, Pragyan<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The soundtrack has music composed by Abhijit Majumdar with lyrics by Nirmal Nayak. The music was released on 12 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/odia-film-sister-sridevi-with-babushan-in-female-avatar-to-release-tomorrow-220651|title=Odia Film Sister Sridevi with Babushan in Female Avatar Release Tomorrow {{!}} OTV|date=2017-06-08|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/odia-film-sister-sridevis-music-released-220206|title=Odia Film Sister Sridevi's Music Released {{!}} Watch Now {{!}} OTV|date=2017-06-06|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-29}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Sister Sridevi<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = Abhijit Majumdar<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 9 June 2017<br />
| recorded = 2017<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length =<br />
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]<br />
| label =<br />
| director = [[Ashok Pati]]<br />
| producer = [[Tarang Cine Productions]]<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| all_music =<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Sister Sridevi (Title Song)<br />
| extra1 = Tarique Aziz<br />
| music1 = Abhijit Majumdar<br />
| length1 = <br />
| title2 = Mo Chuni Tale black Money<br />
| extra2 = Sanju Mohanty<br />
| music2 = Abhijit Majumdar<br />
| length2 = <br />
| title3 = Nagin Nagin<br />
| extra3 = Tarique Aziz<br />
| music3 = Abhijit Majumdar<br />
| length3 = <br />
| title4 = Kain Bhuligalu<br />
| extra4 = [[Rituraj Mohanty]]<br />
| music4 = Abhijit Majumdar<br />
| length4 = <br />
| title5 = Oh Sunayana<br />
| extra5 = [[Rituraj Mohanty]], Pragyan<br />
| music5 = Abhijit Majumdar<br />
| length5 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Box office==<br />
The film was released on 9 June 2017 during [[Raja (festival)|Raja festival]] across [[Odisha]] to positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pragativadi.com/babushan-in-tarang-cine-productions-upcoming-film-sister-sridevi/|title=Babushan in Tarang cine productions' upcoming film 'Sister Sridevi'|date=2017-04-13|website=Pragativadi: Leading Odia Dailly|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-03}}</ref> The movie grossed {{INR}}18 Lakh on its first day and collected {{INR}}70 lakh in first week. In the second & third week it grossed respectively {{INR}}1.03 crore & {{INR}}30 Lakh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/box-office/sister-sridevi-box-office-collections/EG00038941|title = Movie Tickets, Plays, Sports, Events & Cinemas nearby - BookMyShow}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|15955156}}<br />
<br />
{{Ashok Pati}}<br />
[[Category:2017 comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Odia remakes of Tamil films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s Odia-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Ashok Pati]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHD_Group&diff=492752CHD Group2026-01-08T17:20:41Z<p>DonteOnslow6: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Public Health Organization}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = CHD Group<br />
| formation = {{start date and age|2014}}<br />
| logo = Official logo of CHD Group.jpg<br />
| image = <br />
| founders = Edmond Fernandes, Cynthia Fernandes<br />
| dissolved = <br />
| type = Health Organisation<br />
| registration_id = <br />
| status = Public charity<br />
| purpose = Public Healthcare, Sustainable Livelihood, Education, Disaster Risk Reduction, Road Safety, Humanitarian Diplomacy, Community Development, Policy, Nutrition, Non Communicable Disease Management<br />
| headquarters = Mangalore<br />
| origins = [[Mangalore]]<br />
| services = Public Health Initiatives; CSR Programme Implementation; <br />
Academic Co-operations; Monitoring and Evaluation; Consulting<br />
| fields = Public Health<br />
| affiliations = Non Partisan, Non Discriminatory<br />
| revenue = <br />
| endowment = <br />
| awards = ASSOCHAM NGO Award 2020,<br />
Businessworld Healthcare Award 2022<br />
| website = {{URL|www.chdgroup.org}}<br />
| num_volunteers = 15500<br />
}}<br />
'''CHD Group''' is an Indian [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] global health organisation headquartered in [[Mangalore]]. Founded on 27 June 2014, CHD Group works in the field of public health, disaster management,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-14 |title=Reaching out with Medical relief to flood affected families in Gujarat |url=https://indiacsr.in/reaching-out-with-medical-relief-to-flood-affected-families-in-gujarat/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=India CSR Network |language=en-US}}</ref> primary [[Health care|healthcare]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=2018-06-23 |title=CHD Group & Mennabettu Grama Panchayat Medical Mission held |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/chd-group-mennabettu-grama-panchayat-medical-mission-held/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US}}</ref> road safety, women's health, skill development, monitoring and evaluation of programmes, implementing [[Corporate social responsibility|CSR]] programmes for corporate companies and livelihood for rural communities and partners with other Indian and foreign organisations, government ministries, diplomatic missions, [[United Nations]] agencies for capacity development, supportive supervision, technical support, CSR programme implementation and strengthening public health systems.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-05|title=CHD Group to engage in regional consultation of WHO-SEARO in New Delhi|url=https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/coastal/mangaluru/chd-group-to-engage-in-regional-consultation-of-who-searo-in-new-delhi/|access-date=2021-11-27|website=News Karnataka|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-02|title=Taiwan Hospital Signs MoU With Indian Healthcare Group|url=https://english.sakshi.com/national/2018/10/02/taiwan-hospital-signs-mou-with-indian-healthcare-group|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Sakshi Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-03|title=CHD Group; SEEDS sign MoU for building Disaster Resilience in India|url=https://www.expresshealthcare.in/news/chd-group-seeds-sign-memorandum-of-understandings-for-building-disaster-resilience-in-india/395832/|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Express Healthcare|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-31|title=CHD Group, Digital Mojo sign MoU for health technology|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/667741/chd-group-digital-mojo-sign.html|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The organisation advocated for a more robust public health bill in 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 March 2017|first=Stanley|last=Pinto|title=Make draft public health bill 2017 more robust, says Mangalurean group|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/make-draft-public-health-bill-2017-more-robust-says-mangalurean-group-/articleshow/57496914.cms|access-date=2021-11-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and also released the [[Karnataka]] Mental Health Report that gave the landscape of mental health situation in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Prabhu|first=Nagesh|date=2020-01-12|title=Depression, general anxiety form 34% of mental health cases in Karnataka: Report|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/depression-general-anxiety-account-for-34-of-mental-health-cases-in-karnataka-report/article30550711.ece|access-date=2021-11-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
During [[COVID-19 pandemic|the COVID-19 pandemic]], the NGO supported over 50,000 farmers by providing PPE in partnership with [[Corteva]] agriscience<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-14|title=CHD Group supports farmers across country|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/chd-group-supports-farmers-across-country-837721.html|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> and also donated 50 oxygen concentrators to [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]] Hospitals by importing them from [[China]] totally impacting over 4,56,000 in the middle of a lockdown alone.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=CHD Group donates 50 oxygen concentrators to Bengaluru|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/chd-group-donates-50-oxygen-concentrators-to-bengaluru/articleshow/83201628.cms|access-date=2021-11-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The organization received a Special [[Consultative Status]] to the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] (ECOSOC) in 2021 and was granted observership status to [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]] in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cp2022_inf03p02.pdf |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref> and has impacted in total over 4 million lives in India alone in urban and rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's weak rural health infrastructure to be bolstered by CHD's Mission ICU strategy|url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=143204&sid=1|access-date=2022-01-23|website=www.pharmabiz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=Dr. Edmond Fernandes Advice to Take Precautionary Care to Combat Adenovirus — Transcontinental Times |url=https://www.transcontinentaltimes.com/dr-edmond-fernandes-adenovirus/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Academic & Research Institute ==<br />
On 29 March 2022, CHD Group officially inaugurated & started the Edward & Cynthia Institute of Public Health (ECIPH).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Edward & Cynthia Institute of Public Health inaugurated at Bajal |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=943636 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> The Institute is named after the patrons Edward Fernandes and Cynthia Fernandes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ECIPH |title=Background |url=https://eciph.in/background/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Edward & Cynthia Institute of Public Health |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
[[File:Edward & Cynthia Institute of Public Health in Mangalore City.jpg|thumb|Edward & Cynthia Institute of Public Health at Mangalore]]<br />
ECIPH is advanced technical cooperation center with [[Yenepoya University|Yenepoya]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Health {{!}} Yenepoya Medical College |url=https://ymc.yenepoya.edu.in/departments/public-health |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=ymc.yenepoya.edu.in |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422045410/https://ymc.yenepoya.edu.in/departments/public-health |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Deemed to be University) in [[Mangalore]] that provides training for a specialized higher education degree programme in [[Masters in Public Health|Masters in Public Health (MPH)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=YSAHS {{!}} Masters Of Public Health |url=https://ysahs.yenepoya.edu.in/programs/pg-program/masters-of-public-health |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=ysahs.yenepoya.edu.in |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601102912/https://ysahs.yenepoya.edu.in/programs/pg-program/masters-of-public-health |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Advocacy and work reception ==<br />
In the year 2014, CHD Group pressurized the District Administration of [[Dakshina Kannada]] to book violators for seat belt and enforce seat belt as a compulsion for drivers in the city of [[Mangalore]] and the district of [[Dakshina Kannada]]. To this effect, the Deputy Commissioner then, issued an order to implement seat belt for drivers with immediate effect.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2014 |first=Stanley |last=Pinto |title=Book violators of seat belt rule, says center for health and development |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/book-violators-of-seat-belt-rule-says-center-for-health-and-development/articleshow/45362371.cms |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
CHD Group partnered with [[Godrej Industries Ltd|Godrej Industries]] to support families who were struck by disasters during [[2017 Gujarat flood|Gujarat Floods 2017]] and supported them through medical relief work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CSR |first=India |date=2017-08-14 |title=Reaching out with Medical relief to flood affected families in Gujarat |url=https://indiacsr.in/reaching-out-with-medical-relief-to-flood-affected-families-in-gujarat/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=India CSR |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Aug 2017 |title=Mangaluru: Helping hand for Gujarat |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/state/mangaluru-helping-hand-for-gujarat/articleshow/60048262.cms |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, CHD Group led a [[Federal government of the United States|US Government]] delegation to Chief Minister [[H. D. Kumaraswamy|Kumaraswamy]] and also motivated him to set up a disaster management and nutrition task force in the state with sub-district governance mechanisms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-02 |title=CHD Group leads US Government delegation to Karnataka CM |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/chd-group-leads-us-government-delegation-to-karnataka-cm/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru: CHD Group leads US govt delegation to CM Kumaraswamy |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=517088 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 2019 Karnataka Mental Health Report, the organization stated that [[Raichur district|Raichur]] had the highest cases of [[Mental disorder|mental]] disorder followed by [[Bidar district|Bidar]] and proposed several solutions to the Government of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=Karnataka sees rise in suicides due to mental health issues |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/karnataka-sees-rise-in-suicides-due-to-mental-health-issues-1152457.html |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
During [[Cyclone Fani]] 2019, they provided multi-specialty medical relief working with [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], Bhubaneshwar, Odisha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-27 |title=Mangaluru medical team in Odisha |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mangaluru-medical-team-in-odisha/article27259734.ece |access-date=2022-11-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Major Thematic Areas ==<br />
<br />
* Health Systems Strengthening<br />
* Climate Change and Human Health<br />
* Disaster Risk Reduction & Humanitarian Emergencies<br />
* Maternal and Child Nutrition<br />
* Primary Health Care<br />
* Road Safety<br />
* Mental Health<br />
* Non Communicable Diseases<br />
* Urban Health<br />
* Assisted Living and Geriatric Care<br />
* Community resilience & social health concentrations<br />
<br />
== Special past projects ==<br />
CHD Group runs Mission ICU, a citizen- driven initiative to build critical care capacities of India's public hospitals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mangaluru: CHD Group launches mission ICU at Tumkur District Hospital|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=842061|access-date=2022-02-10|website=www.daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref> Until now they have installed over 200 plus beds and ventilators across 22 Government district hospitals of India, the latest being in Tamenglong, Manipur in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-08 |title=Mission ICU installs ICU bed facility at Tamenglong in Manipur |url=https://thenewsmill.com/mission-icu-installs-icu-bed-facility-at-tamenglong-in-manipur/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=Centre for Health and Development (CHD) |url=https://samridhhealth.org/centre-for-health-and-development-chd/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=SAMRIDH |language=en-US}}</ref> The 200 bed installation was carried out at District Hospital, [[Champhai]] led by the Government of Mizoram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MISSION ICU KALTLANGIN DISTRICT HOSPITAL CHAMPHAIA HMAN TUR ICU KHUM LEH HMANRAW DANGTE HLAN, WORKSHOP BUATSAIH A NI BAWK |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/mission-icu-kaltlangin-district-hospital-champhaia-hman-tur-icu-khum-leh-hmanraw-dangte-hlan-workshop-buatsaih-a-ni-bawk |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Mission ICU-in Champhai Dist Hospital tan ICU khum leh a ken tel hmanrua Rs. nuai 40 man hu pe |url=https://www.chdgroup.org/research/mission-icu-in-champhai-dist-hospital-tan-icu-khum-leh-a-ken-tel-hmanrua-rs-nuai-40-man-hu-pe/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=CHD Group |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Family Pillar Alliance (FPK)<ref>{{Citation |title=G D A Nursing Course |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iy_tmHnzCHQ |language=en |access-date=2022-05-26}}</ref> was a programme run by CHD Group to provide sustainable livelihood in the domain of hospital duty assistants as caregivers for families in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-23 |title=Bamonpo College along chiklo jonthom apharman, Nursing training kangpu Pon. |url=https://www.chdgroup.org/research/bamonpo-college-along-chiklo-jonthom-apharman-nursing-training-kangpu-pon/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=CHD Group |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-23 |title=Training camp - ECIPH and Kantar India Foundation, Rotary E-connect and others organised a three-month training camp for nurse-aide |url=https://www.chdgroup.org/research/training-camp-edward-cynthia-institute-of-public-health-and-kantar-india-foundation-rotary-e-connect-and-others-organised-a-three-month-training-camp-for-nurse-aide/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=CHD Group |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Empanelment, membership, signatory ==<br />
Empaneled and registered with [[NITI Aayog|Niti Aayog]], [[International Labour Organization]], [[UNICEF]], [[Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010]], [[Data Universal Numbering System]], [[Income tax in India|Income Tax]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Credentials |url=https://www.chdgroup.org/credentials/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=CHD Group |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FCRA Online Services |url=https://fcraonline.nic.in/home/fcra_onlineform.aspx |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=fcraonline.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
Signatory to the [[Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative|Fossil Fuels Non-Proliferation Treaty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Has Endorsed? |url=https://fossilfueltreaty.org/endorsements |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=The Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
Member of the Climate Action Network South Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CANSA – members |url=https://cansouthasia.net/about-cansa/members/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=cansouthasia.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
Observership to [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Admitted NGOS |url=https://unfccc.int/process/parties-non-party-stakeholders/non-party-stakeholders/admitted-ngos/list-of-admitted-ngos |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
In the year 2020, CHD Group won the [[ASSOCHAM]] NGO Award for speedy response to community needs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-15 |title=CHD Group wins award |url=https://www.bangalorefirst.in/?p=37252 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Bangalore First |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Businessworld|BW Businessworld]] 40 under 40 award in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honouring Healthcare World s 40 Under 40 |url=http://bwhealthcareworld.businessworld.in/article/Honouring-Healthcare-World-s-40-Under-40/13-02-2022-420395 |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=BW Defence |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ruchika |date=2022-02-15 |title=BW Businessworld names top 40 under 40 for Healthcare, details |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/bw-businessworld-names-top-40-under-40-for-healthcare-details-88575 |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Foundation Day themes ==<br />
7th Foundation Day 2021 – " Reclaiming gains for accelerating global health " and the Keynote address was given by Yogan Pillay, Former Deputy Director General of Health, Government of [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: 7th Foundation Day of CHD Group discusses global health, sustainability |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=847837 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
8th Foundation Day 2022 – " Public health in all policies for community development" - His Excellency Mr. Federico Salas, Ambassador of [[Mexico]] to India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embajador |trans-title=Ambassador |url=https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/india/index.php/emba/biografia |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=embamex.sre.gob.mx}}</ref> delivered the Keynote address and Harsha Somaroo, President, Public Health Association of South Africa<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Public Health Association of SA |url=https://phasa.org.za/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=phasa.org.za}}</ref> was the Guest of Honor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title=Social Protection Must To Face Future Health Challenges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/social-protection-must-to-face-future-health-challenges/articleshow/92532869.cms |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
9th Foundation Day 2023 – Health, Climate Change and Community Resilience - The world we want - Fatemeh Rezaei, [[Isfahan University of Medical Sciences]], Iran was the Chief Guest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: CHD Group observes 9th Foundation Day |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1095386 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
10th Foundation Day 2024 - International Conference was held to mark 10 years of CHD Group by holding the ECIPH Dialogues on Reconstructing global health and social impact with Arthur L Frank delivering the keynote speech.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sreekumar |first=Shreelakshmi |date=2024-09-23 |title=ECIPH Dialogues 2024 Held at Yenepoya Deemed to be University - News Karnataka |url=https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/eciph-dialogues-2024/23092024/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-10-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Climate Negotiations with UNFCCC ==<br />
[[2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP28]] - CHD Group led a 7 member delegation to discuss on health and climate concerns and also address the nexus of health, climate, agriculture, food security, war and implications on human health in Dubai, UAE.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-30 |title=CHD Group to lead global delegation at COP28 in UAE |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangaluru-based-chd-group-to-lead-global-delegation-at-cop28-in-uae/article67589891.ece |access-date=2024-11-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP29]] - CHD Group led an 18-member multi-dimensional expert delegation from India, Azerbaijan, USA, Canada, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Kenya, UK, Uganda and Austria to Baku, Azerbaijan and also held various events at the [[Madagascar]] Country Pavilion, SHARE Hub and held other bilateral and multilateral meetings with senior world leaders and diplomats.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-08 |title=CHD Group to lead multi-country delegation to COP29 in Azerbaijan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/chd-group-to-lead-multi-country-delegation-to-cop29-in-azerbaijan/article68844294.ece |access-date=2024-11-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Few Key Partners ==<br />
<br />
* [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Credentials |url=https://13.126.178.141/credentials/ |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=CHD Group |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India]]<br />
* [[State Bank of India|SBI Foundation]]<br />
* [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development|NABARD]]<br />
* [[UNICEF]]<br />
* [[BASF]]<br />
* [[Corteva|Corteva Agriscience]]<br />
* [[Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited|MRPL]]<br />
* [[National Health Mission]]<br />
* [[Yenepoya University]]<br />
* [[Canara Bank]]<br />
* [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]]<br />
* [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|UNECOSOC]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of organizations with consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2014 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Medical and health organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in Mangalore]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations established in 2014]]<br />
[[Category:Public health organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Charities for the elderly]]<br />
[[Category:Old age in India]]<br />
[[Category:Health charities in India]]<br />
[[Category:Foundations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Charities based in India]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yudhvir_Sethi&diff=546340Yudhvir Sethi2026-01-05T13:21:47Z<p>DonteOnslow6: created a stub w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Jammu East Assembly constituency|Jammu East]]<br />
| term_start = 8 October 2024<br />
| term_end = <br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Yudhvir Sethi''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Jammu East Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Jammu East, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Yudhvir Sethi defeats INC's Yogesh Sawhney with 18114 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/jammu-east-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612954-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Jammu East FINAL Election Result 2024: Yudhvir Sethi of BJP Wins by... |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/jammu-east-final-election-result-2024-2-9079373.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethi, Yudhvir}}<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jammu]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poikkaal_Kuthirai_Aattam&diff=446473Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam2025-12-24T16:25:57Z<p>DonteOnslow6: revised</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian folk dance}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
[[File:Poikkal-kuthirai-attam-performer.jpg|Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam performer|right|thumb|250 px]]<br />
'''Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam''' (''poi'' - False, ''kaal'' - leg, ''Kuthirai'' – Horse) or '''Puravi Aattam''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]:பொய்க்கால் குதிரை ஆட்டம்) (Dummy Horse Dance) is one of the [[folk dances]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a type of dance performed with a dummy horse having a gap inside so that a person can fit into it to perform the dance.<br />
<br />
==Materials==<br />
The dummy figure of a horse's body is made of light-weighted materials ([[jute]], [[cardboard]], paper, and glass), and the cloth at the sides of the dummy swings to and fro covering the legs of the dancer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilnadutourisme.com/music_dance.htm |title=South India travel agents, music, dance, Mumbai, Delhi, Kerala, Chennai, Goa, Karnataka |access-date= 30 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webindia123.com/tamilnadu/ART/puravaiattam.htm |title=Puravai Attam-Art of Tamil Nadu-dance of Tamil Nadu-Karakoram dance-puravali attam-arayar natanam-podikazhi attam |access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref> The dancers tie wooden legs to their feet so that sound is evoked when they are tapped on the floor, which sound like the hooves of the horse. The dancer brandishes either a sword or a whip.<br />
<br />
==Performers==<br />
This folk dance needs much training and skill to perform.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tteltrust.org/folkdance.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Traditional, Cultural&Educational Trust |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221060136/http://tteltrust.org/folkdance.htm |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The show is performed by men as well as women. This artistic performance is generally arranged during religious festivals and provides entertainment to the masses.<br />
<br />
==Background music==<br />
This dance is rendered to the accompaniment of music such as [[clarionet]], drum, south Indian folk dance instruments such as [[Kundalam]], [[Naiyaandi Melam]], [[Thavil]], [[Nadhaswaram]], [[Pambai]] and [[Thalam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thanjavurfolkdances.com/gallery_video.html |title=::Welcome to Thanjavore Folk Dances::Video Gallery |access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Performance==<br />
This artistic performance is connected to the worship of [[Ayyanar]] and prevails mainly around [[Thanjavur]]. This dance is performed by a pair of dancers impersonating a king and queen. Sometimes, they indulge in acrobatics and they entertain the folk for hours together. The dummy-horse show is one of the main attractions in the [[Republic Day (India)|republic day]] festivities at New Delhi and folk artists are sent from Tamil Nadu every year to perform this show.<ref>Prakash Talwar, "Travel and Tourism Management", Isha Books, Delhi, 2006. pp.134</ref><br />
<br />
==Alternate view==<br />
Recent research on poikaal Kuthirai dance dispelled the myth that this art is ancient and of [[Maratha]] origin.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Dances-with-a-past/article16614612.ece|title=Dances with a past|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 March 2010|first=Suganthy|last=Krishnamachari|access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Dance forms of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Folk dances of Tamil Nadu]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiaplaza&diff=549420Indiaplaza2025-12-17T08:54:50Z<p>DonteOnslow6: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Indiaplaza}}<br />
{{Infobox website<br />
| name = Indiaplaza<br />
| logo = Indiaplaza logo.png<br />
| logo_size = 200px<br />
| logocaption = Indiaplaza logo.<br />
| screenshot =<br />
| collapsible =<br />
| collapsetext =<br />
| caption =<br />
| url = {{URL|http://www.indiaplaza.com/}}<br />
| language = English<br />
| num_users =<br />
| content_license =<br />
| owner = K Vaitheeswaran<br />
| author =<br />
| launch_date = 1999<br />
| revenue =<br />
| current_status = inactive<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Indiaplaza''' snack sweet, and seafood was an Indian [[electronic commerce]] website.<ref name="in.reuters.com">{{cite news | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-55600220110315 | work=Reuters | title=Indiaplaza.in Looking At $10M Fundraise | date=2011-03-15 | access-date=2021-07-05 | archive-date=2019-04-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430133115/https://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-55600220110315 | url-status=dead }}</ref> It was one of the pioneers in the [[online shopping]] space in India.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/09/13/stories/2007091350460100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110143721/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/09/13/stories/2007091350460100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-11-10 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Site for shoppers | date=2007-09-13}}</ref><ref name="moneycontrol.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/fabmallcom-acquires-indiaplazacom_262749.html|title=Latest News: India News &#124; Latest Business News &#124; BSE &#124; IPO News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-19/news/29791081_1_online-retailers-e-retail-private-equity | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923080525/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-19/news/29791081_1_online-retailers-e-retail-private-equity | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 23, 2011 | work=The Times Of India | title=Online retail: Are e-retail firms in India building a bubble again? | date=2011-07-19}}</ref> Earlier known as Fabmart and then Fabmall, the company later acquired US-based Bazed steel online shopping firm Indiaplaza.com and rebranded itself as Indiaplaza.in in [[India]], and as Indiaplaza.com in the [[United States]], which were later merged into a single website.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/article1646912.ece |title=Fabmall.com acquires US-based online shopping firm {{!}} Business Line |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320210339/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/article1646912.ece |archive-date=2014-03-20}} </ref><br />
<br />
==Seafood and snack sweet==<br />
In June 1999, K Vaitheeswaran<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/raju-moza/7-lessons-from-the-failure-of-e-commerce-pioneer-indiaplaza/ |title=7 Lessons From The Failure Of E-Commerce Pioneer Indiaplaza |newspaper=Huffington Post |date=25 December 2015 |accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> and five of his friends including V S Sudhakar, Vipul Parekh, Hari Menon, V S Ramesh and Sundeep Thakran founded India's first online departmental store. The website has steel a in the india plaza that Fabmart.com was launched in September 1999 which then offered only music CDs for sale. Between February and October 2000, the website introduced additional categories including books, movies, watches, and groceries. In February 2002, they launched their first offline grocery store in Bangalore, India.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}<br />
<br />
==India plaza at 1:54 pm==<br />
Indiaplaza.com received angel funding from The Indigo Monsoon Group (IMG), a private investment firm based in the USA known for investing in Indian Internet and mobile domains. IMG's other investments include [[Sulekha|Sulekha.com]], an [[online community]] for Indians integrating inmusanjotion in Steel partner location social media with local commerce and EShakti.com, an online India-inspired and customized apparel retailer aimed at a global audience.<ref name="moneycontrol.com"/> In February 2011, Indiaplaza successfully concluded a deal steel your meaning for Series A US $5 million funding from Indo-US Venture Partners (IUVP) who had previously invested in other internet companies like [[Myntra]], and [[Snapdeal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.medianama.com/2011/08/223-seventymm-diversifies-into-e-commerce/ | title=SeventyMM Diversifies into E-Commerce | date=30 August 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Despite securing these funding sources, Indiaplaza was unable to raise sufficient funding in 2012&ndash;2013, which meant that the company had to cease trading.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}<br />
<br />
==Product range==<br />
Indiaplaza offered a few thousand products online including books, CD-ROMs, cameras, mobile phones, apparel, jewelry, flowers, chocolates, watches, and food items.<ref name="in.reuters.com"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/indiaplaza-raises-vcnea-indous/442210/|title = Indiaplaza raises VC from NEA-IndoUS|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 11 July 2011|last1 = Badrinath|first1 = Raghuvir}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Indiaplaza Golden Quill Book Award==<br />
The "Indiaplaza Golden Quill Book Awards" were instituted by Indiaplaza in 2008, to be conferred to an Indian author domiciled in India. The award was for an original full-length novel or work of fiction in English or a translation into English of an original full-length novel or work of fiction of any Indian language published in India in the previous calendar year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaplazabooks.wordpress.com/category/indiaplaza-golden-quill-book-awards/|title = Indiaplaza Golden Quill Book Awards – Indiaplazabooks's Blog}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards & Recognition==<br />
<br />
Indiaplaza is mentioned as the first Indian e-commerce startup, and its founders, including K Vaitheeswaran, are among the first Indian dotcom founders of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Class of the Indian Startups: The Unsung Heroes |url=https://www.startupguru.co/blog/the-first-class-of-indian-internet-startups/ |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=www.startupguru.co}}</ref><br />
==See also==<br />
*[[E-commerce]]<br />
*[[Online shopping]]<br />
*[[Electronic business]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110923163829/http://www.indiaplaza.com/ Defunct official website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1999]]<br />
[[Category:Online retailers of India]]<br />
[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian websites]]<br />
[[Category:E-commerce]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mostafizur_Rahman_Mostafa&diff=457405Mostafizur Rahman Mostafa2025-12-16T16:25:22Z<p>DonteOnslow6: expanded content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = <br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| name = Mostafizur Rahman Mostafa<br />
| native_name = মোস্তাফিজুর রহমান মোস্তফা<br />
| native_name_lang = bn<br />
| office = 2nd [[Mayor of Rangpur]]<br />
| deputy = <br />
| term_start = 21 December 2017<br />
| term_end = 19 August 2024<br />
| predecessor = [[Sharfuddin Ahmed Jhantu]]<br />
| successor = Md. Zakir Hossain {{nowrap|(as [[City administrator|Administrator]])|}}<br />
| constituency_MP1 = <br />
| parliament = <br />
| term_start1 = <br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = <br />
| successor1 = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[East Pakistan]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| nationality = [[Bangladesh]]i<br />
| citizenship = <br />
| spouse = Jelly Rahman<br />
| children = {{hlist|Trina|Zarin}}<br />
| party = [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]]<br />
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Teacher]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Carmichael College]]<br />
| image = Sheikh Hasina Admins Oaths To Rangpur City Corporation Mayor, 2023-01-31 (PID-0018358) (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Mostafa in 2023<br />
| image_size = 225px<br />
}}<br />
'''Mostafizur Rahman Mostafa''' is a [[Bangladeshi]] politician, he was the mayor of Rangpur.<ref>{{Cite news |title=RANGPUR: Mostafizur Rahman Mostafa, Mayor, Rangpur City Corporation addressing a view- exchange meeting on traffic jam, law and order situation during Ramzan at City Corporation Hall as Chief Guest on Tuesday. |url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/172619/rangpur-mostafizur-rahman-mostafa-mayor-rangpur-city-corporation-addressing-a-view--exchange-meeting-on-traffic-jam-law-and-order-situation-during-ramzan-at-city-corporation-hall-as-chief-guest-on-tuesday.html |access-date=2022-01-02 |work=The New Nation |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as mayor of the [[Rangpur City Corporation]] in 2017 city election by defeating Awami League candidate and then sitting mayor [[Sharfuddin Ahmed Jhantu]]. He is the president of the Jatiyo Party Rangpur city unit and also a presidium member of Jatiyo Party (Ershad).<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:জাপার প্রেসিডিয়াম সদস্য হলেন রসিক মেয়র মোস্তফা |url=https://barta24.com/details/রাজনীতি/20676/জাপায়-প্রেসিডিয়ামের |access-date=2022-01-02 |work=Barta24 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Ershad has to be buried in Rangpur' |url=https://en.banglatribune.com/country/news/60305/Ershad-has-to-be-buried-in-Rangpur-Jatiya-Party |access-date=2022-01-02 |work=Bangla Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he also served as Rangpur Jatiya Party (JP) general secretary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-02-12 |title=Civic bodies hail CG decisions for Rangpur |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-23015 |access-date=2022-01-02 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Mostafa completed his BSC from Carmichael College, Rangpur. He started his career as a school teacher.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Before contesting the mayoral election in 2012 as an independent candidate he served as upazila chairman since 2009. In the 2012 mayoral election he got 78,600 votes. In 2017 2nd Rangpur city corporation election he gained ticket from party chairman H M Ershad. In the election, Mostafizar Rahman Mostafa won 160,489 votes with party polls logo 'plough' whereas his nearest rival the Awami League's Sharfuddin Ahmed Jhantu, the outgoing mayor who ran with 'boat' logo, got 62,400 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Moinul Hoque |last2=Billah |first2=Masum |last3=Azad |first3=Shahzada Mia |title=Jatiya Party's Mostafa wins landslide in Rangpur City mayor election |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2017/12/21/jatiya-party-mayoral-hopeful-mostafa-takes-big-lead-in-rangpur-city-polls |access-date=2022-01-02 |work=bdnews24.com}}</ref> In RpCC elections- 2022, he was re-elected with 146,798 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=JP's Mostafizur re-elected in Rangpur mayoral polls |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/190133/jps-mostafizur-re-elected-in-rangpur-mayoral-polls |access-date=2022-12-28 |work=New Age |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Mostafa is married to Jelly Rahman.He has two daughters named Trina Rahman and Zarin Tasnim Rahman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RCC mayor Mostafa, wife contracted Covid-19 |url=https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/english/coronavirus/47889 |access-date=2022-01-02 |website=Daily Bangladesh |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Rangpur]]<br />
[[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad) politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Rangpur Division]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Carmichael College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People from Rangpur, Bangladesh]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riopa_goaensis&diff=530527Riopa goaensis2025-12-16T04:01:25Z<p>DonteOnslow6: made a stub w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of lizard}}<br />
{{speciesbox <br />
| status = DD<br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |year=2013 |title=''Lygosoma goaensis'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T194121A2301213 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T194121A2301213.en |access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref><br />
| genus = Riopa<br />
| species = goaensis<br />
| authority = (Sharma, 1976)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Riopa goaensis''''' is a species of [[skink]] found in [[India]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* Sharma, R. C. 1976 Records of the reptiles of Goa. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 71 (1975): 149–167.<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3007720}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Riopa]]<br />
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1976]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Ramesh Chandra Sharma]]<br />
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]] <!-- Riopa goaensis --><br />
<br />
<br />
{{Lygosominae-stub}}</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=L._E._F._Eden_Garden_Matriculation_School&diff=472907L. E. F. Eden Garden Matriculation School2025-12-14T17:09:29Z<p>DonteOnslow6: quick added article for clarity for clarity</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[List of educational institutions in Salem, India]]<br />
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{{Rcat shell|<br />
{{R to related topic}}<br />
}}</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zainapora&diff=546431Zainapora2025-12-11T10:42:30Z<p>DonteOnslow6: created new post needs work</p>
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<div>{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{About|the Zainapora|its namesake Sub District|Zainapora Sub District}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Zainapora<br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|33.7763|N|75.0055|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag| India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|union territory]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shopian district|Shopian]]<br />
| elevation_m = 1594<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 192124<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 01933<br />
| registration_plate = JK22<br />
| official_name = Zainapora<br />
| website = https://shopian.nic.in<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Zainapora''' is a village in [[Shopian district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is also known as land of springs because of its countless springs.<br />
Zainapora is located {{cvt|19|km}} from district headquarter [[Shopian]], {{cvt|4|km}} from [[Aglar Zainapora| Aglar]], 17 km from [[Pulwama]], and {{cvt|63|km}} from the capital [[Srinagar]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=https://shopian.nic.in/tehsils/<br />
|website=shopian.nic.in<br />
|title=tehsils}}</ref><ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://hortikashmir.gov.in/ACHD-Z.html<br />
|website=hortikashmir.gov.in<br />
|title=Advanced Centre for Horticulture Development Zainapora at a glance<br />
|access-date=8 August 2020<br />
|archive-date=1 July 2020<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701033131/http://www.hortikashmir.gov.in/ACHD-Z.html<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
The village has a [[horticulture]] department which has second largest orchards under cultivation in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.jammulinksnews.com/mb/newsdet.aspx?q=218567<br />
|website=jammulinkssnews.com<br />
|title=Director Horticulture Kashmir visits Shopian; distributes fruit trees saplings<br />
}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The village got its name from the great medieval period king [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]], who used to visit a Sufi saint living in the town.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=https://kashmirlife.net/zainapora-budshahs-southern-shelter-137740/<br />
|author= Hassan, Aakash (2017)|website=kashmirlife.net<br />
|title=Zainapora, Budshah's southern shelter}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
The Village had a population of 1739 as per the data released by 2011 Census of India. The average sex ratio of Zainapora is 961.{{fact|date=December 2022}}<br />
<br />
Zainapora has a higher literacy rate compared to [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. As per 2011 census, the literacy rate of Zainapora was 70.01%.<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/<br />
|website=censusindia.co.in<br />
|title=Zaina Pora Population, Caste, Working Data Shupiyan, Jammu and Kashmir - Census 2011}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
* Government Higher Secondary School Zainapora <br />
* Government Degree College Zainapora <br />
*NIPS zainapora<br />
* Government High School Aglar<br />
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Shopian]] (JNV Aglar)<br />
* Al Fallah English Medium School [[Aglar Zainapora|Aglar]]<br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Zainapora is connected with [[Shopian]], [[Pulwama]] via [[Aglar Zainapora|Aglar]], [[Kulgam]] and [[Anantnag]].<br />
The nearest railway station to Zainapora is [[Bijbehara railway station]].<br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
Zainapora has a Sub-district hospital and several other government health care centres in adjoining areas of the sub district.<br />
<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=https://shopian.nic.in/public-utility-category/hospitals/<br />
|title= government sub district hospital Zainapora}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2018/10/19/govt-hospitals-in-shopian-district-ill-equipped-to-deal-with-dog-bite-cases/<br />
|website=thekashmirimages.com<br />
|title=Govt hospitals in Shopian district ill-equipped to deal with dog bite cases}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Aglar Zainapora|Aglar]]<br />
* [[Litter, Pulwama|Litter]]<br />
* [[Wachi]]<br />
* [[Chitragam]]<br />
* [[Anantnag]]<br />
* [[Bijbehara]]<br />
* [[Pulwama]]<br />
* [[Awantipora]]<br />
* [[Srinagar]]<br />
* [[Shopian]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Shopian district]]<br />
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]</div>DonteOnslow6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uddaka_R%C4%81maputta&diff=468873Uddaka Rāmaputta2025-12-07T09:35:01Z<p>DonteOnslow6: expand information after review and fixed typos to improve readability</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Teacher of Samana Gotama before his Enlightenment}}<br />
[[File:075a The Bodhisattva meets with Rudraka Ramaputra (28653674022) (cropped).jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Gautama Buddha]] meets the ascetic Uddaka Rāmaputta (left) in one of the bas-reliefs recounting the stages leading up to [[bodhi|awakening]], [[Lalitavistara Sūtra#Th Borobudur reliefs|Lalitavistara]], [[Borobudur Temple Compounds]] 8th and 9th century, first corridor, main wall.]]<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Buddhism}}<br />
'''Uddaka Rāmaputta''' ([[Pāli]]; {{langx|sa|Udraka Rāmaputra}}) was a sage and teacher of meditation identified by the Buddhist tradition as one of the teachers of [[Gautama Buddha]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Keown|first=Damien|author-link=Damien Keown|title=A Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=9780198605607}}</ref> 'Rāmaputta' means 'son of Rāma', who may have been his father or spiritual teacher.<ref name=Wynne/> Uddaka Rāmaputta taught refined states of meditation known as the [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|jhāna]] formless attainments (''[[Buddhist cosmology#Formless Realm (Ārūpyadhātu)|arūpa]] [[samāpatti]]'').<ref>{{cite book |last= Armstrong |first= Karen |title= Buddha |year= 2004 |publisher= Penguin Books |location= New York, USA |isbn= 978-0143034360 |page=77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Eliade |first= Mircea |title= Yoga: Immortality and Freedom |year= 2009 |publisher= Princeton University Press |location= New Jersey, USA |isbn= 978-0691142036 |page= 162}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sumedho|first=Rewata Dhamma. Foreword by Ajahn|title=The first discourse of the Buddha : turning the wheel of Dhamma|year=1998|publisher=Wisdom Publications|location=Boston|isbn=0861711041|pages=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk6T4B2sYK0C&pg=PA}}</ref><ref name=Wynne/><br />
<br />
== Relationship with Gotama Buddha ==<br />
After his [[Gautama Buddha#Departure and ascetic life|departure]] from his father's court, Gotama Buddha first went to [[Āḷāra Kālāma]] and after following his method was recognized as having equalled his master.<ref name=Wynne/> Realizing that the methods he had learned so far would not lead to enlightenment, Gotama chose to leave in search of another teacher rather than accept a position as co-leader of Āḷāra Kālāma's community. He found Uddaka Rāmaputta and accepted him as his teacher.<br />
<br />
While Āḷāra Kālāma accepted the Buddha as an equal and asked him to lead his community alongside him, Uddaka Rāmaputta acknowledged the Buddha as his superior and equal to his predecessor, Uddaka Rāma, who had actually attained the "[[Dhyāna in Buddhism#The arūpa āyatanas|sphere of neither perception nor non-perception]]" (''{{lang|pi-latn|nevasaññānāsaññāyatana}}''), which Rāmaputta had not reached.<ref name=Wynne/> Uddaka Rāmaputta asked the Buddha to take sole leadership of his students and community, but the Buddha, realizing that this method would not lead to complete enlightenment, was not satisfied. He chose not to stay with Uddaka and resumed his wandering to deepen his search.<ref name=Wynne/><br />
<br />
Following his [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|awakening]], the Buddha first thought of Uddaka Rāmaputta as someone who would be able to understand and realize his [[Buddhist paths to liberation|Dhamma]], but later learned that Uddaka Rāmaputta had already died by that time.<ref name=dpn>[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/u/uddaka_raamaputta.htm Dictionary of Pali Names - Uddaka-Rāmaputta]</ref><br />
<br />
== Sources and historicity ==<br />
Several [[Sutra|sutta]]s in the [[Majjhima Nikaya]] contain stories about the Bodhisattva's visits to the two teachers, with the Ariyapariyesana Sutta (MN 26) identified as the likely source of subsequent [[Pali]] versions.<ref name=Wynne/> Parallel stories from several different [[early Buddhist schools]] are preserved in Sanskrit and Chinese, including within the [[Mahāvastu]].<ref name=Wynne/> Other references to Uddaka Rāmaputta are scattered through the four [[Nikaya]]s, with additional mentions in the [[Vinaya]] and the commentaries to the [[Dhammapada]].<ref name=dpn/><br />
<br />
While [[Andre Bareau]] argued that both Uddaka Rāmaputta and Āḷāra Kālāma were fictional creations, later scholars have accepted the possibility that they may have been real historical figures.<ref name=Wynne/> The surviving sources all agree in placing Uddaka Rāmaputta in [[Rajagriha]] during the Buddha's lifetime, despite being drawn from different schools' translations.<ref name=Wynne>Wynne, Alexander. “The Historical Authenticity of Early Buddhist Literature: A Critical Evaluation.” Wiener Zeitschrift Für Die Kunde Südasiens / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies, vol. 49, 2005, pp. 35–70. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24007653. Accessed 13 Apr. 2020.</ref> [[Hsuan Tsang]] also recorded legends in his era that associated Uddaka Rāmaputta with the vicinity of Rajagriha.<ref name=Wynne/> Most traditions have also preserved the distinction between Uddaka Rāmaputta and his father or teacher Uddaka Rāma, but in a few recensions the two figures have been combined.<ref name=Wynne/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rāmaputta, Uddaka}}<br />
[[Category:Early Buddhism]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Indian philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian yoga teachers]]</div>DonteOnslow6